i a PRO CEEDINGS | ( rh DEVEL RL OF THE evel NG Sag Toh ; ‘ : Ay Sty | ee) a New South Wales teks Nag a FOR THE YEAR a ] | 1942-43, | | BOWIE eBid as es Price 1/-. : Ae Wes) A (Pree to’ all Members and Associates.) 5 oN Boe he § \ PEIN tS fees By Lear | er) OR _ AUGUST »25,, 1943. | 9 ' . K _ | SYDNEY: ) Ue baa se eh Soh dias by the Society, 28 Martin Place. 7 | ea Nt LONDON: "Ce | _- Wheldon & hap Limited, Earnshaw Gicone: W.32,. ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES (Established 1879.) Registered under the Companies Act, 1899 (1917). PATRONS: His: rr. the Governor of New South Wales, The Lord Wakehurst, — Sir Philip Woolcott Game, G.B.E., K.C.B., D.S.O. - COUNCIL, 1943-44. President: Noel Lee Roberts. Vice-Presidents: Garnet Halloran, BSc, MD. FRACS, FRCS. Syd.), Edward John Lees Hallstrom, Gregory Macalister Mathews, C.BE., and Albert Littlejohn. . Honorary Secretary: A. F. Basset Hull, MBE. Honorary Treasurer: Phillip Shipway. Honorary Editors: A. F. Basset Hull and Tom Iredale, F's: R. 2.8. Honorary Librarian: Keith A. Hindwood, C-F.A.0.U. - Members: Ernest John Bryce, F.R.G.S., Neville W. Cayley, F.R.Z5., Aubrey Halloran, B.A., LL.B., Charles F. Laseron, Albert Sherborne Le Souef, C.M.Z.S., Theodore Cleveland Roughley, B.Sc., F.R.Z.S., Ellis Le Geyt Troughton, F.R.Z.S., Gilbert P. Whiitley, F.R.Z, S-5 ' and Emil Herman Zeck. Assistant Honorary Secretary: Miss Betty French. Honorary Auditor: Robert J. Stiffe, F.C.A. (Aust.). OFFICERS OF SECTIONS: Avicultural Section. Chairman: A. H. Brain. Hon. Secretary: P. F. Harvey. Budgerigar Section. Chairman: H. Yardley, Hon. ‘Secretary: P. F. Harvey. Marine Zoological Section.. Chairman: Roland Oldham. Hon. Secretary: Harry B. Lee. Ornithological Section. A . ee Chairman: K. A. Hindwood. Hon. Secretary: J. Allen Keast. ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES The “Sixty-third Annual Meeting was held at Taronga Zoological Park, Mosman, on Saturday, 31st July, 1943, at 3 pm. 123 members and visitors were present. SIXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT. The past year has been the most successful from many points in the history of the Society, and it is hoped that this record may yet be surpassed in the future. Membership.—On 30th June, 1943, the members on the register numbered 463, including 1 benefactor, 3 associate benefactors, 30 life members, 258 ordinary members, 8 honorary members, 3 honorary associates, 19 life associates, and 141 associates. Eight members died during the year, 4 resigned, 4 associates converted to ordinary members, and the names of 15 members or associates were removed from the register in terms of Article 9. The net loss aS compared with the figures published for the preceding year is 18, but most of these were members whose removal was suspended from the previous year. It may here be noted that already over 40 applications have been made by new members for the coming year. _ The Council—Twelve meetings of the Council were held, the average attendance being 12.8. Mr. Laseron, who is on active service, was on leave for the year. Deaths.—Amongst those members whose loss we deplore were: Sir Kelso King, a life member, and a staunch supporter of the Society; and Mr. G. M. Goldfinch, an authority on Australian moths. Library.—The removal of the Society’s reference works to the city has been of great advantage to members, who are able readily to have access to the 500 bound volumes, and the many periodicals which await more favourable conditions for binding. Finances.—The Society’s revenue from subscriptions has been affected by the resolution relieving members of the forces from pay- ment for the duration of the war, but in all other respects receipts show a very appreciable increase. Publications—The Handbook entitled “Australian Insects,” by Mr. Keith C. McKeown, published in July, 1942, met with phenomenal - Success, the whole edition of 2,000 copies being sold during the year. Cwing to war conditions, the scarcity of paper, and the shortage of printers and binders, a reprint of this popular work cannot at present be issued, but the material for a new and revised edition is ready for the return of normal conditions. Mr. Whitley’s “Sharks and Rays” is in strong demand, and the remaining stock of the late Mr. Froggatt’s “Australian Spiders and their Allies” has been disposed of. Steps are being taken to prepare a Handbook to “Australian Birds,’ towards the cost of which Mr. E. J. L. Hallstrom has made a preliminary donation of £650. Mr. Gregory M. Mathews has generously offered to lend the Society 800 paintings of Australian birds he had made for the “Hand- book” by himself and Mr. Iredale, of which only one volume was published. These paintings were in England, and arrangements have been made to bring them out. The Publications Fund now stands at its highest point, and, in addition, the Society holds a stock of books and periodicals approximating £500 in value. Awards.—In recognition of his donation to the Publications Fund, the title of Benefactor has been conferred upon Mr. Edward John Lees - OCT 9 4g Hallstrom. This is the first of this title to be conferred under the Articles of Association. In recognition of his valuable and entirely honorary work in the production of “Australian Insects,’ Mr. Keith Collingwood McKeown has been elected an honorary member. The Society’s Diploma for meritorious service has been awarded to Mr. Harold Sutcliffe Mort for his work on conchology extending over many years. Activities—Amongst the more prominent activities of the Society may be mentioned (1) Commonwealth Control of Native Fauna. When the question of giving the Commonwealth greater powers was under consideration representations were made to the Convention dealing with the subject that power might be taken for the uniform control of all native birds and animals, instead of the present State control, which is so lacking in uniformity. The failure of negotiations to obtain the additional powers has postponed further consideration of our views. (2) Increase of Koalas between Mona Vale and Palm Beach. In- formation was obtained as to the remarkable increase of the Koala population in this district, and fears were entertained that the natural food supply might be dangerously reduced by clearing for settlement. The Warringah Shire Council has the matter in hand, and hopes are entertained that the conditions will be improved. (3) Sanctuary for Native Fauna at Canberra. Steps have been taken to move the Commonwealth Government to provide for an exclusively Australian Faunal Park in the Capital City, and the Society has offered the advice and assistance of its expert members in an honorary capacity. It is felt that such a Park, freed from the dlis- traction of exotic and incongruous animals, such aS may be seen in the State Zoological Gardens, would be an additional attraction to visitors from- abroad. Ample areas for such a Park are available, and the Society’s views are ably supported by the Director of the Australian Institute of Anatomy, Canberra (Dr. F. W. Clements). The Honorary ‘Treasurer, Mr. Phillip Shipway, presented the Balance Sheet. (See p. 4.) The six retiring members of Council, Dr. Garnet Halloran, Messrs. Albert Littlejohn, Noel L. Roberts, T. C. Roughley, Phillip Shipway, and E. H. Zeck, were re-elected. The Honourable Daniel Clyne, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, and Chairman, Taronga Park Trust, moved the adoption of the Annual Report and Balance Sheet. He referred to the distinguished services conferred on the Taronga Park Trust by members of the Society, which he was glad to see was holding its own, notwithstanding war conditions. It was satisfactory to find that such conditions had not been allowed to disorganise the activities of the Society, but it had actually built up its cultural work in publishing instructive nature handbooks. The Trust itself had met with difficulty in obtaining paper and other materials for producing first-class work for its Guides and other publications, but he hoped that the time would soon arise when adequate supplies would be available. He commented on the generous public spirit which had moved Mr. Hallstrom to contribute so largely to the Society’s Publi- cations Fund—a spirit which had influenced him also, as a member of the Trust, to advance the interests of Taronga Park. He regretted that we had not a dozen or so Mr. Hallstroms! He referred to Mr. Hull’s association for many years with the Trust as a member, and concluded by offering his congratulations on the year’s activities of the Society and hoped that next year would be equally successful. The motion was seconded by Mr. J. Hawley, and carried. Mr. Pursell, a new member of the Society, moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Clyne, and referred to the damage done by fire to the rooms in which the meeting was held, but it was owing to the “pressgang”’ energies of Mr. Hallstrom that the rooms were made available so soon after the fire. Mr. Littlejohn seconded the motion, and in conveying the Society’s thanks to Mr. Clyne, Dr. Halloran referred to the presence of Dr. Joseph 2 Foreman; the sole surviving member of the foundation, meeting of the Society, held in March, 1879. Mr. Clyne acknowledged the vote of thanks on behalf of himself and Dr. Foreman. The President (Dr. Garnet Halloran) then delivered his address on “The Role of Aviculture in Zoology.” (See p. 6.) A vote of thanks to the President was moved by Mr. R. J. Murray, of the Avicultural Section, and seconded by Mr. P. F. Harvey. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1943-44. At a meeting of Council, held at the close of the Annual Meeting, the following officers were elected:— President: Mr. Noel Lee Roberts. Vice-Presidents: Dr. Garnet Halloran, Messrs. E. J. L. Hallstrom, Albert Littlejohn, and Gregory M. Mathews. Honorary Secretary: Mr. A. F. Basset Hull. Honorary Treasurer: Mr. Phillip Shipway. Honorary Editors: Messrs. A. F. Basset Hull and Tom Iredale. Honorary Librarian: Mr. Keith A. Hindwood. Honorary Assistant Secretary: Miss Betty French. Honorary Auditor: Mr. R. J. Stiffe, F.C.A. (Aust.). A. F. Basset Hull—The celebration of the 80th birthday of our Honorary Secretary took place at Taronga Park on October 9th, 1942. Council invited the co-operation of the Taronga Zoological Park Trust, of which Mr. Hull was a member, and upon which he served for sixteen years. A very representative gathering, including the President of the Linnean Society, the Director of The Australian Museum, the members of the Taronga Park Trust and the Council of this Society paid tribute to the long, enthusiastic work Mr. Hull had performed for this Society in the many years he had assisted in the capacities of President, Secretary and Editor. Everyone spoke sincerely about the great work Mr. Hull had done for the Society and Trust, and hoped for still longer life to continue, as it was recognised that the Society had been carried along so far mainly through his great services. Mr. Hull responded, explaining that the welfare of the Society had been a labour of love, and that he also hoped to continue for many years to come. ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. REVENUE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30th JUNE, 1943. To Publication — “Australian Zoologist” and “‘Proceedings”’ Publication of Hand Books . Office Rent Stationery & Repairs .. .. Rent — Post Office Box Expenses An- nual Meeting Telephone Postages Electricity Members’ Passes and Tickets Library penses Sic Sundry Ex- penses—Petty Cash 5 Fire and War Damage In- surance ., .. Affiliation Fees a Registrar- General’s Fees Freight Gratuities Exchange and Duty Stamps Office Equip- ment .. re Ex- . Excess of Revenue over Expenditure TORT year ended 30th June, 1943 .. 11 15 > Gl, a5 85 Gl. owwo ol ooo for) i=) 1,134 18 8 77 411 £1,212 3 7 By Subscriptions— Annual Life . ae Rent — Sub- letting Offices Bank Charges Freight and Postages 3 Telephone Collections National Park Cabins: Interes t— Savings Bank Sale of Badges as Sundry Re- ceipts : Sales — ‘“‘Aus- tralian Zoo- ODS eens Sales — Hand Books : Profit on Sale of Bonds Interest on Investments Government Grant:— Department of Education = a w er © ) 25 19 6 641 8 1 Y 3 § 54 14 1,162 3 7 50 0 0 & L212 973i 7 “ROYAL ZCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. BALANCE SHEET AS AT 30th JUNE, 1943. ACCUMULATED FUNDS. Balance at 30th June, 1942 .. Add donations during year: Wm. Ander- Som! o2..:° 22 Walter & Eliza Hall aeruUStx a ee 1, do Jseyls strom— Cash Treasury Bonds Add Presenta- tion by E. J. Hallstrom Sane aero reo. ty: Paintings by Neville W. Cayley, at valuation Add Surplus— Excess of Revenue Over Expen- diture it @ ie the year £ 2,223 500 3,379 OU Sed: a@ BEG, 6 11 i @ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0 qf il 4 il 3,456 12 10 £3,456 12 10 ASSETS. EB Gk ce So. Ge Furniture and Equipment, Etc.— Office and Lecture Room Furniture and Equip- ment at valuation, plus addi- ELON'S accep ieaae Library Books, etc., at val- uation x (Planer er OG 22 Paintings at valuation Investments (at face value): Australian Common- wealth :— Inscribed Stock Iie © Bh wlse Ay Bonds Metropolitan Water, Sew- erage and Drainage Board :— Inscribed Stock Debentures Cash at Bank and on Hand: Commonwealth Savings Bank:— General Account Publications Account Cash on Hand 275 «4 500 0 500 0 1,010 0 750 0 100 0 100 0 ile) al 74 10 1 16 1,275 4 3 oo 1,560 0 0 WwW wo Pik <3) £3,456 12 10 Auditor’s Report to the Members of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. I hereby report that I have audited the books and accounts of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales for the year ended 30th June, 1943, and have obtained all the information and explanations I have required, and in my opinion, the above Balance Sheet exhibits a true and correct view of the state of the Society’s affairs as at 30th June, 1943, according to the best of my informa- tion and the explanations given to me and as shown by the books of the Society. I have examined the register of members and other records which the Society is required to keep by law or by its Articles, and am of opinion that such records have been properly kept. Sydney, 26th July, 1943. (Sed.) GARNET HALLORAN, President. PHILLIP SHIPWAY, Honorary Treasurer. ROBT. J. STIFFE, F.C.A. Hon. (AUST.), Auditor. N. L. ROBERTS, Vice-president. