PRINTKD BY KORD AND SON, MKLBOrKNE. PROCEEDINGS OF 'J' HE §opl ^omtg of ^irtork VOL. XIX. (New Series). PART T. Edited under the Authority oj the C(>uiicil. ISSUF.D AUGUST, 1906. (Cmjfniiiiiii; Pafiers read before the Society duriui; the nunith of May, tgo6j. ■niK AUTHORS OK TllK SKVEKAI, I'AI'EKS AKE SEVERALLY RKSl'liNSIKLK KOR IHK SOUNDNESS OK TriK OPINIONS GIVEN AND FOR TllK ACCrRACV OK TllK. STATEMENTS MADE THEREIN. MELBOUKNE : FORD & SON, PKIN'J'ERS, DRUMMOND STREK'I'. CARLTON. AUhJM'S TO TllK SOCIETY : WHiLIAMS & NORGATE, 14 HENRIETTA STREET, CoVKiNT (JARDEN, LONDON. To whom all eommuiiications for transniission to the Ko.val Soc-ietv of Victoria, from all parts of Europe, should be sent. 1906. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX. -Pt. I. Art. I. — On some Victorian Marine Mollusca, New Species, and Others little-known. By J. H. Gatliff. (Plates I. and II.) ... ... ... ... 1 II. — Some little-knowu Victorian Decapod Crustacea, with Descriptions of New Species. — No. III. By S. W. Fulton and F. E. Grant, F.L.S. (Plates III.-V.) 3 III. — Census of the Victorian Decapod Crustacea. — Pai't I. (Brachyura). By S. W. Fulton and F. E. Grant, F.L.S. 16 '} '*' ft <> O 2a [Proc. Eoy. Soc. Victoria, 19 (N.S.), Ft. I., 1906]. Airr. I. — On some Victorian Marine Mollusca, New Species, and Others little-knoivn. By J. H. GATLIFF. (With Plates I. and II.). [Eead 10th May, 1906.] The present paper contains descriptions and figures of the following species : — Daphnella excavata, sp. nov. Scala nepeanensis, sp. nov. Scala translncida, sp. nov. Cyclostrema bastowi, sjj. nov. Also figures of : — Tiiri-icula tasmanica, T. Woods. Cyclopecten nepeanensis, Pritchard and Gratliff. Daphnella excavata, sp. nov. (PI. T., Figs. 1 and 2). Shell minute, thin, semi-transparent, of four-and-a-half whorls, the protoconch of one-and-a-half whorls appears to be smooth, but when examined witli a one-and-a-half inch objective, under the microscope, it is densely spirally striate. The adult whorls are longitudinally costate, costae numbering eleven on the body whorl and extending to the shoulder where they slightly project over the suture, which is excavated. Spirally ridged, ridges becoming somewhat nodulous when crossing the costae. Sinus large and deep, lip sharp. Colour pale brownish-yellow. Dimensions of type. — Length, 1.7 mm.; breadth, 1 mm. Locality. — Portsea, Port Phillip, in shell sand. Type in my collection. Scala nepeanesis, sp. nov. (PI. I., Fig. 5). Siiell minute, semi-translucent, apex of one-and-a-half smooth whoils, followed by three-and-a-half convex whorls, rapidly 2 /. H. Gatliff: increasing in size, which are crossed by numerous erect rihs, numbering about sixteen on the penultimate whorl, with many equidistant spiral threads, causing aculeations where they cross the ribs. White. Suture impressed. Sliglitly umbilicated. Aperture circular. Dimensions of Type. — Length, 1.5 mm.; breadth, .85 mm. Locality. — Found in shell sand. Ocean Beach, Point Nepean. Observations. -- This small shell in IVn-m recalls S. lyrata, Sowerby. Type in my collection. Scala translucida, sp. now (PI. I., Figs. 3 and 4). Sliell small, fairly solid, of eight convex whorls, apex l)lunt and rounded, protoconch of about one-and-a-half smooth whorls, ribs crossing the whorls are then gradually developed, on the pen- ultimate whorl they number fifteen, and are strong and rounded ; one or more of these is stouter than the others on the later whorls, probably marking stages of growth ; the space between the ribs is densely spirally striate ; the ribs do not extend across the whole of the body whorl, the base from the junction of the lip on the columella round to the centre of the outer lip being smooth, with the exception of a sliglit ridge crossing it and being a continuation of the stout ril) ; suture well-defined, aperture circular, lip thickened. White, semi-translucent, with two very pale brown spots, one on the upper portion of the first rib, and the other on the eleventh rib. Dimensions of Type. — Length, 5 ram.; breadth, 2 mm. Locality. ^Found in shell sand at Portsea, Port Phillip. Observations. — The shell most closely approaching this hitherto recorded from our shores is 8. (Acrilla) minutula, Tate and May. Mr. Hedley kindly compared it with 8. morchi, Angas, and states that it is not that species. Sixteen other specimens were obtained immature. The type is .somewhat worn, and a living shell might show the spiral striation on the ribs. Type in my collection. Victorian Marine Mollusca. 3 Cyclostpema bastowi, sp. nov. (PI. II., Figs. 8-10) Shell minute, discoirlal ; white. Spire sunken. Whorls four, suture linear. Rather widely and perspectively umbilicated. Upper surface : the periphery is roundedly carinate, and, under the lens, densely ti-ansversely striate ; the carination starts from the protoconch and continues to the lip ; inside of this carination is a raised continuous ridge of closely compacted spirally elong- ated granules. Side : bicarinate, with a flat groove between. Base: cariiiated similarly to the surface; inside the carination the closely compacted granules are more elongate and continue down the uml>ilicus. Outer lip thin. Dimensions of type. — Greatest diameter, 0.9 mm.; height, 0.35 mm. Locality. — Dredged in about 9 fathoms between Phillip and French Islands, Western Port. Observations. — This little shell shows a very decided form of sculpture, and reminds one of a Solarium. I have much pleasure in naming it after Mr. R. A. Bastow, who has skilfully drawn it and the other .species named in this paper. Type in my collection. Tuppicula tasmanica, T. Woods. (Ph II., Figs. 6 and 7). Referring to vol. xviii., p. 45, of these Proceedings, it is stated there that what was considered to be the typical form had not been found here. Since then whilst dredging in Western Port, between Phillip and Frencli Islands, in about ten fathoms, Mr. C. J. Gabriel and I obtained four living and one dead shells, and upon submitting one to Mr. W. L. May of Tasmania, he informed me that he considered it ti> be the above species, but ditlering from the type in some minor details. As it does not quite agree with his figure of what he considers to be the type, a figure is now given of one of those we obtained, so that it may enable future collectors to identify it. The dimensions of the specimen figured are : length, 13 ; breadth, 5.5 mm. 4 J. H. Gatlijf: Victorian Marine Mollusca. Cyclopecten nepeanensis, Pritchard and Gatliff. (PL II., Fig. 11). As the photographic figure given with the original description^ is not altogether satisfactory, Mr. R. A. Bastow has kindly drawn the shell with the aid of the miscroscope, and the new figure well delineates the .sculpture. The size of the shell now figured is 2.4 x 2 mm. 1 Proc. Roy. Soo. Victoria, vol .wii. (new series), 1904, p. 338. Fi DESCRIPTION OF PLATES I., II. ^s. 1, 2 — Daphnella excavata,, n. sp. 3, 4 — Scala translucida, n. sp. 5 — Scala nepeaneusLs, n. sp. 6, 7 — Turricula tasnianica, T. Woods. 8-10 — Cyclo.strema bastowi, n. s]i. 11 — Cyclopecten nepeanensis, Pritchard and Gatliff. All figures variously magnified. Pmc. R.S. Victoria, IDOG. Plate I. ) D 4' !JSii5> III '\r J % ^-"^ >£r Proc. B.S. Victoria, 1906. Plate II. \SJ [Proc. Eoy. Soc. Victoria, 19 (N.S.), Pt. I., 1906]. Akt. II. — Some little known Victorian Decapod Crus- tacea, with Descriptions of Neiv Species. — No. III. By S. W. FULTON and F. E. GRANT, F.L.S. (With Plates III.-V.). [Read 10th May, 1906.] Two of the species dealt witli in tlie present paper are new to science, one doubtfully so, as will be seen by the notes attached to it. One species is new to the Australian record and one is new to the Victorian census. The rest of the paper deals with the synonomy of some of our Victorian species. Since reading our second paper of this series, our partnership has been much broken, owing to Mr. F. E. Grant having been transferred from Melbourne. Mr. Grant recently paid a visit to London, and took the opportunity of examining the types and collections at the British Museum, where he received much courtesy and kindness, which he here desires to acknowledge. The knowledge thus gained has been of great service to us. As much of the reference literature is difficult of access at this end of the world, we have quoted in extenso, for the con- venience of future workers, the descriptions of genera and species not included in Haswell's Catalogue. Suborder— BRACK YUR A. Tribe — Oxyrhyncha. Family — Mail Joe. Sub-family — Mainiae. Papamithrax (Chlopinoides) spatulifep, Haswell. Haswell. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 6, 1882, p. 540. Haswell. Cat. Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 14. Chloriiioides coppingeri. Miers. "Challenger" Brachyura, 1886, p. 53, pi. 7, tig. 3 (nee Haswell). A reference to the type of this species in the Australian Museum, Sydney, enables us to say that the form figured Ijy 6 Fulton and Grant: Miers (loc. cit.), wliose specimen has also been examined by one of us, was incorrectly so identitied by that author. C. coppingeri was described from Port Molle, Q., and has since been taken by one of us near the Port Curtis, Q. This form appears to be confined to more tropical waters and is replaced in cooler latitudes by C spatulifer. C. coppingeri, which has in consequence of Miers' incorrect figure, been more that once identified as occurring in Victoria must therefore now Ije removed from our list. We may here draw attention to a discrepancy in Haswell's description of 0. spatulifer in which he states that it has: — "Two long subacute spines on each branchial region, the anterior directe/CN 8 Fulton and Grant : posterior and are divided into four obscure lobes of which the last pair are the smallest. Front considerably depressed and divided by an obscure median sulcation. Orbits visible from above, small, their upper margin with two small fissures. The basal antennal joint nearly reaches the frontal process, the fiagellum occupying the inner orbital hiatus, epistome well defined, transverse. Chelipedes sub-equal, smooth, and polished on under surface. The merus trigonus, very short, without hairs, smooth and polished, its upper margin somewhat reflexed, sharply cristate. The carpus clothed on the outer surface with a dense tomentum and fringed with long hairs, the surface granulate. The propodus nearly as deep as long, similarly clothed except a large triangular space on the outer surface which is porcelain- white, smooth, polished, and finely punctate. Tlie fingers short and stout, pointed, coarsely toothed showing a considerable hiatus when closed, their distal half being black- brown in colour. Ambulatory legs compressed but not cristate, all the joints fringed with long hairs, the three distal joints of the first three pairs being tomentose, the other joints being clean and polished on their outer surface. The last pair have all the joints fringed and tomentose. Post-abdomen of the male and female with seven segments, the last two entirely filling the space between the ba.ses of the last pair of ambulatory legs. This species is not uncommon under stones between tide lines in Port Phillip and Western Port, though it may easily be over- looked as it lies very close, its colour and clothing protecting it. REFERENCES. HaswelP has a note identifying a specimen taken at Port Molle, Queensland, as Puluranus fimbriatus, Milne-Edwards,^ in which Miers^ agrees. The latter author fully described it, and forms a new genus (Cryptocaeloma) for its reception. 1 Has\ve)l. Cat. Aiist. Cnist., 1S82, p. 06, pi. 1, fig. 4. 2 Milne-Edwards. Hist. Nat. Crust., 1S34, t. i., p. 41(i. S Miers. H.M.S. Alert, 1S84, p. 227, pi. 23, fig. A. Miers. H.M.S. ChalleMger. 1SS6, p. 149. Victorian Dentpod (Jrusfacea. 9 One of us, on a recent trip to the north-east Queensland Coast, obtained a specimen of the species taken by Haswell and by the " Alert," but on comparison with the South coast habitant there seems a possibility that it is not Milne-Edwards species, and that the South coast species is more likely to be P. timbriatus, Milne-Edwards, whose description is so meagre. Pilumnus fimbriatus was de-scriljed by Milne-Edwards in his Hist. Nat. Crust, as from Australia. He appears to have l)een dealing at the time with numerous species collected by the " Astrolabe " which vessel called at Western Port, a num- ber of his forms being chaiacteristic denizens of Bass Strait. This circumstance would seem to favour our suggestion as to the true identity of Pilumnus fimbiiatus. This matter can only be settled by compai'ison of the two .species with the type in the Paris Museum. The whole genus requires revision and this species, like other Australian forms, cannot remain in the genus as at present defined. We have therefore described the southern form under the name of Pilumnus pilosus, plateing it and the northern form side by side, leaving some future monographist to .settle the synonomy and generic standing. The subjects of these plates have been lodged in the National Museum, Melbourne. Tribe — Catom ktopa. Family — Gonoplacidae, Dana. Sub-family — Pseiidorhombilinae, Alcock. Genus — Litoclieira, Kinahan. Litocheira bispinosa, Kinahan. Kinahan. Journal Roy. Dublin Soc, \ol. 1, lS-")8, pi. 3, tig. 1, a. A reference to Dr. Kinahan's sj>ecimens in the British Mu.seuin of Natural History enables us to say that Melia brevii)es, Haswell (Cat. Aust. Crust., p. I'l, pi. I, tig. 7, 1882) is a synonym of the above species. Melia brevipes was recorded by Haswell from Griftith's Point, Western Port. The species is not an uncommon one in Port Phillip and Western Port. I 0 Fulton (I ml Grd II f : Tril)e — Catomktopa. Family — Hymenosojuidae, Oi-tiiianii. Genus — Tri}^oii(>/'ia\, M .-Edw. Tiii^diioplax, Milne-Edwards. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3), 20, 1853, p. 224. Alcoek. Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixix., part 2, no 2, 1900, p. 386. " This is best regarded as a subgenus of Elaniena, from which it differs only in the following unimportant particulars : —(1) the edge of the cara|>ace is not turned up, (2) che interantennular septum is a mere lidge, (3) the clielipeds in the male, as in the female, are very slender." — (AlcOck). Elamena (Trigonoplax) unguiformis, de Haan. Elaniene unguiforniis, de Haan. Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 75, pi. 29, fig. 1, and pi. H. Henderson, J. R. Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2), vol. 5, 1893, p. 394. Trigonoplax unguiformis, Milne-Edwards. Ann. 8ci. Nat. Zool. (3), 20, 185:;, p. 224. Ortmann. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 7, 1893-94, p. 31. Elaniena (Trigonoplax) unguiformis, Alcoek. Joui'n. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 69., pai-t 2, no. 2, 1900, p. 387. TTi. rn. mTTnTTtiTTTtnr-TTMillllkll'nTfT r Euirni 5 c a ) Elamena unguiformis. Victoi-ktii Decapod Crustacea. 1 1 "Carapace siiiootli, flat; lamella broadly pentagonal with the postero-latoral sides about a third as long as any of the otheis, the regions not defined, the sides entire, unarmed. Front a broad, horizontal, triangular lamina. No post-ocular tooth ; eyes not concealed by the front, though theeyestalks are. Inter- a;nnular septum a mere ridge. TCpistome as long as broad. Chelipeds and legs smooth and slender. Chelipeds not stouter than the legs, about 1^ times as long as the carapace ; fingers slender, as long as the slender sub-cyclindrical palm, their tips spooned. The anterior border of the meropodite of all the legs ends in an iiiconspicuous denticle, the dactylus of all is long, sub-falciform and strongly compressed, and has two or three denticles at the top of the posterior border. The second and third pairs of leg.s, which are the longest, are more than three tiines the length of the carapace." — (Alcock). Dredged off Rhyll, Western Port, Victoria, by J. Gabriel. Sub-order— BR ACHYUll A ANOMALA. Family — Droiiiiidae. Platydromia thomsoni, nobis. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 14 (n.s.), 190:', pi. 2, p. 57. Stebbing (Marine Tn\ estimations of South Africa, vol. 4, Crust., pi. 3, p. 60, 1905) states that it is not clear from our desci'iption whether it is intended to indicate that the sternal sulci of the female terminate between the chelae or between the fir.st pair of aml^ulatory legs. To render our description more clear, we take this opportunity of adding that the sulci end on the chelipede segment of sternum, and a line drawn across the sternum from the point of articula- tion of the basal joint of the cheliped with the sternum just touches the anterior margin of the curved ridges which meet in the centre line. 1'^ Fulton avd Grai>t: Fan lily — Callia nassidae. Genus — Ca//ianassa, Leach. Callianassa cepamica, sp. nov. (Plate V.). The cephalothorax, abdomen and appendages in dried speci- mens are everywhere of a pale cream colour with a highly glazed surface like tine china. In living examples, how ever, and specimens preserved in spirits, the skeleton is found to be imperfectly calcified except in the chelipedes. The cephalothorax is about one-third the total length of the body, and is laterally compressed. The rostral point is short, but is well defined and extends considerably beyond the lateral angles, which are only faintly indicated. A well-defined groove on the dorsal surface runs parallel with the front, extending downwards as far as the base of the outer antennae, and thence in two parallel lines, one on each side defining the branchial region and curving upwards and backwards to meet near the posterior margin. The cephalothorax is otherwi.se perfectly smooth. The abdomen is much flattened dorso-veutrally. The first segment is narrowed anteriorly and is membranous. The second is somewhat more calcified, but not so much as those succeeding. The longest segments are the second and sixth, which are subequal, being followed in diminishing sequence l)y the fifth, thix'd, fourth and first. The first two segments are (juite smooth, the following three are fringed with strong hair, and the final segment also carries a few short hairs. No dorsal carina or spines are present on any of the segments. The eye-lobes are rounded, and contiguous on their inner margins. The eyes are small and only slightly pigmented. The first antennae are about three-fourths as long as the second. The first joint extends beyond the eye-lobes, the second is slightly longer than the first, and the flagelia which carry a few slender setae are as long as the first two joints combined. The second antennae are as robust as the first l»ut have a shorter peduncle and much longer lash. The third maxillipeds have the third and fourth joints rounded and much swollen, with their line of junction wide and truncated. Victonan Decapod Crusfacea. 13 the two joints together being subglobose. From the point of insertion of the fifth joint there runs across their inner faces to the articulation with the second joint a finely serrate ridge. All the joints from the third upwards are sparingly fringed with hair. Of the chelipeds either the right or left may be the larger. The larger cheliped has a few small serrations on the lower margin of the third joint, but the upper is unarmed. The fourth has a well-delined ridge running longitudinally down its outer face. On its lower margin there is a long anterior crest, and near its distal end a well-detined tooth-like lobe. Both are evenly serrate on the edge. The fifth joint is only three-quarters as long as broad, and is clothed with a few scattered tufts of hairs along its lower margin. The sixth joint is of the same width as the fifth — the palm is subquadrate and the surface is deeply pitted in its lower half. The tliumb is unarmed but carries several scattered tufts of stiff hairs. The seventh joint, which also bears scattered tufts of hair, slightly overlaps the thumb at its distal extremity. It carries a faintly indicated tooth in its distal half, and a strongly doubly crowned molar-like tooth near the point of articulation. The smaller cheliped has the hand and palm of the same breadth and approximately the same lengtli. The fingers are separated by a wide interval, and the dactylus carries a small tooth in its distal third. All the pereiopods are much flattened and leaf-like. The last four pairs have the shape characteristic of the family, and all are sparingly clothed with hairs. The fifth pair are subchelate. The telson is of the same length as the last segment of the abdomen. It is unarmed, and has its posterior margin rounded and sparingly clothed with short hairs on its margin. Both of the uropods are longer than the teLson. They are rounded at their distal ends and carry a strong fringe of hairs on their outer margin. The length of the type from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson is 53 mm. These specimens appear to us to vary sufliciently from any of those mentioned by Stebbing in his recent enumeration of the 14 Fulton and Grant: family^ to entitle them to specific rank. The species in its general appearance .strongly suggests Trypaea australiensis, Dana, from which it differs in the inner antennae not bearing a deep, comb-like fringe of hairs, in the shape of the larger chelipede and in other features. We have taken it burrowing in muddy flats in both Port Phillip and Western Port. The type will be deposited with the National Museum, Melbourne, and a co-type with the Australian Museum, Sydney. Genus Trypaea, Dana. " Near Callianassa in outer maxillipeds and feet, inner antennae sub-pediform, flagella shorter than last basal joint." — (Dana). Trypaea australiensis, Dana. Trypaea australiensis, Dana. U.S. Explor. Exped. Crust., 1852, 1, p. 573, pi. 32, fig. 4a, b, c, Trypaea porcellana, Kinahan. Jour. Roy. Dublin Soc, 1, 1858, p. 130, pi. 4, fig. 2. "Front not triangular, anterior feet much compressed, arm, carpus and hand having an acute edge above. Larger hand broad, smooth, but little longer than carpus ; fingers nearly half as long as hand not gaping, finely denticulate within, superior finger a little the longer, arcuate; carpus somewhat smaller than hand, arm having a cultriform process below near the base ; caudal segment about as long as broad, nearly rounded at apex, length two and three-fourths inches. Eyes on very short peduncles. Outer antennae about half as long as body. Fingers with a few short tufts of hair. Lower as well as upper edge of hand, arm and carpus acute. District of Illawarra, New South Wales, along shores." — (Dana). Trypaea australiensis was described by Dana from a specimen taken at Illawarra, N.S.W. It is exceedingly abundant, burrow- ing in muddy flats at many parts of our coast and in New South Wales, and we have a large series from numerous collecting grounds, including the type locality of Dana. 1 Marine Investigations of South Afrioa, 1903, p 38. Proc. R.S. Victoria, 1906. Plate III. Proc. R.S. Victoria, 1906. Plate IV. Proc. R.S. Victoria, 11)0(5. Plate V Victorian Decapod Crustacea. 15 T. porcellana was described by Kinahan from Port Phillip. He differentiates Dana's species from it " in wanting the triangular teeth on the movable finger and forearm, in having the inner part of the fingers finely denticulate and in not having the front of the carapace produced as a small triangular rostrum." The diagnostic characters given by Kinahan for his species we have found to be invariably characteristic of the male, while Dana's figure and description correspond to the female. This we have found to be true after examination of a large number of specimens and we have no hesitation in giving the synonomy as above. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Plate III. Cycloxanthus puuctatus, showing whole animal ; and chelipede and abdomen of male and of female. Plate IV. Fig. 1 — Pilumnus pilosus. S' ,, 2 — Pilumnus pilosus. 2 „ 3 — Pilumnus pilosus (Type), from which the tomentum and hairs have been rubbed off to allow outline of cara- pace to be seen. ,, 4 — Pilumnus pilosus. Side view of cheliped with hair removed. ,, 5 — Cryptocaeloma fimbriatum, Miers, partly denuded of hair. Plate V. Callianassa ceramica, sp. n. Whole animal, third max- illipede and large and small chelipedes. [Proc. Eot. Soc. Victoria, 19 (N.S.), Pt. I., 1906]. Akt. III. — Census of the Victorian Decapod Crustacea. Part I. (Bracht/ura). By S. W. FULTON and F. E. GRANT, F.L.S. [Read 10th May, 1906.] No catalogue of the crabs occurring in Victorian waters has so far been published. The attached list represents the authentic- ated occurrences of species of Brachyura so far as we have been able to ascertain, either fnjm our own collecting or from published records. Doubtful records and inadequately diagnosed species are excluded fiom the list, which must, however, only be regarded as provisional. Further collecting, and more particu- lai'ly further dredging in deep water, will doubtless in the future enormously increase the number of recorded species, but it appears desirable to submit this list as a starting point for further work. We may say that we have several species, not here enumerated, about the nomenclature of which we are not satistied. In the arrangement and natural sequence we have followed Dr. A. Alcock's " Matei'ials for a Carcinological Fauna of India."^ BRACHYURA OXYRHYNCHA Family— MAIIDAE. Sub-family — Inachinae. Achaeus tenuicollis, Miers. Off Port Phillip, 33 fathoms ; off East MonccBur Island (Challenger). Gonatorhynchns tumidus, Haswell. Port Phillip (fairly common). Halimus truncatipes, Miers. Western Port. Halimus tiimidiis, Dana. Port Phillip ; Western Port. Haliimis spi?iosus, Hess. Port Phillip. Microhaliinus deflexifrons, Haswell. Port Phillip : Western Port ; Wilson's Promontory. 1 .Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beii''al, 189.'5-1900. Census of Victorian Decapod Crustacea. 17 Sub-family — Acanthonychidae. Huenia hi/nrcata. Streets. Port Phillip and Western Port (in rock pools). Sub-family — Maiinae. Paramithrax sternocostulatus, A. M.-Edws. Port Phillip Heads (J. B. Wilson in Coll. Brit. Mus.). Paramithrax peronii, M.-Edws. Wilson's Promontory (Ker- shaw). Lepto/nithrax australiensis, Miei's. Port Phillip ; Bass Strait. Chlorinoides spatii/i/er, Haswell. Western Port. Micippa spinosa, Stimpson, var. aliinis, Miers. Off East Mon- cceur Island (Challenger). Paramicippa tuberculosa^ M.-Edws. Port PhilUp ; Western Port. (Fairly common). Micipoides longimnnus, Haswell. Port Phillip ; Western Port. BRACHYURA CYCLOMETOPA, ok CANCROIDEA Family— XANTHIDAE. Sub-family — Xanthinae. Lioxantho liaswelli, Fulton and Grant. Western Port. Sub-family — Actaeinae. Actaea peronii, M.-Edws. Port Phillip; Western Port; Off East Moncoeur Island (Challenger). Sub-family — Menippinae. Pseudocarcinus gigas, Lam. Port Phillip ; Warrnambool; Port- land ; Bass Strait. Sub-family — Pilummnae. Pilumnus monilifer, Haswell. Port Phillip ; Western Port. Pilummis rufopunctatus, Stimpson. Western Port (Haswell). Pilumnus toineutosus, M.-Edws. Port Phillip ; Western Port ; Bass Strait. 18 Fulton and Grant: Pilumnus lanatus, Latr. Western Port. Piluninus pilosa, Fulton and Grant. Between tide lines, Western Port. Pilumnopeus serrafifrons, Kinahan. Port Phillip ; Western Port. Family— PORTUNIDAE. Sub-family — Carcinae. Cnrcmides maenas, Linn. Connnon in Port Phillip. An intro- duced species. Nectocarcinus iniegrijrons, Latr. Port Phillip ; Western Port. Sub-family — Portuninae. Ovailipes trimaculattis, de Haan. Port Phillip ; Western Port; Wilson's Promontory. Fort II II us corrui^atus, Pennant. Port Phillip Heads (J. B. Wilson and Challenger) ; East Moncceur Island (Challenger). BRACHYURA CATAMETOPA, or GRAPSOIDEA Family— GONOPLACIDAE. Sub-family — Psbudothombilinae. Litocheira bispinosa, Kinahan. Port Phillip ; Western Port. Family— PINNOTERIDAE. Sub-family — Pinnoterinae. Fitmoteres pisutn, lAim. Port Phillip ; Western Port ; Ander- son's Inlet (common in shells of Mytilus, Modiola, etc.). Pinnoteres obesa, Dana. Dredged ofl" Shoreham, Western Port. Family— OCYPODID A E. Sub-family — -Ocypidinae. Heloecius cordifonnis, M.-Edws. Mangrove flats, Western Port; Wilson's Promontory (Kershaw). Census of Victorian Dcni/pod Crastacea. 19 Sub-family — Machopiithalminak. Microphthabmis laiifrons, Haswell. Fisherman's Bend, Port Phillip ; Mangrove flats, Western Port ; Wilson's Promontory (Kershaw). Family— MICTYRIDAE. Mictyris p/atyche/es, M.-Edws Common at low tide on sandy beaches. Family— HYM ENOSOMID AE. Hymenosoma ovatuin, Stimpson. Port Phillip ; Western Port ; Port Fairy ; Lake Tyers (common). Hynienosoina auslra/e, Haswell. Williamstown, on mud flats mouth of Yarra River ; Lake Tyers. Ilymenosotna lacustris, Chilton. LakeColac; Moorabool River; Fraser Creek, Wilson's Promontory. A fresh-water species. Hymenosona rostratiifii, Haswell. Port Phillip ; Western Port. Fairly common, dredged. Elamene ( Trigonoplax) uni^uiforviis, de Haan. Dredged ofl^ Rhyll, Western Port"(Gabriel). Family— GRAPSIDAE. Sub-family — Grapsinak. Lepiograpsus variegatus, Fab. Lakes' Entrance. Sub-family — -Varuninae. Planes niinutus, Linn. A cosmopolitan species. Sub-family — Sksahminae. Casmagnathns haswe/Iiaftus, Whitelegge. Port Phillip ; Wes- tern Port. Castnagnathus gaiinardii, M.-Edws. Port Phillip; Westein Port. Casmagnath2iS quadridentatiis, M.-Edws. Common on coast and islands in Bass Strait. ♦ Casmagnathns iaevis, Dana. Port Phillip ; Western Port ; Lakes' Entrance. Cyclograpsus punctaius, M.-Edws. Port Phillip. (Common). Brachynotits spinosus, M.-Edws. Port Phillip. (Common). 20 Census of Victorian Decapod Crustacea. Sub-family — Plagusinae. Plagnsia capetisis, de Haan. Bass Strait. BRACHYURA OXYSTOMA, or LEUCOSOIDEA Family— LEUCOSII DAE. Sub-family — Leucosiinae. Merocryptus latnbri/ormis, A. M.-Edws. Off East Moncoeur Island (Challengei) ; Port Phillip Heads (J. B. Wilson). Ebalia lainbriforiiiis, Bell. Bass Strait (Brit. Mus.). Ebalia crassipes, Bell. East Moncteur Island (Challenger); Western Port. Ebalia dentiJro?is, JNIiers. Western Port. Ebalia intermedia, Miers. Port Phillip ; Western Port. (Common 4 to 10 fathoms). Ebalia tuberculosa, A. M.-Edws. Off East Moncoeur Island (Challenger). Ebalia undecinispiiiosa, Kinahan. Fisherman's Bend, Port Phillip. Philyra laevis, Bell. Port Phillip ; Western Port. Common on sandy flats near low tide line. BRACHYURA PRIMIGENIA, or DROMIACEA Family— DROMIIDAE. Cryptodroinia lateralis. Gray. Port Phillip ; Western Port. Cryptodromta wihoni, Fulton and Grant. Port Phillip Heads (J. B. Wilson) ; Wilson's Promontory (Kershaw). Dromia australiensis, Haswell. Western Port (Sayce). Drottiia excavata, Stimpson. Port Phillip ; Western Port. Dromia octodentata, Haswell. Western Port. Platydromia thomsotii, Fulton and Grant. Western Port. END OF VOL. XIX., PART I. [Published August, 1906.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE Eonal ^ukb of Victoria. VOL. XIX. (New Series). PART II. Edited tinder the Authority oj the Council. ISSUED FEBRUARY, 1907. {Containing Papers read before the Society during the months of October and December, igo6J. I'HK AUTHORS OK THK 8RVERAL PAPERS ARE SEVERALLY RKSPONSIBLK KOK THK SOUNDNESS OK THE OPINIONS GIVEN AND FOR THE ACCURACY OK THK STATEMENTS MADE THEREIN. MELBOUENE : FORD & SON, PRINTERS, DRUMMOND STREET, CARLTON. AGENTS TO THE SOCIETY: WILLIAMS & NOKGATE, 14 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. To whom all communications for transmission to the Roj'al Society of Victoria, from all parts of Europe, should be sent. 1907. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX, -Pt. IL Art. IV. — New or Little-known Victorian Fcssils in the National Museum. Part VIII. — Some Palaeozoic Brittle- stars of the Melbournian Series. By Frederick Chapman, A. L.S., &c. (Plates Vl.-VlII.) 21 Art. V. — Description of a New Sj^ecies of Cypridina from Hobson's Bay, Melbourne. By F. Chapman, ' A.L.S., &c. (Plate IX.) ... 28 Art. VI. — Contributions to the Flora of Australia. By Alfred J. Ewart. D.Sc, Ph.D., F.L.S. (Plates X., XI., XII.) ... ... ... ... ... 33 Art. VII. — Note on Caligorgia flabellum from Port Phillip. By Professor Sydney J. Hickson, D.Sc, F.R. S. 16 Art. VIII. — Four New Echinoids from the Australian Tertiary. By T. S. Hall, M.A. (Plates XIII-XVI.) ... 47 Art. IX. — Surface Tension as an Aid in Canyon Formation, the production of Bad Land, and River Capture. By J. A. Leach, M.Sc. (Plate XVII ) ... 54 Annual Report and Balance Sheet ... ... 60 Office-Be arers ... .. ... .. ... ... 65 Committees ... ... ... ... ... ... 66 List of Members ... ... ... ... ... ... 67 List of Exchanges ... ... ... ... ... 74 Index ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 84 [PROC. