PROCEEDINGS

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< New south Wales

for the year 1946.47.

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oyal Zoological

F Published by the Society, 28 Martin Place.

Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales
Established 1879.

Patrons. : a
The Right Honourable Sir John Greig Latham, G.C. M. G. ee
eS pape Sir Philip Woolcott Game, G.B.E., K.C.B., D.S.0. —
eri cass? Tae | "O81 pros 4 “t
ni EE Fo ‘
336460, 7)
ae ee ed A U g% i ; COUNCIL, 1947-48.
A te Soe ae Manes aa Ene fa by : ‘
of he os / President: Frank Marshall, C.M.G., D.D.S.
oa Vice-Presidents:

4 Garnet Halloran, M.D., B.Sce., F.R.C.S. (Ed.), F.R. A. G. s.
Edward John-Lees Hallstrom, F.R.Z.S., ae

Albert Sherbourne Le Souef, C.M.ZS., ane

Emil Herman Zeck.

Monbere ;
Neville W. Cayley, F.R.Z.S. Keith Sere, McKeown,
Norman Chaffer. : E.R. De
Roy Cooper. | Noel te aberts
Aubrey Halloran, B.A., LL.B. he Bes : e vs as

eodore Cleveland Roughley, —
sie a a her fe F.R.ZS., B.Sc, F.RZS. |
James, Rey Ane Oe CUBS: Gite les Gere Troughto :
Charles Francis Laseron. F.R.Z.8., C.M.Z. at ‘
Officers: | «

Honorary Secretary: Theo Athol Everitt.
Honorary Treasurer: Phillip Shipway. ;
Honorary Editor: Gilbert Percy Whitley, F.R.Z.S.
Honorary Librarian: Percival Edgar Lockie. =

Assistant Hovorary Secretary: Mrs. B. Irving. Ea
Honorary Auditor: Robert John Stiffe, F.C.A. (Aust.).

OFFICERS OF SECTIONS (1947- 48).

Aviowitirnl: Settion. : Budgerigar Section. :

Chairman: A. H. Brain. Chairman: H, Yardley.
Hon. Secretary: R. W. Stewart. Hon. Sree E. H. ‘Hern

Marine Zoological Section. sheen Sy a a
Chairman: Mrs. L. H. Woolacott. Ornithological Se

Hon. Secretary: Miss ‘Winifred Chale : Roy, TcoErr
Crofts. | : Hon. Secretary: A. R.

Royal Loological Society
of New South “(Qales

The Sixty-seventh Annual Meeting was held at Taronga Zoological
Park, Mosman, on Saturday, 26th July, 1947, at 3 p.m. One hundred and
seventy members were present. The Honorary Secretary read the

SIXTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

Membership.—On the 30th June, 1947, the total membership of the
Society numbered 672, consisting of 1 Endowment member, 4 Associate
Benefactors, 8 Honorary members, 37 Life members, 470 Ordinary
members, 19 Life Associates, 3 Honorary Associates and 130 Associate
members.

Part of the increase in the ordinary membership is the result of a
new agreement made with the Taronga Park Trust during 1946, whereby
the Society controls the issue of all season tickets for admittance to the
Zoological Park. Removals from the Register of Members during the year
totalled 54; resignations 18, deaths 4, and 32 in terms of Article 9.

Council.—Eleven meetings of Council were held during the year, with
an average attendance of 13. During the year Mr. Tom Iredale, who so
ably took over the Hon. Secretaryship following the death of Mr. Basset
Hull, resigned from Council and the Secretaryship, and Mr. T. A. Everitt
was appointed to fill the vacancy.

Sections.—Interest has been maintained throughout the year by those
members who take an active part in the scientific aspect of the Society.
Each section has held its regular monthly meetings and all report
satisfactory progress. The Annual Reports and Syllabus for 1947-48
indicate that the present happy state of affairs should continue in the
future.

Fellows.—Mr. Edward J. L. Hallstrom was elected a Fellow of the
Society in appreciation of his unremitting efforts on behalf of Australian
Zoology and the Society.

Hosnorary Member.—In recognition of his untiring efforts in furthering
the interests of the Society, Mr. Tom Iredale has been elected an Honorary

Member.

Hon. Editor.—Mr. G. P. Whitley has taken up the appointment of
Honorary Editor and will be happy to receive contributions for either the
“Australian Zoologist” or the ‘“‘Proceedings’’.

Publications.—The “Proceedings” for 1945-46 was issued on the 30th
October, 1946, and since that date a further part of the ‘“‘Australian
Zoologist’” has been received from the printers.

At present the Hon. Editor is collecting material for Part 3, the
printing of which is listed for early 1948.

The second (revised) edition of Mr. K. McKeown’s “Australian

Insects” is in the bookbinders’ hands.

Unfortunately, Part I of “Fishes of Australia”, by G. P. Whitley, is

now out of print and the question of a new edition has not yet been

1

FEB 16 194g

considered. Mr. Whitley is preparing Part 2 of this work and it is hoped
to place the order for printing early in the new year.

Library.—A complete set of new bookcases was installed during the
year and it is the Council’s intention to proceed with the binding of a
great number of the publications received on an exchange basis from

overseas.

Members may be interested to know that the Society conducts exchanges
with 139 kindred organizations, the majority of which are domiciled outside

Australia.

During the year a most valuable contribution to the library was.
received from Mr. C. F. Laseron—a complete set of the Reports of the
British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Expedition.

Mr. Lockie, the Hon. Librarian, has been busily engaged in cataloguing
the books on hand, and it is hoped that shortly the library facilities will be
available <o all members.

Finance.—The finances of the Society continue in a healthy state, as
will be seen from the balance-sheet presented by the Hon. Treasurer.

The Hon. Treasurer presented the balance-sheet for the year 1947-48.
(See page 4).

Mr. F. G. Purcell, a Taronga Park Trustee and Chairman of the
Sydney County Council, moved the adoption of the Annual Report and
Balance Sheet. The speaker stated that it was most gratifying to see the
increase in membership and the healthy state of the Society’s finances. It
was pointed out that the Society and the Taronga Park Trust had a big
job ahead in the preservation of our fauna and the education of the people
to a true appreciation of the animal and bird life of the world, and the
Commonwealth in particular.

A resume of the work of the Commonwealth Conference of Zoos was
given and the important work being done by Zoological Parks was stressed,
particularly in regard to the preservation of the rarer species. It was
considered that the establishment of sanctuaries, both private and State,
would assist greatly.

Finally, Mr. Purcell urged that all members interest themselves in the
education of children in natural history and kindred subjects. He was
sure that by improving the curriculum of the schools, a love of our native
fauna could be fostered, and with this end in view gave warning of a
motion to be brought forward during general business.

Mr. E. H. Zeck seconded the motion, which was carried by acclamation.

A ballot for the election of six members to Council resulted in Messrs.
T. A. Everitt, A. Halloran, E. J. L. Hallstrom, J. R. Kinghorn, C. F.
Laseron and P. Shipway being returned

The President then declared the meeting open for general business,
and the following motion by Mr Purcell was placed before the members:—

“(1) That this Annual Meeting of the Royal Zoological Society of
New South Wales, in the interests of the preservation of our
native fauna, affirm in principle the desirability of inculcating
in the minds of children at an early age a greater knowledge and
love of our native animals and birds and those of other
countries.

“(2) It is further resolved that with a view to the implementation of
the above, the Council of the Society is asked to arrange for a
deputation to wait upon the Minister for Education, the Hen.
R. J. Heffron, M.L.A., with a request that a greater measure

dL

of instruction be given to children in primary public schools
relating to the fauna of Australia and other countries.

(3) The Council is also requested to invite other interested bodies
with kindred ideas, such as the Taronga Park Trust, Parents &
Citizens’ Associations and the Bird Lovers’ League to join the
deputation”’.

The mover stressed the need of improved and increased facilities for
nature study in schools, and in this was supported by Mr. Hallstrom, who
seconded the motion.

It was stated that the destruction of our native fauna was constant
and appalling, but he believed that such was done through ignorance,
which, with the proper educative methods, could be eliminated.

This motion was carried on the voices and will now be referred to
Council for the necessary action.

The President, Dr. Frank Marshall, C.M.G., D.D.S., then delivered
the Presidential Address. (See pages 6-10).

Mr. A. Halloran, in moving a vote of thanks to the President, spoke
of Dr. Marshall’s untiring efforts on behalf of the Society during the past
-two years. He also emphasised the need of greater protective measures
throughout the Commonwealth to overcome the slaughter of our native
fauna. Tribute was paid to His Excellency the Governor-General, Mr.
W. J. McKell, for his assistance and interest while Premier of New South

Wales.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1947-48.

President: Dr. Frank Marshall, C.M.G., D.D:S.

Vice-Presidents: Dr. Garnet Halloran, Messrs. E. J. L. Hallstrom,
A. S. Le Souef, and E. H. Zeck.

Honorary Secretary: Mr. T. A. Everitt.
Honorary Treasurer: Mr. Phillip Shipway.
Honorary Editor: Mr. G. P. Whitley.
Honorary Librarian: Mr. P. E. Lockie.
Honorary Assistant Secretary: Mrs. B. Irving.

Honorary Auditor: Mr. R. J. Stiffe, F.C.A. (Aust.).

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 30/6/47

(SUBJECT TO AUDIT).

£
General A/c.:
Ralance at

30/6/46

Net Income
for Year . 4

Furniture &
Equipment
purchas ed
during year
ale CORE |.

192

Publication A/c.:
Balance at

30/6/46 2491
Net Loss
for year 114
Building A/c.:
Balance at
30/6/46 717
Net Income
for Year 31

Ss.

14

14

ACCUMULATED FUNDS.
d.

g Seo ale
TAS Ove)
229 fe 1 OF

Heaton Mey XS)

£4499 14 6

ASSETS.

General A/c.:
Furniture &
Equipment
at Cost
Cassin tim
Bank. less
Outstanding
Cheques

Cash
Hand

on

Publication A/c.:
C’wealth &
Met. Water
Sewerage
& Drainage
Bd. Bonds
Stock and
Debentures
at Cost

CASI iia
Bank, less
Outstanding
Cheques

Gagsin wim
Hand

Building A/c.:

1437

36

2060

C’ wealth
Bonds Zi {2
Cost 700
Cagin aim
48

Bank

Ste
8267
Doty
473 Oe aay
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2
US 7 2
pA Tee lO) Ge
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Jars W7
24499" 146

26th July, 1947.

PHILLIP SHIPWAY,

Hon. Treasurer.

REVIEWS.
THE LIGH TEST. FISH.

**A Study of a Collection of the Fish Schindleria from South Pacific Waters’’,
by Anton Fr. Bruun: Dana-Report No. 21, 1940, just received in

Australia.

Anglers frequently vie with one another to catch the heaviest fish,
but in this scientific monograph Dr. A. F. Bruun goes to the more modest
extreme to treat of Schindleria, the lightest fish in the world. Originally,
fishes referred to this genus were thought to be “larval” garfishes which
were sexually adult when less than one inch long, an extraordinary contra-
diction in terms. Although rather like a young garfish in general shape,
Schindleria belongs to a family all its own with no known near relatives.

Dr. Bruun visited Sydney aboard the “Dana” with Professor Johannes
Schmidt nearly twenty years ago and then netted a large number of Pacific
Schindleria. Two examples of S. praematurus were caught off the New
South Wales coastline and thus constitute a remarkable addition to the
Australian fauna. Dr. Bruun considers there is a possibility that these

curious tiny pelagic fishes may be viviparous.

Certain Gobies from Luzon, in the Philippines, are the smallest living
vertebrate animals, Pandaka, at its longest, being. only 11 mm., but
Schindleria is by far the lightest, having a maximum weight of 8 mg.—

G.P.W.

“Gliders of the Gum Trees. The Most Beautiful and Enchanting Australian
Marsupials”, by David Fleay. Melbourne (Bread and Cheese Club),
1947. Price 10/6.

One of the most delightful little books ever published that should
appeal to everyone interested in the Australian Fauna. The author is
already well known for his life studies of animals in the field and in the
Badger Creek Sanctuary, of which he is the Director. The present little
book deals with only a small restricted class and gives an excellent account
of their life-histories; illustrations taken by the author provide an easy
guide to the creatures he is writing about. The text is authoritative as well
as delightfully written so that, while anyone can read it with pleasure and
profit, it becomes also a help to the most scientific worker. As a production
it deserves nothing but praise and. to use the best known cliche of the
reviewers, it should be in the hands of everyone interested in the slightest
degree in our Fauna. Everyone reading it will learn something. The
Bread .and Cheese Club must also be complimented for the set-up and
publication of this intriguing little volume.—T_lI.

Presidential Address

THE TEETH OF ANIMALS.
By Frank Marshall, C.M.G., D.D.S.

Permit me to address a few words to you upon what appears to me
some of the objects of our Society, and methods of carrying them into
effect. I see many members here present who, from their more extended
knowledge of every branch of the Zoology from which we take our name,
are much more competent than myself to perform this task to your
satisfaction and upon some one of them I could wish it had devolved; but
as your kindness placed me in the Chair, I will endeavour to fulfil this part
of my official duty to the best of my abilities. I must, therefore, solicit
your indulgence for any imperfections of style or matter that may strike
you in this address.

Zoology may be regarded as including several provinces, in every one
of which our knowledge is at present far from perfect, and therefore,
contributions upon every subject which they include, as your taste and turn
of mind may lead you, provided there is no waste of time and talent on
what is trivial and uninteresting, or has been thoroughly investigated, will
be acceptable and valuable.

There is one of these provinces that I think ought to stand high in
the esteem of every Zoologist—I mean the study of the fauna of his own
country. A knowledge of our indigenous fauna is the first desideratum
in our science.

An important object of our Society with regard to indigenous Zoology
is this—that insulated observations made by individuals upon the habits
and economy of animals may not be lost. Few persons have an opportunity
of tracing the whole proceedings and life of any species of animal; but at
most everyone has it in his power to relate some interesting trait or record,
some illustrative anecdote of the beings that he beholds moving around
him in every direction. None of these fragments should be lost, since each
may lead to important conclusions, and the whole, concentrated, may often
form a tolerable comment and throw great light on some perplexing
theme of nature. Under their head I may observe that peculiar care and
caution are requisite in noting the habitats and food of animals since great
mistakes have arisen and have been propagated by high authority from
observations being too hasty in forming their opinions on this subject.

What further observations I have to submit for your consideration
will relate to Zoology in general and involve teeth in particular.

There is probably no geographical region in the world that so justly
commands the attention of the naturalist as Australia. In nearly every
department of Zoology it yields forms and features represented, if at all,
elsewhere in the surface of the globe, only by long extinct fossil types.

The fauna of Australia is of peculiar interest, viewed altogether apart
from those phenomena which appear to justify our regarding that territory
as the isolated residuum of an interrupted Continent. As an indirect but
collateral outcome of that interpretation, it is found that Australia can
lay claim to the possession within its boundaries of a fauna that yields the
palm to no other one of the earth’s surface.

It would be unwise to attempt to deliver to this representative gathering
of people interested in the love of animal life and desirous of knowledge

6

on every phase of it a learned account of Comparative Dental Anatomy.
But I am sure you will all listen to the general items relative to Teeth of

Animals.

Probably the extinction of many groups of animals has been due to
teeth trouble through over specialisation. Thus, according to evolution,
there has been a gradual ascent from the lowest invertebrate forms to the
highest mammals. There are no teeth, as we understand them, in the
Invertebrate Animals, though many structures are popularly known as teeth,
sometimes on account of their shape, and others on account of their use.
Even as we to-day grant teeth to inanimate objects such as combs, rakes, etc.

Thus teeth are commonly used in shells, sometimes for the appearance
of the edges of the shells as in the case of Saws, but also for the peculiar
adaptation for rasping the animals have developed. But these have nothing
to do with Vertebrate Teeth, which are in the jaws and composed of dental
tissues, and used for seizing, holding and crushing their food, animal or
vegetable. The kinds of teeth for the different purposes are now specialised,
but their origin can be traced to simple teeth and their construction also
well understood.

As none of the invertebrates possesses teeth, the study will begin with
the lowest forms of vertebrates. Therefore, beginning with fishes, we may
glance at the teeth formation and usage in the larger groups, and note how
the shape and structure are bound up with the life of the animal. We will
see similar structure in some of the groups and note how convergence has
acted, yet find essential distinctive characteristics in each class. Thus every
specialist can at once determine if a solitary tooth belongs to his group, a
very important matter in the science of Palaeontology or Fossil remains,
when sometimes the tooth is the only survival of the extinct animal.

