UMASS/AMHERST 31EDttiD0S141STT % :m ' 1 , t f ■■ ^ > * M ;'M Wit . -HiSF^ 4ft rt ^: 1|,#''v<^' ,*>. •'?^ r^^ .«*^A^.-,S' •^ ^^ -...,/«W ^^ H^v >»^' LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE N O..A5-lio—- DATE .3 r.l 88_(=_ sou BCE Mgysb_aJi__P...yy'j.lier . SB 354 A47 V.16 1877 I-JHT o^"^"** J863* DATE DUE 1 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY AMERICAN PDMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTEENTH SESSION OF THE American Pomological Society HELD IN BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, September 12th, ISth and 14th, 1877, EniTED BY THE SECRETJf^RY. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, ,877. b3^.2-0t, A. ■M-A^ ^V " These trees are suggestive of the farm and its pleasant appurtenances, rather than rude nature ; but so closely allied is Nature to the farm, when under the care of a simple tiller of the soil and unbedizened by taste, that Its accom- paniracnts seem a rightful part of her domain. The simplicity of the nistic farm is in consonance with the fresh glowing charms of Nature herself. A row of apple trees over.shado\ving the wayside forms an abor in which the rural deities might revel as in their own sylvan retreats; and Nature wears a more chaiming appearance when, to her own rude costume, she adds a wreath trimmed by the rosj' lingers of Pomona. "— Wilson Flagg, on "Orchard Trees." J» *imm, LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSFTTS AMHERST, 'mass E. R. ANDREWS, PRINTER, AQUEDUCT STREET, ROCHESTER, N. V. CIRCULAR. AMERICAN POIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Organized 1848. SIXTEENTH SESSION, The American Pomological Society having accepted the invitation Of the Maryland Horticultural Society, the undersigned give notice that the Sixteenth Session of this National Association will be held in Baltimore, commencing Wednesday, September Twelfth, 1877, at 10 o'clock A. M., and continuing for three days. All Horticultural, Pomological, Agricultural, and other kindred Associations in the United States and British Provinces, are invited to send delegations as large as they may deem expedient; and all persons interested in the cultivation of fruits are invited to be present, and take seats in the Convention. It is confidently anticipated that there will be a full attendance of delegates from all quarters of our country, thereby stimulating more extensive cultivation by the concentrated information and experience of cultivators, and aiding the Society in perfecting its Catalogue of Fruits. This Catalogue includes fifty States aud Territories, most of which have their columns filled with a great amount of information as to the fruit adapted for culture in the respective locations. Many of these are yet incomplete; and it is the object of the Society, from year to year, to fill the blanks, and bring its Catalogue nearer to perfec- tion. To accomplish this object as fully as possible, the Chairman of the General Fruit Committee, P. Barry, Esq., Rochester, N. Y., will send out the usual circulars of inquiry; and it is desirable that these inquiries should be answered at an early day. The various State and Local Committees are urged to respond to the circulars as soon as practicable. The coming session will derive a special interest from its location in the midst of the great fruit- growing region of the Atlantic coast, and also from the fact that it is the first meeting held since the expiration of the first century of our national history. It is desired, in this connection, that the Vice- Presidents of the several States, Territories, and Provinces, should furnish or procure, as far as possible, short historical sketches of the rise and progress of fruit-culture in their respective districts, from their settlement up to the year 187iJ, to the end that the forthcoming report may give a complete view of the pomological history of the various parts of the country. State and local Horticultural Societies are respectfully requested to co-operate and aid in this work. Arrangements will be made with hotels, and, as far as possible, with the various railroad lines terminat- ing in Baltimore, for a reduction of fare. Wherever possible, it would be best that such arrangements should be made by ilie various delegations with roads in their localities, as rates made by Baltimore roads will apply only to their lines. Members, delegates, and societies are requested to contribute collections of the fruits of their re- spective districts, and to communicate in regard to them whatever may aid in promoting the objects of the Society and the science of American Pomology. Each contributor is requested to prepare a comijlete list of his collection, and to present the same with his fruits, that a report of all the varieties entered may be submitted to the meeting as early as practicable. By vote of the Society, no money premiums will be offered: but a limited number of Wilder Medals will be awarded to meritorious objects. At the same time, from Sept. 11 to 1 -1 inclusive, the Maryland Horticultural Society will hold a Grand Exhibition of Fruits, Plants, Flowers, and other products of Horticulture, by which an increased interest will be given to the occasion. 6 PROGRAMME OF BUSINESS. Packages of fruits, with the names of the contributors, may be addressed as follows : " Amekican PoMOLOGicAL SOCIETY, Care of William B. Sands, Baltimore.'' All persons desirous of becoming members can remit the fee to Thomas P. James, Esq., Treasurer, Cambridge, Mass. Life-membership, Twenty Dollars; Biennial, Four Dollars. Life-members will be supplied with back numbers of the Proceedings of the Society as f;ir as possible. W. C. FLAGG, Secretary, Moro, III. MARSHALL P. WILDER, President, Boston, Mass. Newspapers and periodicals that take an interest in Pomology are respectfully requested to publisli the above. The Secretary, for the purpose of securing a more complete statement of facts, solicits copies of all publications relating to Fruit and Fruit-growing in all the States, Territories, and Provinces of North America. PROGRAMME OF BUSINESS. HOURS OF MEETING. Wednesday, 10 o'clock in the morning, and 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Thursday, 9 o'clock in the morning, and 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Friday, 9 o'clock in the morning, and 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Rules for Speaking. Five minutes, and no person to speak more tlian twice on the same subject, without leave. Wednesday, 10 A. M.. Introductory Exercises ; Appointment of Committees, — viz., on Credentials, on Nomination of Officers, on Record of Fruits exhibited, on Award of the Wilder Medal. 3 P. M. President's Address ; Reports of Committee on Credentials, and on Nomination of Officers ; Election of Officers ; Reception of Treasurer's Report ; Appointment of Place for the next Meeting of the Society. Thursday, 9 A. M. Reports of Standing Committees ; Discussion of the Value of Fruits enumerated in the Catalogue, as indicated by stars, to be called by the Secretary in alphabetical order, as follows : Apples, Pears, Grapes, etc. At the close of each division, statements relative to new varieties will be received. 3 P. M. Continuation of the morning's session. Friday, 9 A.M. Reports of Committees ou Fruits exhibited; Reception of Essays and Centennial Sketches by Vice-Presidents and others ; Continuation of Discussion on Values of Fruits, as per Catalogue ; and introduction of Names of New Varieties. 3 P. M. Completion of Discussion, Resolutions, etc.; Adjournment. ESSAYS. Invitations have been accepted by the following named gentlemen to prepare papers : — Prof. W. J. Beal of the Agricultural College, Lansing, Midi., will prepare a paper on "The Classi- fication of Apples." Prof. A. N. Prentiss of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., will prepare a paper on " The Pathology of Cultivated Plants." It is exi)ected that other gentlemen of experience and skill will present papers on Practical or His- torical subjects connected with Fruit-Culture, such as '•The Species of the Apple," "The Bitter Rot of the Apple," etc. OFFICERS AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1877-9. President. Hon. MARSHALL PINCKXEY WH.DER, Boston, .V^iK-wr/nmftx. Vice-Presidents. Alabiima C. C. Lanodon, Mobile. Arizona A. P. R. Spafford . . Tucson. Arkansas C. C. Bliss Little Rock. Calif ornia _ . B. S. Fox _ _ _ , . San Jose. Colorado N. C. Meekbr .Greeley. Connecticut F. Trowbridge New Haven. Dakota.,- -L. D. F. Poore Springfield. Ddaicare __ .Edward Tatnall Wilmington. District Columbia . . _ William Saunders. -Washington. Florida H. L. Hart Palatka. Georgia J. M. Stubbs Savannah. Idaho - William H. Drake . Boise City. Illinois Arthur Bryant, Sr. .Princeton. Indiana S. P. Johnson Irvington. Indian Territory ...Soss A. Foreman ...Muscoga. loira James Smith Des Moines. Kansas .J. S. Stayman Leavenworth. Kentucky Thos. S. Kennedy Louisville. Louisiana R. H. Day Baton Rouge. Maine Z. A. Gilbert .Ea.st Turner. Maryland W.D.Brackenridge. Govanstown. Massachusetts C. M. Hovey Cambridge. Michigan T. T. Lyon South Haven. Minnesota J. S. Harris La Crescent. lissippi .•. . Geo. S. Gaines State Line. iri .-Geo. Husmann Sedalia. Montana John Jones Helena. Nebraska R. W. Furnas .-Brownville. Necada L. R. Bradley Carson City. Neic Brunswick Judge Wilmot .... ..Fredericton. New Hampshire Waterman Smith Manchester. New Jersey William Parey' Cinnaminson. New Me.vico W. F. M. Arny Santa Fe. New York Charles Downing . . .Newburg. North Carolina Walter L. Steele ..Rockingham. Noca Scotiti C. C. Hamilton Cornwallis. Ohio John A. Warder Cleves. Ontario Robert Burnet Hamilton. Oregon A. J. Dufur Portland. Pennttylcania Robert Buist, Sr Philadelphia. Quebec Judge Dunkin Knowlton. Bhode Island Silas Moore Providence. SouHi Carolina A. P. Wylie. .Chester. Tennessee B. F. Transou Humboldt. Te.vas Wm. Watson Brenham. Utah.. J. E. Johnson St. George. Vermont LawrenceBuainerd St. Alban.s. Virginia G. F. B. LeigiitoN-. .Norfolk. Washington Washington Blum . . Seabeck. West Virginia D. H. Strother Berkeley Spas. Wisconsin George P. Peffer . . Pewaukee. Wyoming Judge Carter Carter's Station. Treasurer. THOMAS p. JAMES, Cambridge, Mas: Secretary. W. C. FLAGG, Moro, 111. Kxecutive Committee. President and Vice-Presidents, ex-ajpcio. J. E. Mitchell ...Philadelphia-. Pennsylvania.. George Thurber New York New York. J. F. C. Hyde, Newton Mas.sacMisetts. P. J. Berckm.\ns . Augusta Georgia. J. H. Masters Nebraska City Nebraska. LIST OF OFFICERS. General Fruit Committee. Chairman AUtbama R. R. Hunley Talladega. Arizona... Warren Foote St. Thomas. Arkansas S. J. M.\tthews Monticello. California Dr. F. Strentzel Martinez. Colorado .11. B. Be.\^rce Denver. Gonnectieui T. S. Gold _ West Cornwall. Dalcota Lott I. Baylef.-. .-. Yankton. Delaware Edward T.\tnai,l . . _ Wilmington. District Cohunhiii.. _.JonN Saul Washington. Florida _P. P. Bishop San Mateo. Georgia -P. J. Berck.mans Augusta. Idalw ..T. W. Bennett Boise City. Illinois 0. B. G.vlusha Morris. Indiana. Allen Furnas Danville. Indian Territory William P. Ross Muskogee. loioa G. B. Brackett Denmark. Kansas William M. HovfSLEV Leavenworth. Kentucky ...W. A. Huggins Glasgow. Louiifiana _Dr. IT. A. Swasey New Orleans. Maine Henuy McLAnGHLiN_Baugor. Maryland W. D. BRAtKENRiDGE-GovanstnNSON St. George. Vermont H. G. Root Bennington. Virginia Franklin Davis Richmond. Washirujton C. W. Lawton ..Seattle. West Virginia D. H. Strother Berkeley Springs. Wisconsin J. C. Plumb Milton. Wyoming J. A. Campbell Cheyenne. Committee on Native Fruits. P. J. BercktiIAss. .Augusfii, Ga Southern Division. P. T. QuniN Newark, N. J. Northern " "Chas. Downing ..A'6'wA«;'j7, A". F. ... " " R, M.VNNING Salem, Mass Eastern ' ' J. H. M.\sters Nebra.'!ka City, Neb. Weatern " B. F. Tk.vnsou Huinholdt, Tenn Western Middle Div. Franklin Mkvis.. Rich )nond,Va. Eastern Middle Div. Wm. Watson Brenham, Tex South-western " T. T. Lyon SoufhIIaven,Mich.. North-western " Edmond H. Haut. Federal Point, Fla..Snh-trop\ca\ " Dr. F. Strentzel. J/«/'fin«j, Cal Pacific " Committee on Foreign Fruits. George Ellwanger RocJiester, N. T. C. M. Hovey Boston, Mass. Parker Earle South Pass, III. John A. Warder Cleces, 0. G. F. B. Leighton Norfolk, Va. Edwin Satterthwaite Philadelphia, Penn. C. C. Hamilton Cornirallis, N. 8. Committee on Synonyms and Rejected Fruits. John J. Thomas Union Springs, N T. John A. Warder Cleces, 0. Tyler McWhohter Aledo, III. Robert Manning ...Silem, Mass. William Saunders . Washington, D. C. W. C.Barry ...Rochester, N. T. W. M. Howsley Leavenworth, Kas. Committee on Revisioii of Catalogue. President, ex officio. P. Barry Rochester, N. T. JosiAH Hoopes West Chester, Penn. Charles Downing N irhurg. N. Y. W. C. Flagg... ..Mm-o, III. Robert Manning Salem, Mass. P. J. Berckmans Augusta, Ga. H. A. Swasey New Orhiins, La. CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, As Amended September 12, 1877, AT BALTIMORE. CONSTITUTION. Article 1. The name of this Association shall be the American Pomological Society. 2. Its object shall be the advancement of the sci- ence of Pomology. 3. It shall consist of Delegates appointed by Horticultural, Agricultural, and kindred Societies in the United States and British America, and of such other persons as take an interest in the wel- fare of the Association, and are desirous of promot- ing its aims. 4. The meetings shall be held biennially, at such time and place as may be designated by the Society ; and special meetings may be convened at any time on the call of the President. 5. The officers shall consist of a President, one Vice-President from every State, Territory and Province, a Treasurer and a Secretary ; and shall be elected by ballot or otherwise at every biennial meeting. BY-LAWS. 1. The President shall have a genei'al superin- tendence of the affairs of the Society during its vacation ; give due public notice of the time and place of meeting; preside at its deliberations; deliver an Address on some subject relating to Pomology, at every biennial meeting ; and appoint all Committees, unless otherwise directed. 2. In case of the death, sickness or inability of the President, his official duties shall devolve on such one of the Vice-Presidents as the Society may elect by ballot or otherwise. 3. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys belong- ing to the Society, and pay over the same on the written orders of the President. 4. The Secretary shall, with the assistance of a reporter appointed by him, keep a record of the transactions of the Society for publication. 5. There shall be an Executive Committee con- sisting of five members, together with the President and Vice-Presidents, ex-officio, five of whom shall constitute a <|Uorum, who shall manage the affairs of the Society during its vacation. C. Chairmen of Fruit Committees, for every State, Territory and Province, and a general Chairman over all, shall be appointed biennially. It shall be the duty of each of such Chairmen to appoint four additional members of his committee, and with their aid, and with such other information as he can procure, to forward to the general Chairman one month before every biennial meeting. State Pomological Reports, to be condensed by him for publication. 7. A standing Committee on Native Fruits, con- sisting of eleven members, shall be appointed by the President immediately after his election. It shall be the duty of this Committee to report annually on native fruits, and also to examine, and before the close of session, report on all new seedling vari- eties that may be exhibited ; and to make an ad interim report on those that were exhibited in an x^nripe condition at the meeting of the Society, but had subsequently attained a state of maturity ; and on such other seedlings as may have been sub- mitted to their inspection during the Society's vacation. 8. A standing Committee on Foreign Fruits, con- sisting of seven members, shall be appointed, whose duties shall be similar to those of the committee in by-law seven. 9. A standing Committee on Synonyms, consist- ing of seven members, shall be appointed biennially. 10. Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the chairman of each, and in case of his death or inahility to serve, his place shall be sup- plied by the President of the Society. 11. The members of this Society shall pay four dollars biennially ; and twenty dollars paid at one time shall constitute one life membership. 13. The order of business for each meeting shall be arranged by the Executive Committee. 13. The Constitution and By-Laws may be al- tered or amended, at any regular biennial meeting, by a vote of two-thirds of the members present. LIST OF MEMBERS. The following List comprises the names of the Members of the American I'omological Society. Life. Edwin Allen NewBvuswick.-New .Jersey. Frank W. Andrew ._Bostou Massachusetts. E. F. Babcock Little Rock Arkansas. CiiAs. R. Baker .Dorchester ...Massachusetts. William E. Baker Wellesley Ma.ssachusetts. George B.\ncroft New York New York. Patrick Barry Rochester New York. William C. Barry Rochester New York. D. W.Beadle.. St. Catherines Ontario. W. J. Beal - .Lansing Michigan. Prosper J. Berckmans Augusta ..Georgia. Kader Biogs Norfolk Virginia. W.M. S. Bissell... ...Pittsburg Pennsylvania. B. K. Bliss New York New York. Jos. H. Bourne ...Providence Rhode Island. E. F. BowDiTCH - -Boston Massachusetts. J. Brainerd ..Washington .Dist. Columbia. Henry A. Breed Lynn Massachusetts. .John R. Brewer Boston ..Massachusetts. Alfred Bridgeman New York New York. Francis Brill Newark .New Jersey. Chas. E.Brown Yarmouth Nova Scotia. Isaac Buchanan ..New York New York. S. S. BrcKLiN Boston Massachusetts. Robert Buist Philadelphia . . Pennsylvania. Raphael Bosh Bush berg Missouri. E. W. BuswELL ..Boston Massachusetts. Charles BiTLER New York New York. James Calder, D. D Agric'l College Pennsylvania. John S. Calkins Bricksburg New Jersey. Geo. W. Campbell Delaware Ohio. Otis Cary Foxborough . . Massachusetts. Charles Carpenter Kelly's Island Ohio. Geo. D. Chamberlain Cambridge . . Massachusetts. Benj. p. Cheney Boston Massachusetts. F. Augustus Clapp Boston Massachusetts. Lemuel Cl.^pp. Boston. Massachusetts. Wm. Channing Clapp Boston.. Mas.sachusetts. Edmund S. Clark Framingham. Massachusetts. Edson H. Cl.\rk Newburg ...New York. Elizur E. Clark New Haven Connecticut. .James W. Clark Framingham. Massachusetts. Asa Clement Dracut Massachusetts. Geo. S. Conover Geneva .New York. N. J. Coleman. St. Louis Missoiui. M. S. Cook. ...Avondale Pennsylvania. Robert Cornelius Philadelphia.. Pennsylvania. A. Cox . Wahiut City Kansas. Jno. a. J. Cresswell Elkton Maiyland. James Cruickshanks Chelsea Massachusetts. A. P. CuMMiNGS New York New York. Franklin Davis ...Richmond Virginia. Hervey Davis. Cambridge Massachusetts. J. C. Bancroft Davis New Hamburg ..New York. Arthur F. Dexter . . .Pi'ovidence . . .Rhode Island. Alex.^nder Dickinson Cambridgep't Massachusetts. Robert Douglass Waukegan ... Illinois. Charles Downing. Newburg _ . New York. W. S. Dunham New York New York. Geo. B. Durfee.. ..Fall River ...Massachusetts. Parker Earle Cobden Illinois. Geo. Ellwanger. Rochester New York. Charles Ely West Springfield... Missouri. Henry M. Engle Marietta Pennsylvania. Hiram Engle Marietta Pennsylvania. Aaron Erickson. Rochester New York. John K. Eshleman, M. D. ..Downingtown Pennsylvania Arthur W. Felton West Newton. Massachusetts. E. T. Field.. Red Bank New Jersey. John Fisher Batavia New York. W. C. Flagg Moro Illinois. D.wiD B. Flint Mount Auburn Massachusetts T. S. Force Newburg. .New York. C. Gilbert Fowler Newburg New York. Bernard S. Fox San Jose California. Jacob Fkantz Lemon Place. .Pennsylvania. Jonathan French Boston .Massachusetts. Isaac H. Frothingham Boston Massachusetts. Andrew S. Fuller Ridgewood New Jersey. R. W. Fdrn.\s Brownville >iebraska. E. B. Gardette, M. D. Philadelphia.. Pennsylvania. Henry J. Gardner Bo.ston MassaeluLsetts. Charles Glbb .Abbotsford Quebec. T. S. Gold.. West Cornwall.. Connecticut. S. S. Graves Geneva New York. William Griffith North East Pennsylvania. Samuel H. Grubb Roxborough.. Pennsylvania. T. W. Guy. Sulphur Springs. . .Missouri. WiLLi.\M Hacker Philadelphia. .Pennsylvania. O. B. II.\DWEN Worcester Mas.sachusetts. John S. Haines Germantown. .Pennsylvania. Henry C. Haines Germantown. .Pennsylvania. Ben.i. B. Hance Red Bank New Jer.scy. Edward Harries Buffalo New York. Tno.MAs M. Harvey'... West Grove. ..Pennsylvania. Geo. Haskell Ipswich Massachusetts. J. W. Helmer Lockport New York. Wm. Herdman Eaton Ohio. Dr. F. M. Hexamer New Castle New York. Geo. Hoadley Cincinnati Ohio. C. L. HoAG Lockport New York. Tho.mas Hogg New York New York. E. S. Holmes Grand Rapids Michigan. Warren Holton Hamilton Ontario. C. M. Hovey Cambridge ...Massachusetts. John C. Hovey .Cambridge . . .Massachusetts. John J. Howe ..Birmingham ...Connecticut. T. S. Hubbard Fredonia New York. II. H. HuNNEWELL Wello.sley Massaehu.setts. John M. Hunter Ashley Illinois. LIST OF MEMBERS. 11 J. F. C. Hyde ...Newton Massachusetts. TiNsi.EY Jeter Bethlehem Pennsylvania. J.VMES Jones Leipeiville Pennsylvania. Edw.vrd Kend.\ll .Cambridge Massachusetts. Geo. F. Kendall ..Cambridge Ma.ssachusetts. Joseph H. Kent .Kussellvilie . . . Penusyl vnnia. Samuel C. Kent Richmond Virginia. John A. King Great Neck, L. I. New York. John H. King Washington. Dist. Columbia. K. B. Koen Memphis Tennessee. H.\iiTMAN Kuhn Philadelphia . .Pennsylvania. A. D. Laing Stratford Connecticut. C. C. Langdon Mobile Alabama. William Lawton .New Ruciielle ...New York. A. M. L.\wver Galena ..Illinois. G. F. B. Leigiiton Norfolk ..Virginia. Henky Little Boston Massachusetts. Elijah H. Luke Cambridgep't Massachusetts. James M. Lyons. New Bedford Massachusetts. T. T. Lyon South Haven Michigan. David McFerron Alleghany City Pennsylvania. William R. Mann Sharon Massachusetts. Robert il anning _ . Salem Massachusetts. James H. Masters Nebraska City.. .Nebraska. J. M. ]McCuLLOCH Cincinnati Ohio. Henry McL.\ughlin Bangor Maine. Thomas Meehan Germantown. .Pennsylvania. F. R. Miller Sugar Grove . .Pennsylvania. W. H. Mills Hamilton Ontario. J. E. Mitchell Philadelphia . .Pennsylvania. Silas Moore .Providence Rhode Island. Henry T. Mudd ..St. Louis Missouri. D. O. Mdnson .Fall's Church Virginia. David S. Myer Bridgeville Delaware. I. D. G. Nelson Fort Wayne Indiana. J. S. Newman Sparta Georgia. Samuel W. Noble... Jenkintown... Pennsylvania. J. G. Orton, M. D Bingharaton New York. Charles Osborne N. Vassalboro Maine. William P.\kry Cinnaminson . . _ New Jersey. R, B. Parsons Flushing, L. I New York. William Parsons .Newton ..MassacluLsetts. James M. P.\ul North Adams. Massachusetts. Samuel R. Payson Boston . .Ma.ssachusetts. Edward D. Pe.^rce Providence Rhode Island. John M. Pearson .Godfrey ..Illinois. Samuel F. Perley Naples Maine. JoN.WHAN Periam Chicago Illinois. William H. Perot Baltimore. Maryland. R. Peters Atlanta Georgia. F. K. PiicENix Bloomington Illinoi.'<. Henry L. Pierce Boston .Massachusetts. William A. Pile St. Louis Missouri. J. Pickering Putnam Boston .Massachusetts. P. T. Quinn .Newark New Jersey. I. D. Richardson .Clarksville Nebraska. E. A. RiEiiL ...Alton ..Illinois. Edmund Law Rogers, Baltimore Maryland. Samuel H. Rumph... Marshall ville Georgia. GuRDON W. RisSELL, JI. D. Hartford Connecticut. H. S. Russell Milton Massachusetts. Stephen Salisbury- Worcester Massachusetts. F. G. Sampson Micanopy Florida. Willia.m Saunders Washington, Dist. Columbia. Geo. B. Sawyer Wi.scassct Maine. W. Scarborough Cincinnati Ohio. William Schley New York New York. David A . Scott Newburg New York. Edward C. Selover Auburn New York. C. C. Shaw Milford New Hampshire. J. R. Shotwell ...Railway New Jersey. C. Southwortii Stoughton Massachusetts. B. Smith ..Cuba Missouri. Benj. G. Smith Cambridge . . .Massachusetts. W. Smith. Geneva New York. Wm. Brown Smith Syracuse" New York. VVm. Eliot S.mitii .Alton Illinois. Wing R. S.mith Syracuse New York. Geo. Sparhawk Le.vingtou Massachusetts. Robert W. Starr Cornwallis Nova Scotia. Bryce Stew.\rt Clarksville Tennessee. Henry L. Stewart Middle Iladdam, Connecticut. C. W. Sp.\ulding, M. D. St. Louis Missouri. J. L. Stephens Booneville Missouri. W. C. Strong Brighton Massachusetts. J. M Stone. Calhoun Station. Mississippi. Howard Swineford Richmond Virgin ia. Edward P. Taft... .Providence... Rhode Island. Tho.mas Talbot .Billerica Ma.ssachusetts. Edward Tatnall Wilmington Delaware. John N. Taylor Brooklyn New York. Dr. Thomas Taylor Washington. Dist. Columbia. Joseph O. Taylor .Newport Kentucky. John T. Temple .Davenport Iowa. J. J. Thomas ..Union Springs.. .New York. Milton Thomas Los Angeles California' Geo. Thurber New York New York. B. C. Townsend New York ..New York. F. Trowbridcje Milford Connecticut. Carlton A. L'ber Christiansburgh _ _ . Virginia. Geo. R. Underhill Locust Valley ...New York. J.\coB V.\N Gelder Saugerties New York. J. A. Warder, M. D. Cleves Ohio. W. H. Wardwell Boston Massachusetts. William Watson Breuham Texas. D. B. Wier Lacon ..Illinois. Aaron D. Weld Boston Massachusetts. Jesse M. Wellborn Conyers Georgia. Leahder Wetiierell Boston Massachusetts. Joseph V. Whelan.. Montgomery New York. John B. Whitehead Norfolk Virginia. Charles O. Whitmore Boston Massachusetts. John Wieland Farmersvllle Ohio. Edward B. Wilder Dorchester ...Massachusetts. Marshall P. Wilder Dorchester Massachusetts. Marshall P. Wilder, Jr.. Dorchester Ma.ssachusetts. Henry T. Williams New York New York. W. C. Wilson Baltimore Maryland. O. F. Winchester New Haven Connecticut. John D. Wolfe New York New York. A. Work.. New York New York. Dr. A. P. AVylie .Chester South Cai'olina. W. H. Yeomans. Columbia .Connecticut. J. ^I. W. Yerrington Boston Massachusetts. J.\MEs YouNGLOVB Bowllng Green Kentucky. 12 LIST OF MEMBERS. Biennial. Isaac Andekson New Haven Connecticut. P. M. ArGTJR Middlcfield Connecticut. Helen V. Austin Riclimond Indiana. J. Ly.m.^^n Bahcock Norfolk .Virginia. George Baldekston Coloia _ _ Maniand. WiLLtAM N. B.\RNETT West Haven Connecticut. W. P. BissELL. -Riclimond Virginia. W. D. Brackenridge Govanstown Maiyland. G. B. Brackett _ .-.Denmark Iowa. Moses Brinton Octorara Pennsylvania. Wii.lt am Brocksbank Hudson New York. A. Bryant, Sr. , .Princeton ..Illinois. Rev. Robert Burnet Hamilton Ontario. IsiDOR Busii - Bu.sliberg Missouri. Aaron D. C.-^-PEN Boston Massachuset ts. Howard A. Chase Philadelphia ..Pennsjivania. Lewis Chase Rochester New York. Eliphalet Clark, M. D Portland Maine. C. S. Cole Spencerport New York. John S. Collis Moorestown New Jersey. W. A. M. CuBLBUBT, M. D. Newburg New York. D. S. Curtis. Paris Illinois. D. M. Dewey Rochester New York. Daniel S. Dewey Hartford Connecticut. E. W. Durand. Irvington New Jersey. Edward J. Evans TTork Pennsylvania. H. H. Farley Union Springs... New York. Rev. A. FuRN.iS Danville Indiana. Leverett Grover Windsor Ohio. Dr. C. C. H.\Mn,TON Cornwallis Nova Scotia. Samuel Hape Atlanta Georgia. A. W. Harrison Philadelphia ..Pennsylvania. J. J. Harrison Painesville Ohio. Peter Henderson Jersey City New Jersey. H. E. Hooker Rochester New York. JosLVH HooPES West Chester.. Pennsylvania. William Howe... North Salem New York. Stephen Hoyt New Canaan Connecticut. Thomas P. Ja.vies Cambridge . . .Massachusetts. Thomas P. Janes Atlanta.. ..Georgia. S. T. Jenkins ...Atlanta Georgia. Thomas S. Kennedy. Louisville. Kentucky. Fred. W. Kelsey Rochester New York. M. D. Kendig. .Cresswell Pennsylvania. Edward Kidder Wilmington N. Carolina. J. W. Manning Reading Massachussetts. J. S. McCalla Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. Edward M. Moody Lockport New York. Elisha Moody Lockport ...New York. Geo. H. Moody ...Lockport New York. John B. Moore Concord Massachusetts. R. A. Moore Ken.sington Connecticut. .JosiAH Newhall Lynnfield Massachusetts. Ezra A. Osborn. Middleton New Jersey. Ambrose F. P-^ge Billerica Massachusetts. S. Patterson Lynchburg . ..Virginia. Geo. p. Peffer Pewaukee Wisconsin. James Pentl.\nd Baltimore Maryland. Randolph Peters Wilmington Delaware. W. H. Ragan Clayton Indiana. James H. Ricketts Newburg New York. Prof. C. V. Riley ..St. Louis .Missouri John S.\ul Washington. Dist. Columbia William L. Schaffer Philadelphia . .Pennsylvania. R, M. SIMMS . . . ■ S. Carolina. Hiram H. Smith West Haven Connecticut. James Smith Des Moines Iowa. W.\TERM.\^N Smith Manchester. New Hampshire. W. II. Smith Geneva New York. Thomas Smith Geneva .New York. J. E. Snodgrass Washington, Dist. Columbia. Dr. F. Strentzel Jlartinez California. Dr. E. L. Sturtevant S. Framingham . . Mass- John M. Stubbs Dublin Georgia- Dr. E. Ware Sylvester Lyons New York. Geo. B. Thomas West Chester. . Pennsylvania. B. F. Transou. - .Humbolt Tennessee. Edward Whitney Boston Massachusetts. Ezra AVhitm.