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 19 (N.S.), Pt. II., 1906]. Airr. I v. — New or Little-hnoivn Victorian Fossils in the National Museum. Part YITI. — Some Palakozoic Brittlk-stars of the Melbournian Series. By FREDERICK CHAPMAN, A.L.S., &c , National Museum. (With Plates VI.-VIII.) [Eead 11th October, 1906]. Introductory Remarks. An examination of the Silurian Ophiuricls and Asterids in the National Museum aifords ample proof that our Victorian palaeo- zoic rocks are nearly as rich in these forms of Itfe as the Ludlow series of Herefordshire and the Lake District in England, or the closely correlated strata of N. America. Both the mudstones and the argillaceous sandstones of the Melbournian division of our Silurian rocks have furnished numerous remains of the former group, the Brittle-stars, and perhaps needless to say, the mudstones retain the sharper impressions of the fossils. So tine-grained, however, is some of the sandstone rock that a sharp positive in wax or plasticine can often be obtained from it, shewing the finer ossicles or even the spines. The genus newly described here under the name of Gregoriura is represented by a large and ornate species possessing somewhat remarkable characters, and for which a place may be found, provisionally, in the family Protasteridae. Another ophiurid, of which further details are now made known, was described by Prof. J. W. Gregory in 1889^ under the name of Pro- taster brisingoides, and was at the time the only described species of this particular group from Victorian palaeozoic rocks. 1 Geol. Mag., dec. iii., vol. vi., 1889, p. 24. 22 F. Chapman : The original specimens were from Flemington, and they are incorporated in the collection at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London. On account of the peculiar structure of these specimens, Gregory subsequently transferred the species to a new genus, Sturt- zura, making it the genotype, the genus also including the Protaster leptosoma of Salter.^ Tlie numerous specimens of P. brisingoides in the National Museum, Melbourne, having afforded clearer data as to arm-structure tlian was possible when the original specimens were described in London, this fresh evidence neces- sitates a somewhat different interpretation of the arrangement and form of the ossicles on the ventral surface, and restores the species to its original genus. As a typical Protaster, this fossil has more or less boot-shaped ambulacral ossicles, closely ap- proaching those of P. biforis, Gregory.^ In consequence of this determination Sturtzura leptosoma may now be considered as the type of the genus. The third form now described is an elegant little species closely related to Sturtzura leptosoma, and which I have named on this account S. leptosomoides. DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIMENS. Class — Ophiuroidea. Fam i] y — Frotasteridce. Genus — Protaster, Forbes, 1849. Protaster bpisingoides, Gregory. (PI. VL, Fig. 2; PI. VIIL, Fig 2). Protaster brisingoides, Gregory, 1889. Geol. Mag., dec. iii., vol. vi., p. 24, woodcuts, figs. 1-4 (p. 25), Sturtzura brisingoides, Gregory, 1897. Proc. Zool. Soc. (for 1896), p. 1034. 1 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend. (1896), 1897, pp. 1034, 1035. 2 Proc. Zool. Soc. (1896), 1897, p. 1033, fig. 3. Victorian Fossils, Part VIII. 23 Observations. — An extensive series of the above fossil was collected by the first Victorian geological surveyors, from Moonee Ponds Creek, Flemington, then comprised in " Royal Park " ; these were deposited in the National Museum collection, and bore the MS. name given by McCoy — " Taeniaster au- stralis "^ McCoy also referred to these fossils in the Progress Report of the Geological Survey of Victoria'^ under the same MS. name, and they were reported to have come from Melbourne and the Upper Yarra. The latter locality reference would imply that these ophiurids also occurred in the Yeringian series. I had, however, been unable to find any specimens of this group in the Museum collections as from the Upper Yarra district until quite recently, when two examples from the " Parish of Yering, Sect. XII.," were discovered Whilst examining in detail the various fossils found in the sandstone at Flemington their general negative character was noticed ; and upon taking a wax impression from a remarkably sharp sandstone cast of P. brisingoides, the shape of typical protasterid ossicles was revealed, together with a deep sinuous ventral canal. This impression satisfactorily explains the presence of the " median ridge," the nature of which, Prof. Gregory observed, is doubtful.^ Since the fossils appear to be in the form of negative casts, the ossicle structure of the arm requires a different explanation. Prof. Gregory, kindly replying to a letter giving my own explanation of the structure of this fossil, writes, under date July, 1906, as follows : — " If the specimen can be interpreted as by your drawing it becomes very much easier .... The sinuous ridge I could not understand, and if it can be explained away so much the better." Emended and Additional Description. As in P. biforis, Gregory,* the ambulacral ossicles consist of a thick body and a curved wing, and are in some portions of the 1 See Gregory op. cit., 1889, p. 26; also R. Etheridjje, Junr. Records Australian Museum, vol. i., No. 10, 1891, p. 199. 2 No. 1, 1874, p. 34. 3 Geol. Mag., dec. iii., vol. vi., 1889, p. 2."^, fig. 2. 4 Proc. Zool. Soc. (1896), 1897, p. 1033, woodcut, fig. 3. 24 F. ' Chaprtian : arm almost halberd-shaped. The distal margin is twice notched, and the proximal margin is circularly excavated, so that the podial area is almost elliptical. The podial orifices are thus represented in the negative cast by a double series of elliptical to subquadrate rounded prominences, separated by the sinuous ridge-like cast of the ambulacral furrow. The ambulacral ossicles are fusiform and curved, the pointed proximal end being directed inwards. The ambulacral canal is flexuose and bordered by the curved inner margins of the ambulacrals. The ambulacral ossicles are sometimes thicker than here drawn, and have the notches more pronounced. The adambulacral plates are gener- ally so close as to form an almost uninterrupted marginal border. No trace of a disc has been detected in the specimens before us, and the spines, if any, have not been preserved. Measurements of specimens in National Musenni. Spec. A. Spec. B. Spec. C. Length of arm - - - 20 mm. 24 mm. ? Diameter of arm at base - 3 mm. 2 mm. 3.5 mm. Diameter of arm near distal end 2 mm. 1.5 mm. ? Occurrence. — This species is of frequent occurrence in the Silurian (Melbournian) sandstone of Moonee Ponds Creek, Flemington. It also occurs rarely in the Yeringian series at Yering. Genus — Gregoriura^ nov. Generic characters.— A Protasterid in which the usual boot. shaped ambulacrals are laterally developed, and modified into a subtriangular form. Ossicles on each side of the ambulacral canal subalternate, excepting at the junction with the mouth- frames, where they are parallel. Adambulacral ossicles narrow, slender, extending laterally in a line with the proximal border of the ambulacral ossicle. Spine-bearing plates, slender, at right angles to the adambulacrals, carrying (in the genotype) two con- spicuous spines. Oval skeleton having jaw-plates f the length of the month-frames ; teeth thick and prominent. No traces of a disc preserved in the specimen on which the genus is founded. Arms very slender and very flexible. Named after Professor J. W. Greg-cry, F.R.S., who has devoted so much attention to the elucidation and classification of this group of the echinodermata. Victorian Fossils, Part VIII. 25 Gregopiura sppyi, gen. et sp. nov. (PI. VI., Fig. 1 ; PL VIII., Figs. 1, 3). Description. — This species is quite the largest ophiurid known from Australian rocks, since it must have covered a circular area having a diameter of at least 72 mm. The oral framework is well-preserved as a limonitic cast, the live rhomboidal groups being distinctly separate. The angle made by the junction of the elements con)posing the mouth-frame and the jaws is strongly marked. The jaw plates are laterally slightly concavo-convex. The mouth-frames near the junction of the arms are partly supported by the embracing character of the ambulacrals. The ossicles of the arm consist of subtriangular ambulacrals having a sinus on the distal face for the passage of the podia, whilst the proximal face is broadly excavated ; extending from the proximal end of each ambulacral is a slender ambulacral, and apparently fused to this, and at right angles, is a spine-bearing plate, having generally two strong spines, one directed outwards, the other towards the arm tip. Dimensions. — Length of longest arm - - - - 32 mm. Width of arm at base - - - - 3 mm. Length of ambulacral ossicles - - circa 1 mm. Length of syngnaths - - - - L75 mm. Observations. — The above type specimen is named in recogni- tion of its finder, Mr. F. P. Spry, who has kindly presented it to the National Museum. This specimen is very nearly perfect, as it shows the whole of the oral framework and the live arms, one of the latter being only slightly damaged by fracture. The ophiurid lies on the slab of mudstone with the arms undulate and grouped toward one side. The flexure of the arms points to the particularly free character of the ossicles in regard to move- ment. The deposition of sediment upon this brittle-star must have been very quiet and gradual, for even the superficial con- tour of the central area of the animal has been preserved, show- ing it to have been strongly convex. Horizon and Locality. — Silurian (Melbournian). In the blue and ochreous shale of the Yarra Improvement Works, S. Yarra. 26 F. Chci'pinan : Family — Pah^ophiuridae. Genus — Sturtziira, Gregory, 1897. Stuptzura leptosomoides, sp. nov. (PL VII., PI. VIIL, Fig. 4). Description. — Arms very flexible, moderately broad in the middle, very slender towards the distal end. Disc not visible in specimens now described. Mouth -frames slender, separate, shorter than the jaws. Oral framework having a diameter of 4 mm. in our examples. Ambulacral ossicles subquadrate, broader proximally, with a podial sinus on the distal and outer faces. Adambulacrals narrow, curved, fusiform, and disposed obliquely, extending outwards towards the arm-tips. Intermediate spine-bearing plates with two or three prominent spines. Measurement of type specimen. — Length of arm - - - - - - 10 mm. Width of arm at broadest part, viz., 3 mm. ") ^ ^^p. from junction with mouth-frame ')"""" Diameter of oral pentagon - - - 2.5 mm. Observations. — P. brisingoides was selected by Gregory as the type of the above genus,' but since that species appears to require a somewhat different explanation as to its arm structure, which is related to that of the protasterids, as already shown here, Sturtzura leptosoma, Salter sp.,^ must now be regarded as the type form. The present species resembles, at first sight, S. lep- tosoma of the Ludlow beds of the Welsh border so closely that the English and Victorian fossils appeared to be one and the same species. Upon examining their arm-structure, however, it is seen that although generically related, the forms are specifically dis- tinct (see pi. viii., figs. 4, 5). Horizon and Locality. — Silurian (Melbournian), Moonee Ponds Creek, Flemington. Geol. Surv. Coll. 1 Proc. Zool Soc. (1896), 1897, p. 1034. 2 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser ii., vol. xx., 1857, p. 331, pi. ix., fig. 5. Proc. B.S. Victoria, iUUG. J'late VI. v^•', .i!*V' L 2. K.C. I'lIOT. Silurian Ophiurids, Victoria. Proc. R.S. Victoria, 1906. Plate VII. '*vr^,'/i,v -f^i'^ ...1. '-■■•■ V- a F.C. PHOT. Silurian Ophiurids. Victoria Proc. R.,S. Victoria, 1906. Plate VIII. •<« - aol X lO X ID Structure of Silurian Ophiurids, Victoria. Victorian Fossils, Part VIII. 27 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. VL Fig. 1. — Gregoriura spryi, sp. et gen. nov. Silurian. S. Yarra. Nat. size. J, 2. — Protaster brisingoides, Gregory. Negative cast in sandstone of two examples. Silurian. Flemington. Nat. size. VIL Fig. 1. — Sturtzura leptosomoides, sp. nov. Silurian. Fleniing- ton (Moonee Ponds Creek). Type. x 1^. „ 2. — S. leptosomoides, sp. nov. Silurian. Flemington. x 1^. VIIL Fig. 1. — Arm-structure (ventral aspect) in Gregoriura spryi, gen. et sp. nov. Silurian. S. Yarra. x 8. ,, 2. — Oral and arm-structure in Protaste brisingoiders, Gregory. Silurian. Flemington. x 6. ,, 3. — Oral and arm-structure in Gregoriura spryi, gen. et sp. nov. : showing embracing ossicles in the oral region. Silurian. S. Yarra. x 6. ,, 4. — Arm-structure in Sturtzura leptosomoides, sp. nov. Silurian. Flemington. x 10. „ 5. — Arm-structure in Sturtzura leptosoma, Salter sp., from specimen in Nat. Mus. Coll. from the Lower Lud- low Series of Leintwardine, Herefordshire (Alfred Marston coll). x 10. EXPLANATION OF LETTERING. a, ambulacral ossicles : ad, adambulacral ossicles : c, ambulacral canal; f, mouth-frame ; j, jaws ; p, podial aperture ; s, syngnath ; s.p., spine-bearing plate ; t, teeth. f^/i' .^•^ 0^i^^ [Pboc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 19 (N.S.), Pt. II., 1906.] AiiT. V. — Descri'ption of a New Species of Cypridina from Hohsons Bay, Melbourne. By F. chapman, A.L.S., &c. (With Plate IX). [Read 13th December, 1906.] Preliminary Remarks. The species now described, although hitherto not specifically determined, is one of the most abundant of the Ostracoda inhabiting Hobson's Bay and the adjacent waters of Port Phillip. In the "Victorian Naturalist" for 1894,^ Mr. J. Shepherd gave an interesting account of the phosphorescence caused by an ostracod, in all probability the present species, off Brighton Beach, Port Phillip. In this notice it was stated that the light emitted, when the water was agitated, "flashed out from distinct points, each about the size of a threepenny piece." The Ostracoda washed up on the sandy beach also showed phosphorescence when "the ground was trodden near to them." Mr. Shepherd further mentions that " a dozen or so in a little water, when shaken, emitted sufficient light to read a watch-dial." It was this phosphorescent property which led Mr. A. O. Thiele to gather the specimens I am now describing. In order to ascertain whether this form was similarly phosphorescent, and being aware of the phosphorescence of the Cypridinads generally, as well as to endeavour to establish the identity of Mr. Shepherd's ostracod I wrote to Mr. Thiele, who replied as follows : — " In reply to your query I may mention that it was their extraordinary phosphorescence that attracted my attention. While fishing in the Bay about one mile from the shore in about four fathoms of water, I noticed in pulling up the line that the bait was so luminous that I was able to note the time on my watch. I drew the bait through the partially closed hand and 1 Vol. xi., p. 131. Neib Species of Gypridina. 29 thus felt that it was covered with a mass of granular substance which I wiped off and took home. It was difficult to get the phosphorescence off the hands." It is noteworthy that Mr. Shepherd observed the phosphor- escent ostracods at Brighton about the end of October, on a calm hot night. Mr. Thiele also procured his gathering in warm weather in the beginning of February, and a further supply which he kindly procured for me, in the living condition, he obtained early in July (midwinter), when they were apparently not so numerous in such shallow water as was then explored. DESCRIPTION. Genus — Gypridina. Cypridina thielei, sp. nov. (Plate IX.) Male. — Garapace seen from the side, subovate, and widest (highest) in the centre. Dorsal margin strongly arched ; ventral, evenly but less strongly curved, and depressed at the anterior third. Anterior extremity with a rounded, blunt beak, curving over the antennal sinus, which is central and not very deeply incised. Posterior extremity produced into a beak-like process, convex on the ventral side, concave on the dorsal. Edge view, elongate- ovate, ends nearly equal. Figured .specimen. — Length, 1.9 mm.; height, 1.2 mm. Female. — The form of the carapace nearly resembles that of the male, but is larger, and higher near the middle, with the antero-ventral margin distinctly depressed. The antennal notch is deeper and more open ; posterior extremity rounded at the ventral corner, and sub-truncate on the dorsal side, with only the faintest indication of a posterior beak. Figured specimen. — 2.17 mm.; height, 1.33 mm.; thickness of carapace just below the middle, 1 mm. Getieral characters. — Shell thin, polished, and very finely punc- tate ; in places showing opaque spots which apparently increase in size on drying, due to the deposition of phosphate of lime at certain centres. Antennae moderately long for this genus. 