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS THE ROLE OF eS ILAUIEE USB IN ZOOLOGY. By Garnet Halloran. Aviculture seems to be now firmly established throughout the main centres of the world, and deservedly so, since its work is constructive, in that it aims to combat the ravages of civilization by breeding up the rare birds or those nearing extinction. By the application of Mendelian laws, it has succeeded in evolving new colour types of birds. It has permitted a close study of avian pathology, so that bird diseases are the better understood and prevented. It would seem that both birds and man desire to live in proximity, and this is very evident in the behaviour of the domesticated birds in the city parks. They flock to the crowded square of St. Marks in Venice as they do to Trafalgar Square in London. Fear is abolished; they know they are protected from the ‘Law of the Jungle.” But even in the wild state they may never have known fear of man and in this continent it is still possible to walk through a flock of brolgas and approach the river bank on which a family of pelicans spends the day apparently unconcerned. The flock of wild duck feeds contentedly, having no desire to leave the water. Man is not their enemy—they have never been “shot over.” Nearer civilization there is a startling change. Bird life is scarce, the brolgas wheel madly away in their graceful low flight, the ducks scuttle off the water out of the sight of their known enemy, “man,” whose approach spells death. Fear dominates the whole scene. Was it not the same in the story of San Michele, whose author wrote: “I loved to see them come every spring in thousands and thousands; it was a joy to my ear to hear them sing in the garden of San Michele . . . all they asked for was to rest for a while after their long flight across the Mediterranean, the goal of the journey was so far away, the land where they were born and where they were to raise their young. They came in thousands—swallows, warblers, redbreasts and many other tiny artists on their way to give spring concerts to the silent forests and fields in the north. A couple of hours later they fluttered helplessly in the nets, the cunning of man had stretched all over the island, etc.” While in Australia our attitude to the avian world is, I believe, im- proving; it is doubtful whether the masses are alive to the havoc that has been wrought. A near and charming example of the role of aviculture is in its application to the family Neophema, of which the ornithologist asserts there are 7 species. Some species were believed to be approaching extinction—hence the avicultural searchlight was turned on them and a determined attempt made to restore their numbers, at least in captivity. A family usually quiet, feeding much on or near the ground, they have fallen an easy prey to the advances of so-called civilization. Cayley in 1938 stated (when writing of the Bourke parrakeet): “It seems unbelievable that the present generation of Australians are wit- nessing the extermination of some of the loveliest of our birds without making any serious attempt to put a stop to it.” “The present law should be sufficient. Its administration is another matter.” He then advocates the establishment of sanctuaries and the prohibition of shooting and trapping. Writing of the Turquoisine parrakeet, Tavistock states: ‘There is little doubt that there is only one way of saving Turquoisines and other rapidly dwindling species, and that is by breeding them systematically in confinement, etc. The causes which are leading to the extermination of the Turquoisine and its allies are mostly beyond their control. Im- ported cats, foxes and starlings, the cat having run wild, while the 6 starlings occupy the best nesting holes; destruction of the bird’s drought refuges by the settlement of the country and the grazing of flocks of sheep which keep the grass from seeding; poisoning of seed corn and water-holes by farmers anxious to reduce the Cockatoos that raid their crops; all these are hostile factors impossible to regulate. To this list must be added natural enemies. In a country like Australia where Hawks, Owls and reptiles abound, once a bird’s numbers, from any cause, have become so reduced that it has more chance of meeting a violent death than of finding a mate and reproducing its kind, its fate is sealed, even though man neither catches nor kills a single specimen. The only hope is to place it in an environment where the death-rate from natural enemies no longer operates.” “Unfortunately the Australian authorities seem blind to this very obvious fact. They do everything in their power to prevent the export of rare Parrakeets even for the most legitimate and laudable purposes, granting permits only to Zoos, which are the last place on earth where birds are likely to breed in any numbers. While they move heaven and earth to prevent anyone else from breeding Parrakeets threatened with extinction in a wild state, they seem determined not to attempt the job themselves in a sensible and practical fashion.” Of another species, “The rock parrakeet,’”’ he writes: “This interest- ing little bird is, alas, rapidly nearing extinction.’ Australian aviarists are now awake to the dire necessity of breeding up our birds, and it wouid seem that all the laws and sanctuaries established are insufficient even in a “bird conscious” Australia to combat the ravages of advancing civilization. Furthermore, each State makes different laws or fails to make a suitable law at all for bird and animal protection; and the bird knowing nothing of State boundaries, while perhaps safe in one area, becomes a victim of such inaction the moment it crosses a State boundary. Bird and animal protection should be a Federal matter, but birds and animals have no votes, nor have successive Federal Governments sufficient understanding of the problem to take action in the matter. On rare occasions the importance of bird life in our national economy becomes obvious—advancing hordes of grasshoppers indicate how the balance of nature has been upset, but the poison bran is a poor and desperate substitute for natural bird life which normally lessens such plagues. -Many such examples may be quoted, and it is hoped that a Federal authority may yet be found which is far-sighted and strong enough to convince the various States that the welfare of birds and animals is a Commonwealth matter. Meanwhile credit should be given to the New South Wales authorities who, in my experience, have assisted aviculture where they have found help was needed and justified. Licences have been granted to approved aviarists to hold rare birds in captivity, and breeding achievements of note stand to the credit of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales as a result thereof. For example: Ten healthy young Turquoisines were bred by one of our members in two seasons, and in the hands of approved aviarists, who are also Ener of this Society, their numbers must have since multiplied greatly. A glorious little parrakeet is Neophema splendida or the scarlet chested parrakeet. It is similar in its habits to the other members of the Neophema family. Warnings have been sounded for years of its possible extinction, but South Australians have done excellent con- structive work in an attempt to restore its numbers. Mr. Simon Harvey of Adelaide and also the Zoological Gardens, Adelaide, have paid particular attention to its restoration. Cayley states: ‘“‘One pair I was shown has successfully reared no less than nineteen young ones during the last three breeding seasons.” Personally, I have found it a hard bird to acclimatize in Sydney, but I had a small measure of success in breeding it. Great credit is due to the Keston Aviaries in England which in 1936 reared no less than eleven, and there were four more in the nest. Sufficient attention has not been paid by aviarists in Sydney, however, to this bird. The available evidence shows that it, in common with the whole Neophema family, has not been increased by the aid of u State laws and sanctuaries alone. They will multiply in aviaries—not of the slum type, but of approved design. All around us is evidence of increased bird life. Some bred in captivity, others known as “domesticated.” Such stock seems well able to protect itself when it has to fend for itself. The natural instincts of self-preservation, while not called into play in captivity, rapidly assert themselves when necessity arises if the birds are set free, and one can visualise such a restoration of our decimated bird life by increasing their numbers by avicultural methods and then turning them loose into sanctuaries. Aviculture may well be a costly hobby, and most aviarists are the poorer in pocket, if richer in experience, as a result of its practice. The initial outlay for correct housing with adequate space, underground drainage, and running water, is considerable. If the aviarist’s ideal be the breeding up of some family believed to be nearing extinction, he may well wait for say two years or more, for specimens obtained on licence from approved aviarists or dealers, inter-State or overseas. His methods are akin to those of enrolment in certain Great Public Schools in England—just as the name of the hypothetical pupil is enrolled before birth—so the aviarist’s name is enlisted with a breeder in the hope that he may provide a pair of the rare birds if and when a clutch be hatched. These may be costly, and if they cannot be acclimatized and are replaced, that cost is doubled. In large aviaries an attendant is provided and so the costly details mount up. When such stock or their young at last change hands, it seems reasonable that reimburse- ment should be considered, and not necessarily for gain. If the constructive work is to go on, financial loss may be considerable, and there comes a time to almost all aviarists when their work or hobby must be conducted on a business basis. Fortunate and rare is he, in these days of high taxation, who can indulge in aviculture on a higher plane without having to balance his avicultural budget. There is something to be said, therefore, in favour of the ‘“back- yard dealer,” provided that he obeys the same laws as all others, and that his aviaries and books are open to the same inspection by the authorities at any time as those of the approved aviarist. Complying with the law is a time consuming but essential practice. Under the Birds and Animals Protection Act, a licence must be obtained for almost all birds held in confinement. These, with the correspondence of the appropriate departments, here and abroad, soon assume large proportions. But an aviarist should welcome and encourage inspection of his stock by the Government authorities, and if his clerical details be in order, arduous though it may be, such visits are a pleasure to all concerned and beget a confidence of inestimable value between Government Departments and breeders. It is not the purpose of this paper to deal with “Suitable Housing.” Suffice it to say that desirable aviary design long ago reached a high stage of efficiency. An advertisement of a modern aviary might well read: Aviary, modern conveniences, running water, sewerage connected, ultra-violet ray in winter, all of which coupled with an aviary “sick bay” ensure a long and healthy life to the occupants. Certain aviarists, e.g., the Marquess of Tavistock, go further and eventually let free certain birds, which fly to an adjoining thicket. There they rest and think the matter over, returning in good time like the “Prodigal” to the generosity of their benefactor and to the security. of their netted home, of which the door is invitingly left open. Having sampled the wide open spaces, they prefer, like the majority of us, to return to the conveniences of the modern hearth and home when food and security are assured. The ideal in housing is not, however, always attained. On the contrary, refinement in cruelty is occasionally seen where birds are confined in small cages unable to escape the blistering rays of a summer sun or the biting cold of a winter wind. Food and drink may be forgotten. I know of no law which insists on so many cubic feet of Space per bird. The ravages of disease associated with over- crowding and filth—so well known to us—are not always guarded against by those indifferent to suffering. No public clamour is raised for the alleviation of their lot, and the birds themselves have no votes.. 8 Happily, conditions have changed for the better. Restrictions im- posed by the Birds and Animals Protection Act have to a great extent lessened the number of people keeping birds in captivity. A certain pride is engendered and their stock is valuable. The true aviarist knows the ravages of disease. A breeder of rare specimens, he knows the advantages of maintaining them in good health if the birds are to survive and breed. Above all he is a bird lover in the true sense, and trained as he is in close observation, he knows the habits peculiar to the individuals in his collection. ‘The fundamentals of a healthy aviary existence are practised by him. Light, space, protection from the elements, a correctly balanced diet, and availability of vitamins; and these are the basis of his avian law. At this point he calls to his aid the ornithologist, the geneticist, and the avian pathologist. From the ornithologist he learns the natural habits of the particular bird he desires to breed, and copies them. If colour breeding, he studies genetics and Mendelian ratios. He knows that the avian pathologist has given much to the world for its betterment and that his aviaries give the opportunity for further research in disease. The science of ornithology has evolved so greatly that from portions of its mosaic, aviculture may now select certain information to which it gives practical application. From observation, both macroscopic and photographic, some useful point may be gleaned. A bird’s habits in the wild state should be studied and its environment copied in the aviary. Observation of the stomach contents may afford valuable help in assuring health in captivity by correct dieting. Aviary inmates should be as carefully selected as the guests at a formal dinner party. Stock considered eligible by some may be quite socially impossible to others. Diamond sparrows may build their nests within and beneath the coarse sticks of the hawk’s nest in a high tree. Why? Is the hawk a natural protector of the weak? While I have not yet seen this point given practical application in an aviary, it is Known that finches should not be housed with parrakeets lest they select the spouts of the logs of the larger birds as their nesting sites, in total disregard of the wishes of the larger bird, whose eggs are within. Vicious while nesting to those of their own size, the larger bird is extremely chivalrous to the finch whose nesting proceeds while the parrakeet abandons his home in the log. Or is he afraid of the spiteful finch, capable at such time of inflicting as much damage as does a Spitfire on the larger but slow- moving bomber which crosses its path? Hope should never be abandoned in the aviary, as is shown by the example of the Flamingo seen in captivity in the Berlin Zoo. She eventually obliged by laying an egg in captivity—the first recorded since the year 1845. From the ornithologist we know that many parrots nest in hollow branches, entrance being gained by a spout facing the rising sun, that is, to the east. Advantage is thereby gained of the early morning warmth, and protection is afforded from the cold westerly and southerly winds, and the young brood cannot crawl up the inclined spout. In the aviary this is copied; the spout of the hollow log being pointed east and inclined upwards, as the ornithologist knows it to be in the natural habitat of the bird. The mating pair will soon move in and the iog safely houses their brood. It is observed that the Golden-shouldered parrakeet burrows into the side of a tall mound of a white ants’ nest. Transport one into the aviary, thereby supplying the birds with the desired clay cone-like nest of their native bush, and their burrowing and nesting begins therein. Genetics.—Aviarists have been quick to call to their aid the science of genetics and the rapid advance in colour breeding is known to you all. The Budgerigar Section of this Society has done splendid work in this regard and the lives of many folk have been brightened by this fascinating hobby. Originally, no doubt, birds of abnormal coloration were sought. Such birds are known as “Sports.” The Sport, when crossed with the bird of natural colour, produces, in Mendelian ratio, young of different colours. The succeeding generations are again crossed until the breeder evolves the type and colour desired. Dr. Duncker’s list of Budgerigar matings, published in September, 1933, reached 1,830 in number, showing the endless variety of colourings 9 possible with these Mendelian offspring crosses. It can readily be con- ceived that such sports as albinos, yellows, blacks, are very popular with the bird man, for there is no limit to his horizon or patience. His enthusiasm rises to a peak which dares the stars, each vieing with his fellow member to evolve a new Strain first. In domestic birds the science was practised long ago—although not so intimately associated in the mind of the observer with the more modern science of genetics. é It is left to the more wealthy to practise it in the rare wild bird life, for the cost of procuring “Sports’” among rare parrots in various parts of the world and transporting such rarities to England or France, where after acclimatization, the scientific crossing then begins, is indeed a costly hobby—spread over a rich man’s lifetime. Yet up to the out- break of this war such a hobby was indulged in by a few wealthy devotees abroad, and I have actually seen a few of such imports, weird and masquerading in unnatural “sporting” plumage, quite happy in their spacious aviaries, and oblivious of their importance, for they know not that from one continent to another they have carried the all-important genes on their chromosomes, destined to evolve an entirely new plumage in their offspring as yet unfigured in any text- book. While the same science is extensively carried on in the case of sheep, horses, domesticated birds, etc., one may well philosophise on such a project if wisely and sanely carried out with the human being. Avian Pathology.