HARVARD UNIVERSITY Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology LIBRARY ^^^ 4 2006 LIBRARY PROCEEDINGS JUL I o 1992 of the I 1 . _ , HARVARD San Diego Society of NatuMI^PfiBRSIjrY Founded 1X74 Numbers 1 June 1992 Vascular Plants of a Desert Oasis: Flora and Ethnobotany of Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona Richard S. Felger Diylaihls Insliliilc. 2509 N. Campbell #1 76. Tucson. Arizona H57I9 Peter L. Warren. L. Susan Anderson The Arizona Nature Conservancy. MIO E. University Blvd., Suite 230. Tucson, Arizinia .H5705 Gary P. Nabhan Desert Botanical Garden. 1201 N. Galvm Parkway. Phoenix. Arizona HS008 ABSTRACT. — A dependable supply ol fresh water in an arid region, the Quitobaquito Oasis has been a crossroads ot cultural activity as well as a center of biological dynamism and diversity. The study area includes approximately 350 hectares surrounding a series of spnngs along a fault on the south side of the Quitobaquito Hills along the U.S. -Mexico border in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Arizona. The area straddles the boundary of Shreve's Arizona Upland and Lower Colorado Valley subdivisions of the Sonoran Desert. The vascular plant flora includes 271 species in 198 genera and 63 families; in addition, a nuinber of plants were formerly cultivated at this desert oasis. The Quitobaquito region supports approximately 45% of the total flora of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, although the area constitutes only about 3.59; of the total area of the monument. Thirty-five species are wetland plants. Thirty-three species are not native to the region. The flora of the Quitobaquito region is dynamic: major vegetational and floristic changes have been due to human influences, which continue today. Minor changes and local immigrations and extinctions, especially in the non-wetland areas, are influenced by environmental factors such as winter freezing and fluctuations in rainfall. This flora includes indigenous Sonoran Tohono O'odham and Hia C-ed O'odham names and uses for plants at Quitobaquito. This is the first time such ethnobotanical information has been made available concerning the westernmost Piman speakers. We urge that cultural as well as biological processes be considered further in planning the long-term conservation and management of Quitobaquito, RESUMEN. — Una fuente confiable de agua dulce en una region arida es el oasis de Quitobaquito. Este ha sido un lugar de paso de la actividad humana, al igual que un centro de cambio y diversidad biologica. El area de estudio incluye aproximadamente 3,50 hectareas alrededor de un serie de manantialcs en la falla que se encuentra al surde las lomas de Quitobaquito, a lo largo de la frontera EUA-Mexico, en el Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. El area se encuentra en la frontera entre las subdivisiones "Arizona Upland" y "Lower Colorado Valley" del Desierto Sonorense, de Shreve. La flora de plantas vasculares incluye 271 especies, en 198 generos y 63 familias, Ademas, en este oasis desertico se cultivaban varias plantas por los natives. La region de Quitobaquito contiene aproximadamente 45%^ de la flora total del Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, aunque su superficie constituye solo alrededor del 3.5% del area total de este parque. Treinta y cinco especies son plantas de humedales. Treinta y tres especies no son nativas de la region. La flora de la region de Quitobaquito es dinamica: cambios muy importanles en la vegetacion y la flora se han debido a la influencia humana, misma que atin continua. Cambios menores e inmigraciones y extinciones locales, especialmente en las areas fuera de los humedales, estan influenciados por factores ambientales como heladas y sequi'as. Esta flora incluye nombres y usos Hia C-ed O'odham (Papagos occidemales). Esta es la primera vez en la que esta informacion etnobotanica de los pima mas occidentales se publica. Se hace un llamado urgente a que los procesos biologicos y culturales sean considerados al planear la conservacion y manejo a largo plazo de Quitobaquito. INTRODUCTION natural and cultural processes leading to its accumulation. Quitobaquito is a legendary place, a shaded oasis in the desert. A series of springs lies along a fault on the south side of the Because it provides dependable water in the central portion of the Quitobaquito Hills in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, in Sonoran Desert, it has consistently been a crossroads of human western Pima County, Arizona. These springs are. from large to activity since early prehistoric times. These same factors have made small. Quitobaquito. Williams (Rinciin). Aguajita, and Burro; there it a center of biological dynamism and accuinulated diversity. Con- are also a few smaller springs and seeps. Although Quitobaquito is serving this diversity is dependent upon an understanding of both the best known of the springs in the region, the other associated Richard S. Felger el al. springs are also biolically important. Quitobaquito has the greatest flow of the springs in the complex and has been affected the most by people. Because of its unusual hydrological, ecological, and cultural features, the area has been recognized as a special manage- ment area by the National Park Service. Our flora covers the Quitobaquito management area of approxi- mately 350 hectares, defined by the international border with Mexico on the south, the crest of the Quitobaquito Hills on the north. Aguajita Wash on the east, and the first wash west of Wil- liams Spring on the west (Figs. 1 and 2). Theelesation spans 120 m, from 310 m on the international border to 430 ni at the crest of the Quitobaquito Hills. The area lies along the interface of Shreve's (1951 ) Arizona Upland and Lower Colorado Valley subdivisions of the Sonoran Desert. The United States-Mexico boundary now sepa- rates a major portion of the fields formerly irrigated with water from Quitobaquito from the area covered in this flora ( Fig. 3 ). In the early 1990s this portion of old field was still discemable as partially barren ground isolated along the south side of Mexico Highway 2 (Fig. 3). A fault running parallel to the springs separates two different rock types; well-fractured granite to the east and dense fine-grained rock to the west. The dense impermeable material on the west side has created a dam stopping the movement of underground water. The water table intersects the surface at Quitobaquito because the unfractured rock to the south acts as an underground dam. Exten- sive light-colored carbonate clay spring deposits are found in the areas surrounding the several springs (Brown et al.. 1983; Cole and Whiteside. 1965)'. The area covered by this flora is drained by a series of dry washes that generally lead southwest to the floodplain of the Ri'o Sonoyta in adjacent Sonora. Aguajita Wash is the largest wash in our region: it drains an extensive area including the western portion of the La Abra Plain and the eastern and northern slopes of the Quitobaquito Hills. On the Sonora side of the interna- tional border fence Aguajita Wash passes El Papalole, a restau- rant and bus and truck stop on the south side of Mexico Highway 2, and joins the Rio Sonoyta about 4 km south of El Papalote (Fig. 2). Springs such as those at Quitobaquito are unusual in the Sonoran Desert, and contrast dramatically with the relatively sparse sur- rounding desert scrub. The springs and the artificial pond below il support a diversity of wetland plants and animal life not found in the surrounding desert (Cole and Whiteside, 1965; Huey, 1942; John.sone/a/., 1983; Kingsley and Bailowitz, 1987; Kingsley era/.. ed Stoles Organ Pipe Cactus Notional Monument r' STUDY AREA Figure I. Location of slucly area. Figure 2. Quitobaquito and vicinity. 