30 F. Chapman : Mandibular foot with the conical process at its base, charac- teristic of Cypridina as defined by G. O. Sars. Vermifonn limb with about 6 pairs of tine spines towards the extremity, and two long terminal ones. Caudal lamina with about 13 ungues, gradu- ally decreasing in size from the extremity backwards ; the hooks are beset with numerous short spines on the inner surface, to within one-fourth of the tip. Paired eyes large, with about 12 lenses seen in the same plane. Muscle impressions situated about the middle of the anterior third, forming a sub-oval cluster of rounded and elongated spots. Observatio7is. — The present species is a typical Cypridina, not only because of the presence of the conical pi'ocess at the base of the mandibular foot, but akso on account of the absence of the unguinal process seen in Asterope ; it also shows the blunt, beak- shaped point at the posterior extremity usually possessed by Cypridina. Upon examining living examples of Cypridina thielei under the microscope enclosed in the live-box, they were seen to emit a strong steel-blue light for about 10 minutes, and when the luminosity became faint it could be speedily increased by the application of slight pressure. The heart-pulsations, as observed in some living specimens which had been captured about 24 hours previously, and in winter, averaged about 56 per minute. The carapace of C. thielei, has a very interesting structure, for most of the valves, when mounted in media and placed between crossed nicols under the microscope^ show various centres of cry- stallization due to the local formation of radial groups of crystals of phosphate of lime. These groups show the usual dark cross of crystals having a straight extinction. This calcification n)ay be seen on the dried valves as opaque white patches. Sorby men- tions this crystalline radial structure which is so eminently developed in crab shells, as occui-ring also in Entomostraca.^ The same structure is also seen, and in a more advanced stage, in the valves of a species of Crossophorus, which Mr. J. H. Gatliff found at Portsea, Port Phillip, Victoria, and kindly favoured me with some short time ajjo. 1 Quart. Jourii. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxv., 1879, p. 61. Neiv Species of Cypridina. 31 Although it is assumed from an examination of the already known species of Cypridina that the males only are endowed with swimming power/ the present occurrence of females in some abundance on the bait let down off Williamstown seems to show that this species may prove an exception. That the turgid forms were females there can be no donbt, since the eggs were seen in some instances within the valves ; the females of this genus hatching their young within the carapace) and not depositing them on water plants like most other Ostra- coda. As in the species whose females are non-natatory, the terminal joints of the first pair of antennae in the females of C. thielei are not tufted, but the males bear long tufts, which undoubtedly give them greater swinmiing power. Affinities of the Species. — -In the form of the carapace C. thielei appears to be quite distinct from any hitherto described species. C. formosa, Dana,'^ may be considered one of the nearest allied forms, differing in having subgqual extremities viewed laterally, in the sharp anterior beak, and strongly pronounced punctations or depressions on the surface of the valve. Brady's figure of a specimen referred to Dana's species exhibits a blunt beak, as in ours, but the carapace is altogether higher. The elongate oval outline of the above species is somewhat like that of C. mediterranea, Costa. ,'^ but the latter has a sharp an- terior beak, and the edge view shows the carapace to have rounded ends. C. megalops, Sars,* also resembles our species in general form, but this also has an acuminate beak, and in the lateral aspect the valves are higher. In its ovately pointed edge-view C. megalops agrees with C. thielei, but its greatest thickness is below the region where it occurs in the latter. Habitat. — ^In moderately shallow water in Port Phillip and Hobson's Bay, feeding upon decaying animal matter. 1 Brady, G. S., Rep. Challenger Zool., pt. iii., 18S0, p. 151. 2 United States Expl. Exped., Crustacea 18.5.5, p. 1296, pi. xci., fig. 5 ; also Brady, G. S., Rep. Chall. Zool., pt. iii., 1880, p. 155, pi. xlii., figs. 9-11. 3 " Fauna del Regno di Napoli," 1845 (?), pi. iv., figs. 1-14. See alsoG. S. Brady, " Men. Marine and Freshwater Ostracoda of the N. Atlantic and N. W. Europe " Trans. R. Dublin Soc, vol. v., ser. ii., part, xii., 1896, p 650, pi. liv., figs. 1, 2 ; pi. Iv., figs. 1-11. 4 " Undersogelser Hardanger Fjordens Fauna, i. Crustacea." Vidensk-Selsk, Forhandl, p. 278 ; also Brady, op. supra cit., pi. liv., figs. 5, 6. 32 F. Chaponan : Neiv Species of Cypridina. The above species is named in honour of Mr. A. 0. Thiele, in recognition of his good services in furthering the study of natural history in Victoria. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. Fig. I. — Right valve of Cypridina thielei ((?). with calcified patches on the carapace. x 24. ,, 2. — Right valve of C. thielei ( ? ), with calcified patches on the carapace. x 24. ,, 3. — Ventral edge view of carapace of C. thielei ( ? ). x 24. ,, 4. — Living example of C. thielei (2), showing non-tufted antennae, extended mandible and caudal lamina, with indications of the maxilla, heart, stomach, ova and vermiform lin)b within the carapace. x 26. ,, 5. — Muscle impressions seen on the exterior of a valve of C. thielei. x 52. ,, 6. — Vermiform lin)b. x 65. „ 7. — Mandibular foot, showing the conical appendage at its base. X 86. 8. — One of the hooks of the caudal lamina. x 115. Proc. R.S. Victoria, 1900. Plate IX. V.C. AT). NAT. DKL. Cypi-idina thielei, sp. nov, [Proc. Rot. Soc. Victoria, 19 (N.S.), Pt. II., 1906.] Art. VI. — Contributions to tJte Flora of Australia. By ALFRED J. EWART, D.Sc, Ph.D., F.L.S., Government Botanist and Professor of Botany in the University of Melbourne. (With Plates X., XI., XII.). [Eead ]3th December, 1906]. Aeschynomene aspera, L. var. OLiGARTiiRA, F. V. M., Herb. (Legumino-sae). Port Darwin, M. Holtze, 1891. This plant was originally considered by von Mueller to be a new species, but was subsequently referred by him to A. aspera, Linn., to which it undoubtedly belongs. It differs in the fruit having only 1 to 3 rather large segments, each usually 1 cm. broad by 1^ cm. long, and with nearly smooth side walls, whereas those of the type species are usually covered with warts or papillae, and are 7 to 8 mm. Ijroad by 8 to 10 nmi. long. Fruits of a few segments appear also on the type species, and in such cases the segments tend to become larger than in the longer pods. The variety is, however, a strongly marked one, and apparently hitherto unrecorded. A. aspera is new to Austi'alia. The stems of the plants are used by the Chinese for making paper, and it is just possible that the plant may have been introduced by them. Albizzia (Archidendron) pentzkeana, F. v. M., Herb. (Leguminosae) — A. vaillantii, F. v. M. Fragm., v. 60, variety Pentzkeana. A number of specimens of the apparently unpublished species A. pentzkeana were found at the Herbarium. A specimen submitted to Kew was marked by Dr. Stapf "genus correct, species unpublished." Close comparison with A. vaillantii, however, reveals so many features in common that the plant can only be classed as a variety of that species, differing chiefly in the shape and large 34 Alfred J. Etuart : size of the leaves and leaflets. Each leaf has a stout common stalk of about 5 cm. length, forking into two paripinnate branches of 30 cm. or more, and bearing 3 or 4 pairs of large elongated ovate leaflets averaging 30 cm. length by 10 cm. broad, on short thick pulvini of about 1 cm. Fruits and seeds as in A. vaillantii, but the former with more numerous and minute yellow hairs on the outer surface. Arenaria axillaris, Luehm. = Stellaria glauca. With., var. axil- laris, Luehm. (Caryophylleae). From material collected by Mr. Reader on the same locality, there can be no doubt that the plant is to be referred to Stellaria glauca, vai'. The specimens are identical, and have the cleft petals of Stellaria, a point which can not be satisfactorily deter- mined in Luehmann's original specimens. Aster dumosus, L. (Compositae). A North American weed which appears to be spreading in Victoria, and which has evidently reached this State from New South Wales, where it has long been recorded. Our specimens were identical with those in the Herbarium labelled Tripolium conspicuum, Lindl., from the Paris Museum. As this species apparently stands in the Kew Index in spite of the reference to Aster, .specimens were sent to Kew and determined as above. Synonyms for A. dumosus, L., are T. conspicuum, Lindl. ; Aster imbricatus, Walp. (but not of L.); A. arenaroides, Eaton. Bellida, new genus (Compositae). Annuals or perennials with radical leaves, and inflorescences at the ends of long simple stalks, leafless, or with a small bract on the shaft. Bracts of the involucre imbricate, scarious in a double series, the inner ones larger. Florets all alike, regularly 5-toothed, tubular and yellow, with no scales between them. Anthers with well-marked appendices and with rounded bases. Style and stigma of Asterae. Fruit on a distinct stalk, and obliquely inserted on the head. Pappus of two .small, separable, cup-like scales, each bearing a single row of stiff bristles. Flora of Australia. 35 Relationships. — The obliquely lateral insertion of the fi-uit reminds one of the Cynareae-Centaurineae, from which the plant differs widely in other respects. The character of the bracts and the honiogamous inflorescences suggest the Gnaphaleae, but the anthers have rounded bases and no tails. The slight resemblance to a young stage of Bartlettia (Seneci- onidete) is of no importance, since this plant has female ray florets and differs in the pappus and unstalked achenes. Among the Asterae-Solidaginae the genus shews a certain degree of relation- ship to Lessingia, but the florets are all alike, the outer ones not being more deeply slit on the outside. The general habits and leaves are like those of Achnophora tatei, F. v. M., which would bring the plant between Calotis (Asterae-Asterinae) and Brachycome (Asterae-Bellidinae). The plant diH'ers, however, in the pappus, stalked achenes, and absence of ray florets, and among the Asterae-Bellidinae only one species of Greenella has homogamous heads. The general characters agree best with the Asterae-Asterinae, although the genus shewn also approaches to the Solidagineae and Bellidinae sections, and also through the bracts to the Anthemideae. Bellida graminea, n. sp. Jibberding, W.A., 1905, M. Koch. A small tufted annual herb, from 6 to 18 cm. high when in fruit, and with a short slender tapering tap root. Leaves radical in a grass-like tuft, unstalked, flat, linear, contracted to an obtuse tip, 2 to 7 cm. long, about 1 mm. broad, glabrou.s, or occasionally with a few small scattered hairs, chiefly at the margins. All other subaerial parts glabrous excepting the fruit. Flower heads coni- cal with a rounded top, on separate stalks, the outer ones curved, hmger than tlie leaves (6-18 cm.), arising at the top of the root among the leaves. A single linear bract about 2 mm. long with scarious edges is usually, but not always, present an inch or two below the head, but sometimes near the base and then easily overlooked. Inflorescence of 40 to 50 small yellow tubular hermaphrodite florets (no rays), surrounded by a double set of scarious bracts, the outer series smaller in 2 imbricate rows of 6 or 7 in each, the inner layer with 7 or 8 in each row, and with broad overlapping 36 Alfred J. Eivart : scarious margins, and a central dark line usually projecting as a point at the tip. The young flower heads are about | cm. dia- meter, but enlarge to 1| or 2 cm. diameter in fruit, the bracts, especially of the inner set, doubling in size. Florets about ^ cm. diameter, with a slender ovary but no stalk and no scales between. Corolla tubular, with 5 regular free points, and the appendices of the anthers projecting beyond them. The slender style is bifid, with conical or truncate ends papillose on the outer side, the stigmatic lines on the edges of the bifid portion within the anther-tube. Pollen grains globular and minutely spiny. Fruits 1 cm. long or more, the achene con- tracted to a short stalk at its base, which is hollow and has an oblique basal opening below one edge of the flattened achenial part of the fruit. The sides of the achene are finely sculptured with transverse grooves, and bear a pair of small brown scales, whose upper margins are drawn out into a fringe of stiflT bristles i to 1 cm. long, themselves fringed with minute teeth, the upper two-thirds bright pink, the basal third white. BuRTONiA MULTIJUGA, F. v. M., Forrest's Expedition = Bur- tonia polyzyga, Benth., var. multijuga, F. v. M. (Legum- inosae). The specimens are rather larger, coarser and stouter than the type species, which they otherwise closely resemble. The hairs are shorter forming a dense but thin woolly covering. The leaflets average 30 in number, and vary from 3 to 6 mm. in length, and from 2 to 4 mm. in breadth. The common petiole usually averages 6 to 8 cm. in length. The specimens bear no flowers, and from the other characters can only be classed as a variety of B. polyzyga, Benth. Calothamnus gilesii, F. v. M. Watheroo sandy plains, W.A., M. Koch, 1906. Of this rare plant described in 1876 (Fragmenta X., p. 31), the Herbarium only possessed two fragmentary specimens without any fruits. These are usually in close sessile clusters of 2 to 5, nearly cylindrical, greyish-brown to bufi^ colour, 2 of the persist- ent calyx teeth often growing larger than the others in old fruits, Flora of Australia. 37 whicli attain a height and breadth of 1 cm. The fruits open by 3 valves within the cup. The linear seeds are angular without any perceptible wing, usually .slightly curved, numerous, light to dark brown, and just exceed 1 mm. in length. CoMMKRCONiA REDUCTA, F. V. M. and Tate, M.S. (Sterculiaceae), (Dec, 1887, Port Lincoln) = C. Tatei, F. v. M., Trans. Royal Society S. Austr., x., 1888. The description here given is in.sufficient to identify either plant, but specimens of C. Tatei, obtained from Adelaide, are identical with those named C reducta in the National Herbarium, the former name standing. CoNOSTYLis ACULEATA, R. Br., var. bromelioides (C. l)romelioides, Endl.). M. Koch, Cowcowing, 1904; Jibb^rding, W.A., 1905. Specimens from these localities show all stages of transition between C aculeata and C. bromelioides, some specimens having the inflorescence of C aculeata with the leaf of C. bromelioides, others the leaf margin of C. bromelioides, with the number of flower bracts and length of leaf of C aculeata. The distribution seems to preclude the formation of hyl^-ids, and hence Bentham's suggestion^ that C. bromelioides might prove to be a variety of C. aculeata is confirmed. CoNOSTYLis AUREA, var. longiscapa, n. var. M. Koch, Jibber- ding sand plains, W.A., 1905. Scapes (14-18 cm.) longer than the leaves (10-14 cm.). Leaves narrow, barely more than 2 mm. diam. (instead of half a cm.). In this respect the specimens approach var. humilis, F. V. M., but the marginal setae are finer and more hair-like. A doubtful specimen from the Murchison R. has the same charac- teristics as this variety, but the bracts are much longer both on the scape and in the flower head. Crotalaria mitchelli, Benth, var. tomentosa, new var. (Leguminosae). Between Finke River and Charlotte Waters, Kempe. Densely covered with fine hairs in every part except the corolla and fruit. 1 Flora australiensis, vol. vi., p. 438. 