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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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JAN 1 8 195

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PROCEEDINSB

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF

QUEENSLAND

FOR 1955

VOL. LXVII

ISSUED 10th SEF™bER, 1956.

PRICE: TWENTY-FIVE SHILLINGS.

Raglstered in Australia for transmission by post os a periodiccd.

Printed for the Society
by

A. H. TUCKER, Government Printer, Brisbane-

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. Bagnold, R. A., 1937. The Transport of Sand by Wind. Qeogr. J., 89,
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Kelley, T. L., 1923. Statistical Method. New York, MacmiUan Company.
XI + 390 pp., 24 fig.

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF

QUEENSLAND

FOR 1955

VOL. LXVII.

ISSUED 10th SEPTEMBER, 1956.

PRICE: TWENTY-FIVE SHILLINGS.

Registered in Australia ior transmission by post as a periodical.

Printed tor the Society
by

A. H. TUCKER, Government Printer, Brisbane.

Patron :

His Excellency Lieut.-General Sir JOHN D. LAVAEACK, K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O.,.

K.B.E., C.B., D.S.O., C. de G.

OFFICERS. 1955.

President :

Professor A. L. EEIMANN, D.Sc., Ph.D.

Vice-Presidents :

A. E. BEIMBLECOMBE, M.Sc.

Professor MANSEEGH SHAW, M.E., M.I.Mech.E.

Hon. Treasurer : Hon. Secretary:

E. N. MAEKS, M.Sc., Ph.D. Professor T. K. EWEE, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.

Asst. Hon. Secretary:
B. Howard, B.Sc.

Hon. Librarian: Hon. Editor:

P. S. COLLIVEE. G. MACK, B.Sc.

Members of Council:

S. T. BLAKE, M.Sc., I. M. MACKEEEAS, F.E.A.C.P., W. A. McDOUGALL, D.Sc.,.
Professor H. C. WEBSTEE, D.Sc., Ph.D., J. T. WOODS, M.Sc.

Hon. Auditor:

L. P. HEEDSMAN.

Trustees :

V. BENNETT, B.Sc., Professor W. H. BEYAN, M.C., D.Sc., E. O. MAEKS,

M.D., B.A., B.E.

CONTENTS

VoL. LXVII.

Pages.

No. 1. — The History and Development of Engineering Industry in
Queensland. By Mansergh Shaw. (Issued separately,

23rd July, 1956) . . . . . . . . 1-20

No. 2. — Notes on Australian Pachygronthinae with the Description of a
New Genus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). By J. A. Slater. (Issued
separately, 23rd July, 1956) . . . . 21-24

No. 3. — A NeAv Terrestrial Alga from Australia. By A. B, Cribb. (Issued

separately, 23rd July, 1956) . . 25-26

No. 4. — A Synthetic New Species of Phalaris (Gramineae). By S. T.

Blake. (Issued separately, 30th July, 1956) . . 27-28

No. 5. — NeAv Species of and Notes on Queensland Plants. By L. S.

Smith. (Issued separately, 30th July, 1956) 29-40

No. 6. — ^A new Species of Anopheles from Queensland and Notes on
Belated Species (Diptera:Culicidae). By E. N. Marks. (Issued
separately, 13th August, 1956) . . . . 41-52

Report of Council . . . . . . . . v.

Abstracts of Proceedings . . . . viii»

VOL. LXVIl., No.l.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
IN QUEENSLAND.

By Mansergh Shaw, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Queensland.

{Delivered before the Royal Society of Queensland, 2Sth March, 1955.)

Dr. Johnson once admonished one of his opponents saying, ‘Mf
you do not define your terms I will not argue with you”, so let me,
therefore, define my own terms.

As might possibly be expected from a mechanical engineer, I intend
to deal largely with the mechanical engineering industry and its impact
on the life of Queensland. It is, of course, not possible to confine myself
entirely to mechanical engineering because, in my mind at least,
engineering is so inextricably mixed with the life of the community that
very few activities could be carried on without an engineer in the back-
ground if not in the foreground.

There are many other fields of engineering which I shall not attempt
to cover in any detail as they fall more properly into governmental
rather than industrial activities. It is necessary, however, to glance
occasionally at these other fields of engineering in order to keep the
broad picture of development in correct focus.

One very early engineering structure in Brisbane is, of course, the
old windmill in Wickham Terrace, built in 1829 for grinding flour. It
is generally reported as an engineering failure because of a structural
defect in the sails, but it was actually made to work as a windmill in
1837 by Queensland’s first engineer, Andrew Petrie, then attached to
the Military Engineering Company, who kept it working as a mill until
1841. The old windmill, when used as a treadmill, could almost be
classed as an industrial enterprise, with labour conditions strictly con-
trolled. Although labour conditions were harsh, and possibly inhumane,
the workers on the treadmill were given 15 minutes rest in each hour
and, it should be particularly noted, three hours’ rest at mid-day in
summer time. The 25 men required to operate the treadmill v^^ould
generate about four horse power, and this gives some idea of Brisbane’s
first power plant.

Let me try to picture the scene as it was when the State of Queens-
land was proclaimed by Sir George Ferguson Bowen, the ''Captain-
General and Governor-in-Chief ” appointed by Queen Victoria in Council,
under Letters Patent dated 6th June, 1859. Logan, Cunningham and
others had pushed out to explore the border country, the first settler on
the Darling Downs, Patrick Leslie, had helped to open up that part of
the country. The aborigines, at first friendly, later became hostile.

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

The settlers became more and more dissatisfied with distant control from
New South Wales, and their petition for a separate state was finally
answered by the appointment of Sir George Bowen. At the time of
separation the border ranges were largely unmapped and unexplored.
There were a few settlements farther north, some of them ill-fated, such
as at Port Douglas, and only a few hardy explorers and prospectors had
traversed much of northern Queensland.

In those days squatters had taken up country without legal authority
or the benefit of survey. The overland route to Sydney was such that
the first overland mail from the Moreton Bay settlement reached Sydney
in the ‘‘short time’’ of 39 days. One of the first acts of Governor Bowen
was to appoint Francis Edward Roberts as Surveyor of Roads of Queens-
land. This he did on the 23rd December, 1859.

Living conditions were primitive. There were hardly any roads, no
railways at all, no telegraphs, no postal services, no electric light, no
municipal gas supply, and even the docking and wharfing facilities were
almost non-existent by modern standards. There were no bridges over
the Brisbane River, no tramways, not even horse trams appeared until
some 24 years after Sir George Bowen ’s appointment ; roads were mere
dirt tracks. Queensland’s first road engineers, R. Austin and H. T.
Plews, even three years after the proclamation of the State of Queens-
land, were very firm that legislation should be introduced to stop the
practice of braking drays down steep grades by dragging trees behind
them.

Conditions in Queensland just after it was created are very well
expressed in a letter which the new Governor wrote to Sir Edward
Bulwer-Lytton in England. In this letter, dated 6th March, 1860, Sir
George Bowen said : —

“I have often thought that the Queensland gentlemen-
squatters bear a similar relation to the other Australians that the
Virginian planters of 100 years back bore to the other Americans.
But there is a perfectly different class of people in the tomis.
Brisbane, my present capital, must resemble what Boston and the
other Puritan towns of New England were at the close of the last
century. In a population of 7,000 we have 14 churches, 13 public-
houses, 12 policemen. The leading inhabitants of Brisbane are a
hard-headed set of English and Scotch merchants and mechanics ;
very orderly, industrious, and prosperous; proud of the mother
country; loyal to the person of the Queen; and convinced that
the true federation for these colonies is the maintenance of the
integrity of the Empire, and that the true rallying-point for
Australians is the Throne. ’ ’

I think we can point out with some pride that our own progenitor,
the Philosophical Society of Queensland, had its origins in 1859, the
year of the Proclamation. Even in those days Brisbane had citizens
who thought of more than mere trade or commerce.

History is a little hazy about our hard-headed merchants and
mechanics, but it is obvious that merchandising would be essential and it
is Avorth noting that the Brisbane Chamber of Commerce was formed in
1860. Some “mechanics” would also be required, in the form of black-
smiths for agricultural tools and the shoeing of horses. Coachbuilders

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY.

3

would be needed for the merchants’ drays and for the gentlemen-
squatters’ carriages. Sawmills would he needed for milling timber for
homes, and bricks would be needed for the same purpose.

The good citizens of Brisbane were not entirely without creature
comforts as can be seen from the fact that aerated waters, cordials and
rum were manufactured here as early as 1852. As a matter of interest,
a Brisbane firm, Dark and Stalker, won the first prize at the Sydney
Show in 1879 for its ginger beer. But we should also note that a careful
check was soon to be kept on such things by the Government Chemical
Laboratories. We shall hear more of them later, but from the first
report of the first Government Analyst, Robert Mar, which was written
in 1883, we learn that :

From the samples of such liquors thus far submitted to me,
I judge that any pernicious effects, consequent upon the use of
those sold in Brisl3ane, are due to the spirits themselves being
too new, and unmatured, and not because of adulteration with
foreign, injurious substances. The vendors reduce with water,
colour with burnt sugar, and, in some cases, add a little flavouring
matter ; but, in the samples examined, water only has been found
in excess. Four adulterated milks came from Townsville and
three (of the six) adulterated whiskies from Warwick.

Some of the old merchants also had manufacturing or repair sides
to their ventures. Smellie and Company, who eventually gave way to
the present Engineering Supply Company of Australia, and the Inter-
colonial Boring Company, were one such. You will notice that sugar
cane had been planted near Brisbane in 1829, although little was done
with the cane and it was not until after Sir George Bowen arrived that
any serious attempt at the manufacture of sugar was made. Smellie
and Company were very early in the field in the supply of sugar
machinery from abroad and also in making small ‘"plantation” mills
themselves.

As so much of Queensland’s manufacturing industry has developed
around the needs of the sugar industry we might, at this point, say some-
thing of the history of sugar in this State.

Apart from the early attempts by Mayo in 1829, it was not until
the early 1860 ’s that any authentic reports exist as to the actual manu-
facture of sugar from cane, although cane was being grown in small
plots around Brisbane and an attempt had been made by a Thomas
Bowden to manufacture sugar.

In 1862 the manufacture of sugar was actually achieved by John
Buliot who is said to have gained his experience in Mauritius. Even so,
the cane supply must have been very limited, as it was grown in the
Botanic Gardens, and the available appliances were indeed crude.
Nevertheless a Parliamentary Committee recommended that Mr. Buhot
should receive a grant of 500 acres of land as a reward for his services.
In the following year Captain the Honourable Louis Hope, uncle of the
first Governor-General, had 20 acres under cane at Ormiston, near
Cleveland. It was there that the first sugar mill was built and operated.
A monument has been erected to him, as the father of the sugar industry
in Queensland, on the site of his old mill.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

There were, in the early days, several mills near Brisbane, such as
the Clydesdale mill, on Doughboy Creek, the mill at Beenleigh and even
a movable mill, the “Walrus,” which plied up and down the Brisbane
and Xerang rivers on a stern-wheel paddle steamer taking cane from the
farms along the way. It must be remembered that the early mills were
largely on the “plantation” system, where each plantation had its own
mill, so that the number of mills operating rapidly increased up to a
maximum of 166 in 1886, after which centralisation of the mills took
place. The old hand-driven crushing rolls soon gave way to horse-driven
rolls.

About 1870 the Queensland Government grew sugar cane with penal
labour on the island of St. Helena, in Moreton Bay. The horse-driven
mill supplied to them by Smellie and Company’s foundry cost £120 and
was capable of turning out half a ton of sugar per day. Cane growing
on the island had to be abandoned owing to the facility afforded for
prisoners to hide amongst the dense growth with a view to escaping.
When it is remembered that, instead of the primitive hand- or horse-
driven crushers, treating a half ton of cane per day, a modern mill may
have four, five, or six sets of triple rollers, each set capable of exerting
a force of upwards of 400 tons and crushing up to 110 tons of cane per
hour, then it can be imagined that these early mills left nearly as much
sugar in the refuse as they extracted.

The plantations, employing kanakas, and with little hand or horse
mills, gave way to the white farmer and white labour. The abuses of
the kanaka system, particularly on the recruiting side, became so flagrant
that legislation was passed in 1885 to abolish coloured labour after 1900.
As a result, central mills became the accepted practice although there
was the rather interesting experiment of the “juice mill” about 1885,
in which cane from the farms was crushed and the juice put into a tank
to be pumped through pipe lines or taken, in the tanl^, by rail to a
central processing plant. This was done at Millaquin, Carnarvon, Isis-
Yengarie, and other districts.

With the advent of white labour most of the poorer mills went out
of commission and the others were centralised as either proprietary or
co-operative mills. They led to the mills as we know them to-day.
There are at present 31 mills operating in Queensland, 17 of them are
proprietary mills and 14 co-operative mills. The Queensland Govern-
ment was very active in the early stages of white labour in guaranteeing
finance for many of the mills under the Sugar ^Yorks Guarantee Act of
1893” and “T/je Sugar Works Acts of 1911 and 1922.”

In order to have a clear mental picture of the essentials of a sugar
mill from the manufacturing industrj^’s point of view, let us study the
various operations for a moment. From the unloader the carrier takes
the cane under the knives to the crushing rolls. After the juice is
expressed it is clarified and filtered, evaporated at lower and lower
pressures and temperatures, then granulated and centrifuged. All
necessary apparatus, as development took place, was a challenge to
Queensland manufacturers. Smellie and Company were the first to take
up the challenge, and as engineers and boilermakers they supplied various
small mills. William Pettigrew was making centrifugals here in Brisbane
in 1870. Now, firms such as AYalkers Limited in Maryborough, or the

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY.

5

Bundaberg’ Foundry are quite capable of making a complete sugar mill.
Many firms in Brisbane, such as Sargeants Limited, have supplied evapor-
ators (or effets as they are called in the industry) and other equipment
to many Queensland mills.

It was not primarily sugar which first brought Walkers Limited to
Queensland. It was the gold rush around Gympie and Gayndah which
caused Mr. John Walker in 1867 to examine the prospects of opening
an engineering business in Queensland, similar to the one he had already
established in Ballarat, Victoria, to supply mining machinery such as
winding engines to the diggers and to mining companies. In addition
to mining machinery, the firm realised that it might also make machinery
for the sugar industry. Orders came in rapidly and soon the partners
sold their Ballarat business, and one of them went to England to purchase
machine tools. Two sailing vessels, the ‘‘Maria-Y-Susi” and the
‘‘Muriel” were chartered to sail direct to Maryborough from London to
carry the machinery, and they were the forerunners of regular direct
sailings from London to Maryborough of Scottish lines of sailing ships,
chartered by Walkers to carry immigrants and general merchandise as
well as machinery. These vessels all berthed at the firm’s own private
wharves on the Mary River. This is a good example of private enter-
prise at its stirring best.

John Walker and Co. Ltd. became a public company in 1884 with
a nominal capital of £75,000. Now, they employ over 1,000 men on
varied types of work, including mining machinery such as winding
engines, presses for munition manufacture, diesel engines, sugar mill
machinery from the engines to the centrifugals, locomotives, from the
first locomotive ever built in Australia, the “Mary Ann” built in 1873
for the Tin Can Bay Tramway, to the transcontinental locomotives and
locos for all States in Australia. Shipbuilding was started by Walkers
in 1881 when they built the two dredges ‘ ‘ Saurian ’ ’ and ‘ ‘ Maryborough. ’ ’
So far as I know, these dredges are still working to-day.

In the last war. Walkers had a very proud record in the building
of corvettes and frigates. They not only built seven corvettes and three
frigates themselves, but also built engines, parts, and equipment for all
the other ships of that class built in Australia. Not a corvette or frigate
built under the Australian Navy programme between 1939 and 1945
went to sea without having some part made by Walkers, and this state-
ment covers about 70 ships. Fifty-six main engines alone were built,
including the forged propeller shafts and Michell thrust bearings. This
meant extension beds on their own lathes and special furnaces 50 feet
long.

To return to sugar mills. Walkers were not the only firm to make
sugar mill and mining machinery, nor were Maryborough and Brisbane
the only centres for such manufacture. Woolley Bergin and Company
in Bundaberg started about 1870 to repair and manufacture sugar and
mining machinery. In 1889 the firm was taken over by a public com-
pany, the Bundaberg Foundry Company Limited. Bundaberg is the
centre of a very rich cane growing district, and the Bundaberg Foundry
was in an excellent strategic position. They have made sugar mills with
up to 7-feet-wide rollers, as well as many of the 2-foot gauge locomotives

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

used by the mills, both steam and diesel. They have also built some side-
tipping barges for Bundaberg Harbour Board, and they did a mag-
nificent job during the last war by making machine tools, engine beds,
winches, and many other munition requirements. With over 300
employees and a nominal capital of £250,000 the turnover is about
£500,000 per year in spite of transport and shipping difficulties.

Another rather interesting history is that of the firm of Brand and
Drybrough of Townsville. Brand and Drybrough were civil engineers
who, in 1880, were engaged in harbour work, and they built a workshop
and small slip-way primarily to overhaul their own lighters and small
boats. Among other things the firm built the two breakw'aters that
now form Townsville Harbour, as well as the harbours at Cooktown
and Thursday Island. They went into partnership with a Mr. Burns
who had a small iron foundry, and together they had to expand both
their workshops and slip-way in 1887, and again during the last war
to take corvettes. In 1919, the firm w^as taken over by S. W. David
or David’s Foundry, after which they started to make mining and
sugar machinery. Mr. David himself was the inventor of the original
cane unloader.

We have several times mentioned mining and sugar machiner}L
Let us see where engineering came in, in the mines. In the early days,
stamp batteries, sluices, and winches were small and fairly readily
portable. They had to be, for they had to be taken to the mining fields,
which were sometimes well out in the bush. When I tell you that Mr.
John Walker, in 1868, placed his factory where it now stands because it
lay on the bullock track from the sea to the gold fields, you have a perfect
pen picture of the times and of the limitation on the transport of equip-
ment. Nowadays, the major mining companies run quite large
engineering establishments to service their equipment and to make new^
machinery and plant. As examples of this, let us look at IMount IMorgan
and Blount Isa mines.

Mount Morgan mine first became a company in 1886, and was re-
formed into a new^ company in 1929. The old company Avas liquidated
because rising costs, Avith the methods of Avorking them in use, left
nothing for the shareholders, although they had already reaped o\^er
£9,000,000 in dividends from 163 tons of gold and 140,000 tons of copper.
The neAv company is using modern methods to extract the material left
by the old company. It has yet to Avin another 100 tons of gold and
170,000 tons of copper before it ceases operation on its present site. To
do this, it AAull have to remove 30,000,000 tons of dirt and treat 17,000,000
tons of material. This means that about 47,000,000 tons altogether must
be moA^ed to obtain 170,100 tons of metal. This is quite a sizable
engineering job, and requires a large engineering workshop to maintain
all the plant, and a large poAver station to drive all the Avinding engines,
pumps, fans, air compressors, crushing plant and mills. To clriA^e all
this machinery a poAver station Avith an installed capacity of over 10,000
kAv. is necessary. For comparison, the complete new package plant at
Tennj^son, Brisbane, has the same installed capacity of 10,000 kw. The
engineering side, apart from power supply, includes a saAvmill, a fitting
and general machining shop and a carpenter’s shop. Not much
imagination is needed to see that there is more than a little machinery
required in and around a mine. Hence the large number of

engineering firms making mining machinery.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY.

7

Mount Isa Mines is a comparative newcomer in the field as it started
operation in 1925. If we take the size of the power station as some
indication of the engineering problems then Mt. Isa has already out-
stripped its older rival as it has a total installed capacity of 27,500 kw.,
rather more than one-third of the total size of the New Farm Powerhouse
in Brisbane. The workshops at Mount Isa Mines, as probably befits an
organisation situated so far away from manufacturing centres, are mucli
more extensive even than those at Mount Morgan and, quite apart from
purchasing plant from the usual engineering industries, are quite capable
of making headframes, winders, crushing and screening plants, furnaces,
and boilers to their own design. The mechanical and electrical work-
shops alone have 86 electric motors driving their various machines and
employ 260 men on maintenance, repairs, and manufacture.

Not all mines have such extensive manufacturing facilities as either
the Mount Morgan or Mount Isa mines, but they still require machinery.
It was in an endeavour to supply their needs that such firms as Walkers
of Maryborough, the Bundaberg Foundary, or Burns and Twigg of
Rockhampton were established. William Burns arrived in Australia in
1864 and assisted in the assembly of the first locomotive to arrive in
Queensland for the Queensland Railways. He went into partnership
with Edward Foster Twigg in 1875, and the firm of Burns and Twigg
supplied the first 10 head battery for Mount Morgan, and later they
supplied other batteries and ore treatment plant, such as the ball casting
machine for making chilled-cast balls by mass production methods for
their ball mills. This one machine made over 1,000 tons of balls last
year. The firm started with five men and a quarter of an acre of land.
To-day, they employ 85 men and occupy an area of 61 acres. They have
not only supplied mining machinery to nearly all the mines in the
central portion of Queensland, including Mount Isa and Mount Morgan,
but they have also supplied meat works machinery and canning machines
for Lakes Creek Meat Works, the Central Queensland Meat Export
Company and for firms in New^ South ATales and New Zealand. The
adaptability and enterprise of such firms as Burns and Twigg is well
shown by some of the jobs they have tackled. They have made sugar
mill machinery, molasses rail tankers for the Australian National Power
Alcohol Company, rolling stock (trucks and wagons) for the Queensland
Railways, the wharf at Port Alma, which is itself now 70 years old, and
other wharves at Rockhampton, Lakes Creek, and Iron Island. One very
interesting piece of vrork, which sounds quite topical even to-day, was
the lifting of the Fitzroy River Bridge by hydraulic jacks to repair the
foundation of one of the piers which had been washed away in a high
flood. The estimated weight was 400 tons and the repair was successfully
carried out. This job was done in 1890. At present. Burns and Twigg
are to trying to keep pace with large orders for meat packing machinery.
Two of the machines they are making are coming to Brisbane and two are
going to New South Wales; each machine weighs approximately three
tons. In addition, they are making large gas-filled buoys for the
Harbours and Marine Department which will be railed to Brisbane when
completed.

This short sketch of one of our outlying firms indicates what can be
done by good men, ably led. Some of their employees have worked for
them as boilermakers and engineers for periods of 38 to 50 years. Burns

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

and Twigg have several patents in their name, including a rotary filler
for food machinery, quick acting pipe joints for irrigation pipes, and
even a spear for prickly pear.

The railways were graduall}^ extending. At first, the rolling stock
was brought from abroad, the smaller locomotives from Bristol and the
larger ones from Glasgow. The first Queensland built locomotive was
made by the Phoenix Engineering Company of Ipswich in 1889. This
company had taken over from an earlier firm, Springall and Frost, which
began making agricultural and mining machinery in 1882. The Phoenix
Engineering Company itself was later to become Barbat and Sons. In
1890, Evans, Anderson and Phelan in their Kangaroo Point workshops
were to make the first locomotive to a modified American design. You
may well ask how Evans, Anderson and Phelan managed to get their
locomotives (altogether they have made about 190) on to the railway
lines. It was a reasonably common sight in early Brisbane to see one of
their locomotives moving slowly along Main street. Kangaroo Point, on
temporary lines laid down in the street. As the engine moved on to
a second length of rails the first length was hurriedly taken up and leap-
frogged around in front to act as the next stage in the leisurely and
majestic progress.

Walkers made the first B15 passenger locomotives for the Queensland
Railways in 1900, and Toowoomba Foundry made locomotives in 1912.

The Ipswich Railway Workshops, although established almost as
soon as the first railway track was laid down in 1864, did not make any
locomotives until 1908 when they built their first BIT. The railway
Avorkshops, from a mere handful of men in 1864 noAV employ over 2,000
men, making and repairing locomotives, carriages, and wagons. They
are now assisted by subsidiary workshops in other districts of Queens-
land, but the main manufacturing centre is still in Ipswich.