There is also another point to be remembered in regard to the
consideration of the comparative anatomy of the teeth, in the fact that
such a study enlarges a man’s scientific train of thought, and by bringing
before him facts and fancies connected with the development and growth
and uses of the dental apparatus of fishes, reptiles and mammals, leads
him to the earnest contemplation of the romances and histories of the
fauna of the world as seen either from an ecological or artificial standpoint.

The attentive consideration of the lives and doings of animals is surely
a most alluring occupation. The functions and uses of the teeth are very
varied and very manifold.

Various attempts have been made to classify those organized bodies
endowed with life and voluntary movements which are known as animals:
from the time of Aristotle (B.C. 350) to the present day. legis ehirs
evident that several classifications exist. None is strictly accurate: all are
open to objection.

Tee is remarkable, but nevertheless true, that in spite of much anatomical
and physiological knowledge of the teeth, it is impossible to give an accurate
definition of them.

Teeth are important and interesting structures on account of their
usefulness in the prehension and mastication of food, the great variation
they exhibit in the different group of vertebrate (backboned) animals and
the wonderful examples they afford for the study of adaptation. As they
are the hardest of the animal tissues, teeth are frequently preserved in the
fossil state when the rest of the skeleton has crumbled into dust, and on
this account the study of teeth is of great importance to the palaeontologist,
whose task it is to describe and reconstruct for us animals of the past.

In Man, who is omnivorous, living on both a vegetable and a meat
diet, the incisors are adapted for cutting, the canines for tearing and the
back teeth for crushing, grinding and macerating, so that the loss of any
one of them destroys to some extent their organization, and upsets occlusion

7

and at times digestion. In Man, teeth also aid in speech and are of
aesthetic value.

In Mammals, there are many varieties of teeth adapted to the different
forms of food upon which the creatures exist.

In Herbivorous animals, the cheek teeth are broad-topped, roughened
and adapted for preparing their rough fibrous diet.

In Carnivora, the cheek teeth are sectorial or blade-like, and adapted
for cutting up the diet into portions, which are swallowed whole.

In Insectivora, the cheek teeth have a number of small sharp-pointed
cusps and are thus adapted for crushing the chitinous covering of the
insects.

Uses of Teeth.

Teeth vary in form according to their usage. Referring to ourselves,
we note that we possess biting teeth and masticating teeth, neither of them
very efficacious. But in nature every animal must depend on itself and
its teeth are excellently adapted to their function. This is supported by
their internal organs again suited to their work, so that while a dog has
sharp teeth and gulps the torn meat, it also crushes the bones and _ its
stomach does the rest. A cow crops grass and chews it slowly and even
repeatedly and then its internal organs continue with the work.
Consequently we cannot alter the diet of a dog or cow so that the former
could live on grass and the latter on meat and bones, or the animals would

die.

Teeth of Fishes.

Fishes are regarded as the lowest form of Vertebrata, not including
Teleoste1 as such. They are cold-blooded vertebrates, living in water and
thus breathing by means of gills, not lungs. (In the Lungfishes, which
have been regarded as related more to the next group, lung-like organs are
present, but they never become complete lungs). The skeleton in the
Sharks and Rays, which are classed as Fish-like animals, is cartilaginous,
never ossifying, but in the true Fishes is bony, and the bones are of peculiar
structure, resembling dentine rather than bone. The majority of fishes
possess scales on their bodies and these scales vary in structure, but placoid
scales consist of both enamel and dentine. The skull structure differs
greatly throughout the class and necessarily so also do the teeth. Thus
sometimes the upper jaw is prolonged, at others the lower, sometimes both
into a long slender beak. The teeth take on adaptational function, mostly
being used merely for seizing and holding their prey, which is swallowed
whole; but crushing teeth are also found. The teeth are usually attached
by anchyloses, not fitted into the jawbones. Succession is usually continu-
ous, the teeth erupting at the sides, vertically, or from behind. The form
and number of teeth are variable, as the teeth may be rod-shaped, conical,
triangular, or wedge-shaped. In some creatures the teeth are luminous, but
the purpose of this is as yet unknown. In the teeth, all the dental tissues
may be present, cementum is generally absent, and enamel reduced to a
mere varnish.

Teeth of Amphibia.

Amphibians are also cold-blooded vertebrates, devoid of scales, and as
the name indicates, capable of life in and out of water. They come
between Fishes and Reptiles, and are now merely a small degenerate class.
Generally they have numerous teeth, but there is no rule as some Toads
are edentulous, as of course the Tadpole, the juvenile stage of the Frog, is.
But the latter shows horny plates covering the jaws with horny spines on
the tips. These horny plates are shed before the teeth of the mature animal
erupt in the upper jaw, the lower jaw being edentulous. These teeth consist
of hard dentine with a varnish of enamel.

8

Teeth of Repiilia.

At one time in the age of the earth Reptiles ruled, and having few
enemies, grew to excessive size, so that climatic change and more progressive
smaller forms caused their extinction. They came up out of the water and
became land-living, breathing air by means of lungs, though most retained
an affection for water. The few that remain show this same liking. The
existing forms show variety as Turtles and Tortoises, Crocodiles, etc.,

Lizards and Snakes.

Turtles and Tortoises are edentulous, but according to Rose. have an
early tooth band, but have developed beaks with hard thorny casings to
take the place of teeth.

On the other hand, Crocodiles have an endless succession of teeth,
variable in size, usually sharp and conical. The teeth are still attached by
anchylosis, erupting into the same places as their predecessors. In some
forms the teeth interlock when the mouth is closed, specialised teeth in the
lower jaws biting into deep notches on the side of the muzzle. The teeth
are usually composed of hard orthodentine, with a thin coat or tip of
enamel.

In the Lizards there is a single row of teeth, round or pointed cones,
in each jaw.

Everybody knows, and most fear, Snakes, on account of their legless
sliding habits and poisonous nature. Some few present may disagree and
claim they like Snakes, but these are in the great minority, the general
dislike having descended from Adam on account of Eve’s betrayal by the
Serpent. It is also well known that it is through the teeth that the fatal
poison is injected into the victim.

However, many Snakes do not use this method of killing, but depend
on their strength, crushing their victims to death. Consequently, teeth
vary in form, those of the latter lacking the specialised grooving or canali-
culation of the poison-carrying forms. Pythons, for instance, have one row
ot teeth in the lower jaw and two rows in the upper, all recurved for simple
prehension as snakes do not masticate their food. It may be noted that
the lower jaw is very elastic at the symphysis so that the victim can be held
and swallowed whole. In the poisonous Snakes certain teeth are specialised
by means of a groove, along which the poison flows from a duct above.

Teeth of Birds.

Like the famous Chapter on Snakes in Ireland, there are none. A
rudimentary tooth band has been recorded in a recent bird, but extinct
bird-like creatures show teeth in the jaws. It is commonly stated that birds
agree so closely in all essential features with Reptiles that they may be said
to be merely extremely modified aberrant reptilians. Amongst the Reptiles
we have noted that Turtles, Crocodiles, Lizards and Snakes are included,
and it is ridiculous to compare any feathered creature with these unlovely
(with apologies) creatures.

It is now being more or less agreed that they are not closely related
and that the early comparisons were made through ignorance rather than
knowledge.

Anyhow, the toothless bird is very unlike the tooth-bearing Reptiles,
and in this feature no comparison can be made. Moreover, these are the
first of the vertebrates that have developed warm blood and generally taken
to a land and air living habitat.

Teeth of Mammals.

We have now reached the limit of development on earth in the warm-
blooded vertebrates with which Man himself is associated. But, excluding
Man, there is still a variety of Mammals from the Ornithorhynchus upward.

9

All show teeth, though some apparently edentulous forms occur, and it
may be noted that in the classification of these forms the variation in teeth
form has been greatly utilised, though it is scarcely as variable as in some
of the lower classes, having reached a more stable stage. There is no time
even to glance at the variety, but a few notes may be given. Thus in the
Ornithorhynchus there are no teeth, merely horny plates which perform
the same function, but in the baby signs of teeth may be seen which do not
eventuate. Then in the Marsupials, Australia’s fossil relics, the teeth show
as much variety as in the more specialised Mammalia proper, while possessing
some peculiarities of their own. Thus one of them, Marsupial Ant-eater,
shows the greatest number of true teeth in any Mammal, namely, fifty-two
of complicated structure. (In the porpoises there are sometimes more than
this number, but they are all of simple form). Others show grass-eating
teeth, that is, front cutting teeth with back grinding teeth; some have
carnivorous style, that is, front teeth for seizing and tearing, back teeth for
crushing and so on.

It is this specialisation in teeth form that has led to the evolution and
disappearance of animals throughout the ages. An animal has evolved a
set of teeth to agree with its environment and has lived long and happily
without interference, so that its whole economy was encircled by its environ-
ment and climate. Through unexpected causes, the climate and
environment are changed and the animal is unable to alter its teeth and
their usage and has consequently to die out. In most cases the animal has
been so little disturbed in its career that it has grown large and unwieldy
and lost its mobility. The smaller mobile animals move and survive the
change, but they in their turn share the same fate and so the world has
developed.

Man, to-day, is the dominant type of animal life due to the development
of his mental capacity, not to his physical strength, and that mentality has
allowed him supreme mobility so that he can change his environment and
climate and still survive.

Aboriginal Man.

The aboriginal population of Australia, such of it as did survive, is of
itself a standing monument to the high antiquity of that country’s fauna
—as is conceded by the common consent of experts in ethnology.

I may just draw attention to the fact that the Aborigines had mostly
well developed teeth. Through their choice, or lack of choice, they ate
food which did not cause dental caries and this never seemed to create fat
either, as, generally speaking, the nomads are thin. In recent years they
have been controlled and better fed with our civilised foods and their teeth
have suffered as their more civilised brothers’ have. Dental caries of
civilised teeth is attracting great attention in the Dental World and maybe
a preventive will be found. Once the source of dental caries is known—
it may be that there are many sources—a remedy will be discovered, and
already there is hope.

No one would advocate that we should to-day abandon our European
diet, and to-morrow adopt a diet of the primitive aborigines. Nevertheless,
I feel that in Australia we still have an opportunity of obtaining a great
deal of scientific information from the dietetic angle by more. extended
investigation into the aboriginal diet.

10

THE LATE G. Hh. LONGLEY.

An Appreciation by Ella McFadyen.

The Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, and in a less
personal degree Australian naturalists in general, suffered a severe loss
when George H. Longley, for many years identified with the Marine and
General Section of the Society, passed away suddenly at his Waverley home
on July 22nd, 1947.

To the casual acquaintance he appeared simply as a man with a hobby,
which he pursued with an absorption bordering on devotion. Those
privileged to know him and work with him, recognised in him the true
spirit of research. An amateur herpetologist, without any of the rewards,
stimulants or aids attending on an official status in science, he amassed by
patient and precise research a great deal of essential information respecting
Australian lizards. When a full survey of this subject is at last prepared,
his notes will have contributed largely to the general body of exact
information.

A colleague has borne witness to his capacity for detail. The present
writer had ample evidence of his unfailing patience. Equipped with these
two virtues and a scientific training, he was highly successful in his vivarium
experiments with the acclimatisation and breeding of our lizards. He was
the first ever to exhibit the young of the Hemisphaeriodon, and had success
in producing interesting hybrid forms of the Tiliquae.

He was an inspiration and guide to young nature students, generously
sharing his information with others, and many of our naturalists will look
back in future years to the help they received from one to whom the work
was everything, the reward (save in the esteem of friends) nothing.

Mr. Longley was born at Bradford, Yorkshire, and became a student
of Macclesfield and later at Ilkley Grammar School. Biology always held
a strong attraction for him and he attended lectures at Leeds University,
and spent twelve months at the Marine Biological Station, Plymouth.

From earliest boyhood he was an earnest observer and collector of
animal life, and acquired skill as a taxidermist, carefully mounting the
casualties from his vivarium. His attention was early turned to Australia
by his desire to possess an Australian carpet snake, catalogued at five
pounds. However, the most self-denying economy known to schoolboy
finance, coupled with a sanguine estimate of possible birthday tips, could
mot envisage such great expenditure, and in the end he compromised with
an Indian python at three pounds. But the discipline of self-denial, in
connection with his work, remained characteristic of the man throughout

his life.

Had a position enlisted him in some scientific institution, there is no
doubt that science would have gained a recruit tireless in his capacity for
research. As it was, family circumstances steered the young man into a
commercial groove and business and pleasure took separate paths.

Early in 1911, and soon after he had married, Mr. Longley left
England, where business prospects were declining, and, after a brief stay
in New Zealand, settled in Sydney. With a heavy heart he had had to
disperse his collection of snakes and lizards and to part with “‘Satan’”’, his
treasured alligator. Characteristically, he began in Sydney to build up a
vivarium again, devoting his week-ends and every moment of what would
have been leisure, to construction and enlargement, upkeep and tending of
his “lizard farm”. He was unable to resume his former enthusiastic study
of snakes—a matter of regret to him.

Circumstances did not favour his taking up field work—the joy of the

Wl

native-born naturalist. He obtained his specimens by purchase, or later
on by exchange, his success in breeding keeping up a good supply of young
stock. He could not bring himself to sell his creatures, though he enriched
several zoological collections, and many private friends, with his gifts. He
not only studied his creatures; he loved them. A death in the vivarium
was a personal grief, while the happy birth of a batch of lusty youngsters
would send him hotfoot in search of some sympathetic friend with whom
to share the tidings.

Readers of “Proceedings” will remember his frequent contributions on
our lizard fauna, and the detail and accuracy of his notes, which in every
case avoided the least shadow of conjecture or over-statement. He had
proposed a handbook of vivarium-keeping and was a nominee for election
to the Council of our Society.

Mr. Longley is survived by his wife, son and two young grandsons, to
whom is tendered the sympathy of a wide circle of appreciative colleagues
and fellow naturalists—a far wider circle, possibly, than our late friend,
with his inherent modesty, ever supposed himself to possess.

The late G. H. Longley with the Gould’s
Monitor of which he wrote for these
“Proceedings ’.

—Photo: E. Worrell.

Reports of Sections

AVICULTURAL SECTION.

ANNUAL REPORT.

In presenting the Annual Report for the year ending 30th June, 1947,
TI have the honour to report that during the year only six monthly meetings
were held, the other six having lapsed for the want of a quorum. The
attendance at each meeting held was twelve, including visitors. Members
were entertained by four lectures, namely:

Mr. L. C. Webber: ““Ten Years with the Cayleyna picta’’,
Mr. E. F. A. Worrell: “Through Northern Australia’,

Mr. R. W. Stewart: “How to Construct and Operate a Bird
Hospital’, and

Mr. E. Hargraves: “My Travels Through South Africa” (in two
parts).

Apart from the last two months, attendances at the lectures were most
disappointing, and not at all encouraging to those who come along to
entertain the members. Monthly notices of the meetings have been sent
to members during the past two months with good results, and I shall
continue to send monthly notices with the hope that they may have the
desired results. Members might give more attention to their reports of
aviary doings from month to month. The publicity side of the activities
of the Section might get a brush up this year, and so publicize the work
of this Section in the “Bird World’’, a widely read paper now. I would
remind members that the matter of amending the “Cruelty to Animals Act”’
is again receiving attention; this time the push is coming from the
R.S.P.C.A. and members might busy themselves in getting in touch with
their local Member of Parliament and persons connected with the Depart-
ment dealing with same, with a view to protecting fanciers’ interests
generally, and the avicultural world in particular. Let’s all just try a wee
bit harder to build up our Section so that interest will grow and the
attendances at the monthly meetings will become more stable and reassuring.
In conclusion, I feel I must mention this fact, how seldom we see any of
the Officers of our parent body during the year—RICHARD W.
STEWART, Hon. Secretary.

BUDGERIGAR SECTION.

ANNUAL REPORT.

During the year ending June, 1947, the Section has continued its
efforts to popularise the Budgerigar, and the increase in exhibits at the
Elaine Show, and the shows held by kindred societies to date, has given
ample proof that the Budgerigar is gradually coming into its own again.

The attendance at the 12 meetings held totalled 198, giving an average
’ of a little over 16 each meeting. This is much better than last year, when
the average was 12.

The year brought in several new members, to add to the very
substantial number of people who are already devoted to the Budgerigar
cult.