4 38 Alfred J. Eivart : Smaller leaves and fewer flowers than tlie type species. Axis of inflorescence 3 to 5 cm. long, instead of 10 to 15, leaves rarely more than 2^ cm. long by 1^ broad, instead of 5 to 10 cm. long. In other respects the specimens resemble C. mitchelli, and differ from C. retusa in the flower, fruit, leaves and number of ovules. Daviesia mesophylla, n. sp. 1 This plant, of which flowering specimens were obtained from W. and S. W. Australia, is closely allied to D. microphylla, but difFens from it in several important respects. It is a small »labrous shrub without thorns, the branches striate with raised lines. The leaves are stout and rigid, vertical, latei'ally com- pressed, with thickened edges, usually convex on the lower, and concave on the upper edge, lanceolate or nearly linear, but con- tracting slightly at base, and converging to a sharp point at the apex, usually 1 cm. long, but varying from 6 to 12 mm., 1 mm. or slightly more broad. In ti-ansverse section the two marginal veins are larger and have more prominent bands of sclerenchyma than the median pair, which fuse to one along the basal third of the leaf. The leaf has a complete peripheral double layer of assimilating tissue, of wliich the inner layer is darker and tanniferous. In respect to their microscopic structure the leaves of D. mesophylla and D. microphylla show a close similarity. The flowers are in latei-al leafy race- mes, either crowded in rather slowy clusters of 8 to 12 flowers, on short branches, or sparsely scattered on longer, more leafy ones. The flowers are 8 to 10 mm. long and arise in the axils of the phyllodes on pedicels 5 to 7 mm long, usually with 4 minute bracts at the base of the pedicel, of which the upper- most is about 1 mm. long, boat-shaped, curved, and projecting from the pedicel. The thi'ee pointed anterior teeth of the calyx are nearly 1 mm. long and about i the total length of the calyx, the two posterior are fused, with blunter lobes, the dividing notch being ^ the depth of the others. Petals as in D. polyphylla, fruit not seen. The plant is distinguished from D. microphylla by the larger leaves, flowers and bracts, by the longer pedicels, the more prominent calyx teeth, by the absence of the spiny Flora of Australia. 89 terminations to the branches, and by the occurrence of the flowers in clusters, They may however also be solitary, and one specimen exhibits both characteristics. Bentham in fact suggested that the solitary flowers of D. microphylla might not be a constant feature, and a specimen named by Bentham D. microphylla, but originally named D. incrassata, 8m., has leaves approaching closely to those of D. mesophylla. Un- fortunately Bentham's specimen has no flowers, hence it can not at present be definitely determined whether we are dealing with a strongly marked variety D. microphylla or with a recently evolved species, still connected to the parent type by inter- mediate forms. Daviesia ulicina, Smith, var. subumbellata (Leguminosae). Victoria desert, Elder Expedition, R. Helms, 1891. Not previously recorded from W. Australia. DODONAEA ADENOPHORA, Miq., var. ovata, n. var. (Sapindaceae). Specimens were sent, in 1884, from Adelaide by J. H. Brown to von Mueller, and laid aside for future examination. The specimens have a very different superficial aspect to the type specimen of Miquel with which, however, they agree in all essen- tial features. The leaves differ in having a larger number of leaflets, commonly 1 1 ; the leaflets are relatively l)roader (usually 3 mm. long by 1 broad), more regularly arranged and more ovate, and hence the plant may be distinguished as variety ovata. Dryandra fraseri, R. Br. Watheroo sand plains. W. Aus- tralia. Max Koch, Aug. 1906, The only specimens previously in the Herbarium were those examined by Bentham. Eriostemon Brucei, F. v. M. M. Koch, Cowcowing (Victoria district of S. W. Australia), 1904. Very rare. Eriostemon tuberculosus, Benth, var. megaphyllus, n. var. Cowcowing, 1904. Leaves distinctly bi-lobed at their apices, and averaging 15 mm. by 3 mm. (10 to 20 mm. long, and 2 to 4 ram. broad). Short 40 Alfred J. Eivart : narrow petioles from 2 mm. to 1 mm., or less in length, but always more distinct than in type species. Other specimens have progressively smaller leaves, some bi-lobed and some not, forming intermediate conditions between this variety, the type species, and even var. microphyllus, which have otherwise very distinct aspects, and of which the latter form was recognised by Bentham as a distinct species (Phebalium microphyllum), l>ut as a variety by Mueller. The variety microphyllus has the leaves shortly stalked, but not bi-lobed at the apex, and smaller and narrower than the variety megaphyllus. Eriostbmon (Phebalium) intermedius, n. sp. This plant is interesting since it forms a connection between the Leionema section and Eriostemon proper, thus justifying von Mueller's inclusion of Phebalium in Eriostemon. Leaves 2 or more cm. in length, usually 2, nearly linear, tuberculate with small glands, narrowed at the base to a stalk, pointed at the apex, but the point not curved. Channelled above, rounded below, no midrib shewing, and less than 1 mm. diam. at the broadest part. Sepals very small (about ^ mm. long), spreading, green or brown, rather obtuse or slightly pointed, edges entire or fringed with extremely minute hairs, and bearing a few small, slightly-projecting glands. Petals 5, white, narrowed near their bases, and 3 to 4 mm. long. Stamens 10, with minute white or no appendices, the filaments not hairy or ciliate, with broader flattened bases. Base of the ovaiy with a thickened disc, and each coccus of the fruit containing one rather large, flat, brown, apparently-winged seed, about 2 mm. in length. Cowcowing, M. Koch, 1904; W.A., between Upper Black- wood R. and L. Lefroy, Miss Cronin, 1893. The latter specimens were placed by von Mueller with E. Brucei apparently from superficial examination only, since the plants are readily distinguished from that species by the longer leaves not recurved at their tips, by the smaller sepals not perceptibly broader at their middles, and | mm. long instead of 1 mm. or more, by the filaments flattened at their bases and not ciliate, by the less distinct appendix, and by the style being not short but about h the length of the petals. The species resemble one Flora of Australia. 41 another, however, in general haUit, in the flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, on pedicels of about 2 mm., with the bases surrounded by minute bracts. From E. scaber it is readily distinguished by the absence of any articulation of the pedicel to a peduncle, and from E. linearis by the stigma being entire and not lolled. Euphorbia hypericifolia, L., var. bracteolaris, Boiss (Euphor- biaceae). Elder Exploring Expedition, 1892, lat. 27 deg. 5 m. S., long. 119 deg. 15 ni. E. This plant was considered by Luehmann to be a new Austral- ian species. Specimens sent to Kew were determined as E. iudica, L., from which the plant differs only in the seeds being smooth instead of shallowly pitted. E. indica, L., is probably an error, for E. indica, Lamk., which is placed under E. hypericifolia as var. indica by Hooker ; variety bracteolaris has the smooth seeds of our specimens, and agrees in other respects within a varietal range. The species is new to Australia and undoubtedly indigenous. Lepidopetalum (B1.) tenax, Benth. Specimens of Lepidopetalum australis, F. v. M., MS., col- lected by Hill at Moreton Bay, were sent to Kew and returned marked, " genus correct, species not at Kew." On further examination they were found to be identical with speci- mens named Ratonia benax, Benth., by Bentham himself, and from the same locality and collector. The species, therefore, becomes Lepidopetalum tenax, Benth., for which Cupania tenax, A. Cunn., Ratonia tenax, Benth., and Lepidopetalum australis, F. V. M., are synonyms. Lepyrodia scariosa, R. Br. (Restiaceae). Grampians, H. B. Williamson, 1903. New to Victoria. Melaleuca cordata, Benth., var. ovata, F. v. M. M. Koch, Western Australia. These specimens with almost oblong leaves, all regularly 3-nerved, diverge more strongly from the type species than tho.se 42 Alfred J. Ewart : on which von Mueller's variety was founded. The leaves on the latter have mostly 5 nerves, and only a few smaller ones have 3. Myrsine (Rapanea) benthamiana, Mez. 1884, Port Darwin, M. Holtze. Named at Kew, and not previously recorded for Australia. Nephelium becklerii, Benth., var. ? (Sapindaceae). Logan R. Scortechini. The leaflets are smaller than the type, averaging 7 cm. by 2, and the venation finer. New to Queensland. Persea baileyana, F. v. M. Ined. (Lauraceae), given in Bailey's Flora of Queensland, p. 1310. The specimens in the National Herbarium are marked " pro- bably Cinnamomum Tamala, Nees," in the handwriting of von Mueller, and queried as Cinnnamomum virens, R. T. Baker, by R. T. Baker. One specimen of C. virens is marked by R. T. Baker as very close to C. propinquum, Bailey, which Bailey considers to be closely allied to C ovalifolium, Wight, Ic. 125. A type specimen of C. propinquum, Bailey, agrees closely with the figure of 0. albiflorum, Nees (Laurus cassia, Roxb.) in Wight, Icones 140, and this species is an accepted synonym for C. Tamala, Nees. This disagreement of experts probably results from the fact that all these "species" are so closely connected with C. Tamala by intervening forms as to render it advisable to extend the boundary of this species so as to include C. virens. Baker, C. propinquum, Bailey, and C. oliveri, Bailey, of which plant we have specimens from the same locality (Lismore) as C. propinquum. In any case there appears to be no justification for the name Persea Baileyana, F. v. M., as a MS. name on the authority of Baron von Mueller. Petrophila ericifolia. (Proteaceae). Jibberding. M. Koch. Intermediate forms resembling var. glabriflora in their smaller leaves and smaller cones, but with a hairy not glabrous perianth, in this respect resembling var. scabriuscula. Flora of Australia. 43 E.ICHARDSONIA STELLARis, Cham, et Schlect. Specimens were found in the Herbarium sent in 1885 by Betche from Mossmann's Bay, N. S. Wales, with a letter by von Mueller addressed to Kew but never sent. On reference to Kew the plant was determined as above, the species being from S. America, and evidently an introduced weed to N. S. Wales, where R. humistrata is already recorded as an intro- duction. RoMULEA (Trichonema) crucjata, Ker-Gawl ( = R. cruciata, Eckl.). This widely-spread Irid with rose-lilac flowers, and tough grass-like leaves is commonly known as the Guildford grass or Onion grass, and was originally referred by F. von Mueller as R. bulbocodium, L. It is given in Rodway's Flora of Tasmania as R. rosea, a S. African plant. Both these species, however, liave the stymie longer than the stamens, whereas our plant resembles the R. cruciata, distinguished by Ker-Gawl. (Bot. Mag., 1802, pi. 575) from R. bulbocodium, and R. rosea, by the style shorter than the stamens and the hairy filaments. Baker, in the Flora Capensis, makes this species R. longifolia, Baker, but the three purple stripes on the outer perianth segments given by Baker are absent or very feebly developed, and the spathe segments are smaller (^ cm. long in flower to 1 cm. in fruit), the inner segment having a broad scarious margin. The leaf, as in the type speci- mens of R. cruciata, often has a flfth groove on one edge for a portion of its length, giving the appearance in transverse section shown in Plate XII. (a). Otherwise the transverse section (b) resembles that of R. rosea (d) more closely than that of R. bulbo- codium (c), whereas the transverse section of the leaf of a type specimen of R. cruciata, closely resembles that of R. bulbocodium This fact and the character of the spathe segments justifles the recognition of an Australian variety of R. cruciata. There can be no doubt that the short style with its six very short stigmatic arms, which separate as the stamens shed their pollen, is an adaptation for self-pollination. The flowers, which are sti'ongly thermonastic, only open on warm sunny days, and do not seem to have any regular insect visitors. The plant grew 44 Alfred J. Ewart : abundantly in the neighbourhood of the Botanic Gardens over 40 years ago, and may date much further back still, for its increase is favoured by the conditions attendant on the pre- sence of civilized man. Probably if specimens had been collected from the early part of last century, we vs^ould have received evi- dence of adaptive modification on the part of this plant, but whether R. cruciata, var. australis, is derived from R. bulbo- codium or R. rosea is impossible to say. In any case the whole genus of Romulea is badly in need of revision. Experiments on the extermination of this weed are in progress at the Herbarium and in the Domain grounds. The use of pigs has been suggested to root out the corms from the ground, and Mr. T. S. Hall has recorded before the Field Naturalists' Club that white cockatoos coming North from the Otways have performed the sameoffice, and by digging out the corms have cleared patches of ground infested by the weed. Mr. C. French, Jun., reports that he has often seen children eating the bulbs, although to the novice the taste is by no means pleasant. A quantity of the corms crushed and washed through a tine sieve yielded on settling an abundance of fine-quality starch, so that, were it not for the expense of collecting the bulbs, they might form a profit- able source of starch. The seeds are also highly nutritious, and it is owing to the sparrows and other birds which eat the seeds that the plant is so rapidly and widely spread. Future investi- gation may show some use for the seeds. The stalk of the fruit capsule is strongly geophilous, and curves down towards the ground during ripening. In loose ground it is sometimes partially or completely covered before the seeds are shed. ScAEVOLA LACINIATA, Bailey. Flora of Queensland. This plant resembles the variety pallida of S. microcarpa in the glabrous style and the corolla nearly glabrous outside, but has the larger flowers of the type species and the leaves somewhat more cut. It can only be classed as a variety laciniata, Bailey, of S. microcarpa, intermediate between the type species and variety pallida. Scaevola scandens, Bailey, Flora of Queensland, seems to resemble S enantophylla closely in all specific points except Proc. E.S. Victoria, 190G. Plate X. /'*•'.,■. R.S. rirtnyi,!, 1906. Plate XI. ^^ ■>>xnjjj]ij>j>ijjiijmn[iTi)ji\i -»■ Pnir. R.S. Virtoria. 190(3. Plate ML Flora of Australia. 