The first carriages run on the Queensland lines Avere composite, first,
and second class. Their greatest carrjfing capacity Avas 44 persons,
the^^ had an average Aveight of 8 to 11 tons, Avere sparsely lighted by oil
lamps and the four-wdieeled bogies Avere made of wood. The modern
versions, the air-conditioned trains, made by the Commonwealth
Engineering Company at Rocklea, are of all-steel construction, air-con-
ditioned, Avith electric light, dining car, sleepers, and all the luxuries of
a first class modern train.

The Avhole concept of these air-conditioned trains shoAA-s a break from
tradition. The normal generating plant for a train consists of low-
Amltage generators for each separate car driven from the axles and A\fith
storage batteries to keep the services running Avhen the carriage
is stationary. The Avhole set up is rather like the generator and battery
of a modern car, except that the train battery is not asked to start the
engine. Under Queensland conditions this was not thought to be satis-
factory. If a train Avere flood-bound, the batteries AA’Ould not be large
enough to keep the serA'ices running, hence no air-conditioning, no
cooking, no lighting.

To avoid these unpleasant consequences it Avas decided to place five
diesel engine generating sets in the first car after the engine and so make
this a poAA^er car. The Amltage aa'RS also made the standard 230 volts so
that spare bulbs or other parts could be obtained in any of the toAAUis en

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY.

0

route. As a result, the train is self contained whether moving- or
stationary. Even if by some mischance, the train is held up for a period
of days, or even weeks, it would usually be possible to get it to where a
road tanker could re-fuel it with diesel oil. The economics of the whole
system, it is understood, work out rather cheaper than the old dynamos
and batteries because the overall weight is less, the haulage engine is
relieved of the dynamo load and all electrical parts are smaller and
cheaper because of the higher voltage. This is a development of which
Queensland can be quite proud and is being watched with interest by
other countries overseas.

The Railway Department has been the occasion for introducing many
other industries. To take but one example, lamps of all kinds were
needed for signalling purposes, and several manufacturers endeavoured
to fill this need. Among the many, there is one started in 1911 by A. E.
Appleton and his sons in a little workshop at home in Sherwood, which
is still in business to-day. A. E. Appleton invented a new type of lamp
which is still being made, and now this firm makes marine petrol engines
and power plant dies and tools. During the war it was impossible to
obtain the china wick-holders for railway lamps, so A. E. Appleton made
their own kilns to manufacture the china parts for themselves.

We have, so far, rather neglected those engineering industries
dealing with household goods. Even before the State of Queensland
existed there were manj^ such industries, such as sawmilling, brickmaking,
carpentering, tile making, plumbing, sheet metal working, and others all
represented in the very early days. I may be taken to task for calling
some of these “meehanical industries,’’ but in the sense of Governor
Bowen’s “hard-headed mechanics” they can, I think, quite fairly be
included.

Of the sawmills existing in the early days to supply timber for
building, many, such as Pettigrews, have gone out of business, but the
expansion of the various interests of the Hancock family are worth a
little study. Thomas Hancock first set up a little sawunill for himself
and his t'wo sons in 1867, and his small business has now grown to a
group of companies, headed by Hancock & Gore, with a nominal
capital of £1,218,000 and employing over 1,300 people. This group of
companies, Hancock & Gore, Brown & Broad, the Timber Corporation
Limited, The Rosebery Sawmilling Company, Cypress Timbers Limited,
and Burts Transport Limited, form the largest timber organisation in
Queensland and the largest plymilling organisation in Australia.

The original sawmill was concerned only with the sawing of timber,
but soon started dressing and machining timber for the erection of homes.
After running the gamut of Hancock and Sons and then Hancock Bros.,
the name of Gore was added in 1901 when the present company of
Hancock & Gore was founded with its main premises in Stanley Street.
In 1911 the move to the present Ipswich Road premises was made and
the developing interests of the factory required a casemill to be added
and later, about 1920, joinery. Plymilling was started in 1931, including
treating the veneers against lyctus borer, and in 1937 a hot press was
installed for plywood manufacture. That this grand old firm is still
looking ahead is shown by the fact that only recently, in 1951, they
installed equipment for treating timber, as well as veneer, against the
attack of lyctus borer.

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

The other companies which come within the Hancock orbit are also
worth considering. Brown & Broad, for example, first came into
being because an ambitious young man, the late G. Brown, decided to
start business on his own account as a sawniiller and timber merchant.
He formed a limited company in 1920 with Mr. Broad, and they were
among the first in the world to offer pre-fabricated, ready to erect, homes.
Unfortunately, the venture proved unsuccessful because of insufficient
output and the fact that people did not lil?:e the sterotyped home, but in
true Australian style, preferred to assert their own individuality in the
design of their owm homes. About 1935 a plywood factory was started,
and after Hancock & Gore took a controlling interest in the firm, many
other departments were added, including case making and joinery.

Both Hancock & Gore, and BroAvn & Broad are interesting in
that they both reversed a pattern which is common to many other firms.
They both added a hardware business to their already successful manu-
facturing interests. As Mr. E. S. Hancock, the manager of Brovui &
Broad, has stated, “The object is to supply everything to a person
requiring a home and whatever would be required in that home.’’

There w^ere also other domestic industries represented by the various
foundries of Smellie & Co., 1855, Hockley’s of Maryborough in 1875,
Kuthning Works of Toowoomba in 1883, and Thomas Gumming of
Brisbane in 1888, to mention but a few. Thomas Gumming is rather
interesting in that he was the first man, of whom we have been able to
find a record, who was born in Queensland, trained in Queensland, and
set up his ovui engineering industry here. He was born in 1866, so that
he opened his business when he was only 22 years old. The Aldine
History of Queensland reported that he was, late in 1888, “steadil}"
building up a reputation for the excellence and soundness of his work.”
You may be interested to hear that ambitious young men are still
starting on their own in Queensland. One of my own w’orkshop staff',
three years ago left the University to set up an engineering business on
his own accord. He also was 22 years old.

These last foundries were making cast iron stoves and fanc}" iron
railings and columns for verandahs so that even the most carping critic
should allow them as mechanical industries. Hockley’s in INIaryborough
began about 1875 largely as a merchandising firm, but the old pattern
of events, which is by now becoming familiar, was followed. Supplies
were difficult to obtain during the first world war so they decided to
start the manufacture of certain lines, particularly fuel stoves, and a
little later, agricultural implements. Gradually the manufacture of
these became the backbone of Hockley’s, who eventually sold their
merchandising interests and concentrated on manufacturing. Later,
they added gas stoves to their various lines.

In Toowoomba the Ruthning works were established in 1883 to make
fuel stoves, but later they moved to Brisbane where they were among the
first to make fuel stoves in the Brisbane area. Breakaway groups of
employees later formed two other well knoAvn stove manufacturers, the
Grown and the Rex.

When a well was being dug at McDisme, about one mile from the
Burdekin river on the north side of the bridge, the well-sinkers had
reached a depth of 28 feet in sand when they uncovered an old iron
stove. Unfortunately, history does not relate the make of the stove, but

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY.

11

it would seem that the well-sinkers had struck the exact site of the
boundary-rider’s shack of the old Inkerman cattle station. Queensland’s
early industries are apparently already lending themselves to archaeo-
logical study.

In 1923, Hockleys and Ruthning joined with Enterprise Metal Pro-
ducts Ltd., a company formed in 1910 by Messrs. Sachs and Zillman,
to form the organisation now known as United Metal Industries. Enter-
prise Industries was producing dairy utensils, steel cabin trunks and
many other sheet metal fabricated lines and it was thought that the amal-
gamation of the three companies would enable stoves to be produced on a
mass production basis by machines rather than by hand methods as
previously. To those who know the present United Metal Industries
works it will no doubt be somewhat of a surprise to know that the whole
27 acres, including some buildings used as a sawmill, were purchased for
£1,800.

U.M.I. was affected by the first post war depression, but met the
challenge by improved production methods which enabled it to produce
better goods at a lower cost. During the second world war practically
all standard lines had to be eliminated while the company undertook the
production of munitions. This proved to be a blessing in disguise as it
enabled a detailed study to be made of the benefits to be derived from
mass production methods. As a result, when the war was over, new lines,
including electrical appliances, were taken up and old lines were re-
designed to suit mass production methods. Nowadays, U.M.I. is making
a specialty of stainless steel work and produces mainly fuel, gas and
electric stoves, electric and gas wash boilers, hot water systems, stainless
steel sinks and trolleys, water coolers and softeners, and ice refrigerators.
The firm now has nine acres of buildings, and has developed one of the
most extensive methods engineering departments in the State, and has
a large production planning department Avhich controls all phases of
production.

U.M.I. has quite a large export trade and is one of the man^^
engineering firms now operating in Queensland which sends goods far
and wide. Owing to the very unfavourable wage balance and the shorter,
40-hour working week in Australia, it is possible for Australian
engineering firms to export their goods only if their production methods
are very carefully controlled and are kept absolutely up-to-date and
efficient. It is to Queensland’s credit that there are many such firms oper-
ating to-day. Modern tooling and modern machinery, coupled with
efficient, planned methods are essential to keep our export trade going.

Let us look at a few other industries with large export sales and see
how they have developed. If we follow our previous line of thought,
domestic engineering, the name of N. V. Appleton (Naco) immediately
comes to mind. Norman Appleton was a son of the A. E. Appleton who
invented the railway guard’s signalling lamp, and he obviously inherited
his father ’s inventive genius. He first set up business on his own account
in 1935 in a rented room in Bowen street. I will not give all the details
of the development here as I propose to show a colour film later on, ‘ ‘ The
Naco Story, ’ ’ which will tell it far better than I could. Suffice it to say
that at the moment the present output of louvres alone is over one million
eight-pane sets per year, or eight million louvres per year, together with
all the other things you will see in the film.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Export, SO far as Australia is concerned, is mainly taken to mean
primary produce, meat, wool, and canned foods and fruits. But this
could not be done without canning; machinery, cans, and packages.
Several firms have assisted here. Burns and Twigg of Rockhampton we
have already mentioned, but there are others. As an example the
Queensland Can Company began to fill this special need in 1921, origin-
ally with plain cans, but now with lithographed packages of many types,
crown seals, cartons, labels and pliofilm wrappers. Starting with 20
men in a small factory in Stanley street, they now employ 400 and their
containers are truly export products.

Other food industries, such as the C.O.D. Cannery at Xorthgate,
make their own food processing machinery and cans. The C.O.D.
Cannery has recently made several “ginaea” machines for processing
pineapples which it is installing in its new Rockhampton branch. Just
in passing, I might remark that the line layout of this particular cannery
is one of the best in Queensland and I use it a$ an example to my
students. The cannery was opened about 1948 as a growers co-operative
concern, it now employs over 1,000 people in the canning season, and its
products are nearly all exported. Golden Circle goods are well known
over quite a large part of the globe.

If we still carry on with export as the theme, we cannot overlook
one of the oldest and most interesting firms in Queensland, the
Toowoomba Foundry. Once again, it was a case of “great oaks from
little acorns grow,” and once again, a large engineering business grew
from a merchandising and repair shop. i\Ir. G. W. Griffiths came from
Manchester to Toowoomba shortly after the city itself was founded in
1849. The hardware business prospered and G. W. Griffiths was joined
by his brother J. A. Griffiths who, I am pleased to record, was
an engineering graduate from ^Manchester. The railway reached
Toowoomba about 1867, and this together with the growing need for
agricultural implements and machinery, proved a challenge which no
engineering graduate could deny. “The Toowoomba Foundry and
Railway Rolling Stock Manufacturing Co. Limited” was established in
1871. Water supply and agricultural equipment has always been a
major part of the business of the Toowoomba Foundry, and some of the
first industrial research in Quensland was done by J. A. Griffiths into
the design of windmill blades when making the first all-steel windmill
in Australia. Windmills are now made by mass production methods.
Rolling stock and locomotives for the Queensland railways were made
before and during the first world war, and some of this equipment is
still in use. After the war, it was decided that “Toowoomba foundry,”
as it was then called, would not undertake further jobbing work, but
would concentrate on mass production by properly planned and up-to-
date methods. The sales organisation was separated from the foundry.
If sales now give an order for, say, 200 diesel engines of a certain type
to Toowoomba Foundry, the foundry can plan its production
programme on the basis of this order. First, the drawing and design
office checks the drawings to see if any modifications, required by their
research laboratories, are needed since the last batch of that particular
type was made. The planning department then sets out dates for all
tools and jigs to be made ready and for manufacture to start at appro-
priate times. It should be noted that once a batch has been approved

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY.

13

for manufacture, no further modifications in design can be made to that
batch. Even if the research laboratory can make a substantial improve-
ment in the design, it must wait for the next batch. Every last little
item is carefully planned in exactly the same way !as in Ford’s, Austin’s,
Chevrolet or any of the big mass production factories overseas. The
firm has a very progressive policy with regard to new machines, and even
since I have knomi them they have installed many new, intricate, and
automatic machine tools. For example, they possess the only Fischer
copying lathe in Queensland, and there are, I understand, only a few in
Australia. What this machine can do to a bar of steel has to be seen to
be believed. A rough bar is put into the machine, and in a matter of
seconds a beautifully finished shaft with various sizes and lengths cor-
rectly machined to veiy high orders of accuracy is produced without
the machine having to be touched. Fortunately, it is quite easy to
change the machine from one job to another, as it only takes a few hours,
or possibly days, to finish off several months supply of any one article.

As a result of these methods, prices have been kept comparatively
low and sales have kept on mounting until now their export market is
so wide that they have had to open a branch factory in South Africa.
The Toowoomba factory employs about 900 people and covers 15 acres.
They have recently acquired a further 26 acres for expansion near their
own 19-acre sports field.

Apart from the windmills, which they make in all sizes up to 30 feet,
with all the auxiliary plant, such as piping, pumps, tanks, stands, &c.,
and the milking machines and equipment, the main output of the factory
is now in diesel engines. Toowoomba foundry claims that it is the
largest factory in the southern hemisphere making small diesel engines.
They make everything from the small 2-horse power air-cooled engine
up to 40-horse power multi-cylinder engines suitable for small country
power houses, auxiliary generators for ships, or even power units for
small boats. Two experimental 80-horse power engines were recently
fitted into Mr. Griffiths’ own launch and he showed the faith he had in
his own products by sailing the launch to and from South Africa. The
engines gave no trouble, so that we can, I suppose, expect a production
line of 80-horse power engines soon.

They are also making the electric generators to go with the engines,
and Evans Deakin, for example, frequently install Southern Cross
generating sets in the ships they build.

It is not only the larger firms which do an export trade. Marino
Products, a comparative small firm making pumps for irrigation and
other purposes, has developed trade with India as a result of the Colombo
plan. Here again it should be noted that it is only because of efficient
production methods that this can be done. They have one of the most
comprehensive sets of tooling, jig and fixture work that I have ever seen
in a small firm. Because of this I have a feeling that they will not be
very small for very much longer. Another of the smaller specialist firins
which has sent most of its output to places outside Queensland is the
Falkiner Machinery Company which took over Bloomers Chains Limited
in 1930, after Bloomers had been in business for about four years. It
may surprise you to know that the only firm in Australia producing
chain cables from J in. to 2 in. inclusive is situated in Brisbane. A
15-fathom length (90 feet) of 2-inch chain weighs about 31 ewt., and has

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

a breaking load of over 100 tons. Falkiner ’s can supply up to 200 tons
weight per month of the chains needed by industry, and by ships both
large and small. Their chains are made by electric flash butt-welding
and the first machine for this purpose was installed during the war and
was immediately put to work making naval and boom defence chains.
As is usual with the Naw>^, all the chains had to be tested, and the
Falkiner company is the only approved chain testing house in Australia,
other than at Garden Island in Sydney. The testing machine can deal
with up to 100 tons pull, and the chains are approved by Lloyds Register
of Shipping, London, for use on all ships operating under Lloyds Regis-
ter, including those built in Queensland by Evans Deakin, Walkers and
all the other launch and boat building yards.

Sydney Harbour bridge depended in its construction on chains made
in Brisbane, and Brisbane-made chains sail the seven seas. Mention of
the Evans Deakin ships which carry Falkiner chains reminds me that I
have not yet said anything about Evans Deakin and company. The
following statement is from a history of the company —

‘'Endowed with the energy and ambition of youth, but with
little else, Evans and Deakin in partnership established themselves
in business as engineer supply merchants in premises situated at
172 Edward street, Brisbane, in 1911.”

When Colonel D. E. Evans returned from overseas service with the
Army, a small workshop Avas established in a disused stable at his
Coorparoo home, and mechanical elcA^ators, conveyors and refrigeration
coils were made there. In 1920 the partnership took over the general
and marine engineering works of W. S. Binnie & Sons in Montague
Road, installed a heavy forging plant, and promptly entered into a
contract for 1,500 railway Avagons. RaiLvay Avagons still form one of
the “bread and butter” lines of Evans Deakin & Company. The
increasing flood of AA’ork decided them to purchase 22 acres of land at
Rocklea on which to erect a steel fabrication shop. The products
from this shop have been many and A^aried ; they include the oil storage
tanks at Bulimba, pipe lines, pressure vessels, presses and, as well as
many other bridges, the Story Bridge Avithin the city.

The shipbuilding activities of Evans Deakin started in July, 1940,
Av-hen the keel of a 1,200-ton oil lighter AA’as laid doA\m, followed in
November of the same year by a local defence vessel and a floating dock.
It is not alAA'ays realised by neAvcomers to Brisbane that the site of the
shipyard, Moar’s slip, Avas, to all intents and purposes, completely devoid
of any facilities for building ships A\Fen it Avas leased by the company
from the Brisbane City Council in 1940. As a result, the early pro-
cessing, such as the bending of the plates and girders, Avas done in the
Rocklea Avorks and then transported to the shipyard. It is not often
that a shipyard and ships are built together!

To the end of 1954 Evans Deakin had built 30 ships, a floating dock,
and a floating caisson for the Cairncross dock Avhich can almost be
regarded as a ship, and the company has further orders for four 10,000-
ton bulk cargo ships. Corvettes, colliers, and merchant ships up to
10,000 tons have all come off Evans Deakin ’s slips, and when it is
realised that all this has been done in 15 years, we must pay tribute to
the organising abilities, knowledge and drive shown by Colonel Evans
and Mr. Deakin.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY.

15

Evans Deakin is by no means the youngest firm in Brisbane. Many
others commenced about the time that Evans Deakin opened their
Rocklea works in 1926. Among them are the firms of R. L. Windsor and
F. L. Hudson. R. L. Windsor started by making high quality knives
for woodworking machinery at his home. He soon moved to a tiny
workshop 20 feet by 12 feet in St. Paul’s Terrace with one employee,
who, incidentally, is works manager to-day. A woodworking Imife is
not exactly a table knife; such knives for veneer cutting may be up to
13 ft. 6 in. long. When he first tried to introduce special steel to
Queensland’s woodworking factories he met with more than a little
opposition, in fact he was told ‘‘you can’t hope to compete against world
markets, ’ ’ but that is precisely what he did. The special steel he intro-
duced (which came from Sheffield) caused a revolution by increasing
output from, in one case, 10-feet length of timber per sharpening of
knife to 9,000 feet. As a result the firm now makes about 1,000 pairs
of machine knives per week. During the war, all sorts of surgical tools
and equipment for the services were made, and since the war, Windsors
have made the carving tools used by Miss Daphne Mayo and special pur-
pose wood- working machinery, such as the bed-rail boring machine which
reduced the time of manufacture from ten minutes to seven seconds.
The business is still growing and has just purchased several acres of
land outside the city limits on which to build a new factory. Another
special purpose machine, built by a recently founded firm, is the auto-
matic tuning lathe made by Jeffress Bros., a firm founded in 1946, to
supply the demand for special woodworking machinery.

F. L. Hudson have now developed a high precision, mass production,
workshop for brass valves and other special fittings such as forged
refrigeration line fittings which were the first made in Australia.
Hudsons did some beautiful precision work during the war in the manu-
facture of diesel fuel pumps.

Many new organisations are still being formed in Queensland, some
of them by Queenslanders, such as L. G. Burley who opened his new
factory in 1951 for the manufacture of electrical switch gear. Mr.
Burley was originally an electrical contractor with a one-man business in
1928, engaged in domestic, commercial, and industrial wiring. By 1945
he employed a staff of 90 men in the contracting field. In that year,
he opened a small factory in Charlotte street to make fiourescent lighting
and neon signs, hot water systems, electric boilers, and later, electrical
switchboards and control systems for sugar mills, mines, power stations,
and heavy industry. The new factory covers 2^ acres and employs 180
men.

As a contrast to the slow, methodical development of most of the
engineering businesses I have already dealt with, there are those which
started as complete factories. Many of these were, like the Common-
wealth Marine Engine Works at Rocklea, the result of wartime require-
ments, but others, such as the English Electric Company which took over
the Marine Engine Works in toto in 1949 in order to make heavy
electrical equipment ; the Commonwealth Engineering Company of
Sydney w^hich opened a Brisbane branch in the old Rocklea munitions
area in 1950 ; the Olympic Tyre Factory which produced its first tyre in
Queensland in 1950 ; and the Queensland Glass Manufacturers Company
in 1953. All are post-war developments which commenced as complete
undertakings.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

The Commonwealth Engineering Company is responsible for the
manufacture of Queensland’s air-conditioned trains, of which I have
already spoken, as well as diesel rail motors, over 3,000 wagons, suburban
carriages, and many other items of rolling stock for the railways and for
Mount Isa and other mines. The Olympic Tyre factory just recently
asked the Minister for Transport to unveil their 1,000,000th tyre. Sir
Prank Beaurepaire came up from Melboune for the ceremony which was
attended by a large number of industrial and trade leaders in Queens-
land. Olympic Tyres has a well laid out factory in which intelligent use
of colour has been made both on the machines and on the factory walls,
girders, and roofs. The striped girders indicate not only where fire
extinguishers are kept, but also the type of fire extinguisher, whether
soda-acid, foam, or carbon tetrachloride for paper or wood, rubber, and
electrical fires respectively.

It is not my intention to deal wdth employee facilities in any detail
except to say that Queensland industries are now beginning to realise
the need for, and the importance of, various facilities required to keep
their employees contented. Two examples may be mentioned. The
Toowoomba foundry has a nineteen acre sports field with picnic area
and children’s playground, as well as the usual playing fields. Regular
socials are run in the modern clubhouse or pavilion from which there is
an extensive view over the playing fields and Toowoomba. It also iias
a well run canteen in the workshop. The needs of the C.O.D. cannery
in Brisbane are different. Here is a factory with seasonal work for
hundreds of girls and married women during the pineapple season.
Seasonal workers are usually hard to obtain, but the cannery has solved
this by creating a tradition among the local housewives that seasonal
work in the cannery is a good way of earning some pin money. House-
wives, of course, have shopping to do as there is usually a husband to be
fed somewhere in the background. The cannery has, therefore, included
a modern shop in its facilities where the best of meat, foods, millinery,
draper}^ or anything else can be purchased. If something which is not
in stock is required, it is obtained immediately. This shopping service,
coupled with a really excellent modern canteen and first aid room,
ensures that the cannery never lacks for staff.

Employers need facilities just as much as employees. They need
facilities for discussion with others, for promoting trade and commerce,
for assisting the government in drawing up laws and regulations
affecting trade, and for the dissemination of technical knowledge. Many
trade and technical associations have grown up in Queensland and are
of great assistance to industry here. The first was, of course, the
Chamber of Commerce which now has almost one thousand members.
Mr. George Raff was elected the first President in 1860. The original
objects of the Chamber were : —

(a) To promote and protect the home, interstate and overseas
.trade, commerce, and shipping, and the manufactures and indus-
tries of the State of Queensland and to consider all questions
connected with them.

(h) To promote, support, or oppose legislative or other measures
affecting their interests and to collect and circulate statistics and
other information relating to them.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY.

17

(c) To undertake the settlement by arbitration of any disputes
arising or to act as arbitrator therein, and to form a code of
practice whereby the transactions of business relating to the afore-
said matters may be simplified and facilitated.