—With birds in captivity there occurs the oppor- tunity to study disease, and full advantage has been taken of this fact in many countries abroad, and the practical application of the scientific data there collected has been of inestimable value. Such study is important, not only from the standpoint of human disease, but equally important from a domestic and agricultural standpoint. A great deal of literature is published annually by the staffs of such organisations as the Regent Park Zoo, London, the Bronx Zoo, New York, and many others. The prosectorium of the former is in charge of a whole-time pathologist who with his staff has amassed much pathological material and contributed many scientific articles on their findings. Investigation on “Avian Aspergillosis” or “mould in- fection of the lungs” was in’progress during my visit. Interesting work has been done on “Sex Reversal” by various workers. One member of this Society reported that a perfectly respect- able hen quail who had nested and laid eggs and reared her brood of chicks decided to change her sex, as was evidenced by her change of plumage and behaviour. After nearly a year’s observation she, or rather “he” died and the post-mortem revealed a malignant tumour of the liver and pressure atrophy of the ovary. Sections were cut and the type of growth examined microscopically. It is known that in the avian world only one (usually the left) ovary functions—its internal secretions or hormones determining femaleness. Ablation of this func- tion by pressure of such a growth no doubt deprived the lady of her hormones, thereby accounting in this case for the change of sex. She was such an aviary pet that one was relieved to find that her decision was not merely a feminine whim but was due to “force majeure” and that she acted in good faith throughout her long illness, contributing finally her small quota to the sum total of scientific knowledge. The spread of psittacosis to the human race has been held in check, thanks to the work of pathologists on virus disease in parrots. The disease known as coccidiosis no longer decimates our turkeys. It has been shown that the habitat of the coccidium is the coecum of the turkey and that soil infected by the droppings propagates the disease in the next brood. Such a site must therefore be abandoned. There remains an enormous amount of research to be done on avian disease. For example, I know of no authoritative writings on eye disease in parrot life. Yet we Know it is prevalent, and possibly contagious; or is it due to vitamin lack, or other quite unknown causation? The crude writings on this and many other diseases appearing in bird books are but akin to ‘“‘the blind leading the blind.” It is hoped that the pathologist will continue to enlighten us in many diseases, and it is in the aviary that he will find the subjects lf his 10 research. In the aviarist he will find a capable observer of signs and symptoms. It will be noted that nowhere in this paper is it advocated that birds should be kept in captivity simply as a spectacle. Were it not for the major reasons herein given, all birds should be free as the air. The choice having been made, however, happy is the lot of birds, protected from their natural enemies, reasonably housed against wind and torrent, without thought of taxation, coupon or rationing, retaining their identities, free to rear their brood and multiplying under a generous benefactor. If they could reason (and bird vsychologists believe that they may), then whom would they choose?—the approved aviarist or man at large—the advance of whose so-called civilization with gun, poison, denuded vegetation and introduced pests bids fair to stifle their song for ever? A YOUNG CRESTED PORT JACKSON SHARK. By A. Jacups. The Taronga Park Aquarium received a Crested Port Jackson Shark’s egg on 15th August, 1937. I do not know when the egg was laid, but think late in July. I placed the egg in an aquarium tank when received. On December 18th, 1937, I had a look inside of the egg and noticed a young shark about 22 inches in length inside of the egg case. I didn’t look at the egg until January 15th, 1938, and the shark was about 4 inches in length. The shark seemed to stop growing for a while, but seemed to be getting fatter. The next time I had a look at the shark was on March 10th, 1938, and the young shark was moving about inside the egg caSe and seemed ready to come out of the case, but it did not come out of the case until April 5th, 1938, and I think the way the young shark gets out of the egg case is by growing until it gets so big that it just forces itself out of the case; when out of the case the case closes up. When the shark was born it measured 6% inches long. Length of Shark. April 30th, 1939. 82 inches April 21st, 1940. 10% inches April 6th, 1941. 132 inches The little shark is still alive in its tank at the time of writing (June, 1943), and, now over five years old, measures 18 inches. Mr. G. P. Whitley identified the species as Molochophrys galeatus (Gunther, 1870), which grows to about 4 feet in length. A fine mono- graph was recently published about the early development of a Japanese species, Heterodontus japonicus (B. G. Smith, Bashford Dean Mem. Volume, Art. viii., 1942), but Mr. Whitley says that nothing has hitherto been put on record concerning the incubation, hatching and subsequent growth of any Australian member of this “living fossil” group of sharks. tt REPORTS OF SECTIONS. AVICULTURAL SECTION. Annual Report, 1942-43. In presenting the annual report for the year ending June, 1943, I have pleasure in stating that, in spite of the troubled times, the Section is not only able to carry on, but has increased its membership b: enrolling nine new members, resulting in increased enthusiasm and attendances. The full syllabus was carried through and many interesting and instructional evenings were enjoyed by members. As well as lectures on bird life, we were introduced to bees, flowers, and inmates of Taronga Park and taken for a trip around New Guinea. To those who contri- buted these enjoyable evenings we extend our heartiest appreciation. Letters were read from Mr. T. Ormsby and Mr. R. J. Murray, of Melbourne, both of whom are in the Forces, serving somewhere in Northern Australia. Letters from members in the Services are always welcome, whether sent direct to the Society or to its members. Some remarkable breeding successes have been achieved by members in their aviaries, the most outstanding being Blue Wren, Parrot Finches and Button Quail. In conclusion, I wish to thank members for the assistance rendered at the meetings, and for the information so willingly given to help make the life of the birds in the aviaries as pleasant as possible and the work of others a pleasure. PERCY F. HARVEY, Hon. Secretary. A. H. BRAIN, Chairman. BUDGERIGAR SECTION. Annual Report, 1942-43. In spite of the troubled times through which we are passing, the Budgerigar Section is still functioning with all its enthusiasm as in past years. Although our numbers are not many, the attendances have been very regular, and the meetings full of interest. The Annual Lawn Show was held on February 27 at the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Hubert Fairfax, and, notwithstanding transport difficulties, proved an outstanding success, socially and financially. The number of entries totalled 193, being only 6 less than the record in 1941. The important “Sydney Mail Trophy” was won by a Grey, exhibited by Mr. S. Maher, and the winner of the Young Bird classes was ex- hibited by Mr. R. B. Browne. From the sale of birds, Red Cross seals and donations, the sum of £11/14/- was raised and presented to the Red Cross Society. The Section wishes to thank Mr. and Mrs. Fairfax for the use of their grounds and their personal interest in the show, also all members whose time and financial assistance helped to make the show an outstanding SUCCESS. Owing to transport difficulties we have had to discontinue the table show, but have substituted lectures, and these have proved a great success, and very interesting and educational. The officers tender their thanks to those who have contributed to our entertainment. 12 The amateur judging competition was won by Mr. J. P. Casey, with Mrs. R. B.. Browne second and Mr. H. Yardley third. In conclusion, I wish to thank members for their assistance through- out the past year, and trust the future meetings will be as happy and entertaining, and the time not far distant when we can put our fears aside and once again be free to put our hearts into our birds and hobbies. PERCY F. HARVEY, Hon. Secretary. R. J. MURRAY, Chairman. MARINE ZOOLOGICAL SECTION. Annual Report. The committee nas much pleasure in presenting its annual report for 1942-43. Attendances were well up to standard. Some monthly meetings were not held from June to August because of blackout conditions, but regular gatherings were subsequently re- sumed. A wealth of knowledge was gained in October when a very interest- ing evening was spent by members inspecting the astonishing collections of marine specimens, rare books and native arts, and crafts, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Melbourne Ward, “Pasadena, ” Double Bay. The thanks of the Section are due to both Mr. and Mrs. Ward who so nobly entertained them on that occasion. Throughout the year much information has been gained from the following lectures :— 1942.— September 7th.—‘“In Search of Food.’—By Mr. Melbourne Ward. October 6th—‘“Exhibit Evening” at “Pasadena,” Double Bay. November 2nd.—‘“‘Sharking Around Tasmania.”—By Mr. G. P. Whitley. December 7th.—‘New Guinea Natives.’”—By Mr. R. Oldham. 1943.— ee uery Ist—‘How to Determine Sex in Animals.”—By Miss E. ope. March ist.—‘‘North Coast and Barrier Reef,” in colour film—By Mr. S. Sullivan. April 5th —‘“‘A Trip Around Australia.’”—By Pte. John Laseron. May 3rd.—‘Direction Finding by the Sun and Stars.’—Lecturette by Staff Sergeant C. F. Laseron. “Shells and Ornaments from New Guinea.”—Lecturette by Mr. Melbourne Ward. In conclusion, the officers of this Section extend their thanks to members and friends for their support, exhibits and lectures which have all helped to make the year successful and encouraging. HARRY B. LEE, Hon. Secretary. ELLA McFADYEN, Chairman. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION. Annual Report. Regular monthly meetings have been held by the Section through- out the year; lectures and discussions being arranged for each night. Despite many keen members being away in the fighting services, the average attendance of 23 shows a slight increase over last year. 13 Only one field day was arranged, when a small party paid a visit to Kurnell on 28/9/1942. An enjoyable day eventuated and an interest- ing list of the birds seen was compiled. We were pleased to have with us at some of the monthly meetings visitors from near and far, as well as some who have been absent on active service. The Chairman extended welcomes during the year to Dr. Garnet Halloran (President, R.Z.S.), Commander Reynolds (Cooper Ornithological Club, California), Mr. C. Le Souef (Melbourne), and the following members, who were able to pay a visit whilst home on leave: Pte. J. Flynn, Sgt. M. S. R. Sharland, and Lieut. T. A. Everett. Cpl. J. A. Keast, our Hon. Secretary, was transferred to a country camp during the latter part of the year. Mr. A. R. McGill was elected to act as Secretary during his absence. Observations continue to pay a prominent part at the meetings, and some items of outstanding interest were reported by members. Letters received from members in the fighting forces have been read at different meetings, showing keen interest still, in news of the Section’s activities. Several interesting articles were published during the last year in the “Emu” and other journals. These portray the enthusiasm still in evidence amongst many members in the Section. After being resident in Sydney for over three years, Dr. D. L. Serventy was transferred during April to Western Australia, his home State. His attendance and help during his sojourn here was much appreciated. The following lectures, etc., were delivered during the year:— 1942. July 17th: Series of Lyrebird slides sent from Melbourne. August 21st: “Tweed River and MacPherson Range,” by J. A. Keast. September 18th: “Birds of New Zealand,” by T. Iredale. October 16th: “Zoology of the Lady Julia Percy Island,’ by J. A. Tubb. November 20th: “Bird Migration,” by K. A. Hindwood and T. Iredale. December 17th: “Some Petrels of the Southern Hemisphere,” by G. M. Mathews. January 16th: Motion Picture Evening, films being screened by Flight- Lieut. J. A. Sherlock. February 19th: “In Quest of Birds,’ by R. P. Cooper. March 19th: “Australian Owls,” by N. W. Cayley. April 16th: “I Think I Remember,” by T. Iredale. May 21st: A Series of Colour Films of Birds screened by Mr. N. Chaffer. June 18th: “Honeyeaters of the Sydney District,” by K. A. Hindwood. The thanks of the Section are extended to the lecturers. K. A. HINDWOOD, Chairman. J. E. ROBERTS, Vice-Chairman. J. ALLEN KEAST, Secretary. 14 SYLLABUS OF SECTIONAL MEETINGS, 1943-44. Note: When the scheduled date for a meeting falls on a Public Holiday, the meeting is held on the next convenient date. AVICULTURAL SECTION (Second Monday in the Month). 1943— p August 9.—Lecturette.—By — Goodacre. September 13.—Lecturette—By Roy Cooper. October 11.—Lecturette—By T. Iredale. November 8.—Lecturette.—By R. Patten. December 13.—Members’ Night. 1944— January 10.—Lecturette.—By R. J. Murray. February 14.—Lecturette—By K. C. McKeown. March 13.—Lecturette.—By N. Chaffer. April 11 (Tuesday).—Lecturette.—_By A. S. Le Souef. May 8.—Lecturette—By G. M.. Mathews. June 12.—Annual Meeting and Members’ Night. BUDGERIGAR SECTION (Third Tuesday in the Month). 1943— August 17. September 21. October 19. November 16. December 21. Owing to war conditions no set Syllabus has been drawn up for 1943-44, but speakers’ names 1944— will be published in the Bird column of “The January 18. Sydney Morning Herald” on the Saturday February 15. previous to the meeting night. March 21. April 18. May 16. June 20. MARINE ZOOLOGICAL SECTION (First Monday in the Month). 1943— August 2. Sevtember 6. ; October 4. Subject to be selected. November 1. December 6.—Exhibition Night and Supper. 1944— February 7. March 6. Subject to be selected. May 1. June 5.—Annual Meeting. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION (Third Friday in the Month). 1943— August 20—‘“‘Gould League Activities.’—By J. E. Roberts. September 17.—General Discussion. October 15.—‘‘Faunal Areas.”—By T. Iredale. November 19.—“‘The Birds of Canberra.’”—By Gregory M. Mathews. December 17.—Open Night. 1944— January 21.—‘‘Fairy Wrens.’—By Neville W. Cayley. February 18—‘“‘A Chat About Sea Birds.’”—By P. A. Gilbert. March 17.—Colour Films.