45 as regards the climbing habit, which a straggling plant of tliis character may easily develop in a shady situation. Since not more than one or two specimens seem to be in existence, the plant can only be classed as a variety of S. enantopliylla, F. v. M. (var. scandens, Bailey), until more material is available. TiNOSPORA WALCOTTii, F. Muell., Herb. = T. smilacina, Benth. (Menispermeae). The only reference to this plant in the Fragmenta IX., p. 83, 1875, is that it is possibly a variety of T. smilacina. The specimens in the Herbarium are in leaf only and are imperfect, but the leaves vary from the shape characteristic of "T. Walcotti" (cuneate base, etc.), to the normal cordate shape of T. smilacina on one and the same specimen. It is more than doubtful, there- fore, whether this plant even forms a distinct variety of T. sinila- cina, Benth., and though it was retained in the census, von Mueller evidently had doubts as to its validity. EXPLANATION OF PLATES X., XI., XII. X. — Bellida graminea. — Plants slightly reduced. XI. — Bellida graminea. — (a) floret ; (b) one of the inner bracts; (c) and (d) two of the outer bracts ; (e) and (f) stamen, with (o) pollen grains, one magnified strongly ; (g) and (h) style with marginal stigmas and terminal papillae ; (i) and (j) side and back view of stalked achenes with (k) two of the lateral ridges magnified ; (1) one half of the pappus, and (ra) one hair of the pappus magnified, and (n) a portion of a pappus hair highly magnified. XII. — Romulea. — (a) Transverse section of leaf of R. cruciata, var. australis, through lateral groove; (b) through middle of leaf; (e) stigma and fruit; (f) long; section of just opened flower ; (c) transverse section leaf Romulea bulbocodium ; (d) ti'ansverse section leaf Romulea rosea. [Proc. Eoy. Soc. Victoria, 19 (N.S.). Pt. II., 1906.] Art. YII. — Note on Caliyorgia flabellum from Port Phillip. By Professor SYDNEY J. HICKSON, D.Sc, F.R.S. [Read 11th October, 1907.] In the Proceedings Royal Soc. Victoria, Vol. II., 1890, p. 138, I gave the name Priuinoella australasiae, Gray, to a specimen belonging to the Alcyonarian family Primnoidae, obtained by Mr. J. B. Wilson at Port Phillip. Mr. J. Versluys, of Amsterdam, has examined a fragment of the colony that is still in my keeping, and informs me that the species is more closely related to Caligorgia flabellum of Ehrenberg. I have carefully re-examined the specimen with the help of Mr. Versluys's recent memoir on the Primnoidae of the Siboga Expedition, and I am convinced that his opinion is sound. I ask therefore to correct n)y report by substituting the name Caligorgia flabellum (Ehrenberg) for Primnoella australasiae (Gray), in the list of species obtained at Port Phillip. [Proc. Eot. Soc. Victoria 19 (N.S.), Pt. II., 1906.] Art. VIII. — Four New Echinoids from the Australian Tertiari/. By T. S. hall, M.A., University of Melbourne. (With Plates XIII. -XVI). [Read 1.3th December, 1906]. The present paper contains descriptions of Echinoneus dennanti, n. sp. Prenaster aldingensis, n. sp. Brissopsis tatei, n. sp. Schizaster sphenoides, n. sp. Advantage of the opportunity has been taken to figure and re- describe Schizaster abductus, Tate, which was not very fully diagnosed by the author, and was not illustrated. All the species are of Barwonian age, that is, belonging to the oldest of our Tertiary series. Echinoneus dennanti, n. sp. Test elongate, slightly wider just behind the apical system. Flattened dorsally and actinally, depressed, with a thickly rounded ambitus. Of the four genital openings the posterior lateral pair are slightly the largest and are separated by about their own width. Ambulacra similar, flush, continuous from apex to peristome, broadest at the ambitus. Poriferous zones narrow, straight, not sunken. Pairs of pores very numerous. On the abactinal sur- face a line joining the pores of each pair is normal to the length of the zone. Towards the ambitus and actinally this line becomes more and more oblique, so that near the peristome the pores tend to, but do not quite, become arranged in a single linear series, the pores of each pair being closer together than those of the next succeeding pair. 48 T. 8. Hall: Peristome large, triangular, and showing the curious obliquity of the genus. Periproct large, long, oval, pointed at the posterior end. Tubercles sunken, crowded, imperforate. There do not seem to be any of the generically characteristic tubercles of epistoma, the spaces between the tubercles being smooth. This, however, may possibly be due to weathering. Mkasurements. Length, 21. Breadth, 14. Height 7. The genus has not been previously recorded from our older tertiary. It ranges from the Miocene in the West Indies, and there are two very widely-spread recent species. Locality. — "' Filter Quarries," Batesford, one specimen some- w^hat obliquely crushed, and a fragment. Barwonian (? Eocene). Prenastep aldingensis, n. sp. Test small, oval, tumid, posteriorly truncated, flattened actinally, Apical system small, excentric in front. Peristome transverse, slightly crescentic in front (damaged posteriorly). Ambulacra in extremely faint depressions near the apical system, the depressions only noticeable in oblique light. At about two mm. from the apex the ambulacra have become flush. Pores minute, round, the pairs about their own width apart. Ambul- acra narrow, straight, open. Towards the ambitus the pores of the odd ambulacrum are elongate slits, very far apart. Actinally, round the peristome the pores are also slit-like. Periproct high on the posterior truncation ; as far as can be seen, it is large and pointed at its uper end. Primary tubercles very small, perforate, crenulate, scrobiculate. They are sparsely scattered over the dorsal surface. There are four rather large ones at the apex, which are apparently close to the outer sides of the basal pores. The tubercles are larger dorsally on the anterior ambulacra, and also actinally, near the ambitus. The sternum is hidden by matrix. There is a faint ridge bounding the scrobicular areas, which are not sunken. Actinally the tubercles are excentric anteriorly on the scrobi- cular areas. Outside the scrobicules is in most cases a single row of miliaries forming a ring, and a few scattered miliarias occur as well. New Echinoids from AvMralian Tertiary. 49 Only one basal pore is visible, and that doubtfully. It is the right posterior lateral, and is close to the inner side of a large primary tubercle, as above mentioned. The madreporite is long and narrow and separates the posterior basals and radials, as well as the right anterior radials. The radial pores are as large as the ambulacral pores, and are five in number. The fascioles are very narrow and consist of two close-set rows of miliaries. The peripetalous is slightly pointed posteriorly in the posterior interradius. Anteriorly it disappears before reach- ing the antero-lateral ambulacrum, and it is uncei-tain whether it joins the marginal. The margizial fasciole dips below the am- bitus anteriorly, and runs close to it in front of the peristome. As the posterior truncation is hidden by matrix its course here is not visible. Measukemexts. Length, 21. Breadth, 18.5. Height, 14. Distance of front edge of peristome from anterior, o mm. Width of posterior lateral ambulacrum near fasciole, 1.5. Length of anterior lateral petal, 6. Length of posteiior lateral petal, 5.5. The genus is typically Eocene, but ranges into the Miocene in Europe, one species, P. excentricus, Wright, occurring in the Tortonian of Malta.^ The present species is very unlike it, judging by Dr. Wright's figure''^ and description''. The genus is new for our tertiaries. Locality. — Aldinga (Barwonian, ? Eocene). A single specimen collected by Mr. R. H. Cummins, B.Sc. Bpissopsis tatei, n. sp. Test thin, broadl}' ovate, depressed. Vertex about a third of the length from the posterior end. Apical system nearly central. Ambulacra sunken. Anterior groove broadly indenting the ambitus. Lateral ambulacra curved. The antero- and postero- lateral of the same side forming a segment of a circle, the 1 Gregory, J. W., Trans Roy. Soc, Edinbursh, 36 (1891), p. 630. 2 Q. J. G. S., 20 (1864), pi. 22, fig. 3. 3 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., s. ii., vol. 15 (1855), pp. 195, 196. 50 T. S. Hall: segments of the opposite sides touching at the apex. The outer ends of the postero-laterals are half the distance apart that the outer ends of the antero-laterals are. Actinally the ambulacra are broad and bare. Peristome crescentic. Labrum not prominent. Peripetalous fasciole crossing the anterior groove at about half the diameter of the test from the apex. It runs back parallel to the groove for about 8 mm., and then bends out to the outer end of the antero-lateral petal. Thence it curves inwards following the curve of the petals, and betvveen the outer ends of the pos- terior petals is straight. Its form is almost exactly that figured by A. Agas.siz for B. lyrifera in his " Revision " (pi. xix., tig. 9). The subanal fasciole is concave above. The presence of an anal branch is doubtful. There are four perforate basals. Measurements. Length. Breadth. Hei.ht. ^^^^f • ^nt .at. ^ Apical^Syst^^ 1.-46-41-24-6-6-27 2. - 47 - 41 - 23 - - - 7 - 27 The fine calcareous matrix is closely adherent to all the numerous specimens before me, and many are crushed and broken. Professor R. Tate has recorded Toxobrissus sp. from our Older Tertiary. This is a synonym of Brissopsis, and the record perhaps refers to the present species. In the curvature and mutual relationships uf the ambulacral petals and in the shape of the peripetalous fasciole, the affinities of the present species are not with such an Eocene form as the Sindian B. sufflatus, Duncan and Sladen, but rather with the existing B. lyrifera and B. luzonica, aud more especially with the latter. From it, however, it is distinguished by the closer approximation ^f the outer ends of the postero-lateral petals and by its more broadly oval form and less pointed posterior end. It also closely resembles B. crescenticus, Wright, from the Malta Oligocene, but is easily separable by the closer approximation of the posterior petals posteriorly, and by the greatest width being behind the apical system, and not in front of it. New Echinoids from Australian Tertiary. 51 Locality. — Cliffs at mouth of Sherljrooke River (type), and at various localities along the coast in the neighbourhood. Also a cast from the clays of Grice's Creek. Barwonian (? Eocene). Schizaster sphenoides, n. sp. Broadly ovate, depressed, somewhat pointed posteriorly. An- terior groove indenting the ambitus to a depth of about 8 mm. in specimens the size of the type. Dorsal surface rising steadily to the vertex which is on a rather sharp median keel, and about one-third of the total length from the posterior end. Lateral petals in rather deep grooves; the anterior laterals at first curved and then straight. The posterior straight, lanceolate, and very short. Odd ambulacrum in a deep groove, 6 or 7 mm. deep in specimens the size of the type, with a flat floor and over- hanging edge, so that the paired pores are not visible from above. Sternum flat, lanceolate, followed posteriorly by a pair of tumidities, between which a shallow groove runs up to a subanal concavity. Hind end truncate, overhanging above, the oval peri- proct near the summit of the truncation. Peristome lunate, visible from the front, with a well-developed labrum. Actinally the posterior lateral ambulacra aie on broad areas that slope strongly up to the ambitus medially and posteriorly. Thei'e are four pei'fotate basals. Tubercles larger on the sternum, and crowded ; not so crowded, but as large on the other interambulacra actinally. Small on the dorsal surface. Peripetalous fasciole crossing the antei'ior sulcus, in specimens the size of the type, at about 5 mm. from the ambitus ; thence straight to outer end of anterior lateral petal. A deep re-enter- ing angle between the antero- and postero-lateral petals, and straight between the posterior petals. Lateral fasciole given off from the peripetalous at about a quarter of the length of the anterior lateral petal from its outer end, crossing the ambitus at about 10 mm. from the periproct, and passing below it at about the same distance. Measuuemknts. Breadth. Height. A nte^o^Lateral Poste^o -^Lateral 60 - - 38 60? (damaged) 35 47 - - 23 (No. 1 is the figured specimen.) Leujjth. 1. - 66 2. - 66 3. - 48 25 7.5 24 8 18 6.5 52 T. S. Hall: Locality. — -Base of cliffs at mouth of Sherbrooke River, com- mon, but usually crushed. Associated with Eupatagus laubei, Maretia anomala and Brissopsis dennanti. At a higher level Lovenia forbesi is common, but I have not found it below. Most of the specimens in the lower bed have patches of spines still attached. These and the matrix adhere very closely, and I have not been able to clear thein with the dental engine. Exposed portions are usually sandpolished by the action of the surf. Barwonian (? Eocene). Schizaster abductus, Tate. 1891. Tate, Tr. and Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, p. 281. Tate's description consists mainly of a comparison of the species with S. australis, Gray, and is unaccompanied by a figure A specimen in my collection from the type locality, Morgan, given me by Master Frank Cudmore, is in a much better state of preservation than Tate's two examples, the larger of which is the type. For the loan of these I have to thank Mr. W. Howchin, F.G.S., actual comparison being necessary for identification. The species is broad-ovate, pointed posteriorly. In lateral view the dorsal surface rises regularly from the anterior end to the vertex, which is on a median ridge, two-thirds of the distance between the apex and the postei-ior end. Base sliglitly tumid. Subanal area vertical. Periproct its own height below the top of the overhanging posterior projection and visible from below. Anterior ambulacrum in a deep groove which only slightly indents the ambitus. Lateral petals in grooves as deep as that of the anterior ambulacrum. Anterior lateral at first widely diverging and then running forwards at about 40 deg. with the mid-dorsal line. Their length sliglitly less than one-third of the transverse diameter. Length of posterior petals about a fifth of the transverse dianaeter of the test. Less divergent than the anterior ones. Peristome lunate, posterior lip prominent. Peri- petalous fasciole crossing the anterior ambulacrum at a distance from the apex equal to the semi-diameter through the apex_ From here it runs with a scarcely perceptible re-entering angle to the anterior lateral petal. Between the lateral petals it forms a deep re-entering angle, keeping close to the edges of the Frnr. R S. VidorUi, 190G. 'Plate XIII. I'roc. R.H. Virtoria, lOOC Phite XIV '^w' W Pror. R.N. Victoria. liJuO. Plate XV Proc n.S. Virtiirlii. l!)()l?. Phife XVI. I*? // 12 New Echinoids from Australian Tertiari/. 53 grooves. Between the posteriof petals it is almost straight. The lateral fascicle leaves the peripetalous at about one-third of the length of the anterior lateral petal from its outer end, and keeps well on the dorsal surface till opposite the outer end of the posterior petal, when it bends downward to pass under the periproct at a distance below it equal to the length of the posterior petal. There are four perforated basals. Measurements. 1 2 3 Length - 58 (damaged) 48 61 Breadth - 55 45 56 Height - 35 28 35 Post. lat. petal - 13 8.5 12 Ant. lat petal - 20 15 20 1 Tate's type ; 2 his smaller specimen ; 3 the author's specimen. All from Murray River cliffs at Morgan. No. 3 is the fijfured specimen. I have specimens of what I believe to be this species from Table Cape and Spring Creek, but both ai'e somewhat crushed. Mr. J. Dennant also has the species from Table Cape. EXPLANATION OF PLATES XII [.-XVI. Figures 1, 2. — Echinoneus dennanti, n.sp. Slightly obliquely crushed. „ 3, 4. — Prenaster aldingensis, n. sp. Outline sketches showing fascicles. A., apical system. Ps., peristome. Pr., Periproct. „ 5, 6. — Brissopsis tatei, n. sp. ,, 7, 8, 12. — Schizaster sphenoides, n. sp. Slightly distorted. ,, 9, 10, 11. — Schizaster abductus, Tate. All the figures are about natural size. [Proc. Eoy. Soc. Victoria, 19 (N.S.), Pt. IL, 1906.] Art. IX. — Surface Tension as an Aid in Canyon Form- ation, the production of Bad Lands, and in River Capture. By J. A. LEACH, M.Sc. (With Plate XVII). [Kead 13th December, 1906]. Being attracted by a statement made by Professor Miall that the surface film of water was a veritable death-trap to many small animals, my thoughts turned much to phenomena con- nected with that remarkable film. This statement was soon seen to be true, mosquitos, water- fleas (Daphnia), and many small pond animals have been seen held close prisoners by this wonderful "top of the water." Other animals, such as mosquito larvae and pupae, pond snails, hydra, etc., were seen, however, to take advantage of it. It is well known that soap bubbles are due to this phenomenon, while the sphericity of rain-drops is also caused by its action. The necessity of droppers for medicine, of lips and spouts for jugs, teapots, and other vessels is also due to the tendency of this sur- face film to adhere to any body it might happen to wet. This tendency to adhere instead of falling vertically downward is, I hope to show, a most important factor in the denudation of the earth's surface, especially in canyon production, by causing rapid undercutting where there are softer beds. A hard surface layer covering softer rock will present conditions favourable to the formation of a waterfall. Tlie water rushes over the hard ledge, and falls to the eartli beneath. The swirl and the splash .soon wear out a circular hole — a pot hole. If the ledge is of some height, the water leaps over. The spray is splashed around and the softer material under the ledge is worn out. Sooner or later, the surface ledge breaks off and falls in. Thus the canyon or gorge travels up stream. Surface Tension and Denudation. 55 This is the explanation usually given, and probably it is correct in most cases. However, at Coburg one day, when examining the head of some " bad lands " with canyons nearly 20 feet deep, this explanation was seen to be unsatisfactory for three reasons. 