1987). Quitobaquito is a premier locale for eco-tourism. especially bird-watching (Johnson cl al.. 1983). The wetlands and surrounding mesquite woodland support such breeding birds as the Yellow- breasted Chat (Icteria vireiis). Hooded Oriole (Icterus ciuiillalii.s). Vemiilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus nihiniis). and Western King- bird (Tyraniius verticalis), as well as many migrants that are absent or rare in the surrounding desert scrub (Johnson cl al.. 1983). The pond supports populations of the Sonoran Mudturtle (Kinoaternon soiiiiiicii.sc) and Desert Pupfish (Cypiiiiodoii maciilariiis). the latter an endemic subspecies (C m. eremus) known only from Quitobaquito and not found in the nearby Ri'o Sonoyta (Miller and Fuiman, 1987). Climate Quitobaquito is on the fringe of the Lower Colorado Valley, the most arid region of North America. Rainfall is biseasonal. Winter- spring rains are usually gentle rains of cyclonic stonns originating in the Pacific Ocean. Suinmer rains are convective thunderstorms, often highly localized and violent. In September or October, tropi- cal stomis (chubascos) can, on occasion, bring large amounts of rain into the area. The nearest station for which long-term precipita- tion data are available is Sonoyta. Sonora. where the annual average for 18 years, from 1949 to 1967, was 195.6 mm (Hastings and Humphrey, 1969). Annual average rainfall at Aguajita Wash from 1982 lo 1990 was 266 mm (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, unpublished data). To the south and west precipitation declines sharply: the 30-year average at Puerto Pefiasco, just 65 km to the southwest, is only 85.6 mm. In many respects the unpredictability of rainfall is probably of Flora and HlhnoboUiny oryiiilobaquUo CJ Fence Line Irrigation Ditch Fig Tree Figure 3. The Quitobaquito setllement in 1945. greater significance to plant life in the area than yearly averages (Ezcurra and Rodrigues, 1986). For example. 134 mm. TO'X of the annual average, was recorded at Aguajita Wash in just one day. 20 August 1988 (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, unpublished data). Yet in 1989 a six-month drought ensued. Summers are long and hot. Average maximum daily tempera- ture exceeds 38°C (IOO°F) during June, July, and August, and maximum daily temperatures exceeding 38°C are common from late April to early October (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, unpublished data). For the non-riparian plants the late spring and early summer drought together with high temperatures can be se- verely litniting, all the more so during years when summer rains are unusually meager The lack of severe frosts is a critical factor that permits a number of frost-sensitive species with subtropical affinities to sur- vive in the region. The new weather station in Aguajita Wash recorded 22 days with overnight temperatures below 0°C during the winter of 1988-89, and temperatures remained below freezing in excess of eleven hours on just two of those days. However, for certain highly frost-sensitive species even these moderate freezing temperatures are severely limiting. Species that appear to be limited by freezing weather include Jalnipha cinerea, Hyplis emovyi, Lophocereus schntlii. and Sapiiini hilocnUire. Landforms and Vegetation Several studies document the vegetation of Quitobaquilo and the surrounding area. The vegetation of the entire monument was described and mapped on a general scale by Warren el al. (1981 ). Nabhan et al. (1982) and Reichhardt el al. (1983) examined the vegetation of Quitobaquito in more detail, establishing pemianeni sampling transects in each of the major habitats near the oasis. Aerial photos used for this study are deposited at the Office of Arid Lands Studies of the University of Arizona. These studies com- pared the tloristic and vegetational diversity of Quitobaquito and Quitovac, an O'odham-controlled but analagous oasis 33 km south of Sonoyta in northwestern Sonora. The physical structure of the mesquite bosque at Quitobaquito was documented by Brown and Warren ( 1986). Vegetational changes in the Quitobaquito manage- ment area between 1975 and 1984 were documented photographi- cally and with permanent plots by Warren and Anderson (1987). The vegetation showed substantial recovery from grazing, which ceased in 197H. The vegetation of the nearby Pinacate region in northwestern Sonora was analyzed by Ezcurra ct al. ( 1987). Six major habitats are discernible in the Quitobaquito area: rocky slopes, gravelly bajadas, wetlands, washes, alkaline fiats, and old fields. Richard S. Felger et al. Rockx slopes. The Quitobaquito Hills form tlie most extensive of the six habitats. This habitat is characterized by shallow, rocky soil v\ ith numerous rock outcrops. The predominant rocks are meta- morphic granitic gneisses. Differences in slope exposure, steep- ness, soil depth, and drainage patterns contribute to local differ- ences in community makeup. Conspicuous perennials include Ambrosia delloidea A. ilumosa Atripliw polycarpa Ctilliandra eriophyUa Carnegiea giganlca Cercidiiim microphyUiim Chiimuesyce pnlycarpa Cheitunlhes deserii C staiidleyi Diki.xis laiKcnlahi Echinocereus engelmannii Encelia farinosa Eriogonum inflanim Erioneiimn pidchelliim Fugonia califoniica Bajadas. The coarse well-drained soils of the bajada extend along a gradient from the foot of the rocky hills to the valley bottom. One can distinguish two intergrading bajada habitats. The upper bajada has coarser, rockier soils than the sandy flats of the lower bajada. The gradient from rocky hillsides to valley bottom is shorter at Quitobaquito than in many other Sonoran Desert bajadas because of the narrow valley through which the Ri'o Sonoyta passes south of the Quitobaquito Hills. Characteristic perennials include Ferocaclus cylindraceiis F. emoryi Fouquieria splendens Hibiscus demidatus Jalropha cuneata Krameria grayi Lanea dirwicata Lycitim andersonii Mammdlaria i>rahamii Opuntici acanlhocarpa O. bigeUnii Porophyllum i;racile Sienoceieiis ibmberi Tri.xis califoniicus Machaeranthera coiilten Mammilhiria graluimii M. thornberi Obieya tesota Opuntia acanlhocarpa O.fulgida O. kunzei Orobanche cooperi Prosopis velulina Ziziphiis obiusifoliiis Ambrosia deltoidea A. diimosj Airiplex linearis A. polycarpa Echinocerciis eni^clmannii Hymenoclea salsola Isocoma acradenia Krameria i;rayi Larrea divaricala Lyciiim andersonii L. fremonlii Wetlands. The pond at Quitobaquito, covering 0.22 ha and about 1 m deep, is supplied with water from springs on the hillside north of the pond; there are many seeps along this hillside but only two main springs. From these springs water flowed about 100 m through open ditches to the pond, and at a later date portions of the ditch were replaced by underground pipes (Fig. 3). In 1989 the small ditch leading from the spring to the pond was rebuilt and lined with ferrocement, and the two main springs were encased in cement and covered with locked metal gates. Spring flow is reported to be about 125 liters per minute of rather alkaline water with an average temperature of about 23°C at the springs. Natural springs are rare in the region, and a cluster of four is unique. The soil around the springs (at least prior to 1989) and at the pond is always moist and alkaline. Although conditions vary some- what from spring to spring, the wetland habitat at each is basically similar. The wetland plants are listed below. Asterisks indicate non- native species. Anemopsis ealifornica Baccharis salicifolia Cenlaiiriiim calyciisiim *Cynodon ductyloii Cyperus laevii;alus C. sqitarrosits DisUchlis spicara *Eclipia proslrala Eleocharis carihaea E. roslellala Nilrnphila occidentalis Phrafimiies ansiralis Pliicheu odorala P. sericea *Poa annua *Polypof>on monspeliensis *P. viridis Populiis fremonlii Poramofjelon peclinalus Prosopis pubescens Eusloma exallalum Heliorropiiim ciiias.saviciim Jiinciis bahicus J. biifonius ./. cooperi Myosiinis minimus Najas marina Salix gooddingii Scirpus americanus Sporoboliis airoides * Tamari.x ramosissima Typha domingensis Veronica pcregrina Zannichellia palustris Washes. The broad wash and its floodplain with smaller braided washes coursing through Aguajita is especially notable for its rich vegetation. This major wash drains a large watershed from the north and in flood can carry large quantities of water. The density and diversity of desert ephemerals can be high. In addition, there are several much smaller washes in the Quitobaquito. Williams, and Burro springs areas. Characteristic perennials of washes and their floodplains include Acacia greggii Acalypha ealifornica Ambrosia ambrosioides A. confeniflora A . deltoidea Arisfolochia watsonii Airiplex polycarpa Bebbia juncea Capparis atamisqiiea Carlowrighlia arizonica Cercidium floridum Condalia globosa Hymenoclea monogvra H. salsola Hymenothri.x wislizenii Hyplis emoryi Isocoma acradenia Lyciiim andersonii L. fiemonlii L. parishii Lyrocarpa coulteri Machaeranthera coulteri Nicotiana Irigonophylla Olneya tesota Opuntia leptocaulis Orobanche cooperi Petalony.x thurberi Prosopis velutina Psorothamnus spinosus Sarcostemma cynanchoides Stephanomeria pauciflora Ziziphus obtusifolius Alkaline flats. Alkaline tlats with seasonally wet soil occur near the larger springs. Quitobaquito and Williains. Characteristic spe- cies include Aster intricatus Atriple.x lentiformis A. linearis A. polycarpa Calibrachoa parviflora Distichlis spicata Heliotropium curassavicum Isocoma acradenia Juncus halticus J. cooperi Machaeranthera coulteri Nitrophila