—Screened by N. Chaffer. April 21—“Camouflage.”—By J. R. Kinghorn. May 19.—“Bird Photography.’—By Roy P. Cooper. June 16.—Chairman’s Address.—By K. A. Hindwood. 15 REVIEW. “A Game Warden Takes Stock.”—By Captain C. R. S. Pitman, D.S.O., etc. London. Nisbet & Co., Ltd. 1942. Price, 16/- (stg.). This book has been sent to us for review and, although it does not deal with any but African fauna, we are glad to have the opportunity of quoting it as an example which might well be followed by Australia. Captain Pitman has for many years held the post of Game Warden for the Uganda Protectorate, and he describes the incidents and accidents, both amusing and painful, accompanying his work amongst the ele- phants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and other big game, many of which are illustrated by his own photographs. Most applicable to Australia, how- ever, are (1) the fact that such ‘an office exists in a Protectorate under a British Colonial Administration, covering an area small as compared with some of the Australian States, which have no such office or officer; (2) his dedication “To all those whose efforts have contributed to the conservation and perpetuation of the glorious wild life of Africa,” and (3) the following words in his preface:— “The world, with its ever-changing conditions, is sadly overstocked with sportsmen’s trophies, pathetic relics of individual prowess. ‘The rubbish heap is the inevitable fate of most. How much better is it to make those permanent records in beautiful natural colours of the wild creatures at home living in peace and contentment. Their enjoyment can be shared again and again with those who are less fortunate and unable to travel. Of what use, except in museums, are those stuffed horrors which leer down at one from the walls of erstwhile sportsmen. And it must not be forgotten that it is the efforts of Game \Depart- ments which enable so many to travel in safety and comfort, on the pictures, amongst Africa’s amazing variety of wild animals. Wild life, properly controlled, is an asset to any country. Skilfully advertised, it becomes a great attraction. Although not always responsible for pro- ducing wealth directly, it certainly stimulates the desire to travel, and travellers anywhere promote trade and contribute to the general revenues.” Australian States, please copy! A. F. BASSET HULL. 16 VERTEBRATES CAPTURED BY AUSTRALIAN SPIDERS. By Keith C. McKeown, F.R.Z.S., Assistant Entomologist, the Australian Museum. (Contribution from the Australian Museum.) Four years ago I contributed a paper on “Bird-catching Spiders” to The Emu (xxxix., 2nd October, 1939, pp. 111-124, pls. 15-16) in which I gave a short historical review of the subject, touching on the “classical’’ accounts of the bird-catching habit in spiders, and referred to all the Australian instances then known to me, and asked that any overlooked references or unrecorded observations be brought under my notice. This appeal not only enabled me to trace several records which had been omitted, but revealed a number of unpublished observations. Since the 1939 paper referred only to birds captured by spiders, it was actually incomplete, as the records show that other vertebrates fall victims to arachnids. In this paper it is proposed to complete the record by discussing not only additional bird records, but also those referring to mammals, reptiles, and fish. BIRDS. In connection with MacLeay’s scathing denunciation of Madame Merian’s account of the capture of birds by Mygale, and his subsequent reported retraction of his statements, my thanks are due to Dr. E. W. Gudger, American Museum of Natural History, for drawing attention to a letter by W. S. MacLeay in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1842, viii., pp. 324-325), which, in view of its Australian interest, I quote here in full. It reads:— “To Richard Taylor, Esq. “Dear Sir—Some time in the beginning of 1840 I observed here, in the grounds of Elizabeth Bay, a young bird suspended in the geometrical web of an enormous spider which belongs to the same section as the European Epeira diademma. Although very common in the neighbour- hood of Sidney, it remains as yet an undescribed species. The bird was Zosterops dorsalis (of Vigors and Horsfield), which is so destructive to fruit in the gardens of this colony, and from the state of its feathers it was evidently just flown from the nest. It was, when observed, already half-eaten, and the spider was in the act of sucking its juices. It appeared to have been dead two or three days. On recounting the circumstances to my father he told me that he had already been witness of a similar fact. Having occasion about that time to write to Mr. Shuckard on another subject, I mentioned the fact to him, being anxious, from the love of truth, to retract a remark which I had made in a paper of mine printed in the Transactions of the Zoological Society some years before, namely, that ‘I disbelieved in the existence of any bird-catching spider.’ “T have long desisted from noticing mis-statements of what I have published; because I now always hope that a reference to my publication will enable unprejudiced persons to arrive at the truth of my meaning. It is very difficult, however, with respect to my private letters; and I find on a perusal of Mr. Swainson’s late volume on Entomology in Lardner’s Cyclopaedia that Mr. Shuckard, in referring to the above- mentioned private letter, has so singularly misunderstood my meaning, as to leave me no other recourse than to request you to publish in your ‘Annals’ the following correction of his mistakes. “Mr. Shuckard (page 382) says that ‘the fact of Mygale catching birds in their nets and feeding upon them has been doubted; but the possibility of this has been substantiated and confirmed by a com- munication recently received from W. S. MacLeay, Esq., who informs us that in the vicinity of Sidney he has met with a true bird-catching spider; having himself found one of the Epeiridae actually devouring the young of a Gasterops that had no doubt lately flown from the nest; and which is not a _ solitary instance, as his father had previously observed a similar fact. He therefore retracts his obser- vations upon Mygale in the Zoological Transactions.’ Now this passage is, I grieve to say, a tissue of mistakes, which perhaps might have been 17 avoided by a reference to my paper in the Zoological Transactions, ana by a more accurate reading of my letter. In the first place the bird was a Zosterops, not Gasterops; and, in the second place, the only words in my printed paper on Mygale which I ever meant to retract, when I hastily mentioned what I considered to be a curious fact to Mr. Shuckard, were the following: ‘I will even go so far as to add my utter disbelief in the existence of any bird-catching spider.’ How Mr. Shuckard should imagine that I meant to retract all my observations on Mygale I know not; but I beg here to declare that I retract none of them, except the above-mentioned disbelief. I deny that the tale of Mygale catching birds is either ‘substantiated or confirmed’ by another spider of totally different habits having been observed to catch them. Mygale is a subterranean spider, and makes no net. In short, my conviction is, that Madame Merian has told a wilful falsehood respecting Mygale, or rather has painted a falsehood; and that her followers have too hastily placed confidence in her idle tales. My conviction is that no Mygale can catch birds in its net; for as I have said in the paper printed in the Zoological Transactions, it makes no geometrical net. Nay, further, I have proved that the genus Nephila, which lives in a geometrical net, does not catch birds either here or in the West Indies; and, moreover, I have ascertained that birds are not the proper food of this New Holland Epeira, but that the observation of my father and myself is an exception to the general rule of its insectivorous habits; an exception indeed so rare, that as far as I can learn, no other person here has ever yet witnessed the fact in question but ourselves. I acquit Mr. Shuckard of course of anything like an intentional misrepresen- tation; but I must express my regret, that when he referred to my private letter he did not use the words of it, although I dare say they were hastily written. I am, dear Sir, etc., W. S. MacLeay.” Elizabeth Bay, near Sidney. 8th July, 1841. Despite the charges against Madame Merian, to-day her illustration of the bird-catching Mygale, which, by the way, does not show any ‘net,’ is accepted as a representation of an observed fact; other ground- frequenting spiders are known to capture birds, and the genus Nephila contains our most notable bird-catching species. The spider referred to is possibly Epeira productus. But to leave the historical aspect and turn to recorded happenings. W. H. D. Le Souef, writing of Prairie, 205 miles west of Townsville, Queensland, writes (The Emu, xix., 3, 8th January, 1920, p. 234): “In open patches of bare ground were found the burrows of the ground spider (Selenotypus). One of these killed a chicken and tried to pull it down its hole, as mentioned in the April number of The Emu. The photograph was taken by Miss B. Chisholm. On a neighbouring station, Glendower, one of these spiders killed a newly-hatched Guinea Fowl chicken and pulled it some distance down her burrow.” The original account of the killing of the chicken is quoted in my earlier paper, but the reference to the Guinea Fowl chicken is additional. Another published reference to the _ bird-catching habit of a Mygalomorph spider is that of Mr. C. Pearse (South Australian Ornithologist, xi., 6 (1st April), 1932, p. 164) under the heading, “Trap- door Spider and White-fronted Chat.” ‘This account is interesting as showing that native birds sometimes fall victims to these ground- dwelling spiders. It reads: “Whilst one of the men employed here (Happy Valley Reservoir) was driving across the reserve he saw a White-fronted Chat (Epthianura albifrons) on the ground fluttering its wings. Thinking that it was caught in the grass he got down to investigate, and to his surprise found that a trap-door spider had both the bird’s legs down its shaft. The spider had such a grip of the legs that the man had to dig up the burrow before the spider would release its hold. When released the Chat flew away apparently unhurt.” In an editorial note it is stated that “Dr. R. H. Pulleine identified the species as Aganippe subtristis, the second commonest trap-door spider in South Australia.” This account links up so closely with the photo- graph in the Argus referred to in my former paper that it may well be related to the same incident. A third account, previously overlooked by me, is that of Mr. P. A. 18 Gilbert in a paper, “The Seasonal Movements and Migrations of Birds in Eastern AuStralia’ (The Emu, xxv., 1, 1st July, 1935, p. 24), where, in referring to the Rufous Fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons), he relates the following interesting occurrence: “On April 10, 1931, a peculiar incident occurred with regard to this Fantail in my garden [Lakemba, New South Wales]. Just before daybreak my mother heard this species call- ing in a lively manner. I hunted around in the gloom to see if I could locate it, but without success. The call continued without abatement. As soon as the light was bright enough we both resumed the search. Eventually my mother found it enmeshed in a spider’s web, about ten feet from the ground, the web being attached from a verandah post to a mandarin tree. I was able to grasp the bird, which on examination proved to be heavily in moult. The bird was then liberated in a tree, where it quickly preened its feathers. The spider was of the large type, the cephalo-thorax and abdomen measuring 12 inches in length, the abdomen across being % inch. It was brightly mottled yellow in colour. The web was very viscid, and clung tenaciously to everything that touched it. Observing the spider I noticed that it gathered up its web before daybreak if the weather was dry, but on foggy or wet mornings the’ web was left suspended throughout the day, renovation in the latter case taking place at night. In dry weather the web was re- spun after sunset. The morning in question was fine. . . . The spider’s web would be invisible to the bird when it arrived.” The spider concerned, although not very adequately described, would, from the dimensions given, and its web-making habits, appear to be a large example of one of the many varieties of the Orb-weaving Garden Spider (Epeira productus), which has previously been recorded as trapping birds in its adhesive snare. For the next two following accounts I am indebted to the Queens- land Museum for copies of the correspondence concerning them. The first of these also concerns Epeira productus, and here there is no doubt as to its identity, for the specimens was forwarded to the Museum. On 19th February, 1934, Mr. Wm. Brown, State School, Woongoolba, Queensland, wrote: ‘Under separate cover I am forwarding a live spider which spun a web on the school verandah over the week-end. Judge of my surprise on Sunday morning to find a swallow securely meshed in the web. I’ve heard of smaller birds being caught in spiders’ webs, but did not think that a fast flying bird like the swallow would fall a victim. What struck me was the strength of the threads in the web.” Mr. Brown did not say whether the bird was living or dead. I presume that the swallow was Hirundo neoxena, since that species habitually nests under the eaves ard verandahs of buildings. Mr. W. Lennan, River Bend, Texas, Queensland, in a letter to the Queensland Museum, 28th October, 1939, wrote: “I have sent you a parcel containing something that might interest you. It is the lining of a hole of probably a Trap-door spider. It did not go straight down like trap-door spiders’ holes that I have seen, but had a slant of about 45 degrees. You will notice that this thing is hollow, and at the hollow end it has a lid, which, if held at about the angle which I State, will shut down over the hole and completely. cover it. I have sent it along just as I dug it out of the ground. “There is a remarkable story Fined to this thing which has caused considerable interest amongst all those that have come to know it. “My son’s wife has some young turkeys about two days old. She went to feed them this evening, and one of them seemed fastened to the ground by the leg and could not get loose. She caught hold of the turkey, and she saw that its leg seemed to be bogged in something; she gave it a pull, but it seemed to be stuck fast; she gave a stronger pull, and pulled it out. “The turkey’s foot had what appeared to be two tooth marks on it, and its leg just above the foot was skinned in one place and was bleeding. My daughter-in-law really believes that something down the hole had the turkey by the foot, and she thought it was a snake. It is all very strange to me, I have lived in the bush all my life, and I have never seen or heard of anything like this. “The lid was shut when the turkey was found, and the leg was 19 down its full length. The lid seemed too easy to lift up to have jammed on the leg to hold it, and there seemed to be nothing there to make the fowl bleed. I wonder if it could have been some living thing down the hole that had the turkey by the foot. I have heard of rats killing young chickens, but this hole seems too small for a rat any larger than half grown. The ground is very hard where the hole it, and I had to use a crowbar to dig to the bottom of the hole, or a hole going in any direc- tion away from it, but there could possibly have been a hole going somewhere which might have been blocked up through using the crowbar. . . .” In a covering letter with Mr. Lennon’s account, Miss Kathleen Watson, Queensland Museum, informed me that “the nest forwarded by Mr. Lennon is in rather poor condition, but the main features are recognisable. It is about 12 inches long and about 13 inches in diameter at the mouth. There is no proper hinged lid, but a flap which would probably fall over the opening as described by Mr. Lennon. At the end of the tube there appears to have been an enlarged portion which was filled with remains of insects, mainly coleoptera. About four inches from the bottom is an opening with what appears to be the remains of a side tunnel.” The nest is apparently that of a large Mygalomorph spider, and side tunnels are not uncommon in the nests of these spiders. On 4th April, 1943, I received from Mr. J..Brown, of Pymble, near Sydney, a large female example of Nephila ? venosa, and he informed me that a small bird, with the body much mutilated and decayed, was found in its web. Unfortunately the remains of the bird were not secured, and his description was insufficient to permit me to venture an opinion as to its identity. In a letter dated 28th April, 1943, to the Australian Broadcasting Commission, which was referred to me, Mr. R. G. Keppler, Secretary, Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Canberra, wrote: ‘The Acting Principal of the Australian Forestry School has asked me to forward you a small bird apparently snared in a spider’s web. . “The bird was snared in a web set between two pin oak trees, and as you will see, was trapped for several days before it came under notice. “When found, the web was in very broken condition (possibly by heavy winds which blew for several days) and the bird was held by one or two strands only, depending from the middle of the web... the pieces of web by which the bird was held are left attached to its wings and leg.” The bird proved to be a Little Brown Thornbill (Acanthiza pusilla) and from the web adhering to it, I have no doubt that its captor was a species of Nephila. On the evidence collected in this and the former paper it is evident that the capture of birds by both ground-dwelling and snare-spinning spiders is by no means a rare occurrence. MAMMALS. The records of the capture of small mammals are much less numerous, but those records which are available are extremely interesting. MICE.