\n Baltimore .Maryland. S. D. WiLLARD Geneva New York. E. Williams. Montclair New Jersey. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1877. FIRST DAY— MORNING SESSION. Baltimore, Maryland, September, 12, 1877. The Society met in the Concert Hall of the Academy of Music at 10 A. M., and in the absence of tlie President, the Honorable Marshall P. Wilder, who was prevented by sudden illness from attend- • ing, was called to order by the Secretary. C. M. HovEY, Vice-President for Massachusetts, was elected to preside during the meeting. On motion of Mr. Scliaffer, of Pennsylvania, a telegram was ordered to be transmitted to the Presi- dent, expressive of regret at his absence and hoping for his speedy restoration to health. Mr. W. H. Perot, President of the Maryland Horticultural Society, welcomed the Society to the city of Baltimore, in an appropriate and cordial manner. Mr. Hoyey responded on behalf of the Society, thanking the Maryland Horticultural Society for the courtesy extended to the American Pomological Society. The following Committee on Credentials was, on motion, appointed by the presiding officer: Josiah Hoopes, of Pennsylvania ; George EUwanger, of New York, and 0. B. Hadwen, of Massachusetts. Benjamin G. Smith, of Massachusetts, in the absence of the Treasurer, Mr. James, who was de- tained by sickness, was chosen Treasurer pro-tem. On motion of Mr. Barry, of New York, delegates were invited to come forward and enroll their names and pay their dues, and a short recess was taken for that purpose. The following Committee on Record of Fruits exhibited, was appointed by the chair: P. J. Berck- mans, of Georgia; George B. Thomas, of Pennsylvania; Charles Downing, of New York; George W. Campbell, of Oiiio, and H. McLaughlin, of Maine. The following Committee was appointed on Award of Wilder Medal; A. W. Harrison, of Penn- sylvania ; Elisha Moody, of New York ; William L. Schaffer, of Pennsylvania ; William Watson, of Texas, and B. F. Transou, of Tennessee. A Committee on Revision of Constitution, consisting of P. Barry, of New York ; P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia, and John A. Warder, of Ohio, was appointed. The following Committee on Nominations was appointed : Josiah Hoopes, of Pennsylvania; F. Trow- bridge, of Conneticut; John Saul, of the District of Columbia; W. H. Ragan, of Indiana; G. B. Brackett, of Iowa ; H. McLaughlin, of Maine ; James Pentland, of Maryland ; 0. B. Hadwen, of Massachu.setts; George Thurber, of New Jersey; George EUwanger, of New York; G. W. Campbell, of Ohio; Silas Moore, of Rhode Island; R. M. Simms of South Carolina; B. F. Transou, of Tennessee; William Watson, of Texas, and Franklin Davis, of Virginia. Mr. Perot,. on behalf of the Maryland Horticultural Society, extended an invitation to the mem- bers to participate in a steamboat excursion to Riverside, and the peach orchards of Col. Wilkins, in Kent County. The iuYitation was accepted with thanks. On motion of Mr. Barry it was voted that evening meetings be held at the CarroUton House, and Mr. Pentland was appointed a Committee to obtain a suitable room. 14 TREASURER S REPORT. The Report of the Treasurer was then called for, and the following letter and report were read by the Secretary. The letter was referred to the Committee on Nominations. Hon. Makshall P. AVilder: Cambridge, September 8th, 1877. Mt Dear Sir: — I enclose my Report of Receipts and Expenditures of the funds of the American Pomologieal Society, as Treasurer of the Association. Also my check on the Charles River National Bauk, to your order, for the sum of Three Hundred and Sixty-nine ^^^^ dollars, the amount of balance in my hands, of the Society's funds. I hold the stock of proceedings of the association subject to your order. I am sorry to inform you that the state of my health is such that I am admonished to decline a re- election to the office of Treasurer of an association which I have held ab initio. With sentiment of the highest respect, I remain most truly yours, THOMAS P. JAMES. TREASURER'S REPORT. Cambridge, September, 1877. To the President and Members of the American Pomologieal Society : Gentlemen : — I submit a statement as Treasurer, of the Receipts and Disbursments of the funds of the Association during the term of 1876-1877, viz : 1875. Sept. 1 1877. Sept. 1 BECEIPTS. 1, To balance ou liand, per last report,.-. $471 oG 1, To cash received for eighteen life mem- berships, $20 each, . _ 360 00 To cash received for one hundred and thirty-three biennial memberships $4 each 532 00 To cash for sale of a catalogue, 50 To cash for a copy of proceedings to a member havhig mislaid his copy, 1 00 To cash for a fuH set of the proceedings by permission of the President to the Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 30 00 $1,385 00 DISBURSEMENTS. 1875. Sept. By cash refunded to W. C. Flagg, Sec- retary, for postage stamps, by order of the President, _...'.. By cash paid C. E. Southard for 875 copies of fruits, by order, Oct. 9. By cash paid for printing 150 slips and on 120 postal cards, Nov. 15, By cash paid Prof. C. V. Riley for tlie wood cut of the Canker worm, by order of the President, By cash paid Rand & Avery for print- ing circulars, etc., by order of the President, 15 00 21 00 3 25 18 15 55 75 113 15 1875, Mar. By amount forward, 113 15 By cash paid E. R. Andrews, for print- ing, etc., of the proceedings of the 15th session, by order of the Presi- dent, Apr'l 11, By cash paid for printing, call on mem- bers for postage etc., including 300 postal cards, By cash paid for paper, for envelopes and help, 809 50 187(i. April, 1877. Mar. April, Sept. By cash paid e.xpress charges on pro- ceedings to Boston and Cambridge, . . By ca.sh paid for 400 one cent stamps on circulars sent to members, _ By cash paid to Rand & Avery for printing, etc., circulars to members, $29, and for envelopes, $4, By cash for note paper, envelopes, stationary, etc. , By cash paid for printing a notice of .session at Baltimore, including 500 postal cards, By cash paid for printing notice of hotel rates at Baltimore, including 400 postal cards, _ - By cash paid for postage on proceed- ings sent to life and other members during the term, $6.88; do on 48 letters, 3 cts. each, $1.44; do on 7 postal cards, 7 cts. ,.. _ By balance on hand, 5 50 5 00 19 65 4 00 33 00 4 00 8 00 5 50 8 39 369 37 $1,385 06 Respectfully submitted, THOMAS P. JAMES, 7Vm.«/;rc. The Report was accepted, but the Society could not allow Mr. James to retire from an office which he had so honorably filled from its origin. The subject of tiie next place of meeting being taken up, Nashville was urged by Messrs. Transou, Berckmans and Brainerd, and the claims of Rochester advocated by Messrs. Moody, Hooker and Barry. On motion of Mr. Peutland, action was postponed until afternoon. Adjourned to 3 o'clock P. M. president's adduess. ■ 15 FIRST DAY— AFTERNOON SESSION, ADDRESS OF THE HON. MARSHALL P. "WILDER. In the absence of tlie President his address was read as follows : Gentlemen of the American Pomological Society : — This is the the sixteenth session of our Associa- tion. We meet here by the invitation of the Maryland Horticultural Society, through whose courtesy and liberality we have been provided with most ample accomodations for the occasion. Most heartily do I rejoice in the privilege and pleasure of taking by the hand so many with whom I have been associated in the past for the promotion of the objects of this Association, and from whom I have received so many expressions of confidence, aad so much assistance in the discharge of my duties. Once more, tlirough the loving kindness of Him who again hath restored my health, I ri.se to perform a service which the Constitution of our Society devolves upon me. Almost a generation of men have passed from the stage of action since its formation, but, thanks to a merciful Providence, some still live who assisted in its organization, and are here to-day. To these and to all who have come here to co- operate with us I extend a most hearty welcome. Amidst the strides of scientific research and a higher state of civilization, which has distinguished the present century, in nothing is progi'ess more apparent than in the advancement of pomological knowl- edge on this continent. I have spoken of this on former occasions, but now, as we are entering on the second century in the history of our republic, I have thought that a review of what has been accomplish- ed, even at the expense of repeating something which I may have uttered before, would be both interesting and instructive. THE GROWTH, EXPANSION AND INFLUENCE OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND KINDRED ASSOCIATIONS. Frequent allusion has been made to the remarkable growth and influence of our Association. At the first meeting of the Society, in the year 1848, there were but twelve States represented by delegates, while at our last session in Chicago, in 1 875, there were, as may be seen by the Report on Credentials, twenty-eight States, Territories and Provinces represented in person, and nine by letters of correspondence, making a grand total of thirty-seven. In 1848 the attendance was limited by the num- ber of delegates present from these twelve States, and the jurisdicton of the Society by the area which they represented. Now we have on our roll the names. of three hundred and thirty-eight members, and its field covers the entire territory from Canada to Texas — from Nova Scotia to California. From nearly all of these States and districts reports are regularly received of the progress and condition of fruit culture therein, with fruits for indentification and comparison, and with lists of those adapted to their several localities. And here let us acknowledge with gratitude the noble and generous manner in which the various State Societies and Fruit-Gi'owers' Associations have cooperated with our institution to bring about the grand results which we have witnessed. With the clo.se of the present session the Society will have held sixteen conventions, and will have entered on the thirtieth year of its existence. Three sessions of the Society have been held in the city of New York, three in Pliiladelphia, three in Boston, two in Rochester, N. Y., one eacli in the cities of Cincinnati, St. Louis, Richmond and Chicago, to which will soon be added the city of Baltimore. These sessions have been marked by evidently rapid and most gratifying progress, both as regards the informa- 16 ' president's address. tion acquired and disseminated, as well as by the improved workings of the Society, and the character and usefulness of its publications. This progress has been essentially promoted by the holding of its meet- ings in distant cities of the United States. Prom this fact the Society has been called a national institution. But it is more than national. It is continental, embracing within its fold not only the States of the Union, but the British Provinces on our border. Its latitude extends over twenty-five degrees, and its longitude the entire breadth of this conti- nent. Its area embraces almost every variety of soil and temperature, where almost all of the fruits of the various zones may be grown, from the apples of Canada, to the oranges, figs and bananas of Florida, Louisiana and California. It is therefore properly styled an American Society. Its field is not merely the American Union, it is our continent. Its men and means have been more effective than were ever before used for the promotion of Pomology. The capabilities and probabilities of its field for progress were never surpassed by any country, affording, as it does, ample scope for testing the fruits adapted to the various climates, temperatures and soils of our widely extended domain. THE EXTENSION OF FRUIT CULTURE, AND THE IMMENSE CROPS OF OUR COUNTRY. As the source of light and heat travels from the East, completing its daily circuit on our Western shore, there to rejoice in all his strength, so fruit culture has crossed our continent to the Pacific slope, there to produce almost all the fruits of the habitable globe, and finally to permeate, enrich and adorn our whole land. At the time of the organization of our Society, the cultivation of fruits for the market, or for ex- jwrtation, was limited to a few of the older States. In Mr. Coxe's oj)inion the fine apple growing section was bounded by the Mohawk river in the North, and the James river in the South. Fruit growing in this section was confined principally to apples and peaches ; but very few of the latter found their way to the markets of the North, while strawberries and other small fruits were scarcely to be seen, except in the locality where they were raised. But now, almost every steamer from New York for Liverpool or London, in the fall and winter months, takes apples varying from five hundred to three thousand barrels. Shipments have been made from other ports, and as late as last May there were fifteen hundred barrels sent to England from Phila- delphia. In December last, ninety thousand barrels of American apples were landed at Liverpool. Very little difficulty is experienced in the winter months, but arrangements have been made to ship in warm weather by vessels with refrigerator compartments. As the refrigerating process becomes more and more perfect it will aid largely the exportation, not only of apples, but of more delicate fruits. Pears, peaches and grapes have been sent to England in good order, and it is confidently expected that American peaches will soon be well known in the markets of England. But what shall we say of Canada, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, California, Oregon and other sections, and other new States and Territories, where the cultivation of fruits had scarcely commenced when this Society was estal)lished ! Who that witnessed the exhibitions of fruit from the States first mentioned at our various sessions in Richmond, Boston, Chicago, and at the Centennial in Philadelphia, has not been surprised at the progress already made. At the time this Society was formed the area of fruit culture and the value of our fruits was so limited that it was not thought worth while to collect the statistics. Then many States, Canada and Nova Scotia, had given but little attention to fruit culture, except that of apples. These and other sections were deemed- too far North for successful fruit cultivation. Now they produce large quantities of fine fruits, the Nova Scotia Society having received four medals from the Eoyal Horticultural Society of London, and the Ontario Society, at the Quarter Centennial session in Boston in 18?3, the Wilder Medal, for the best collection. The estimate by the Government for the Centennial, last year, furnished the following statistics (soon to be published), of the fruit culture of our country: The number of acres under cultivation, iu orchards, vines and small fruits, is estimated at 4,500,000. The number of trees is estimated as follows: apples, 1 l'-i,000,000 ; pears, "28, ■•ii;0,()O(l ; peaches, 11^,270,000; grapes, 141,360,000; total, 393,790,000. The estimated value of fruit products is: apples, $50,400,000; president's address. 