occidentalis Opuntia fulgida Sporobohis airoides Suaeda moquinii Wislizenia refracta Old fields. Abandoned agricultural fields and orchards in low- lying tlats were irrigated by a system of ditches from the springs at Quitobaquito. The old field immediately below the dam at Quitobaquito pond now supports a young stand of mesquite, a few Capparis atamisqiiea shrubs, and remnants of the fig and pome- granate groves. Another part of the old fields, immediately west of the young mesquite grove, is being colonized by desert trees and shrubs, such as Acacia and Cercidium. and small populations of vigorously growing plants of seven species of cacti. The fields also extended into Mexico (see Fig. 3). Perennials in the old fields include Acacia greggii .Ambrosia confeniflora A. deltoidea ,\lriple\ linearis A. polycarpa Baccharis salicifolia B. sarotbroides Capparis atamisquea Carnegica gigunlea Cercidium floridum Condalia globosa Cynodon dactvlon Distichlis spicata Echinocereus engelniannii Isocoma acradenia Lyciumfremontii L. macrodon L. parishii Lvrocarpa coulteri Machaeranthera cinilteri Mammdlaria grahamii Opuntia acanthocarpa O.fulgida O. engelniannii Pluchea sericea Prosopis gtandulosa P. velutina Punica granatum Flora and Hlhnobolany olQiiltobaqimo Encclia fiirinosa Fcrocacliis emoryi Flats carica HeUotfopiitm ciirassuviciinf Hxmcnmiea sahola Sunastemma cMuuichoides SphaeraUeii emoryi Sk'iiocereiis ihmheri Tamarix ramosissima Ziziplms ohtiisifoliKs CiiltLiral History and Anthropogenic Inlluences on Vegetation To the casual visitor the Quitobaquilo area may seem a pristine wilderness, except tor the sporadic roar of trucks and buses passing along nearby Mexico Highway 2. In tact, the site has a long and varied cultural history of land use and modification by people of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Over the last several thousand years it has probably experienced few periods w ithout human occupation as long as the current period initiated in 1957 with the eviction of the O'odham. Changes continue to occur owing to current management practices, or lack thereof, and colonization by non-native weedy plants from nearby agricultural and urban areas in Mexico. The Quitobaquito area was the oldest continuously occupied locality in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument until 19.57. The Paleoindian period (lO.OOO-SOOO B.C.) is represented by San Dieguilo 1 (SD I) artifacts. Julian Hayden's archeological recon- naissance located these SD I stone tools, thought to have been used in woodworking, near now-extinct springs. Occupation of the Quitobaquito region during the Archaic pe- riod (7000 B.C. to A.D. 150) has been documented by limited surveys of the area (Teague. 1977; Rankin, 1989). Two hunting and gathering traditions, the Amargosa of southeastern California and the Cochise of southeastern Arizona, have been identified in the Monument. Projectile points of both .Archaic traditions have been recovered from the Quitobaquito region (Rankin 1989). Continued use of the Quitobaquito region during the prehistoric ceramic period (300 B.C. -A.D. 1400) is indicated by artifacts affili- ated with three distinct cultural groups. Hohokam presence is indi- cated by locally produced plain-ware ceramics and red-on-buff ceramics from the Phoenix basin and red-on-brown ware from the Tucson basin. Use of the area by the Trincheras culture, from the Altar Valley of Sonora, is indicated by Trincheras purple-on-red ceramics. The occurrence of Lower Colorado buff wares indicates use by Patayan groups from the Lower Colorado River Valley. The varied ceramics left in these extensive sites indicate a great deal of cultural mixing. The sites contain many rock clusters cracked by roasting fires. The high frequency of obsidian and marine shells indicates that Quitobaquito was a major stop on the trade network of prehistoric people. Historically, the Hia C-ed O'odham (the Westem or "Sand" Papago) had a major village in the vicinity of Quitobaquito. The springs were a rest stop for the Tohono O'odham (Central Papago) on the salt pilgrimage to the Gulf of California. The occupations and modifications by earlier people, especially Hohokam, Hia C-ed O'odham, Tohono O'odham, European, and Mexican-American cultures, have dramatically affected the biota. The history of the Quitobaquito region has been summarized by Hoy ( 1970a), Greene (1977), Bell et al. (1980), Nabhan (1982), and Bennett and Kunzmann (1989). Hia C-ed O'odham oral history has been re- corded by Anderson et al. ( 1982) and Zepeda ( 1985). Other sources containing historical information on the area include Bryan ( 1925). Bun-US (1971), Childs (1954), Clotts (1915). Fontana (1974). Hackenberg (1964). Hornaday (1908). Hoy (1970a. b, c), Ives (1966), Jones (1969), Lumholtz (1912). McGee (1898, 1901), and Thomas (1 963). According to Juan Joe Cipriano, a fomier O'odham resident, the O'odham influences on the vegetation and flora included periodic burning, brush clearing, plowing, transplanting wild and cultivated plants, livestock grazing, irrigating, and harvesting wild plants (Nabhan <7 al.. 1989). It has been argued elsewhere that nati\e management of the oasis habitat has enriched the flora and avifauna (Nabhan (7 (v/., 1982; Rea ('/o insulans. can 10 Richard S. Felger er ul. ■ . J-^V A>^f0,fi, 1 il. L %****-^r"* , higurc S. QiiUobaL|uilu pond, loukinj; noilliv\L-il; ihc pond is unubuall) lull, undoublcdl) because of summer rains. Acollonwood (Popuhis fremonlii) and several mesquite Irees iPiosopis vchitina) with desert mistletoe [Plunadeiulynn ccilifiirnictini) on left, seepwillow [Bcitihuris salicijoliu) in right foreground. Note emergent hydrophytes in shallow water, the probable habitat for several wetland species no longer present, e.g.. Cyperus sc/uurrosiis. Junius hiifoniiis. Myosiirus minimus. Poa annuel, and Veronica pcregrinii. Photo by James M. Eden. 24 August 1957; courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (photo file W-I7A). Table 1. Non-native plants in the Quitobaquilo area. Asteraceae Curthamus tin< Nn lus'' Cenlauica nwliwnsis Conyza coullcri" Eclipla prostrala Si)nchus asper S. iileraceus Brassicaceae Brassica unnncfinni Nasluilium officinale Sisymbrium irio Chenopodiaccae Chenopodium murale Salsola auslralis" Fabaceae Mel i lotus indica Geraniaceae Erodium ciculariuni Malvaceae Malva parvifiilia Moraceae Ficiis carica" Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia erecia var. erecia' Poaceae Bromus ruiwns'' B. leclorum Chlnris vir};ata Cynodon daclylon Dactxiocfeniiini ue\^\ptium" Ecbinochloa colonum Eragroslis cilianensis Hordeum murinum Pennisenim ciliare Poa annua" Polvpogon nuinspeliensis P. viridis .Schismus barhalus Porlulacaceae Portulaca tderacea Punicaceae Punica i^ranalum" Solanaceae Calihrachoa parvillora Tamaricaceae Tamarix rumosissima Table 2. Non-native components of selected Arizona and Sonoran Desert floras. "Not established as a reproducing populalion in the Quiloba- quito region. No. of Percentage exotic of total Region species nora Sources Quitobaquilo area This study Actually established 22 8.4 Not established 11 4.1 Total 33 12.2 Organ Pipe Cactus 47 8.5 Bowers. 19X0; Felger. National Monument 1990 Gran Desierto dunes and 3 2 Felger. 1980 Sierra del Rosario All of northwestern 74 16 Felger. unpublished Sonora (including urban and agricultural areas) Tuinamoc Hill. Tucson 52 15 Bowers and Turner. 1985; Burgess « a/.. 1991 Arizona. I9K7 ca. .l.'^O 1(1 T. L. Burgess, personal communication. 