—The classical example of the capture of a mouse by a spider is, of course, that given by McCook (American Spiders and Their Spinningwork) from Lebanon, Kentucky, but a very interesting instance is referred to in Entomological News (xxv., 1914, p. 230), where two mice were ensnared in the web of one unidentified spider. McCook considers that the spider responsible for the capture discussed by him was Theridion tepidariorum, a species which has been introduced into Australia, where it is not uncommon. Here in Australia several such occurrences have come under my notice, and in my “Spider Wonders of Australia” (1936, p. 149) I referred to an instance of a mouse in a spider’s web that I had seen. In the following year, when in Adelaide, Mr. B. C. Cotton, Conchologist, South Australian Museum, showed me a photograph, which he had taken in business premises in that city, showing a mouse enmeshed in the web of a Red-back Spider (Latrodectus hasseltii). No account of the happening seems to have been published, nor has the photo, so far 20 as I am aware, been reproduced. The third instance known to me I owe to the courtesy of Miss Kathleen Watson, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, who sent me a copy of a letter from Mr. E. G. Ogg, Gladstone, Queensland, 13th April, 1933. The letter reads: “I am enclosing a photograph that may possibly be of interest to you. The subject is a mouse in a red-backed spider’s web. : Mouse captured by Red-back Spider (Latrodectus hasseltii), and suspended in web under chair. (E. G. Ogg, photo.) “No one actually saw the mouse caught and killed by the spider, but when first observed the mouse was very much nearer the floor than shown in the photo. ‘The spider gradually raised the mouse to the position shown by lifting first one end and then the other. “When the position shown was reached, the spider bit a hole in the shoulder and fed on the blood. The blood appeared to be still circulating but very weakly, which led one to believe that the mouse was in a comatose condition. “After photographing, I caught the spider and had both it and the mouse weighed. The spider was five grains and the mouse seventy-two grains. I have them both preserved. “The mouse is not fully grown. From my investigations I believe that the mouse ran up the leg of the chair and into the heavy mass of web that the spider builds in corners as a retreat. As it hit the web it was bitten and threw itself off carrying a lot of the web with it, but the web did not allow it to reach the floor. The poison acted quickly, and its struggles were too feeble to free it. The next overation, of course, was the lifting.” An enlargement of Mr. Ogg’s extremely interesting photograph is reproduced here, together with a line drawing made from it, which makes clearer the relative positions of spider and mouse. An interest- ing feature of the photograph is that it shows the manner in which the tail is drawn up over the back and forward towards the head—a habit which I have observed to be typical of the Red-backed Spider in trussing up lizards and centipedes ensnared in the web. The height of the mouse from the floor is not given by Mr. Ogg, but some idea of this 21 may be gauged from the fact that the seat of the average chair is eighteen inches in height. It would seem possible in view of McCook’s record that the mouse may have been captured on or near the floor. The raising of the captured animal is accomplished by much the same method as that employed by the Curled-leafed Spider (Syngatypa wagneri) in raising leaves and snail-shells, by hauling upon the lines, first at one end and then at the other. McCook quotes Dr. Joseph Leidy as stating that “a mature mouse weighed three hundred and fifty-six grains. One half grown would probably weigh about one-sixth to one-fourth of this, say from sixty to ninety grains.” Diagram showing relative positions of spider and mouse in above photo. (N. B. Adams, del.) BATS.—Since birds fall victims to spiders more frequently than is generally supposed, it is not surprising to find that bats sometimes meet the same fate, and become enmeshed in spiders’ webs in the course of their nocturnal flights. I have been able to secure only two references to such happenings, but it is possible that, if the webs of the larger orb-weaving spiders were more frequently examined, other evidence would be forthcoming. One of these records has previously been published, the other is new. In his charming book, “Tropic Days” (1918, p. 36) E. J. Banfield wrote of the capture of a bat on Dunk Island, Queensland: “At dawn a bat flew into a spider’s web spun during the night, the extremities of the wings being so entangled that struggling was almost impossible. A big spider pounced on it. Not a minute elapsed from the entanglement until the bat was released, but the venom of the spider had done its work. There was not a sign of life. The spider is dark grey in colour, bloated of body, sloathful and of most retiring disposition. Huddled up into almost spherical form, it lurks in dark places which it soon makes insanitary. In the open it crouches among dead leaves which have gathered in the fork of a tree; and will construct a web which spans the coconut avenue with its stays. From one aspect its rotund body invites a good-humoured smile, for the marking exactly simulates the features of a tabby cat, well fed, sleepy and in placid mood. Venom of virulence to kill a bat almost instantly would be severe enough to a human being. This dirty, obese spider deserves little consideration at 22 the hand of man.” Unfortunately the spider, so strongly condemned— perhaps unfairly—by Banfield is unidentifiable from his description. In a letter from Wamberal, via Gosford, New South Wales, written in 1940, Mr. J. E. MacDonald, in sending me notes on the spiders about his garden, refers to the snaring of bats. He writes: “The first spider has now unfortunately shifted her web—she was disturbed by visitors. Before this she used to throw her web between two banana trees, just where the flittermice (smallest bats) used to weave to and fro after insects. She has caught two or three, but, owing to this war, I had not the time I would have liked to have kept her under observation—so she may have made a practice of the sport. She was a fairly large specimen of the Orb-web Garden Spider, Epeira productus, and when last measured was heavy with eggs, and was 34 centimetres long, 23 wide, with a leg span of 7 centimetres.” REPTILES. SNAKES.—The first to observe and record the capture of snakes by spiders was that knowledgeable old Roman, Pliny—for in his Natural History (A.D. 77, Book x. Chapt. 95) he gives a remarkably clear and accurate account. He says that “the spider, poised in its web, will throw itself on the head of a serpent as it lies stretched beneath the shade of the tree, where it has built and with its bite pierce its brain; such is the shock, that the creature will hiss from time to time, and then seized with vertigo, coil round and round, while it finds itself unable to take flight, or so much as to break the web of the spider, as it hangs suspended above; this scene only ends with its death.” A number of records relating to the capture of snakes by spiders exist, the observations having been made in many parts of the world, but possibly the best known is that recorded by McCook (American Spiders and Their Spinningwork), which he summarises from an account published in the American Journal of Science and Arts (xxvii., 1835, p: 307). No Australian records were available until I saw a reference in the “Sun” newspaper, Sydney, to the capture of a snake by a spider at Roma, Queensland. Miss Kathleen Watson, Queensland Museum—as so often before—kindly supplied me with a copy of the original account, which appeared in the ‘‘Telegraph,”’ Brisbane, on Tuesday, 31st January, 1939, under the heading, “‘Rare Case of Spider capturing Snake in Web reported from West.” The account reads: “One of those rare happen- ings—a spider capturing a snake in its web—has been reported from Roma district. The Director of the Queensland Museum (Mr. H. A. Longman) says the incident will be of great interest to students of natural history. “In a cow shed a live black snake, a foot long, was discovered securely entangled in the strong web of one of the dreaded satiny- black spiders with the red stripe. “The snake’s head had been tied to its tail with dozens of thick silk threads; hundreds of strands were attached to its body. The spider had made sure of its prey. The spider had bitten the snake in several places, drawing blood, and tenaciously clung to it when the snake and web were removed from the shed. As the snake lay em- bedded in the web on the wall- young spiders were attending the kill. . . .” A photograph was sent to the “Telegraph” office, but this was unfortunately not sufficiently clear to disclose further details. One feature of the report is of particular interest—that the snake’s head had been tied to the tail, the characteristic habit of the Red-back Spider (Latrodectus hasseltii) in dealing with lizards and other large prey. LIZARDS.—The fact that lizards were captured not infrequently by Red-back Spiders (Latrodectus hasseltii) was mentioned in my book, “Spider Wonders of Australia” (1936, p. 147), from my own observations, made many years ago, on which the detailed notes had unfortunately been lost. In a letter from Dr. V. V. Hickman, University of Tasmania, dated 14th November, 1939, he informed me that he had never seen a bird captured by a Tasmanian spider, “but I have seen the skeleton of a small lizard in the web of Latrodectus hasseltii.”’ On 29th January, 1941, Mr. Mitchell, of Narrabeen, New South Wales, informed me that 23 he had found a small Skink Lizard (Lygosoma sp.) in the web of a Red- back Spider. It was well swathed in web, and was apparently in the course of being raised higher in the snare. The head and tail of the lizard had not as yet been tied together. Two lizards captured by Latrodectus hasseltii. (N. L. Roberts, photo.) The most complete account is that of Mr. N. L. Roberts, Hornsby, near Sydney, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1940-41 (August 11, 1941, pp. 36-38) and illustrated with a particularly fine photograph. This account is worth quoting almost in full. “In January, 1939, I found two small lizards entangled in the web of the Red-backed Snider (Latrodectus hasseltii). The spider, which was a large specimen, appeared to be biting one of the lizards when I came on the scene (about 8.10 am.) and a spot of blood was clearly visible. It is known, of course, that lizards and even small snakes have been caught in the web of the Red-back, but doubt has been expressed as to whether the spider is able to puncture the skin of its victims, which obviously is much tougher than that of insects [?]. Any violent wriggle by the lizards sent the spider scurrying for shelter behind an ivy leaf, where she remained for periods varying from twenty minutes to an hour before emerging again to examine her captives. The strength of the web was astonishing. . . . With three pairs of legs resting on the lizards she literally threw the silk around them, the long hind legs moving backwards and forwards with a deadly precision and rhythm. Several times she paused for a minute or two to bite her victims, but any vigorous struggle sent her scuttling for shelter. She was in no hurry. The silk threads might have been steel, so futile were the efforts of the lizards to free themselves. By mid-day each lizard’s tail had been lashed to the side of its body and the help- less creatures were then dragged under an ivy leaf. “Chief points of interest were the strength of the web, and the time required for the venom to prove fatal. In addition to the struggles of the lizards, the web had to withstand strong gusts of wind, one of which blew my hat a considerable distance. Venom usually acts more 24 slowly on cold-blooded animals and, although the lizards were caught about 8 a.m. and bitten many times, they were still able to struggle at 6 p.m. “In a letter to Dr. V. V. Hickman, Hobart, describing the incident, I stated that the spider was feeding on the lizards. Dr. Hickman queried the statement, and I must admit the only evidence is that the spider remained on the lizards for varying periods, that blood was visible, and that the lizards had a hollowed-out appearance when I removed them from the web. None of this evidence is conclusive... .” Mr. Roberts then quotes from Dr. E. Warren’s paper (already referred to in my previous paper) describing the feeding of a spider on a lizard, the flooding of the body with digestive juices, and the squeez- ing with the fang-bases until the whole was reduced to a wet pulp. He then continues: ‘‘The lizards entangled in the web of the Red-back certainly showed no signs of the preparation for digestion, the bodies, apart from the fang punctures and hollowed-out appearance, being quite normal. If the Red-back fed on them it must have been by the process of absorbing blood, and, as she -was very rotund and well nourished, it would be difficult to confirm the fact of feeding merely by her appearance. The bodies of the two lizards from web of Red-back Spider, showing their sunken condition. A scavenger fly has been attracted to the remains. (N. L. Roberts, photo.) “In November, 1937, I saw a Red-back Spider, whose web had been spun in the angle between two walls, feeding on a centipede about three inches long. The body of the centipede had been curled up securely first by stout, silk threads.” The illustration shows the lizards to be a species of Lygosoma. It might be considered that the question of whether spiders actually feed upon their