These objectives still hold to-day, and the Chamber claims that in
recent years it has stood as the bulwark of competitive free enterprise,
believing that under free enterprise, greater progress will be made by
Australia as a nation and a higher standard of living will result for its
people.

Rather than the Chamber of Commerce, which I mentioned only
because it was the first such organisation, we should, for engineering
purposes, take The Ironmasters’ Association of Queensland, which was
founded in 1905. Its purpose was to protect the interests of the
engineering industry under the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitra-
tion Act as it became necessary for engineers and founders to become
registered as an organisation in the Commonwealth Arbitration Court.

The Ironmasters’ Association was probably protecting the interests
of its members when, at a meeting on 1st November, 1915, it passed a
resolution to grant a day’s holiday for the iron trade’s employees for an
annual picnic, without pay !

The Chairman of the inaugural meeting of the Ironmasters’ Associa-
tion was Mr. James Dowrie wRo was one of the grand old gentlemen
of the engineering industry in this State. His son, who is on the Faculty
of Engineering, still carries on the firm of J. & G. Dowrie & Son Limited.
Mr. J. Dowrie ’s work for industry in Queensland has been marked by the
raising of a memorial fund by the present Metal Trades Employer’s
Association, which took over froiu the Ironmasters’ Association in 1936.
This fund was presented to the University of Queensland to set up a
series of James Dowrie Memorial Prizes in the third and fourth year of
the iMechanical Engineering course.

One of the proudest achievements of the Ironmasters’ Association,
due largely to Mr. Dowrie ’s influenee, was the part they played in
advising the legislature of the day in the drafting of the State
Apprenticeship Act. Even in 1919 there were 100 students attending
the Technical College from firms connected with the Ironmasters’
Association for the purpose of obtaining their general training. This was
before the founding of the Apprenticeship Board. Prior to 1920 (and
subsequent to 1920 in other States), apprenticeship was between the
employer and the guardian, and the compulsory provisions were mainly
developed about 1920. They were that nobody (a minor) should be
engaged on trade work without an apprenticeship.

The first examination for apprentices was held in 1920; 120 boys
sat, and 75 passed. After the boys had been classified, they were inter-
viewed by the Central Apprenticeship Committee (on which Committee
there were representatives of the Ironmasters’ Association, Queensland
Employers Federation, President of the Arbitration Court, Delegates of
the Trades Hall, and representatives of the Education Department) as
to physique and aptitude for the chosen trade. From the Central Com-
mittee the boys were sent to the Group Apprenticeship Committee, and,
as requests came from that Committee for boys to fill the trade, they were

B

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

sent forward by the Secretary to be interviewed. Up to 1920 there were
eoinniittees formed in the following trades — electrical, sheet metal,
building, engineering, printing, furniture, and leather work. In 1955,
there are approximately 58 such committees.

AYhen the boys Avere allotted to the trade they became the charge
of the Apprenticeship Committee Avhile serving their apprenticeships.
The Committee had to see that they got proper attention in accordance
Avith their hours of experience, and proper training in the Avorkshops.
It was compulsory that each boy should be tested every six or twelve
months to make sure that he Avas making the right headway in order to
qualify for an increase in Avage each year. If a boy was not efficient at
the end of each year of experience, the period could be extended by the
Committee. Special committees Avere appointed to confer A\dth the
Technical College staff on correct tuition under the Act.

In 1922, the State of Victoria sent a deputation to Queensland Avith
a vieAv to introducing an apprenticeship scheme. The Victorian Act
Avas based on the Queensland Act. “They w^ere given every assistance
possible by the Apprenticeship Committee.”

In addition to the direct assistance of the various employers associ-
ations, there has been invaluable help given to industry by the different
technical societies and institutions. I am A^ery pleased to be able to say
that the first technical engineering body formed in Queensland was the
IMechanical Engineers Association Avhich started in 1887. Apart from
a short Avhile in 1893 Avhen the Association had to be wound up because
of a crisis, it continued to function until 1900 Avhen it became the Queens-
land Institution of Engineers and took the Civil engineers into the fold.
The Queensland Electrical Association Avas absorbed in 1911 and the
Institution became general in its membership and activities. In 1919,
nearty all the Amrious engineering institutions in all the different states
amalgamated to form AAdiat is noAv the Institution of Engineers, Australia.
Tlie Institution is a professional body AA^orking under a Royal Charter,
and holds regular meetings at AAffiich technical papers are delivered and
discussed not only in Brisbane but in different local groups such as
ToAvnsAulle and Cairns.

*Many other technical institutions haA^ formed branches in Queens-
land and each plays its part in disseminating information on technical
matters Avithin its oAvn field. For example, the Australian Institute of
jMetals, of great assistance to foundries and engineering shops generally,
formed a branch here in 1949. The branch is already spreading its tentacles
to TooAvoomba by holding two meetings per year there. The Australian
Institute of ^Management is a very live organisation which formed its
Brisbane branch in 1950. The University also assists industry, not only
by supplying graduates and through its testing services, but by taking a
very actiA^e part in the A^arious technical societies.

The CoA^ernment has played its part in assisting industry by setting
up standards to AAffiich industry should AA^ork. The Weights and Measures
Department and the Machinery and Scaffolding Department which were
established by the Government in about 1880 and 1900 respectively have
saved untold financial loss (or gain by unscrupulous people) through

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY.

19

standardisation of weights and measures, and countless lives by their
rigorous inspection of boilers, cranes, engines, motors, and all the other
machinery which come within their purview.

A perfect example of the safeguarding of human life occured during
the building of the city hall. The main king pin or hinge pin of the
main crane was difficult to obtain in those days as it was seven inches
diameter. After a time, the contractor told the Machinery Department
that he had managed to get one. The Department found that the con-
tractor had got an old railway axle and had machined it to fit. The
Railways Department does not take anything out of service before it is
necessary. The contractor did not know that steel axles are subject to
fatigue, like other metals, as with the Comet plane crashes. The
Machinery Department found that the particular axle had done over
half a million miles and condemned it for the purpose of swinging a test
load of seven tons of lead 300 feet over the heads of unsuspecting passers-
by in the street below. A billet of steel was obtained from J. and G.
Dowrie’s yard which enabled the job to be completed without loss of life.

There is quite a little romance and adventure in what may appear
to be the humdrum life of a machinery inspector. As is frequently the
case, the machinery inspector in Mackay just after the turn of the
century, a Mr. Collins, was an old marine chief engineer. He had to
inspect the first motor car which came to Mackay. His report makes
quite entertaining reading: —

“this vehicle was made by Humbers and is fitted with a four-
cell batter^^ and a twin-cylinder engine. It has a gearbox which
provides two speeds ahead and one astern. The purpose for which
it is used is public entertainment, carrying passengers around the
block for six pence per passenger.”

The car actually belonged to the owner of TattersalDs Hotel,
Sydney street. This same Mr. Colins had the distinction of being
chased off several sugar farms by kanakas with double-barreled shot-
guns. The cane farmers apparently did not agree with such new-
fangled notions as inspecting boilers!

Incidentally, the first boiler inspected was dated 1/1/01 and it is still
in use in a sawmill at Woolloongabba.

I have already quoted from the first report of the Government
Analyst. Robert Mar, the one-man staff of 1882, is now replaced by a
total staff of 32 in the Chemical Laboratory alone, and there are other
laboratories in, for example, the Department of Agriculture and Stock.
The reports of the Government Analyst make fascinating reading, if
you allow for the cold, official phraseology. I will table a copy of the
first (1882), and of the last (1954) report issued. Hopeful prospectors
are still apparently looking for gold mines near Brisbane, because Mr.
S. B. Watkins states in his last report:

“A metal submitted as a mineral from the Mount Coot-tha area
consisted of brazing alloy. It carried a patina and no doubt was
a relic of the occupation of the area by the American forces
during the war. ’ ^

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Samples of air from mines, as well as various minerals and coals,
galvanised iron, clay for brickmaking, paints, gases given off by plyAvoods,
were all analysed and show' hoAv the Department helps and guides
industry.

The sugar industry made its first move to form the Australian Sugar
Producer’s Association in 1900 by amalgamating small organisations,
generally of groAvers, although the Bundaberg Planters’ Association AA'as
formed by mill OAvners. It Av^as not until 1908 that the Australian Sugar
Producers’ Association was finalh' formed in ToAvnsAulle. The head-
quarters Avere transferred to Brisbane in 1909 and the Association iioav
covers not only Queensland but northern NeAA' South Wales.

In addition to the Australian Sugar Producers’ Association, there
is also the Queensland Society of Sugar Cane Technologists Avhich, as
its name indicates, is a technical society for mill engineers and chemists.
Every year a conference is held in one of the sugar districts at AA'hicli
technical papers, previously printed, are presented and vigorously dis-
cussed. This year the conference is to be held in Cairns, and aa'c Avill
be presenting a progress report of our oAvn research into the milling of
sugar.

Once again Ave have the Government taking a fatherly interest in
industry. It Avas fairly obvious that in the Sugar Industry some co-
ordination of knoAAdedge and methods should be attempted. After con-
siderable discussion, the Queensland Government founded the Bureau of
Sugar Experiment Stations in 1900 AAuth an experimental plot of cane
near Mackay. The headquarters of the Bureau is now in Brisbane, and
it deals AAuth milling results as AA’ell as the agricultural problems in the
groAving of cane. The Bureau has done some very good correlation and
statistical Avork into mill results and makes its findings readily available
to the industry.

Under existing conditions it is imperative that industry should be
up-to-date, Avell informed, and should use the best designs and methods
available. To this end research is inevitable. Several firms already have
research and development departments. TooAA’oomba foundry has been
mentioned, and there are many others, but in one industry, Queensland
has taken the lead by forming a co-operative research institute, the first
in Australia to my knoAA'ledge. I speak here of the Sugar Research
Institute in ]\Iackay. This institute is one of the most interesting
developments I have seen, and it is on a par Avith any of the indus-
trial co-operative research institutions in Britain. I hope that the
•example of TooAA'oomba foundry and of the Sugar Research Institute
Avill be folloAved by others. If this is done, then the road ahead is open.

Queensland industry has a history, a fascinating history, and it is
still developing. That Brisbane’s Citj- Council and the Queensland
Government have faith in that deAelopment is shoAA'n by the installation
of the neAv poAAerhouse at Tennyson AA'hich w'as opened two daj^s ago ; it
AAull haA^e a generating capacitA^, Avhen complete, of 120,000 kAV.

In conclusion, I would like to acknowledge the generous help of many
friends and industrial undertakings, without whose help this summary
could not have been attempted.

VOL. LXVri., No. 2.

21

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN PACHYGRONTHINAE
WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW
GENUS (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE).

(With one Plate)

By James A. Slater, Department of Zoology and Entomology,
University of Connecticut, U.S.A.

{Received 26th October, 1955; issued separately 23rd July, 1956.)

Through the kindness of Dr. T. E. Woodward of the University of
Queensland 1 have recently been able to examine a most interesting
collection of Pachygronthinae from southeast Queensland. This col-
lection contains a new genus and species of Teracriini, and enables me
to improve a previous description and rectify a systematic error in the
genus Stenophyella.

STENOPHLEGYAS n.g.

Head strongly declivent, bent at a considerable angle to the horizon-
tal plane of the body; pronotum distinctly bilobed, macropterous form
with anterior lobe not strongly swollen, but convex, narrower than
posterior lobe and only slightly longer (Fig. 1), brachypterous form
with anterior lobe proportionately much enlarged, several times as long
as posterior lobe, broader, and greatly swollen (Fig. 2) ; abdominal
connexivum well developed : hem elytra in macropterous form with lateral
margins sinuate, membrane reaching to penultimate abdominal tergite;
in brachypterous form hemelytra greatly reduced, extending posteriorly
on to abdominal tergite two, clavus and corium fused except at extreme
apex, membrane represented only by a narrow band along the strongly
concave posterior corial margin ; apex of abdomen terminating in a pair
of blunt projections ; labium with first segment not quite attaining base
of head; antennae with second segment the longest, nearly as long as
segments I and II combined; head smooth in gular area; fore femora
moderately incrassate, prominently spinous below; male gonostyli (Fig.
10) with a curving terminal portion.

Type species : Stenophlegyas woodivardi new species.

This interesting genus is quite distinct from other members of the
tribe Teracriini. The strongly bilobed pronotum (Fig. 1) enormously
swollen, globose anterior lobe in the brachypterous form, very long
second antennal segment and bifid abdominal apex (Figs. I and 2),
constitute the most important recognition characters.

The affinities of the genus are rather obscure. In general habitus
and the strongly declivent head it is suggestive of Phlegyas. Further-
more, the only case of brachyptery in the tribe that approaches the
extreme found here is in the South American Phlegyas patruelis Berg.
HoAvever, the male gonostyli are much more suggestive of Teracrius,
Cymophyes and Stenophyella. Stenophlegyas is also similar to
Stenophyella in the bifid apex to the abdomen. However, since certain
species of Opistholeptus show an approach to this condition in having
the abdominal apex emarginate, I am inclined to think that this character
is of little phylogenetic importance and probably does not indicate a
close relationship between these two genera. Certainly in most charac-
teristics Stenophyella and Stenophlegyas do not show close relationship.

c

I'l PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OP QUEENSLAND.

This is the only genus of Pachygronthinae that I have seen where extreme
brachyptery is accompanied by a great modification of the structure of
the pronotum. The condition appears to be parallel to that exhibited
by the Nearctic myodochine Cnemodus mavortius (Say).

STENOPHLEGYAS WOODWARDI n.sp.

General coloration dark testaceous ; male with black coloration exten-
sively developed on head and pronotum, base of scutellum, all of
abdominal tergite three and basal one-half of tergite four, terminal
three abdominal tergites, basal three-fourths of all femora and a narrow
subbasal and apical tibial band, underside of head, coxae, trochanters
and labium ; females coloured much as in male, but black areas reduced
on head and pronotum, absent on abdominal tergites, broken up into
irregular markings on tibiae and femora and sometimes even on coxae
and trochanters ; abdominal connexivum immaculate in male, in females
with an elongate black triangular mark on each segment, the point of
the triangle directed posteriorly; antennal segments I and II light
yellowish with exception of extreme base of segment I and sometimes
apex of II, segments III and IV fuscous-brown ; apical corial margin in
macropterous form with a brown spot at apex of corium and a second
midway along corial margin ; corial margin immaculate in brachypterous
form.

Sparsely clothed below and on head, scutellum and lateral pronotal
areas with decumbent sericeous pile ; body with numerous deep punctures,
these becoming obsolete on abdominal venter.

Macropterous Form: (Figure 1) Head very broad, strongly decli-
vent, eyes slightly produced laterally, clypeus reaching on to basal one-
fifth of second antennal segment ; pronotum distinctly two lobed, anterior
lobe only slightly longer than posterior (25: 21) and little swollen on
disc, lateral margins straight, posterior lobe widened posteriorly, broader
than anterior lobe ; scutellum with a laevigate pale carina on apical one-
half that becomes obsolete basad, latero-basal scutellar angles bearing a
deep black pit or depression; hemelytra with lateral margins of corium
sinuate leaving most of abdominal connexiva exposed, membrane reaching
penultimate median abdominal tergite; abdomen strongly punctured
above, apex of abdomen produced into a pair of blunt processes, sugges-
tive of the condition of StenopJiyella labium reaching on to middle of
mesosternum, first segment extending three-fourths distance to base of
liead, second segment exceeding base of head by more than one-half its
length ; fore femora very strongly incrassate, armed below wdth three
major and numerous minor spines ; antennae rather stout, segment II the
longest, segment IV fusiform.

Brachypterous Form: (Figure 2) Differs from the macropterous

female described above as follows : Head slightly more strongly declivent ;
anterior lobe of pronotum greatly enlarged, considerably wider than
posterior lobe and very strongly swollen, ratio of anterior to posterior
lobe 33 :8 ; lateral margins of pronotum evenly curved, broadest at center
of anterior lobe ; hemelytra reduced to tiny pads, clavus and corium
fused, membrane reduced to a tiny curving fringe along posterior edge
or corium ; hemelytra extending only on to second median abdominal
tergite, apical margin \ery strongly concave ; exposed abdominal dorsum
strongly convex and swollen, connexiva prominent.

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN PACHYGRONTHINAE.

23

The proportions are so different between the macropterous and
brachypterous specimens and between the brachypterous male and the
females that I have found it necessary to place the measurements of
body parts in the table below rather than to attempt to incorporate them
into the body of the description.

—

Macropterous

Female.

Brachypterous

Male.

Brachypterous
Females (2).

mm.

mm.

mm.

Length antennal segment I.

•25

•25

•22-25

Length antennal segment II.

•62

•58

•60-65

Length antennal segment III.

•41

•38

•40-42

Length antennal segment IV.

•55

•55

•52-55

Interocular space

•75

•65

1 -75-78

Width of head across eyes . .

1-25

1-08

1-22-1-28

Length of head

•48

•30

> -38

Length of pronotum

M5

•90

1-00-1-08

Width of pronotum at base

1-45

•82

1 -95-1-02

Maximum width of pronotum

•92

' 1-08-1-15

Length anterior pronotal lobe

•62

•72

j -80-88

Length posterior pronotal lobe

•52

•18

•20

Distance apex clavus-apex corium

•85

Distance apex corium-apex abdomen

1-80

2-35

2-55-2-72

Distance base pronotum-apex abdomen . .

•62

•75-80

Length scutellum

•62

•42

•52-55

Length fore femora . .

1-00

•98-1-05

Total length . .

5-00

4-20

4-62-4-92

Holotype. Macropterous female : Carnarvon Gorge, S. Queensland, Australia*
29/5/1954. T. E. Woodward. In Queensland Museum Collections, No. T5311.

Paratypes. 2 females same data as holotype ; 1 male : Theodore, Queensland
Australia. 12/12/1950. S. Barker. No. T5312, female in collections Queensland
Museum ; remainder in author’s collection.

I take pleasure in dedicating this new species to Dr. T. E. Woodward
of the University of Queensland who collected the greater part of the
type series and who has done such important work in furthering our
understanding of the Lygaeidae of the Australian region.

OPISTHOLEPTUS VULTURNUS (Kirkaldy). .

When I recently (Slater, 1955) redescribed this Australian species
only five specimens were available for study. Dr. Woodward has kindly
forwarded twent}^ additional specimens thus enabling certain corrections
and improvements to be made to the previous descriptions.

Some specimens of this species run much lighter in coloration than
any previously seen, and although males tend to be darker, there is great
individual variation in both sexes (Figs. 3-9). The color ranges from
almost entirely testaceous (Fig. 9), to nearly completely piceous on head
and pronotum (Fig. 3). Thus in my 1955 key to the species of
Opistholeptus, specimens of viilturnus without extensive dark markings
on the pronotum will run to the African species jordani, from which
species they may be readily separated, however, by the presence of spots
on the apex and midway along the apical margin of the corium (these
spots are always absent in African species). 0. jordani also has a much
neater relative apex corium-apex abdomen length and is proportionately
narrower across the base of the pronotum (compare with descriptions
in Slater 1955).

Despite the great colour variation, there are certain areas of the
body that show quite stable coloration, for example, the apex of the

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

clypeiis, the base of the head, the median base of the scutellum and the
two corial spots are dark in all specimens examined. Conversely, the
corium is never suffused with black at any time. It appears now that
the African complex embracing such species as jordani, elegans and
capeneri also should be more thoroughly studied in the light of coloration
and measurement variations when more adequate series become available,
as it seems possible that elegans and jordani particularly may be
extremes, clinal or not, of a wide ranging and variable species.

Certain improvements may be given in the measurements of
vulturnus over those used in my previous paper as follows: interocular

space, males -42 mm. (-40- *45), females *48 mm. (-40--58); width
across eyes, males *72 mm. (*70-*78), females, *80 mm. (*78-*82);
distance apex clavus-apex corium, males *61 mm. (*58-*62), females,
•72 mm. (*68-*78); distance apex corium-apex abdomen, males, 1*13
mm. ( 1 • 00-1 • 28) , females 1 • 22 mm. ( 1 • 18-1 • 28 ) ; length fore femora
•83 mm. ( -78--88). Material examined : 9 males, 11 females. Queens-

land, Australia. ]\Ioggill, Brisbane; Deception Bay; Dunwich, Strad-
broke Isl., Moreton Bay ; Binna Burra, National Park. All collected by
T. E. Woodward. Specimens in University of Queensland and author’s
collections.

STENOPHYELLA MACRETA Horvath.

In my 1955 paper I described a new species of Stenophyella from
Australia under the name malkini. This new species was described as
having the second antennal segment proportionately longer than in
macreta and in having different proportional measurements to the corial
and membranal areas, as well as being somewhat differently coloured.
It now appears upon the study of additional material that I have over-
looked a case of peculiar brachyptery present in macreta. Thus, malkini
is based upon specimens showing a very slight degree of brachyptery,
wherein the membrane is slightly reduced, although still nearly as long
as in the completely macropterous forms. This slight brachyptery was
not evident to me at the time and this together with apparent allopatry
and the antennal length, which also appears to be variable, led me to
erroneous conclusions. This unfortunate error makes it necessary to
now consider Stenophyella malkini Slater a junior synonym of
Stenophyella macreta Horvath.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

Sincere thanks are extended to Dr. T. E. Woodward of the Univer-
sity of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia for allowing me the privilege of
studying the interesting collection of Pachygronthinae discussed above,
and to Dr. Norman T. Davis of the Department of Zoology and Entomol-
ogy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut for preparing the
illustrations of the macropterous and brachypterous forms of
Stenophlegyas woodwardi.

EEFERENCE.

Slater, J. A. 1955. A Revision of the Subfamily Pachygronthinae of the World

(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Phil. Jour. Sci., 84, 1-160.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Figure 1. Stenophlegyas woodwardi n. sp. Dorsal view of macropterous female
(Holotype).

Figure 2. Stenophlegyas woodwardi n. sp. Dorsal view of brachypterous female.

Figures 3—9. Opistholeptus vulturnus (Kirk.). Dorsal view showing color variations.

Figure 10. Stenophlegyas woodwardi n. sp. Left gonosbylus.

25

VoL. LXVII, No. 3.

A NEW TERRESTRIAL ALGA FROM
AUSTRALIA.

(With one Plate.)

By A. B. Cribb, Department of Botany, University of Queensland.

{Received 14Ui November , 1955; issued separately, 2Srd July, 1956.)

Nine species of Oedocladium have been described from various parts o.
the world, but the genus has not previously been reported from Australiaf
During June, 1952 an undescribed species was found on moist ground at
the cleared margin of what is generally known as a tea-tree swamp ; a
coastal, low-lpng, poorly drained area in which numerous paper-bark
tea-trees, Melaleuca viridiflora Soland. ex Gaertn. are present. These
swamps may hold water for several weeks after heavy rain. The alga
occurred as a dense or sparse fur over the substratum, particularly where
a light deposit of charcoal had been left after a bush fire. In locally shaded
areas it appeared bright green, but where more exposed, became bright
orange or orange-red.

This species is named in honour of Professor L. H. Tiffany for his
contribution to the study of the Oedogoniaceae.

OEDOCLADIUM TIFFANYANUM n.,sp.

Dioica, macrandra ; oogoniis terminalibus deinde apice conicis vel
intercalaribus, globosis vel subglobosis, 52-Qlp latis, 35-63jit longis,
singulis vel aliquando jugatis vel in serie dispositis a cellula sufifultoria
separatis ; poro inferiore ; cellulis suffultoriis hyahnis ; oosporis globosis vel
subglobosis, 45-52p, latis, 35-52/x longis, oogonia complentibus vel fere
complentibus, membrana triplici, episporio et endosporio laevibus,
mesosporio angulato ; antheridiis usque ad 50 vel pluribus, 14-20p, latis,
7-21/x longis ; cellulis vegetativis cyhndricis vel subcylindricis, 14-30^
latis, 42-120/Lt longis, cellula terminal! apice conica basim versus angustata ;
ceUuhs rhizoideis 7-21jLc latis, 40-300ja longis.

Hab. : In terra, Southport, Queensland, 7-6-1952.