1990 Sonoran Desert 145 5.7+ Felger, 1980; Wiggins. (pre- 1964) 1964 Flora and Elhnobolany olQuilobaqiiito Figure 9. Quilobaquito. looking northeast, while the pond was being deepened. Photo by Warren F Steenbergh, January 1%2; courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (photo file W-34C). begin growing as early as mid-September. (2) Summer ephetnerals usually germinate with the first substantial thunderstorms during hot weather. Some may also grow with early fall rains (such as hurricane- tVinge storms) while the soil and air temperatures are still high, allowing quick maturity. (3) Non-seasonal ephemerals, e.g.. Aristida adscensionis and Muhlenbergia niicmsperma. grow with sufficient soil moisture at any time of the year. In addition, some species, e.g.. Macluieiamhera amitcri. may respond as ephemerals (annuals) or perennials, depending upon soil moisture. Herbarium specimens are cited at the end of each specific or infraspecific entry. This flora is documented by collections housed at the following herbaria: University of Arizona. Tucson (ARIZ). Arizona State University. Tempe (ASU). Desert Botanical Garden. Phoenix (DES). Dudley Herbarium. San Francisco (DS). Field Museum. Chicago (F). Pomona College. Claremont (POM). San Diego Natural History Museum. San Diego (SD). University of California. Berkeley ( UC). United States National Herbarium, Wash- ington. D.C. (US), and Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (ORPI). Specimens cited below are in ARIZ unless otherwise indi- cated. When more than one collector is listed on a label, usually only the first collector is listed here. Specimens cited by collection number only are Felger's. Unless otherwise noted, we have seen all 12 Richard S. Felaer ct al. Figure 10. Aerial view of Quilobaquilo pond (aller the pond was modilied. see Fig. 9) and parking lot. looking northwest. This parking lot was discontinued and is now revegetated. .Sahuaros (Canwiiieu f'if'anlea) in foreground. The riparian trees and large shrubs surrounding the pond include Cottonwood (Populiis fremnmii), mesquite (Pmsopis velwiiui). and willow {Salix iiiiiiddiiii^ii). Photo by Richard Bcgeman. April 196X; courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (photo file W-46). specimens cited. Specimens lacking a collector's number are indi- cated by ".s.iL." which signifies "sine luintcrn." or "without number." A prelitninary checklist for Quilobaquilo was assctnbled by Adams ( 1971 ), and Bowers ( 19S()) prepared the first in-depth treat- ment of the flora of the entire Monument. For more detailed floris- tic information see Benson and Darrow ( 19X2), Correll and Correll (1972). Cronquist el al. (1977. I9S4). Ezcurra vi al. ( 19SS). Felger (1980), Kearney and Peebles ( 1960). and Wiggins (1964). Nomen- clature used here results from Felger's long-term studies of the regional flora, especially that of northwestern Sonora. Synonyms are given in a few cases to avoid confusion, such as when the notnenclalurc differs frotii standard modem references and in cases of recent la.xonotiiic revisions. FERNS AND FERN RELATIVES Adiantiaceae Maiden-hair Fatiiily Cheilanthes deserti Mickel California Cloak-Fem Perennial berb: known at Quitobaquito only from a small popu- Flora and Blhnobolany of Quitobaquito 13 Table 3. Quitobaquito botanical collectors. Arthur Carl Victor Schott. 1835 (Field Museum, see Janopha cinerea) Edgar .^. Meams. 1S94 (US) Daniel Tremhlv MacDougal. 1907 (US) A. A. Nichol. l'9.^8, 1939 (ARIZ. ORPl) C. R Harbison. 1939 (SD. ARIZ) Lyman Benson. 194(XARIZ) Robert H. Peebles. 1940 (ARIZ) W. B. McDougall. 1941 (ARIZ. ORPl) Ora M. Clark. Ajo High School Herbarium. 1944 (ORPl 1 Robert A. Darrow. 1943 (ARIZ) r-rank W. Gould. 1943 (ARIZ), with R. A. Darrow and H. S. Haskell C. L. Fouts. 1949. 1932 (ORPl. ARIZ) William R. Supemaugh, 1949. 1950 (ORPl, ARIZ) James Blaklev. 1951 (DES) Kitty R Parker. 1952 (ARIZ) A. H. Anderson. 1933 (ARIZ) Charles T. Mason. Jr. 1938. 1959 (ARIZ. ORPl). with Waller S. Phillips. Richard Hevly. 1960 (ARIZ), with F Drouet Marda L. West. 1961. 1962 (ARIZ) Ray C. Jackson and R. Roy Johnson. 1962 (ARIZ) Warren F Steenbergh. 1962 (ORPl) F V. Ranzoni. 1962. 1965 (ORPl) Richard Felger. 1963-1992 (ARIZ. ORPL MEXU. RSA. SD. TEX), some with Kim Cliffton. Charles Conner. Kevin Dahl. Mark Dimmitt. Dennis Fenn. Floyd Flores. Lisa Flores. Linda Leigh. Rigoberto Lcipe/ Estudillo. Carol Shumaker. Barbara Straub. Ken Van Houten, Carl Wachtmeister. Peter Warren, and Allan Zimmerman Ray Jackson. 1964 (ORPl) Elinor Lehto. 1963. 1972 (ASU) Donald Pinkava, 1965. 1972 (ARIZ. ASU, ORPl. DES) Wes F Niles. 1965. 1966 (ARIZ. ORPl). with E. F Hasse, and J. A. Reese Al Hesselberg, 1966 (ARIZ) W. B. (Burnetta) Adams, 1971 (ORPl) Schmin, 1973 (ORPl), with Dakan Peter Warren, 1975, 1976, 1983. I9S7 (ARIZ, ORPl), with Susan .'\nderson, Paul Fugate. and R. Roy Johnson Jan Bowers, 1977-1979 (ORPL ARIZ), some with C. A. Yff Mike Fay, 1978 (ARIZ) Wendy Hodgson, 1974, 1978 (DES) Gary P. Nabhan, 1982 (ARIZ), with Amadeo Rea Amadeo Rea, 1982 (SD), with Gary P Nabhan R. Rov Johnson, 1984 (ARIZ) Thomas R. Van Devender, 1978, 1984-1986 (ARIZ, ORPl), many with Rebecca Van Devender Don Beale and Daphne Beale, 1986-1988 (ORPl) Margaret Galiano, 1986, 1987 (ORPl, ARIZ) Caroline Wilson, 1988 (ARIZ) Marc A. Baker, 1988-1992 (ASU), some with Bob Johnson, George Ruffner, and Nichole Trushell. Table 4. floras. Sizes of local and regional Sonoran Desert Region Number of species Area (km-) Sonoran Desert" ca. 2500 300.000 Pinacate/NW Sonera'' 560 ca. 10.000 Gran Desierto' 143 4.378 Dunes 75 4.500 Sierra del Rosario 105 78 Organ Pipe Cactus ca. 550 134 National Monumenf* Quitobaquito region 271 3+ "From Wiggins (1964). 'Felger. unpublished. 'Felger (1980). ■'Based on Bowers ( 1980). Pinkava et al. ( 1992). and Felger (unpublished). Table 5. Statistical summary of the flora of the Quitobaquito area. Number of genera (and species) in the largest families Asteraceae 37 (48) Poaceae 25 (35) Fabaceae 12 (16) Cactaceae8(18) Euphorbiaceae 6 (12) Number of species in the largest genera Opuntia 1 (plus 1 variety) Arriple.x 5 (plus 1 subspecies) Chamaesyce 5 Amhiosia 4 Cryplantha 4 Lxcium 4 Aiislida 3 Boraginaceae 3(11) Chenopodiaceae 6(10) Solanaceae 6 (10) Brassicaceae 8(8) Nyctaginaceae 4 (6) Biierharia 3 (plus I variety) Bniimii 3 Eriogoiiiim 3 Feiocacnis 3 Junciis 3 Peclocarya 3 Piosopis 3 Perennial herb: in our area known from only two relatively extensive colonies on steep north-facing granitic slopes. The colo- nies form dense, nearly continuous mats on thin gravelh soil over rock substrate. Although not known elsewhere in the Monument, this species is expected in similar habitats in nearby granitic ranges. The closely related S. arizouica Maxon is widespread in the Ajo Mountains. S8-IIS (29 Mar 1988). 90-40 (22 Feb 1990). DICOTS lation on a north-facing rocky hill northeast of the pond, near the base of the slope and immediately below the zone of the locally more common and widespread C. siandlcyi. The two species occur adjacent to each other but are not intermixed. 92-2.';9 ( 1 3 Mar 19921. Cheilanthes standleyi (Maxon) Mickel Rock Fern NoilutUiciui shimllcyi Maxon Perennial herb; locally common among rocks on north-facing slopes. Duinm 2421 (17 Mar 1945); .S,V-/_-f5 (29 Mar 1988). Selaginellaceae Spike-Moss Family Selaginella eremophila Maxon Desert Spike- Moss Acanthaceae Acanthus Family Carlowrightia arizonica A. Gray Suffrutescent perennial; locally common on north-facing slopes of Quitobaquito Hills, often associated with Jaimsui pacilis and \ lynneia puhslui. and rare in Aguajita Wash; flowers white, wanner months. iiK-2hty (6 Apr 1988), SK-427 ( 14 Sep 1988), 90-4H0 (24 Oct 1990). Aizoaceae .Aizoon Family Trianthema portulacastrum L. Horse Purslane; verdolaga dc cocliv. kasvaii Summer ephemeral; scattered in moist and disturbed areas, mostly in washes, low places in flats, alkaline flats, old fields, and near the springs and pond. KS-4il.HS-440(\iSep 1988); Win Oevemkr s.n.OOKu^ 1 978. ARIZ. ORPl); Wanen and Anderson .S7-109 (24 Oct 1987. ARIZ. ORPl I. 14 Richard S. Felger el al. . V ■ V ^ v^^"i '■ }i ^fW* il- •J^- ^ :*a ^^■^ -i; ^>-. . "" ^ Figure 1 1. Williams Spring, looking north. Cattail I.Typha domini^ensis) al spring; organpipe iSrciiDcereii.s tliiirhcri). sdhuaro [Ciinwgicci xiaanleu), and foothill palo verdc {Ccnidium microphylliini) on hillsides. Note that the spring is fenced and that the wetland plants cover it completely. The surrounding dry land is nearly barren, indicating gracing or other disturbance. Today there is a dense cover of screwbean iPmsopis piihescens) and arrow-weed {Plitchea sericca). Photo by William Supernaugh. 9 December IMIiO; courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (photo file W-8). Amaranthaceae Amaranthiis Family Amaranthus (Imbriatus (Torr.) Benlh. Fringed Pigweed; hledo. quelitillo: cuhukkia i:vakr Summer ephemeral; common, washes and tloodplains; flowers white with green. SS-416 ( 14 .Sep I WS), WW// ( 1 1 Aug IWO). Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Careless Weed, Pigweed; qiiclile ill' las ii'.;iias: cuhukkia Summer ephemeral; scattered to abtindant, mostly in roadsides, disturbed areas, and sandy washes; widespread during favorable years. Seeds and herbage ("desert spinach") edible (Nabhan cl ul.. 1982). 88-441 1 14 Sep 1988). Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nutt.) Standi. Hieiha ccnizii Summer ephemeral; sometimes seasonally common to abun- dant on Hats, washes, old fields, and rocky slopes. ,S.S'-40,S'(l4Scp 1988). Aplaceae (Utnbelliferae) Carrot or Parsley Family Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pav. Winter-spring ephemeral; locally infrequent to abundant be- neath shrubs in washes and expected on north-facing rocky slopes; flowers green. February to April. Perhaps native to South America and adventive in North America (Mathias and Constance, 1965). 