vertebrate victims has been proved in view of the extremely detailed paper by Dr. E. Warren and the instance of Epeira productus mutilating the body of the Blue Wren (Malurus cyaneus) referred to in my former paper, but the following note from my valued correspondent, Miss V. C. Levitt, is of interest in this connection. Re- ferring to experiments with a female Funnel-web Spider (Atrax 29 robustus) she writes: “Being curious to see if she would eat small animals, we offered her a small piece of steak about 1 x 4 x iin. This was hung just clear of the sand in her jar, so that the slightest touch would cause it to vibrate. . . . A piece of cotton attached to the meat was gently jerked to make it move, and the spider seemed to see it at once, climbed on to the stone, and stood looking at the meat before dropping flat. Apparently satisfied with what she saw, she . . . began to stalk it. Her actions were almost identical with those of a cat stalking a bird. . . . The spider hesitated, jumped at the meat and touched it with her forelegs, then jumped back and watched it vibrate. She then jumped at it again, but this time sank her fangs up to their bases in it, at the same time wrapping both pairs of forelegs round the meat. After a second we slacked off the string, letting the meat fall to the ground as though it had become limp. She did not alter her position, but the fangs rose and fell with a slashing movement, while the fang-bases kneaded the meat, squeezing out the juices. We did not notice the presence of any digestive juices while she was eating, but when the meat was examined after, it seemed to be covered with a whitish fatty substance. “It took the spider a long time to eat the meat, as by morning a piece about 4 in. long was still left, and she was tugging at it, attempt- ing to carry it into her burrow. When the string was gently pulled she dropped the meat, and escaped down her burrow. “A smaller piece of meat (about the size of a blowfly) was offered to her about a month later, but, although she ate it all, leaving only thin, white fibres behind on the end of the cotton, it took her practically all night to eat.” This seems to leave no doubt as to the capacity of the spider to assimilate the juices of firm vertebrate flesh, “leaving only thin, white fibres behind.” Finally, I may be permitted to quote from Dr. E. W. Gudger’s valu- able paper, ‘““More Spider Hunters—Accounts of Arachnids which attack and Devour Vertebrates other than Fishes’ (The Scientific Monthly, May, 1931, xxxil., pp. 426-427). “In the same year (1925) that my article was published citing accounts of spider snake-hunters, Drs. Vital Brazil and J. Velland published an account of their experiments at Butantan with spiders and snakes. Dr. Amaral’s abstract on Psyche reads thus about the Aviculariid spider and a snake. ““When a Grammostola and a young snake are put in a cage together, the spider tries to catch the snake by the head, and will hold on in spite of all efforts by the snake to shake it off. After a minute or two the spider’s poison begins to take effect, and the snake becomes quiet. Beginning at the head, the spider crushes the snake with its mandibles and feeds upon its soft parts, sometimes taking 24 hours or more to suck the whole animal, leaving the remains in a shapeless mass.’ “Their figures showing these processes are reproduced herein. The first shows the Grammostola attacking a young rattlesnake, the second represents the partly eaten snake and the inedible parts of the snake when feeding had been finished. . “Brazil and Vellard finally state that by giving to the Grammostolas snakes and other cold-blooded vertebrates (frogs and lizards), they were able to keep in good health for more than eighten months 50 specimens of these arachnids, not counting a considerable number sacrificed from time to time to furnish the poisons necessary for their many experi- ments—all of which are set out at length in their 1926 paper.” AMPHIBIA. FROGS.—Although the capture and eating of frogs and toads has been recorded from other parts of the world, no instances of such occurrences in Australia have as yet come under my notice, but tad- Boles are included in the prey of spiders of the genus Dolomedes in this country. FISH. It is well known that spiders of the genus Dolomedes—and possibly Desis—are experts in the art of fishing in Australia, although their methods might not meet with the approval of the “Compleat Angler.” Many records of the capture of fish by spiders have been published 26 from many parts of the world, and a number of such happenings are listed in my paper, “Spiders and Fish” (Australian Museum Magazine, v., 12, October-December, 1935, pp. 431-435). One new Australian record has come to hand since that paper was published and is given here, but in order to make this account as complete as possible those referred to previously are set out in greater detail than was possible in the Museum Magazine. The earliest record relating to the fishing of Australian spiders appears in the Revue Brittanique for 1835 (xvii., p. 177) where it is stated that “Dr. Morsten is said to have discovered in the forests of Australia a huge spider which catches fishes. He is quoted as saying that ‘I have several times seen them enter the marshes and then descend to the bottom of the pools, whence they presently re-appeared bearing small fishes. I have, however, never seen them eat any of these.” ’ I have been unable to discover anything about Dr. Morsten, or to amplify the account. C. N. Robson (Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, x., 1897, p. 300) in describing the habits of a spider living in old Lithodromus holes, of which the rocks of Cape Campbell are full, writes: ‘‘All the spiders of this kind which we have found had nests in these holes, and always under water at all times of the tide. Over the mouth of the hole the spider spins a close web, which when finished looks like a thin film of isinglass, and is water-proof; and behind this film is the nest and egg-sac, which last is of various shapes and contains a large number of eggs. . . . When a Small fish is placed in the bottle with one of these spiders, the latter will attack at once, driving its long sharp falces into the fish near the head and killing it instantly.” fay ena accompanying note, Dr. Hector says: “For this species I propose the name Argyroneta marina.” ‘This spider is now placed in the genus Desis. Desis marina occurs on the eastern coast of Australia (in addi- A goldfish killed by Dolomedes facetus. The fish is 31% inches in length. (G. C. Clutton, photo.) tion to New Zealand and New Caledonia) where it lives in holes in rocks and amongst coral. No Australian worker seems to have repeated Mr. Robson’s observations. The accompanying illustration is a photograph of a gold carp in 27 the Museum collection together with the spider (Dolomedes facetus) which destroyed it. The specimens were presented by Messrs. Crawford and Fleming in 1932, and came from North Sydney. The fish measures 34 inches in length, and is considerably mutilated behind the head. In 1935, an interesting account of the capture of fancy type gold- fish was published by Mr. Alfred E. Wadey (South Australian Naturalist, Xvi., 3, 24th July, 1935, pp. 32-33, pl.). Mr. Wadey writes: “In one of the fish ponds at my home, near Adelaide, a flat rock juts over the water for about six inches; the underside of this rock is approximately half an inch above the surface. Early in February, 1935, I saw a mass of spider web over and around the rock, but did not take much notice of it at the time. A few days later, however, when looking at this pond, I noticed a considerable splashing in the neighbourhood of the web. On investigation I then discovered a red goldfish, with a body two and a half to three inches in length trapped in the web, and with a large black spider on its back. The fish was still alive and vigorous, but on removing it and the spider with a net, I found that the spider had bitten a piece out of the back of the fish, about the size of a sixpence. Naturally the fish died (so did the spider—with my boot). “Has anyone in Australia had a similar experience, viz., of spiders catching fish with their web? A fancy goldfish captured by a species of Dolomedes, illustrating Mr. Wadey’s account. (After South Aust. Naturalist.) “T told Mr. H. M. Hale (Director of the Australian Museum) of this happening, and he at once expressed regret that I had not secured both fish and spider. Then a week later (on February 10), I found to my disgust, a second fish being eaten in my pond by the same. kind of black spider! In this case only a few strands of web were present.. The fish was three inches or so in length, and it and the spider were sent to the Museum, where the photograph, here reproduced, was secured. The hole in the back, behind the head may be clearly seen, and the picture also shows the size of the fish as compared to that of the spider.” In a further note, Mr. Hale states that “Both goldfish, it may be noticed, were bulky, semi-spherical ‘fancy’ fish. The late Dr. Robert H. Pulleine has identified the female spider submitted as a species of Dolomedes.” . In my book, “Spider Wonders of Australia” (1936, p. 140) I referred to the habits of the genus Dolomedes. “Dolomedes facetus, a long- legged spider of a general-brown to black colour, is to be seen fairly 28 frequently resting on the surface of calm pools on the river and creeks at Audley, in National Park, New South Wales. On several occasions I have witnessed the capture, not only of small fish, but also of tadpoles, by these spiders. The method by which the spiders capture their prey seems to be somewhat as follows: The spider rests motionless upon the surface of the water with its long legs widely spread to buoy it up, but some anchorage is usually provided by the hind legs, which grip the bank or the edge of some conveniently projecting rock overhanging the pool. The spider may remain motionless for hours, but let some unwary little fish swim close beneath it, and in an instant the spider plunges beneath the surface of the water and, gripping the fish in a close em- brace with all its legs, buries its fangs deep in its body. The fish struggles wildly in an unavailing effort to dislodge its attacker, but in a few seconds its struggles become weaker and weaker, and finally cease. The spider then drags its victim on to the bank and, without delay, proceeds to devour it. “In Mr. Wadey’s account he states that the fish was caught in a web spun under a ledge or rock. In view of my own and the recorded observations, it would appear unlikely that the web played any part in the capture of the fish, and was probably merely the retreat of the spider.” The hitherto unrecorded example is the subject of a letter from Mr. L. Connell, of Lismore, New South Wales. On 28th January, 1941, he wrote: “Under separate cover I am forwarding an interesting spider which I caught. I do not know if the spider is generally known, but I thought it might interest the Museum. “The reason for this is that I have in my yard a goldfish pool with rather a good variety of young fish in it, and while inspecting them I noticed on a lily leaf a fish out of the water, and the spider had hold of it and was devouring it with rather a greedy manner. I did not see the way he caught the fish as he was eating it when I caught him. I am also enclosing the fish to give you an idea of the size, and I also wonder how he managed to hold the fish while it was alive. I am sorry that the spider is dead, but I tried to capture him alive and could not. I also held him under the water for some time, but he was quite a good swimmer. When immersed in the water he ejaculated a milky sub- stance from the part where the web usually comes from in the ordinary spider. . . . Could I point out, the spider was not sucking the blood as most spiders, but actually eating all the fish. He also blended perfectly with the growth on the pond, and it was the dead fish which first attracted my attention.” The spider proved to be a species of Dolomedes, but unfortunately it was sent dry, and was too shrivelled for specific determination; the fish was a fancy type goldfish, and measured about an inch in length, and was considerably mutilated. CRUSTACEA. Despite the title of this paper, I may, perhaps, be forgiven if, in conclusion, I include a record of the killing of a non-vertebrate—a crab —since this interesting account is otherwise likely to be overlooked. This remarkable record is to be found in E. J. Banfield’s ““Tropic Days” (p. 244), where he writes: “An unwitnessed tragedy may be told in a very few words. About twenty-five feet above high-water mark was the shaft of a white sand-crab. The site was not common, for the crabs are in the habit of burrowing well within the range of the tide. For two or three days—for the spot was at the back of the boat-shed and under daily observation—the alert creature was oft disturbed by my coming and going. One morning it remained motionless on the verge of its retreat. It seemed to be on guard, and, as a companion- able feeling had been aroused, I was careful as I passed not to unduly affright it. The statuesque position being abnormally retained, I stooped down, to find the crab dead, with the froth still on the complicated lips, while beside it was a large Wolf spider [Lycosa], ‘tremendous still in death,’ with the head crushed to pulp. One may theorise that the spider invaded the crab’s burrow and was promptly evicted; a fight took place for the possession of the retreat, resulting in untoned tragedy. Venom and ponderous weapon, each had done its work. Each participant had been victorious, each a victim.” 29 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I desire to express my very sincere thanks to Miss Kathleen Watson, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, for making available to me a number of records from letters and press cuttings in the possession of the Queens- land Museum, and for the trouble she has taken in searching out and making copies of them for my use. Thanks are also due to Messrs. N. L. Roberts and P. A. Gilbert—the former for giving me copies of his magnificent photographs of the Red-back Spider and lizards, and for making notes available to me; the latter for drawing my attention to references overlooked in my previous paper. To those correspondents who have written to me making known their observations of unusual happenings, I am also grateful. NOTES ON GONIOCEPHALUS CRISTIPES. By G. Longley. On the 8th of February, 1943, Mr. Melbourne Ward sent me four specime’s of the little Dragon Lizard Known as Goniocephalus cristipes, from the Lowanna Scrub, near Dorrigo, N.S.W., where he had been collecting. They averaged 12 inches in length, of which the tail measured approx. 