Dioecious, macrandrous ; oogonia terminal or intercalary, globose
or subglobose, with a conical apex if terminal, 52-67/x broad, 35-63ja long,
occurring singly, occasionally paired, or in a row of up to 5, each separated
from the next by a sufifultory cell ; pore inferior ; sufifultory cell colourless ;
oospore globose to subglobose, 45-52p, broad, 35-52/x long, almost or
quite filling the oogonium, wall of 3 layers, outer and inner layer smooth,
middle layer angulate ; antheridia up to 50 or more, 14-20/x broad, 7-2 1/x
long ; vegetative cells cyhndric to subcylindric, terminal ceU with conical
apex tapered below, 14-30/x broad, 42-120/x long ; rhizoidal cells 7-2 1/x
broad, 40-300/x long.

The type specimen is located in the Herbarium of the University of
Queensland.

Of the described species of Oedocladium (see Tiffany 1930, 1936,
Biswas 1938, Whitford 1938, Randhawa 1941), 0. tiffanyanum is probably
morphologically closest to the aquatic 0. hazenii Lewis, but diff'ers from
this species and from all other hitherto described species in being dioecious
and macrandrous. Previously described species are either monoecious or
dioecious- nannatidrous .

D

2C) PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

The finding of 0. tiff any anum makes it necessary to emend the
description of the genus Oedocladium to include dioecious macrandrous
species.

The author is indebted to Professor L. H. Tiffany, North-Western
University, Evanston, U.S.A. for confirming that the specimen represented
an undescribed species, and to Professor D. A. Herbert, Department of
Botany, University of Queensland, for reading the manuscript.

REFERENCES.

Biswas, K. 1938. — A new nannandrous Oedocladium from India. Rev, Algol., 10
(1-4), 341-345.

Randhawa, M. S. 1941. — Notes on three species of Oedocladium from the Himalayas.

Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 60 (4), 417-420.

Tiffany, L. H. 1930. — The Oedogoniaceae. pp. 1-253. The author, Columbus, Ohio.

1936. — Wille’s collection of Puerto Rican freshwater algae. Brittonia, 2,

165-175.

Whitford, L. A. 1938. — A new green alga : Oedocladium Lewisii. Bull Torrey Bot.
Club, 65, 23-26.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Oedocladium tijfanyammi n.sp.

Fig. I Portion of sterile filament, X 230

Fig. 2-3 Anthoridial, filament, X 230

Fig. 4 Oogonium, X 450

Fig. 5 Oogonia, X 230

Fig. 6 Oogonium, X 450

Fig. 7 Portion of sterile filament, X 320

Proc. Eoy. Soc. Q’land., Vol. LX VII., No. 3.

Pi. ATE U.

VoL. LXVII, \o. 4.

27

A SYNTHETIC NEW SPECIES OF PHALARIS
(GRAMINEAE).

(With One Plate.)

By iS. T. Blake. Botanic Museum and Herbarium, Botanic Gardens,

Brisbane.

{Received 21st December, 1955; issued separateLij 30th July, 1956.)

Several natural and artificial hybrids between species of Phalaris have
been known for some time, but they are usually sterile or nearly so. In
J. Aust. Inst. Agr. Sci. 19 : 244-7 (1953), E. M. Hutton reported the
production of a highly fertile allopolyploid of the cross P. minor x P.
tuberosa (2n = 56) that is a promising pasture grass. It has well marked
morphological characters, volunteers freely in trial plots and in general
behaves like a naturally occurring species does when cultivated. This
paper provides a formal description of what must be considered a new
species and validates the name under which seed has been distributed.

Phalaris daviesii S. T. Blake, species nova synthetica e P. tuberosa L.
et P. minore Retz orta, ab utraque ligula longissima, spiculis majoribus
lemmatibus sterilibus brevissimis et a congeneribus ob chromosomata
56 distinguenda.

Gramen perenne caespitosum viride 1-1-5 m. altum. Culmi stricti vel
inferne geniculati, 6-8-nodes, leviter striati, glabri laevesque, nodis
inferioribus tandem ramosi, internodiis inferioribus baud incrassatis.
Foliorum vaginae glabrae laevesque, inferiores internodiis longiores,
superiores eis breviores, summa vix infiata ; ligulae 6-10 mm. longae ;
laminae pro more 20-50 cm. longae, 1-2-2 cm. latae, nerws plurimis mar-
ginibusque pro majore parte scabridae, summa bene evoluta. Inflorescentia
longe exserta, ambitu late linearis vel admodum lanceolata, densa nec
lobata, 7-12-5 cm. longa, 1-3-1 -9 (pro more plus minusve 1-5) cm. lata,
albida ex viridi variegata ; axis communis scabra ; pedicelli 0-5-T2 mm.
longi, parce scabri. Spiculae homomorphae multis basalibus abortivis
exceptis, oblongo-obovatae, 6-6-5 mm. longae, 3-3-5 (apertae usque ad 4)
mm. latae. Glumae aeqiiales, muticae, a latere visae acutae vel acute
acuminatae, glabrae, infra mediam usque infra summam carinam alata ala
minute serrulata vix dentata 0-3-0-45 mm. lata, apicem gradatim angustata.
Lemmata sterilia 2 : inferum glabrum callosum minutum 0-3-0-4 mm.

longum ; superum subsimile admodum longius, saepius tamen appendice
anguste linear! membranacea interdum parce ciliata subterminali praeditum
quo in casu usque ad 1-5 mm. longum. Anthoecium summum herma-
phroditum tandem fuscum ovatum vel lanceolate -ovatum, 3-5-4- 1 mm.
longum, 1-6-1 -8 mm. latum, dense appresseque pilosum ; palea 2-nervis
dorso ciliata. Antherae 3-5 mm. longae. Caryopsls nigrescens, oblique
ovata acuta anthoecium implens, hilo linear! \ caryopseos aequanti.

Queensland.— Moretou Dibtiict : Samford, near Brisbane, cultivated in experi-
mental plots of C.8.I.R.O., Nov., 1955, Blake 19886 (type), and Oct., 1955, Blake 19879,

E

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

The outstanding morphological characters of P. daviesii are its tufted
perennial habit, uppermost leaf-sheath not much inflated and with a well
developed blade, very long ligule, relatively large spikelets, muticous
glumes acute or acutely acuminate in profile with a fairly well developed,
usually untoothed wing from below the middle disappearing gradually below
the tip, unusually small but thick sterile lemmas, the second of which
often ends in a very small and narrow membranous sometimes ciliate
appendage, the whole lemma not exceeding 1-5 mm. in length, hairy ovate
fertile floret brown or grey-brown at maturity with the palea ciliate on the
back, and blackish obliquely ovate grain. • The chromosome number,
2n = 56, is the highest recorded for the genus.

In spikelets it resembles the annual species P. minor Retz more than
any other, but the glumes, fertile floret and anthers are larger and the upper
sterile lemma is mostly shorter, often entirely callus-like and minute ;
vegetatively it has the pink root-tips of this species, but diflfers in the
perennial habit, long ligule and scarcely inflated uppermost leaf-sheath.
In its perennial habit it is more like some forms of P. tvherosa L. and the
glumes are not so very different except that they are larger, but the fertile
floret and grain are broader and darker in colour at maturity and the
appendage to the second lemma, when present, is smaller and less hairy.
As to the very long ligule and very small sterile florets it resembles P.
coerulescens Desk, another perennial species, but in this the lowermost
internodes are bulbous-thickened, the wing of the glumes broader and
toothed, and the fertile floret narrower and glabrous.

The agronomics of the grass are being investigated by officers of the
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization under the
direction of Dr. J. G. Davies.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE Jll.

Phalaris daviesii S. T. Blake.

Fig. I , top and base of culm ; 2, ligule ; 3, spikelet ; 4, florets ; 5 and 6, sterile
florets and base of fertile floret; 7, 8 and 9, caryopsis as seen from the side, front and
back, respectively. Drawn from type ; magnifications as shown.

SIBLAKL

a i

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:• r vv>

. J- vv7- v'i, ■ '»• W

^ vf >.!^t •-

VOL. LXVII, No. 5.

2!)

NEW SPECIES OF AND NOTES ON
QUEENSLAND PLANTS.

By L. S. Smith, Queensland Herbarium, Botanic Gardens, Brisbane.

{Received 29th December, 1955 ; issued separately SOth July, 1956.)

SUMMARY.

Denhamia parvifolia (Celastraeeae), Ere^nophila cordatisepala and E. obovata
(Myoporaceae) and Pilidiostigma tropicum (Myrtaceae) are described as new and
the following new combinations are made, Xylopia maccreai (Annonaceae),
Corynocarpus cribbianus (Corynocarpaceae), Acmena graveolens, Austromyrtus
dallachiana, A. dulcis, A. lasioclada, A. lucida, A. opaca, A. pubiflora, A. shepherdii,
Rhodomyrtus becTcleri, Xanthostemon verticellatus (all Myrtaceae), and Eollandaea
sayeriana (Proteaceae). A key to the subtropical species of Macadamia (Proteaceae)
is given.

During the course of routine identification work, a number of taxonomic
problems have been encountered. This paper deals with the elucidation
of some of them. With the passage of time, a better field knowledge of
some species has been obtained, additional material has become available,
and it has been possible to examine type and other specimens kindly loaned
by Mr. R. H. Anderson, Chief Botanist and Curator, National Herbarium
of New South Wales, Sydney, Mr. A. W. Jessep, Director and Government
Botanist, National Herbarium of Victoria, Melbourne, and Mr. C. A. Gardner,
Government Botanist, State Herbarium of Western Australia, Perth.
The names of families, genera and species are arranged alphabetically, and
in accordance with Index Herbariorum (Reg. Veg. 2, 145 (1954)), the fol-
lowing abbreviations are used respectively for the first two herbaria men-
tioned above, NSW, MEL. No reference to the location of a specimen
indicates that it is in the Queensland Herbarium.

ANNONACEAE.

XYLOPIA MACCREAI (F. Muell.) L. S. Smith comb. nov.

Melodorum maccreai F. Muell. Fragm. 6, 176 (1868) pi. 60 ; F.M. Bail.

Qd. FI. 1, 25 (1899) ; C. T. White, Contr. Arn. Arb. 4, 30 (1933).
Xylopia maccreai F. Muell. Fragm. 6, 176 (1868) pro syn.

The words “ Xylopia maccreai F. M. coll.”, which appear with the
original description, are here interpreted as recording a name previously
used by Mueller on herbarium sheets. As a manuscript name given in
syHonomy, it is not validly published (Art. 46 of the International Code
of Botanical Nomenclature) and has no nomenclatural status (Art. 22).
The new combination is therefore not a later homonym.

Trees of this species attain to at least 60 ft. in height and a diameter
of bole of 1 ft. The outer bark is brownish and fairly smooth, or the surface
layer may crack into very thin papery flakes J to J in. square. The inner
bark is greenish on the outside and a mustard-brown colour within. The
wood is pale or whitish, sometimes yellowish tinged in the heart wood or
with brownish streaks. The species occurs as an understory tree in the
rain forests of the Atherton Tableland and on adjacent lowlands. It flowers
in March and the orange to red fruits mature in December. Most of the
specimens examined have come from the Cook District, but a single sheet
. (Rockingham Bay, DaWac%-isoTYPE ?) was collected in the North Kennedy
District.

r

30

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Of the three species of Melodorum treated by F. M. Bailey in the
Queensland Flora, this is the second to be transferred to another genus.
The first, a common and widespread climber, is now Eauwenhoffia leichhardtii
(F. Muell.) Diels. The position of the remaining species, Melodorum uhrii,
must remain in doubt until mature flowers are collected. However, as
there are only 1 or 2 o\niles in each carpel, it does not belong to Melodorum,
and this genus, therefore, has no representatives in Queensland.

CELASTRACEAE.

DENHAMIA PARVIFOLIA sp. nov.

Frutex parvus, glaber. Eamuli densiuscule foliati, costati, 0*5-3 mm.
diam., interdum i fasciculati, internodiis 1-9 mm. longis,* juniores costis
verrucosis. Folia irregulariter spiralia vel ad apicem ramulorum fasci-
culata, articulata ; lamina coriacea (vel siccitate Crustacea vel junior
chartacea), concava, elliptica (vel interdum oblonga vel elliptico-lanceolata),
(0*5—) 1*5-2 ( — 3) cm. longa, 4-9 mm. lata, apice obtusa (vel rotundata
vel emarginata), basi angustata, supra lucida, subtus pallidior, margine
nerviformis, sparse mucronato-serrata, costa supra elevata subtus i
elevata, nervis utrinsecus earn (4 — ) 6-7 ( — 10) laxe reticulatis utraque
pagina vel supra saepe elevatis progredientibus ; petiolus ca. 1 mm. longus,
lamina decurrente alatus. Inflorescentiae racemiformes, axillares (vel
interdum specei terminales vel in axillis foliorum delapsorum ortae), basi
cataphyllis praeditae, T5-3*5 cm. longae pedunculo 1-4 mm. longo incluso.
Flores albo-lutei ; pedunculus in axilla bracteae lanceolatae vel ovatae
denticulatae 0*5-1 mm. longae ortus, usque ad 2*5 mm. longus, apice
bibracteolatus bracteolis 0*5 mm. longis ; pedicellus ca. 2*5 mm. longus,
gracilis, basi articulatus. Calyx campanulatus ; segmenta coriacea, late
ovata vel semi-orbicularia, ca. 0*6 mm. longa, margine denticulata. Petala 5,
obovata vel obovato-spathulata, subaequalia, ca. 2 mm. longa, 1*2 mm.
lata. Stamina 5, margin! disci in sinibus inserta ; fllamenta subulata,
apicem versus angustata, ca. 1*5 mm. longa ; antherae ovales, 0*6-0*7 mm.
longae, 0*5-0*6 mm. latae, apice rotundatae vel emarginatae, basi
cordatae, medio afflxae. Discus crassus, sinuato-lobatus. Ovarium anguste
conicum, in stylum brevissimum sensim attenuatum, imperfecte
3-loculare ; ovula 2 ( — 4) in quoque loculo, angulo central! affixa,
pendula. Fructus flavescens, ovoideus, 6-8 mm. longus, 5-6 mm. diam.,
apice reliquis styli presistentis ornatus, 1-locularis, capsularis, 3-4-valvatus,
valvis 0*5 mm. crassis tenuiter lignosis medio vel supra 1-2-seminiferis.
Semina ca. 3*7 mm. longa, 2*8 mm. lata, 2*2 mm. crassa, arillata (?),
testa Crustacea, rugosa.

Queensland. — Burnett District : Eidsvold, T. L. Bancroft (undated-fl.) ; Eden-
vale Hill, near Kingaroy, N. Michael 2957 (Sept. 1945-fl. buds), 3041 (Oct. 1947-fl.
-type), 3110 (Dec. 1947-fr.), 3073 (Feb. 1948-fr.) ; near Kingaroy, H. J. Lam 7678
(Sept. 1954-fl.).

D. parvifolia is intermediate between D. pittosporoides, with which it
normally agrees in the number of o\niles, and the other two species, D. obscura
and D. viridissima, with which it agrees in the position of their attachment.
In leaf-texture and in having a mucronate leaf-tip, D. parvifolia resembles
D. obscura.

D. pittosporoides is anomalous in having almost basally attached
ovules and dissepiments which continue to develop with the fruit so that
they remain touching along its axis. In these characters it agrees with
Maytenus {Celastrus p.p. of the Queensland Flora), but is readily separable
from the Australian species by the thicker and more woody fruit-valves,
the normally 3 -locular instead of 2-locular ovary, and the occasional
<levelopment of a third or fourth ovule.

NEW SPECIES OF AND NOTES ON QUEENSLAND PLANTS.

31

Only two collections of D. viridissima are in the Queensland Herbarium
and neither is well preserved nor bears flowers. It is difficult therefore to
separate it satisfactorily in a key from the very variable D. obscura.
However, the habitats of the two are quite distinct, and D. pittosporoides
is the only other species which occurs in rain-forest.

C. T. White noted that isotype material of D. oleaster examined at the
Kew Herbarium, England, seemed to be only a narrow-leaved form of

D. obscura. This species occurs at the type locality of D. oleaster and is
very variable in size of inflorescence, length of petiole, shape and texture
of leaf-blade, and prominence of venation. To some extent at least, habitat
and stage of maturity of the leaves influence this variation. No satis-
factory distinguishing characters between the two species were found.

The following key will serve to distinguish between the four species
of Denhamia recognized.

Capsule 1 -celled before dehiscence, the 3 dissepiments not meeting axially ;
seeds not attached near the base of each dissepiment. Ovules horizontal
or pendulous, 2-8 to each placenta.

Capsule-valves 1-3 cm. long, 0-75-2-5 mm. thick. Ovules 6-8. Leaves more
than 4 cm. long.

Leaves chartaceous with prominent veins, acuminate at the apex but not
mucronate. Known only from rain-forest on Mt. Bellenden Ker, N.Q.

D. viridissima F. M. Bail & F. Muell.

Leaves ultimately coriaceous with the veins obscure, usually long-tapering
at the apex and mucronate. A widespread species of the subcoastal
and inland drier “ scrubs ” and open forests.

D. obscura (A. Rich.) Meissn.

Capsule -valves less than 1 cm. long, ca. 0-5 mm. thick. Ovules 2 (- 4).
Leaves less than 3 cm. long.

D. parvifolia L. S. Smith.

Capsule 3 -celled before dehiscence, the dissepiments touching axially ; seeds
attached at or near the base of the dissepiments. Ovules ascending, 2 (- 4)
to each placenta.

D. pittosporoides F. Muell.

CORYNOCARPACEAE.

CORYNOCARPUS CRIBBIANUS (F. M. Bail.) L. S. Smith comb. nov.

Cyanocarpus cribbianus F. M. Bail. Qd. Agric. J. 1, 370 (1897), “ cribbiana.''
Helicia cribbiana (F. M. Bail.) F. M. Bail. Qd. FI. 4, 1327 (1901).
Corynocarpus australasicus C. T. White, Contr. Arn. Arb. 4, 57 (1933)
pi. 5 ; van Steenis, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 13, 101 (1933),
FI. Males, ser. 1, 4, 263 (1951) ; Merrill & Perrv, J. Arn. Arb. 22,
541 (1941); Engl. & Pr anti, Nat. Pfl. fain. ed.*^2, 20b, 35 (1942),
“ australasica.”

The type specimen of Cyanocarpus cribbianus (Mourilyan District,

E. Cowley 3, Sept. 1897-fr.) and that of Corynocarpus australasicus (Gadgarra,
8. F. Kajewski 1024, May 1929-fl.) agree well. White {loc. cit.) has given
the date of collection of Kajewski 1024 as 22 Aug. 1929, whereas 22 May
1929 appears on the specimen label. A few early fruiting collections were
determined as Helicia cribbiana, but after flowering specimens were collected,
this earlier name was overlooked. The species is the only member of the
family known from Australia.

32 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ROYAL SOCIETY OP QUEENSLAND.

Trees of Gorynocarpus cribhianus attain to at least 60 ft. in height
and a diameter of bole of 1 ft. The outer bark is a greyish brown colour
marked by shallow longitudinal cracks or fissures approximately 1 in. apart
and containing prominent lenticels. The inner bark is about J in. in
thickness, light brown in colour and marked by fine radial fiecks. The
wood gradually darkens in colour inwards to a light brown heartwood. The
tree fiowers in the autumn and early winter and fruits in the spring and
early summer. It is found as an understory tree in rain-forests of the
eastern fringe of the Atherton and adjacent tablelands as well as on their
eastern slopes and nearby lowlands. It occurs in both the Cook and North
Kennedy Districts and its range extends northward into New Guinea.

In Flora Malesiana, van Steenis {loc. cit.) has erroneously described
the fruit as a nut. In the fresh state it is a subglobular, fleshy drupe,
flattened slightly at apex and base and about 4 cm. in diameter. The
exocarp is thin and smooth and a bright pinkish red colour. The mesocarp
is 5 to 6 mm. thick and composed of a whitish coloured flesh. The endocarp
is 1 to 1*5 mm. thick, about 3 cm. long, and 2-6 cm. wide.

LAURACEAE.

CRYPTOCARYA GRAVEOLENS F. M. Bail.

This species does not belong in Lauraceae, and is transferred below
to the genus Acmena in Myrtaceae.

MYOPORACEAE.

EREMOPHILA CORDATISEPALA sp. nov.

Frutex humilis, 30-50 cm. altus, valde ramosus, pilis albidis vel pallide
flavescentibus multiramosis vel ^ plumosis vel stellatis praeditus. Ramuli
dense tomentosi, glanduloso-tuberculati, teretes, 1-3 (—5) mm. diam.,
vetustiores grisei vel straminelli, d: glabrescentes, lenticellis longitudinalibus
interdum notati. Folia spiralia, apicem versus ramulorum arete congesta,
dense tomentosa, oblanceolata, 0-5-1-5 (— 2*5) cm. longa, 1*5-4 (—7)
mm. lata, apice acutata vel obtusa, basi cuneata vix petiolata, margine
Integra saepe paulo recurva, costa supra abdita vel dz canaliculata subtus
elevata. Flores singuli, axillares ; pedicellus tomentosus, calyce brevior,
2-4 mm. longus. Calyx 5-partitus, in alabastro ad margines segmentorum
5-costatus ; segmenta valvata, herbacea, inter se vix diversa, difoiiien-
tosa parte inferiore interiore glabra excepta, ovata vel ovato-lanceolata,
0-7-1-0 (— 1*3) cm. longa, 3-5 mm. lata, apice acutata vel acuminata,
post anthesin aucta, demum 1-0-1-3 (— 1*8) cm. longa, 7-9 (— 13) mm.
lata, molliter chartacea, retivenia, glanduloso-punctata, basi subcordata.
Corolla caerulescens, ca. 2 cm. longa (perfecta non visa) ; in alabastro
corolla ca. 0*8 cm. longa, extus supra medium pilis pauciramosis obsita,
tubo intus antice postieeque barbato e basi breviter cylindrico mox
ampliato, lobis posticis late ovatis anticis oblique ovatis vel late rhomboideo-
obovatis. Stamina 4, inclusa (?), filamentis sparse pubescentibus.
Ovarium glabrum, ovoideum, ca. 2*75 mm. longum, 2-loculare, ovulis 4 in
quoque loculo ; stylus basin versus pubescens. Fructus drupaceus,
±exsuccus, glaber, ovoideus vel subglobosus, ca. 8 mm. longus, 4-6 mm.
latus, apice d: acutatus ; putamen osseum, subcompressum, longitudina-
liter costatum, 4-loculare, seminibus (1 — ) 2 in quoque loculo. Semina
albida, 2-3 mm. longa.

Queensland. — Gregory North District : Ardmore Station, about 28 miles W. of
Dajarra, S. L. Everist 3249 (Nov. 1947-fr.), 4469a (Sept. 1951-fl. buds & fr.). Gregory
South District: 45 miles W. of Windorah, S. T. Blake 12111 (July 1946-fl. & fr.—
type) ; about 5 miles W. of Canterbury, S. L. Everist 4054 (Aug. 1949-sterile).

NEW SPECIES OF AND NOTES ON QUEENSLAND PLANTS.

33

E. cordatisepala belongs to Bentham’s Sect. Eriocalyx, and among
eastern Australian species is most closely related to E. howmanii. Although
resembling the latter in indumentum and flower colour, it is readily dis-
tinguished by its lower stature, smaller leaves, more shortly pedicellate
flowers, and relatively broader calyx-segments, which in the fruiting stage
appear cordate. The specific epithet alludes to the latter character. E.
cordatisepala is also allied to E. compacta from Western Australia, so far as
one can judge from the description and notes. However, the latter species
is said to have reddish flowers and tuberculate leaves.

In south-western Queensland, the species occurs on stony hilly country
and on the tops of mesas. In the north west, it has been found on brown or
red-brown loams or clay loams adjacent to limestone outcrops, and is
reported to be freely eaten by sheep. Specimens from the latter area tend
to have flatter leaves and larger fruiting calyces than those from farther
south.

EREMOPHILA OBOVATA sp. nov.