13

The following are particulars of lectures helding during the year:—
Mr. R. Cooper: Slides depicting bird life, nesting habits, etc.
Mr. S. Maher: Lecture on the Budgerigar.
Mr. C. G. Gostelow: Exhibition of paintings of Australian Eagles and
Wrens.
Mr. Camp: Talk on trip to New Guinea in search of Birds of Paradise.
Mr. E. J. Hallstrom: Lecture on black Cockatoos and Macaws.
Mr. C. G. Gostelow: Pictures of Barrief Reef and Yarrangobilly Caves
District.
Mr. R. Cooper: Slides on Bird life on the Barrier Reef.
Mr. N. Chaffer: Coloured films of Bird Life on Barrier Reef and also
National Park.

The Section is indebted to these gentlemen for having given their
time and the benefit of their knowledge and labour to the Section, and the
oppertunity is again taken to thank them sincerely for the pleasure of
these lectures and pictures.

Young Bird Table Shows: Two Table Shows were held during the
year, at one of which the best bird was exhibited by Mr. J. Swinfield, and
at the other by Mr. J. Vance.

Eleventh Annual Lawn Show: This was held at the residence of Mr.
and Mrs. J. Hubert Fairfax, in Double Bay, on Saturday, 22nd February.
The Show attracted a record number of entries, 233, from a record number
of exhibitors, 24. Practically all classes of birds were freely shown, and it
was noticed that Greywings were more numerous than usual.

The total expenditure in cash prizes and trophies was £41/19/1, which
compares very favourably with the large Societies.

The most important trophy, from the point of view of exhibitors, i.e.,
the Elaine Trophy, was won by Mr. H. Yardley, who, with Mr. Swinfteld
(last year’s winner), now has a “leg in” for the permanent possession of
this desired trophy. The best bird in the open classes was also exhibited
by Mr. Yardley.

The award for best young bird went to Mr. Swinfield, with Mr.
Yardley as the runner-up; and the President’s Trophy was won by Mr.
G. Barnett.

The Show, from the financial view, was very successful, there being a
substantial credit towards next year’s event.

Once again the Section is indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Fairfax for the
loan of their home for the staging of this event in appropriate surroundings
and also for the provision of afternoon tea for exhibitors and visitors.

Our thanks are also due to Mr. E. J. Hallstrom for his very substantial
donation which, it is felt, assisted materially in making the show an
outstanding success.

The Section is also indebted to the Ornithological Society for
generously allowing the Section the use of staging; had this not been
available, some difficulty would have been experienced in staging the Show.

We are also indebted to Messrs. Maher, Catt, and Marshall for giving
up their time to the judging of the birds which, it must be agreed, was
carried out in a very able manner.

It is felt that the Show arrangements could be improved by the
appointment of a Show Committee well in advance of the Show date, and
also by the provision of transport from Central Station for birds received
from outside the metropolitan area. These matters are receiving the
attention of the Section.

In concluding the report, it is felt that, successful as has been the past
year, the next year will see an even greater success in the Budgie world.—

E: H. HERNFIELD, Hon. Secretary.
14

MARINE ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Marine Section, with which is incorporated the Snake and Lizard
Section, has had a very happy and successful year, resulting in increased
Beeneshin and a growing enthusiasm in both groups. The latter section
particularly has been responsible for a great variety of exhibits of
remarkable and “‘lively” interest.

Many lectures, some illustrated with colourful lantern slides, and
covering a wide variety of subjects of great educational and entertainment
value, have been delivered, and I would like to record our sincere thanks
and appreciation to those lecturers who contributed so much to the year’s
success, and at the same time to extend a hearty welcome to all new
members.

The outstanding function of the year was an excursion to Shark
Island, arranged during December as a Christmas celebration for members
and their families. This was not only an undoubted social success, but
the marine collecting proved of great interest as the locality is rarely visited
by the average collector owing to the lack of regular transport.

The Conchology Group has been marked by very constant attendance
and keen interest on the part of the shell enthusiasts, who are now engaged
in a systematic study of the various shell families. These meetings are
increasing in popularity, not only providing an excellent opportunity for
exchange and discussion, but proving of invaluable help in the classification
of doubtful specimens.

The stocking of our cabinet has not progressed as rapidly as we could
wish, but it is hoped that the next twelve months will see an almost complete
collection, which will undoubtedly be of great assistance to members for
reference purposes.

The following is a list of the lectures given throughout the year:—

July 1, 1946—‘‘Some Interesting Facts About Spiders’—Miss V. C. Levitt.
Aug. 5, 1946—“‘A Trip to the Barrief Reef’—Miss G. Thornley.

Sept. 2, 1946—‘“‘Some Aspects of Marine Fouling’—Mr. N. D. Fry.

Oct. 8, 1946—“Shell Collecting at MHuskisson, N.S.W.’—Mr. C.F.

Laseron.
Nov. 4, 1946—“Fisheries Research in Western Australia” —Mr. G. Whitley.

Dec. 2, 1946—‘“‘Marine Collecting Along the N.S.W. Coast’’—Miss
Elizabeth Pope.

Feb. 3, 1947—“Sea Birds and Coral Isles’—Mr. T. Iredale.

Mar. 3, 1947—“The Distribution of Shells’—Mrs. L. Woolacott.

Apr. 8, 1947—“The Language of Animals’”—Miss Ella McFadyen.

May 5, 1947—“Shells of Australia”—Miss Joyce Allan.

June 2, 1947—“‘Sea Animals That Bite and Sting’”—Miss Elizabeth Pope.

(Miss) WINIFRED CROFTS, Hon. Secretary, Marine Section.

15)

ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION.

ANNUAL REPORT.

Viewed from many standpoints, the year’s activities of the Section have
been most successful and encouraging, interest being maintained constantly
throughout the term. A number of educational lectures were delivered and
films of a high calibre were screened. Regular monthly meetings were
held throughout the twelve months. The average attendance was 42; this
being once again a substantial increase over that of the previous year. At
the March meeting, 92 were in attendance. This probably constitutes a
record for a regular meeting of the Section, and taxed seating capacity to
the utmost. Mr. Chaffer’s colour films of bird activities increase both
in quality and popularity.

The following is a summary of the meetings:—
1946.
July 19—“‘Flora and Fauna of the Barrington Tops’, by A. Musgrave.
Aug. 16—‘“Bird Scenes That Have Vanished”, by P. A. Gilbert.
Sept. 20—‘‘Some Birds of the Sydney District’, by K. A. Hindwood.
Oct. 18—Bird Films, screened by The Rural Bank Public Relations Dept.
Nov. 15—‘“‘Antarctic Birds’, by C. F. Laseron.

Dec. 20—‘‘Some Birds of the Pacific Islands”, by A. S. LeSouef.
1947.

Jan. 17—“Birds of Lord Howe Island”, by Tom Iredale.
Feb. 21—‘“‘Experiences Amongst Birds of the Middle East’, by J. Water-

house.
Mar. 21—Bird Films in Colour, screened by Norman Chaffer.
Apr. 18—“‘New Britain and‘Its Bird Life’, by J. Allen Keast.
May 16—‘“‘Some Unsolved Problems”, by Major H. Burgh.
June 20—Annual Meeting: “The Barrief Reef’, by Roy P. Cooper.

The thanks of the Section are hereby tendered to the lecturers, and
those screening the films.

Four organised outings were held during the year, each being rather
well attended. On September 8, a trip to Marley, per launch from Cronulla
to Bundeena, thence across the heathlands of The National Park, was
enjoyed, despite the fact that few species were found nesting. The
Nepean River district, near Penrith, was visited on November 10. This
was the best attended of the four outings, and an interesting “list” of
species was compiled. Among:t those found nesting, the White-backed
Swallow (Cheramoeca leucosterna) was somewhat of a surprise. The
outing to Lion Island on February 2 was again well attended, but somewhat
marred by rain. However, the discovery of a small breeding colony of the
Scoty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) was quite unexpected. A well-known
hiking track from Heathcote to Waterfall was followed on the April 13
excursion. Birds were somewhat scarce, but some interesting records were
made, and an enjoyable day was spent.

During the year, approaches were made to the Council of the Society
towards the formation of a “Flora and Fauna Federal Advisory Council”.
There is little need to stress the need for such a body, and it is hoped that
overtures will be submitted to the Federal Government. Mr. J. Palmer
compiled a tentative plan of operations with a good deal of thought and

16

care. Because of some shooting in a declared sanctuary, protests were
made to the Police Department, with the result that sanctuary notices were
erected in the vicinity of Homebush Bay.

The Section regretted the death of Mr. Sid W. Jackson during the
year. Although taking little interest in ornithological affairs recently, he
contributed much to our present day knowledge of birdlife in earlier years.

A former Chairman and Secretary of the Section, Mr. M. S.
R. Sharland, was sent congratulatory messages recently upon his appointment
as “Superintendent of Scenic Reserves in Tasmania’.

In December, our Chairman organised a trip to The Barrier Reef,
which was enjoyed by some of our members. Amongst interesting bird
observations was the finding of a small breeding colony of Lesser Crested
Terns (Sterna bengalensis) on Masthead Island.

All officers of the Section were re-elected at the annual meeting. Those
holding the various offices for 1947-1948 are as follows:—

Chairman: Roy P. Cooper.

Vice-Chairman: W. R. Moore.

Secretary: A. R. McGill.

Assistant Secretary: J. A. Keast.

Committee: Messrs. N. Chaffer, G. R. Gannon and J. Waterhouse.

ARNOLD R. McGILL, Hon. Secretary.

SYLLABUS OF SECTIONAL MEETINGS, 1947-48.

Note: When the scheduled date for a meeting falls on a public
holiday, the meeting is held on the next convenient date.

AVICULTURAL SECTION (Second Monday in the Month).

1947—
August 11—Mr. Steve Dummett: “Interesting Birds I Have Kept’.
September 8—Mr. L. C. Webber: “Seed Eaters of India”’.
October 13—Mr. Roy Cooper: “Field Work’.
November 10—Mr. P. C. Johnson: “Colour Film of the Zoological

Gardens”.
December 8—Mr. Wal. Turner: “Travelling the World Catching
Birds’’.
1948—
January 12—Members’ Night.
February 9—Mr. J. R. Kinghorn: Subject to be selected.
March 8—Mr. Norman Chaffer: Colour Film.
April 12—Mr. Tom Iredale: Subject to be selected.
May 10—Mr. L. C. Webber: “Genetics’’.
June 14—Annual General Meeting.
BUDGERIGAR SECTION (Third Tuesday in the Month).
1947—
August 19.
September 16,
October 21.
November 18.
December 16.
1948—
January 20.
February 17.
March 16.
April 20.
May 18.

June 15—Annual Meeting.

MARINE ZOOLOGICAL SECTION (First Monday in the Month).

1947—
August 4.
September 1.
@ch 7) (aes). When the firsts Monday is a declared public
November 3. holiday, the meeting is held on the Tuesday
Deeembee oe following. The subject for each monthly
1948— general meeting will be advertised in the
“Lectures” column of “The Sydney Morning
January >: Herald” on the preceding Saturday.
February 2.
March 1. The Conchology Group meets on the second
April 5. Monday of each month.
May 3.

June 7—Annual Meeting.

ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION (Third Friday in the Month).

Oe

Aug.
Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1948—
jane
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May

15—“Indian Interlude”, by D. Leithhead.

19—Discussion Night. Subject: “Honeyeaters’’.

17—“‘Questions I Have Been Asked”, by J. R.

Kinghorn.

21—Selected Films, from the Canadian National Film Board.

19—Discussion Night. Subject: ““Waders’’.

16—“In Search of Birds”, by K. A. Hindwood.

20—Discussion Night. Subject: “Typical Rain-forest Birds’’.

19—Films in Colour, screened by Norman Chaffer.

16—Selected Address, by Tom Iredale.

21—Discussion Night. Subject: “Resident Winter Birds of

Sydney”’.

June 18—Annual Meeting. Chairman’s Address, by Roy P. Cooper.

1947—
Aug.

Sept.

Oct.
Dec.
Feb.

June 6—Waterfall—The Cabin.

Ornithological Outings:

31—Berowra. Leader, A. Acworth.
28—Cronulla. Leader, J. A. Keast.
26—Leumeah. Leaders, Messrs. Hoskins and

Boughtwood.

7—Narrabeen Lakes and Deep Creek. Leader, H. Burgh.

14—Cook’s River Estuary and Waterworks.
McGill.

18

Leader, A. R.

Leader, G. Gadsden.

NOTES ON THE BROAD-HEADED SNAKE.
(Hoplocephalus bungaroides).

By A. I. Ormsby.

I was successful in collecting a specimen of this rare snake at Lawson,
Blue Mountains, on 7th December, 1946. It was under a large stone
on one of the lookouts facing north-east. Approximately 2 feet in length,
it sought to glide away unobtrusively on my lifting the stone, but the next
few days, in captivity, showed just how savage this snake can be. I have
known no Australian species more consistently aggressive. This is the case
particularly at night as it is a nocturnal snake.

This species has a fairly wide diet range, eating small lizards of
various types. It is less attracted to small skinks than to geckoes, but shows
a decided preference for warm-blooded creatures and ] have fed it very
largely on small white mice. Unlike so many other snakes, it is an excellent
feeder in captivity and at the time of writing this article it has shed its
skin twice, in the second week in January and in the last week of April.

The snake is fully described on page 193 of Mr. J. R. Kinghorn’s
excellent work, ‘““The Snakes of Australia”. Specimens are recorded up to
five feet in length. I would say this species is easily distinguished from
any other by the characteristic broad head and the distinctive colouring
of the upper portion of the body, which is black interspersed with a yellow
pattern not unlike our diamond snake.

I am satisfied the snake is extremely rare and its range is now confined
to a small area on the Blue Mountains, as I have searched for it often and
seen only a single specimen alive. Waite, in writing of this snake in 1898,
says, “At one time common around Sydney and not known beyond New
South Wales, this snake is becoming very scarce”. He continues, quoting
Krefft, an earlier authority, “If a person be bitten by one of them, the
simple act of sucking the wound is sufhcient to avert any unpleasant
consequences, but should nothing be done, a violent headache, a certain
stiffness in the spine and some local swelling is generally the consequence’”’.

The Broad-headed Snake, Hoplocephalus bungaroides.

—Photo: E. Worrell.
19

It must be remembered that in kis time no accurate means existed of
recording the comparative effect of any given snake bite. Actually a
number of factors, such as size, condition and age of snake, the efficiency
and duration of any single bite, the size and health of the victim, as well
as the site of bite, must all be taken into consideration.

For what it is worth, my own experience of what I would describe as
an efficient bite from this species is now recorded from notes made at the
time. Bear in mind that my snake had fed about a week previously on a

baby Blue Tongue Lizard.

On Sunday, the 9th March, 1947, at about 8 a.m., I received a bite
from my 2 ft. specimen whilst examining it. The bite was on the joint of
the right index finger. The snake bit me once, then secured a second hold
in the same place and hung on for some seconds so that I had to shake it
off my finger. I gave one of the punctures a slight prick with a razor
blade, but then decided to let the venom run its course, and beyond slight
suction applied no treatment. About 20 minutes later I was assailed by a
violent headache which was at first spasmodic. The site of the bite then
sshowed discolouration as from bruising and there was some swelling. I
had had no food at the time of the bite. I proceeded to prepare to go
out, and shaved. At about 9 a.m., whilst cleaning my teeth, { started a
slight haemorrhage, which persisted for some hours. From slight abrasions
‘where I had shaved there was also copious bleeding. I proceeded out in
the car about this time. Owing to engine trouble with the car, I stopped
at a friend’s place about a quarter to 11. I then felt a bit shaky and had a
violent headache, and my hand was very swollen. Coffee at 11 a.m. caused
vomiting, about a quarter to 12. This took place again when water was
drunk about 12 noon. The local pain was not then severe, but a lump and
soreness appeared later at the gland under the armpit. From 12 noon to
3 p.m. I felt very sick indeed and was forced to lie down, the headache being
continuous. Temperature taken during that period was normal. Breathing
was also normal. At about 4 p.m. I took an A.P.C. powder which banished
the headache. The general symptoms then had disappeared and I was

The author’s right hand on 10th March, 1947, the day following bite.

—Photo: E. Worrell.
20

able to eat a meal at 7 p.m. without ill-effects. The hand and forearm were
very swollen, making sleep that night very uncomfortable.

The following day, the 10th March, I proceeded to work in the usual
manner, feeling as well as could be expected, apart from the local symptoms
which persisted. The whole arm and hand were still swollen considerably
and were painful to touch. Swelling was at its worst on this day.