8 inches. They are active, and at first inclined to be rather aggressive little creatures; charging with open mouths at the glass front of their vivarium, and would readily seize the fingers if a hand were introduced into their enclosure, their bite, of course, being negligible. They soon made themselves at home in the small glass-fronted vivarium in which they were housed, and later were given a more roomy enclosure, also glass-fronted, and tree branches upon which to climb or rest. ta One feature of their new vivarium was the fact that ventilation could be kept completely under control, the perforated zinc ventilators, of which there are four in number, being each provided with a hinged wooden door; thus insuring against draughts in dull, cold weather, or alternatively a free passage of cool air during the hot days of summer. A shallow earthen vessel containing fresh water is always provided, and although they may go for a number of days without a drink, on other occasions they drink copiously, drawing the water into the mouth in a similar manner to that of snakes when drinking, and not lapping with the tongue, as in the case of the Skinks and many other lizards. Their food consists principally of crickets, locusts, grasshoppers, cockroaches, beetles, and the larvae of all these insects. One caterpillar of which they are particularly fond is the green larva of the Privet Hawk Moth (Sphinx ligustri). Their general colour is of a rusty nature, but one specimen is of a marbled appearance. However, under the influence of strong sunlight, or emotion, or perhaps both, the integument takes on a dif- ferent hue, yellow patches appearing at the angle of the jaws, and on the throat, also the colouring becomes paler, and a series of yellow spots show upon the flanks, giving a patterned effect, which also is evident upon the limbs. The originality and quaintness of some of the poses and attitudes which these lizards at times assume are both striking and amusing. For instance, one day I noticed three of them in line equidistant from each other, and their heads all inclined at the same angle. On this occasion they retained this pose for over an hour. Again, one will select his roosting-place for the night on a branch, another also fancies the Same location, but being too late in reaching it, contents himself by 30 climbing upon his companion’s back. They do not quarrel about it, but each closes his eyes, and there they rest contentedly until morning. Sometimes I have seen three of them so grouped. During the cold weather of the 2nd June, 1943, they were almost overcome by the sudden drop in temperature, so I hurriedly prepared a small indoor vivarium with artificial heat, and placed them in it, when all recovered. For winter feed in their heated vivarium they are given isopods, which they take readily. Photographs by Ella McFadyen. 31 LIST OF MEMBERS. As on Ist August, 1943. Note.—Unless otherwise specified, members are residents of the State of New South Wales. Members will oblige by notifying the Honorary Secretary of any change of address. PATRONS. His Excereny, the Governor of New South Wales, the Lord Wakehurst, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Philip Woolcott Game, G.B.E., K.C.B., D.S.O., Langham House, Ham Common, Surrey, England. BENEFACTOR. Edward John Lees Hallstrom, 462 Willoughby Road, Willoughby. ASSOCIATE BENEFACTORS. Albert Littlejohn, 9 Young Street, Sydney. Walter and Eliza Hall. Trust, Box 130C.C., G.P.O., Sydney. : Gustavus Athol Waterhouse, D.Sc., B.E., 39 Stanhope Road, Killara. FELLOWS. Barrett Charles, C.M.Z.S., “Maralena”’, Maysbury Street, Elsternwick, ictoria. Burrell, Harry, O.B.E., “Yarrenbool’’, 141 Darley Road, Randwick. Cayley, Neville W., 11 Beresford Road, Rose Bay. Chisholm, A. H., “The Herald” Office, Melbourne. Dakin, Professor William John, The University, Sydney. Hindwood, Keith A., Wingello House, Angel Place, Sydney. Hull, Arthur Francis Bassett, M.B.E., Box 704, G.P.O., Sydney. Iredale, Tom, “Solander’’, Queenscliff Road, Manly. McKeown, Keith Collingwood, Australian Museum, Sydney. Mathews, Gregory Macalister, C.B.E., Parliamentary Library, Canberra, A.C.T. (or 100 Coonanbarra Road, Wahroonga). Musgrave, Anthony, Australian Museum, Sydney. Roughley, Theodore, Cleveland, B.Sc., Fisheries Department, Chief Secretary’s Department, Sydney. Troughton, Ellis Le Geyt, C.M.Z.S., Australian Museum, Sydney. Turner, Dr. A. Jeffries, Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland. Ward, Melbourne, 20 Wylde Street, Potts Point. Waterhouse, Gustavus Athol, D.Sc., 39 Stanhope Road, Killara. Weer Gilbert Percy, Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia. HONORARY MEMBERS. Buchanan, Robert, c/o Mrs. J. Edgar, Randwick. D’Ombrain, Dr. E. A., 5 Mackenzie Street, Lindfield. Dunbabin, Thomas, 22 Raglan Street, Mosman. Hull, A. F. Basset (see Fellows). Johnston, Professor T. Harvey, The University, Adelaide, South Australia. Lyell, George, Gisborne, Victoria. McKeown, Keith Collingwood, Australian Museum, Sydney. Stiffe, R. J., 350 George Street, Sydney. LIFE MEMBERS. Baxter, Mrs. D., “Clyde”, 35 Station Street, Crow’s Nest. Bryce, Ernest John, 47 Nelson Road, Killara. Buckle. Frank, 104 Hunter Street, Sydney. Coles, Clifford, C.M.Z.S., Millions Club, Rowe Street, Sydney. Crommelin, Miss Minard, “Warra” Sanctuary, Pearl Beach, Woy Woy. Dangar, R. H., “Turee’”, Coolah. Dellow, Walter Joseph, 32 Alibone Street, Ashfield. Dixson, Robert Craig, J.P., 33 Hunter Street, Sydney. Dixson, Sir William, ‘“Merridong’’, 586 Pacific Highway, Killara. Foreman, Dr. Joseph, “The Astor’, 123 Macquarie Street, Sydney. Halloran, Aubrey, B.A., LL.B., Bull’s Chambers, 28 Martin Place, Sydney. Hallstrom, John E., 426 Willoughby Road, Willoughby. Hordern, Sir Samuel, ‘“Babworth House”, Darling Point, Edgecliff. Minell, Mrs. Dorothy Ebsworth, 20 Wylde Street, Potts Point. 32 Monticone, Dr. Charles Albert, Box ao G.P.O., Sydney. Murray, C. Stuart, Box 2427 MM., P.O: Musgrave, Anthony (see Fellows). Nash, Albert Edward, 8 Alt Street, Waverlev. Oldham, Roland, 4 Sinclair Street, Crow’s Nest. Spain, Col. Alfred, V.D., 16 Spring Street, Sydney. Spring, Robert Alexander, “Woodford”, St. Elmo Street, Mosman. Todman, R. G., “Merdin”, 328 Edgecliff Road, Edgecliff. Troughton, Ellis Le Geyt, C.M.Z.S., Australian Museum, Sydney. Turner, W. H., 28 Queensbury Road, Penshurst. White, Alfred Henry, Belltrees, Scone. oe George, c/o A. E. Ebsworth, ‘Union House, Bligh Street, ydney. White, Mrs. Millicent, Hotel Australia, Sydney. Whitley, Gilbert P. (see Fellows). Zeck, Emil Herman, Box 36A, G.P.O., Sydney. ORDINARY MEMBERS. Allan, Miss Elizabeth May, “Vergemount”, Gilliver Avenue, Vaucluse. Allan, Miss Joyce K., Australian Museum, Sydney. Allsop, Hartley Ernest, 38 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman. Alt, Jack, 9 Whiting Beach Road, Mosman. Anderson, Dr. C., 17 Towns Road, Rose Bay, Sydney. Andrews, Ernest Clayton, 4 “Kuring-gai”’, 241 Old South Head Road, Bondi. Andrews, William C., 38 Kameruka Road, Northbridge. Archer, H. R., Walton, R.A.A.F. Arnott, F., Colonial Sugar Co., O’Connell Street, Sydney. Atkinson, J., 4 Thompson Street, Mosman. Baas, Otto Hermann, 18 Bridge Street, Sydney. Banks, Gordon D., Royal Insurance Building, Pitt and Spring Streets, Sy ‘dn ey Barker. A. F., 42 Blair Street, Bondi. Barnett, Marcus S., Victoria Street, Mount Victoria. Baron, George, Bank of N.S.W., George Street, Sydney. Barrett, Frederick William, Scottish House, 17 Bridge Street, Sydney. Barrie, W., 15 Blair Street, Bondi. Batty, Ernest Alton, 15 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. Beahan, W. P., 28 Martin Place, Sydney. Beattie, S. J., 36 Anneslay Street, Leichharat. Beckett, Dr. Leonard Sothern, B.D.S., M.D.S., B.M.A. House, 135 Macquarie Street, Sydney. Bennett, Gordon, 50 Macpherson Street, Cremorne. Berney, John Alan, 25 Clanalpine Street, Mosman. Bernhard, H., 1 Rosedale Avenue, Manly. Best, Godfrey Jacob Marshall, 2 Vaucluse Road, Rose Bay. Beswick, G. H., St. James Buildings, 107 Elizabeth Street, Sydney. Biber, Samuel, 426 George Street, Sydney. Blenkarn, er Ge: Phillip House, Phillip Street, Sydney. Bloch, Eugen, 1 ‘Burrawong Avenue, Mosman. Blow, ‘Walter Russell, 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Bouchier, Reginald W., 191 Nicholson Parade, Cronulla. Boyd, Mrs. Howard, “Mandalay”, Dee Why Parade, Dee Why. Bradley, Malcolm George, 169 Sailor Bay Road, Northbridge. Brain, A. H., 28 Alibone Street, Ashfield. Bretnall, George G., Alex Cowan & Co., 37 York Street, Sydney. Briton, Alfred James, “E] Pasajero”, Junction Road, Wahroonga. Brodziak, A. A., 8 Spring Street, Sydney. Brown, Howard Bruce, Taronga Park Trust, Mosman. Brown, Sir Harry Percy, 16 Luxor Parade, Roseville. Browne, R. B., 113 Pacific Highway, Hornsby. : Buckland, Sir Thomas. ‘Lyndhurst’, Stanley Road, Hunter’s Hill. Buckley, Allen Frank, Box 2505M.M., G.P.O., Sydney. Bullen, Errol, 7 Burrabirra Avenue, Vaucluse. Burgh, Capt. Henry Bertram, 4 Rose Crescent, Mosman. Burrell, Harry, OBE., “Yarrenbool”, 141 Darley Road, Randwick. Camphell. T. G.. c/o CS.1.R., Box 109. Carberra. A.C.T. Campe, A. C., Royal Arcade, George Street, Sydney. Campe, Mrs. A. C., Royal Arcade, George Street, Sydney. 33 Casey, John Patrick, 34 Glebe Road, Glebe, Sydney. Catchlove, F. S. L., 15 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. Catt, John Ward, “Tomah”, Church Street, Carlingford. Cayley, Neville W., 11 Beresford Road, Rose Bay. Chaffer, Norman, 1 Roslyn Avenue, Roseville. Clark, Dr. Ernest D., 749 Military Road, Mosman. Clark, Roland C., 33 Kardinia Road, Mosman. Clarke, Charles Frederick Vincent, Commonwealth Bank, Sydney. Clayton, Charles, 60 Wyong Road, Mosman. Clegg, Walter, 98 Spofforth Street, Cremorne. Clyne, Hon. Daniel, 29 Farleigh Street, Ashfield. Coates, George, c/o Alfred Shaw Pty., Ltd., Flinders Street, Towns- ville, Queensland. Cohen, Sir Samuel S., 11-13 Bond Street, Sydney. Coles, Kenneth Frank, 83 Victoria Road, Bellevue Hill. Comins, Francis. 48 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. Comtesse, Capt. D. L., Tug “Hydra”, Goat Island, Sydney. Cooper, Roy P., 14 Third Avenue, Willoughby. Coppleson, Dr. V. M., 225 Macquarie Street, Sydney. Cormack, Ossian Roy, 3 Effingham Street, Mosman. Cousins, W. G., Angus & Robertson, Ltd.. Sydney. Crossle, Dr. Francis Clements, 229 Macquarie Street, Sydney. Crowley, Valentine, 18 Clanalpine Street, Mosman. Cunningham, Harold Joseph, A.I.F. Sy eres Ok William John, Zoology Department, The University of ydney. Davidson, Charles Robert, Fay’s Limited, Liverpool Street, Sydney. Davies, Miss Joan, 16 Dent Street, Botany. Deakin, Dr. John Edward Ferdinand, ‘“Vindoro’’,, Military Road, Mosman. Denne, David Richard, 25 Woodville Avenue, Wahroonga. Dewhurst, Norman, Box 478 AA., G.P.O., Sydney. Dickson, Dr. J. S., 50 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Doak, Mrs. Mabel A., 114 Belmont Road, Mosman. Doak, Miss J. M., 114 Belmont Road, Mosman. Dobell, Glenn, Box 3828 T, G.P.O., Sydney. Doust, Barton, 5 St. Elmo Street, Mosman. Dovey, John Whitsed, “Lynwood”, Roseville. Duff, Mrs. Agnes Hilda, 109 Wilkins St., Yagoona. Duff, Miss Elizabeth E., 474’Burwood Road, Belmore. Duncan, Grantley A., cr. Cooyong and Pittwater Road. Terrey Hills, via Chatswood. Dunnicliff, Miss Frances, 82 Norfolk Street, Epping. Dunster, Miss C. A., 48 Stanhope Road, Killara. Eccles, Alfred Edward, 31 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. Edwards, Edward Oliver, Cummins Road, Menangle Park. Eipper, Miss E. M., 28 Thompson Street, Mosman. Enright, W. J., West Maitland. Evans, Arthur. Phillipi, 88 Muston Street, Mosman. Evans, Dacre Fitzherbert, 5 Silex Street, Mosman. Evans, Joshua. “@denglassie”, 2 Thompson Street, Mosman. Everitt, Theo Athol, 36 Letitia Street, Oatley. Fairfax, John Hubert, “Elaine”, Edgecliff. Fairfax, John, & Sons, Ltd., Hunter Street, Sydney. Faviell, M. C., Perpetual Trustee Chambers, 33 Hunter Street, Sydney. Fitzhardinge, Miss Julie Goo Redhill Pennant Hills. Francis, Miss Leila Manu, 14 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. Francis, Neville H., 14 Prince Albert Street, Mosman Freame, Mrs. M. E, B., 487 Burwood Road, Glenferrie, E2, Victoria. French, Miss Betty, 2 ‘Havilah Street, Chatswood. Gadsden, Capt. E. J., 7 Greenknowe Avenue, Potts Point. Gadsden, Mrs., 7 Greenknowe Avenue, Potts Point. Gatliff, Henry Ernest, 82 Raglan Street, Mosman. Golding, Miss Maisie, 2 Broderick Street, Balmain. Gordon, Sir Thomas, }4 Bridge Street, Sydney. Graham, Albert Nelson, Department of Mines, Sydney. Grahame, Mervyn Ernest, Technical High School, Lithgow. Halloran, Dr. Garnet, 143 Macquarie Street, Sydney. Hargreaves, Andrew Richardson, 28 Gordon Street, Mosman. Harrison, Frank, 41 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. 34 Hart, Lavington B., 4 Athol Flats, Rickard Avenue, Mosman. Hawley, John, 85 Surrey Street, Darlinghurst. Hawley, Joseph William, 4 Castlereagh Street, Sydney. Hayes, D. J., 1 Watkin Street, Rockdale. Heath, Albert Edward. Shell House, 2 Carrington Street, Sydney. Heath, Gladstone Hodsoll, 3 Thompson Street, Mosman. Heming, J. W., 141 Darling Point Road, Darling Point. Henderson, John Alexander, “Yeronga’, 18 Prince Albert Street, ~ Mosman. Hewitt, George Henry, Park Street, Bellingen. Heyde, Charlies William, Raleigh Park, Kensington. Higgs, A. B., 6a Milton Avenue, Mosman. Huu, A. C. W., 115 Pitt Street, Sydney. Hill, C. F., Taxation Department, Castlereagh Street, Sydney. Hindwood, Keith Alfred, Wingello House, Angel Place, Sydney. Hirst, Arnold Churchill, Box 262D.D., G.P.O., Sydney. Hirst, Edward, 104-114 Clarence Street, Sydney. Hockings, Arthur Thornton, Box 1761, G.P.O., Sydney. Hooke, R. W., 34 Thompson Street, Mosman. Hordern, Anthony, 12 Snring Street, Sydney. Hordern, Lady, “Babworth House”, Darling Point. Howie, Sir Archibald, Box 2116L, G.P.O., Sydney. ‘Iredale, Tom, F.R.Z.S., “Solander’, Queenscliff Road, Manly. Jarvis, R. O., 20 Prince Street, Mosman. Johnson, A. N., 3 St. Elmo Street, Mosman. Johnson, Geoffrey Alan, 546 George Street, Sydney. Johnston, Claude, 3 Major Street, Mosman. Johnston, Cyril D., 10 Little Street, Mosman. Johnston, Peter Robert, R.A.A.F. Jones, Chas. Lloyd, c/o David Jones, Ltd., Sydney. Juchau, Percy James, 13 Macquarie Place, Sydney. Judd, Everard, 24 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Kelly, Thomas Herbert, 39 Hunter Street, Sydney. King, Ambrose, 116 Croydon Road, Croydon. Kirwan, W. T., Angus & Robertson, Ltd., Sydney. feaseron, C. E.; ALF. Laverack, Robert, 77 Middle Head Road, Mosman. Lawson, Albert Augustus, Harden Road, Artarmon. Lee, H. B., Sun Valley, Otford. Leeds, Richard Alan, “Warrana”, Wyandra, Western Line, Queensland. Leithnead, David, 9 Royal Street, Maroubra. Le Souef, Albert Sherbourne, C.M.Z.S., 3 Silex Street, Mosman. Lethbridge, Dr. H. D., “Maranoa,” Narrandera. Lewis, George Owen, c/o Tooth & Co., Kent Brewery, Sydney. Llewelyn, Arthur Stuart, 131-33 Pitt Street, Sydney. Liewellyn, William H., “Ashley”, 20 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. Locke, Dr. Keith Morgan, ‘Warminster’, New Canterbury Read. Petersham. Lockie, Percival Edgar, 67 Hampton Court Road, Kogarah. Longley, G., 17 Bronte Street, Bronte. Lovett, Percy Walter, 1 Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman. Ludowici, C., Burns Bay Road, Wahroonga. MacCulloch, Dr. H. T. C., “Hillcrest”, 76 Boulevard, Lewisham. McFadyen, Miss Ella, 24 Kenilworth Road, Lindfield. Macgregor, Geo. R., 34 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman. McHutchison, M. W., 35 Kardinia Road, Mosman. MacKillop, F. C., ‘“Cumbrae’’, Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman. MacKillop, J. A., F.R.G.S., No. 7 Clutha House, Thrupp Street, Neutral Bay. McLachlan, B., 15 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. McMaster, Sir Frederick Duncan, “Dalkeith’’, Cassilis. McRae, David Beattie, 1 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Maher, James, 47 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Mallard, Henri N., Harrington’s Pty., Ltd., 386 George Street, Sydney. Marks, L. W., 34 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Marr, Sir Charles William Clanan, Telegraph Road, Pymble. Marshall, Capt. A. J., NX281363, Intelligence H.Q., First Aust. Army. Marshall, Dr. Frank, C.M.G., “Harley”, Macquarie Street, Sydney. Maston, William Harold, 21 Jamieson Street, Granville. 