Frutex humilis, 30-50 cm. altus, valde ramosus. Ramuli tomentosi,
pilis multiramosis subplumosis obsiti, glanduloso-tuberculati, teretes,
1-3 mm. diam., vetustiores d; glabrescentes, brunneoli, basibus persis-
tentibus foliorum delapsorum signati. Folia spiralia ; lamina pilis sub-
plumosis scabridulis laxe vestita vel interdum glabra, siccitate viridula,
obovata, 0-6-1 *3 cm. longa, 2-5-9 mm. lata, apice rotundata vel truncata,
saepe brevissime acuminata vel interdum 3 (— 5)-dentata, basin versus
angustata, margine anguste recurva, costa supra canaliculata subtus ^
elevata ; petiolus 0-2-2 mm. longus, lamina decurrente alatus. Flores
singuli, axillares ; pedicellus laxe subplumoso-tomentosus, plerumque
calyce brevior, 2-6 mm. longus. Calyx 5-partitus ; segmenta subaequalia,
valvata, herbacea, lanceolata, 6-7 mm. longa, ca. 2.5 mm. lata, apice
subacuta, extus pilis subplumosis margine versus densioribus vestita, intus
pilis ramosis sparse pubescentia basi barbata excepta, post anthesin aucta,
demum firme chartacea, usque ad 9 mm. longa, ad 3 mm. lata, glandu-
loso -punctata, d: retinervia. Corolla pallide purpurina, intus pallidior,
1 -7-2-2 cm. longa, extus pilis ramosis vestita parte inferiore glabra excepta ;
tubus ca. 1-3 cm. longus, e basi brevissime angustata mox ampliatus, intus
antice posticeque barbatus basi excepta ; lobi 5, inaequales, 2 postici
late ovati, 5-7 mm. longi, usque ad J-| uniti, antici laterales oblique ovati
vel anguste obovati vel oblongi, 5-7 mm. longi, 3-4 mm. lati, intermedins
obovatus, 6-7 mm. longus, intus mediane canaliculatus. Stamina 4, inclusa,
filamentis di pubescentibus. Ovarium glabrum, ovoideum, ca. 2-5 mm.
longum, 2-loculare, ovulis 3-4 in quoque loculo ; stylus glaber vel parce
pubescens. Fructus drupaceus, fere exsuccus, glaber, subglobosus, 6-8
mm. diam., calyce subaequilongus, 4-locularis, seminibus ( 1— ) 2 in quoque
loculo. Semina albida, ca. 2-3 mm. longa.

var. OBOVATA. Folia pilis subplumosis laxe vestita.

Northern Territory. — Manners Creek Station, A. L. Rose 374 (Aug. 1953-
fl. & fr.-TYPE) ; near Tarlton Hills Station, M. Lazarides 5208 (May 1955-fi.)

Queensland. — Gregory North District : Between Glenormiston and Toko

Ranges, A. G. Boyle (Jan/Feb. 1935-sterile) ; near Boulia, S. T. Blake 12359 (July
1936-fl. & fr.) ; Bedourie, S. T. Blake 12326 (July 1936-fl. & fr.)

var. GLABRIUSCULA var nov. A varietate obovata foliis glabris differt.

Queensland. — Gregory North District : Kallala, between Dajarra and Caran-
dotta, S. L. Everist 3228 (Nov. 1947-fi. & fr.-TYPE) ; Georgina River (Roxborough-
Glenormiston area ?), E. W. Bick 16 (Sept. 1910-fl. & young fr.)

34

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

E. obovata also belongs to Sect. Eriocalyx. Boyle’s specimen was
previously determined as E. strongylophylla, and it does resemble that species.
C. A. Gardner (personal communication) recently stated that among the
Western Australian species in the section, E. strongylophylla is the only
one to which material of E. obovata bore any strong resemblance. I have
examined the type of E. strongylophylla in the Melbourne Herbarium, and
although in not very good condition, it differs from E. obovata in having
long simple hairs scattered among the branched ones, a character so far
observed only in Sect. Platycalyx. Further, it is described as having a
hairy ovary as also does a loose flower fragment associated with the type.
I have been unable to trace the specimen upon which Mueller based his
record of E. strongylophylla from Queensland ; therefore the record should
lapse until material is collected.

In E. obovata var. glabriuscula, the absence of hairs reveals the presence
of somewhat golden coloured capitate glands scattered over both surfaces
of the leaves. The presence of hairs only near the margins of the outside
of the calyx segments, makes necessary a broader conception of Sect.
Eriocalyx.

MYRTACEAE.

ACMENA GRAVEOLENS (F. M. Bail.) L. S. Smith comb. nov.

Cryptocarya qraveolens F. M. Bail. Dept. Agric. Bot. Bull. 2, 16 (1891) :

Qd. FI. 4, 1302 (1901) pi. 54.

Acmena macrocarpa C. T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd. 53, 217 (1942).

With the original diagnosis, F. M. Bailey cited two collections ; one
(Johnstone River, T. L. Bancroft) is missing ; the other (Tringilburra
Creek, F. M. Bailey (1889 Bellenden Ker Expedition)) is designated the
LECTOTYPE. It agrees well with the type of Acmena macrocarpa (between
Russell River and Josephine Creek on the main highway, H. Flecker,
N. Qd. Nats. Cl. No. 4986-fl.), although unfortunately, the lectotype now
consists solely of three detached leaves. It is not unlikely that the fruits
were described in the fleld by Bailey and subsequently discarded or lost,
especially as the description obviously applies to fresh ones. Because
flowers were not available, Bailey doubted that the species was assigned
to the correct genus. The remarks “ leaves often opposite ” and “ primary
veins looping within the margin like those of a Eugenia ” show that
vegetatively the specimens suggested Eugenia sens. lat. to him. It is
possible that he refrained from placing the species in that genus because
translucent oil dots were not visible in the thick opaque leaves.

Large trees of A. graveolens attain to from 80 to 100 ft. in height. The
bole is usually buttressed at the base and up to 2 or 3 ft. diameter above
the buttresses. The bark is reddish brown or dark grey when exposed to
light, and is inclined to crack and become scaly in places. The inner bark
is reddish on the outer surface and the colour changes inwards from light
brovm to cream. The species has been observed from the Johnstone River
to the Daintree River on the lowlands and foothills. In the Innisfail district
it is kno'v\m as Cassowary Gum or Cassowary Apple. The name of Large-
fruited Satinash has been suggested as the trade name for the timber,
which officers of the Queensland Forestry Department report is suitable
for flooring and general construction under cover.

NEW SPECIES OF AND NOTES ON QUEENSLAND PLANTS. 35

AUSTROMYRTUS DALLACHIANA (F. Muell. ex Benth.) L. S. Smith comb. nov.
Eugenia {?) dallachiana F. Muell. ex Benth. FI. Aust. 3, 287 (1867).

A probable isotype (Rockingham Bay, Dallachy) and the original
description have been relied upon for the identification of the species.
Bentham’s remark that he could not reconcile the aspect of the plant with
that of any species of Eugenia known to him is justified, as it has been
found to possess a hard and horny testa and a slender curved embyro.

A. dallachiana occurs sporadically as a small understory tree in rain-
forest and has been observed from Danbulla on the Atherton Tableland
to the Kirrama Range behind Cardwell. Except for the larger leaves, it
is similar in appearance to the Scrub Iron wood, A. acmenioides. The bark
is smooth, thin and mottled with greenish or greyish green and brownish or
reddish brown, irregular shaped patches with their length commonly
vertical. The heartwood is brown to red-brown and surrounded by a very
narrow cream-coloured sapwood. Flowers are usually found in summer
and fruits in spring.

As pointed out by Burret (Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 15, 501 (1941)),
the Australian species of Myrtus sens. lat. differ in several respects from the
type species, M. communis L. The placentas and arrangement of the ovules
are markedly different, and Myrtus and Austromyrtus do not overlap in
distribution. From the study of available material, recognition of Aus-
tromyrtus seems justified, and the following new combinations are made
to transfer most of the remaining Queensland species of Myrtus. Isotypes
in the Queensland Herbarium of Mueller’s two species, and of the types of
C. T. White’s species have been examined. For the identification of Austro-
myrtus lucida, it has been necessary to rely on a specimen from the type
locality determined at the Kew Herbarium by W. D. Francis in 1930, and
Britten’s synonomy given in J. Bot. 37, 248 (1899).

AUSTROMYRTUS DULCIS (C. T. White) L. S. Smith comb. nov.

Myrtus dulcis C. T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd. 50, 76 (1939).

AUSTROMYRTUS LASIOCLADA (F. Muell.) L. S. Smith comb. nov.

Myrtus lasioclada F. Muell. Fragm. 9, 148 (1875).

AUSTROMYRTUS LUCIDA (Gaertn.) L. S. Smith comb. nov.

Syzygium lucidum Gaertn. Fruct. 1, 167 (1788).

Myrtus nitida J. F. Gmel. Syst. 792 (1791).

Myrtus monosjperma F. Muell. Viet. Nat. 9, 9 (1892).

AUSTROMYRTUS OPACA (C. T. White) L. S. Smith comb. nov.

Myrtus opaca C. T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd. 53, 218 (1942)

AUSTROMYRTUS PUBIFLORA (C. T. White) L. S. Smith comb. nov.
i Myrtus pubiflora C. T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd. 50, 77 (1939).

I

AUSTROMYRTUS SHEPHERDII (F. Muell.) L. S. Smith comb. nov.

I Myrtus shepherdii F. Muell. Fragm. 9, 148 (1875).

I More complete material of some of the species and a better knowledge

! of them in the field will be necessary before a satisfactory account of the
Queensland species of Austromyrtus can be completed. In the meantime,

36 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

the following notes are offered concerning some of the species already
transferred to Austromyrtus and others still remaining in Myrtus sens. lat.
Examination of the type and an isotype respectively of Austromyrtus
exaltata (F. M. Bail.) Burret and Eugenia luehmannii F. Muell. convinces
me that the two are conspecific and belong to Eugenia sens. lat. Myrtus
sericocalyx C. T. White is a Decaspermum. An isotype of Austromyrtus
decaspermoides (Domin) Burret (Eudlo, F. M. Bailey d? J. H. Simmonds,
Nov. 1891) shows that the name should lapse into the synonomy of A.
inophloia (J. F. Bail. & C. T. White) Burret. Further, to judge from the
original descriptions and examination of a wide range of specimens, Myrtus
bidunllii Benth, and M. racemulosa Benth. are conspecific and there-
fore should be knovm as Austromyrtus bidwillii (Benth.) Burret. As stated
below, Myrtus beckleri F. Muell. belongs to Rhodomyrtus.

PILIDIOSTIGMA TROPICUM sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, usque ad 15 m. alta, trunco ca. 20 cm. diam. praedita.
Ramuli compress! vel subquadrangulares, pallide brunnei vel aliquatenus
rubidi, vetustiores teretes, avellanei. Folia opposita ; lamina chartacea
vel subcoriacea (vel juvenilis tenuior), elliptico- vel oblongo-lanceolata,
4-11 cm. longa, 1*5-3 cm. lata, apice in acumen obtusum attenuata, basi
d: rotundata, margine interdum leviter recurva, utraque pagina vel subtus
glanduloso-punctata, costa supra paulo subtus perspicue elevata, nervis
utrinsecus earn ca. 10-16 subtus saepe obscuris progredientibus, intra-
marginalibus 2 a margine sat remotis ; petiolus 1*5-5 mm. longus, supra
canaliculatus, margine anguste alatus alis undulatis. Inflorescentiae
axillares, i racemiformes, 2-6-florae, 0*6-2*0 cm. longae, apice saepe
productae foliigeraeque. Flores albidi ; pedicellus modice gracilis,
0*6-1* 1 cm. longus, apice minute bibracteolatus, basi in axilla bracteae
minutae vel interdum foliiformis plerumque mox delapsae ortus. Calyx
campanulatus ; tubus ca. 3-4 mm. longus ; lobi 5, concavi, late rotundati,
ca. 1*5 mm. longi, ciliati. Petala suborbicularia, ca. 6 mm. diam.,concava,
ciliata. Stamina oo, 3-4-seriata, 3-5 mm. longa ; filamenta filiformia,
exteriora longiora, in disco lato piano inserta ; antherae subbasifixae,
oblongae vel ovato-oblongae, 0*9-1 *2 mm. longae, glanduloso-punctatae.
Ovarium inferum, incomplete biloculare ; ovula (5 — ) 7-9 in quoque
loculo, superposita ; stylus robustus stigmate peltato subumbraculiformi
ca. 2 mm. diam. Fructus baccatus, carnosus, niger (sec. Dallachy), ovoideus,
i.s. ad 1 cm. longus, apice lobis persistentibus calycis coronatus, 3-8-spermus.
Semina subglobosa vel saepe ob compressum leviter angulata, ad 3 mm.
longa ; testa chartaceo-membranacea, glanduloso-tuberculata ; embyro
subglobosus cotyledonibus conferruminatis.

Queensland. — Cook District : Danbulla, L. S. Smith 4199a (June 1949-
sterile) ; Glen Allyn, J. L. Tardent (Oct. 1929-A.-TYPE) ; Boonjie, S. F. Kajewski
1265 (Oct. 1929-fl.) ; Topaz, E. of Malanda, L. S. Smith <&: L. J. Webb 3301 (Aug.
1947-fl. buds); Johnstone River, H. G. Ladbrook 119 (Oct. 1917-fl.) ; Mena Creek,
Paronella Park, L. S. Smith 3713a (Aug. 1948-sterile) ; Laceys Creek, Mission Beach
area, L. S. Smith <Sc L. J. Webb 4832 (Nov 1951-fl.). North Kennedy District:
Rockingham Bay, Dallachy (Dec. 1867-fr.-MEL.), (Oct. 1867-fl.-MEL.) ; Rockingham
Bay. Sugar Plantation, Dallachy (Oct. 1868-fl.-MEL.) ; Murray River, Dallachy (Nov.
1866-young fr.-MEL.).

When describing the genus Pilidiostigma, Burret (l.c., p.547) named
three new species and transferred a fourth to it from Myrtus. Two of the
new species are here regarded as conspecific with Rhodomyrtus beckleri.
Burret saw no authentic material of Pilidiostigma rhytispermum, which
he transferred with doubt from Myrtus. The remaining species, P. glabrum,
is therefore designated lectotype of the genus, as no type species
was indicated by the author.

NEW SPECIES OF AND NOTES ON QUEENSLAND PLANTS.

37

In material from the Melbourne Herbarium, I have examined a
.duplicate syntype of P. glabrum (Richmond River, Feb. 1891-fl.-comm.
J. H. Maiden). Ample material of P. rhytispermum has also been examined,
and I have no doubt that the two species are congeneric. Both differ in
several respects from previously described Australian genera in Bentham’s
Tr. Myrteae. With the exception of Eugenia sens, lat., from which they
,are readily separated by the large peltate stigma, they differ from the other
Australian genera in Subfam. Myrtoideae in having a thin, chartaceous-
membranous (not horny), glandular- tuberculate testa. Other useful
diagnostic characters of Pilidiostigma are the scattered glands on the anthers,
the almost basally attached filaments which are not narrowed at the summit,
the biseriately attached ovules superposed in a single row in each cell, and
the relatively few (1 to 8) and large seeds which are not flattened.

Both P. glabrum and P. rhytispermum have the same type of embryo.
Although it has not been possible to examine a germinating seed, the
.cotyledons, hypercotyl and radicle appear to be fused together into a stout,
slightly oblique, U-shaped body. Lying in a shallow external groove along
.one of the arms of the U and directed towards its free end is apparently a
slender plumule bearing 4 rudimentary leaves.

A fruiting specimen of P. tropicum in the Melbourne Herbarium
collected at Rockingham Bay by Dallachy is evidently a duplicate of the
.one upon which Burret based his description of the seed and embryo of
Pilidiostigma. He referred it with doubt to P. glabrum. The testa and
recessed plumule are similar to those of the other two species, but the
remainder of the embryo is not U-shaped but fused into a subglobular mass.

In the Flora Australiensis 3, 274 (1866) Bentham stated that there
are 5 or 6 ovules in each cell in P. rhytispermum (under Myrtus rhytisperma).
Among the specimens examined, no more than 4 have been found and 3 is
the usual number.

The following key wall serve to distinguish the species of Pilidiostigma.

Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. Embryo U-shaped. Subtropical
species.

Branchlets pubescent. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 1-5-3-0 (—4-5) cm. long,
0-7-1-0 ( — 1-9) cm. wide, and obtuse, roimded, or notched at the apex.
Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils. Occurs from Gympie to Brisbane
in S. E. Queensland. P. rhytispermum (F. Muell.) Burret.

Branchlets glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or sometimes almost ovate,
larger and up to 10 cm. long and 3*5 cm. wide, acuminate at the apex.
Flowers in 2- to 6-flowered racemes which often terminate in a leafy
shoot. Occurs from Fraser Island in Queensland to the Clarence River,
New South Wales. P. glabrum Burret.

Ovary 2-celled ; ovules (5 to) 7 to 9 in each cell. Embryo subglobular.
Tropical species (resembling P. glabrum). P. tropicum L. S. Smith.

RHODOMYRTUS BECKLERI (F. Muell.) L. S. Smith comb. nov.

Myrtus beckleri F. Muell. Fragm. 2, 85 (1860).

Myrtus cymiflora F. Muell. Fragm. 5, 12 (1865).

Rhodomyrtus cymiflora (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth. FI. Aust. 3, 273 (1867).
Pilidiostigma cuneatum Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 15, 540 (1941).
Pilidiostigma parviflorum Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gait. Berlin 15, 549 (1941)
ex descr.

G

38

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

The t}^pe (MEL.) and an isotype (NSW) of Myrtus heckleri (Clouds
Creek, Beckler), and an isotype of M. cymiflora (Seaview Range, Rocking-
ham Bay, Dallachy) have been examined. Although the type of the former
species with its smaller, relatively broader, somewhat thinner, duller leaves
and slender peduncles bearing solitary flowers and slightly smaller fruits,
appears different from the isotype of the latter with its three- to several-
flowered cymes, practically all intermediates were found amongst the wide
T'ange of specimens examined. No satisfactory basis, on which to dis-
tinguish the two even varietally, was found.

A probable isotype of P. cuneatum (NSW) is from the same locality and
bears the same date as the type (Port Macquarie, Nov. 1895), but printed
at the foot of the label is “ comm. J. H. Maiden, Technological Museum,
Sydney,” whereas the type is said to have been communicated by
R. T. Baker, Technological Museum, Sydney. This difference in labels
can be accounted for by the specimens having been distributed at different
times. No isotype of P. parviflorum was located in the Sydney material,
but the description fits some of the specimens examined quite well. Burret
may have been led to describe these two forms under Pilidiostigma because
none of the specimens bore fruits, the stigma is almost as large as in that
genus, and he saw no correctly determined material of either Rhodomyrtus
cymiflora or Myrtus heckleri.

The species as here interpreted occurs as a shrub or small tree in
rain forest areas from Mt. Spurgeon, north Queensland, to the upper Williams
River in New South Wales. It flowers mainly from November to January
and fruits from February to April.

XANTHOSTEMON VERTICILLATUS (C. T. White & W. D. Francis) L. S. Smith

comb. nov.

Metrosideros verticillata C. T. White & W. D. Francis, Dept. Agric. Bot.

Bull. 22, 24 (1920) flg.

Examination of a flower from the type (Bloomfield River, W. Poland)
sliows that the ovules are arranged in a ring around the margin of a stalked
])lacenta as in Xanthostemon. So far as I can find, this is the only species
A\hth the leaves in clusters of 4. Normally they are alternate, but a few
species have opposite leaves.

PROTEACEAE.

HELICIA CRIBBIANA (F. M. Bail.) F. M. Bail.

This species does not belong in Proteaceae, and has been transferred
above to Corynocarpaceae.

HELICIA FERRUGINEA F. Muell. Fragm. 3, 37 (1862).

Ilelicia bauerlenii C. T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd. 55, 80 (1944) S}m. nov.

The type of H. ferruginea is from the Clarence River, New South Wales,
and so far as is knovm, the species is found in Queensland only along the
IMcPherson Range and some of its offshoots. The tropical species referred
to by White {loc. cit.) under this name is H. nortoniana (F. M. Bail.) F. M.
Bail.

HOLLANDAEA SAYERIANA (F. Muell.) L. S. Smith comb. nov.

Helicia sayeriana F. Muell. Viet. Nat. 3, 93 (1886).

Hollandaea sayeri (F. Muell.) F. Muell. Chem. & Drugg. Australas. 2, 173
(1887).

NEW SPECIES OF AND NOTES ON QUEENSLAND PLANTS.

39

In the s^nioiiymy of Hollandaea sayeri, Mueller cites the name Helicia
sayeri, whereas that which he published earlier was H. sayeriana. The two
epithets are of different form and the earlier one must be used unless it
can be shown that it was an orthographic error.

MACADAMIA TERNIFOLIA F. Muell. Trans. Phil. Inst. Viet. 2, 72 (1858) figs. p.p.
Helicia ternifolia F. Muell. Fragm. 2, 91 (1860).

Macadamia minor F. M. Bail. Qd. Agric. J. 25, 11 (1910) syn. nov.
Macadamia lowii F. M. Bail. Qd. Agric. J. 26, 127 (1911) pi. 15, syn. nov.

A. W. Jessep (personal communication) has advised that in the Mel-
bourne Herbarium there are four sheets variously labelled Helicia ternifolia
and Macadamia ternifolia in Mueller’s handwriting, and that the specimens
were all collected at Pine River, Moreton Bay, by Hill and Mueller in 1857 ;
they comprise the type collection upon which both these names were based.
One sheet, now labelled Helicia ternifolia, was obtained on loan, and it
shows on the upper right a flowering shoot with single pseudoterminal
raceme from which Mueller’s plate (p.p.m.) of Macadamia ternifolia was
probably prepared. This piece is designated lectotype of the species. To
the lower left is a sterile shoot bearing larger, blunter, less toothed leaves,
which it is believed belongs to M. integri folia a species subsequently described
by Maiden and Betche in Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 21, 624 (1897).
The type of this species has not been examined and I have relied on the
original description and Maiden’s figure in For. FI. N. S. Wales 1, pi. 40,
(1904) for its identification. Maiden and Betche expressed doubt concerning
its collector and the date of collection. As pointed out by L. A. S. Johnson
(Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 79, 17 (1954)), unless it was collected from a
cultivated tree, which is possible especially if the date of collection is
later than surmised, doubt must also be thrown on the locality given
(Camden Haven) as it is extremely doubtful whether M. integrifolia occurs
in the wild state in New South Wales. All trees of that species seen near the
Richmond and Tweed Rivers are obviously cultivated, and in no case was
a claim made that the seeds were obtained from local native trees. Forestry
officers and other persons, who know these areas fairly well, state that
they have not seen the species there in the wild state.

With the foregoing typification of M. ternifolia, it is considered that
the names M. minor and M. lowii must now lapse into synonymy. Although
the type of M. minor (Eumundi, Ball) has been examined, that of M. lowii
could not be found. For identification of the latter, it has been necessary
to rely on Bailey’s original description and figure. He was probably induced
to describe these two species because the leaves on the type of M. minor
are abnormally short, attaining only 5 cm., while those of M. lowii are said
to attain 14 cm.

The species is quite distinctive in the field with its smaller leaves,
which are reddish on the young shoots, more slender and dark branchlets^
pinkish flowers, and smaller fruits. When chewed, the kernels soon develop
a slightly bitter taste due to the presence of a cyanogenetic glycoside, but
they are nowhere near as bitter as those of the tropical M. whelaniiy one
bite of which removes all desire to eat them.

M. ternifolia was first collected by Leichhardt at “ Dullabi, B[unya].
Bunya Brush ” (Conondale Ra., S. of Maleny) in 1843. This area is drained
by the Stanley River, a tributary of the Brisbane River, and it is not clear

40

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

why “ Dawson and Bumett Rivers ” appears on the label in Mueller’s
handwriting. No species of Macadamia have yet been found in either of
these river basins. Leichhardt’s specimen is at Melbourne.