86-101 (9 Apr 1986). Daucus pusillus Mich.x. Wild Carrot Winter-spring ephemeral; infrequent to common in washes, on rocky, tnostly north-facing slopes, and in open areas in old fields; flowers white. 88-137 (29Uar 1988). Aristolochiaceae Birthwort Family Aristolochia watsonii Woot. & Standi. Indian-root; lucilni del indin Figure 12. L'pper. view southwest across Burro Spring from above the spring souree. The thicket on the right is anow-weed [Pluclica scruca). and the arroyo bed is covered with closely cropped Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactyton). The spring has been heavily trampled by livestock. Photo by Peter Warren and Susan Anderson, .^pril 1976. Lower, same view as above. The person is standing on the same place as the bare mound at left center in the 1976 photo. The spring has become clogged with 100% cover of bulrush {Scirpus americamis). arrow-weed (Pluchea .K'ncca). jackass clover (HVi/irCH/V; rcfracia). and reedgrass {Phraf^mires australis). The hillside in the background appears relatively unchanged with the exception of an increase in brittlebush iEiicelia farinosa). Photo by Peter Warren and Susan Anderson. April 1984. ^>i;: [^h- 'S Figure 13. Upper, view north from 20 m southwest of Williams Spring. A fence in the middle background encloses the spring source and excludes livestock from an area of approximately 15 by 15 m. Water was piped from inside the fenced area to a trough (not visible) approximately 20-25 m downstream. The ground is severely trampled, particularly under mesquites. where livestock seek shade. Mesquile (Prosopis veliiliiia) and jumping cholla (Opuiilid fiilnida) in foreground. Pholo by Peter Warren and .Susan Anderson, April 1976. Lower, same view as above. The luxuriant growth in the foreground is mostly seepweed (Suaecki mrx/iiinii). with some Mmhaeranihcni coiilreri on the right. The vegetation on the hill in the background has not changed noticeably, and many of the same individual plants arc recognizable m both photographs. Photo by Peter Warren and Susan Anderson. April 1984. Flora .uul l-jhiicibolany ol Quilobaquilo 17 A- hrevipes Benth. van ciciimiitciki S. Wals.. nol A. acuminain Lam.. A- piiyph\wph\Ua H. Ptcilcr Herbaceous perennial from a thickened root, often vniing on small shrubs, including Ambrosia amhrosioides; locally common along tloodplain of Aguajita Wash: flowers purplish maroon, spring and summer-fall. Used as medicine (Philip Salcido). 86-275 (13 Sep 1486). i>. iLiiiliiiu). calciav^ {Acucili x'vx,!,'"). and gray thorn {Ziziplius ohtiisifolia) are visible. Note alluvium, water flowing at surface, and absence of wetland plants because of excessive livestock grazing. Photo by William R. Supemaugh, 9 December 19.'i(); courtesy Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (photo file W^). old fields below Quitobaquito pond; flowers yellow. Not seen elsewhere in the Monument. 89-251 (lyjun 19X9. ARIZ, ORPI) Chaenactis carphoclinia A. Gray var. carphoclinia Pebbly Pin- cushion Spring ephemeral; seasonally common in washes, especially along the tloodplain of Aguajita Wash, and probably more wide- spread; flowers white. Bra/c .v.H. (X Apr 1988, ORPI): W)-//J |9 Apr 1986). Chaenactis stevioides Hook. & Am. Desert Pincushion Spring ephemeral; scattered on sandy Hats, gravelly bajadas. and rocky slopes; flowers white. Chirk s.n. (25 Mar 1944, ORPl); Ranzoni sii. (26 Mar I96_^. ORPI). *Conyza coulter! A. Gray Horse Weed; cola de cahullc) l.acniiccia iiiii/tcri [A. Gray) Ncsoni. Phylologia fiX:217. 1990 Warm-wealher annual in wet soil al Quitobaquito. infrequent and probably not well established; a very common agricultural weed in the nearby Sonoyta Valley; flowers whitish. V2 (10 Apr 1 986); /?««_-««/ .v.«. (26 Mar 1965, ORPI). Eriophyllum lanosum (A. Gray) A. Gray Diminutive spring ephemeral; cominon and widespread during years of favorable winter-spring rainfall. e.specially on open, ex- posed slopes and ridges, sandy flats, and floodplains: flowers white and yellow. 92-26.? (3 Mar 1992). Filago arizonica A. Gray Arizona Fluffweed Diminutive spring ephemeral; seasonally common in sandy gravelly soils, mostly along washes and on floodplains, often grow- ing with F. califonuca. 86-JS6A(\0Apr \9Sb).S.S-274 (6 Apr 1988). Filago californica Nutt. California Fluffweed Diminutive winter-spring ephemeral; widespread and often very common in sandy to rocky soils of bajadas. in open areas in washes and old fields, and on rocky slopes, especially north-facing ones. 86-105 (9 Apr 1986), wers 902 (16 Oct 1977); 86-204 (23 Jul 1 986); Heviv s.n. (X Oct 1 960); Leliro 5502 ( 24 Oct 1 965. ASU ); Van Devender .v.«.(.30Aug \91H); We.sr 98 OO Sep 1961 ); W(7.syw /W(18Sep 19X8). Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Cov. Arrow-weed; cachanilla: komagi 'u'us, 'u'us kokomadk Tessarui sericea (Nutt.) Shinners Shrub to 2. ,5 m tall; locally abundant in moist soil near Burro, Quitobaquito, and Williams springs and Quitobaquito pond, infre- quent colonies in old fields and on alkaline flats; fiowers pinkish, flowering at least March to June. Used tor round-house construc- tion; stems of right thickness made into arrows for hunting bighom sheep (Philip Salcido). Binvers 13 J 5 (4 May 1978); l^ason 1672 ( 10 Apr 195X); Nicliot s.n. (28 Apr 1939); Ranzom s.n. (13 Jul 1962. ORPI); \an Devender sn. (30 Aug 1978. ORPI). Porophyllum gracile Benth. Hierha del venado Suffrutescent perennial to 0.5 m tall; infrequent on rocky slopes and along gravelly bajadas and sometimes along larger washes; flowers pinkish white, non-seasonal. Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988, ORPI); 88-118 (29 Mar 1988), 88-463 ( 14 Sep 1988). Prenanthella exigua (A. Gray) Rydb. Lxiiiidesmui e.\i'^ua A. Gray Winter-spring ephemeral; infrequent to common, rocky slopes, mostly north-facing; flowers white, inconspicuous. CmiW 299(^(18 Mar 1945). RaHnesquia neomexicana A. Gray Desert Chicory Winter-spring ephemeral; infrequent to common during years of favorable winter-spring rains, floodplain of Aguajita Wash, rocky and especially north-facing slopes, and sometimes on flats and in old fields; flowers white. Often growing through Ambrosia deltoidea or other small shrubs. 92-/0/ (3 Mar 1992 ); 244 (13 Mar 1992 ) . Senecio mohavensis A. Gray Mohave Groundsel Spring ephemeral; rocky north-facing slopes, often beneath shrubs; flowers yellow. 88-114 (29 Mar 1988); Gould 2995 ( 18 Mar 1945). *Sonchus asper (L.) Garsult. Spiny Sow-thistle; cluniia: hoi"idkam ■i;vakr Annual or winter-spring ephemeral, often reaching 1 .8 m tall in wet places; infrequent in washes, common in wet soil near pond and springs, less common in old fields and on sandy fiats; Aguajita and Quitobaquito; fiowers yellow. February to August; an Old Worid weed. Adams s.n. (18 Jun 1971, ORPI); Bowers 1608 (30 Mar 1979. ORPI); 766/ ( 14 Apr 1963). 86-lOOA (9 Apr 19X6). *Sonchus oleraceus L. Common Sow-thistle; chiniia: hauwV hehewo Cool-weather ephemeral; infrequent, growing with 5. a.'iper. fiowers yellow, March to September; an Old World weed. 7654 ( 14 Apr 1963), 86-IOOB (9 Apr 19X6). 22 Richard S. Felger a ut. Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) Nutt. Desert Straw Perennial subshrub; common to abundant. moslK in washes, flood- plains, and on sandy flats; flowers pale lavender-pink, non-seasonal. A'6-2W(13Sep 1986): /Jea /,SV(17May 1982. SD). Stj Iodine micropoides A. Gray Desert Nest-straw Diminutive spring ephemeral; widespread and common, rocky slopes, flats, open areas of old fields, and washes. //■(; diilce: cucuvis Cereus timrheri Engelm.. Leniaireoeereiis ihurheri (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Columnar cactus to 7 m tall; common on rocky slopes, gravelly bajadas. sandy flats, and open areas of old fields, where small plants were common in the late 1980s: flowers white to pinkish, mostly May to July, some flowering through August, fruiting ntoslly in July and early August and sometimes again in September. Plants of all age classes present. Lumholtz (1912:331) mentioned that the Hia C-ed O'odham "used to come as far as Quitovaquito and Santo Domingo to gather mezquite beans . . . and eat sahuaro and pitahaya." The fruit contin- ues to be a major wild crop for Sonoran O'odham at Quitovac. In July and August 1991, they harvested 1200 kg of fruit for making jam, drying, and eating fresh, and they commonly use the stem ribs (woody vascular bundles) in house and fence construction. Hodgson /-^ ( 14 Sep 1974. ASU). Campanulaceae Bellflower Family Nemacladus gianduliferus Jeps. var. orientalis McVaugh Threadstcm Spring ephemeral; seasonally common in Aguajita Wash and probably elsewhere in our area; flowers white and maroon. 