17 pears, $14,130,000; peaelies, *5G,i;55,000 ; grapes, *3,1 18,900; strawberries, $5,000,000; other fruits, 110,432,800; making a grand total of $138,216,700; or, nearly equal to one-half of the value of our average wheat crop. California, to say nothing of figs, oranges, olives and almonds, has nearly one-third of the whole grape area, sixty thousand acres of vineyanls, and forty-three millions of vines, yielding annually, besides grapes and rasins for the market, ten millions of gallons of wines, to which may be added the wines of Missouri, Ohio and other IStates, the whole wine product being fifteen millions of gallons, as the annual crop. The following are a few illustrations of the immense ((uantities of fruits which are sent to marke in addition to what is consumed at home. Of strawberries, there were received in one day, in the New York market at the height of the season, from all sources, 7,000 crates, averaging at least a bushel and a half each — more than 10,000 bushels. The crop of peaches raised in this country is so enormous that we hardly dare state the quantity. The largest crop was in 1875, and on the peninsula of Delaware and Maryland-alone was estimated at between 7,000,000 and 8,000,000 baskets. From California, according to the statement furnished me by Mr. E. J. Hooper, editor of the Cali- fornia Horticulturist, there were sent East in 1876, three hundred and thirty-four car loads of fruit, of four hundred bushels each ; an increase of more than one hundred per cent, over the previous year, one firm having sent seven hundred tons; and of the strawberry, it is estimated that from San Jose and vicinity, some days there were sent for home consumption forty tons of this fruit, and in a circuit of about five miles there are more than a thousand acres of this fruit under cultivation. Dr. Strentzel, our Chairman of the Fruit Committee for California, writes, that, at short notice, that State can furnish the whole continent with an overflowing supply of fruit. From Virginia, Mr. Leighton, our Vice-President, writes, that the increase of Strawberry culture in the vicinity of Norfolk, is astonishing, completely heading the page of horticultural progress, and that it seems wonderful how the .demand keeps pace so closely with the supply. The shipments this year have been over three millions of quarts. There were nearly 10,000 pickers in the field in one day. One grower had 185 acres. To Boston alone there have been shipped this year 11,547 crates, of 45 quarts each, or more than 16,000 bushels. In Illinois very little fruit was raised, except for home use, until 1840, when, according to Mr. Flagg's interesting historical address before the State Horticultural Society, a new era in fruit culture commenced. Now there are 320,000 acres of orchards in that State. Mr. Parker Earle informs me that in a good season there have been sent from Ills' station alone (Cobden) twenty-five car loads of fruit daily. Of strawberries, where scarcely any were raised sixteen years ago for exportation, within six or seven years the cultivation has increased at Cobden and vicinity to over one thousand acres, so that five or six car- loads daily are dispatched to the various markets. From Georgia, Mr. Berckmans, President of the State Horticultural Society, writes as follows of the late exhibition of his Society : " Many of our people of iutelligenee were amazed at our progress. The exhibition of fruits was grand. I am safe in saying that the display of peaches was never surpassed, if equalled, in any place in the past. I had fifty-six varieties of peaches, all ripe and in perfection ; others had collections almost equal in number, and several surpassing in size. Many had peaches measuring twelve and one-half inches in circumference. The grape show was almost equal to the peach exhibit. Upwards of fifty varieties were exhibited. Some wonderfully fine Concords were shown, which weighed one pound to the bunch. Pears were fine, but not numerous as to varieties." He had forty varieties in eating condition, which, together with the balance of his collection, made nearly two hundred varieties of fruits. The increase in the crops of apples, in New York, Michigan, and the more Western States, is wonderful. From New York, it is estimated that in abundant years, one and a half millions of barrels, are ex- ported in addition to those consumed at home, a single firm at Boston receiving from that State from 30,000 to 40,000 barrels of apples per year. In the best seasons, Monroe, Niagara and Orleans counties produce more than one million barrels of apples, and the value in one county is stated to be a million of dollars. 3 18 president's address. Michigan is a great fruit producing State and many parts of it fully up to New York. The crop of apples in this State, is estimated by Vice-President Lyon, at $3,000,000 in value ; peaches, $1,000,000, and other fruits, $1,000,000, or a total of $4,000,000. TROPICAL FRUITS. The reports of Mr. Bishop, Chairman of the Fruit Committee for Florida, and of Mr. Redmond, Vice-President for Mississippi, give promise of a great increase in the cultivation of tropical fruit. This, says Mr. Berckmans, has revolutionized the (State of Florida within the past ten years. It has long been known that the climate of Florida was well suited to the cultivation of the orange, but it is within the last few years that it has been practically demonstrated that this, as well as many other tropical fruits, could be grown with profitable results. Florida oranges were, until within a few years, seldom seen in our northern cities; now the bulk of the consumption is derived from the flowery State. In this, as in many other fruits in other sections of the continent, there has been great improvement ; by selecting the best varieties for propagation, until the standard of quality of the orange in California is based upon that of Florida oranges. The lower portions of Mississppi and Louisiana produce large quantities of oranges, but they are seldom shipped to the northern cities, New Orleans consuming all that are pro- duced in the surrounding parishes. Bananas are being extensively grown in lower Florida, and tind ready sale at remunerative prices. Limes, shaddocks and lemons have received increased attention, while pineapples have been found to be very successful in the southern portion of Florida. The date begins to thrive successfully on the coast of lower Georgia and will doubtless ere long be extensively cultivated. California now raises seven millions of oranges annually, and it appears probable that this State, with the Gulf States, can furnish all the tropical fruits required for the consumption of the whole country. The immense collection of fruit shown at the Centennial Exposition last year, surpassing even the great exhibitions of this Society at Boston and Chicago, deserves mention here. Mr. Parker Earle, one of the Judges, writes me, "I know that the judges examined over twelve thoiTsand dishes of fruit during the week commencing the 10th of September, and I have no doubt that the entire exhibition during the season reached the grand number of over sixty thousand dishes, and over four hundred thousand specimens." Such are some of the statistics which I have been able to gather, but it is hoped that the response of our own Vice-Presidents to our circular will make the report of our resources more complete. In view of the wonderful progress which has already been made, we begin to realize the great im- portance of American Pomology, nor should we forget, as among the great benefits of fruit culture, the employment of thousands of men, women and children, or the immense amounts paid for freight on fruits to railroads, steamboats, etc., and the profits to dealers. But who can estimate the amazing quantities of fruits that are to be produced on this continent, when the lands suited to fruit culture are brought into use! Look ^t the vast amount of these in the eastern slope of our country, and, still more wonderful, the land on the Pacific slope. Of these, Cali- fornia alone has a territory 800 miles in length and 200 miles in breadth — three times as large as all of the New England States — four times as large as the State of New York or Pennsylvania, having millions of acres for fruit cultivation. THE INTRODUCTION AND DISSEMINATION OF NEW AND VALUABLE AMERICAN FRUITS. The introduction of new American varieties from seed, adapted to all sections of our vast territory, not only in itself, but as incentives to further progress, cannot be overrated. To this, more than to any other cause, are we indebted for the rapid progress of American Pomology. Fruits of foreign origin, although of great value in certain sections of our country, have not as a rule yielded such favorable results as those selected from our new and improved native fruits. By this means we have not only introduced new varieties, adapted to every section of our country, but varieties which have prolonged the season of fruits in some sections, either by early or late kinds, for one or more months. Especially is this to be seen in the peach, grape, and strawberry, so that many of our markets are supplied for a much longer period than ever before. president's address. 19 By tlie introduction of early peaclies, the season for this fruit lias been advanced nearly a niontli. In South Carolina and Georgia shipments have been made this year to northern markets as early as May 25th. Similar illustrations might be given of the prolongation of the season of the strawberry, the grape, and the pear, in our markets; those of the north being now supplied with the strawberry from the first of May to the middle of July ; and with the grape and the pear from the first of July until April or May. And why may not those who have the means, supply their tables with fruits in some form through the year? Some of us already enjoy this luxury, beginning with the strawberry and following in succession with the other small fruits, the grape, the pear and the apple, thus furnishing a circle of fruits which delights the eye, gratifies the taste, improves the health, and crowns our daily meals through- out the year. California seems to be the most favored spot on earth for the production of new varieties of fruits, if we may judge by such pears as the Fox, Barry, Wilder and others, raised from seed by Mr. Fox, our Vice- President for that State. If his success should be taken as a criterion, and these fruits should prove adapted to other climates, that State alone can supply the world with improved varieties, not only of the pear but of other fruits. Matured as the seed is in the warm, dry summers and autumns of California, we have reason to hope for great vigor and hardiness. Great advances have been made in the improvement of our wild fruits, such as are seen in the varieties of the Chickasaw and Wild Goose plum, of which these are types, and the new varieties of grapes for the South, from which regular and profitable results are obtained, where none were before. In this connection we "may also mention the crab apple, which, though not indigenous, has furnished, in its improved varieties and hybrids, fruit of the greatest value for the extreme north. IMPROVEMENT IN PACKING AND TKANSPORTATION. Much of our progress in pomology and horticulture is due to the increase of facilities for transporta- tion afforded by railroads and steamboats. Especially is this the case in the Southern and Western States, and California. These railroad and steamboat facilities have induced fruit growers to increase their products, being assured they would arrive in good condition in distant markets. But these improvements in transportation would have been of but little advantage had they not been supplemented by careful packing. Steamers and cars are now provided with large refrigerators, by which delicate fruits can be sent long distances, even to Europe. The various styles of fruit packages, every class of fruit being provided with one suited to its character, are wonders of cheapness and efficiency. The obstacles with ■which we formerly had to contend have been mostly removed, so that fruits can be sent safely to very distant markets, where it was impossible to send them ten or fifteen years ago. This increased supply has increased consumption and caused a corresponding decrease in prices. It has made fruit almost a necessary portion of our daily meals, thus largely fostering its production. The packing of trees has also received more attention than formerly. Experience has taught us much on this point, especially in adapting it to the character of the voyage and the climate through which the trees are to pass. Thus trees shipped by our friends Ellwanger & Barry, to Australia, after a voyage of fifteen thousand miles and being one hundred and fifty-three days on the way, were received in safe condition. Only three trees out of one hundred and sixty were dead. In this connection I desire to impress on the packers and shippers of fruit to foreign lands, since our best American apples have sold in London at much higher prices than English and French apples, the great importance of especial vigilance in seeing that no inferior fruit ever crosses the ocean, thus preserv- ing the integrity of our fruit growers and dealers, and the reputation of our nation for the superiority of our fruits. England esteems American apples above ail others. As long ago as 1773, when the crop of apples had failed the previous year, English importations from this country had been made and were highly appreciated. In a letter from Michael Collinson to John Bartram, of Philadelphia, he writes as follows :— " Your American apples have been an admirable substitute this season, some of our merchants having imported great quantities of them. They are, notwithstanding, too expensive for common eating, being sold for two pence, three pence, and even four pence an apple. But their flavor is much superior to any thing we can pretend to, and I think even superior to the apples of Italy." 