On Tuesday, the 11th of March, the swelling had subsided very
slightly and the lump under the arm was less painful. The swelling and
pain abated a little each day this week, improvement being gradual. By
Friday the hand was normal, but the forearm was swollen. The gland
under the arm had ceased to cause pain, but the forearm was painful to
touch. I could only straighten the arm for the first time on Friday, and
even then with difficulty.

I got the use of the car on Thursday night, but driving was most
uncomfortable. On Friday I pointed out bruise-like marks on the elbow and
a yellowy colour around the biceps to Mr. Kinghorn at the Australian
Museum.

On Saturday, the 15th of March, the arm was: nearly normal, but the
forearm was still very tender, particularly around the elbow. The hand.
itself was quite efficient and the actual bite healed.

On Monday, the 17th, beyond very slight tenderness at elbow joint
and some slight discolouration at that point, the arm was normal. The
site of the bite, which hitherto had been hardly noticeable, was itchy.
Discolouration around the biceps was barely perceptible.

There were no further ill-effects.

2

A LANDING ON PEDRA BRANCA.

By S. Fowler.

During the course of aerial and boat surveys of pelagic or surface-
swimming fish over many years it has been my privilege to see most of the
islands or rocks of Australia. They are as variable as the sea itself. Here
a wave and wind-swept rock with a few sleepy seals nestling close together
for warmth; here a great granite dome defying man to land on its steep
and slippery sides, and here a turtle-fringed tropical isle with the seabirds
sticking resolutely to their nests despite the sudden clatter of the low-flying
plane and the panic in their breasts. Stolid isles, sombre and forbidding
isles, mysterious isles, gay enticing isles. And among the most characterful
of them all is Pedra Branca!

Tasman named it so on 29th November, 1642, after the Pedra Branca
or White Rock, a landmark off the coast of China, which he thought it
resembled. Its height has been variously recorded from 132 to 150 feet
but, checked against our tested altimeter recently, we found the southern
and highest peak to be about 180 feet.

It is the southernmost island in Australia (Lat. 43° 51’ 30” S; Long.
146° 59’ E) and is 16 statute miles from the nearest point of the mainland
of Tasmania. There are generally about one thousand fur seals on it, but
its main interest lies in its colony of Australian Gannets (Sula serrator).

My first visit to Pedra Branca was on 3rd March, 1938, during a fishery
survey in the chartered 45 ft. auxiliary ketch ‘Peter R.” (Skipper J.
Burgess). Until that visit it was believed in official circles that there was
only one gannetry in Tasmania, i.e., on Cat Island, in eastern Bass Strait
(Kat, 39°57 30% -S; Vones 1482521730 E), and inthis beliefua speci
guard had been maintained on it for some time to protect the birds from
molestation. After hearing about the gannets on Pedra Branca this guard
was discontinued.

We now know (my first visit to it was on 21st February, 1939, when I
obtained aerial photographs of it and the nesting gannets) that there is
another gannetry in Tasmania at Black Pyramid Rock in far western Bass
Strait (Lat. 40° 28 20” S; Long. 144° 21’ E). Another nesting place of
this king of diving birds is on Lawrence Rock (Lat. 38° 25’ S; Long. 141°
40’ 30” E) about six miles south-east of Portland, Victoria. On v7
April, 1947, I observed about 20 gannets (all apparently adults) and about
30 white-breasted cormorants on the tower-like Eddystone Rock (Lat. 43°
51’ S; Long. 147° 02’ E) about two miles eastward of Pedra Branca, but at
this stage it is impossible to say if it is used for breeding purposes, although
it will be singular if it is not.

It is known that gannets nest on Cat Island and on Black Pyramid
and Lawrence Rocks, but there has been some doubt as to whether the
birds actually - ‘breed on’ Pedra’ Branca. _-Aerial) photocraphs | age
observations cn 16th February, 1939, did not disclose the presence of the
dark speckled young birds which might have been expected to be present
at that time; nor did the adult birds appear to be nesting. It would appear
that the total number of birds (all with apparently full white plumage) on
the island when these photographs were taken (very few had flown away)
was from 800 to 1,000. On the other gannetries, nesting takes place for
the most part on more or less flat earth surfaces and the nest mounds, with
or without the birds, are conspicuous at all times.

Zee

PEDRA BRANCA ...

Photographed by S. Fowler, Fisheries Division, C.S. & LR.

peAaresey ayst1Ador) uMory

‘peanosqo si pues usayinos
943i uo Auojod Jees 29y2 jo uonIog ‘“yeed appr eyi jo uonsod you ay oj epis poandsqo Ajjzed pue
Isom 9Y} Suoje adueyi ‘Anjauues ayM ey} JO pus YOU oY 0} pUe]sI aYyI JO aps isva ayi Aq sem quadse qT,
‘punorsoroy yi Ut ayqisiA AyTure]d oae syeas a1ayM apeuUr sem ‘/p6T ‘JIIdy YI¢ uo Surpury ayy, ‘“ee1apou
a1aM SUOTIPUOD keG "6E6T “AreNIgey YQ] UO wBoULIg FIpeq jo ‘preMYyINos BuIyoo], ‘yderSoj0yd [elev

some charts, but the original, more grammatical spelling is adopted here.

It is more commonly known as Pedra Blanca, its name being so spelt on

23

None of these mounds is visible in the aerial photographs of Pedra
Branca, but while flying a few feet above its razor ridge on 17th April last
I noticed one empty mound nest which was similar in size and colour to
that of a gannet. That is the only nest of any sort I have seen on Pedra
Branca and though there might be more, I am certain they are not
numerous. There were from 200 to 300 gannets on the island at the time.

However, all doubts as to whether or not gannets breed on Pedra
Branca have recently been resolved and this colourful island can be
definitely accepted as a gannetry, although its order of importance in this
respect is not yet known.

As the accompanying aerial photographs will show, Pedra Branca is
not to be trifled with. Even with a moderate sea, the surge about it,
especially on the western side, is terrifying; but during rough weather a
landing from a boat would daunt the bravest heart.

So far as I am aware, man had never landed on it until recently,
when Mr. Audie E. Palfreyman, a prominent merchant of Hobart, Tasmania,
and a young companion, Mac Forster, climbed to the top of the middle
peak on 5th April, 1947.

I heard about the feat indirectly from Mr. Howard T. Dalton, of
Hobart, who knew of my interest in the island, and I was able to interview
Mr. Palfreyman on 13th May. He was very modest about the achievement
to which, I think, no public reference had then been made. He gave me a
full account of the circumstances under which he made the landing and of
his observations while on the island. Steps have already been taken to
ensure that this interesting document will be recorded.

Briefly, the story is that Mr. Palfreyman, who is the owner and skipper
of the 60 ft. auxiliary ketch, “(Matthew Flinders’’, has, to use his own words,
“always been interested in trying to get ashore on some remote sanctuary
or island just to see the birds in their natural state’. It was his first and
only visit to Pedra Branca and he did not set out with the intention of
landing on it. The conditions, however, were very tranquil following a
succession of fine days—a rare happening in that area. There was,
however, quite a “lift” around the island, although the sea was very
smooth. Further evidence as to the unusually tranquil conditions at the
time is provided by Mr. Martin, commercial fisherman, of Recherche, who
observed that there was no surf at the Actaeon Islands on the day in
question—‘‘a very rare occurrence’.

The landing was made about 11.30 a.m. from a 9 ft. dinghy with the
aid of another member of the crew, F. Mitchell, who remained in the dinghy
to take off the landing party after their stay on the island for about 14
hours.

Of the landing itself Mr. Palfreyman said: ‘““We landed on the north-
east corner. It was not particularly difficult, because there was quite a bit
of kelp to use as a hand-hold, and ledges as footholds. As we were
approaching the landing point we were confronted with many seals, which
advanced to the water’s edge and dived into the water about us as we were
landing. In fact, one or two of them bumped the boat. They did not
attack me, although it appeared as if they were coming out to meet us with
that intention. ... We landed where the seals are on the northern end
of the island and then climbed up . . . to where there is some white showing
in your aerial photo and then up on the bottom of the ridge on the
western side and then up to the middle peak showing in your photo. This
was the end of the climb”.

No birds other than gannets were seen by the landing party, and of
these six were speckled young ones. (I have seen, and aerial photos show,
a few albatrosses on the island). A photographic record of the young and

24

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25

adult gannets was made with an 8 mm. cine-camera. The number of young
gannets compared with the number of adult ones was very small. From
their vantage point the landing party could see many gannets in the higher
southern portion of the island and on the remainder of the gannetry, but
it was not possible for them to determine how many (if any) young ones
were there. No eggs were seen. Mr. Palfreyman was within 10 ft. of
the adult birds in his vicinity, but they were not disturbed by his presence.

No vegetation was noticed on the island, but on the western side on
the ascent to the peak at least 25 lizards, each about 9 inches long, were
seen. Of these, Mr. Palfreyman observed, “They .. . appeared generally
similar to our land-based lizards. If anything, they seemed to be a little
fatter or thicker in the body compared with lizards on the mainland of
Tasmania’. No specimens of any kind were taken away.

Very few cubs were noticed among the seals, of which (he could not
see the relatively large colony on the southern end) Mr. Palfreyman
estimates there were about 400 to 500. Further evidence of the unusual
tranquillity of the sea is provided by his finding seals on the ledge on the
western side. Even under moderate conditions, this ledge is wave-swept
and I have not seen seals there before. A glance at the accompanying
photos will show how difficult it would be for seals to maintain their footing
on the western side under normal conditions. While on the island he
noticed portion of a “mackerel” (he had in mind the Scad or “Horse
Mackerel”, Trachurus novaezelandiae) and of a barracouta (Thyrsites
atun), but he thinks these were related to the seal colony and not to the

birds.

Such, briefly, is the story of a memorable and commendable landing
carried out courageously and without fuss or publicity. Mr. Palfreyman
and his companions are to be congratulated on their effort. Their appetite
is whetted and after seeing my aerial photographs of the shy albatrosses
nesting on Albatross Island in western Bass Strait, Mr. Palfreyman declared
his intention of visiting it on some future occasion. A landing on this
island should present no real difficulty under moderate conditions, but the
climb to the albatrosses (there are three nesting areas) should provide plenty

of thrills. ;

I should like to think, however, that if a suitable opportunity presents
itself earlier in the nesting season, Mr. Palfreyman and his companions will
again find an opportunity to climb the smow-white ridge of Pedra Branca
and to look down upon the surging seas, the seals and the birds—on
everything “‘as it was in the beginning”’.

26

GOULD’S MONITOR (Varanus gouldii) IN THE VIVARIUM.
By G. Longley.

Mr. E. Worrell forwarded me a specimen about 24 inches in length
-from Katherine, in the Northern Territory, and on October 6th, 1944, I
teceived it from Mr. Purcell, who brought it into town for me.

The specimen proved to be a beautifully patterned female and Mr.
Purcell had placed a fowl’s egg in the box with it by way of refreshment
-en route. He seemed surprised that the egg had not even been cracked
upon arrival, but I explained to him that it was impossible for so small a
monitor to break a fowl’s egg, and also that it would not be likely to try
to do so in the confined space of the box. He, however, insisted upon my
-taking the egg, which I did, and it was greatly relished by this one, and

eral
Gila Monitor

—Photo: E. Worrell.

other lizards the following day, after I had beaten it up with some milk.
This monitor fed well, and became very docile, but unfortunately I tried
the experiment of leaving her to hibernate at the approach of winter, and
on June 13th, 1945, I found her dead in the sleeping compartment, and
as she appeared to have been dead for some time, I buried her in the
garden.

I asked Mr. Worrell if he could obtain me another, during the latter
period of 1944, and a young male, about 22 inche: in length, arrived
on January 9th, 1945, from the same locality. This specimen, along with
<some other smaller monitors, had rather a rough passage, and was nearly
a month in transit, having been despatched on December 12th, 1944.
However, he quickly recovered and commenced to feed on raw meat, mice,
-and cut-up young rats.

As the female had died during June, 1945, Mr. Worrell very kindly
forwarded me a third specimen, a female, about 3ft. in length. She
arrived in excellent condition, and was big and powerful, and rather
inclined to be aggressive, as the following day she rushed at me with her
jaws wide open; but I countered her attack with the palm of my left hand,
while I got hold of her round the shoulders with my right. After which,
.except for an occasional hiss, she became quite docile towards me. She, in

27

company with the male, spent the remainder of the summer, along with
Water Dragons, Blue Tongued Lizards, Cunningham Skinks, ete., in an
outdoor vivarium, but with the approach of cold weather the two monitors
were placed in a heated vivarium for the winter months. They were fed
regularly on raw meat, mice and occasionally a little raw egg mixed with
cooked meat. It does not seem wise to keep smaller monitors in the same
vivarium with V. gouldii, as two small monitors, one of which was a
V. punctatus, were badly bitten by V. gouldii and ultimately died.

That this species is sometimes aggressive, the following observation
will demonstrate: —

As December 8th, 1946, was a hot day, I decided to return the Gould’s
Monitors to the large outdoor vivarium. After doing this, I was sitting
reading on my verandah when I heard a commotion in the tank, and saw
the female V. gouldii holding a female Blue Tongued Lizard (Tiliqua
scincoides) by the left forelimb, which she was biting savagely. I induced
the monitor to release her hold, and returned her to the small winter
vivarium. I then examined the Blue Tongue, and found that her left
forelimb was badly lacerated by the monitor’s teeth, and that the limb
appeared to be useless. I bathed the skink’s forelimb in fairly warm
listerine solution, and returned her to the sleeping box of the large vivarium.
I repeated the treatment at bi-weekly intervals for some weeks, and at the
end of the summer she had fully recovered the use of her limb. I wanted
to save this Blue Tongue Lizard, as she is one which I bred more than
twelve years ago.

The two monitors are well and healthy, and it is interesting to watch
them feed as lumps of food are seized and gulped down in much the same
manner as that employed by a fowl. Another peculiar trait is their habit
of raising themselves upon their hind limbs, with the forelimbs pendant
along their flanks.

NOTES ON THE HATCHING OF THE EGGS OF THE
WATER DRAGON.

(Physignathus lesueurii)

By G. Longley

Six reptile eggs given to me by Mr. A. E. L. Trebilco on February 7th,
1947, had been uncovered by a plough at Berry, N.S.W. Mr. Trebilco
thought that possibly they might be the eggs of some species of Waranus,
but after I had examined them I fancied that they were the eggs of
Amphibolurus barbatus (Bearded Dragon). However, we both were wrong,
as was proved when the eggs hatched some weeks later.

I placed the eggs (in the original soil in which they had been found)
in a vivarium, of which one half of the top was glass-covered, and the other
half wood. Over the soil in which the eggs were resting some dead and
also green leaves of the Coral Tree (Erithrina indica) were placed, which
were occasionally moistened. The vivarium rested upon the ground under
a privet hedge with an eastern aspect, the idea being that the eggs would
receive the warmth of the early morning sun, whilst they
were shielded from the fierce heat of the westerning sun by the privet hedge
and the fence. During the very hot days a piece of galvanized iron, raised
about three inches above the glass, protected them from too great heat
and during the night the iron was lowered over the vivarium in order to
retain as much radiated heat as possible.

I inspected the eggs at intervals without disturbing them, and on the
morning of March 14th, 1947, five young water dragons were hatched,
each measuring about five inches, of which the tail measured 34 inches.

On March 15th, 1947, I placed the unhatched egg, which was much
shrivelled, in a glass jar containing a little water. On March 29th, 1947,
i dissected the egg, which had absorbed a quantity of moisture. After
removing the outer parchment-like envelope with a scalpel, I found within
it another envelope of like texure, but tougher and thicker. Getting to
work on this second covering with scalpel and forceps, I was able to remove
a young water dragon, dead, but perfectly formed, with some of the yolk
attached by the umbilical cord. This young one I placed in spirits along
with the two envelopes of the egg.

The five young water dragons were placed in an indoor vivarium,
which also contained a dish of water, and leaves under which they could
hide; and to the time of writing (June 2nd, 1947) are alive and well, but
at present growth seems to be rather slow. I have fed them upon very
small worms, isopods, small caterpillars, earwigs, etc., also a few cake
crumbs.

BREEDING CUNNINGHAM’S SKINK (Egernia cunninghamii)
IN THE VIVARIUM.

By G. Longley.