1. The quantity of water that was doing the wearing out was very small. It was only the small amount that flowed from a few square yards of a uniformly sloping hillside, for there was no stream, not even a gutter or runnel. It was too small a quantity to splash about. 2. This small amount of water could not have splashed high enough to wash the softer subsoil from just below the surface crust (a hard band several inches thick), which was at the height of eleven feet (Fig. 2). 3. There was no evidence of any fall of water at all. If a fall took ]ilace from that height, there would be a pot hole at the foot of the fall, or stones showing some signs of water splashing or falling. But there was no trace of this. The usual explanation clearly did not account for the wearing out, and the evident recent advance up hill of this gorge. As no water was then running over, no other explanation presented itself at the time. Shortly afterwards when at Heidelberg, the usual hollow was noticed under the surface crust ; but it did not reach down to the bottom. The crust was six inches thick. Then a semicircular hollow about ten inches in diameter led to a gently sloping piece of about fifteen inches down to the bottom (Fig. 4.) Here, as no sign of any falling water could be seen on the sloping base, there was obviously no splash at all. Thus the water did not fall over. Close examination showed that the water trickled down the surface crust and then adhered under- neath it, the water surface forming the outer wall of a kind of a pipe. The water then ran down, following under the surface crust, over the soft material underneath, and so trickled this down as liquid mud. Thus the earth was hollowed out right under the crust, but it had not yet been worn away down to the level of the bottom. Many little grooves could be plainly seen where the water had trickled down, and carried off the material. ^^ 56 J. A. Leach : A visit shortly after this to the Royal Park railway cutting showed where the water had trickled over the edge of a hard iroi'stone layer. It had carried down the sand and clay mixture under it. Some of this liquid mud had then fallen a short dis- tance from a convenient hard point. Here it had built up two little mud pillars (stalagmites'?) of the deposits from the liquid mud which had trickled down. In all the railway cuttings in the coastal plain material round Melbourne, this scooping out of the softer material under the harder bands can be clearly seen. That also is one of the features so noticeable in many of the good views of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. In each of the numerous cases of canyon formation now going on around Melbourne that I have visited, the same phenomena have been noticed. In a few cases, even where wearing away is proceeding very rapidly, no water falls over. All the water causing such serious loss to the land owners simply trickles down over the softer material. This, when wet, becomes liquid mud. So the solid earth is really melting or flowing away. In one case at North Essendon a brick wall, with a large V opening for the water to flow in, was built across a gutter lead- ing from a road to the adjacent Moonee Ponds Creek. This rejuvenated stream had deepened its bed over 20 feet. The trickle of water from the gutter soon wore the soft alluvium away, and formed a deep canyon. The water then worked under the brick wall, which has novv been left high and dry across a considerable canyon, with the water flowing many feet below the lower portion of the brickwork. This alarming result has been accomplished in a very short time by the very small quantity of water that flows, only after rain^ in a gutter at the side of the road. The harder Silurian bedrock, of course, would not be worn away so readily, so that it is only in the softer material of the coastal plain, or other recent deposits, that this very rapid weathering is going on. Still, it is being done by an insignifi- cant quantity of water. In the canyons at Coburg, the side of the gorge is coated with a very tine powdery material. This has been left there when the water, which in wet weather formed a film over it, Surface Tension and Denudation. 57 evaporated. It is material which was in mechanical suspension, being carried down and acting in its turn as a file to wear away still more of the loosely cemented hill-side. Even where there is water falling over into the canyon, .some of it always trickles down adhering to the surface. It then quietly trickles out any softer band. Surface tension, therefore, greatly helps the splash in the wearing under by a waterfall. In canyon formation, especially in the advance of the main canyon upstream and in the lateral widening of the canyon, surface tension is seen to be an agent of the first importance by enabling the water to adhere to the rock. This water thus runs over the softer bauds, otherwise protected from water action. These are quickly worn out and removed. The harder beds being unsupported, now break off and fall in, and so the canyons grows. Thus the undercutting can in many cases be said to be directly due to tlie eflfect of the surface film of water. A recent visit to the Coburg bad lands, east of Pentridge, showed many canyons, varying in depth up to nearly 20 feet. In not one single case could any trace be discovered of a splash at the bottom of the fall at the head of any of the several canyons. As a teacher, difficulties have been experienced in leading a class to understand how on a slope, say N. and S., a lateral tributary might cut across this slope from E. to W., and the streams flowing on it be captured and diverted. There is some reason for believing some of the present rivers have so cut across the old southerly flowing rivers of Central Victoria. To illustrate this an excursion was undertaken to Kilby Lagoon, near Kew. Here on the hillside is a canyon with several lateral tributaries. These carry but little water — ^just a trickle after rain in fact — yet the softer material has been quickly trickled down until now a lateral tributary, flowing entirely underground (for the surface crust, supported by the thick mat of grass roots, has not yet fallen in), drains much of that hillside, though it is sloping north, out to the west. This wearing-out has been accomplished in a very short space of time, for the hillside has been ploughed, as the old furrows plainly show. Thus surface tension, acting indirectly, is seen to be an agent in river capture by quietly but surely working a .side tributary 58 /. A. Leach: gorge back across other streams. The original streams are beheaded, and their waters diverted into the subsequent streams. There has been a considerable boom in surface tension. It has been called in to explain, or at least to be held in some way responsible for, many divergent phenomena. The geologist, so far, has not claimed much from it, but here we can see it is proving a remarkably efficient aid in the rapid denudation of parts of the earth's surface. In many parts of Victoria, even away from the coast, where there has been possibly a recent uplift to rejuvenate the streams, canyons are being formed. On the gold-fields the softer alluvial drifts also are being rapidly worn into canyons and bad lands. In conclusion, we have seen that in at least three ways surface tension is an important aid in denudation by enabling water to adhere to an undercut face. 1. Even where there is a waterfall, with its consequent splash, some water at least trickles down, adhering to the face through- out. By this means soft beds are trickled out. The harder bands, being unsupported, then break off. 2. Where there is not a permanent stream, sui'face tension is a most important agent (especially if there is only a small quantity of water), in assisting in the wearing-back of the head of a gorge. It is also of great importance in widening out a canyon and in the formation of tributary gorges and bad lands. 3. It is an important agent in river-capture by enabling a small quantity of water to attack the softer underlying layers, and so remove them. Thus it cuts back and across other streams. It is to be distinctly understood that the general question of denudation and denuding agents is not discussed here. The point is the importance of the surface film as an agent in under- cutting, as opposed to the splash from a waterfall. Thus the surface film becomes an aid in corrosion and erosion. Proc. R.S. Victoria, lltOC. Plate XVII. Surface Tension and Denudation. 59 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIL Fig 1 . At Coburg, East of Pentridge. The surface crust is 18 inches thick, then comes softer material — a mixture of coarse sand and clay. There is no evidence of falling water or of splash. Fig. 2. The head of a canyon at the same locality. The harder bands project. No water falls over. Fig. 3. Also at Coburg. The surface crust is 4 inches thick. Fig. 4. At Heidelberg. There is no evidence of a splash. Fig. 5. At Coburg. The surface crust is 2 feet thick. There is a much softer band 18 inches wide near the bottom. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAE 1905. The Council herewith pre&ents to Members of the Society the Annual Report and Details of Receipts and Expenditure for the year 1905. The following meetings were held : — March 9. — ^Annual Meeting and Election of Officers. Ordi- nary Meeting. The following pajper whs read: — "A Palaeozoic Serpentine Conglomerate, North Gippsland," by A. E. Thiele. Exhibits : 1. Specimens in illustration of his paiper, by A. E. Thiele. 2. Models of Foraminifera, by F. Chapman. 3. A series of pen and ink sketches, the property of the Society, being cairicatures of the Herschell-Babbage Exploring Expedi- tion in South Australia in 1858. They appear to be the work of a German. Dr. A. W. Howitt, who had examined the sketches, thought they must have originated about the year of the expedition, and have been drawn by someone familiar with the country aind the members ol the expedition, as the likenesses were recognisable. April 13. — Paper read : '' New or Little-known Fossils in the National Museum, Melbourne, Part 5. The Genus Receptacu- lites, with a note on R. Australis, from Mount Wyatt, Queens- land," by F. Chapman. Exhibits : 1. Lialis burtonii, mimicking a young brown snake, Diemenia textilis (Furina bicucullata, McCoy). 2. Rabbit's skull, with very long upper incisors, by T. S. Hall. 3. Fresh water polyzoa (Plumatella), from Yan Yean water pipe, by J. Shephard. May 5. — Professor W. Baldwin Spencer delivered a Lecture on " Totems and Totem Ceremonies Amongst the Central Aus- traliam Aborigines,'' illustrated by lantern slides. June 8. — Paper read : " New or Little-known Fossils in the National Museum, Melbourne, Part 6. Some Devonian Spiri- fers," by F. Chapman. Professor W. C. Kernot exhibited a new steam gauge, and made remarks on the value of steam and gaa engines. Proceedings of tJie Royal Society of Victoria. 61 July 13. — Papers: 1. "Victorian Graptolites, Part 3," from Mount Wellington. With descriptions of New Species, by T. S. Hall. " Ttie Mineraloprical Characters of Victoriaoi Auriferous Occurrences," by T. S. Hart. Lecture : Professor A. W. Osborne lectured on " The Nervous System," illustrated by lantern views and blackboard drawings. August 10. — Professor T. R. Lyle lectured on " The Conduc- tivity of Gases and Radioactivity." September 14. — Papers: 1. "The Sea Mills of Argostoli,'' by Professor W. C. Kernot. 2. " A Photogra/pher in North-Western Tasmania," by J. H. Harvey (illustrated by numerous slides). October 12. — Mr. E. J. Dunn lectured on "Centre Country and How to Find It." On the introduction of Professor Kernot, Mr. Finuoane, who knew Argostoli, gave a description of the " Sea MiUs." November 16. — Mr. P. Baracchi lectured on " The Charting of the Heavens," illustrated by lantern slides. December 14. — Papers: 1. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria, Part IX., by G. B. Pritchard and J. H. Gatlifi. 2. " New or Little-known Fossils from the National Museum, Part 7. A New Cephalaspid from the Silurian of Wombat Creek," by F. Chapman. 3. " Some Geological Features of the Otway and Neighbouring Districts," illustrated by lantern slides, by T. S. Hall. Professor W. C. Kernot read a letter from the British Legation at Athens, referring to the Sea Mills of Argo- stoli and confirming the previous information given. By request, Professor E. W. Skeats described the "horn" of Mount Pele. The Printing and House Committees for the next year were appointed. A series of lectures was inaugurated during the year, when five lectures, enumerated above, were delivered. The Council record its hearty thanks to the lecturers for their kindness in delivering them. The innovation was a great success, large audiences attended, and the interest of members in the Society was revived. During the year six Members and ten Associates were elected. One Country Member amd five Associates resigned, and the Society regrets the death of two Associates, Messrs. H. T. Tisdall and Hugh BuUen. 62 Proceedings of flte. Royal Society of Victoria. The Proceedings of the Society, New Series, Vol. XVII., Part 2, and Vol. XVIII., Part 1, were published during the year. As in the previous year, a deputation of the Council waited on the Chief Secretary, to request am increase in the grant in aid of the i>ublication of Scientific papers. The Council was, however, unaible to secure any advance on the amount latterly received — ^viz.. Fifty pounds. The number of papers published had consequently to be curtailed, and several valuable contri- butions had to be declined. As well as this, the preparation of papers by some members engaged in research was suspended. The loss of these publications and the check to investigation is greatly to be deplored. The Council will make a further appeal during the present year, and hopes that Members and Associates will do their utmost, by increasing our membership, to add to our resources. The Council ailso expresses a hope that the day is not far distant when those in oiu- midst who can afford it will emulate the example shown in New South Wales and South Australia, by generously supporting work such as is un- dertaken by our Society. A small amount has been expended in keeping the grounds and fencing in order, but more requires doing than we can ajfford. The Hon. Librarian reports that 1629 volumes and parts were added to the Library during 1905 — an increase of 517 over the previous year. The more important additions were : — University of Montana. Bulletin. National Physical Laboratory. Reports. Societe Geologique du Noid. Annales. Michigan Academy of Science. Accademia dei Lincei. Large series, Societa Geologica Italiana. V. 1-20. Museum of Comparative Anatomy, Harvard. Bureau of Science, Manila. Large series. New York State Library. No books were bound during the year Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. 63 ;0'*OXO^C0OO'MOOO coQoao^oooi-ioscocooiMo =^ "^ =^ .5 JyD-i:: i! M -g * 'OD CO ^ i=i -e S i:^ aj jri S M a> 0) '3 -t^ OJD : rt ® : .2 3 M .22 'd : o 0! : H W fl ; 1=1 ^ 'S s w '-J M ^-' i_j ■•« a oj :*' O "^ '1' cc ;h O f-( t» rHO OOCOOOO 'S' O 1^ t- t- t- o o rH r-H ^ i-H 00 lO lO i-f iM r-l cS OJ a> jH o 5 s-i .2 S 2 -^ -5 -g !^- ^ O fl tH k2 o ^ ^ I.. 0) cc ce o ;i -^ fflp.; m PI to be (-4 CO .aaal ^acicti) of 1906 SIR REGINALD TALBOT, K.C.B. ^vfsibcnt : E. J. DUNN, F.G.S. ■(Sicc-^restbents : C. E. OLIVER, M.C.E. P. BARACCHI, F.R.A.S. PROF. W. C. KERNOT, M.A., M.C.E. g^on. giibrarian : R. D. BOYS, B.A. '#011. cScCVCtiUU : T. S. HALL, M.A. Council J. DENNANT, F.G.S., K.C.S. P. DK J. GRUT. DR. J. JAMIESON, M.D. J. A. KERSHAW, F.E.S. PROF. T. R. LYLK, M.A. .J. SHEPHARD. PROF. E. \V. SKEATS, D.So. PROF. W. BALDWIN SPENCER, C.M.G., M.A., F.R.S. G. SWEET, F.G.S. R. H. WALCOTT, F.G.S. E. J. WHITE, F.R.A.S. F. WISEWOULD. CJommittfis of tlj£ OLouncil lljousc Ulommtttfc : THE HON. TREASURER (Convener). P. DE J. GRUT. G SWEET, F.G.S. printing Committee : THE PRESIDENT. THE HON. TREASURER. THE HON. SECRETARY (Convener). PROF. W. BALDWIN SPENCER, C.M.G., M.A., F.R.S. lliottoi-.iviJ 5^uliitors : H. MOORS. J. E. GILBERT. ^jononivj) Jlvclxitcct : W. A. M. BLACKETT. 