20 president's address. THE PERFECTION ATTAINED IN THE CANNING AND DRYING OF FRUITS. The canning process h;is been brought to great perfection, and that of drying promises to become even more useful, when it shall have arrived at its utmost development, possessing the great advantage for transportation of reducing the weight three-fourths or more by the removal of water, and rendering it capable of shipment to all climes, and of being preserved perfectly for years. We need not fear an overstock, as many new ways will doubtless be devised for its use. The extent of this business is already immense, but I have been unable to procure any statistics. Six canning firms in California employ two thousand women and children, and turn out from one and one-half to two millions of dollars yearly in amount of goods. Figs and grapes are being extensively dried in California. The quantity of raisins already produced annually is estimated at 400,000 pounds or more. Although not yet equal in quality to those imported from Europe, it is believed that with further experience they will be produced of the highest excellence. Of dried fruits there were cured in that State, by the Alden Company alone, seventy- five tons. As time advances there will doubtless be many other modes introduced for utilizing any surplus of abundant seasons. Well does a writer remark, " There ought to be a score of elegant and nutritious preparations in all our markets, thus adding to the variety of fresh and prepared fruits, and superseding the wretched pastry and other abominations now in vogue." REVENUE FROM FRUIT CULTURE. The foreign market for our fruits is now as well established as that for our wheat. Competent judges unite in the opinion that the European and Australian markets are prepared to take increasing quantities of fresh and dry fruit if landed in good ciindition. Australia and Germany will consume immense quan- tities of dried fruits, but England prefers fresh fruit. There have been shipped to foreign ports from this country since last October three hundred and ninety-six thousand barrels of apples. In December last there were sent on an average over twenty thou- sand barrels per week, or ninety thousand barrels for the mouth. These consisted mostly of the Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, and Newtown Pijipin. The English like red apples best, and so it has been from the reign of Henry VIII, red apples generally commanding the best price. A decided preference is given to American apples. The English market can take from twelve to fifteen thousand barrels per week, and shipments sell readily, varying in price from three dollars and fifty cents to ten dollars per barrel. The foreign market for peaches will be very great if prices can be made moderate, and when our refrigerating ships shall be perfected, England can take much of the surplus of our immense crops of this fruit. The same is true of pears, but all sales depend on the condition of the fruit. Formerly a large crop was not a blessing, owing to limitation of the market and the expense of gathering the fruit, and it has been estimated that a loss of several millions of dollars has been sometimes sustained in an abundant year by the waste of fruit. The whole crop may now be saved and utilized by the new methods which are being constantly invented for curing and distributing this surplus. In fruit districts large amounts of capital are invested in establishments for the drying and canning of fruits, which promise to put the surplus of abundant seasons in condition for preservation till wanted for con- sumption or exportation. Some of these are yet to be tested, but no doubt exists that we shall eventually thus utilize our fruits, and make them not only profitable, but a source of increasing revenue to our country. With reference to the demand for dried fruits the consumption is rapidly increasing, and if dried peaches can be furnished at as low prices as apples, the demand, it is thought, will be very great. Of dried fruits there were exported for the year ending June .30, 1877, 14,.318,05-3 pounds. Of preserved and canned fruits, especially peaches, there have been exported 702,344 dollars' worth in the year ending June 30, 1877. The trade for these is well established and the demand is constantly increasing. Although the exportation of fruit has been going on quietly for a long time, it was not large till the year 1865 ; l)ut since that time the trade has been rapidly developed. These exports have varied much in yearly amounts, occasioned by scarce or abundant seasons. In 1861 the amount was only $269,000. In 1871 it was $509,000, while for the year ending June 30, 1877, it amounted to !|i2,937,025, as kindly furnished me by Dr. Young, chief of the Bureau of Statistics — showing an increase of more than five fold for the last five years. President's address. 21 CROSS-FERTILIZATION. Whatever the fruit cultivators of ancient times may have known in regard to tlie cross-impregnation of varieties for their improvement, we have no evidence, if we may judge l)y the quality of the fruits which have come down to us, that they were acquainted with this process. The first expi.-riment to ascertain the possibility of producing varieties by cross-fertilization appears to have been made in Germany, by Koel- reuter, who published reports of his proceedings in the acts of the Petersburg Academy, about one huudred years ago. Knight, Herbert and the Lindleys commenced the work some fifty or sixty years since, but it had scarcely been recognized by Duhamel, Noisette, or Poiteau, in their writings, and Van Mons absolutiely discouraged it. Poiteau remarked that all of the ameliorated and superior fruits luid their origin in woods and hedges, where superior fruits were rare and unknown. Nor was it more than alluded to by Coxe, Lowell, Manning, Thomas, Prince, and such leaders in our own land. Coxe, who may be styled the first American pomologist, alluded to it as "a curious discovery which had been made by Mr. Knight in the natural history of fruit trees, by which one variety might be impregnated with the farina of another, some of the products partaking of the properties of the male, otliers of the female parent." But with the publication of Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture, Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees, and the Horticulturist, the experiments in liybridization became well known in our country. This process, applied to the grape, said Andrew Jackson Downing, thirty years ago, will give hundreds of hardy kinds, adapted to every orchard and garden in the Union. How fully this prediction has been fulfilled we have seen in the new varieties of hybrid grapes produced by Allen, Rogers, Moore, Campbell, and especially by Mr. Ricketts, whose wonderful success in cross-fertilization has been achieved on the very soil where this prophecy was made. With this knowledge commenced a new era in the production of improved varieties of fruits, flowers and vegetables ; an era wlilcli has so enlarged the sphere of experi- ments in fertilization that its originators will ever be gratefully remembered as benefactors to mankind, who have illustrated one of those wonderful and beautiful laws by which the whole universe is regulated, and by which improvement in fruits, vegetables, and animal life may be advanced until absolute perfec- tion is attained. NOMENCLATURE. The progress in correct nomenclature has been most gratifying, and the labors of the American Pomological Society, in connection with its great exhibitions of fruits, have had a prominent leading influence in this result. Mr. John J. Thomas says, '•' I well remember the continued disappointments I met with when a young man in procuring trees that were true to the name — in some fruits accuracy seemed to be decidedly the exception. In corresponding on this subject some forty years ago with the elder Robert Manning, he remarked that the account of my disappointment was a history of his own." At the present time, all respectable nurseries are accurate throughout, and purchasers scarcely find an error. One of the objects of the founders of this Society was to correct the evils which formerly existed ; to aid in determining the synonyms by which the same fruit was known, and thus to establish the correct names and impart a knowledge of the value of varieties. Much has been accomplished by the Society's Catalogue, whereby a permanent foundation has been laid, which will eventually result in the complete abrogation of such names as are used without fitness, propriety or even truth. We especially desire, for the honor of our science, that all inelegant or absurd names, such as Cathead, Hogpen, Sheepnose, Stump the World, and the like, should no longer be applied to fruits. In this respect we have made great advances by the suppression of vulgar names and the adop- tion of such as have reference to the origin, introduction, or the characteristics of our fruits. How absurd to give to a luscious fruit, radiant with the loveliest tints of nature, and fragrant with the spices of Arabia — a fruit possessing almost supernal grace — such vulgar names. How inappropriate the dedication of fruits to warriors and statesmen, to generals and colonels, presidents and senators, or the long roll of titled nobility, which have no natural connection, or analogy, with fruits. How much more appropriate, for instance, are the names of the Baldwin and Porter apple, the Bartlett and Sheldon pear, the Early Craw- ford and Late Admirable peach, the Concord grape, and Wilson's Albany strawberry. Some of these have come down to us from former generations, and will survive as long as the varieties which bear them exist. SS prksident's address. without the use of three hundred aiid seventy names for twenty-nine kinds of apples, as stated in Dr. Howsley's Eeport of 1875. Our catalogue already abounds with the names of fruits of American origin, and they will ere long surpass in number those of foreign climes. Let us, then, labor to establish a pure, proper and practical nomenclature of fruits for our land, which shall be correct, definite, intelligible, and which shall endure for all time. Among the most important acts of tliis Society was the rejection, as unworthy of cultivation (in 1858, nineteen years since), of 635 varieties of fruits, then known in the catalogues of nurserymen, but since suppressed. Not less important was the adoption of its own Catalogue of varieties adapted to the various sections of our widely extended country. This took place in 1802, but it was reserved for the year 1871 to inaugurate the present grand quarto form, arranged in Nortliern, Soutliern and Central Divisions, similar in climate and other characters affecting fruit culture, with columns for fifty States and Territo- ries, thus presenting to the world the most perfect and practical catalogue of fruits extant. Thus shall we improve our pomology and thus hand down inestimable blessings to the world; not for ourselves only, but to gladden the sight, gratify the taste, and cheer the the hearts of tiie advancing millions that are to occujiy this blessed land. And what more enduring memorial of valuable service to posterity can we render than to transmit a fine fruit which shall survive when we have passed from our labors on earth. The pleasures of sight enhance the pleasures of taste, and thus generation after generation will rejoice in the beauty as well as the richness of fruits which have adorned our orchards and cheered our social meal, and which, with each successive year, cause us to realize the thought of the poet, that "A thing of beauty is a joy forever." POMOLOGICAL LITERATUKB. Among the most important agencies which have contributed largely to the advancement of the pom- ology of our country, we desire to speak especially of its literature. One hundred years ago this had not bet'un to exist in our country. Then there was not an agricultural, horticultural or pomological society, not a periodical or paper devoted to the cause of terraculture. When the Philadelphia and the Massachu- setts Societies for Promoting Agriculture were formed, our only pomological literature was limited to a small number of European works. These were, as far as possible, collected in the libraries of these societies, and we early trace the beginnings of an American pomological literature in papers contributed to the publications of these same societies. The first of these communications appeared in the Massachu- setts Agricultural Repository in 1796, on the natural history of the canker worm. In this paper Prof. Peck gave a very full account of this insect, still so injurious to our apple trees. This attention on the part of agricultural societies to fruit culture has continued and increased to the present day, and I am of the opinion that however much we may be indebted to the State societies and other prominent organiza- tions, we owe much to the unpretending reports of local societies for the interest which now pervades the masses and popularizes pomological knowledge. All of these may be counted in the history and literature of American Pomology. Many of these are not only examples of real practical knowledge, but are highly creditable for their literary and scientific character. From these, our own publications have derived much of the information which gives them their excellence, all combining to make up the literature of American pomology. Only fifty years ago, the difficulty of obtaining correct information from our own country- men in regard to fruit trees and the culture of them, was almost insuperable, and we were compelled to resort to such European authors as we could obtain. But those of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, such as Merlet, Quintinye, Duhamel, and the like, were in foreign languages, and not generally available for our use, if we except the " Pomologia " of the Dutch gardener, Hermann Knoop, which had been translated. It was not, however, until about the beginning of the present century, even in these countries, that the new enterprise in fruit culture, which characterizes the present age, had sprung up. The publications of Van Mons in Belgium, Forsyth and Knight in England, and Poiteau and Noisette in France, awakened a new interest in their own and other lands, but it was reserved for a later day, when their successors, George Lindley, Thompson, Rivers and Hogg, of England ; Esperen, Bivort and Berck- mans, of Belgium; Decaisne, Leroy and Mas, of France, and others of our own land, should infuse into the minds of cultivators that new zeal in fruit culture which has now spread throughout our own conti- nent. But it was not until the establishment of horticultural societies in the United States, such as the PKESIDENTS ADDRESS. 