I am indebted to Dr. J. H. Beaumont, of the Hawaii Agricultural
Experiment Station whose observations communicated during his visit to
Queensland in 1953 were extremely helpful in clarifying the Macadamia
problem. Mr. L. J. Webb, C.S.I.R.O., also assisted by providing transport
in the course of his duties to various rain-forest areas.

Provided adequate material is available, the three species of Macadamia
which occur in southern Queensland can be distinguished as follows.

Leaves in whorls of 3 (rarely here and there solitary, paired, or in whorls of 4),
± narrowly cuneate at the base, and with the petioles more than 0-5 cm.
long (often exceeding 1 cm. in M. integrifolia) . Inflorescences sparsely
pubescent.

Adult leaves sooner or later becoming entire, ± rounded at the apex ; new
leaves on young shoots pale green coloured. Branchlets usually pale
coloured. Seeds 1-8 to 3-0 cm. diam., ± rounded and smooth. Kernel
not cyanogenetic. Occurs from Mt. Bauple, near the lower Mary River,
to Lower Beechmont, W. of Advaucetown on Nerang Creek.

M. integrifolia Maiden & Betche.

Adult leaves always with some marginal teeth present, pointed at the
apex ; new leaves on young shoots reddish coloured. Branchlets dark
coloured. Flowers pinkish. Seeds 1-3 to 1*7 cm. long, ± pointed at
the ends and tuberculate. Kernel cyanogenetic. Occurs from Kin
Kin, W. of Lake Cootharaba, to the Pine River, N. of Brisbane.

if. terni folia F. Muell.

Leaves in whorls of 4 (rarely here and there in whorls of 3 or 5), very obtuse at
the base, and subsessile or on short stout petioles rarely exceeding 0*3 cm.
in length. Inflorescences densely pubescent. (Adult leaves always with
some marginal teeth, ± pointed at the apex ; new leaves on young shoots
reddish coloured. Branchlets usually dark coloured. Seeds 2*3 to 3*6 cm.
long, ± pointed at the ends and tuberculate. Kernels not cyanogenetic.
Occurs from Mt. Wongawallan, N. of the Coomera River to the Queensland
border, thence to the Richmond or Clarence River in New South Wales).

M. tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson.

On Wongawallan, Tamborine, Guanaba, and Clagiraba Creeks, all
tributaries of the Coomera River, M. integrifolia and M. tetrajphylla occur
together naturally. Characters exhibited by a number of trees examined in
this area suggest that some interchange of genes has taken place between the
two species, while a few trees may well have been hybrids. Among
cultivated trees in orchards, individuals are found displaying intermediate
characters. These may have arisen as a result of the two species having been
cultivated in the one orchard. M. integrifolia and M. ternifolia have not
been located growing together.

Young seedlings of these three species of Macadamia have opposite
leaves for a time ; and those of M. tetraphylla have occasional whorls of
3 leaves before the whorls of 4 appear.

The local names. Small-fruited Queensland Nut, Maroochie Nut and
Gympie Nut, have been applied to M. ternifolia. M. integrifolia has been
called Queensland Nut, Macadamia Nut, Bush Nut, Bauple Nut (after
Mt. Bauple and sometimes spelt as pronounced, Bopple, or corrupted to
Popple) and Nut Oak. Most of the latter names have also been applied to
M. tetraphylla, but they are sometimes qualified by the words Rough-leaved
or Rough-shelled, whereas Smooth-leaved or Smooth-shelled are used foi
M. integrifolia.

VoL. IjXVU., No. U.

41

A NEW SPECIES OF ANOPHELES FROM
QUEENSLAND AND NOTES ON RELATED
SPECIES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE).

By Elizabeth N. Marks, National Mosquito Control Committee,
.Department of Entomolooy^ ITniversity of Queensland.

(With twelve Text-fignres.)

{Received 29fh Decemher, 1955; issued separatehf, 18//? August, 1956.)

Edwards (1932) divided the species of the subgenns Anopheles
into groups and series. Three Australian species fall within his Group
A, Anopheles series, viz. A. atratipes Skuse, A. siigmaticus Skuse, and
A. jjowelli Lee. The last two together with A. colledgei n.sp. and three
forms of undetermined status (one of them A. corethroides Theobald),
form a complex of closely related species (a subgroup in the sense of
Knight and Marks, 1952). All known members of this complex occur
in Queensland, and the following notes give distribution records for
the State and indicate the gaps in our knowledge of species. The
adults are small brown anophelines, superficially CulexAike, with
uniformly dark scaled wings, and where known, the pupae have seta 7
of abdominal segments VI and VTl about half the length of the segment,
and the larvae have head seta 8 single and antennal seta 1 short,
arising fairly close to the base of antenna.

The terminology used in the description of the pupa is that of
Belkin (1958), and in the description of the larva that of Belkin (1950).

ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) COLLEDGEI n.sp.

Distinctive Characters: Adult with basal ()-7-0-8 of hind
femur entirely pale; sternites III, IV, and VII very pale, contrasting
sharply with remainder; 8-6 propleural bristles. Pui)a with abdominal
segments III, IV, and VII distinctly paler than the rest, paddle seta
2, 2-3 branched. Larva with abdominal segments III, IV, and VII
distinctly paler than the rest ; prothoracic seta 1 short, 1-4 branched ;
valve seta 13 very long.

Fe:male : Wing lengtli 2-6-8-0 mm. (2-7 mm. in liolotype).

Head : Integument light to medium brown with a small rounded

black patch laterally on eye margin (not very obvious except in fresh
specimens), clothed with very long, narrow, pale golden, upright forked
scales medially, with some long fine dark bristles laterally and along
eye margin, and with a group of fairly long pale bristles and
frequently a couple of elongate narrow scales at vertex. Eyes purplish.
Tori pale or medium brown, first flagellar segment of antenna 1*1-1 *5
times length of second, its basal two-thirds pale ; remaining segments
dark ; verticillate hairs black. Clypeus black. Palps black scaled, about
equal in length (0*9-1 *0) to proboscis (excluding labella), the fourth
segment about 2*5 times as long as the fifth. Proboscis black scaled,
about equal in length (1 *0-1*1) to fore-femur and 0*8-0 *9 length of
fore-tibia. Labella dark brown,

H

42

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

!

A NEW SPECIES OE ANOPHELES FKO]\[ QUEENSLAND.

4:]

Thorax: liitegunieiit patchy, dark brown and pale cream. Xeck

sclerites dark. Scutum dark, except for a pale area on fossae or outer
half of fossae which may extend forward below the anterior promon-
tory, rarely forming a continuous border ; anteriorly there may be a short
medial pale streak just extending on to dorsal surface of scutum.
Scutellum dark above medially, paler laterally and beneath. Meta-
postnotum medium brown, paler laterally. Pleuron with two ill-defined
dark lateral stripes, the rest pale. Anterior i)ronotum, upper
part of posterior pronotum, post-spiracular area, upper third of
sternopleuron and upper fourth of mesepimeron dark (paratergite
pale) ; propleuron, upper half of fore-coxa, lower third of sternopleuron,
meron and lower fourth of mesepimeron dark. Scutum with numerous
short golden acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles, others on fossae
and above wingroots; long prescutellar and scutellar bristles dark
brown. Anterior pronotum with some golden bristles ; propleuron
(Fig. 1) with a row of 3-5 dark bristles (one specimen only with 2 on
one side) ; 1-2 pale spiracular, 1 strong upper sternopleural, 2-4 short
lower sternopleural, 1-3 prealar and 3-6 upper mesepimeral bristles.

Legs: Fore-coxa dark on upper half, pale below, trochanter dark.
Mid-coxa dark on upper angle, rest pale, trochanter pale; hind-coxa
and trochanter pale. Fore- and mid-femora dark sealed except for a
narrow pale basal ring and a pale streak posteroventrally which may
not reach to base and apex; basal 0*7-0 *8 of hind-femur entirely pale
scaled, remainder dark. Tibiae and tarsi dark scaled.

Wings: Cell 0* 7-1*0 length of its stem, cell 0*4r-0*6 length

of its stem, their bases usually level, but one or other may be very
slightly proximal; r-m 0* 5-1*0 its own length distal to i-r and base of
M3_|_4, or almost in line with base of M3 + 4; there may be a very slight
darkening of the wing membrane near the tip of Sc. Haltere with
pale stem and black scaled knob.

Abdomen: Bare of scales, clothed with numerous brown hairs.
Tergites all very dark, or III, IV, and VII slightly paler, at least
along lateral margins. Sternites dark except III, IV, and VII which
are very pale and contrast sharply with the rest.

Male: Resembles the female, except as follows: Wing length

2 * 3-2 * 8 mm. (2*7 mm. in allotype) . Tori large, dark brown above, paler
below; the more basal flagellar segm^ents of antenna pale, apical two
darker ; verticillate hairs long, dark. Palps 0 * 9-1 * 0 length of proboscis
(excluding labella), the two apical segments swollen, forming a club;
proboscis 1-3-1 -5 times length of fore-femur, 1*1-1 *2 times length
of fore-tibia. 4-6 propleural, 1-2 lower sternopleural, 1-2 prealar and
2-5 upper mesepimeral bristles. Cell Rg 0*7-0 *8 length of its stem.

TEXT FIGUEES 1-12.

Fig. 1, Anopheles colledgei n. sp., anterior view of propleuron, p, showing
propleural bristles; a, anterior pronotum; c, fore-coxa. Fig. 2, A. coretliroides Theo.,
ditto. Figs. 3 and 4, A. colledgei n. sp., male terminalia. 3, tergal view of right
coxite, style, harpago and of pliallosome; 4, inner lateral view of right harpago; s,
sternal lobe; t, tergal lobe; d, distal seta of tergal lobe. Fig. 5, A. coretliroides
Theo. (topotypical specimen), tergal view of left harpago, lettering as in Fig. 4.
Figs. 6-12, A. colledgei n. sp. 6 and 7, pupa; 6, two views of trumpet; 7, dorsal
view of terminal abdominal segments. 8-12, larva; 8, dorsal view of head; 9,
prothoraeic setae 1-3; 10, pro-, meso- and metathoracic pleural groups of setae;
11, leaflets from seta 1, abdominal segment IV; 12, median plate of scoop, with
seta 13.

44

^ROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Terminalia (Figs. 3 and 4) : Coxite cylindrical, about 2-5 times

as long as broad, with scattered long setae laterally and sternally;
snbapical spine represented by a stout seta on inner aspect sternally;
a single stout parabasal spine arising from an elongate base.
Style 1-1-1 -2 length of coxite with small blunt terminal appendage
and 6-13 scattered fine setae along its inner aspect and at tip. Sternal
(ventral) lobe of harpago elongate with a stout terminal seta and
3 (rarely 2) more slender setae proximal to it; tergal (dorsal) lobe
with 5-6 broadened setae, 4 in a close set row, and one (rarely 2)
shorter and broader arising distally between them and the sternal
lobe. Phallosome with about 10 pairs of long, slender, smooth leaflets,
those towards apex longest. Lobes of tergite IX widely separated,
slightly convex, with numerous short setae.

Descriptions based on holot}’pe and 15 paratype females, allot.ype
and 19 paratype males. An additional female (no locality data other
than N. Qld.) lias wing length 3*3 mm.

Pupa : Distinctly striped; abdomen dark except segments 111,

IV and VI 1 which are contrastingly pale. Trumpet (Fig. 6) broad,
triangular. Abdomen (Fig. 7). Segment VI - seta 1 fine, 3-5 branched,
about half length of seta 5; seta 2 fine, 2-7 branched; seta 3 fine, 3-4
branched; seta 4 fine, 2-4 branched; seta 5 stout, plumose, half length
of segment; seta 6 fine, 3-6 branched; seta 7 a stout spine, usually
frayed near tip, half length of segment. Segment VII - seta 1 fine,
2-5 branched, about half length of seta 5 ; seta 2 fine, 3-5 branched ;
seta 3 fine, 3-6 branched ; seta 4 fine, 3-4 branched ; seta 5 stout,
plumose, half length of segment ; seta 6 fine, 2-4 branched ; seta 7 a
stout spine, sometimes frayed near tip, half length of segment. Segment
VIII - seta 5 fine, 2-5 branched; seta 7 plumose, with thickened shaft.
Paddles with long fringe; seta 1 stout, single, simiile ; seta 2 small,
fine, 2-3 branched.

Described from six pniial skins correlated with the holotype and
five paratypes. Seta 1 on VI and VI 1 and paddle seta 2 appear to be
shorter and with fewer branches than in A. stigmaticus {cf. Mackerras,
1927, fig. 3b).

Larva: Length 3 -5-4 -5 mm. Distincth^ striped; body dark grey
except pro- and mesothorax and abdominal segments 111, IV and VII,
which are contrastingly pale; head and saddle pale brown. Head
(Fig. 8) with dark spots on integument as illustrated, setae 2 arising
close together, long, stout, single, simple, crossed; seta. 3 stout, single,
simple, about 0-7 length of 2; seta 4 arising behind 3, short, 2-6
branched ; setae 5, 6 and 7 plumose, not reaching front of head ; seta 8,
1-4 branched; seta 9, 3-6 branched. Antenna with fine spicnles along
its inner side, and shorter ones ventralh"; seta 1 short, 2-5 branched,
arising dorsally at about 0-2 from base; seta 4 single.

Thorax (Figs. 9, 10) : Prothorax — seta 1 short, fine, 1-4 branched
(usually 2-3) ; seta 2 with flattened stem, 7-15 branched, arising from
a sclerotised base ; seta 3 single or rarely bifid ; seta 6 single, arising
from same sclerotised base as seta 5; seta 9 long, sparsely plumose (5-8
branched) ; seta 10 long, single, simple; seta 11 fairly short, single or
rarely bifid or trifid at tip ; seta 12 long, single, simple. Mesothorax —
setae 9 and 10 long, single, simple; seta 11 veiy short, 1-3 branched;

A NEW SPECIES OF ANOPHELES FRO.M QUEENSLAND.

45

seta 12 fairly short, 3-6 braiiehed. Metathorax with a small broatl
medial plate dorsallv; seta 1 palmate, with 14-18 slender, tai)erin«-
leaflets; seta 9 long*, sparsely plumose (5-9 branched) ; seta 10 long,
2-4 branched (usually 2) near tip; seta 12 fairly short, 3-6 branched.

Abdomen: Segments 1-VlI with an anterior, short, broad tergal
plate, behind which, on III-VII, is a single small elongate jilate, some-
times also present on 1 1 ; one specimen appears to have small paired
plates behind the anterior plate on 1; on segment VI 11 the tergal plate
is siirronnded by secondary sclerotisation almost covering the dorsal
surface of the segment. Seta 1 on segment 1 palmate with 5-8 very
slender leaflets; on segments II-VII palmate with about 25 leaflets
(Fig. 11), usually frayed at about 0-6 length, with a distinct filament,
but occasionally tapering with little indication of fraying. Pecten of 15-18
spines, those in the middle shorter than upper and lower, but uppermost
spine often veiw short. Median plate (Fig. 12) broadened posteriorly,
seta 13 long, single (as long as width of plate where it arises). Anal
segment - saddle with fine spicules ; seta 1, 2-4 branched near tip ; seta

4 (ventral brush) of 16 plumose hairs.

Described from 6 pelts associated with holotype and paratypes,
and 14 paratype larvae. Two larvae from Ilelenvale agree closely,
except that one has metathoracic seta 10 single on one side and pecten
of 14 spines.

Types: Holotype female (Xo. P.755), Rex Creek, Mossmaii, X. Qld.,
(2-7-1946, E. Marks) with correlated larval and pupal skins;
allotype male, 15 female, 19 male paratypes and 26 morphotype larvae,
same data as holotype ; 2 morphotype larvae from same locality,
26-6-1946. The paratypes include one male (XM. P.756) with correlated
pupal skin, and a group of 3 females and 2 males (X"o. P.753) with

5 larval and 4 pupal skins not individually correlated. In addition,
there are a considerable number of topotypical larvae and pupal skins.

Holotype, allotype and paratypes in University of Queensland
collection, except one male, one female and two larval paratypes in
each of the following collections: British Museum (XMtural History);
U. S. AMtional Museum, Washington; C.S.I.R.G. Division of Entom-
ology, Canberra ; Queensland Museum, Brisbane ; School of Public
Health and Tropical Medicine, Sydney ; iMacleay Museum, Sydney ;
N'ational Museum of Victoria, Melbourne.

This species is named after W. R. Colledge, an early Queensland
student of mosquitoes who published the first paper (Colledge, 1901)
on the immature stages and biology of Australian anopheliiies.

Biology : At the type locality the clear, fresh, running creek issued
from rain forest and flowed for about 500 yards through an overgrown
cleared patch. The creek had rocky edges, a sandy bottom, and was full
of granite boulders, with green algae fringing the rocks; the site was
fairly sunlit. Large numbers of anopheliiies were found among the
algae and along the edges of boulders in slight backwaters. Both
A. colledgei and A. stigmaticus (probably the northern brown form)
were present, also Culex sqiiamosus (Taylor) and C. vtcinus (Taylor).
At Daintree, larvae of A. colledgei were scarce in a deeply shaded, fast
flowing, small stream in rain forest; this water was about 6 in. deep,
clear and fresh with earth and rock edge, some fallen leaves and tree

46

fROCEEDiXGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF qLEEXSLAND.

roots. At Helenvale, larvae of A. colledgei were scarce in NuiigTimby
Creek, a clear, fresh, running creek shaded by overhanging trees and
with fallen leaves and some algae at the edges. Associated species were
A. stigmaticus (probably the northern brown form) and A. annulipes
Walker.

A larva from Mossman had anopheline larval remains in its gut,
but this may have been due to overcrowding of the larvae after
collection.

It is almost certain that .i. colledgei is the same as the banded
form of A. stigmaticus reported by Lee and Woodhill (1944, p. 84,
footnote) from Cairns. These authors quote observations by Roberts
on differences in idiototropic reactions between this banded form and
the plain form collected with it. No similar experiments were made with
larvae from Mossman, and none of Roberts’ specimens has been
examined.

Distribution : Mossman (26-6-1946, 2-7-1946), Daintree (16-6-1952),
Helenvale, about 15m. S. of Cooktown (17-7-1952), all collected by
E. N. Marks.

ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) STIGMATICUS Skuse.

Anopheles stigmaticus Skuse, 1889, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., (2) 3,
1759. Type locality: Blue Mountains, N.S.W. Type male and female
in Macleay Museum, University of Sydney.

Anopheles corethroides Theobald, 1907, Monogr. Culicidae 4, 35.
Type locality : Burpengary, Qld. Type male and female in British
Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Among specimens from Queensland, which have been identified
as stigmaticus, four distinct forms can be recognised, viz. Theobald’s
corethroides, a northern brown form, a southern brown form and a
southern striped form. The last two range from south Queensland to
Victoria and current studies by N. V. Dobrottvorsk^^ should decide which
of them is the tv])e form. The status of these forms is still undeter-
mined and the purpose here is to indicate their distribution and
distinctive characters so that further records may be obtained.

southern brown form.

Distinctive Characters: Adults with basal 0*7-0 *8 of hind-femur
entirely pale ; sternites uniformly brown ; usually only one propleural
bristle. Pupa with abdomen uniformly brown. Larva uniformly brown ;
prothoracic seta 1 with not less than 6 branches, shaft not flattened;
valve seta 13 very long.

Descriptive Notes (based on 8 females and 7 males from various
localities from Eungella Range to Sydney district) : Wing length,

females 3 *3-3 *7 mm., males 2 *7-3 *7 mm.; bristles on at least anterior
half of scutum golden; propleuron with a single bristle (two close
together on one side in one male from Brisbane) ; cell R2 1*0-1 *2 times
its stem in females, 0* 9-1*1 in males, cell M^ 0*6-0 *8 times its stem;
knob of haltere partly or entirely pale scaled. Male terminalia closely
resembling those of A. colledgei.

Biology : The larvae are usually found in rock pools or running
creeks with clear fresh water and partly or fully shaded. They have
also been collected from spring fed pools and a muddy pool in a wheel-
rut in rainforest; rock pools containing suspended clay; temporary

A NEW SPECIES OF ANOPHELES FROM QUEENSLAND.

47

rain-filled pools in shaded «»ullies; an old oildriim in a swamp, fringed
by rain forest (the water surface with thick duckweed, the bottom of
rotting leaves) ; a cattle watering place shaded by grass in a gully; and
once in fallen palm fronds close to a spring-fed pool where they were
collected on numerous occasions. The breeding places may be located
in rain forest or eucalypt forest, from low altitudes up^ to 3000 ft.
Fallen leaves and sticks, tree roots, trailing grass, green algae or water-
weeds may furnish shelter for the larvae ; occasionally the water
contains iron bacteria.

The larvae have been found in association with the following species :
A. stigmaticus southern striped form; .1. anmiJ'ipcs; rranoiaenia
pygmaea Theo; Aedes qneensJandis (Strickland), most frequently;
Aedes notoscriptus Skuse, in rock pools and palm fronds; Aedes
palmarum Edwards, in palm fronds; Aedes alhoanmdatus (Macquart),
Aedes ruhrithorax (Macquart), Aedes alhoscutellatns (Theo.), in
temporary pools; Culex hasicmctvs Edwards, in sites with green algae;
Culex fergusoni (Taylor) in an oildrum in a swamp at Binna Burra;
Culex pseudomelanoconia Theo.; Cidex cylindricns Theo.; Culex pipiens
australicus Dobrotworskv and Drummond; Culex (Luizia) halifaxi
(Theo.).

Larvae sometimes have anopheline larval remains in the gut. The
pupal period occupies about two daj^s in summer. No adults have been
taken biting in nature, but a bred female from Camp Mountain fed on
a finger until it passed blood.

Distribution : The following records, principally of larval collec-
tions, have been checked by examination of adults from each locality;
Eungella Kange (20-9-1947, E. N. Marks) ; AYengen Creek, Bunya
Mts. (20-9-1944, J. L. Wassell) ; Mt. Glorious (4, 9, 11, 12-1943, *2,
4-1944, 2-1945, 3-1955, J. L. AYassell, E. X. Marks) ; Ashgrove (9-1943,
3-1945) ; Mt. Tamborine (9-3-1952, Mackerras).

The folloAving records are of larval collections ; adults were bred
from a number of them, but are no longer available for checking :
Carnarvon Range (27-5-1954, F. A. Perkins) ; Jimna (10-10-1948,
J. L. Wassell) ; Upper Cedar Creek (14-9-1943, 9-11-1954, E. N. Marks) ;
Mt. Nebo (13-2-1945, J. L. Wassell) ; Ilighvale (4, 6, 7, 8-1943, J. L.
Wassell) ; Samford (4, 6, 11-1943) ; Camp Mountain (6, 9, 10-1943,
11-1951, 9, 10-1952, 3-1955, E. X. Marks) ; Binna Burra, Lamington
National Park (11-1943. 5-1944, F. A. Perkins and E. X. ^Marks) ;
Mt. Barney (14-6-1947, E. X. Marks) ; Mt. Ballow (4-1953, E. R. B.
Marks); Mt. Clunie (4-1953, E. X. Marks).

.1. stigmaticus larvae were collected in the following suburbs of
Brisbane during the malaria survey b}’ the Brisbane City Council ;
Toowong (7-1946, Toowong Creek) ; Bardon (7-1946, Ithaca Creek,
East Ithaca Creek) ; >St. John’s Wood (7-1946, Enoggera Creek) ;
Holland Park (9-1946) ; Aspley (4, 7-1947) ; Bald Hills (7-1947, Albany
Creek) ; Zillmere (5, 6-1947, Little Cabbage Tree Creek) ; Bracken Ridge
(7-1947, Cabbage Tree Creek). Prom the nature of these localities,
the first four are almost certain to have been breeding places of the
southern brown form, but the last four may have been of either that
or cor etlir aides.

48

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAIj SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

The foregoing records are all from localities within about 300 miles
of Brisbane, except Carnarvon Bange, 350 miles north-west of Brisbane,
and Enng'ella Bange, 60 miles Avest of Mackay. It is possible that some
of the laiwal records cited under the northern brown form should refer
to the southern brown form. Specimens of the latter have been
examined from Taronga and from National Park, near Sydney, N.S.W.
(4-1944, E. N. Marks), and it occurs also in Victoria (DobroVvorsky,
personal communication) .