92-126. (3 Mar 1992): El Papalote, 86-119 (9 Apr 1986). Flora and Klhnoholany oi Quilohat|iiito 25 Capparaceae Caper Family Capparis atamisquea Kuntze Auimist/iu'ci ci)uiii;iihi!a Miers Shrubs to 2 m tall common on sandy gravelly flats immediately east ofAguajita Spring, rare to ca. 6 km north of Aguajita Spring; shrubs or small trees to 4 m tall with several trunks, each up to 13 cm diameter near base, as well as small plants infrequent in dense mesquite thicket near Aguajita Spring in the immediate vicinity of the international fence on both sides of the border; two large shrubs in dense brush in old fields south of Quitobaquito pond: one large shrub among mesquite at north end of pond. Flowers cream-white, flowering profusely in May and June; visited by the honeybee, native bees, the large orange-winged tarantula hawk [Hcmipcpsis KsliiUila). and other insects. Fruiting in August, the seeds embedded in a fleshy, red aril. This species is not known elsewhere in the United States, al- though it is common along old tloodplains of the nearby Rio Sonoyta and southward in western Sonora, disjunctly in Argentina. It is the only food for larvae of the pierid butterfly Ascia homnlhi (Bailowitz. 1988). Aguajita Spring: Binvers /.W ( 13 Jun 1978. ARIZ. ORPI); S7-267 (2.^ Oct 1987). H9-23:: ( 19 Jun 1989) 0.4 mi E of Quilohaqiiilo tumoff. Muson 7679(29 May 1 9.^9. ARIZ. ORPI I. 1 mi. NE of Quilohaquilo. Springs. £».i,wi/ 7,S4 (23 Aug 197.'i. DES ). 4 mi. N of Quitohaquilo Springs on connecting road between Bates Well Rd. and Puerto Blanco Loop Dr. AlripUw. Pivsopis. Lwinni. OIncYU association, one only, shrub 3+ m wide and 2 m tall, dense. Eii^urd 543 (7 Jun 1975, DES). 350 m E of Aguajita Wash: Aniplex flat. Baker 76/2 (13 May 1988, ASU), Baker 7622 (17 Aug 1988, ASU). Quitobaquito: old fields, two shrubs, climbing into mesquite to ca. 3.6 and 4 m inhclghl..S,V-.'/0(6Apr ]'^>-./65 ( 14 Sep 1988); Nichol s.n. (28 Apr IQ?*), ARIZ. ORPI); 2 mi. W of Quitobaquito, SiipcrmiKgh 435 (29 Jul 19.50); near Quitobaquito. Sclmn (18.'i5. F. not seen by us. cited by McVaugh. 1945. also see Torrey. 1857- 1859). Jatropha cuneata Wiggins & Rollins Limberbush; saiigreiif;Mli>: va:s Shrub, often 1-1.5 m tall; abundant on rocky slopes; flowers pinkish white, summer. Stems freeze-damaged during severe win- ters. Used as a red dye. 86-217 (2.^ Jul 1986). 88-462 (14 Sep 1988); Niclwl s.n. (3 Mar 19_W. ARIZ. ORPI); Pinkava 2S64 ( 1 Oct 1965). Sapium biloculare (S. Wats.) Pax Hierhii dc la flee ha: 'ina hita Shrub; rare, in sandy soil of Aguajita Wash; these plants, ob- served in October, 1987. had sprouted from the ground, the rest of the shrubs having frozen to the ground in the previous one or two winters. This species is common immediately south of the border fence at Aguajita and nearby on upper bajadas and low hills outside our area. Winter freezing seems to be a major limiting factor at Quitobaquito. Said to be poisonous; "poison, it will kill you" (Chico Suni). Used as medicine for sores (Nabhan et ai. 1982). This shrub is known by O'odham to be the host plant for cocoons of the large native silk moths {RolhschilJca cincta or Eupacaniia callehi). The cocoons were collected off these plants forO'odham pascola rattles, and this plant's name refers to a pascola dance step (Chico Suni). Quitobaquito: "not elsewhere," Hihlf>.ti>n 209 (6 Dec 1978. DBS); Nichol s.n. (8 Apr 19.39); El Papalote. broad gravelly sandy wash immedi- ately south of Aguajita Spring, shrub ca. 2.5 m tall, floodplain adjacent lo wash. 86-333 ( 14 Sep 1986); A/ra/vi.v 2753 (30 Jun 1894. US). Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Legume Family Acacia greggii A. Gray var arizonica Isely Catclaw; iiiui de galo: ■u;pad Large shrub to small tree, 2-6 m tall; common along washes, fairly common in old fields, and infrequent on rocky slopes; flow- ers yellowish, mostly in spring, the pods ripening in June. 88-282 (6 Apr 1988, ORPI), 89-246 ( 19 Jun 1989). Calliandra eriophylla Benth. Fairy Duster; huajilln Dwarf woods shrub; locally common on rocky, often north- facing slopes; flowers pinkish, February and March. Niclwl s.n. (3 Mar 1939. ORPI). Cercidium floridum Benth. subsp. floridum Blue Palo Verde; pah> venlc; ko'okoniadk. kalisp Tree, often to 7 m; scattered to abundant along major washes in sandy soil, sparse in old fields; flowers yellow, peak flowering late March and April. Seeds used as food, the wood for fuel (Chico Suni). Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose & Johnst. Foothill Palo Verde; pain vcrdc: kek cehedagi Tree usually to 4 m (exceptionally 5-7 m tall); iidrcqucnt to common in washes and on rocky slopes; flowers pale yellow and white, peak flowering in April and early May. Seeds parched, ground into flour, and eaten as alolc or gruel (Felger, unpublished notes). Dalea mollis Benth. Silky Dalea Winter-spring ephemeral; infrequent to common on gravelly flats and rocky slopes and probably elsewhere; flowers white and purple. February to April. Ranziini s ii. (26 Mar 1965, ORPI): Waiicn s.u. ( 10 Nov 1983). Lotu.s salsuginosis Greene subsp. brevivexiilus Ottley Spring ephemeral; common, at least on flats and in larger washes; flowers yellow. Bcale sn. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI); 86-ll3,\ (9 Apr 1986). 88-283A (6 Apr 1988). Lotus strigosus (Nutt.) Greene var. tomentellus (Greene) Isely Spring ephemeral; common, washes and flats; flowers yellow. Beule s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI); 88-283 (6 Apr 1988). Lupinus arizonicus S. Wats. Arizona Lupine; lupino; tas mahag Winter-spring ephemeral; often common, broad sandy washes, gravelly bajadas. and along roadsides, less common on rocky slopes; flowers pinkish blue. Beale s.n.d Apr 1 988. ORPI ); Clark i.H. ( 25 Mar 1 944. ORPI ); 88-284 (6 Apr 1988); Niles 525 ( 16 Mar 1965, ARIZ, ORPI). Marina parryi (Torr. & Gray) Bameby Dalea parryi Torr. & Gray Non-seasonal ephemeral, usually seen in winter and spring, sometimes surviving as a short-lived perennial; infrequent to com- mon, washes and rocky slopes; flowers dark blue. 86-286 (13 Sep 1986), 88-461 ( 14 Sep 1988). *MeliIotusindica(L.)Allioni Yellow Sweet-clover; f/c'te/ a?)7o; pu;wl Non-seasonal ephemeral; infrequent to locally common, old fields, especially along old irrigation ditches and in moist soil around Quitobaquito Pond, infrequent in washes; flowers yellow. Bowers 1607 (30 Mar 1979, ORPI); Clark s.n. (25 Mar 1944, ORPI); 7659 (14 Apr 1963). OIneya tesota A. Gray Ironwood; paloficrro: hoi'idkam Large shrubs or small trees to 8.3 ni tall; common along washes, infrequent and usually smaller on rocky slopes; flowers pinkish lavender, usually late April and May. Used for fence posts and firewood (Chico Suni. 1989) and in construction of round houses (Delores Lewis, Philip Salcido). Seeds edible; "The beans of the palo fierro were toasted, ground, and consumed as pinole" (Lumholtz, 1912:331 ). Adams ,v./i. ( 1 8 Jun 1 97 1 . ORPI ); Nichol i.«. ( 28 Apr 1 939. ORPI ). Phaseolus filiformis A. Gray Desert Bean; ban bavV. cepulifi bavl' Non-seasonal ephemeral, mostly in spring; infrequent to com- mon on rocky slopes and along washes, especially small arroyos and drainageways; flowers pink, March lo May. The immature pods were eaten fresh, and the dry seeds were boiled and eaten like lentils (Nabhan. 1985). Peebles 14554A (5 Mar 1940). Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. torreyana (L. Bens.) M.C. Johnst. Western Honey Mesquite; mezquite: kui P.juliflora (Sw.) DC. var lorrcvana L. Bens. Small trees; infrequent in old fields. Apparently intermediate 28 Richard S. Felger el al. with P. velunmr. differs from P. vctminu by having larger, longer. and more widely spaced leaflets on jugate rather than bijugate leaves, but resembles P. vclmiiia in having pubescent herbage. See P. velurina for uses. Aguajita Spring. Bowers I3S7 (13 Jun 1978); Quitobaquito. old fields below''pond. smalHree ca. 4 m tall. fiS-451 ( 14 Sep 1988). Prosopis pubescens Benth. Screwbean; tornillo: kujul Large shrub or small tree to 5 m tall; localized small populations in wet soil and washes near springs and Quitobaquito Pond; flowers yellow, mostly May and June. Adams s.ii. (18 Jun 1971. ORPI); ^ inn \91 ],ORP\): Bowers 1 308(4 Mi\y 1 978. ORPI); .V6- 2/2(23 Jul 1986),«6-272(13Scp 1986); f™r,v (15 Jun \949, ORPI): West .s.n. (26 May 1962). Eustoma exaltatum (L.) Salisb. ex G. Don forma albinorum Benke Catchtly Gentian Perennial herbs (facultatively annual?); locally abundant in al- kaline wet soil at Quitobaquito and Williams springs; flowers showy, cream-white. June to September. Not known from else- where in the Monument or northwestern Sonora. Adams s.n. (18 Jun 1971. ORPI); Baker 7623 (17 Aug 1988. ASU): Clark s.n. (25 Mar 1944. ORPI); 86-213 (23 Jul 1986). 