1906. LIST OF MEMBERS, WITH THEIR YEAR OF JOINING. Patron. His Excellency Sir Reginaild Talbot, K.C.B 1904 Honorary Members. Forrest, The Hon. Sir J., K.C.M.G., West Australia ... 1888 Hector, Sir James, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., Wellington, 1888 N.Z. Liversidge, Professor A., LL.D., F.R.S., University, 1892 Sydney, N.S.W. Neumayer, Prof. George, Ph.D., F.R.S., Neustadt a.d. 1857 Haardt, Germany Russell, H. C., B.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Observatory, 1888 Sydney, N.S.W. Scott, Rev. W., M.A., Kurrajong Heights. N.S.W 1855 Todd, Sir Charles, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Adelaide, S.A 1856 Verbeek, Dr. R. D. M., Buitenzorg, Batavia, Java 1886 Life Members. Butters, J. S., F.R.G.S., Empire Buildings, Collins-street 1860 west Eaton, H. F 1857 Fowler, Thos. W., M.C.E., Coloniid Mutual Ch., i21 Col- 1879 lins-street, Melbom-ne 68 Proceedings of the Royologisches Museum Berlin Konigl. Offentl. Bibliothek Dresden Konigl. Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften ... Berlin Konigl. Sachs. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften ... Leipzig Konigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Gottingen Museum fill- Natur-und Heimatkunde Magdeburg Naturforschende Gesellschaft Emden Naturforschende Gesellschaft Freiburg i. Breisgau Naturforschende Gesellschaft Leipzig Naturhistorisch-Medicinischer Verein Heidelberg Naturhistorische Gesellschaft Niirnberg Naturhistorisches Museum Hamburg Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein Frankfurt a. d. Oder Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein Bremen List of Institutions. 77 Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur u. Heilkunde ... Giessen Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft Wurzburg Schlesisohe Gesellschaft fiir vaterlandische Cultur ... Breslau Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft Frankfurt am M. Verein fiir Erdkunde Darmstadt Verein fiir Erdkunde Halle Verein fiir Naiturkunde Kassel Hawaiian Islands. Bernice Paaiahai Bishop Museum Honolulu Holland. Musee Teyler Haarlem Natuurkundig Genootschap Groningen Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging Nijmegen Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen Amsterdam Rijks Geologisch-Mineralogisch Museum Leyden Societe Hollandaise des Sciences Haarlem Societe Provinciale des Arts et Sciences Utrecht India. Asiatic Society of Bengal Calcutta Geological Survey of India • Calcutta Indian Museum Calcutta Madras Literary Society Madras Royal Asiatic Society, Ceylon Branch Colombo Ireland. Belfast Natural History and Philisophical Society ... Belfast Royal Dublin Society Dublin Royal Irish Academy Dublin Trinity College Library Dublin Italy. Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele Rome Istituto Zoologico, R. Universita Naples Musei di Zoologia ed Anaitomia Comp., R. Universita ... Turin Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici Rome Reale Accademia dei Lincei Rome R. Accademia delle Scienze dell' Istituto Bologna Reale Accademia di Scienze Palermo Reale Accademia di Soienze, Lettere ed Art: Lucca Regia Accademia di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti Modena 78 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. Societa Geologioa Italiana Rome Societa Geograiica Italiana Rome Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali Pisa Zoological Station Naples Japan. Imj^erial University Tokio Kyoto Imperiajl University Kyoto Java. Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen Batavia Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory Batavia Mauritius. Royal Alfred Observatory Mauritius Mexico. Instituto Geologico de Mexico Mexico Ministerio de Fomento Mexico Observatorio Meteorologico Magnetico Central Mexico Observ^atorio Astronomico Nacional Tacubaya Sociedad Cientitica '' Antonio Alzate " Mexico Natal. Government Museum Pietermaritzburg New South Wales. Australian Museum Sydney Astronomical Observatory Sydney Botanic Gai'dens Sydney Department of Agriculture Sydney Department of Mines Sydney Linnaean Society of New South. Wales Sydney New South Wales Naturalists" Club Sydney Parliamentary Library Sydney Public Library Sydney Royal Antlu-opologioal Society of Australasia Sydney Royal Society Sydney Sydney University Engineering Society Sydney Technological Museum Sydney University Library Sydney List of Institutions. 79 New Zealand. Auckland Institute and Museum Auckland Colonial Museum Wellington Geological Survey Wellington Museum Christchurch New Zealand Institute Wellington Otago Institute Dunedin Parliamentary Libraiy Wellington Public Library Wellington Norway. Archiv for Mathemartik og Naturvidenskab Christiania Bergens Museum Bergen Kon. Norsk Fredricks Universitet Christiania Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne Chi'istiania Videnskabs-Selskabet Christiania Peru. Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Peru Lima Philippine Islands. Bureau of Science (Department of Interior) Manila Portugal. Sociedade de Geographia Lisbon Queensland. Geological Siu^ey Office Brisbane Paliamentary Librarv^ Brisbane Public Library and Museum Brisbane Royal Geogi-aphical Society Brisbane Royal Society of Queensland Brisbane Rhodesia. Rhodesia Museum Buluwayo ROUMANIA. Institut Meteorologique de Roumanie Bucharest Russia. Academie Imperiale des Sciences St. Petersburg Comite Geologique de Russie St. Petersburg Commission Geologique de Finlande Helsingfors 80 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. Jardin Botanique Imperial St. Petersburg Minister of Agriculture, St. Petersburg, c/o Russian Consulate Melbourne Societas Scientiarum Fennicai Helsingfors, Finland Societe des Naturalistes de I'Universite de Kasan . . . Kasan Societe des Naturalistes Kiew Societe des Naturalistes de la Nouvelle Russia Odessa Societe Impeiiale des Naturalistes Moscow Societe Imperiale Russe de Geographie St. Petersburg Scotland. Botanical Society Edinburgh Geological Society Edinburgh Royal College of Physicians' Laboratory Edinburgh Royal Philosophical Society Glasgow Royal Physical Society Edinburgh Royal Scottish Geographical Society Edinburgh Royal Scottish Society of Arts Edinburgh Royal Society Edinburgh University Library Edinburgh University Library Glasgow South Australia. Parliamentary Library Adelaide Public Library and Museum Adelaide Royal Geographical Society Adelaide Royal Society of South Australia Adelaide University Library Adelaide Spain. Real Academia de Ciencias exactas, fisicas y naturaes ...Madrid SWEDKN. Entomolgiska Foreningen Stockholm Kongl. Universitets Bibliotek Upsala Kongl. Vetenskaps Akademi Stockholm Kongl. Vitterhets Historic och Antiquitets Akademi Stockholm Kungl. Vetenskaps och Vitterhets Saralialle Goteborg Sveriges Geologiskai Undersokning Stockholm Zootomisches Institut der Universitat Stockholm Switzerland. Geographische Gesellschaft Berne Najturforschende Gessellschaft Basel Naturforschende Gesellschaft Ziirich Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft Berne Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Natm-elle Geneve List of Institutions. 81 Tasmania. Geological Survey Launceston Parliamentary Libraay Hobart Public Library Hobart Royal Society of Tasmaniaj Hobart United States of America. Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia American Association for Advancement of Science Library, Cincinnati American Institute of Mining Engineers New York American Microscopical Society American Monthly Microscopical Journal Washington American Museum of Na.tural History, Central Park New York American Academy of Arts and Sciences Boston American Geogi-aphical Society New York American Philosophical Society Philadelphia Augustana Library Rock Island, Illinois Bvireau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institute. Washington, D.C. Bureau of Standards Washington California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, Cal. Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art New York Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences Davenport, Iowa Denison Scientific Association Granville, Ohio Department of Agriculture Washington, D.C. Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Geographical Society of Philadelphia! Philadelphia Geological Survey Iowa Iowa Academy of Sciences Iowa Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Lloyd Museum and Library Cincinnati, Ohio Maryland Geological Smwey Baltimore Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis Museum of Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences Brooklyn, N.Y. New York Public Library New York Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Philadelphia Commercial Museum Philadelphia Philosophical Society Washington, D.C. St. Louis Academy of Science St. Louis "Science" New York Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. Society of Natural! History Boston Society of Natural Sciences Buffalo 82 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. Sta.te Library Albany, N.Y. State Geological Survey Grand Forks, N. Dakota State Laboratory of Natural History Urbana, Illinois Texas Academy of Sciences Austin, Tex. Tufts College College Hill, Massachusetts United States Geological Survey Washington, D.C. University of Cajlifornia Berkeley, Cal. University of Kansas Lawi'ence, Kan. University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Mich. University of Missouri Columbia, Mo. University of New Mexico Albuquerque Wagner Free Institute of Science Philadelphia Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters Madison, Wis. Uruguay. Museo Nacional Montevideo Victoria. A. F. MoUison Library' St. Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne "Age' Melbourne " Argus " Melbourne Athenaeum Melbourne Astronomical Observatory Melbourne Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers Melbourne Australasian Ornithologists' Union Melbourne Chief Secretary's Office Melbourne Department of Agriculture (Editor's Brainch) Melbourne Department of Mines and Water Supply Melbourne Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria Melbourne Free Library Echuca Free Library Geelong Free Library Bendigo Gordon Technical College Geelong Government Entomologist Melbourne Government Statist Melbourne Intercolonial Medicai Journal of Australasia Melbourne Medical Society of Victoria Melbourne National Herbarium Melbourne National Museum Melbourne Parliamentary Library Melbourne Pharmaceutical Society of Australasia Melbourne Public Library Melbourne Public Museum Warrnambool Railway Library Melbourne Royajl Geographical Society Melbourne List of Institutions. 83 Royal Mint Melbourne School of Mines Ballarat School of Mines Castlemaine School of Mines Bendigo School of Mines Maryborough School of Mines Baimsdale School of Mines Stawell Prahran Public Library Prahran University Library Melbourne Victorian Chajmber of Manufactures Melbourne Victorian Institute of Engineers Melbourne Victorian Institute of Surveyors Melbourne Working Men's College Melbourne Western Australia. Geological Surv^ey Office Perth Victoria Public Library Perth INDEX. (The names of new genera and species are printed in Italics.) Aeschynomene aspera, var. oligar- thra, 33. Arenaria axillaris, Si- Aster duLuosus, 34. Bellida graminea, 34. Brissopsis tatei, 49. Burtonia mtiltijuga, 36. Caligorgia flabellum, 46. Callianassa cer arnica, 12. Calothamnus gilesii, 36. Canyon formation, 55, Chapman, F., 21, 28. Couimerconia reducta, 37. Couostylis aciileata, var. bromel- ioides, 37. Conostylus aurea, var. lotigiscapa, 37. Crotalaria mitclielli, var. tomen- tosa, 37. Crustacea, 5, 16. Cryptocaeloma, 8. Cyclopecten nepeanensis, 4. Cyclosti-ema bastowi, 3. Cycloxantlius (?) pnnctatns, 6. Cypridma thielei, 28. Daphnella excavata, 1. Daviesia mesophylla, 38. Daviesia ulicina, var. snbumbel- lata, 39. Dodonaea adenophora, var. ovata, 39. Dryandra fraseri, 39. Echinoids, Tertiary, 47. Echinoneus dennanti, 47. Elamena unguiformis, 10. Eriostemon brncei, 39. Eriosteuion intermedius, 40. Eriostemon tiibereulostis, var. me- gaphyllus, 39. Euphorbia hypericifolia, var. bra- cteolaris, 41. Ewart, A. J., 33. Flora, 33. Fossils, 21, 47. Fulton, S. W., and Grant, F. E., 5, 16. Gathff, J. H.. 1. Qregoriura spryi, 25. Hall. T. S., 47. Hickson, S. J., 46. Leach, J. A., 55. Lepidopetaliim australis, 41. Lepidopetahim tenax, 41. Leptomithrax australiensis, 6. Lepyrodia scariosa, 41. Litocheira bispinosa, 9. Mollusca, new, 1. Melaleuca cordata, var. ovata, 41. Myrsine benthamiana, 42. Nephelium becklerii, 42. Ophiurids, Silurian, 21. Paramitlirax sjiatvilifer, 5. Persea baileyana, 42. Petruphila ericifolia, 42. Pilumnus ■pilos^ls, 7. Plants, 33. Platydromia thomsoni, 11. Prenaster aldingensis, 48. Primnoella australasiae, 46. Protaster brisingoides, 22. Richardsonia stellaris, 43. Romulea cruciata, 43. Seaevola laciniata, 44. Scala nepeanensis, 1. Scala translucida, 2. Schizaster abductus, 52. Schizaster sphenoides, 51. Sturtzura brisingoides, 22. Sturtzura leptosomoides, 26. Surface tension in geology, 55. Tinospora walcottii, 45. Trypaea australiensis, 14. Trypaea porcellana, 14. Turricula tasmanica, 3. END OF VOLUME XIX. [Part II. Issued February, 1906.] '1 --* Q o 9 ,> i O ^ Si. PROCEEDINGS onal ^mtld of §irtoria. VOL. XIX. (New Series). ./TIn^^ PART I. Ediled under the Autliority of the Com ISSUED AUGUST, igo6. (Coiittiiiiiiig Papers rend be/ore the Society during the month of May, IQ06J. VWV, AUTHORS OK THK 8KVBRAL I'Al'KRS ARE 8BVERALLY RKSPONSIBLE KOR TUB SOUNDNESS OK THE OPINIONS GIVEN AND KOR THE ACCURACY OK THK STATEMENTS MADE THEREIN. MELBOURNE : EORD & SON. PRINTERS, DRUMMOND STREET, CARLTON. AGENTS TO THE SOCIETY: WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 14 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. To whom all communications for transmission to the Royal Society of Victoria, from all parts of Europe, should be sent. 1906. Publications of the Royal Society of Victoria, and of the Societies amalgamated with it. Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science. Transactions. Vol. 1. 1855. Philosophical Society of Victoria. Transactions. Vol. 1. 1855. These hvo Societies then amalgainated and became : — Philosophical Institute of Victoria. Transactions. Vols. 1-4. The Society then became : — Royal Society of Victoria. Transactions and Proceedings (Vol. 5, entitled Transac- tions). Vols. 5-24. Transactions. Vols. 1, 2, 3 (part one only), 4. 1888-95. Proceedings (New Series). Vols. 1 . 1888 . Microscopical Society of Victoria. Journal (Vol. 1, Pt. 1, e«//V/^^ Quarterly Journal). Vol. 1 (Pts. 1 to 4), 2 (Pt. 1), title page and index {all published]. 1879-82. {The Society then combined with the Royal Society of Victoria]. Note. — Most of the volumes published before i8go are out of print. PROCEEDINGS lomil ^mt\\) of Victoria. A^OL. XIX. (New SKUfEs). PART II. Edited under the Authority of the Council. \^/, ISSUED FEBRUARY, 1907. {Containing Papers read he/ore the Society during the months of October and December, igo6). IMK AUTHORS OK IIIK SRVKRAL FAPKR8 ARB SKVKRALLY RKSPONblHLK fOR IHB S01INDNKS8 Of CHK OPINIONS GIVKN AND KOR THE ACCURACV OK THK STATEMENTS MADE THEREIN. MELBOUKNE : KURD & SON, PKINTERS, DRUMMOND STREET, CARLTON. AGENTS TO THE SOCIKTV : WILLIAMS & NORGATE, U HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. To whom all communications for transmission to the Royal Society of V'ictoria, from all parts of Europe, should be sent;, 1907. Publications of the Royal Society of Victoria, and of the Societies amalgamated with it. Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Scienck. Transactions. Vol. 1. 1855. Philosophical Society of Victoria. Transactions. V^ol. 1. 1855. These hvo Societies then amalgamated and became : — Philosophical Institute of Victoria. Transactions. Vols. 1-4. The Society then became : — Royal Society of Victoria. Transactions and Proceedings (Vol. 5, entitled Transac- tions). Vols. 5-24. Transactions. Vols. 1, 2, 3 (part one only), 4. 1888-95. Proceedings (New Series). Vols. 1 . 1888 Microscopical Society op Victoria. Journal (V^ol. 1, Pt. 1. ^;/////e^ Quarterly Journal). Vol. 1 (Pts. 1 to 4), 2 (Pt. 1), title page and index \all published]. 1879-82. '[The Society then combined with the Royal Society of Victoria]. Note. — Afost of the volumes published before i8go are out of print. MBL WHOI.Librarv - Sen^^^^^^^ i' 5 VVHSE 00603