NORTHERN BROWN FORM.

Distinctive Characters: Adults closely resemble, and larvae at
present cannot be separated from the southern brown form, but male
terminalia are distinctive. Only tAvo shrunken males are available, and
these differ from the southern broAvn form as folloAA^s: Wing length 2-3-
2*4 mm.; scutal bristles all broAvn (propleural bristles obscured by
shrinkage) ; cell Bo 1-0-1 -2 length of its stem, cell M^ 0-4-0-5 length
of its stem ; halteres Avith dark sealed knob ; sternal lobe of harpago
Avith 3 slender setae, the distal one slightly longer but not distinctly
stouter, as it is in the other forms ; tergal lobe of harpago Avith only
3 ratlier slender flattened setae, a roAV of 2 (4 in other forms) and a
third arising betAA^en these and the sternal lobe; phallosome AA’ith about
12 leaflets extending almost half AA-ay to its base, the distal leaflet broad
and frayed along its inner edge.

Biology: At Kuranda, larvae Avere sheltering among fallen leaA^es
and sticks in backwaters of a small, clear, fresh, floAving creek in a
rocky gully in rain forest. At Cairns larA’ae Avere collected from rock
pools in a mountain stream.

Distribution: Kuranda (22-6-1946, E. N. Marks); Cairns

(6-11-1944, B. L. Lehfeldt).

The folloAving records are for larvae only. It is not knoAvn AA’hether
the southern broAvn form of sfigmaticus also occurs in north Queensland,
and tliese records may refer to either the northern or the southern
broAvn forms. Helenvale, Mossman (see pp. 45, 4()) ; Kuranda (23-6-1946,
with Anopheles annul ipes in a weed-edged creek in open grassland,
near rain forest, E. X. Marks) ; Lake Barrine (8-6-1946, Avith Anopheles
hancrofti Giles and Anopheles faraufi Laveran in shalloAv shaded, reedy
edge of fresliAvater lake; 9-6-1946, Avith Cidex halifaxi and Uranotaenia
sp. in small creek containing iron bacteria floAving through red soil in
rain forest, E. X. iMarks and D. Dalgleish) ; Cairns (25-9-1942, D. 0.
Atherton; 6-1944, B. L. Lehfeldt). Boberts (1948) reported larA^ae
of A. sfigmaticus to be Avidespread throughout the Atherton tableland.

SOUTHERN STRIPED FORM.

Disttnctiam: Characters: Adults Avith basal 0-8 of hind femur
entirely pale; steriiites (and to a lesser extent tergites) IV, VII and
1 1 very pale, contrasting sliarply Avith remainder. Pupa Avith
abdominal segments IV, VI I and VIII distinctly paler than the rest.
Larva Avith abdominal segments IV and VII distinctly pale and segments
III, V and VI very dark, others less so; prothoracic seta 1 Avith not less
than 6 branches, shaft not flattened; A-aKe seta 13 short.

A NEW SPECIES OF ANOPHELES FROM QUEENSLAND. 49

Descriptive Notes : Four males from Mt. Clunie have wing
length 3 • 0-3 • 2 mm. ; bristles on at least anterior half of scutum golden ;
2 propleural bristles; cell 1*2-1 -4 times its stem, cell 0-6-0 *8
times its stem; knob of halteres dark scaled.

Biology: In south Queensland, the larvae have been collected only
in mountainous areas at altitudes of 1500 ft. or more, from clear, fresh,
leafy, spring or stream-fed earth or rock pools, in rain forest or open
euealypt forest. They are usually found in association with the southern
brown form of stigmaticus and with Aedes queenslandis.

Distribution: Mt. Glorious (13-2-1945, alt. 2000 ft. J. L. Wassell) ;
Binna Burra, Lamington National Park (2-11-1943, F. A. Perkins and
E. N. Marks) ; Mt. Ballow (4-4-1953, alt. about 3000 ft., E. B. B.
Marks); Mt. Clunie (5-4-1953, E. N. Marks). This form occurs in
Victoria (Dobrotworsky, personal communication).

corethroides.

Edwards (1924) treated A. corethroides Theobald as a synonym of
A. stigmaticus Skuse on the basis of comparison of the type female and
male of the former with the description of the latter. Mackerras (1927)
compared specimens of the two forms, and while pointing out differences,
agreed with Edwards’ synonymy, but Edwards (1930), on comparison
of the types of corethroides with a female and male of stigmaticus from
National Park, near Sydney, which had been compared with Skuse ’s
type by Mackerras, ranked corethroides as a ‘‘variety” of stigmaticus.
Lee and Woodhill (1944) had not seen any specimens referable to
corethroides and regarded the position as unclarified. Information now
available, though insufficient to determine its correct status, supports
the treatment of corethroides as a distinct form, and suggests that it
differs ecologically from the southern brown and southern striped forms
of stigmaticus.

I have examined the type specimens of A. corethroides Theobald
in the British Museum (Natural History). These bear labels “Queens-
land, Dr. T. L. Bancroft”; the female is labelled “T.L.B., S.Q.,
16/11/03,79”, the male similarly, but dated 17/11/03. Theobald (1907)
gave the type locality as “South Queensland”. Bancroft (1908) stated
that he bred his specimens from material obtained from a small well in
a gully in the Burpengary scrub, and that he had also bred it from
material obtained from Kedron Brook at Alderley (a suburb of
Brisbane). There is no doubt that the type locality is Burpengary; in
the Queensland Museum collection there is a male labelled in Bancroft’s
writing “Burpengary, 18/11/03,79”. Its terminalia were mounted by
Mackerras {l.c.) who examined the four other Bancroft specimens in
the same collection, which are unlabelled. They comprise one male and
two females of corethroides and one female of the southern brown form
of stigmaticus. Bancroft {l.c.) did not record stigmaticus from Queens-
land but his Alderley locality resembles breeding places of the southern
brown form, rather than those from which corethroides has been bred.

In addition to the foregoing specimens, I have examined one female
from Fraser I., 2 females and one male from Caloundra, one female
from Dunwich, one male from Salisbury, and four males and seven
females, dated 1940 and 1944, the localities of which are unknown.

I

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Distinctive Characters: Adult with basal 0-7 of hind-femur pale
except for a dorsal dark line; sternites uniformly brown; one
propleural bristle (Fig. 2). Larvae associated with adults are no longer
available, but were not distinguished at the time of collection from
those of the southern brown form.

Both Mackerras (1927) and Edwards (1930) noted that
corethroides lacked the dark patch on the wing membrane which is
often present in stigmaticus. Neither this, nor the difference noted by
Edwards {lx.) of pale plume scales on the apical half of wing in
stigmaticus (all dark in corethroides) are constant characters in Queens-
land specimens of the southern brown form of stigmaticus.

Descriptive Notes: Wing length, females 2 *8-3 *6 mm., males 2*7-
3-5 mm. Head rarely with a few elongate narrow scales present on
vertex; tori dark, first flagellar segment of female antenna 1-3-1-5
length of second ; palps equal in length to proboscis ; proboscis 0 • 9-1 • 0
length of fore-femur in female, 1-3-1 *4 in male, 0-7-0 -9 length of fore-
tibia in female, 1 - 0-1 - 1 in male. Scutal and scutellar bristles all brown.
Dorsal dark line on hind-femur tends to be broader in males; it may
be interrupted at base or before the apical dark scaled area, or distinct
only on the distal half of the pale portion. Cell R2 l‘2-l-6 length of
its stem in females, 1-0-1 -2 in males; cell 0-6-0 -8 length of its stem
(equal to its stem in the type female according to Theobald, 1907) ;
base of cell R, well proximal to base of cell in females, level with
or slightly proximal to it in males; r-m in line with or its own length
distal to i-r, in line with or up to twice its own length distal to base of
M3 +4. Haltere with mainly dark scaled knob. Male terminalia (Fig. 5)
similar to those of colledgei and the southern brown form of stigmaticus
but apparently distinguished by the sternal lobe of the harpago which
bears three setae, of which the distal is stout, the middle one slender,
and the proximal almost as stout as the distal (only the distal seta is
stout in the other species). Edwards (1924) described 6 pairs of
leaflets on the phallosome, but the male from Burpengary has about 10
pairs.

P. F. Mattingly has kindly checked the type specimens of core-
throides and states (personal communication) — “I removed both the
male and the female type from their stands and as far as I can see
the propleural hair is single in both cases. The haltere seems to be
entirely dark in the female but there are some very small pale scales
on the under (outer) surface in the male.’’

Biology : Adults of corethroides have been reared from the
following breeding places: a gum and teatree swamp at Caloundra;
a shallow, shaded Avaterhole at Salisbury, 200 square yards in surface
area, with reeds, grasses, water weeds and teatree roots; a large swamp
behind the beach just south of Dunwich, with fresh, clear to slightly
muddy water, peaty or sandy bottom and few trees, where the larvae
were most frequently found in shallow peaty hollows with some moss
at edges, floating duck weed, and partly shaded by grass and shrubs,
but occurred also in soak holes and muddy foot prints shaded by sedges
and ferns 3-4 ft. high, and in water between tussocks. Associated
species in the foregoing sites included Anopheles atratipes, A. annulipes,
IJranotaenia pygmaea, Culex sp. (near cylindricus Theo.), C. postspira-
culosus Lee and C. pipiens australicus. Similar sites occur at Fraser
Island and in the vicinity of Burpengary where Dr. Bancroft reared his
specimens from a soak hole 4 ft. square, dug in a gully in the scrub.

A NEW SPECIES OF ANOPHELES FROM QUEENSLAND. 51

No corethroides adults for which particulars are available have
been reared from sites other than of the type described and no adults
of the southern brown or southern striped forms of stigmaticus have been
reared from teatree or sedge swamps. The number of specimens is
small, but the evidence suggests that corethroides is ecologically distinct
from the other two forms.

Distribution: Fraser Island (16-2-1949, M. J. Mackerras);

Caloundra (13-8-1945, F. A. Perkins and J. L. Wassell) ; Burpengary
(Bancroft) ; Salisbury, a suburb of Brisbane (17-10-1946, J. H. Carney) ;
Dunwich, Stradbroke Island (28-11-1943, E. N. Marks).

ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) POWELLI Lee.

Anopheles powelli Lee, 1944, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 69, 21.
Type locality: Adelaide River, Northern Territory. Holotype male and
allotype female in C.S.I.R.O. collection, Canberra,

Distinctive Characters: Adult with hind-feipur entirely dark
scaled; sternites uniformly brown; one propleural bristle. Pupa undes-
cribed. Larva uniformly brown; prothoracic seta 1 with about 30
branches arising from a thick flattened shaft; valve seta 13 very long.

Descriptive Notes (based on 9 females from Bamaga, Lockerbie
Station and Jacky Jacky) : Wing length 2 •5-3*0 mm. ; scutal bristles all
brown ;‘ no spiracular bristles ; cell R2 1 • 0-1 • 2 times its stem, cell M^
0*5-0 -7 times its stem; knob of halteres dark scaled.

Biology : Larvae were found in the following small, clear, fresh,
flowing streams : at Horn Island in a gravelly, Pandanus-iringed creek
in eucalypt forest, associated with larvae of Cidex vicinus; in a creek
at Bamaga, along leafy margins in rain forest and semi-shaded edges
with trailing grasses and sedges in open forest; associated species in
this creek included Culex halifaxi and C. pullus Theo; at Jacky Jacky
in a fairly sunny, sandy creek with grass and fallen leaves along the
edges; associated were Anopheles hancrofti and A. novaguinensis
Venhuis; in Cowal Creek village, in a sunny creek, the edges of which
had been cleared except for a little dead grass; associated were A.
novaguinensis and A. farauti.

At Bamaga A. powelli was also breeding in a large, shaded, leafy,
spring-fed rock pool and in shallow leafy seepage pools close to it;
associated was A. novaguinensis.

Lee (1944) reported engorged specimens of A. powelli taken in
mosquito nets, but Lee and Woodhill (1944) stated that nothing was
known of its biting habits. Six females were taken biting horses near a
creek at Bamaga, between 1830 and 1930 hours (after dark, 12-7-1952) ;
only 5 specimens of other species were collected at the same
time. Six females were taken biting man at 1700 hours (late afternoon,
16-5-1953) beside a bridge over a creek at Jacky Jacky; the species
was breeding in the creek and the adults possibly had been disturbed
from resting sites under or near the bridge. One female was taken
biting man at 1630 hours in rain forest on Lockerbie Station.

Distribution: Horn Island (15-7-1952, M. J. Mackerras and E. N.
Marks); Bamaga (12, 13-7-1952, M. J. Mackerras and E. N. Marks;
16-5-1953, R. Domrow; 20-5-1953, E. N. Marks) ; Cowal Creek (15-5-1953,
E. N. Marks) ; Jacky Jacky (16-5-1953, E. N. Marks and R. V. Miles) ;

52

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Lockerbie Station, about 8 miles S.W. of Cape York (21-5-1953, E. N.
Marks). All the foregoing localities are within a radius of 20 miles
from Cape York. This species was recorded from Jacky Jackv by
Lee (1944).

SYNOPSIS.

Both sexes, pupa and larva of Anopheles colledgei n. sp. are
described. It breeds in association -with, and is closely related to
Anopheles stigmaticus Skuse. Four forms of A. stigmaticus can be
recognised in Queensland. Distinctive characters, notes on biology
and distribution records for these and for Anopheles powelli Lee are
given.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

I am indebted to Messrs. N. D. Riley and P. F. Mattingly for
allowing me to examine the type specimens of Anopheles corethroides
Theobald in the British Museum (Natural History) collection, and to
Mr. G. Mack for the loan of Bancroft’s specimens of A. corethroides
from the Queensland Museum collection.

REFERENCES.

Bancroft, T. L., 1908. List of the mosquitoes of Queensland with the original
descriptions and notes on the life-history of a number. Ann. Qd, Mus., 8,
1-64.

Belkin, ,T. N., 1950. A revised nomenclature for the chaetotaxy of the mosquito
larva (Diptera: Culicidae). Amer. Midi. Nat., 44, 678-698.

1953. Corrected interpretations of some elements of the abdominal

chaetotaxy of the mosquito larva and pupa (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc.
cnt. Soc. Wash., 55, 318-324.

CoLLEDGE, W. R., 1901. Notes on a malaria-carrying mosquito (Anopheles Pictns).
Proc. Boy. Soc. Qd., 16, 45-58.

Edwards, F. W., 1924. A synopsis of the adult mosquitoes of the Australasian
region. Bull. ent. Bes., 14, 351-401.

1930. Mosquito notes. — ix. Bull. ent. Bes., 21, 287-306.

1932. Diptera. Family Culicidae. Genera Insect., 194, 1-258.

Knight, K. L. and Marks, E. N. 1952. An annotated checklist of the mosquitoes
of the subgenus Finlaya, genus Aedes. Proc. TJ.S. nat. Mus., 101, 513-574.

Lee, D. J., 1944. A new species of the genus Anopheles from northern Australia
(Diptera, Culicidae). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 69, 21-25.

Lee, D. J. and Woodhill, A. R., 1944. The anopheline mosquitoes of the Aus-
tralasian region. Monogr. Dep. Zool. TJniv. Sydney, 2, 1—209.

Mackerras, I. M., 1927. Notes on Australian mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae).

Part I. The Anophelini of the mainland. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 52,
33-41.

Roberts, F. H. S., 1948. The distribution and seasonal prevalence of anopheline
mosquitoes in North Queensland. Proc. Boy. Soc. Qd., 59, 93-100.
Theobald, F. V., 1907. A monograph of the Culicidae, 4. London: Brit. Mus.

(Nat. Hist.).

V.

The Royal Society of Queensland

Report of the Council for 1954

To the Members of the Royal Society of Queensland .

Your Council has pleasure in submitting: the Annual Report of
the Society for 1954.

The Society’s General Meetings have continued to be held in the
Physiology Department of the University of Queensland, William street.
We are most indebted to Professor W. V. Macfarlane and his staff for
their co-operation and hospitality. Council Meetings have been held
in various locations in the old University Buildings at George street,
and our thanks are extended to the Registrar.

Nine meetings were held during the past year, including a special
meeting in association with the Queensland Division of the Geological
Society of Australia and the Queensland Naturalists’ Club, held in the
Geology Department, the University, St. Lucia. Eight addresses w^ere
given and one meeting was devoted to exhibits. A visit was made
by a number of members to Crohamhurst Observatory at the invitation
of the late Mr. Inigo Jones.

Volume LXIV. (1952) and Volume LXV. (1953) were issued and
the Hon. Editor reports that Volume LX VI. (1954) is complete and
should be published within a few months. The Council is most grateful
for a continuance of the special grant made by the Government of
Queensland towards the cost of publication of the Proceedings.

During the year, there were 944 additions to the library and nine
new exchanges were established. The Library was fumigated, followed
by fogging with a second insecticide, when it was discovered that there
was bookworm infestation in some of the older bound volumes.

The Council records with regret the following deaths : R. M. Riddell,
a life member, who died in September, 1954 ; R. J. Donaldson, a member,
who died in September, 1954; S. Julius, M.B., B.S., a member, who
died in September, 1954; Inigo Jones, E.B.Met.Soc., a member, who
died in November, 1954; Sir John Kemp, Kt., M.E. M.I.C.E., M.I.E.
(Aust.) a member, who died in February, 1955; L. C. Ball, B.E., an
honorary life member, who died in February, 1955.

j

VI.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

There are now 10 honorary life members, 1 corresponding member,
8 life members, 224 ordinary" members and 7 associate members of the
Society. During the year 6 members resigned and the names of 8
members were removed for non-payment of subscriptions; 6 honorary
life members, 14 ordinary members and 4 associate members were
elected.

Attendance at council Meetings was as follows: — M. Shaw, 7;
A. L. Keimann, 6 ; S. T., Blake, 4 ; T. K. Ewer, 8 ; B. Howard, 7 ; E. N.
Marks, 6 ; G. Mack, 4 ; F. S. Colliver, 5 ; A. R. Brimblecombe, 8 ; I. M.
Mackerras, 4; D. F. Sandars, 4; F. T. M. White, 4; G. L. Wilson, 4;
Miss D. F. Sandars was granted leave of absence and went overseas
in August, 1954.

i\Ir. L. P. Herdsman again acted as Honorary Auditor and the
Society expresses its appreciation of his services.

.MANSERGH SHAW, President.

T. K. Ewer. Hon. Secretary.

Beth Howard, Hon. Assist. Secretary.

VII

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VIII.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

Abstract of Proceedings, 28th ^Iarch, 1955.

The Annual General Meeting of the Society was held in the
Physiology Department of the I'niversity of Queensland, on Monday,
28th March. The President, Professor M. Shaw, extended a welcome
to His Excellency the Governor, Sir John Lavarack. Forty-one members
and friends were present. The minutes of the last Annual Meeting
were confirmed. The Annual Peport was adopted and the Balance
Sheet received.

The following members were elected as Office-Bearers for 1955: —
President, A. L. Reimann ; Vice-President, A. R. Brimblecombe ; Hon.
Secretary, T. K. Ewer; Assistant Hon. Secretary, B. Howard; Hon.
Treasurer E. N. Marks; Hon. Editor, G. Mack; Hon. Librarian, F. S.
Colliver; Councillors, S. T. Blake, I. M. Mackerras, W. A. McDougall,
H. C. Webster, J. T. Woods ; Hon. Auditor, L. P. Herdsman.

The Presidential Address, entitled “The History and Development
of Engineering Industry in Queensland,” was delivered by Professor
Mansergh Shaw.

Abstract of Proceedings, 18th April, 1955.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Physiology Department of the University of Queensland on Monday,
18th April. Twenty-six members and friends were present. The
minutes of the previous Ordinary fleeting were confirmed. Mr. E. R.
Tiehauer was nominated for Ordinary Membership.

Dr. P. Morrison delivered an address entitled “Native Animals
and their Environment in Alaska : Comparative Studies with certain
Australian Animals.” He discussed the basic physiological relation-
ships existing between various groups of lower mammals and, in
pai'ticular, the marsupials. There is, in general, a lack of any relation-
ship between temperature and body weight in a particular group. In
the marsupials, however, there is a surprisingly small range, varying
between 36-9° and 37*0°C. The koala apparently has a lower range
of temperature than many others and the macropods show very little
variation. One of the smallest mammals, the short-tailed shrew, has
a climatic range from Southern United States of America to the Arctic
Circle. Although this animal weighs only 3 gm., it is a homeotherm
and has a surjirisingly high body temperature of 39°C., with a standard
deviation of only zbl° in the middle range. This is to be compared
with the mouse with a range of 2°C. The biggest slope in the relation-
ship between temperature and longeviCv is shown by the marsupial mice.
Tlie observations show great variability according to the time of day.
With reference to metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) and weight,
the marsupials show consistently lower values than other groups,
although the difference is not striking.

Tlie speaker pointed out that he had made only preliminary
observations on the changes in thermal conductivity of marsupials
under various environmental conditions, but it appeared that, in this
respect, the behaviour of the shrew and that of the marsupials were
veiy similar. This function appeared to be conversely related to fur
length.

Some of the native mammals of Alaska and their habitats were
described and colour transparencies presented,

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

IX.

Abstract of Proceedings, 30th May, 1955.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Physiology Department of the University of Queensland on Monday,
30th May. Thirty-eight members and friends were present. The
minutes of the previous meeting were confirmed. Mr. E. R. Tichauer
was elected to Ordinary Membership ; Miss M. D. Doherty and Mr.
M. G. Horsley Avere nominated for Ordinary Membership. The
Librarian reported that there had been 303 additions.

Dr. I. D. Hiseock exhibited several specimens of an amphilinid
cestode, believed to be Amphilina magna Southwell, taken from the
Sweetlips (Plectorhynchus pictus) at Heron Island. This species is
only the second of its order found in Australia and is the only one
known from marine bony fishes, the common host for overseas species
being the sturgeon, Acipenser. A number of features of interest in
the anatomy of the parasites were discussed.

Miss P. Pennycuik exhibited specimens showing the gross and
microscopic changes in the resorption of rat foetuses. Some of the
known causes of resorption were given. Several of these changes could
be induced during exposure to heat. The effectiveness of protective
measures used in efforts to counteract heat-caused resorption was
discussed.

Professor W. Stephenson exhibited about twenty-five colour trans-
parencies illustrating topographical features and coral growth at Low
Is. in August, 1954. Mention was made of the abundance of soft
coral, considerable areas of dead material, the limited regrowth of
hard corals, and an isolated area AAUth a rich population. Possible
effects of cyclones upon the island Avere briefly discussed.

Mr. S. EA^erist exhibited specimens of Batura arbor ea, the tropic
floAver or ‘‘Angel’s Trumpet” AA^hich had been iiwoHed recently in
the poisoning of a child of six. The child had eaten only the stamens
from one floAver and Avent into a Avild delirium which lasted for 36 hours.
B. metel Avas also forwarded from the children’s hospital Avith a report
that a child had been admitted suffering from symptoms of atropine
poisoning folloAving the ingestion of this plant. Specimens of Euphrobia
tarucalli AA^ere exhibited, the latex from Avhich had caused temporary
blindness in tAvo men, in one case Avhere a drop of the latex had actually
splashed into the eye. This blindness had persisted for six days.

Mr. S. EA^erist also exhibited specimens of gidgee. Acacia cambogei.
When wet, particularly Avhen in floAver, this plant exudes a very
poAA’erful, unpleasant odour. A similar odour Avas reported from Allora,
TooAAmomba and Brisbane folloAving the sudden onset of a south-
Avesterly wind immediately after cold, Avet conditions on 20th Maj'. It
is possible that the odour experienced in Brisbane AA^as actually that
of gidgee, although the nearest gidgee is about 180 miles aAA^ay.