During August, 1934, I purchased from Mr. W. Turner a specimen-_
of Cunningham’s Skink, which, however, did not live very long, and no
record was kept.

September Ist, 1937: Of a pair purchased from Mr. W. Turner on-
this date, the female died on 3rd February, 1938. However, the male
is still alive, and on January 16th, 1941, I purchased a female from Mr.
Turner. This pair has lived quite well together in a moderate-sized
vivarium, in which I keep Blue Tongued Lizards, Water Dragons, etc.

February 11th, 1947: On this date I collected from the above parents
a young Cunningham’s Skink, which measured 4% inches. I searched
everywhere for other young ones without success, and concluded that, if
there were any, they must have escaped or been eaten by the Water
Dragons. Both Mr. G. Cann and Mr. E. Worrell tell me that three is the
usual number in a brood.

The young one, after being placed in a small separate vivarium, is
feeding well upon chopped raw meat, isopods, small snails finely chopped,
banana, etc.

A newly-caught Cunningham’s Skink is often inclined to bite, and
usually retains its hold most tenaciously. I have generally overcome this
difficulty by lowering my hand, which the skink is clinging to, into the
sleeping compartment of the vivarium, when the skink immediately released.
its hold, and disappeared amongst the hay and debris of the sleeping box.
But on January 3rd, 1947, whilst in Mr. Ormsby’s office, I had an
interesting, if somewhat painful, experience. Mr. Ormsby was handing me
a Cunningham’s Skink, which he had caught the day before, when it slipped
from his grasp to the floor. I got my right hand to it, but did not secure
a proper hold, so placed my left hand over its head as there was not much
space to work. The Skink promptly seized the inside of my left hand near
the thumb and hung on. All I could do with my right hand failed to
dislodge him. I tried resting my left hand on the floor, but he refused to
let go. Also placing my left hand, with Skink attached, in the bag from
which he had been taken, had no effect; so finally, as my left hand was
beginning to feel rather tender, I appealed to Mr. E. Worrell, who was an
interested and amused spectator, to gently lever the Skink’s jaws
apart; which he did with the aid of a pencil. The wound bled slightly, but
of course was of no consequence.

This Skink is a particularly handsome specimen, being of terra cotta
colour with narrow transverse dorsal bars, and the usual flecking of cream
spots. I have handled him several times since and he has never attempted
to bite.

Cunningham’s Skink, Egernia cunninghamiit.
—Photo: E. Worrell.

30

EMOTION IN REPTILES.

By Eric Worrell.

When Charles Darwin wrote the “Expression of Emotion in Man
and Animals”, he touched but briefly on emotions expressed by reptiles;
this was undoubtedly due to his confining of observations chiefly to the
physiognomical, or facial, aspect in relation to other physical reactions.

Hormones absorbed from the endocrine glands influence to a great
extent our external anatomical reactions to specific occurrences, but while
our responses register on our faces with the contractions of various facial
muscles, reptiles indicate their emotions by stance or gesture.

AGITATION :—When we speak of agitation, we take into consideration
fear, hate, rage and aggressiveness. With reptiles these emotions can be
considered more or less allied—at least as far as external manifestations are
concerned—as aggressiveness usually evolves from fear.

The primary inclination of a reptile towards a human being is to
avoid. This is accomplished either by a hasty retreat or by an attempt
to remain overlooked. As the human approaches closer the reptile may
crouch or press against the nearest object, and in the absence of anything
substantial, it may flatten to the earth. The initial object with these
contortions is obviously to distort the natural contours of the reptile and
complicate distinction from its surroundings.

If the potential aggressor approaches closer and it is not convenient
or possible to retreat, other signs become apparent. When the reptile
assumes that it has been seen, fear becomes evident. The tongue is
protruded spasmodically and air expelled in hissing. A lizard will swell

Antagonism expressed by Central Australian Curl Snake, Denisonia

suta. Note distended body and alert stance.

the body, raise itself upon its four limbs and perhaps open the mouth. A
snake will simply distend the body and assume a loose striking stance.
Although the reptile itself is greatly terrified at this stage, its stance no
doubt is instinctively intended to terrify its possible molestor by its increased
size and unusual appearance, in the same manner as Darwin describes the
raising of mammals’ fur and birds’ feathers.

3

When handled, some geckoes express fear by emitting squeaking barks.
This is also apparent at times with Burton’s legless lizard (Lialis burtonii),
only the cry is drawn out to a greater extent. Freshly captured reptiles
often express fear by disgorging the previous meal or by sudden excretion.
During the early summer months male monitors, when handled, protrude
the hemipenes either intermittently or simultaneously, while female monitors
may partly protrude the vaginal membranes. Snakes may emit a musty
odour believed to exist for the attractions of the sexes, and crocodiles
protrude the tips of the musk glands on the chin. Several species of long-
necked tortoises (Chelodina) exhude an extremely offensive fear odour

when handled.
AGGRESSIVENESS, as previously stated, is largely induced by fear

and evolves from nothing more than the primal instinct of self-preservation.
As a snake is antagonised it assumes a more deliberate stance in preparation
for the delivery of a bite, then the head is thrown forward, followed by the
entire body. The mouth is agape, tongue withdrawn and air fercibly
expelled simultaneously. Lizards may jump forward, but rarely bite unless
actually handled.

Dragons (Agamidae) and geckoes are capable of varying the intensity
of their colouring with moods, but do not twitch the tip of the tail when
agitated as do other groups of Australian lizards and snakes, but often lash
the whole tail.

EQUANIMITY: This is usually expressed by slow movements while
the skin is loose and neck relaxed. The swift striking motions of feeding
reptiles can be readily recognised compared with enraged or frightened
strikes. Feeding is only accompanied by hissing, distended body or
flattened nuchal regions when an enemy is close at hand.

Curiosity is commonly displayed by reptiles craning the neck, sometimes
waving the head slowly, or slightly trembling the tongue. The purpose of
a snake’s tongue has not yet been satisfactorily explained, but it appears to
assist the olfactory senses in some manner.

During the mating season male reptiles usually display themselves to
the females by swelling the body or distending the throat. The dragons
accompany these exhibition's by going through their various colour phases.

Equanimity expressed by the relaxed bodies of these Skinks,

Tiliqua nigrolutea and T. scincoides.
—Photos. by the Author.

32

A NEW SANCTUARY.

By Eric Worrell.

During February, 1947, Mataranka Station, Northern Territory, an
area of 832 square miles, was gazetted as a sanctuary for flora and fauna.
This important move towards the conservation of our wild life is due to the
foresight of Herbert Victor Smith, proprietor of Mataranka Tourist Resort-

I met Vic Smith several years ago when he was new to the Northern
Territory and the Tourist Resort was little more than a contemplated
undertaking. He discussed his ideas with me, and when I suggested that
he declare the place a sanctuary, he decided to do so without hesitation.
During 1946, when, accompanied by Roland E. Robinson, I set out to tour
the Northern Territory to study reptile life, in conjunction with aboriginal
culture; Vic Smith offered the entire facilities of the homestead for the
furtherance of our work, and even detailed blacks employed at the station
to assist us.

Mataranka provides a valuable new centre for wild life conservation,
as it takes in the Waterhouse and part of the Roper Rivers. The billabongs
and creeks support unlimited bird life, including the rarer parakeets and
northern finches, and also numerous wading birds and wallabies.

A unique feature of the sanctuary which makes it a pioneer of its kind,
is that reptiles are also protected. Lizard life is molested only by blacks
who require them for food, and Johnston’s crocodile, the harmless fresh
water species, is strictly protected. Johnston’s crocodiles nest every August
on the banks of the Waterhouse River, not five hundred yards from the
homestead building.

I am afraid that I originally viewed the potential influx of tourists into
the Northern Territory as a new menace to our Wild Life, but having
personally contacted the majority of tourists during seasons 1946-1947, I

Continued at foot of page 36.

Saw-tooth Tortoise (Emydura latisternum) captured in the

Waterhouse River, Mataranka.

—Photo: E. Worrell.
33

A TWO-HEADED BOB-TAILED LIZARD.

By L. Glauert.

Lizards with two tails are an everyday occurrence, but one with two
heads is not met with so frequently. Some time ago Mr. P. Kennedy, of
Perth, found an imperfect twin of the Stump-tailed or Shingle-back Lizard
(Trachysaurus rugosus) at Elgin, a few miles from Bunbury in south
Western Australia.

The monster, which has a length of 535 inches, possesses two heads,
three fore-limbs, one of which consists of two in a common skin, and four
hind-limbs. The bodies are joined at the neck and are so completely fused
posteriorly that there is but a single vent and tail. The reptile was alive
when first shown to me, but died in a day or two, after which it was
presented to the Museum.

The accompanying photograph was taken by the Staff Photographer
of the “Daily News’’, Perth.

oi, Wo= lea
Bohta il
liga

Photo by courtesy of
“Daily News”, Perth.

34

THE SCIENTIFIC NAME OF THE DINGO.

By Tom Iredale.

Dingoes were apparently first noted in 1623 by Carstenz and later by
Dampier but merely reported as dogs associating with the natives. Then
Cook wrote, “Tame Animals they have none but Dogs, and of these we
saw but one, and therefore must be scarce, probably they eat them faster
than they breed them: we should not have seen this one had he not made
us frequent Visits while we lay in Endeavour River.” The first printed
use of the word Dingo appears to be by Tench (1789) who merely stated,
“The only domestic animal they have is the dog, which in their language
is called Dingo, and a good deal resembles the fox dog of England.” Then
in Phillip’s Voyage to Botany Bay, 1789, is figured the Dog of New South
Wales from a female sent by Phillip to Mr. Nepean. On this figure and
description Kerr based his name Canis antarticus, a name which has been
overlooked for the now familiar Canis dingo. A little later than Phillip,
the animal was again figured in White’s Voyage to New South Wales where
the name Dingo appears. From this place must the name be commonly
accepted as Tench’s little work is very scarce and the word was not defined
in any way. Scientifically this name has been used in many works, the
Dingo being referred to as Canis dingo; for many years the authority was
given as Blumenbach, the date allotted being 1780. This was obviously
impossible so an alteration was made to 1790 but this was just as incorrect.
In the Check-list of Australian Mammals issued in 1934 by Iredale and
Troughton, the earliest reference to Canis dingo was found to be that of
Meyer, published in 1793.

Dr. Frank Marshall recently secured a beautiful copy of Kerr’s Animal
Kingdom and he immediately noticed a good illustration of the Dog of
New South Wales reproduced from Phillip and the name used was Canis
antarticus. The date of Kerr's work is 1792 and therefore the name was
earlier than the one commonly used. He pointed this out to me and
asked me to investigate.

The work by Kerr is little known. Robert Kerr (1755-1813) began a
translation of Gmelin’s Systema Naturae with additions. The work was
to be issued in eight half volumes, making the complete work of four
volumes. However, only the first half volume covering the Mammals was
completed and part of the second half volume dealing with Birds up to
page 644, when the work suddenly stopped. A copy being available at the
British Museum, workers made use of it and it was found that in this place
some Australian marsupials were first scientifically named; Oldfield Thomas
brought these names forward nearly seventy years ago and they have been
used ever since. Apparently at that time Thomas was only concerned with
marsupials and the name of the Dingo escaped notice up to the present
time.

The only conclusion is that the Dingo must henceforth be known
scientifically as Canis antarticus. The synonymy will then read:

CANIS ANTARTICUS Kerr, 1792.
THE DINGO.

1792 Canis antarticus Kerr, Anim. Kingdom, vol. i, p. 136 and pl. opp.
sie Based on Dog of New South Wales, Gov. Phillip’s Voy., p. 274,
pl. oxkv.

1793 Canis dingo Meyer, Zool. Entdeck., p. 33. Based on Dingo or Dog
of New South Wales, White, p. 280; Dog of New South Wales,
Phillip, p. 274. Port Jackson.

1820 Canis familiaris australasiae Desmarest, Tabl. Encyclo. Meth. Mamm.,
p. 191. Port Jackson, N.S.W. (Peron & LeSueur).

1826 Canis australiae Gray, Narr. Surv. Coasts Austr. (King) ii, p. 412.
“1827”—April 18, 1826. New name for australasiae only.

35

1831 Canis familiaris novaehollandiae Voigt, Das Thierreich (Cuvier),
vol. i, p. 154 (after Easter). New Holland Dingo.

1915 Canis dingoides Matschie, Sitz. ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, p. 107.
PLwlo7:

1915 Canis macdonnellensis Matschie, Sitz. ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin,

McKEOWN’S “AUSTRALIAN INSECTS”.

‘Australian Insects’. By Keith McKeown, F.R.Z.S. Second (Revised)
Edition, 1945. Reprinted 1947. Royal Zoological Society, Sydney.
Price 12/6; postage: Australia, 53d.; British Possessions, 73d.;
Foreign, 114d.

“Australian Insects” presents a graphic account of our insect life.
Although popularly written, scientific accuracy has not been sacrificed and
it will prove equally valuable to students and teachers, farmers, naturalists
and all who take a general interest in the living creatures of bush and
garden. Special attention has been paid throughout to the strange life-
histories and habits of our insects—an aspect seldom found in such books.
Where such information is lacking, the fact is clearly indicated so that
observers will have an opportunity to fill the gaps in our knowledge.

Classification of the insect forms discussed is clearly set out and a
unique illustrated key to the various Orders provides the beginner with a
simple means of grouping his insect captures; the text supplies information
for their respective identification. The book is lavishly illustrated with
some 400 photographs and drawings of typical insect forms, together with
their immature stages. Of its type, this is the most complete and up-to-date
account of our Australian insects that has yet appeared. It should find a
place in the library of every lover of nature.

This, the second printing of the Second (Revised) Edition of ‘‘Austra-
lian Insects”, has been called for by an insistent public demand. The
earlier printings were eagerly and appreciatively received by workers and
nature lovers both in Australia and overseas as filling an important place
in Australian entomological literature. So great was the demand, indeed,
that the first edition is now a rarity esteemed by book collectors and lovers
of Australiana as well as entomologists, and the first printing of the second
edition soon sold out. Orders are now being received for the new, revised
printing, and should be sent without delay, accompanied by remittance of
the price plus postage (see above), to the Hon. Secretary, Royal Zoological
Society of New South Wales, Box 2399, G.P.O., Sydney.

A NEW SANCTUARY.
Continued from page 33.

am convinced that they appreciate the value of conserving Wild Life, and
in fact set out on their tours with the express hope of seeing as much of
Nature as possible. It is not the tours arranged by big companies that
endanger the Wild Life, but the so-called “sportsmen” who tour the country
in their own private vehicles.

I think I can safely speak for all members of the Royal Zoological
Society when I say “Congratulations, Mr. Smith! We wish you luck in
your undertakings’’.

36

REVIEW.
&

“Lyrebirds Calling From Australia’. By. R.- i. Littlejohns. Second
edition, 1947, pp. 1-40, illustr. Price, 2/6 (postage 3d.). Our
copy from Messrs. Robertson & Mullens, Melbourne.

The wintry months are the months of song and display for Lyrebirds
and the best time is during June and July. With this in mind we can
judge that now is the fitting time for a Lyrebird book to appear, and here
it is—the second edition of Ray Littlejohns’ ‘“‘Lyrebirds Calling From
Australia”, handy in size with well informed, well written prose and really
exquisite illustrations. Both prose and illustrations are the work of an
expert and an enthusiast, and the result of his labours is a book that almost
compels a visit to the nearest Lyrebird sanctuary.

Amongst the 24 illustrations, all of great beauty and clarity, we find
pictures with titles such as ““The Tail is spread and the silvery plumes fall
as a fairy curtain”, and in truth the illustrations themselves are in tune
with the romantic beauty of the captions.

Some of the pictures taken in gloomy gullies and in winter fogs are

done with the aid of flashlights in daylight.
In Lyrebird lore, Mr. Littlejohns is fully informed; in this book he

traces its history from cradle to grave, or rather from “Egg to Fox” or to
whatever eventual fate awaits it, for in its protection straying dogs must
be controlled and the fox eliminated, while inconsiderate humans must be
taught restraint of curiosity, for this bird, friendly at all seasons, resents
fiercely interference with nest, eggs, and its one chick.

Here in “Lyrebirds Calling’ we have splendid value for the modest
sum of a half-crown, beauty, interest and information blended to a result
almost perfection.—C.H.P.

A STRANGE TORTOISE.

Mr. Worrell informs us that the Tortoise identified in last year’s
“Proceedings” as Emydura krefftii by Mr. Kinghorn was confused with
another specimen donated at the same time. To date the Tortoise concerned

is still unidentified.—(Ed.).