86-268 (13 Sep 1987); Galiano s.n. (29 Aug 1986. ORPI); Harbison s.n. (27 Nov 1939. SD); Lehm 5497 (24 Oct 196.5. ASU); Mearns (7 Feb 1894. US); Ranzoni .s.n. (13 Jul 1962. ORPI); Van Devender s.n. [30 Aug. 1978. ORPI). (ieraniaceae Geranium Family *Erodium cicutarium (L.) L"Her. Filaree. Stork-Bill; alfilcrillo: hohoi "ipad Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonally common to abundant, washes, gravelly flats, and rocky slopes, and often along roadsides and other disturbed habitats: flowers pinkish lavender. In the excep- tionally wet spring of 1973 some plants reached widths of ca. 2 m. Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPI); 20599 (9 Mar 1973). 88-279 (6 Apr 1988). Erodium texanum A. Gray False Filaree. Desert Stork-bill Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonally common, washes, flats, old fields, and rocky slopes; flowers pinkish lavender, February to April. Hydrophyllaceae Waterleaf Family Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia (Benth.) Greene var. pinnaMfida (Torr.) Constance Winter-spring ephemeral; often common on rocky slopes, espe- cially north-facing, and in washes, less common on flats and in open areas of old fields, frequently under trees and shrubs and at base of rocks: flowers pale blue, February to April. SS-/.« (29 Mar 1988). Eucrypta micrantha (Torr.) Heller Peluda Winter-spring ephemeral; commonly growing with E. chrysamhemifoliii: flowers pale blue. NahhanandReuhhardi sn. (18 Feb 1983). Nama hispidum A. Gray Fhn- monida Spring ephemeral; common, washes and sandy flats: flowers lavender. February to April. 7682 (14 Apr 1963). Phacelia ambigua M.E. Jones Desert Heliotrope P. crennlata Torr. var. amhti^ua (M.E. Jones) J.F. Macbridc Spring ephemeral: common, washes and flats; flowers lavender. February to April. 86-102 (9 Apr \9?,(i). 88-280 (t Apr 1988). Phacelia distans Benth. Fern-leaf Phacelia Spring ephemeral; usually infrequent, sometimes locally com- mon, washes and flats: flowers lavender. Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988, ORPI); 86-102 (9 Apr 1986). Krameriaceae Ratany Family Krameria erecta Willd. Range Ratany K. parvifolia Benth. Shrub ca. ()..5 m tall. I m across; generally infrequent but locally common on sandy phun al southwestern comer of our area; flowers purple, following rains during wamier months. Flora and Ethnobotany of Quitobaquilo 29 ,S(SWA,s"(i4Scp lyss). Krameria grayi Rose & Painter White Ratanv; cosahiii: "edho, he:d Shrub to 0.7 m tall. 1.5 ni across; common and widespread, rocky hills and flats; flowers purple, mostly following rains during wanner months. The roots were used as a source of reddish dye for basketry and fabric, as a cosmetic, and as a tanning agent for deer hides; this plant also was used as a medicine (Delores Lewis, Philip Salcido, Chico Suni). &S'-JJ6(14Scp 14X8). Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Mint Family Hvptis emoryi Torr. var. emoryi Desert Lavender; salvia Shrub to 2 m tall; locally common at east end of Quitobaquito Hills near ridge crest; flowers blue, non-seasonal. The plants are frost-sensitive. 90-4H3 (2-\ Oa 1990). Salvia columbariae Benth. Chia; dapk Winter-spring ephemeral; common, usually on gravelly soils of washes, bajadas, and flats; flowers blue. March to April. Seeds used as a medicine to treat eye irritants, and also in a beverage (Philip Salcido, Delores Lewis; also see Lumholtz 1912:331). Beale s.n. (8 Apr 1988. ORPl I; Clark s.n. (25 Mar 1944. ORPl); 8S-28I (6 Apr 1988) Loasaceae Stickleaf Family Mentzelia affinis Greene Triangle-seed Blazing Star; pei>a pe^a Spring ephemeral; infrequent to common, sandy soils in washes and on flats; flowers yellow, February to April. Clark s.n. (25 Mar 1944. ORPl); cS'A'-2.S'7 (6 Apr 1988), H6-1US (9 Apr 1986). Mentzelia Involucrata S. Wats. Stickleaf; pcf^a pega Spring ephemeral; infrequent in sandy soil of Aguajita Wash; flowers whitish yellow, February to April. Clark s.n. (2.5 Mar 1944). Petalonvx thurberi A. Gray var. thurberi Sandpaper Plant; hadsadkam Shrubby perennial ca. 0.3-1 m tall; common along Aguajita Wash; flowers white, late spring to fall. 86-288 (6 Apr 1988, ARIZ. ORPl). Malpighiaceae Malpighia Family Janusia gracilis A. Gray Fermina Vining perennial, sometimes reaching a height of 3 m when climbing in shrubs; infrequent to common, rocky slopes; flowers yellow, non-seasonal. SA'-/25 (29 Mar 1988). 88-445 ( 14 Sep 1988). Malvaceae Mallow Family Hibiscus denudatus Benth. var. denudatus Rock Hibiscus Suffrutescent perennial to 0.7 m; scattered on rockv slopes; flowers whitish to pink with large maroon spots, flowermg non- seasonal. Beale s.n. (23 Feb 1986, ORPl); Warren sn. ( 10 No\ 19S.M. Horsfordia newberryi (S. Wats.) A. Gray Orange Velvet-Mallow Spindly shrub to ca. 3 m; infrequent to locally common, south- facing rocky slopes and ridge crest of the higher hills; flowers bright yellow-orange, flowering non-seasonalh except during cold- est weather. Darrrv/.^2y(13Jun 1978): /VoWioh.v.h. (16 May 1982); Van Devender s.n. OO Apr 1978. ORPI I; M-i/mvi .s./i. ( 10 Nov 1983). Sterculiaceae Cacao Family Ayenia filiformis S. Wats. Suffrutescent perennial: rare to infrequent among rocks on north-facing slopes and along small rocky arroyos in the hills northeast of the pond; tlowers maroon, minute, probably flowering during wanner months depending on soil moisture. Flora and Elhnobotany ol'Quitobaquito 33 92-27.'! (13 Mar IW:! Tamaricaceae Tamarisk Family *Tamarix rainosissinia Ledeb. Salt-cedar, Tamarisk; salado. pino salado: "onk "u'us Shrub, often 2-4 ni tall; abundant in wet soil around Quitobaquito pond, at the springs, near water sources in washes, and in old fields; llowers pinkish-white to pink, flowering nearly all year, especially in spring. Seedlings especially abundant in open areas with wet soil. Bowers IJ9I (2.S Jul 1978); 5722 (1 Jan 1963). 20hU0 (9 Mar 1973); Hfi/y6(30Sep 1961). Urticaceae Nettle Family Parietaria floridana Nutt. Desert Pellitory P. /jfj/)t')i; Hinton var. hcspcra Winter-spring ephemeral; locally infrequent to common in washes, often beneath spiny shrubs or trees; flowers green, incon- spicuous. <:S6-/06(9Apr 1986). ra: segai. segoi Shrub to 2 m tall; abundant and widespread, most abundant on flats and rocky slopes; tlowers yellow, non-seasonal. Used for wall and roofing in round-house construction (Zepeda, 198.'i:23). Leafy branches boiled in water and the tea drunk as medicine for stomach trouble, a cold, diarrhea, or used topically as a salve for sores (Delores Lewis. Philip Salcido). "The greasewood is our drugstore" (Laura Kermen. ;/; Nabhan. 198.'i;l7). Boiled in water and the liquid used to wash a newborn child; the sticks used to curl hair (Bell. 19S0;1()I). A'S-;67(14Sep 1988). MONOCOTS Cyperaceae Sedge Family Cyperus laevigatus L. Flat Sedge Small perennial herb, tlowering in first season; rare to locally common, emergent from very shallow water and in alkaline wet soil; tlowering and fruiting much of the year. It was apparently abundant in wet soil at least at Williams and Quitobaquito springs and around the pond at Quitobaquito until the cattle were removed and the larger wetland plants becaine too dense for it to compete for light. Between 1 980 and 1 990 it was rather rare and restricted to the few open wetland microhabitats in ditches and at seeps and springs at Quitobaquito and Burro springs. During the wet spring of 1973 it e.xtended along a temporary small stream that trickled across the border fence at Quitobaquito. In 1984 it was found at Aguajita Spring, but it was not found there again until after the tlood of 21 August 1988; by June 1989 it was common along the trickling stream between Aguajita Spring and the international border fence. Apparently its local distribution waxes and wanes with fluctuations in rainfall and density of vegetation cover. Bowers and Warren 1314 (4 May 1978. ARIZ. ORPI); 20603 (9 Mar 1973). S7-i02 ( 10 Nov 1987); Fouts 449 (10 Apr 19.'!2l: Gould 29S3 (18 Mar 194«;); Johnson s.n. (20 Apr 1984): McDoiixall 34 [2$ Mar 1941. ORPI). Cyperus squarrosus L. C. arisluliis Rottb. Dwarf Sedge Diminutive ephemeral; reported on earlier lists as abundant in moist soil near pond at Quitobaquito (Bowers. 1980). We have not found it there and have not located herbarium vouchers. However, it is common in comparable habitats in open places along the nearb> Rfo Sonoyta in Sonora in wet sandy soil. More than likely it has been extirpated from our area since modification of the pond or since the livestock were removed and open ground in wetland habitats has filled with Sciipus. Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) Blake Spikerush Annual herb; wet soil. Fomierly reported as abundant in moist soil near pond and springs at Quitobaquito. in the late 1980s it was locally infrequent to rare. This small spikerush apparently requires open wetland habitat (see comments for previous species). Darrow 2403, 2404 (17 Mar 1945): 87-297 ( 10 Nov 1987): Lehio 5505 (24 Oct 1965, ASU). Eleocharis rostellata (Torr.) Torr. Traveling Spikerush Perennial herb, perhaps also rarely facultatively annual, with tough rootstocks. fonns dense grass-like mounds reaching about I m in height; stem tips producing plantlets. Expansive colonies completely cover localized areas of alkaline wet soil at Quitobaquito above the pond and extend into the springs and ditches. During the wet spring of 1973 the species spread to a temporary small stream crossing the border fence below Quitobaquito. Surprisingly there are no earlier collections, although a 1963 photograph (by Hal Coss. 23 Aug 1963. ORPI negative W-37) shows E. roslcllala in abundance along the spring ditch. It also occurs at the La Salina oasis at Bahia Adair (Ezcurra cl al.. 1988) and along the margins of the lower Rio Colorado but is unknown elsewhere in nearby Arizona and northwestern Sonora. 20591 (9 Mar 1973). . not 5- amerieaniis of western authors. Large perennial herb often reaching 1.5-2 m; abundant in wet soil and emergent from shallow water ringing the pond at Quitobaquito and at Aguajita. Burro, and Williams springs, often 34 Richard S. Felger er al. tormina near pure stands of 1009^ coverage: also along irrigation ditches below springs. In the 1980s it totally clogged the spring at Aguajita. Flowers from March to October. This large robust sedge has obviously thrived and increased since removal of the cattle, apparently leading to the local extirpa- tion of various smaller wetland plants, e.g., CxpeiKs sc/narrosiis. C. laevigalus, Jiincus hiifoniiis, Myosiinis minimus, and Poa aninui. Bowers 904(16 Oct 1977); 86-104 (9 Apr 1986): Gould 2985 (18 Mar 1945): Lehro 5499 (24 Oct 1965. ASU); Peebles 14564 (5 Mar 1940). Juncaceae Rush Family Juncus balticus Willd. van mexicanus (Willd.) Kuntze Wire Rush Rhizomatous perennial; locally abundant in alkaline wet or damp soil at springs and seeps at Quitobaquito. often growing with Dislichlis spicala. This is the first record for this species in the Monument. It seems strange that there are no earlier collections. There are no records for this species in northwestern Sonora or in nearby Arizona. 86-211 (23 Jul 1986), 87-287 (10 Nov 1987). 88-315 (6 Apr 1988); Reichlumll. et al. 69 (22 Aug 1981 ). .Juncus bufonlus L. Toad Rush Annual; in our area known only from a 1944 collection at the edge of Quitobaquito pond; now extinct in the region. Its demise probably was due to lack of open wetland because sedges and other larger wetland plants have become so dense since the removal of cattle and dredging of the pond. There ;ire no records for this species in northwestern Sonora or in nearby Arizona. CUirk 115(11 (25 Mar 1944. ORPI). .luncus cooperi Engelni. Spike Rush Perennial; infrequent to common in damp to wet soil on alkaline flats between Quitobaquito ;ind Burro Spring and below springs at Quitobaquito. often growing with Sporoholus aiwidcs. Bowers 1309 (4 May 1978, ORPI); 86-211 (4 May 1978), 87-300 (W Nov 1987); Warren aiulAnderson sir (24 Oct 1987). Najadaceae Water-nymph Family Najas marina L. Holly-leaved Water-nymph Submerged aquatic herb, presumably annual; formerly abun- dant in Quitobaquito Pond and stream below spring. Not recorded at Quitobaquito since 196,5. The nearest known extant population is at the Colorado River Lehu>550l (24 Oct 1965, ASU); Mason 7677 (10 Apr 1958); Pinkava 2363 i\ Oct 1965, ASU). Poaceae (Gramineae) Grass Family Aristida adscensionis L. Six-weeks Three-awn; zacale Ires harhas A. hromoulcs H.B.K. Non-sea.sonal ephemeral: common and widespread in non-wet- land habitats, rocky slopes, flats, old fields, and washes. 87-299 ( 10 Nov 1987); MacDoiifial in 1907 (US. not seen by us, cited by Hitchcock, 1913); Niilml s.n. ( 10 Mar 19,^9. ORPI). Aristida parishii Hitchc. Perennial: rare. Aguiijila Wash, mostly among boulders: flower- ing at least in spring, the flowering response probably non-sea- sonal. As with Plnwalis ( rcrssifolici. these plants are probably waifs sprouting froin tloodwater-transported disseminules. 92-102 (^ Mar 1992). Aristida purpurea Nutl. var ncalleyl (Vasey) Allred .4 . snicia var. nealleyi Vasey, /I. glama (Nees) Walpers. A purpurea var filaiua (Nees) A. Holmgr. & N. Holmgr. Perennial; common on granitic slopes of the Quitobaquito Hills: flowering response non-seasonal. Granitic hill between Quitobaquito and Aeuajila. locallv common. 90- ■;9 (23 Feb 1990). Bouteloua aristldoides (H.B.K.) Griseb. Six-weeks Needle Grama; luivajila Summer ephemeral; seasonally common to abundant and wide- spread, flats, old fields, washes, and rocky slopes. 86-280(\3Sep 1986, ARIZ, ORPI). SS-4J7 ( 14 Sep 1988). Bouteloua barbata Lag. Six-weeks Grama: navajim: cuk mudaggam Summer ephemeral: seasonally widespread and often abundant on flats, old fields, washes, and rocky slopes. .S'6079(13Sep 1986, ORPI), SS-/2/ (14 Sep 1988). Bromus carlnatu.s Hook. & Am. var arlzonicus Shear Arizona Brome B ariioniciis (Shear) Stebbins Winter-spring ephemeral: gravelly washes. Apparently not es- tablished in our region: known locally from only a single collection during a wet year (Quitobaquito. U.S-Mexico fence line, 7676 ( 14 Apr 1963). *Bromus rubens L. Foxtail Brome Winter-spring ephemeral: several plants found during the wet spring of 1992 in the sandy-gravelly wash near the international fence just below Aguajita Spring; probably not reproducing within the confines of our region. Since the 19S0s this species has become a common roadside weed along nearby Mexico Highway 2. 92-123 (3 Mar 1992. ORPI); El Papalote, 88-25 (20 Feb 1988). *Bronius tectorum L. Downy Chess Winter-spring ephemeral; not established in the region, known locally from a single collection. El Papalole. large gravelly arroyo bed, ca. 1 5 m S of U.S. border (just S of Aguajita Spring), 86-133 (9 Apr 1986). *Chloris virgata Sw. Feather Fingergrass, zacate lagiinero Wami-weather ephemeral: rare, in silty depression at old park- ing lot southeast of pond, amid a dense stand of Miihlenhergia nticrnspermn: a common weed in disturbed habitats in the Sonoyla Valley: probably not native to the region. 90-487 (24 Ocl 1990). *Cynodon dactylun (L.) Pers. var. dactylon Bemiuda Grass: Ziualc Ingles Perennial; abundant in moist to wet alkaline and disturbed areas, near springs, along ditches below springs, and in ditches in old fields: at Quitobaquito from the springs to the border fence, afso at Aguajita, Burro, and Williams springs: flowering during warmer months. Adams s.n. (18 Jun 1971, ORPI); Clark 11478 (25 Mar 1944, ORPI): 7665 ( 14 Apr 1963); MeDoKf^all 36 (25 Mar 1941 ). *Dactylocteniuni aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv. Crowfoot Grass; zacale de ciiervo Summer ephemeral: rare, localized in wet soil beneath cotton- wood trees at Quitobaquito: a common weed in agricultural fields of the nearby Sonoyta Valley (Felger, 1990). ' of Phiagnutes colony at Burro Spring and in wet mud and shallow running water at spring and ditch leading into Quitobaquito Pond; probably formerly also at Quitobaquito Pond; flowering at least from March to October. It seems to be losing ground at Burro Spring, probably because of lack of open ground, but may be increasing at Quitobaquito. where it seems to be competing suc- cessfully with CyiiihlDii dcuryldi] and Distichlis spicata in ditches w ith running water. The nearest known population is at Quitovac in northwestern Sonora. Bowen: 1311 (4 May 1978. ARIZ. ORPl); Danow 2409 (\1 Mar 1945); 86-215 (23 Jul 1986), HH-il8 (6 Apr 1988); Siipernaugh (15 Jan 1949. ORPIi. *Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. Mediterranean Grass Winter-spring ephemeral; seasonally common to abundant. flats, washes, old fields, and rocky slopes. The closely related S. arabiciis Nees is common and widespread elsewhere in the Monument and in adjacent Sonora and can be expected in the Quitobaquito region. Bowers 1043 ( 1 1 Feb 1978): 8S-3()I (6 Apr 1988). Sporobolus airoides Torr. Alkali Sacaton; zacatoii alccilino Large perennial clumping grass: abundant on alkaline flats, often in moist sandy soil, between Quitobaquito and Williams Spring; flowering in summer and fall. Sometimes fonning clonal "fairy rings" to 2 m wide. Bom-rs /.S05 (9 Aug 1979. ARIZ. ORPI); 86-223 (23 Jul 1986), 86-273 (13 Sep 1986. ORPI).