Mr. D. F. Robertson demonstrated a neAV decade scaling unit
constructed in the Physics Department of the UniA^ersitj^ and used in
thyroid studies Avith radioactive iodine in the Queensland Radium
Institute. It is employed to accurately count the succession of pulses
from a Geiger counter tube up to a rate of 30,000 pulses per second.
The instrument contains the neAv decade counter tube (Philips EIT)
in Avhich an electron beam moves suceessh^ely through ten stable

X.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

positions, jumping from one to the next as each pulse is received.
Three such tubes are used in series to count 1,000 pulses in each cycle.
Added to this is a normal post-office type of mechanical register which
shows the number of cycles. The EIT tube coupled with one other
valve does the work of eight valves in scalers in general use up till
now\ It thus has advantages in involving less power, less heat
production, less weight, less space.

Dr. R. Tucker exhibited a number of exotic poisonous snakes,
mainly from South Asia, and said that he had been led to an interest
in their salivary glands as a result of studies in the part these glands
play in the health and productivity of ruminants. Topographically
it is possible to segregate about 60 compound and aggregatory glands
in vertebrates into ten groups. The highest degree of differentiation
within compound glands is observed in mammals while the greatest
number of glands is present in birds. They are developed better in
Reptilia than in Amphibia, while in fish and cyclostomes they are
negligible. From the facts that salivary glands are most pronounced
in mammals, birds and reptiles and that reptiles form a phylogenetical
stem for birds and mammals, tlie knowledge of the reptilian salivary
gland is of importance.

Abstract of Proceedings, 27th June, 1955.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Physiology Department of the University’- of Queensland on Monday,
27th June. Fifty-two members and visitors were present. The Minutes
of the previous meeting were confirmed. Dr. E. 0. Marks, at the
invitation of the President, paid a tribute to the work of Mr. J. H.
Simmonds, the Society’s only remaining Foundation Member, who had
died since the last meeting. Dr. 0. A. Jones and Mr. F. S. Colliver
reminded members of the generosity of the late Mr. Simmonds in giving
liis outstanding collections of fossil plants and fossil insects to the
University some years ago. Miss M. D. Doherty and Mr. M. G. Horsley
were elected to Ordinary Membership. The Librarian reported that
there were 148 additions.

Professor L. J. II. Teakle delivered an address entitled “Glimpses
of Education Overseas.” lie stressed the change in the general pattern
in education in western countries, and in particular, how technical
university education had been made more freely available. However,
if one judged accessibility of higher education by the proportion of
the population undertaking it, it would appear that we, in Australia,
had a long way to go to reach American figures. While in America
and Australia approximately the same proportion of children attended
primary schools, the proportion attending the universities was about
six times as great in America.

While in Great Britain he had been particularly interested in the
work of the School of Agriculture at Oxford. The emphasis there was
on fundamental problems and there was a suggestion that the depart-
ment be renamed one of Applied Biology. The School of Agriculture
at Cambridge was quite different, with a desire to relate research work
to local problems, such as the extensive studies being undertaken.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

XI.

associated with the heavy clay soils of the Fen district. The division
of the teaching within the School involved, firstly, work leading to
the award of the B.A. degree in Agriculture for those wishing to take
jobs as farm managers or undertake farming on their own account and,
secondly, a Diploma in Agriculture, awarded after two years’ post-
graduate work and available to all graduates with a Science degree.
These could be considered specialists in scientific agriculture. In Kent,
at Wye College, which is afiiliated with the University of London,
interesting pasture improvement work, associated with the Romney
Marshes is being undertaken. Rothamsted, perhaps the most famous
agricultural experimental station in the w'orld, is also attached to the
University. While there might be some remaining sentiment among
graduates of Oxford and Cambridge that the red brick universities
were but a second best, the fact is, that with greatly increased govern-
mental assistance in the last few decades, these institutions are playing
an increasingly important part in the educational life of the provinces.

Professor Teakle commented on the strong support given to all
levels of educational endeavour in Holland by the government.
Technical education for everyone connected with the land had been
developed to a high degree. With the passing of the Dutch Colonial
Empire there was available a number of men, highly trained in tropical
agriculture, which we, in the northern parts of Australia, might do
well to encourage to come here.

In the United States of America there had been a very early break
from the British system of education. The federal policy required
that all new States admitted to the Union had to have proper provision
for education. For agricultural education, provision was made in 1862
for grants of land to colleges giving training in agricultural, mechanical
and military sciences. There are now 69 land grant colleges. Some
of these, such as the University of California, combine agricultural and
engineering departments with those for ' liberal arts and are, in the
traditional manner, full universities; others, like those of Texas and
Oklahoma, continue to specialise and are known as Agricultural and
Mechanical Colleges. The educational philosophy of Dewey at the
end of the last century, that education was for living rather than for
the acquisition of skills, that men must be made good citizens before
they were made technologists, had been largely put into effect. For
this reason, it was possible to undertake University courses in a very
wide range of subjects, in addition to the traditional ones.

Abstract of Proceedings, 25th July, 1955.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Physiology Department of the University of Queensland on Monday,
25th July. Fifty-five members and friends were present. The Minutes
of the previous meeting were confirmed. The Librarian reported that
there were 145 accessions.

Mr. G. Mack delivered an address entitled ‘ ‘ Whales and Whaling. ’ ’
The speaker said that the subject could be considered at great length,
but he proposed to restrict his remarks almost entirely to one aspect —
the pressing need for conservation of whale stoM. Brief reference

ABSTRACT OF PROCEMUNGS.

XU.

was then made to respiration and reproduction, especially the periods
of gestation among whales, and to the two main divisions or suborders
of whales, those with and those without teeth. The whales with teeth
include mainly the dolphins, porpoises, and other smaller forms which
are not, and never have been, hunted commercially. The other suborder
consists of the really large whales which have plates of whalebone
or baleen in the mouth instead of teeth. The whalebone whales have
been hunted for many hundreds of years, probably well over one
thousand years. The first whale fishery was developed in the Bay
of Biscay in the 16th century. The whale hunted became known as
the Biscay Whale, one of the group of Right Whales. The Basques
were the people who initiated this work and hunted the whales in hand-
rowed boats using hand-thrown harpoons. In a little over one hundred
years the Biscay Whale as a commercial proposition was destroyed, the
whale boats had to go very much farther afield, and ultimately came
upon another species in satisfactory numbers — the Greenland Right
Whale. Over a period, the Greenland Whale was reduced in numbers
until it was not economical to hunt. The same fate over the years
has befallen a number of species in the northern hemisphere.

It should be remembered that this destruction of whale stocks
took place by methods now no longer in use, the hand-rowed whale
boat and the hand-thrown harpoon. In the last century, the harpoon-
gun was developed, steam-propelled ships came into use, and these
very soon brought an end to commercial whaling in the northern
hemisphere.

With mechanisation came the turn of the southern hemisphere.
Early in this century, old freight vessels were used as factory ships
with attendant chasers, each armed with a harpoon-gun. Whaling
again became highly profitable, and it can be said that two world
wars in this century have saved the whales. The main species now
taken are the Blue, Finner, Sei and Humpback Whales, the first three
in Antarctica and the Humpback on the coast of southern land masses.
Whaling is now controlled by an International Commission, and in
recent years, the Commission has been obliged constantly to reduce the
number of units taken. One Blue Whale (one unit) equals two and a
half Humpbacks or six Sei Whales.

In Australian waters in post-war years, shore stations have been
erected to hunt the Humpback Whale. There are three stations on
the west coast and two on the east. Already it has been necessary to
reduce the number of Humpbacks allowed each year. The stocks are
dwindling.

To bring these large animals to the point of extinction is a crime.
Immediately after the 1939-45 war, there was some justification for
hunting them because of the marked need in Europe for fats and
other food stuffs. This need no longer exists; indeed, as we all know,
markets for primary produce, including fats and meat, are no longer
as good as they were. The whales are being slaughtered merely for
the good monetary return which they afford. Those who take the
whales are reaping a crop they have not sown.

The speaker suggested that the wise thing would be to have total
prohibition of whaling for ten years and then examine the position.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

xm.

Abstract of Proceedings, 29th August, 1955.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Physiology Department of the University of Queensland on Monday,
29th August. Forty members and visitors were present. The Minutes
of the previous meeting were confirmed. The Librarian reported that
there were 139 additions. Miss V. A. Picks was nominated for Ordinary
Membership.

Sir Thomas Balling delivered an address entitled “The United
Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organization: AVhat Is It All About?”
The first meeting of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations took place in 1948 at Quebec. Today, there are 71
nations in the Organization, and although it is one of United Nations’
specialised agencies, it is not part of U.N., being in like case to the
International Labour Office or the World Health Organization. Its
headquarters are in Rome and it is presided over by a Director-General.
It is split or administered as a number of divisions, the biggest of
which is “Agriculture.” The tasks of F.A.O. might be summarized as —

(1) to help raise the standard of living in each member nation; and

(2) to improve forests, farming and fisheries. It has set itself the
task of providing more food in a world in which population is increasing
at the rate of 30 million people per year, and in which there is a falling
off in death rates in all countries, especially among children. Food
has to be provided, not only for the underfed, but for the purpose of
providing a better, more balanced diet in many communities, for there
is much malnourishment as well as under-nourishment. Most of this
food must be produced in the under-developed countries and, conse-
quently most of F.A.O. ’s work must be undertaken within these
countries.

Seventy-one countries make financial contributions to F.A.O., the
size of the budget being decided every two years at a programme
conference. The United States of America makes the greatest
contribution. Each member country has the right to ask for help,
thus most of the scientists or technical experts working for F.A.O. are
in the field. A notable part of the programme, involving the provision
of experts to advise under-developed countries, draws upon a special
common pool provided by the United Nations, of which F.A.O. ’s present
share is 26 per cent. This is known as the Extended Technical x\id
Programme (ETAP). Experts under this scheme go for a limited
period to an under-developed country which must provide a counter-
part whose task is to work with the F.A.O. expert and so carry on
the programme initiated by him.

The lecturer illustrated the range of F.A.O. ’s activities by
discussing work being undertaken in the fields of irrigation, forestry,
crop pests, the introduction and breeding of better grasses, etc. In more
detail he dealt with the need for more livestock, itself a reflection of
the necessity to increase the protein intake of native peoples. Militating
against this are the epizootic diseases of livestock, which are widespread
in many tropical countries. In the campaign against rinderpest, the
Organization had sponsored work in the production of more efficient
vaccines and in determining the most effective type of vaccine in a
particular country, e.g., in Thailand a lapinised vaccine (i.e. one
passed through rabbits) was found to be most effective, while in other
countries a goat-adapted or egg-adapted vaccine was best. The other

K

XIV.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

most serious epizootic disease, foot and mouth disease, had swept through
every European country with the exception of Ireland in 1951-52. At
the present time, a greatly improved vaccine against haemorrhagic
septicaemia, a troublesome disease of cattle and buffaloes in Thailand,
India, Pakistan and Ceylon, was being tested.

A great deal of work was being undertaken iu the field of animal
breeding in the testing of acclimatised exotic breeds or the inter-
breeding of native with introduced animals. Many animals in the under-
developed countries were ill-fed and there was the greatest need to
develop methods of increasing animal food supplies. Deficiency diseases,
mineral imbalance and the effects of eating many sorts of poisonous
plants often presented special local problems.

Finally, there was the problem of the zoonoses, diseases common to
man and animals or human disease transmitted by means of animals,
sometimes without affecting the vector. Of the former type, there were
tuberculosis, brucellosis and leptospirosis; and of the latter, Q fever
and several parasitic diseases. Their control presented a challenge to
both veterinary and medical personnel.

Clearly it was a big job, one which would take many years to
complete; but as had been recently said, “A hungry man is an angry
man.’’ Perhaps this, too, is the way with nations.

Abstract of Proceedings, 26th September, 1955.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Physiology Department of the University of Queensland on Monday,
26th September. Twenty-three members and visitors were present. The
Minutes of the previous meeting were confirmed. The Librarian
reported that there were 254 additions. Miss V. A. Bicks was elected
to Ordinary Membership.

Dr. J. P. Webb delivered an address entitled “Geophysics in the
United States and Australia.” He said that the only country with
a prosperous geophysical industry was the United States, due to the
pressing demand for oil. The laboratories maintained by the major
oil companies were concerned with fundamental geophysical research
as well as the application of techniques. The Services also, in the
United States, in particular, the Air Force and Navy, were subsidising
a large part of the geophysical programme. Naturall}^ much of the
sponsored research conducted at Universities was subject to security
restrictions in view of its relationship with the Services, but considerable
fundamental work was published.

During the last few years there have been some radical changes
in seismological concepts. Scientists at Columbia University have found
a sound channel in the ocean, in which even relatively small seismic
disturbances are propagated over great distances at a fixed depth.
This oceanic channel conducts earthquakes with the T phase following
the P and S waves. In addition, the Lg and Rg phases, transmitted
by a' low velocity channel discovered in the granitic layer of the crust,
are now* used as tools hi discovering the nature of the crustal structures.
GutenbeTg, at Pasadena, has recently been able to obtain new data on
the velocity distribution of seismic waves in the crust and upper mantle.

ABSTRACT OB" PROCEEDINGS.

XV.

which throw some light on the nature of the low velocity channels.
The Carnegie Institute in Washington has been engaged for some years,
in association with the United States Navy, studying the seismic waves
generated by explosions. Results suggest that there is no definite
evidence of a general and widespread crustal layering, in spite of the
generally accepted explanation of earthquake data.

Recent work on the mechanism of earthquakes in the Pacific area
indicates that many are caused by failure of the rocks along essentially
vertical planes, and that the movement on these planes is almost entirely
in a horizontal direction. Seismic studies in the Fiji and Tonga Island
groups have revealed no evidence of the existence of continental type
structure to the west of the Andesite Line. The Mohorovicic discon-
tinuity appears to be depressed beneath the trench. Soundings of the
trench have revealed its V-shape and very steep sides, particularly on
the east.

Workers at Columbia University have been successful in construct-
ing a sensitive long period vertical seismograph and Avith it have been
able to record Rayleigh waves which have made up to seven circuits
of the earth. Taa^o more of these instruments have been set up, one
in Perth and one in South Africa. The long period surface waves
recorded by these instruments may be a valuable source of information
regarding the mantle.

In the geophysical prospecting field great advances have been
made in the development of instruments, particularly for seismic and
gravity Avork. Some very compact and sensitive, yet rugged gravity
meters are noAV in use, e.g., the Worden AA^ighing only 6 lb., in contrast
to the older instruments, Aveighing up to 100 lb. The Worden is at
present being extensively used as a geodetic instrument for establishing
a Avorld-wide graAut}’ iietAvork. The problem of eliminating the arduous
and expensive task of drilling large numbei*s of shot holes in oil
prospecting, in caAdty-infested limestone country, has been successfully
solved by the use of a travelling three-ton drop-Aveight.

The speaker believed that, in Australia, there is a great opportunity
to investigate the various Avaves transmitted through the crustal and
oceanic low velocity channels. A considerable body of data is available
for the study of T phase generation and i^ropagation. It seems that
studies involving the Lg phase may be able to provide valuable
information concerning crustal structure in the regions to the north
and east of Australia.

Abstract of Proceedings, 31st October, 1955.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society Avas held in the
Queensland Museum on Monday, 31st October. Sixty members and
visitors AA^ere present. The Minutes of the previous meeting Avere
confirmed.

Mr. G. Mack spoke about ‘'The Queensland Museum, 1855-1955.”
The speaker described hoAv the Queensland Museum was founded in
1855 by Charles Coxen, one of the first settlers on the Darling DoAvns.
Coxen was an able naturalist, a brother-in-law of John Gould of bird
fame, for whom he collected many specimens. The first accommodation
officially provided were some rooms in the grounds of the Signal Station
on Wickham Terrace.

XVI.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

When Queensland became a separate colony in 1859, the Philo-
sophical Society (forerunner of the present Royal Society) Avas formed
in the same year with the first Governor of the Colony, Sir George
Ferguson BoAven, as President, and Charles Coxen as Vice-President.
The Philosophical Society strongly supported the efforts being made
to develop a public museum. Additional space Avas provided in the
Parliamentary Building in Queen Street, and later in the old General
Post Office Building in the same street.

In 1876, the gOA^ernment decided to appoint a Board of Trustees
and to proAude a iieAV building in William Street for the collections.
To the great regret of all, Charles Coxen died in this year. The
collections Avere moA’ed to the completed building in 1879 and W. A
HasAvell, M.A., B.Sc., of Edinburgh, AA^as appointed Curator. Very
soon, Haswell resigned to take the Chair of Biology at the University
of Sydney, and it was almost tAvo years before C. W. de Vis, B.A.
(Cantab.) Avas appointed Curator in his place.

The groAvth of the collections soon proved the neAV building to be
quite unsuitable for the purpose of a museum. Storage space AA^as
almost entirely lacking^ and in 1900 the National Association Building
in Gregory Terrace Avas offered to and accepted b}'' the Trustees for
the museum collections. This building, although not constructed for
the purpose of housing a museum, provided more space. Shortage of
suitable staff and funds AA^re providing considerable difficulty at this
stage, and in 1905 C. W. de Vis Avas retired at the age of se\"enty-six
years.

It Avas not until the end of 1910 that Dr. Ronald Hamlyn-Harris
Avas appointed Director Avhen the museum Avas made a sub-department
without a Board of Trustees. llamlyii-IIarris got together a small,
capable staff, and altogether in the next six years he brought the
Museum very much to life. The 1914-18 Avar, hoAvever, retarded
progress, man}" difficulties arose and llamlyn-IIarris resigned in 1917
oAving to the state of his health. Heber Longman aa^s appointed to
the position of Director in 1918, and he continued through until
1945. Difficulties Avere again experienced during the so-called depression
period commencing 1929, and in the Avar period of 1939-45.

Staff and funds Avere at a Ioav ebb by the time the Avar finished
at the end of 1945 Avhen the present staff took over. In the past ten
years considerable progress has been made in the matter of consolidating
and building up collections and proAuding modern displays shoAAUi under
fluorescent lighting. Mr. ]\Iack paid tribute to the Queensland Govern-
mental authorities Avho had made this possible. The great need now,
he stated, is for a iieAv museum building on a new site. This is
considered essential to house the State collections and provide greater
facilities for seiwice to the public.

Abstract of Proceedings, 28tii November, 1955.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society Avas held in the
Physiology Department of the University of Queensland on Monday,
28th November. Thirty members and visitors Avere present. The
Minutes of the previous meeting Avere confirmed. The Librarian
reported that there had been 257 additions to the library including
three ncAV titles.

I

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

XVII.

Two papers were read as summaries : —

'‘A New Terrestrial Alga from Australia'’ by Mr. A. B. Cribb.

“Notes on Australian Pachygronthinae with the Description of
a New Genus (Hemiptera iLygaeidae)” by Professor J. A.
Slater.

Mr. L. S. Smith exhibited a specimen of a new species of Denhamia
( Celastraceae ) and gave an account of its relationships. In addition,
he discussed the confusion resulting from the description of a new
species based on inadequate material and cited tw^o examples, the types
of which were tabled.

Mr. S. T. Blake exhibited (1) a specimen of a new allotetraploid
species of Phalaris produced by the action of colchicine on the seeds
of an interspecific hybrid; (2) a specimen of a new species of Galinia
(Cyperaceae) from the McPherson Range.

Dr. H. Winter exhibited histological sections of lung lesions in
koalas resulting from infection associated with an organism related to
Corynebacteriiim equi. Heavy losses in koalas have been caused by a
respiratory disease which leads to croupous pneumonia. It had been
found that the organism which had been insolated by Professor Francis
during the last outbreak in April, 1954, was best inhibited by
streptomycin and it w^as possible to control the outbreak by
intramuscular injections and intranasal sprays with this antibiotic.

Professor J. F. A. Sprent exhibited a new ascaiidoid nematode of
the bush rat {Rattus assimilis) from Mount Glorious. It was explained
that though several related species had been discovered in rodents
from various parts of the w^orld, particularly the Soviet Union, the
structure of the oesophagus of this form warranted the creation of a
new^ species. The oesophagus possesses a posterior ventriculus
containing the nuclei of the oesophageal glands and this feature
indicates that the species should be placed in the newly formed
Toxcaridae.

Mr. J. T. Woods exhibited several specimens of fossil decapod
crustaceans from the Low^er Cretaceous marine rocks of central Queens-
land. Near Dartmouth, a number of species are locally abundant in
calcareous concretions, readily collected from the surface and exposures
in creek beds.

Mr. S. L. Everist exhibited a specimen of Datura ferox from Dalby.
This plant, which had been sprayed a month ago with the amine salt
of 2, 4-D at the rate of one half pound per acre, showed distortion of
the leaves. The spines on the capsule had not developed and w’ere
reduced to blunt tubercles. Last year, seeds from plants treated with
2, 4-D ethyl ester had given only 23 per cent, germination.

A. H. Tucker. Government Printer, Brisbane,

GUIDE FOR THE PREPARATION OF SYNOPSES

1. PUBPOSE.

It is desirable that each paper be accompanied by a synopsis preferably
appearing at the beginning. This synopsis is not part of the paper; it is intended
to convey briefly the content of the paper, to draw attention to all new information
and to the main conclusions. It should be factual.

2. STYLE OF WRITING.

The synopsis should be written concisely and in normal rather than abbreviated
English. It is preferable to use the third person. Where possible use standard
rather than proprietary terms, and avoid unnecessary contracting.

It should be presumed that the reader has some knowledge of the subject
but has not read the paper. The synopsis should therefore be intelligible in itself
without reference to the paper, for example it should not cite sections or illustra-
tions by their numerical references in the text.

3. CONTENT.

The title of the paper is usually read as part of the synopsis. The opening
sentence should be framed accordingly and repetition of the title avoided. If the
title is insufficiently comprehensive the opening should indicate the subjects covered.
Usually the beginning of a synopsis should state the objective of the investigation.

It is sometimes valuable to indicate the treatment of the subject by such
words as: brief, exhaustive, theoretical, etc.

The synopsis should indicate newly observed facts, conclusions of an experiihent
or argument and, if possible, the essential parts of any new theory, treatment,
apparatus, technique, etc.

It should contain the names of any new compound, mineral, species, etc., and
any new numerical data, such as physical constants; if this is not possible it should
draw attention to them. It is important to refer to new items and observations,
•even though some are incidental to the main purpose of the paper; such information
may otherwise be hidden though it is often very useful.

When giving experimental results the synopsis should indicate the methods
used; for new methods the basic principle, range of operation and degree of
accuracy should be given.

4. DETAIL OF LAYOUT.

It is impossible to recommend a standard length for a synopsis. It should,
however, be concise and should not normally exceed 100 words.

If it is necessary to refer to earlier work in the summary, the reference should
always be given in the same manner as in the text. Otherwise references should
be left out.

When a synopsis is completed, the author is urged to revise it carefully,
removing redundant words, clarifying obscurities and rectifying errors in copying
from the paper. Particular attention should be paid by him to scientific and
proper names, numerical data and chemical and mathematical formulae.

CONTENTS

VoL. LX VII.

No. 1. — The History and Development of Engineering Industry in
Queensland. By Mansergh Shaw. (Issued separately,

23rd July, 1956) 1-20'

No. 2. — Notes on Australian Pachygronthinae with the Description of a
New Genus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). By J. A. Slater. (Issued
separately, 23rd July, 1956) . . . . 21-24

No. 3. — A New Terrestrial Alga from Australia. By A. B, Cribb. (Issued

separately, 23rd July, 1956) . . . . 25-26

No. 4. — A Synthetic New Species of PJialaris (Gramineae). By S. T.

Blake. (Issued separately, 30th July, 1956) . . . . 27-28

No. 5. — New Species of and Notes on Queensland Plants. By L. S.

Smith. (Issued separately, 30th July, 1956) . . . . 29-40

No. 6. — A new Species of Anopheles from Queensland and Notes on
Related Species (Diptera:Culicidae). By E. N. Marks. (Issued
separately, 13th August, 1956) . . . . . . . . 41-52

Report of Council . . . . . . . . . . . - • . • • v. '

Abstracts of Proceedings . . . . . . vin.

MC2 ERNST MAYR LIBRARY

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