LIST OF MEMBERS OF ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF NEW SOUTH WALES
as at

5th AUGUST, 1947.

Note.—Unless otherwise specified, members are residents of the State of
New South Wales.

Members will oblige by notifying the Honorary Secretary of any change of
address.

PATRONS.

The Right Honourable Sir John Greig Latham, G.C.M.G.
Sir Philip Wooleott Game, G.B.E., K.C.B., D.S.0., Langham House, Ham

Common, Surrey, England.

ENDOWMENT MEMBER.

Hallstrom, Edward John Lees, 462 Willoughby Road, Willoughby.

ASSOCIATE BENEFACTORS.
Littlejohn, Albert, 9 Young Street, Sydney.
Walter & Eliza Hall Trust, Box 130, G.P.O., Sydney.

Waterhouse, Dr. Gustavus Athol, c/o. Australian Museum, Sydney.
Weingott, Leo, 10 Lamont Street, Crows Nest.

FELLOWS.

Allan, Miss Joyce K., Australian Museum, Sydney.
Barrett, Charles, C.M.Z.S., Maysbury Street, Elsternwick, Victoria.
Cayley, Neville W., Hawkesbury Road, Springwood North.
Chisholm, A. H., ‘* The Herald’ Office, Melbourne.
Dakin, Professor W. J., The University, Sydney.
Glauert, L., Western Australian Museum, Perth, W.A.
Hallstrom, EK. J. L., 462 Willoughby Road, Willoughby.
Hindwood, Keith A., Wingello House, Angel Place, Sydney.
Iredale, Tom, “‘ Solander,’” Queenscliff Road, Manly.
McKeown, K. C., Australian Museum, Sydney.
Mathews, G. M., C.B.E., St. Cross, Winchester, England.
Musgrave, A., Australian Museum, Sydney.
Rayment, T., Bath Street, Sandringham, Victoria.
Roughley, T. C., B.Se., Fisheries Department, Chief Secretary’s Department,

Sydney.
Troughton, Ellis Le Geyt, C.M.Z.S., Australian Museum, Sydney.
Turner, Dr. A. Jefferis, Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland.

Ward, Melbourne, Hydro Majestic Hotel, Medlow Bath.
Waterhouse, Gustavus Athol, D.Se., B.E., Australian Museum, Sydney.
Whitley, Gilbert Perey, Australian Museum, Sydney.

HONORARY MEMBERS.
Allan, Miss Joyce K., Australian Museum, Sydney.
Dunbabin, Thomas, c/o. Australia House, Strand, London, England.
Evatt, The Hon. Clive, 182 Phillip Street, Sydney.
Iredale, Tom, ‘* Solander,” 106 Queenscliff Road, Manly.
Johnston, Professor T. Harvey, The University, Adelaide, South Australia.
Lyell, G., Gisborne, Victoria.
McKeown, K. C., Australian Museum, Sydney.
Stiffe, R. J., 350 George Street, Sydney.

38

LIFE MEMBERS.

Baxter, Mrs. D., 35 Station Street, Crows. Nest.

Bryce, E. J., 47 Nelson Road, Killara.

Buckle, Frank, 104 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Campbell, Joseph O., 24 Macquarie Street, Mascot.

Coles, C., Dorset House, Darling Point Road, Edgecliff.

Comtesse, Captain D. L., Maritime Services Board, 6 Goat Island.
Crommelin, Miss M. F., Warra Sanctuary, Pearl Beach via Woy Woy.

Dellow, W. J., 32 Alibone Street, Ashfield.

Dixson, RK. C., 33 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Dixson, Sir William, 586 Pacific Highway, Killara.
Foreman, Dr. Joseph, 123 Macquarie Street, Sydney.
Friend, A. H., 10 Laurel Street, Willoughby.

Golding, Miss M., 2 Broderick Street, Balmain.

Goddard, W. S., 4 Lennox Street, Mosman.

Halloran, Aubrey, 28 Martin Place, Sydney.

Hallstrom, J. E., 462 Willoughby Road, Willoughby.
Hordern, Sir Samuel, ** Babworth House,” Darling Point.
Keast, J. A., 313 West Botany Street, Rockdale.
Marshall, Dr. Frank, “ Harley,” Macquarie Street, Sydney.
Minell, Mrs. D. E., 20 Wylde Street, Potts Point.
Monticone, ,Dr. C.. A., Box 2058, G.P.O., Sydney.
Murray, C.- Stuart, Box 2427, G.P.O., Sydney.

Musgrave, A., Australian Museum, Sydney.

MacKillop, John C., ** Cumbrae,” Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman,

Nash, A. E., 8 Alt Street, Waverley.
Oldham, R. V., 70 Kent Road, Wooloowin, Brisbane, Queensland.

Packer, H. E., Beloenny Flats, Taylor Square, Darlinghurst.
Pope, Miss Elizabeth, 36 Kameruka Road, Northbridge.

Rogers, W. J., 12 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Scott, N. A. H., 22 Terminus Street, Petersham.
Spain, Col. Alfred, 16 Spring Street, Sydney.
Spring, R. A., ** Woodford,” St. Elmo Street, Mosman,

Todman, R. G., 328 Edgecliff Road, Edgecliff.
Troughton, E. Le Geyt, Australian Museum, Sydney.
Turner, W. H., 15 Sutherland Road, Chatswood.

Ward, Melbourne, Hydro Majestic Hotel, Medlow Bath.

White, A. H., Belltrees. Scone.

White, A. G., c/o. A. C. Ebsworth, Union House, Bligh Street, Sydney.
White, Mrs. Millicent, Hotel Australia, Sydney.

Whitley, G. P., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Yardley, H., 10 Great North Road, Five Dock.
Zeck, KE. H., 694 Victoria Road, Ryde.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Abel, H. M., 51 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.

Adams, Mrs. Gwynneth M., 19 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Adams, Miss Jocelyn, 19 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Adkins, John S., 10 Middle Head Road. Mosman.

Allan, Miss Elizabeth May, “* Vergemount”’, Gilliver Avenue, Vaucluse.
Allen, H. A., 31 Division Street, Coogee.

Allen, Mrs. H. A., 31 Division Street, Coogee.

Allen, Keith Wickham, 3 Clifton Street, Clifton Gardens,
Allen, Miss L. A., 3 Clifton Street, Clifton Gardens.

Allen, Wickham, 3 Clifton Street, Clifton Gardens.

Allman, L. C., 93 Gipps Street, Drummoyne.

Allsop, Hartley Ernest, 38 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.
Alt, Jack, 9 Whiting Beach Road, Mosman.

39

Andrews, Ernest Clayton, 4+ “ Kuring-gai,” 241 Old South Head Road, Bondi.
Andrews, Miss KE. E., 181 Military Road, Neutral Bay.
Andrews, William C., 38 Kameruka Road, Northbridge.
Anstey, A. Mervyn, 6 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.
Armstrong, J. E., 70 Wolseley Road, Mosman.

Arnott, P. 8., c/o Wm. Arnott Pty., Ltd., Homebush.
Arnott, Ronald Bruce, 51 Lindfield Avenue, Lindfield.
Arthur, Mrs. Jessie Sinclair, 798 Military Road, Mosman.
Asprey, ©. J., 24 Mabel Street, Chatswood.

Atkinson, -J., 12 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Austin, Miss M., 352 Victoria Avenue, Chatswood,

Baass, O. H., 31 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Bailey, G., 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman,

Barker, A. F., 42 Blair Street, Bondi.

Barnett, D. F., 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Baron, G., Bank of N.S.W., George Street, Sydney.

Barrett, F. W., Scottish House, 17 Bridge Street, Sydney.

Barrie, W., 15 Blair Street, Bondi. ;

Bauer, C. J., 11 Clifton Street, Clifton Gardens.

Baur, G. N., 24 Bushlands Avenue, Gordon.

Beahan, W. P., 28 Martin Place, Sydney.

Beckett, L. S., 135 Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Bell, Mr. Scott, 174 Military Road, Neutral Bay.

Bernhard, H., 1 Rosedale Avenue, Manly.

Best, Godfrey Jacob Marshall, 2 Vaucluse Road, Rose Bay.

Beswick, G. H., St. James Buildings, 107 Elizabeth Street, Sydney.

Biber, Samuel, 426 George Street, Sydney.

Birnie, J., 60 Harrabrook Avenue, Five Dock.

Blakey, J. E., 10 Silex Road, Mosman.

Blakey, Mrs. J. E., 10 Silex Road, Mosman.

Blenkarn, G. G., Phillip House, Phillip Street (or C.T.A, Club, Martin Place),
Sydney.

Bloch, Eugen, 1 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Bouchier, Reginald W., 191 Nicholson Parade, Cronulla.

Brain, A. H., 28 Alibone Street, Ashfield.

Bray, Miss Q., 10 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Bretnall, George G., Alex Cowan & Co., 37 York Street, Sydney.

Bridger, Miss Ivy, The Manor, Mosman.

Briton, Alfred James, “‘ El Pasajero ’, Junction Road, Wahroonga.

Brodziak, A. A., 8 Spring Street, Sydney.

Brooks, Wm., & Co. Ltd., 199 Elizabeth Street, Waterloo.

Brown, Howard Bruce, Taronga Park Trust, Mosman.

Brown, Sir Harry Perey, 16 Luxor Parade, Roseville.

Brown, Harold R., 7 Lennox Street, Mosman.

Bruce, Robert, 126 Falcon Street, Crow’s Nest.

Bryden-Brown, C., 5 Burrawong Avenue, Clifton Gardens.

Buckley, Allen Frank, Box 2505, G.P.O., Sydney.

Bullen, Errol, 7 Burrabirra Avenue, Vaucluse.

Burgh, Henry Bertram, 4 Rose Crescent, Mosman.

Burgis, B., 19 Denison Street, Penshurst.

Burgis, T., 21 East Crescent, South Hurstville.

Bush, D. B., 23 Chapel Street, Rockdale.

Bush, Francis G., 492 King Street, Newtown.

Bush, Kent Willard, 704 Forest Road, Mortdale.

Caldwell, N. W., 74 Clanwilliam Street, Blackheath.

Campbell, : G., c/o C:S:1. Re) Box 109, Canberra; ASC.

Campe, A. C., Royal Arcade, George Street, Sydney.

Campe, Mrs. A. C., Royal Arcade, George Street, Sydney.
Caspersz, Miss Evelyn, The Manor, 2 Iluka Road, Clifton Gardens.
Catchlove, F. S. L., 15 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Catt, John Ward, “Tomah,” Church Street, Carlingford.

Cayley, Neville W., Hawkesbury Road, Springwood North.
Chaffer, Norman, | Roslyn Avenue, Roseville.

40

Chettle, F. A., c/o C.T.A. Club, Martin Place, Sydney.
Clare, David G., 9 Whiting Beach Road, Mosman.

Clark, Dr. Ernest D., 822 Military Read, Mosman.

Clark, Harry, “ Burlington,” Main Street, Katoomba.

Clark, Roland C., 33 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

Clarke, Charles Frederick Vincent, Conmonwealth Bank, Sydney.
Clayton, Charles, 60 Wyong Road, Mosman.

Cleburne, FE. W., 15 Lennox Street, Mosman.

Close. J. K., 20 Gordon Street, Mosman.

Close, J. W., 20 Gordon Street, Mosman.

Clyne, Hon. Daniel, 29 Farleigh Street, Ashfield.

Coates, George, c/o Alfred Shaw Pty. Ltd., Flinders Street, Townsville, Queensland.
Cohen, Harry, 696 Military Road, Mosman.

Cohen, Sir Samuel, Box 222, G.P.O., Sydney.

Coles, Kenneth Frank, 83 Victoria Road, Bellevue Hill.
Collingridge, F. H., 58 Mary Street, Hunter’s Hill.

Comins, Francis, Queen Street, Mosman.

Cooper, Roy P., 14 Third Avenue, Willoughby.

Copland, Stephen J.. 7 Creewood Street, North Strathfield.
Coppleson, Dr. V. M., 225 Macquarie Street, Sydney.
Cormack, Ossian Roy, 3 Effingham Street, Mosman.

Cosh, James L., 10 Castlereagh Street, Sydney.

Cosh, Mrs. James L., 10 Castlereagh Street, Sydney.
Cousins, W. G., Angus & Robertson, Ltd., Sydney.
Coventry, Thomas Francis, 3 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.
Cox, P. C. E., 1 Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Cox, R. E., 28 Bond Street, Sydney.

Cropley, Mrs. Dorothy Lee, 4 Merley Road, Homebush.
Crowley, Valentine, 18 Clanalpine Street, Mosman.

Dakin, Professor William John, Zoology Department, The University of Sydney.

Dale, S. H., “ Ashley,” 20 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Darrell, Herbert, “‘ Bushlands,” Acres Road, Kellyville.

Darrell, Mrs. Margaret K., “‘ Bushlands,” Acres Road, Kellyville.

Darvall, Mrs. E., 156 Raglan Street, Mosman.

Davidson, Charles Robert, Fay’s Limited, Liverpool! Street, Sydney.

Dawson, R. 8., 36a Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Deakin, Dr. J. E. F., Military Road, Mosman.

Denne, D. R., 25 Woodville Avenue, Wahroonga.

Desmarchelier, T., 1] Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.

Dewhurst, N., Box 478, G.P.O., Sydney.

Ditcham, O. L.. 34 Kardinia Road, Clifton Gardens.

Doak, Miss J. M., 114 Belmont Road, Mosman.

Doak, Mrs. M. A., 114 Belmont Road, Mosman.

Dobell, G., Box 3828, G.P.O., Sydney.

Dobson, R., 25 Beauty Point Road, Mosman.

Done, H. 8., 103 Spencer Road, Cremorne.

Dougall, A., Bruce Street, Waterloo.

Doust, Miss A., 5 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Doust, A., 5 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Doust, B., 5 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Doust, [., 5 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Dovey, John Whitsed, ** Lynwood,” Roseville.

Downing, Hon. R. R.. 28 Earl Street, Glacdesville.

Duff, Mrs. Agnes Hilda, 109 Wilkins Street, Yagoona.

Duff, Miss Elizabeth E., 460 Burwood Road, Belmore.

Dufty, John Henry, 266 Hawthorne Parade, Haberfield.

Dunean, Grantley A., corner Cooyong and Pittwater Road, Terrey Hills, via
Chatswood.

Dunnicliff, Miss Frances, 82 Norfolk Street, Epping.

Dunster, Miss C. A., 48 Stanhope Road, Kollara.

Dwyer, Brian Eric, 2 St. Elmo Street, Clifton Gardens.

Dwyer, Edmond Alfred, 2 St. Elmo Street, Clifton Gardens.

Dwyer, John Edward, 6 Simpson Street, Mosman,

41

Eeeles, Alfred Edward, 31 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Edwards, Anthony M., 7 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Edwards, Edward Oliver, Cummins Road, Menangle Park.
Kipper, Miss E. M., 28 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Ellison, N., 13 Whiting Beach Road, Mosman.

Ellison, R., 13 Whiting Beach Road, Mozman.

Enright, W. J., West Maitland.

Evans, Arthur Phillipi, 88 Muston Street, Mosman.
Evans, Dacre Fitzherbert, 5 Silex Street, Mosman.
Evans, Joshua, “* Edenglassie,” 2 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Evans, Miss Naneye J., 2 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Everitt, T. A., Rural Bank, Head Office, Sydney.

Fairfax, J. H., “ Elaine,” Edgecliff.

Fairfax, John, & Sons, Hunter Street, Sydney

Faviell, M. C., 33 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Farleigh, Miss K. M., 32 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

Fell, J. W., 15 Silex Road, Mosman.

Fels, Mrs. D. 8 8 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Finckh, EK. V., 13 Wharf Road, Snail’s Bay.

Fisher, Mr. G. E., 99 Victoria Street, Potts Point.
Vitzhardinge, Miss Jule G., c/o Women’s College, Newtown.
Fleming, A., 30 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Blick, W. A.; W. A. Flick & Co., 92 Pitt Street, Sydney:
Fowler, Stanley, 77 Paseoe Street, Williamstown, Victoria.
Foy, Walter B., 16 Clissold Street, Ashfield.

Francis, Miss Wei Manu, 14 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Francis, Neville H., 14 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Freame, Mrs. M. E. B., 487 Burwood Road, Glenferrie, E2, Victoria.

Gadsden, E. J., 7 Greenknowe Avenue, Potts Point.