35 Mathews, Gregory Macalister, C.B.E., Parliamentary Library, Canberra, A.C.T. (or 100 Coonbarra Road, Wahroonga). Maynard, Ralph, “Live Stock Bulletin,” 39 Park Street, Sydney. wiellor, Walter L., “Stamford”, 437 Forest Road, Penshurst. Middleton, James Thomas, 15 Thompson Street, Mosman. Mills, George Newnham, 14 City Road, Sydney. Milsop, W., Union Bank, 377 George Street, Sydney. Mitchell, Karl A., Yorkshire House, 14 Spring Street, Sydney. Moodie, Capt. Walter, Directorate of Artillery, A.H.Q., Melbourne. Moore, Clifton Wolseley, “Kilrea’’, 11 Stuart Street, Manly. Moore, Harold Hamilton, 8 McIntosh Street, Gordon. Moore, William Robert, 12 Kywong Avenue, Pymble. Morgan, Frederick E., Snow, Eliott Pty., Ltd., 77 York Street, Sydney. Mort, Harold S., 13 Milner Street, Mosman. Murphy, Rev. Peter J., Blessed Sacrament Presbytery, 59 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Murray, R. J., 34 Thornley Street, Marrickville. Muston, H. J., 13-15 O’Connell Street, Sydney, Oatley, Percy A., 4 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. Oberg, Olaf D. A., Gardener’s Road, Mascot. Packer, Lewis, “Melita”, Milton Avenue, Mosman. Palmer, Lynton Edward, 96 Pitt Street, Sydney. Patrick, Capt. James Robert, Scottish House, Bridge Street, Sydney. Patten, R. A., 132 Archer Street, Roseville. Pearson, Richard Browning, “Quantambone’’, Brewarrina. Percy, Dr. C. E., 6 Thompson Street, Mosman. Perry, Leonard John, 16 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Feters, Robert E., 2 Simpson Street, Mosman. Plowman, Claude, 8 Marathon Road, Darling Point. Pockley, Dr. Eric, Avalon Parade, Avalon Beach, N.S.W. Pointon, Mrs. A., “Yantara”’, St. Elmo Street, Mosman. Pollock, Ernest Frederick, “Te Whare”, Carrington Avenue, Strathfield. Romiroys Richard Osborne, c/o Lawrence & Hanson, 33 York Street, ydney. Pope, Miss Elizabeth, 36 Kameruka Road, Northbridge. Powell, John, “Edgarth”, Rangers Road, Cremorne. Pratt, Frederick W., 7 St. Elmo Street, Mosman. Preston, William George, 19, Thompson Street, Mosman. Preston, Mrs. M. R., 19 Thompson Street, Mosman. Prior, Miss E. M., 30 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Prior, K. J., 44 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Pursell, Frank Grenville, 43 Pearl Bay Avenue, Beauty Point, Mosman. Purser, Dr. Cecil, “Ascot”, Grosvenor Road, Wahroonga. Ramsay, John Simeon Pearson, “Kalia’”’, Gale Street, Woolwich. Raper, Leonard Francis, Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney, Ltd., Broadway, Sydney. Raves, Victor Sydney, 92b Pitt Street, Sydney. Reading, Sir Claude, 13 Trelawney Street, Woollahra. Reynolds, Thomas Carter, United Insurance Co., Ltd., cr. George and __Hunter Street, Sydney. Richardson, Harold R., 181 Clarence Street, Sydney. Rickard, Sir Arthur, 11 Lynwood Avenue, Killara. Rigby, Alfred Leslie, 17 Castlereagh Street, Sydney. Robbins, Rev. Samuel Raymond, The Parsonage, Lithgow. Roberts, Mervyn Lloyd, 43 Hannah Street, Beecroft. Roberts, Noel L., Prudential Assurance Building, Martin Place, Sydney. Robertson, Stanley Gladstone Helston, Ellamatta Road, Mosman. Robson, Robert William, Union House, 247 George Street, Sydney. Rofe, T. E., Eldon Chambers, 92 Pitt Street. Sydney. Rogers, Lieut. William James, Box 4155 X., G.P.O., Sydney. Ross, Professor Ian Clunies, Veterinary School, The University, Sydney. Ross, Miss Jean, 5 Stanton Road, Haberfield. Roughley, Theodore Cleveland, B.Sc., F.R.Z.S., Fisheries Department, Chief Secretary’s Department, Sydney. Russell, George Ernest Archer, “Archer Russell’, Collaroy. Sagar, H., 1 Simpson Street, Mosman. Scammell, George V., 17 Fiddens Wharf Road, Killara. Shellshear, Prof. J. N., 14 Raymond Road, Neutral Bay. Sherlock, James Augustus, Box 826G., G.P.O., Sydney (R.A.A:F.). 36 Shipway, Phillip, 133 Pitt Street, Sydney. Shirley, Miss D., 47 Wolseley Road, Mosman. Simpson, W. H., 2 Effingham Street, Mosman. Sims, Albert, 58 Pitt Street, Sydney. Smith, Arthur Kingsford, 369 George Street, Sydney. Smith, C. H., 27 Hunter Street, Sydney. Smith, Mrs. Amy S., Box 45, P.O., Lithgow. Soady, Miss Mary E., c/o Union Trustee Co., 2 O’Connell Street, Sydney. Spain, Ian Alfred Hamilton, 170 Kurraba Road, Neutral Bay. Spears, F., 4 Bridge Street, Sydney. Speirs, John McAllister, 19 Hale Road, Mosman. Spring, David A. H., St. Elmo Street, Mosman. rephens Alfred Ernest, Union Club, Sydney (Box 1158H.H., G.P.O.. Sydney). Stephenson, John Hunter, 4 Ranger’s Road, Cremorne. Stephenson, Morris, 2 Martin Place, Sydney. Stewart, Professor J. Douglas, The University, Sydney. Stinson, E. R. D., 8 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. Street, The Hon. Mr. Justice, 2 Greenoakes Avenue, Edgecliff. Tait, George Edward, 35 Moruben Road, Mosman. Tanner, Charles, Glen Davis, Capertee. Teece, Richard Clive, K.C., 182 Phillip Street, Sydney. Thomas, John, Shellharbour. Thompson Harold, Dr., M.A. D.Sc., “Aquaforte’, Ischia .Street, Cronulla. Thomson, James Stevens, 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Thornthwaite. Ormond Robert, 17 Raglan Street, Mosman. Trebilco, A. E. L., Cherry Street, Warrawee. ‘Lrevenna, G., 54 Nicholson Street, Chatswood. Turner, Oswald Frederick, Haddon Hall, Alfred Street, North Sydney. Van Gooch, Miss Lola, Queen Victoria Museum, Launceston, Tasmania. Vicars, Rokert J., Victoria Road, Marrickville. Vickers, Edward Russell, 9 ‘The Corso, Manly. Vickery, Arthur, 4 Bridge Street. Sydney. Vickery, Ottomar George, The Coal Cliff Collieries, Ltd., 16 Barrack Street, Sydney. Von Drehnen, Otto, “Wyuna’’, Buena Vista Avenue, Mosman. Walker, Egmont Palmer, ‘Colebrook’, Bellevue Road, Double Bay. Ward, Melbourne, F.R.Z.S., “Pasadena’’, Cross Street, Double Bav, Warren, John Donald, 56 Redan Street, Mosman. Weaver, Charles Herbert, 21 David Street, Mosman. Weymark, John N., 26 David Street, Mosman. Wheelwright, A. H., “Rosedale”, Narrawa, via Crookwell. Whitley, P. N., 43 The Crescent. Mosman. Whitley, Mrs. P. N., 43 The Crescent, Mosman. Wilcox, A. C., 3 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. Williams, Amos E., Wyoming, Glenbrook Road, Cooma. Woods, John Lionel Bateman, 50 Prince Albert Street, Mosman. Wright, Harold James, P.O., Box 9, Auburn, N.S.W. - Yardley, H., 10 Great North Road, Five Dock. HONORARY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. Chisholm, Alex. H., F.R.Z.S., “The Herald’ Office, Melbourne, Victoria. Malloch, Dr. J. R., 5635 North 8th Street, Arlington, Va., U.S.A. Mathews, Gregory M. (see Fellows). LIFE ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. Agar, Professor W. E., The University, Melbourne, Victoria. Barkley, William Henry, C.B.E., Redan Street, Mosman. Berney, F. L., c/o Messrs. Archer Bros., Gracemere, Rockhampton. Campbell, John Honeyford, O.B.E., I.S.0., 336 Chapel Street, Ottawa, Canada. Director, Dominion Museum, Wellington, New Zealand. Ellis, Ralph, Jr., 2420 Ridge Road, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A. St Finlay, Dr. Harold John, Geological Survey Office, Wellington, C.1., New Zealand. Hardy, G. H. H., The University, Brisbane, Queensland. Hill, Gerald F., Durras, P.O. Benandarah. Hopkinson, Dr. Emilius, C.M.G., Balcombe, Sussex, England. Houison, J. K. S., 274 Church Street, Parramatta. Jackson Sidney William, c/o J. S. P. Ramsay, 55 George Street North, ydney. : Morrison, Philip Crosbie, M.Sc., 9 Maroona Road, Brighton, S.5. Victoria. Moss-Robinson, Leslie H., Exon Vale, Narara. Thackway, A. E. J., ““‘Wyoming”’, Albyn Road, Strathfield. Thomas, Andrew David, 12 Ci:fton Avenue, Burwood. Wilkinson, John Wrixon, Wood Street, Warwick, Queensland. Williams, Godfrey Herbert, Aberpergwyn, South Weles. Wilson, Professor James Thomas, 24 Millington Road, Cambridge, England. Wright, Phillip A., “Wallamumbi”, Armidale. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. Aguilar, Miss Grace, 350 George Street, Sydney. Albury, A. J., 5 Lenthall Street, Kensington. Allen, F. Elkington, NX 167170, A..F. Barrett, Charles, ‘“Maralena”, Maysbury Street, Elsternwick, Victoria. Barrett, Sir James, 105 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria. Boardman, W., B.Sc., Australian institute of Anatomy, Canberra, A.C.T Border, A. J., Box 1839K., G.P.O., Sydney. Brandon, Miss F., “Heagren’, Cowan Road, St. Ives. Brennan, Frank. Brock, S. R., Central Technical College, Brisbane, Q. Brookes, Albert E., 178 Balmoral Road, Mount Eden, S.2, Auckland, New Zealand. Browne, Mrs. R. B., 113 Pacific Highway, Hornsby. Brownlee, Philip Arthur, 21 Ebsworth Road, Rose Bay, Sydney. Bryce, Mrs. E. J., 47 Nelson Road, Killara. Burgh, Mrs. H. B., 4 Rose Crescent, Mosman. Butters, Miss Elizabeth, 28 Toxteth Street, Glebe. Camp, Charles, 7 Heydon Street, Mosman. Cayley, Neville C., 11 Beresford Road, Rose Bay. Clark, J., National Museum, Russell Street, Melbourne. Clarke, A. E., 4 Elsham Road, Auburn. Clarke, C. F., 41 Crump Street, Mortdale. Clarke, J., 41 Crump Street, Mortdale. Clarke, S., 41 Crump Street, Mortdale. Cleggett, Elsie Mabel (Miss), 9 Hill Street, Coogee. Cleland, Professor J. Burton, The University, Adelaide, South Australia. Cohen, M., 31 Piccadilly Arcade, Sydney. Colefax, Alan, University of Sydney. Coleman, Mrs. Edith, Walsham, Blackburn, Victoria. Cornish, W., 123 Fox Valley Road, Wahroonga. Cornwell, I. L., 28 Park Road, Hunter’s Hiil. Cunningham, Mrs. W. D., 5 Winchester Flats, Stafford Street, Double Bay, Sydney. Cutriss, T., 41 McKern Street, Campsie. Darrell, Herkert, “Bushlands’’, Acres Road, Kellyville. Denning, Miss K., 2 Walz Street, Rockdale. Dibbs, Mrs. George, 26 Dalhousie Street, Haberfield. Dingeldei, Walter Leslie, 12 Elder Street, Lambton. Dixon, Keith M., 1 Borambil Street, Wahroonga. Donald, S., 3 Banks Street, Brighton. Dummett, Stephen, 7 Wellington Street, Arncliffe. English, Miss Kathleen M. I., 7 Dudley Road, Rose Bay. Ferguson, Thomas L., “Rancliff’’, 60 Ocean Street, Woollahra. Fleay, David Howells, c/o Sir Colin Mackenzie Sanctuary, Badger Creek, Healesville, Victoria. Forbes, Dr. Arthur Duncan, Nyngan. Frederickson, C., 48 West. Moreland Street, Glebe. 38 Galley, Ronald Mitchell, A..F. Gannon, Gilbert Roscoe, “Bushlands”, Livingstone Avenue, Pymble. Gannon, Mrs. G. R.., “Bushlands”, Livingstone Avenue, Pymble. Gilbert, Percy A., “Dacelo”, Colin Street, Lakemba. Gostelow, E. E., 86 Consett Street. Concord West. Graham, W. F., 53 Barton Street, Kogarah. Harford, Miss Leone Zoe, 33 Henson Street, Marrickville. Hargreaves, A., 9 Addington Avenue, Ryde. Hargreaves, E., A.I.F. Eigrison, Desmond James, H.D.A., Q.D.D., The Armidale School, Armi- ale Harvey, P. F., 7 Pacific Street, Clovelly. Hindwood, Mrs. K. A., c/o K. A. Hindwood, Angel Place, Sydney. Hummerston, P., 805 New South Head Road, Rose Bay. Jervis, Thomas Henry, 74 Roseville Avenue, Roseville. Johnson, J., 46 West Moreland Street, Glebe. Jones, Lawrence Joseph, A.I.F. Jones, Robert G. M., 129 Queen Street, Woollahra. Jopling, Miss M. W., Public Library, Sydney. Keast, Allen, 313 West Botany Street, Rockdale. Kennedy, Colin, c/o Mrs. Cook, 20 Bapaume Road, Mosman. Kennedy, Miss Grace. 61: Avenue Road, Mosman. Kerr, F., 62 Farr Street, Rockdale. Lackey, Miss Margaret, 427 East Crescent Street, North Sudney: Laseron, John, Australian Military Forces, Darwin. Law, Miss L. E.. 39 Middle Harbour Road, Lindfield. Lawes, L., Manly High School, Manly. Lawther, Miss Jean, 451 Homer Street, Earlswood. Leek, W.. 51 Pacific Avenue, Waitara. Leer, A. E., Cnr. Condamine and Kenneth Streets, Manly. Lewis, F., ‘Fisheries é& Game Office, 605 Flinders Street SPEER CR Melbourne. Lowe, Mrs. Norman E., 56 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Lynn, T., Macpherson Street, Waverley. McCulloch, Miss Daisie, 387 New Canterbury Road, Dulwich Hill. McDonald, R. W., 20 Saville Street, Gore Hill. MacDougall, William Alexander. Box 280. P.O.. Mackay. Queenslana McGill, Arnold Robert, 119 Wollongong Road, Arncliffe. McGrath, Reginald, 10 Lloyd Street, Sans Souci. McIntyre, John Donald, 23 East Crescent Street, McMahon’s Point. McKay, Roy David, The Manse, 17 Wellington Street, Newtown. McKellow, Miss Nellie, “Gumbooya”, Old Pittwater Road, Brookvale. McKie, Rev. E. Norman, St. Columba’s Manse, Guyra. MacKnight, ro 0 O’Connell Street, Sydney. McNeill, Frank A.. Australian Museum, Sydnev. McSwiggan, T. J., 50 Railway Parade, Penshurst. Maher, S., Sir. Joseph Banks Road, Bankstown. Mann, John S., Biological Section, Lands Department;: Sherwood, Brisbane, Queensland. Marriner, Herbert Richard, 83 Woodland Street, Balgowlah. Marshall, John M. J., 27 Paul Street, Waverley. Marshall, L. R., 13 Mary Street, Leichhardt. Mayer, Frederick W. S.. c/o R. P. Maver. Box 27, P.O., Condobolin. Messmer, Mrs. C. A., 64 Treatt’s Road, Lindfield. Millgate, Miss A., 223 Forest Road, Arncliffe. Mitchell, J. M., 37 Hertert Street, Dulwich Hill. Molloy, Mrs. G. J., 22 Gordon Street, Mosman. Nicholas. F.. 19 Edinburgh Road. Willoughby. Nicholls, Walter Dunbar, 12 Cook Street, Lewisham. Northmore, Sir John, Judge’s Chambers. Supreme Court, Perth, W.A. Nubling, Erwin, 9 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, Normanhurst. oes ae W. R. B., 26 Ventnor Street, Seatoun, Wellington, New ealan O’Neill, Miss Constance M., 530 New South Head Road, Double Bay. Ormsby, Anthony Irwin (On Active Service). 40 Orrell, John, Y.M.C.A. Esplanade, Cairns, Queensland. Palmer, John W., Milner Avenue, Hornsby. Paul, Hector George. C/O. Jockel, Matthews Chambers, The Corso, Man y Peir, P. A., 49 Gloucester Street, Rockdale. Probert, L. R., Mia Mia Street, Oatley. Rayment, Tarlton, “Bow-worrung”, Bath Street, Sandringham, Victoria. Rees, W. A., 31 Augusta Road, Manly. Ridley, D ; M., Vale Avenue. Dee Why. Roberts, J. E., 35 Shaftesbury Avenue, Burwood. Scheers, Frederick Augustof, 116 Lansdowne Street, Hurstville. Scott, E., 21 Hurst Street, Arncliffe. Sears, Miss C., 40 Towns Road, Rose Bay. Seaward, William Trotman, “Myala” , scone. Serventy, Dr Dyk eo Marine Biological Laboratory, Cronulla. Sharland, Michael, Directorate of Training, Merton Hall, South Yarra, Victoria. Sharp, J. H., 1 Moore Street, Campsie. Shaw, Desmond Alfred; Eaton Road, West Pennant Hills. Sidney, E. J., 30 Dudley Avenue, Bankstown. Simons, J. E., 49 Hocking Avenue, Earlwood. Simons, Mrs., 49 Hocking Avenue, Earlwood. Smith, Miss Vera Irwin, “Loana’’, Mount Morris Street, Woolwich. Smyth, H., 11 Hamilton Street, Homebush. Steeles, C. E., 70 Bayview Street. Undercliffe. Steeles, E. C., 136 Homer Street, Earlwood. Stowar, A., 8 Chisholm Street, Auburn. Summerley, Miss, 26 Dalhousie Street, Haberfield. Thomas, I. A. M., University, Sydney. Thornley, Miss Gertrude, 37 Auburn Road, Lidcombe. Trewartha. F. J.. Lane & Trewartha. Ltd., Wolfe Street, Newcastle. Turner, Dr. A. Jefferis, F.R.Z.S., Dauphin Terrace, Brisbane, S.1., Queensland. | Walder, C., 71 Culvert Street, Ramsgate. Watkins, G. W., Hansard Staff, Parliament House, Sydney. Weeding, Rev. Benjamin J., 41 Hamely Bridge. South Australia. White, Miss Hilda M., 39a Elizabeth Bay Read, Elizabeth Bay. Whiteley, A., 21 East Crescent, Hurstville. Wills, J. R., 49 Ross Street, Parramatta. Wines, William, Box 48AA., G.P.O., Sydney. Wise, Miss Marv I.. P.O.. Box 53, Sale. Victoria. Witherington, K., 5 Roach Street, Arncliffe. Wood, W. J., 61 Milson Road, Cremorne. Woods, S. W.. 17 Antwerp Street, Bankstown. Woolacott, Mrs. Leone H., c/o Charlie Messengers, Beach Road, Edgecliff. Zoological Board of Victoria, Royal Park, Parkville, Melbourne, N.2. Victoria. 39 he e Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales MEMBERSHIP. (The Society’ s year commences on ist July.) 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(Frogeatt) Wart seins mee 12 /e Sait casas lad. ‘British BocurN ia ® “4 oh 4) yh ‘4 * Ned } 3 : her 32d. ‘ay t we e by ee RE ALE ¥ > ’ ee Ay) a A eases: published ogo A erick thd 'Bodtades |' 413 Aust 5 a Laan “13d.; British sites melee Foreign, 33d.) Sere to oe “nee EE a r, Seale Rash Phy as tah, A? Ail be Mas yas ‘i * thy 1 }. 1 ! : . a, mm i ; ahs ‘s ; : ‘3 ‘ te } ry } f i, } Rt VG | CONTENTS. Mae | wat is ia * 3 is ‘ : ( ; LEONORA | * % J e ts ae r 1 xs. ae ee Ki cy i Bee. : Bis) a * ‘ca A Aas Oe “ Sixty-thira Anta al | Report Ces ” 4 ¢ ar hy ies WES Ey ate ae ay tee fi i’ : , pie oat € 4 q 4 ye , 3 Ja Ry 1, Officers, 1943-44 eet. te ef ne ai ; ie wd 4 . } a, he ee wig oie ft) oe Be ry Tt emg, We y ah me Lyf } Vuh if 7 7 ¥ I * Wire 4 x } F i in f is } ; i “ek Pt é 3 Ate oy yaa ay ry : 4 A + r Thy. 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