23 New York, in 1818, the Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, in 1828 and 1829, and the publication of their proceedings, that the glorious era in which we live commenced the development of our wonderful fruit resources. The first strictly pomological work published in America was Coxe's " View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees," which appeared in 1817. Throuo-h foreign correspondence and commercial intei-course, the zeal which had been awakened in Europe soon extended itself to our shores ; trees, scions and pomological books of foreign origin, were freely added to our own collections. Societies were formed, new nurseries establislied, catalogues pub- lished, and a general desire manifested for new and improved fruits. In this new enterprise, Coxe, of New Jersey ; Hosack, Buel and David Tliomas, of New York ; Mease, Carr and Landretli, of Pennsylvania; Lowell, Manning and Downer of Massachusetts; Young, of Ken- tucky; Smith, of lihode Island; Ives and Munson, of Connecticut; Corse, of Canada; Hildreth, Long- worth and Kirtland, of Ohio; Corse and Rogers, of Maryland; Kennicott and Dunlap, of Illinois, and others, soon became actively engaged. We have spoken of the early publications of Horticultural Societies, but there is another class of pub- lications to which we are even more indebted. In 1819, appeared the forerunner of the present host of Agricultural papers, the American Farmer, which still continues in a green old age, and it is a pleasant coincidence that we meet in the city where this first journal saw the light of day, and whose editor is the Secretary of the society whose hospitality we are now enjoying. Then came the New England Farmer, the Genesee Farmer, and the Albany Cultivator, through whose columns iirformation began to be widely disseminated. Then came the fruit books and publications of the elder and younger Prince, Thacher, Manning, Kenrick, the Downings, John J. Thomas, Hovey, Barry, Brinckle, Warder, Hooper, Elliot, Field, Fuller and others. Nor should we fail to mention as powerful agents in advancing the cause, Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture, the Horticulturist, the Gar- dener's Monthly, and the American Journal of Horticulture. Another class of pomological literature deserves prominent recognition, viz. : the host of descriptive catalogues of our nurserymen, many of which are of the most reliable, instructive and interesting character. Ultimately, as a consummation much to be desired, came the Proceedings of the American Pomological Society for the last twenty-nine years, embracing in consolidated form the reports of the various States and districts, the discussions, the cata- logues of fruits adapted to each section of our country, and other information, such as is nowhere else to be found in the history of pomological literature. Through these publications the reputation of our American fruits has attracted the attention of foreigners, so that European catalogues now possess many names of American varieties. NECROLOGY. But while I congratulate you on the prosperity of our institution, on its increasing influence, and on the lively interest manifested in its objects throughout our country, I am reminded of the absence of some who have labored with us for the promotion of our cause. Since our last session, there have been removed by death the following persons, who have held official positions in the Society: Dr. Benjamin P. Edwards, of Missouri; William Blanchard Towne, of New Hampshire; Bartlett Bryant, of Vermont ; Dr. Edwin S. Hull, of Illinois ; Daniel W. Coit, of Connecticut ; and Dr. John S. Hough- ton, of Pennsylvania. Dr. Benjamin F. Edwards, of Kirkwood, Missouri, held the office of Vice-President for that State from 1867 to '69, and again in 1S75 and '77. He was born in Darnestown, Maryland, July 2, 1797, and died at his beautiful residence in Kirkwood, April 27, 1877, at the ripe age of 80 years. His love of horticulture and kindred pursuits commenced early in life. He was intimately associated in the culture of the grape with Mr. Longworth, of Ohio, receiving cuttings from him of all the native and foreign grapes, which he scattered among the most enterprising of his numerous patients, and which made Madison county one of the first in the State in grape culture. He established a large vineyard in Jefl:erson county, on the German plan of close planting, having fifty varieties of grapes, which he eventu- ally reduced to four : the Concord, Ives, Norton and Herbemont. His interest in all matters pertaining to horticulture continued through life. Dr. Edwards had lived in Kentucky and Illinois for a time, but he finally removed to St. Louis, with a great reputation as a physician, which in after life he fully maintained. Even in his busy profession, he constantly sought to promote all benevolent and Christian •24 president's address. enterprises, Ijelieving "that what he had belonged to God, and was given to him to be used for His cause.' He was carried to his grave in a full old age, universally beloved and respected. Many of us well remem- ber his introduction as the oldest Vice-Presideut at Chicago, and his appropriate reply; also his affectionate speech at St. Louis, as he placed a wreath presented by the ladies of that city on the head of your presiding officer. William Blanchard Towne, a Vice-President of this Society for New Hampshire, was born in Bow, N. H., October 13, 1810, and died suddenly in Boston, April 10, 1876, aged 65. He was in early life employed in farming; afterwards a merchant in Boston. He was Treasurer of the New Eugland His- toric-Genealogical Society and one of its Vice-Presidents, and an active member of the New Hampshire Historical Society; President of the Skowhegan National Bank, and the Milford Five Cent Savings Institution, and member of the New Hampshire Legislature in 1872-"?3. Some years ago he purchased his father's homestead in Milford, and took a deep interest in the exhibitions of his State and county. Mr. Towne was a very useful man, and universally respected. Bartlett Bryant, a Vice-President of this Society for the State of Vermont, was born at Hanover, New Hampshire, February 26, 1822, and died at Derby Centre, April 26, 1876. He was from early life attached to the cultivation of fruits, and feeling the need of hardy fruits in his region he established nurseries in Stanstead, Canada, and in Derby Centre and Euosburg, Vermont, introducing new fruits, and doing a large business in the distribution of hardy trees in tlie north and north-west, especially with regard to our colder regions. No man, says a friend, has done more in the last twenty-two years in the promulgation of choice, hardy fruits than Mr. Bryant, for which his name will be honored in our north- eastern boundaries. His success in grafting the apple on the crab stock, to prevent injuries by frost, and the planting of large orchards of the crab varieties, and other very hardy apples, is well known. He was also much engaged in stock raising, especially of fine horses, possessing nine farms, and at the time of his death, large nurseries of fruit trees. He was a benevolent man, having made donations for schools, orjihan children, etc., and his loss was much deplored. Dr. Edwin S. Hull, of Alton, Hlinois, was born in Connecticut, May, 1810, and died at his residence November 8, 1875. In 1844 he removed to the famous Hull farm, near Alton. He planted large orchards of fruit trees and soon became a leader in this line. As frequently is the case in new enterprises, he met with disappointments in his culture, but, never discouraged, he cont(nided with the evils of insects, blight, etc., ever looking forward to better results, which made him an authority on such subjects. He gave much study to the character and depredation of insects, especially the curculio, and invented methods for its destruction. He wrote extensively on the causes of pear blight, and his efforts by root-jiruuing to pre- vent it. He aided largely in founding the Alton Horticultural Society, of which he was President; was State Pomologist ; a member of our Committee on Foreign Fruits for 1867 and '68, and President of the Illinois State Horticultural Society, and for several years was horticultural editor of the Prairie Farmer Many of us will remember how courteously, as President of the Illinois Horticultural Society, he welcomed us at Chicago two years since, when he said, " These meetings bring us together from the North, South, East, West, and British Provinces, to form friendships stronger than any political ties," and exjiressed the hope that at no distant day we should meet again. These hopes were blasted, for in a few weeks he passed into the spirit world. Daniel Wadsworth Coit, at the time of his decease, was the oldest person who had held membership or office in our Society. He was born in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1787, and died in that city on the 18tli of July, 1876, under the majestic elms where his widow now resides, in the 90th year of his age. Early in life he was engaged in New York in commercial pursuits, and highly respected as a merchant. In 1819 he went to Peru, where he resided for some seven years, in business relations with England, America and Spain, having more than once crossed the Andes, visiting the mountains and the ruined cities of the Incas. He repeatedly visited Europe, and particularly Spain, in whose schools of art he took great interest. In 1840 he returned to his native home; but just before the breaking out of the war with Mexico he went to that city, where he was established in business for awhile. From Mexico he went by way of Acapulco to California, where he was for some years engaged in luisiness. On his return to his home at Norwich, he devoted the remainder of his life to horticultural pursuits with as much energy and enterprise as he had given to mercantile affixirs. As a cultivator of fruits and flowers he was one of the most scientific and successful of our times, proving all of the novelties and retaining only those in his opinion most worthy. president's address. 25 He was formerly Chairman of the Fruit Committee for Connecticut. His good taste and discrimination made him an authority in the selection of the finest fruits. Mr. Coit was somewhat distinguished as an artist, and during his wanderings exercised his skill in making sketches, which are of great merit. These, together with those which he had collected in Europe and America, he left to his family, among which are views in Lima and Mexico, the ruined cities of the Incas, of the Cordilleras, and especially sketches of San Francisco, then only a group of rough huts. His skill he retained to the close of life, and his works are prized not only as mementoes but as works of art. Dr. John Skillin Houghton, of Philadelphia, was born in Dediiam, Massachusetts, October 18, 1816, and died suddenly in Philadelphia, December 11, 1876. Dr. Houghton was an active worker in the field of pomology and horticulture, and was Chairman of the State Committee for Pennsylvania from 18G9 to 1873. For many years he was a zealous experimenter in fruit culture, and although he failed to make it profitable he exerted an influence that was widely felt. His pear orchard consisted at one time of many thousand trees. He experimented extensively on the cutting and pinching-in system with pears, for the production of fruit, even at the expense of the vitality of the trees. He was a great worker and an inval- uable member of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society — full of enterprise, energy and despatch — and his death was much regretted. Nor can I close this record without recognizing the sudden death of one of our members at Chicago, whither he went to attend our meeting. I allude to Mr. Samuel H. Colton, delegate from the Worcester Horticultural Society of Massachusetts, who died at the Grand Pacific Hotel in that city, on the 13th day of September, 1876. Mr. Colton was largely interested in horticultural pursuits and formerly in the nursery business. He was an influential member of the above named Society, and for many years its treasurer. He took great pleasure in discussing and disseminating native fruits, was a frequent corres- pondent of horticultural journals, and for some years editor of the Massachusetts Spy. He was also a director in the Quinsigamoud Bank and treasurer of the People's Fire Insurance Company, and was a gentleman of sterling worth, most amiable in his disposition and upright in all the relations of life. Thus, three Vice-Presidents, and three others who have held official relations, have been removed since our last meeting. They have gone before us, their places have been made vacant and are now filled by others. How long we shall remain, is only known to Him who holds the issues of life in his hands. Some of our lives are wellnigh sjient, and ere we meet again our sun will have set below the horizon of this world. Let then these lessons of mortality prompt us to greater diligence for the promotion of our cause. CONCLUSION. Standing here as conservators of American Pomology, enjoying as we do such peculiar privileges for research and discovery, let us use every effort to advance our cause by diligent experiment and observation, so that as we come up from session to session, we may add something to the common stock of informa- tion, and thus develop for the good of mankind the rich treasures which our science has in store for the world. Thus let us work on, hand in hand, to scatter these ble.ssings broadcast through the land. Others may seek for the honors of public life or the victories of war, which too often carry with them the recol- lection of wounded hearts and painful disapiMintments. But let us continue to work on, feeling assured that our labors will cause no regret. As Mrs- Sigourney has beautifully versified my former remark — 'No sting in the bosom of memory we're leaving, No stain on the pinion of time." Let US commence the new century in the history of our Republic with increased enterprise and zeal for the promotion of our cause, and should any of us be called from our labors on earth, let us feel assured that others will continue the work we have begun and carry it forward to still greater perfection. Let the successes of the past stimulate us to greater exertions for the future. Let us work on, full of hope, regardless of all obstacles, "Still achieving, still pursuing," until we shall reach that better land where the garden shall have no blight, fruits no decay, and where no serpent lurks beneath the bower — -where harvests are not ripened by the succession of seasons — where the joys of fruition shall not be measured by the lapse of time. 26 REPORT OF COMMITTEE OlST CONSTITUTION CREDENTIALS. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. Report of Committee on Constitution. The Eeport of the Committee on the Constitu- tion was presented by Mr. Barry, read and adopted. [The Constitution as so amended is printed on the foregoing pages.] Report of Committee on Credentials. The Committee on Credentials made a partial report, which was received and the Committee con- tinued. The following delegates were reported : Connecticut— SoarfZ of Agriculture — P. M. Auger, Wm. H. Barnett, F. Trowbrige, W. H. Yeomans, H. H. Smith, D. A. Lyman. Delaware — Vice-President, Randolph Peters. District op Columbia — Department of Agri- culture— William Saunders. Potomac Fruit Grow- ers Association — Prof.' J. Brainerd, Dr. J. E. Snodgrass, John Saul, George F. Needham. Georgia — State Horticidtural Societii — P. J. Berckmans, Thos. P. Janes, J. S. Newman, S. P. Jenkins, Samuel Hape. State Agricultural Society — P. J. Berckmans. Illinois — State Horticultural Society — W. C. Flagg. Indiana — State Horticultural Societii — W. H. Ragan. Iowa — State Horticultural Society — G. B. Brackett. Maine — Pomological Society — Henry McLaugh- lin. Maryland — Horticultural Society— W. H. Perot, W. D. Brackenridge, W. B. Sands, James Pentland. Massachusetts — Horticultural Society — C. M. Hovey, John B. Moore, J. W. Manning, A. D. Capen, J. A. Warder, E. H.Luke, Robert Manning, B. G. Smith, E. L. Sturtevant, Amos Bates, H. Mc- Laughlin. Essex Institute — Robert Manning. New Jersey — State Agricultural Society — P. T. Quinn, E. Williams, E. W. Durand, B. B. Hance, Jacob E. Shotwell. Xew Jersey Cranberry Asso- ciation— J. P. Trimble, Prof. Taylor, Rev. Dr. Perry. Burlington Co. Agricultural Society — Dr. Geoi'ge C. Brown, Wm. Parry. Heiv Jersey Horti- cultural Society — George Thurber, E. W. Durand, John S. Collins, E. T. Field, E. Williams. New York— Horticultu7-al Society — Peter Hen- derson, Robert B. Parsons, Isaac Buchanan, Thomas Hogg, F. M. Hexamer, B. K. Bliss. Netuburg Bay HorticuUurul Society — Albert Bridgeman, Charles Downing, D. A. Scott, C. Gilbert Fowler, T. S. Force, J. H. Ricketts, A. J. Caywood, E. P. Roe, Rev. Dr. Forsyth, Thomas Hogg. Westo-n Neto York Horticultural Society — P. Barry, J.J. Thomas, H. E. Hooker, George Ellwanger, E. W. Sylvester, E. Moody, Jacob Van Gelder. Ohio — State Horticultural Society — Dr. John A. Wardei', George W. Campbell. Pennsylvania — Fruit Growers Society — Jo- siah Hoopes, Thomas Meehan, H. M. Engle, A. W. Harrison, L. S. Reist, Geo. B. Thomas, Calvin Cooper, W. L. Schaffer, E. J. Evans, John I. Carter. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society — Rob- ert Buist, Josiah Hoopes, Wm. L. Schaffer, J. E. Mitchell, Wm. Parry, Robert Scott, James Ritchie, Samuel Noble. £xperi7nenfal Farm Club of Eastern Pennsylvania — George Balderston, John I. Carter, Marcellus Cook, Taylor Brown. Lancaster Co. Agricultural and Horticultural Society — H. M. Engle, M. D. Kendig, L. S. Reist. Rhode Island — Agricultural Society — Silas Moore. South Carolina — R. M. Sims. Tennessee— B. F. Transou. Texas — State Horticultural and Pomological Society — William Watson. Virginia — Norfolk Horticultural and Pomologi- cal Society — Joseph R. Spratley, J. R. Ludlow, Albert Dodge, W. T. Bradbrook, W. S. Bntt, George E. Cromwell, G. F. B. Leighton, J. L. Babcock, G. W. Briggs. Lynchburg Pomological Society — W. Gor- don Merrick, J. Patterson. Potomac Fruit Grow- ers Association — Albert Chandler. Wisconsin — State Horticultural Society — Geo. P. Peffer. Report of Committee on Nomination of Officers. The Report of the Committee on Nomination of OflBcers was presented by Mr. Hoopes, Chairman of REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ROOM FRUIT COMMITTEE — DISCUSSION OF FRUITS. 27 tlie Committee, and received. There being several States in which no nominations of Vice-Presidents were made, the Executive Committee was authorized to fill such vacancies and the report of the Committee was adopted. [See page 7 for list of officers.] Report of Committee on Room. Mr. Pentland, from the Committee on room for evening meeting, reported that Colonel Colmau, of the Carrollton Hotel, would furnish the gentle- men's pai'lor, or a larger room if necessary. The place of the next meeting being the next thing in order, Mr. Moody, of New York, nominat- ed Kochester, and Transon, of Tennessee, nomin- ated Nashville. After discussion by Messrs. Barry, Transou, Saunders, Pentland, Warder and others, a vote was had with the following result: Nash- ville had 34 votes and Rochester 20. In order to secure additional funds for the Society, it: was voted that the Vice-Presidents be instructed and requested to solicit memberships. Report of General Fruit Committee. The Report of the General Fruit Committee was read by its Chairman, Mr. Barry, received and re- ferred back to the Committee to be prepared for publication. Revision of Catalogue Report. The Report of the Committee on Revision of Catalogue, was also read by Mr. Barry, accepted and referred back to the Committee for preparation for publication. Mr. Franklin Davis, of Virginia, desired if possi- ble that the catalogue should be so arranged as to show the varieties of fruits succeeding best in dif- ferent parts of the same State ; upon which subject remarks were also made by Barry, Snodgrass of the District of Columbia, the purport of which was that it was desirable but difficult. Adjourned to meet at eight o'clock P. M., at the Carroltou. FIRST DAY— EVENING SESSION. Society met in the breakfast room at the Car- rollton. It was moved to i-econsider the vote whereby the place of next meeting was fixed at Nashville, and after some discussion the motion was carried by a vote of 2.3 to 20. The question of the place of next meeting then coming under consideration, speeches were made by Messrs. Mehan, Hoopes, Schley, Quinn, Hexamer, Berckmans, Snodgrass and others, and it was finally voted to go to Nashville by a vote of 47 to 10, which, on motion of the minority, was made unanimous. The Secretary laid before the Society a table showing the species of native and introduced fruits and nuts growing in the United States and the Provinces, which, on motion of Mr. Barry, was referred to the Committee on Catalogue, with in- structions to append it to the present lists. Adjourned until nine o'clock to-morrow. 28 DSCUSSION ON APPLES. SECOND DAY— MORNING SESSION. The Secretary laid before the Society a letter and enclosures from Isidor Bush of the Bushberg viue- yards, Missouri, addressed to President Wilder, coii- ceruing the devastations of the grape rot in Missouri. Communication was referred to the Executive Committee for action. Discussion of Fruits. APPLES. The Secretary proceeded to read the list of apples. Balhley. — Wakdee. Follows after Maiden's Blush; it is looked on as the succedaneum for it, but is not fully tested. Bonum. — Warder. Should be starred for Ohio. Carolina Red June. — Watson, of Texas. Two stars. Dr. Briggs, of Virginia. No longer succeeds in Virginia. Chenango Strawberry. — Barry, of New York. Very popular in Western New York for market. Warder. Only suited to near markets. Cooper's Market. — Noble, of New Jersey. Coop- er's Market is known as liigley. Cornell's Fancy. — Balderston, of Maryland Two stars for Maryland, Northern and Western. Barry. Do not early varieties succeed in all parts of the State ? Noble. A native of Bucks County, Virginia. Cracking. — Warder. — A poor tree ; dies as soon as it begins to bear. Braokett, of Iowa. It does well in Central Iowa, but has been struck from the State list. CuUasaga. — Watson. Two stars for Texas. Myers, of Delaware. Two stars. Danvers' Winter Sweet. — Rogers, of Maryland. Of no account here. Duchesse of Oldenburg. — Watson. One star for Texas. Barry. Destined to be the most popular apple everywhere. Dyer. — Watson. Two stars for Texas. Barly Strawberry. — Trowbridge, of Connecti- cut. Very poor in Connecticut. Edwards' Early. — Howland, of Virginia. Does well in Virginia. Parry, of New Jersey. Does well, and should be starred for New Jersey. Eivalt. — Warder. Should be starred for Ohio. Engle. Valuable in Pennsylvania. Fallaioater- — Cook, of Pennsylvania. Sliould be grafted on natural trees at shoulder height. Engle. Suffers from the stem cracking. Fall Queen, or Haas. — Peffer, of Wisconsin. One star for Wisconsin. Barry. It is recommended at the South and North. I think there must be two varieties. Peffer. The Haas is an upright tree and a fast grower. Warder. The young trees of Fall Queen are upright and afterwards spreading : they are similar to the Buckingliam. The leaf is peculiar. Fameuse. — Peffer. Two stars for Wisconsin. Fourth of July. — Warder. Very like Tetofsky. Barry. It is a better grower than Tetofsky. Gilpin. — EoGERS. Two stars for Maryland. Goff. — Brackett. On trial in Iowa. Golden Russet of Neiv York. — Peffer. Two stars for Wisconsin. Grimes' Golden. — Hoopes. One star for Penn- sylvania. Parry. Ditto for New Jersey. Balderston. Same for Maryland. Hall. — Warder. Synonym Hcdl's Red. Too small. HamiUon. — Warder. Very superior. Horse. — Eagan, of Indiana. One star for In- diana. Now in season. A good keeper for a summer apple. //oow;-.— Watson. — One star for Texas. Hubbardston Nonsuch. — Parry. One star for New Jersey. Cook, of Pennsylvania. Also for Pennsyl- vania. Hunt Russet. — Barry. Golden Russet of Massa- DISCXTSSION ON APPLES. 29 chnseft>i is placed as synonym ; K. Manning thinlvS it is not ; Hovey tliinks it is. Jefferson Counfi/.—BRACK^TT. Strike out for Iowa. Jeffcris. — HooPES. One of the very finest. Two stars. Cook. I indorse it for Pennsylvania. Jewdfs Fine i?ed— Brack ett. Strike out for Iowa. JoHff//;«/^- Warder. Two stars for Ohio. Julian. — Watson. Two stars for Texas. Kesivich Cocllin. - Ragan. Drop one of the two stars for Indiana. Ke'ifs Fall. — Barry. In much confusion. It is called also Keifs White and Key's Winter. Kirkhridqe Tf7»Ye.— Brack ett. Strike oat for Iowa. Lady Apple. — Balderston, of Maryland. Only bears once in fifteen years. Rogers, of Maryland. Does well in Maryland. SnodGrass. Star for Virginia. Barry. Valuable in Westeiui New York. Was sold as high as sixteen dollars per barrel, and seldom for less than ten. Engle, of Pennsylvania. Sometimes overbears. HooPES. Very unprofitable unless manured heavily and cultivated highly. Lansinghurg. — Warder. One star for Ohio. Ragan. Same for Indiana. ZfMOwr.— Myers, of Delaware. One star for Western Delaware. Has borne only one year. Barry. It is only on trial, being a new variety. Warder. Very beautiful. Limbertwig. — Ragan. Strike out for Indiana. HowLAND. One star for Virginia. London Pippin. — Flagg. This name is properly Loudoun Pipjnn. Major. — Engle. Not yet much disseminated. Very fine. HooPES. — Very promising. Very beautiful. Not to be mistaken for Pennock or Dominie. McAfee's Nonsuch. — Warder. Known in Ohio as Large Striped Pearmain. Ragan. — My father had much correspondence with Dr. Howsley ; agreed it should be McAfee's Nonsuch. Melon. — Warder. One star for Ohio. Michael Henry Pippin. — Snodgrass. What is Michael Henry Pippin ? Bakry. — It is described by Coxe, and is well known as an old apple. Flagg. — Has been confused with White Winter Pearmain. Downing. — Recommends to strike from the list, and Barry agrees with him. Milam. — Warder. Let it stand for Ohio. Neivtmvn Pippin. — Warder. Why Neiotoion i'j/j^jm, all under one head and number? Tliere are two distinct ones. Brookes' Pippin answers to Green, and Albemarle to Tellotv, Neiotoicn Pippin. Rogers. — One star for Maryland. I agree with Dr. Warder. Barry. — Variety was so placed for the sake of harmony. On motion of Dr. Warder the subject of one or two Newtown Pippins was referred to the Com- mittee on Synonyms. Nickajack. — Engle. Hope it will not be starred for Pennsylvania. Warder. — One star for Ohio. Thrifty tree. Northern Spy. — Balderston. Not worth keep- ing in tide water Maryland. Rots worse than King. Augur, of Connecticut. When in perfection, of superior quality, but rarely profitable. Subject to curculio and rot. Some trees fifteen to twenty years old just beginning to bear. Barry. — That is about the iisual time when they begin to bear full crops — fifteen years. J. J. Thomas. — Had a tree nine years old bear eighteen bushels of fruit. Bissell, of Virginia. — In Piedmont, Virginia, it bears well. Ragan. — Two stars for Indiana. Snodgrass. — Does well in Virginia. Entitled to at least one star. Shows well on table. Hovey, of Massachusetts. — It will not do to be hasty in condemning Dix and other tardy bearing pears, or Northern Spy. Peffer. — In Wisconsin they commence bearing at from twelve to fifteen years of age ; bear a few crops and die — I think from over bearing. When the limbs arc well spread out they will bear in five or six years. It is their nature to grow long and then come into bearing. The fruit should be thin- ned when too full in order to save the tree. Pewaukee. — Peffer. Good for one star yet, in Wisconsin. Pomine Grise. — Augur. One star for Connecti- cut. Primate. — Watson. One star for Texas. 