Gamble, Mrs. Nancy, Ila Silex Road, Mosman.

Garrard, Thomas A., c/o Union Bank of Aust., Parramatta.
Gatenson, J. G., 21) Kardinia Road. Mosman.

Gatliff, H. E., 82 Raglan Street, Mosman.

George, Miss S. E., 4 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Gibson, John Alan, 19 Ruby Street, Mosman.

Givens, T. V., Flat 11, “ Glenbrook,” 26 Ocean Avenue, Double Bay.
Glauert, L., F.R.Z.S., Western Australian Museum, Perth, W.A.
Goddard, William Strickland, 4 Lennox Street, Mosman.
Gordon, Sir Thomas, 4 Bridge Street, Sydney.

Gould, Henry, 103 Raglan Street, Mosman.

Grahame, Mery vn Ernest, Ctiemaloesrena High School.
Grant-Dickson, Dr. John, 50 Bradley's Bead! Road, Mosman.
Grasset, Miss N. A. 22 Three Street, Ryde.

Graves, Col. Douglas Henry, 39 Bent Street, Sydney.

Greig, Robert, M.L.A., Parliament House, Sydney.

Hackman, Trevor Ratcliff, 2 Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Hall, Alan Thomson, ~ Lynwood,” |] Major Street, Mosman.
Hall, Mrs. Naney Myra, ‘“ Lynwood,” 1 Major Street, Mosman.
Halloran, Dr. Garnet, 143 Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Hamilton, Miss Margaret, 42 Iluka Road, Clifton Gardens.
Hammond, O. V., 46 Bains Albert Street, Mosman.
Hargreaves, A. R., 28 Gordon Street, Mosman.

Hart, L. B., 4 Athol Flats, Rickard Avenue, Mosman.
Harvey, P. F., 7 Pacific Street, Clovelly.

Hayes, D. J., 1 Watkin Street, Rockdale.

Hayle, Mrs. B., 156 Raglan Street, Mosman.

Heath, Albert Bika, 19-23 Bligh Street, Sydney.

Heath, Gladstone Hodsoll, 3 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Heming, J. W., 141 Darling Point Road, Darling Point.
Henderson, John Alexander, ** Yeronga,” 18 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Hewitt, Dr. George Henry, Park Street, Bellingen.

Heyde, Charles Ww illiam, 216 Rea@lhvolleao: Parade, Cronulla.

42

Higgs, A. B., 6a. Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Mall A] CW; 15 Pitt Street, Sydney-

Hill, Miss Jean B., 3 Buena Vista Avenue, Clifton Gardens.
Hindwood, Keith Alfred, Wingello House, Angel Place, Sydney.
Hirst, Arnold Churchill, Box 262, G.P.O., Sydney.

Hirst, Edward, 104-114 Clarence Street, Sydney.

Hockings, Arthur Thornten, Box 1761, G.P.O., Sydney.
Hodge, Mrs. P., 73 Klouera Road, Cronulla.

Hodson, Mrs. Marian Elizabeth, “ Burlington,” Main Street, Katoomba.
Hodson, Norman, * Burlington,” Main Street, Katoomba.
Hooke, R. W., 34 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Hooke, R. Waldron, 34 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Hopkinson, A. R., 1 David Street, Mesman.

Hordern, Anthony, 12 Spring Street, Sydney.

Hordern, Lady, ** Babworth House,” Darling Point.

Hudson, William Arthur, 40 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.
Hunt, Reginald Thomas, 14 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.
Hunt, William Lester, 14 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Hyndes, H. Richard, 27 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

Irving, Mrs. A. M., 26 Bay Road, North Sydney.

Jarvis, R. O., 20 Prince Street, Mosman.

Johnson, A. N., 3 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.
Johnson, Geoffrey Alan, 546 George Street, Sydney.
Johnson, Peter Robert, 15 Fairfax Road, Mosman.
Johnston, Claude, 3 Major Street, Mosman.
Johnston, Cyril D., 10 Little Street, Mosman.
Jones, Chas. Lloyd, c/o David Jones Ltd., Svdney.
Jones, Miss Phoebe, enr. Milton Avenue and Queen Street, Mosman.
Jones, Robert George, 129 Queen Street, Woollahra.
Juchau, Perey James, 13 Macquarie Place, Sydney.
Judd, Everard, 24 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.

Kay, Mrs. F., 358 Victoria Road, Marrickville.

Kelly, Thomas Herbert, 39 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Kenny, Dr. Rawdon Hamilton, 738 New South Head Road, Rose Bay.
Kerr, Mrs. Cecilbe Ramsay, 11 Buena Vista Avenve, Clifton Gardens.
King, Ambrose, 116 Croydon Road, Croydon.

Kinghorn, James Roy, Australian Museum, Sydney.

Krug, G., 22 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.

Laseron, C. F., 15 Hill Street, Balgowlah.
Laurie-Rhodes, D. H., 1 Lennox Street, Mosman.
Laurie-Rhodes, Mrs. D. H., 1 Lennox Street, Mosman.
Lawson, Albert Augustus, Harden Road, Artarmon.
Lawson, Miss Edna E., 30 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Leacock, Miss 8., 23 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Leeds, Richard Alan, ** Warrana,”’ Wyandra, Western Line, Queensland.
Leithhead, David, 9 Royal Street, Maroubra.

Le Souef, Albert Sherbourne, C.M.Z.S., 3 Silex Street, Mosman.
Levitt, Miss V. C., 94 Rossmore Avenue, Punchbowl.
Levitt, Miss D. C., ““Condell Park,” Wilton.

Lewis, G. O., c/o Tooth & Co., Sydney.

Lewis, M. T., 3 Chapman Avenue. Maroubra.

Lindsay, W. W., 10 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.
Llewelyn, A. S., 181-133 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Locke, Dr. K. M.. New Canterbury Road, Petersham.
Lockie, P. E., 67 Hampton Court Road, Kogarah.
Long, M. A., 13 Thompson Street, Mosman. —

Lough, E. R., 12 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.
Lough, Miss M. C., 12 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.
Loveday, G. C., 28 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

Lovett, P. W., 1. Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman:
Ludowici, C., Burns Bay Road, Lane Cove.

43

Lyne, Miss C. E., 4 Simpson Street, Mosman.
Lyne, Miss L. E., 4 Simpson Street, Mosman.

McCamley, F., 358 Victoria Road, Marrickville.

MacCulloch, Dr. H. T. C., “ Hillerest,” 76 Boulevard, Lewisham.
MacDonald, A., 11 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.

McFadyen, Miss Ella, 1290 Pacifie Highway, Turramurra.
MeGill, A. R., 119 Wollongong Road, Arneliffe.

McGrane, L. E., 42 Middle Head Road, Mosman.

Macgregor, Geo. R., 27 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.
MecHutchison, M. W., 35 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

McKenna, Miss J., 17 Garling Street, Lane Cove.

MaecKillop, I’. C., Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman.

MacKillop, H. H., Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman.

MacKillop, J. A., Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman.

MacKillop, J. A., I'.R.G.S., Thrupp Street, Neutral Bay.
MeLachlan, B., 15 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
McLauchlan, C. I., 4 Parriwi Road, Mosman.

MacLeod, Donald A., Challis House, Martin Place, Sydney.
McMaster, Sir Frederick Dunean, ~*~ Dalkeith,’ Cassilis.
MeNicol, Mrs. Anne, Shoal Bay, via Nelson’s Bay, N.S.W.
McRae, David Beattie, 1 Bradley's Head Road, Mcsman.
Maher, James, 47 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.

Marks, L. W., 34 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.

Marr, Sir Charles William Clanan, Telegraph Road, Pymble.
Marshall, James W., ** Miralwyn” Station, Walgett.

Maston, William Harold, 2] Jamieson Street, Granville.
Mather, Miss Nicolin, 36 Kardinia Road, Clifton Gardens.
Matthews, P. T., c/o Bank of N.S.W., Sydney.

Maynard, R., 39 Park Street, Sydney.

Mazet, H. 8., 52 via di Roma Walk, Long Beach, California, U.S.A.
Mellor, W. L., 437 Forest Road, Penshurst.

Meyer, D. A., 76 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Middleton, J. T., 15 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Mills, G. N., 14 City Road, Sydney.

Milsop, William, 55 Spencer Street, Mosman.

Mitchell, Karl A., Yorkshire House, 14 Spring Street, Sydney.
Moodie, Walter 8., 59 Braeside Street, Wahroonga.

Moore, Clifton Wolseley, “ Kilrea,”’ 11 Stuart Street, Manly.
Moore, Harold Hamilton, 7 Bushlands Avenue, Gordon.
Moore, William Robert. 12 Kywong Avenue, Pymble.
Morgan, Frederick E., Snow, Eliott Pty. Ltd., 77 York Street, Sydney.
Morley, W. A., ~~ Bayview,” Manchester Road, Miranda.
Mort, H. S., 12 Milner Street, Mosman.

Munro, Mrs. M., 4 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Murphy, Rt. Rev. Monsignor, 59 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.
Murray, K.-J., 34 Thornley Street, Marrickville.
Nettheim, R. F., 21 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Newbold, Mrs. K., 6 Linwood Court, Somerset Street, Mosman.
Newth, F. W., 2 Alexander Avenue, Mosman.

Nevill, J. J. 26 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Nobbs. Mrs. C. L., 7 Lennox Street, Mosman.

Oatley, P. A., 4 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Oberg, O. D. A., Gardeners Road, Mascot.
Donnell, J. R., Rose Crescent, Mosman.
Ormsby, A. I., 3 Castlereagh Street, Sydney.

Packer, L., “‘ Melita,’ Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Palmer, L. E. 96 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Patten, R. A., 23 Cleveland Street, Wahroonega,
Patterson, W., 14 David Street, Mosman,

Pearson, R. B., Quantambone, Brewarrina,

Percy, Dr. C. E., 6 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Perkins, R. A., 9 Buena Vista Avenue, Clifton Gardens,

44

Perry, L. J., 16 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Pescott, J. M., 32 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

Pescott, Miss J. F., 32 Kardinia Road, Mosman. ;

Peters, R. E., 2 Simpson Street, Mosman.

Phillips, EK. A., 68 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Phillips, Miss H., 82 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Phillips. J. G., Economist’s Dept., Cw'lth. Bank of Aust., Martin Place, Sydney.
Pitt, Mrs. G. C., Flat 5, *‘ Greentrees,” lla Silex Road, Mosman.
Playoust, Maurice, 22 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Plomley, E. M., 10 David Street, Mosman.

Plowman, Claude, 8 Marathon Road, Darling Point.

Pockley, Dr. Eric, Avalon Parade, Avalon Beach, N.S.W.

Poignant, A., Box 4621, G.P.O., Sydney.

Pointon, Mrs. A., “*‘ Yantara,’’ St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Pollock, Ernest Frederick, “Te Whare,” Carrington Avenue, Strathfield.
Ponsford, Mrs. Dorothy, 1 Queen Street, Mosman.

Poolman, Noel K., 6 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Powell, F. D., 9 David Street, Clifton Gardens.

Preston, Mrs. Margaret R., c/o W. G. Preston, 525 Kent Street, Sydney.
Preston, William G., 525 Kent Street, Sydney.

Prior. Miss Alice Marion, 3 Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Prior, Miss E. M., 30 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.

Prior, K. J., 44 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Prior, S. B., 3 Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Prior. Wo N., =.

Pursell, F. G., 43 Pearl Bay Avenue, Mosman.

Purser, Dr. Cecil, Grosvenor Road, Wahroonga.

Radecki, 8. 29 Allison Avenue, Lane Cove.

Ramsay, J. S. P., Gale Street, Woolwich.

Randall, E. J., 511 Kent Street, Sydney.

Raper, L. F., Box 284 P.O., Lismore.

Rapson, A. M., C.S.I.R. Division of Fisheries, Cronulla.

Raves, V. S., 18 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Raves, J. V., 18 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Richardson, Harold R., 181 Clarence Street, Sydney.

Richardson, Mrs. M. C., 6 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Rickard, Sir Arthur, 11 Lynwood Avenue, Killara.

Rigby, Alfred Leshe, 17 Castlereagh Street, Svdney.

Robbins, Rev. Samuel Raymond, 165 Forest Road, Arneliffe.
Roberts, Kenneth Stewart, 3 Richmond Avenue, Cremorne.
Roberts, Noel L., Prudential Assurance Building, 39 Martin Place, Sydney.
Robertson, Stanley Gladstone, 42 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Rodd, N. W., 56: Fox Street, Lane Cove.

Ross, Miss Jean, 5 Stanton Road, Haberfield.

Roughley, T. C., Fisheries Department, Chief Secretary’s Department, Sydney.
Row, D. QO., 13 Buena Vista Avenue, Mosman.

Rush, V. G., 18 Gordon Street, Mosman.

Russell, G. E. A., “‘ Archer Russell,” Collaroy.

Sachisthal, N. A., ““ Charlton”? Boys Home, Avona Avenue, Glebe Point.
Sagar, H., | Simpson Street, Mosman.

Sadlier, R. C., 53 Eton Road, Lindfield.

Seammell, G. V., 7 David Street, Mosman.

Scammell, R. B., 10 Buena Vista Avenue, Mosman.
Scott-Sim, Mrs. M. D., 64H Belgrave Street, Manly.
Serventy, Dr. D. L., ! Museum Street, Perth, W.A.
Shadforth, Ridley, 102 Queenscliff Road, Manly.
Shaffran, John, 9 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Shellshear, Prof. J. N., 14 Raymond Road, Neutral Bay.
Shipway, Bruce, 33 Esplanade, Perth, Western Australia.
Shipway, Phillip, 133 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Shirley, Miss D., 47 Wolseley Road, Mosman.

Shirley, William Lancelot, 41 Clifford Avenue, Manly.
Simpson, W. H., 2 Effingham Street, Mosman.

49

Slade, W. Hermon, 5 Ovama Avenue, Manly.

Smith, Mrs. Amy 8., Wallerawang.

Smith, Arthur Kingsford, 369 George Street, Sydney.

Smith, Charles Harold, 27 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Smith, Miss E. Kingsford, 11 Whiting Beach Road, Mosman.
Soady, Miss M. E., e/o Union Trustees, 2 O’Connell Street, Svdney.
Spain, I. A. H., 170 Kurraba Road, Neutral Bay.

Spears, I*., 4 Brides Street, Svdney

Spencer, J. L., 62 Western Ronni Parramatta.

Stach, G. A., 75 Cowper Street, Randwick.

Stephen, A. E., Box 1158 G.P.O:, Sydney.

Stephenson, J. H., * Rangers Road, Cremorne.

Stewart, Prof. J. , University of Sydney.

Stimsom, 1. Rs IDs a ipamce Albert Street, Voamant

Stinson, Miss K. M., 8 Prince Albert Street, Mosman

Story, G. D., 2 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

Street, The Hon. Mr. Justice K. W., 2 Greenoaks Avenue, Edgecliff.
Strempel, H. A., Box 1535 G.P.O., Sydney

Tait, G. E., “* Marchmont,’> 35 Moruben Road, Mosman.
Taylor, Dr. A. T., 175 Macquarie Street, Sydney
Thomas, J., Shell Harbour.
Thomas, Mrs. M. E., ‘‘ Antheor’’ Rickard Avenue, Mosman.
Thompson, F. G., 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mesman.
Thompson, Dr. H., Ischia Street, Cronulla.
Thornley, Miss G., 37 Auburn Road, Lidcombe.
Thormthwaite, O. R., 17 Raglan Street, Mosman.
Toy, Mrs J. E., 235 Ben Boyd Road, Cremorne.
Trebilco, A. E. L., Cherry Street, Warrawee.
Tremlett, Mies D., 32 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Tremlett, F. C. G., 22 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Trenerry, W. L., Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney, Mosman.
Trevenna, G., 52 Nicholson Street. Chatswood.
Turner, O. F., Haddon Hall, Alfred Street, North Sydney.

Vicars, Robert J., Victoria Road, Marrickville.

Vickery, Ottomar George, The Cp al Cliff Collieries, Ltd., 63 Pitt Street,

Von Drehnen, Otto, * “Wyuna,” Buena Vista Avenue, Mosman.
Vowles, Arthur George, 4446 Martin Place, Sydney.

Wade, W. J., 58 “* The Avenue,” Rose Bay.

Walker, C. H., 8 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Walker, E. P., ‘‘ Colebrook,” Bellevue Road, Double Bay.
Wall, C., 28 Stanton Road, Mosman.

Wallis, C. R.. 24 Kardinia Road, Mosman:

Wane, ——, 11 Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Warren, J. 1)., 56 Redan Street, Mosman.

Weaver, C. Bi, 2) Dawid Street. Mosman.

Webher, L., 6 Gi ‘andview Parade, Epping.

Webster, Miss E., 2 Buena Vista Avenue, Mosman.
Webster, Miss J., 2 Buena Vista Avenue. Mosman
Webster, Miss M., 2 Buena Vista Avenue, Mosman.
\Wiebbsterm: Bs elena 3 Bien Vista Avenue, Mosman.
Weingott, Mrs. E., 10 Lamont Street, Crows Nest.
Weymark, John N., 26 David Street, Mosman.
Wheelwright, A. H., *‘ Rosedale,” Narrawa, via Crookwell.
Whitley, P. N., 43 The Crescent, Mosman.

Whitley, Mrs. P. N., 43 The Crescent, Mosman.
Williams, Amos E., Wyoming, Glenbrook Road, Cooma.
Willis, J. R., 4 Ronbank Avenue, Epping.

Wood, Mr. G. C. B., 15 Mary Street, Longueville.
Woodhouse, Miss C., 91 Phillip Street, Sydney.

Woolacott, Mrs. L. J., ¢/o Charlie Messengers, Beach Road, Edgecliff.

Worrell, E. F. A., 134 Cecily Street, Lilyfield.
Wright, H. J., Box OEP Or Auburn.

46

Svdney.

Yarham, C. E., 19 Elfrieda Street, Mosman.
Yarham, Mis. K., 19 Elirieda Street, Mosman.
Zeck, Mrs. E. H., 694 Victoria Road, Ryde.

HONORARY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.
Chisholm, Alex H., F.R.Z.S. ** The Herald ** Office, Melbourne.
Malloch, Dr. J. R., 5635 North 8th Street, Arlington Va., U.S.A.
Mathews, Gregory M., F.R.Z.S., C.B.E., St. Cross, Winchester, England.

LIFE ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.
Agar, Professor W. E., O.B.E., The University, Melbourne, Victoria.
Berney, I’. L., ¢/o Messrs. Archer Bros., Gracemere, Rockhampton, Queensland

Campbell, John Honeyford, O.B.E., [.8.0., 336 Chape! Street, Ottawa, Canada.
Colliver, F. S., 37 McCarron Parade, Essendon, W.5, Victoria.

Director, Dominion Museum, Wellington, New Zealand.
Ellis, Ralph, Jr., 2420 Ridge Road, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.
Finlay, Dr. Harold John, Geological Survey Office, Wellington, C.1., New Zealand.

Hardy, G. H. H., The University, Brisbane, Queensland.

Hill, Gerald F., Durras, P.O. Benandarah.

Hopkinson, Dr. Emilius, C.M.G., Balcombe, Sussex, England.
Houison, J. K. S., 274 Church Street, Parramatta.

Morrison, Philip Crosbie, M.Sc., 9 Maroona Road, Brighton, 8.5. Victoria.
Moss-Robinson, Leslie H., Exon Vale, Narara.

Palmer, J. A., 82 Bridge Road. Glebe.
Sears, Miss C., 40 Towns Road, Rose Bay.

Thackway, A. KE. J., ““ Wyoming,’ Albyn Road, Strathfield.
Thomas, Andrew David, | Valley Road, Lindfield.

Wilkinson, John Wrixon, Wood Street, Warwick, Queensland.
Williams, Godfrey Herbert, Aberpergwyn, South Wales, Great Britain.
Wright, Phillip A., “* Wallamumbi,” Armidale.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.
Aeworth, Archibald Vincent, Flat 3, 50 Bellevue Road, Bellevue Hill.
Aguilar, Miss Grace, Box 2920, G.P.O., Sydney.
Aitkens, Miss M.
Albury, A. J., 5 Lenthall Street, Kensington.
Andrew, Mr. J. W., 38 Tudor Street, Belmore.
Arthur, Victor, 48 Katherine Street, Punchbowl.
Barnett, G. W., 32 Shelley Street, Campsie.
Barnett, Marcus S., Victoria Street, Mount Victoria.
Barrett, Charles, “* Maralena,” Maysbury Street, Elsternwick, Vietoria.
Boardman, W., M.Sc., University College, Mildura, Victoria.
Border, A. J., Box 1839, G.P.O., Sydney.
Brandon, Miss F., ‘* Heagren,”” Cowan Road, St. Ives.
Bright, J. L., 49 Victoria Street, Waverley.
Brookes, Albert E., 178 Balmoral Road, Mount Eden, 8.2., Auckland, New Zealand.
Browne, Mrs. R. B., 113 Pacific Highway. Hornsby.
Bryce, Mrs. EK. J., 47 Nelson Road, Killara.
Burgh, Mrs. H. B., 4 Rose Crescent. Mosman.
Butters, Miss Elizabeth, 28 Toxteth Street. Glebe.

Camp, Charles, 7 Heydor Street, Mosman.

Campbell, Mrs. E.,

Campion, C. B., 146 Hawthorne Parade, Haberfield.

Carter, A. N., 10 Berkeley Street, Hawthorn, Victoria.

Chief Inspector Fisheries & Game, 605 Flinders Street, Melbourne.
Clarke, A. E., 4 Elsham Road, Auburn.

Clarke, B.,,65 Avon Road, Pymble.

Cleggett, Miss E. M., c/o Travel Department, Bank of N.S.W., Sydney.
Cleland, Prof. J. B., University, Adelaide.

47

Clewett, J. W., Elwin Street, Peakhurst.

Colefax, A., Department of Zoology, University of Sydney.
Coleman, Mrs. E., 72 Blackburn Road, Blackburn, Victoria.
Cornwell, [. L., 28 Park Road, Hunter's Hill.

Crofts, Miss W., 20 Croydon Road, Croydon.

Davis, G., 16 Myee Avenue, Strathfield.

Dingeldei, Walter Leslie, J1 Crown Street, Adamstown.
D’Ombrain, A. F., 435 High Street, West Maitland.
Dummett, S8., 7 Wellington Street, Arncliffe.

3
Jady, Mr. —.
English, Miss Kathleen M. I., 7 Dudley Road, Rose Bay.
Fairfax, John Fitzgerald, 32 Victoria Road, Bellevue Hill.
Ferguson, Thomas L., 117 West Botany Str eet, Arncliffe.
Fleay, D. H., Sir Colin Mackenzie Sanctuary, Badger Creek, Healesville, Victoria.
Forbes, Dr. A. D., Nyngan.
Fraser, A. J., Chief Inspector of Fisheries, 108 Adelaide Terrace, Perth, W.A.
Frederickson, C., 48 Westmoreland Street, Glebe.

Gadsden, Mrs. E. J., 7 Greenknowe Avenue, Potts Point.

Galley, Ronald Mitchell, 31 Arthur Street, Lavender Bay.

Gannon, Gilbert Roscoe, *‘ Bushlands,”’ bay ingstone Avenue, Pymble.
Gannon, Mrs. G. R.. “ Bushlands,”’ Livingstone Avenue, Pymble.
Gilbert, Percy A., “ Dacelo,”’ Colin Street, Lakemba.

Gillespie, C. A. E., 21 Royalist Road, Cremorne.

Graham, W. F., 53 Barton Street, Kogarah.

Griggs, T., 69 West Street, Hurstville.

folo ke)

Halse, R., 27 Mount Lewis Avenue, Punchbowl.

Harford, Wie Leone Zoe, 33 Henson Street, Marrickville.
Hargreaves, A., 9 Addington Avenue, Ryde.

Hargreeves, E. H., 9 Addington Avenue, ‘Ryde.

Hernfield, Whe, Jely 1). 3} Cina tnenn Road, West Ryde.

Hernfield, Mrs. K. i 53 Chatham Road, West R cle.

Hill, Charles, 2 Grafton Street, Woollahra.

Hindwood, Mrs. K. A., c/o K. A. Hindwood, Angel Place, Sydney.
Holmes, Alex., 24 Attunga Street, Bellevue Hill.

Holz, B. J., 53 Chatham Road, West Ryde.

Jackson, Mrs. KE. J., 727 George Street, Sydney.

Jervis, Thomas Henry, 74 Roseville Avenue, Roseville.

Johnson, J., 46 Westmoreland Street, Glebe.

Johnston, Mrs. P. R., 15 Fairfax Road, Mosman.

Jones, Lawrence Joseph, 1 Pandora Crescent, Port Moresby, Papua.
Jones, Robert G. M., 129 Queen Street, Woollahra.

Kaldor, Mrs. S., lla Greenbank Street, Hurstville.
east, J: C.5 3 3 W oe Botany Street, Rockdale.
Keast, Miss J. M., 313 West Botany Street, Rockdale.
Kennedy, C., 5 cn Street, Dubbo.

Kennedy, Miss Grace, 10 Burra Road, Artarmon.
Kershaw, R. C., 11 Wrexham Road, Windsor.
Kerslake, Mrs. J., 29 Nundah Street, Lane Cove.
Kerr, I'., 4a Tonbridge Street, Sans Souci.

Laseron, J., 15 Hill Street, Balgowlah.

Leek, W., 51 Pacific Avenue, Waitara.

Leer, A. E., Cnr. Condamine and Kenneth Streets, Manly.
Leggett, Miss Maude Wilson, Stanley, Tasmania.

Le Souef, J. C., 5 Palm Avenue, North Caulfield, Victoria.
Levingston, Master Samuel, 42 Chertsey Street, Merrylands.
Lindsay, B. R., 103 Hill Street, Orange.

Lovett, Margaret D., 90 French Street, Maroubra.

Lowe, Mrs. N. E., 56 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman,

McCulloch, Miss Daisie, Loftus Street, Pennant Hills.
McDonald, R. W., 20 Saville Street, Gore Hill.

48

MacDougall, William Alexander, Box 280, P.O., Mackay, Queensland.

McKay, Roy David, The Manse, 17 Wellington Street, Newtown.

MeKellow, Miss Nellie, 45 Queenscliff Road, Queenscliff.

McKie, Rev. EK. Norman, St. Columba’s Manse. Guyra.

MeLauchlan, Mrs. C. F., 4 Parriwi Road, Mosman.

MacKnight, K. H., 10 O’Connell Street, Sydney.

MeMahon, IF. C., 28 Parramatta Road, Summer Hill.

McNeill, Frank A., Australian Museum, Sydney.

MeSwiggan, T. J., 50 Railway Parade, Penshurst.

Maher, 8., 48 Sir Joseph Banks Street, Bankstown.

Mann, John S., Biological Section, Lands Department, Sherwood, Brisbane,
Queensland.

Marshall, John M J., 27 Paul Street, Waverley.

Marshall, L. R., 13 Mary Street, Leichhardt.

Messmer, Mrs. C. A., 64 Treatt’s Road, Lindfield.

Mills, G. W., 5 Denmark Street, Hurstville.

Milne, E., 78 Hume Highway, Bankstown.

Mitchell, J. M., 37 Herbert Street, Dulwich Hill.

Moffitt, Paul, 29 Wellesley Road, Pymble.

Mollison, Bruce Charles, Stanley, Tasmania.

Molloy, Mrs. J. E., 22 Gordon Street, Mosman.

Nicol, A., 70 Salisbury Road, Rose Bay.

Nicholson, E., 115 Bacon Street, Grafton.

Northmore, Sir John, Judge’s Chambers, Supreme Court, Perth, W.A.
Nubling, Erwin, 34 Plummer Road, Mentone, Victoria.

Oliver, Dr. W. R. B., 26 Ventnor Street, Seatoun, Wellington, New Zealand.
Oliver, A. W., c/o Union Bank, Sydney.

Oliver, Miss F., 69 Wollongong Road, Arncliffe.

Panes, W., “‘ Utopia,’ Hale Street, Botany.

Paul, Hector George, c/o H. Jockel, Matthews Chambers, The Corso, Manly.
Pearce, Alan Lindsay, Menangle Street, Picton, N.S.W.

Pier, P. A., 49 Gloucester Street, Rockdale.

Probert, L. R., Mi Mi Street, Oatley.

Rainsford, Miss M. M., 39 William Street, Karlwood.

Rayment, Tarlton, F.R.Z.S., “* Bow-worrung,” Bath Street, Sandringham,
Victoria.

Ridley, D. M., Vale Avenue, Dee Why.

Roberts, J. E., 35 Shaftesbury Avenue, Burwood.

Robinson, A. H., “‘ Yanjettee,’’ Coolup, W.A.

Rutland, Mrs. K., 18 Riley Street, North Sydney.

Scheers, Frederick Augustof, 116 Lansdowne Street, Hurstville.
Scott, E., 21 Hurst Street, Arncliffe.

Seaward, William Trotman, *‘ Myala,” Scone.

Seward, N. H., Pty., Ltd., 437 Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria.
_ Sharland, Michael S. R., 141 Hampden Road, Hobart, Tasmania.
Sharp, J. H., 1 Moore Street, Campsie.

Shaw, Desmond Alfred, “‘ Carryduff,’? Frederick Street, Hornsby.
Sims, V., 28 Linda Street, Belmore.

Smith, E. H., ‘“‘ Churinga,”’ Tooperang, S.A.

Smyth, H., 11 Hamilton Street, Homebush.

Sprooles, Miss P., 909 Anzae Parade, Maroubra.

Steeles. C. E., 70 Bayview Street, Undercliffe.

Steeles, E. C.. 70 Bayview Street, Undercliffe.

Stevens, R., 72 Little Road, Bankstown.

Stewart, R. W., 3 Francis Street, Earlwood.

Stowar, A., 8 Chisholm Street, Auburn.

Swinfield, J.. 170 Northam Avenue, Bankstown.

Thomas, I. M., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 8.A.
Trewartha, F. J., Lane & Trewartha, Ltd., Wolfe Street, Newcastle.
Turner, Dr. A. Jefteris, F.R.Z.S., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland.

49

Vance, J. L., 4 Rawson Street, Mosman.
Viney, I.. C., 18 Ethel Street, Malvern, Victoria.

Wall, Mrs. N., 28 Stanton Road, Mosman.

Walsh, Miss M., 101 Hay Street, Ashbury.

Walters, A. L.. 11 Rose Street, Enfield.

Walters, Mis. A. L., 11 Rose Street, Enfield.

Ward, P. H., 34 George Street, Leichhardt.

Weeding, Rev. Benjamin J., Minlaton, South Australia.
Wells, Dudley, 217 Coode Street, Como, Western Australia.
Whiteley, A., 21 East Crescent, Hurstville.

Wood, W. J., 61 Milson Road, Cremorne.

Woodlands, Harold, Box 989, G.P.O., Adelaide, South Australia.
Woods, 8. W., 17 Antwerp Street, Bankstown.

Zoological Board of Victoria, Royal Park, Parkville, Melbourne, N.2., Victoria.

50

A
‘e

~ 8 een
rst,

ey

fate

a

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: CONTENTS.
Sixty-seventh: Annual: ‘Report,*. > cy. ce
Officers for the Year LOAF AB re a ta aha ee ne ei
Balance Sheet .. is Se ee
Presidential Address: “The Teeth ges Animale” t by Dr. F. Ma
The Late G. H. Longley .. .. OT ae ee eee
Reports of Sections— a rae :

Aviculeural: Sections.) (> MS
Budgerigar Section... eR CR a ac
Marine Zoological Secson oe ee ee tt ;
“. Ornithological’ Section: °9) ct) Sh) vee, See ae
Sylfabus of Sectional Meetings .._ ee a
The Broad-headed Snake, by A. I. One Reb ee (a BREN a
A«Landing on’ Pedta Branca, by S. Fowler )..- 3:0. Case. 7
Gould’s Monitor in the Vivarium, by G. Longley Ce Ne ae
Notes on the Hatching of | the Eggs ce ee Water Dragon,

wa, Longley
Breeding Cunsineh ons s Stink: in the = Vivarium, by « ee Longley.
Emotion in Reptiles, by E. Worrell . Bee Oe acl Oat rhe

A New Sanctuary, by Bo Worrell oo ye M Siueveoens.
A Two-headed Bob-tailed Lizard, by Ee ‘Glatien: Rgieh oo ‘
The Scientific Name of the see ioe Tom ow
Reviews 20: A-wige ee ah: ee eat st aie
A Strange Tortoise .. .. CNR do Se at se a A
Lise sof Members 9/2, es ny GRO Ne ath rh eee Ma