30 DISCUSSION ON APPLES. Pryor's Red. — Warder. Gone out iu Kentucky. Going out in Ohio, owing to leaf malady. No tree has suffered so much. When the foliage is gone in August the fruit suffers. It may be grafted to other varieties. Brackett. — Strilte out the one star for Iowa. Ragan. — The same for Indiana. We are loth to do it. Porter. — Noble. One star for Pennsylvania. Parrt. — One for New Jersey. Eaivles' Genet. — Watson. Star for Texas. lied Asirachan. — Mteus, of Delaware. Star. Barry. — It succeeds wherever any apple will grow. Engle. — A neighbor of mine planted twenty or thirty trees and cut them all away. They did not bear. Noble. — Would recommend only one star for Pennsylvania. Red Canada. — Augur. One star for Connecti- cut. Red Crab. — Warder. Great improvement on Heioes' for cider. It is not a Crab properly ; bears earlier than Hemes' and is much larger. The Cider equally good. Red Stripe. — Brackett. Two stars for Iowa. Rhode Island Greening. — Warder. I do not know why Rhode Island Greening has two stars for Ohio. It is not good in Central and Southern Ohio. It should have only one star. Robertson's Superb. — Barry. It should be Robin- son's Superb. Rock Pippin. — Warder. Long keeper. Shiaiuasse Beauty. — Barry. It is of the Fameuse character, and is very promising. Smith's CitZcr.— Snodgrass. My neighbor says, "plant seventy-five out of one hundred of this variety." Two stars for Virginia. Balderston, of Maryland. — It has been attacked by disease or insect, and can be told by the dead limbs in several counties. The disease seems to be confined to this variety. (Note. Smith's Cider \& one of the varieties of apples most subject to blight in the North-west. Sec). Myers.— The fruit is in great demand for drying. Smokehouse. — Parry. Should have one star for New Jersey. Engle. — Two stars for Pennsylvania. Noble. — Not a profitable apple, but otherwise good. Cook. — Two stars for Pennsylvania. It is a good bearer in Chester County. Balderston. — Good for local market. Could not be sent to Baltimore. Stark. — Barry. It is distinct from Pennock. HovEY. — I would like to have the synonymy of the Stark and Baldwin looked into. Warder. — It is not valuable enough to recom- mend. Summer Hagloe. — Noble. One star for Penn- sylvania. Collins, of New Jersey. — One star for New Jersey. Barry. — Splendid apple tree, a slow, erect grower with large foliage. Ragan. — One star for Indiana. Summer Queen. — Trowbridge. One star for Connecticut. Summer Pound Royal. — Warder. Known as Pound Royal; not Summer. Te2ukesb2iry Winter Blush. — Needham of Vir- ginia. One star. Snodgrass. — One star for Virginia. Twenty Ounce Apple. — Ragan. Strike out one of the stars for Indiana. Wealthy. — Peffer. Ranks nest to Duchess of Oldenburgh. Two stars for Wisconsin. Tree is -a fine grower. Barry. — Resembles the Duchess of Oldenburgh. Winesap. — Bukrell, of Virginia. — Two stars for Virginia. Rowland. — ^The Potomac Fruit Growers As- sociation place it at the head. Cook. — It continues to be the "Never fail." Parry. — One star for New Jersey. Talman's Sweet. — J. J. Thomas. A foot note in catalogue says, " valuable for stock feeding." The foot note should be removed. Barry. — It was placed there by Elliott. The question of removal has been up before. Warder. — ^In my latitude no man thinks of eat- ing the Talman, but it is grown largely for stock. Harrison", of Penn. — I eat the Talman when baked, and never eat any other apple if I can get it. Moody. — Would like to have one thousand bush- els of Talman's, and they would not be fed to cattle : children love them. HowLAND, of Virginia. — I cannot raise them. Warder. — There are other sweet apples valuable for stock. In my latitude people do not eat sweet apples. Ragan. — Hogs that have had the range of orchards have not been affected with cholera. DISCUSSION ON APRICOTS. 31 The foot notes, on motion of Quinn, of New Jersey, were referred to tlie Committee on Revision of Catalogue. Crahs. — Balderston. Why is so little said of Crabs ? Barry. — Little is yet known of tliem, except of the old and pojnilar ones, such as Hi/slop, Trans- cendent. £c. Peffer. — There are in Wisconsin one hundred varieties ahead of Hi/sJoj) and Transcendent. There are twenty sweet ones. They are Hybrids mostly, and nearly as large as other apples. Some fully as valuable as other apples for eating. HovET.— I would suggest that a foot note be added, that Crabs are only valuable where nothing else can be grown. NEW APPLES. Clark's Orange. — Peffer. Went through a trial of five years. Is ripe in mid-winter. It is round, greenish and resembles the Belmont. APRICOTS. HowLAND, of Virginia. — I have set out three thousand trees, and only eight hundred are alive. They have been an entire failure, on Peach and cm Plum stocks, and on Apricots. I cannot ascertain the cause. They will bring five to ten dollars a bushel wholesale. Barry. — St. Ambrose is new and hardy. It ripens at the same time with Early Golden, and is equally hardy. Augur, of Conn.— I get a good crop of Early Golden once in two or three years. Parry, of New Jersey. — The Large Early did well in the yard nailed to the house. One hundred trees in the orchard did nothing. J. J. Thomas. — I was familiar with an Apricot orchard forty years ago which bore by the cart load. Now we cannot get them. Rogers, of Maryland. — They grow six inches in circumference on the eastern shore, and the tree forty feet high, bnt they suffer from curculio. Hovey, of Mass. — The trees are subject to injury by spring frost. Quinn, of New Jersey. — Apricots ftiil without apparent cause. Saul, of the District of Columbia. — They are grown in perfection in some of the counties at the month of the Potomac. They are grown natural from selected seed. The dying off of the trees is not new. They die on walls in Europe. Also on the continent of Europe when grown in quantity. HowLAND. — I have tried many experiments. I have planted one thousand in a dense forest of Cedar. Snodgrass. — In Persia they arc grown in small valleys. I would suggest that Mr. Ilowland plant in such localities instead of on the hill-tops. Barry. — They bear large crops in sheltered gardens and trained on south walls in Rochester. Saul. — I do not think the climate of Dr. How- land's location favorable to the Apricot, which is a native of the Levant. Campbell, of Ohio. — Only one star for Large Early in Ohio. BLACKBERRIES. Myers, of Delaware. — Wilson's Early is failing in Southern Delaware. Warder. — Failure in bearing by the doubling of the flowers is common. Hexamer, New York. — Only one star for Wilson in New York. Parry, of New Jersey. — This is a very important fruit. If varieties do not succeed, new ones should be originated. The Snyder I have found perfectly healthy and hardy. The Taylor has never winter- killed. The Wallace is free from all insects and injury. Ragan, of Indiana. — Snyder and Taylor are natives of Indiana. I am favorably impressed with the Snyder. It is extremely hardy. Taylor is immensely productive, but looked rather seedy and dry. Sylvester, of New York. — Snyder is of fair quality and hardy, but not above half the size of Kittatinny. Hexamer. — Snyder is the hardiest of all, but too small for market. It is earlier than Eittatiiiny or Dorchester. A good family fruit. A strong grower, but not too much so. Hovey. — I would not add to the list of small fruits if the new were not superior to the old ones. The Secretary inquired about orange rust. Parry. — I have suffered from it. The only reme- dy is to get new varieties which are free from it. The Wilson and Snyder do not suffer. The LCitta- tinny and Dorchester are affected with it most. Hovey. — The Holcomb, from. Dr. Dewey, is better than Lawton or Dorcliester. Very hardy, later than Dorchester and sweeter. Williams, of New Jersey. — Kittatinny stands highest with New Jersey Horticultural Society. Snyder is adopted for trial. Augur. — Kittatinny is preferred in Michigan except for the Orange Rust. 32 DISCUSSION ON CHEKRIES. Collins, of New Jersey. — I think Wilson hard to beat. Five bushels are sent to Philadelphia market to one of all other kinds. One plantation of sixty acres produces good crops in sjjite of double blossom. Great quantities are sent to New York market. Old plantations winter-kill. One of the best is on higli clay and gravel soil. Sylvester. — It is too tender for Western New York. CHERRIES. Black Eagle. — Enqle. Succeeds and is prolit- able in Pennsylvania. Sylvester. — Gives satisfaction in Western New Y'ork. Black Heart. — Berckmans. One of the best in Georgia. Is Werder's Early Black synonymous ? Referred to Committee on Synonyms. Buttner's Yelloiv. — Berckmans. One of tiie sweetest of all early cherries. Early Richmond. — Barry. The name of Early May was dropped because it was supposed to be a synonym of Early Bichmofid, the weight of testi- mony being in favor of that course. Gov. Wood. — Rogers, of Maryland. Two stars for Maryland. Hovey. — Hovey. The Hovey cherry is distinct from the yapoleon. Late Kentish. — Barry. Supposed to be that known as the Common Pie Cherry. Snodgrass. — Two stars for Late Kentish for Virginia. Rei7ie Hortense. — Eogers, of Maryland. Two stars for Maryland. NEW VARIETIES. Empress Eugenie. — Berckmans. A variety of May Duke, and superior in quality ; very dwarf and not fit for orchards ; adapted to gardens. Saul. — My experience is the same. It is very productive. Trees two years old, in the nursery, are loaded with fruit. Russian Cherry. — Engle. We have a variety decidedly different from Black Tartarian, later and more hardy, but in flesli and quality similar to Black Tartarian. Richardson Cherry. — Hovey. This is a variety wliich appeared to be distinct from the Black Tar- tarian, and one of the finest I ever saw ; but the birds take all the fruit. A pamphlet by Prof Brainerd, of Washington, D. C, on Pear Blight, was presented and referred to the Executive Committee. Invitations were received inviting the attendance of members at the coming fairs and meetings of the New Jersey Agricultural Society, the New York Agricultural Society, the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society and the Potomac Fruit Growers' Association. Adjourned until 3 o'clock P. M. SECOND DAY-AFTERNOON SESSION. ■*i « » i» Vice-President Warder in the Chair. The presiding officer announced that the break- fast room at the (Jarrollton had been secured for the evening meeting. CURRANTS. Cherry. — Cook, of Pennsylvania. Has succeeded admirably with me. Lee's New Black. — Saul, of D. C. I would sug- gest Lee's New Black, an English variety with larger bunches than the Black Naples, though it may prove to be an old sort under a new name. It is distinct from any on the catalogue, and should be added to the list for the District of Columbia. Prince Albert. — Barry. Is a very late variety, quite distinct in foliage and fruit. GOOSEBERRIES. Pcde Red. — Barry. Is confounded with Houqh- ton, but is distinct and of upright growth. Orange. — Engle. Originated in my neighbor- hood. I think very highly of it. Of orange color. Early Kent. — Saul. Originated in Kent County, Maryland. Of much merit. A little larger than the Houghton ; of the same coloraiul better <|Uality. PLUMS. Chickasatc—The Secretary suggested the pro- priety of omitting Chickasaw, wh'wh is the name of a species of which there are several varieties now upon our list. DISCUSSION (IN (iUINCKS. •.U Warder. — The Chivasaw in Northern Illinois is not the Prunus CMckasa. Transou, of Tennessee. — The Chickasaw, er- roneonsly so called, is not of the species. Flacig. — The prevailing type of wild plnm in my region is the Primus Americana. But the peach leaved sort, wherever I have seen it in our State, is one variety or another of the Prunus Uhicasa. Transou. — The Oanawa is of the Chickasaw type, but quite distinct from the variety known as Chickasaw. It is probably a seedling of the Chicka- saw. It is little injured by the curcnlio. German Prune. — Cook. Wants to be starred for Pennsylvania. Engle. — Indorses the opinion. Hilling's Superb. — Saul. It grows and blooms profusely but I can get no fruit. Thomas. — I have a large tree 16 years old but it bears very little fruit. Barry.— Fruit and foliage are of immense size, and with us it bears fair crops. Shropshire Damso7i. — Saul. The plum shown at the Centennial last year as Shropshire Damson is not the true one. Warder. — The tree is larger than that of the old variety : clingstone and an immense bearer. I would change the dagger to a star for Ohio. Peach. — Barry. A splendid fruit, but the tree a little tender. Many erroneous varieties are dis- seminated under this name. Wild Goose. — Hape, of Georgia. Curcnlio proof and reproduces itself from seed. All of the types succeed in my locality. Color yellowish red. Thomas. — Much better in New York than I expected. The curcnlio stings it all over but never gets the twentieth of an inch inside. Will ripen after being picked a week. I would not class it higher than good. Hape. — It takes kindly to the peach stock. Myers, of Delaware. — With me, killed in the blossom. Valuable for market if I could grow it. Transou. — The most valuable plum we have. Brought six to eight dollars per bushel. Regard it as very good. Saul. — Bears early and abundantly and is simply good. Warder. — I cannot conceive of classifying an American plum as even good. The Wild Goose comes to Cincinnati by car loads and brings good prices. Transou. — Plums as well as apples differ much in quality according to location. 3 QUINCES. Pea's Seedling. — Hape. — Promises well in Geor- gia. Not so easy to ])ropagate. but a decided im- provement on the Apple ([uince. RASPBERRIES. Cakiwissu. — Saul. Would strike out Cataioissa for the District of Columbia. Harrison. — Have had two crops lapping over ; the quality not fine, but better than the Black Caps. Engle. — Would not star it for Pennsylvania. Clarke. — Cook, of Pennsylvania. I would strike out the star for Clarke. Berckmans. — Ditto for Georgia. Davison's Thornless — Hape. Worthless in Geor- gia. Golden Thornless the same. Thomas, of New York. — Fruit good for nothing. Berckmans. — Raspberries in Geoi-gia are restrict- ed to three kinds: Doolittle, Imperial Bed, and a nameless variety of the Purple Cane family. Herstine. — Cook, of Pennsylvania. Succeeds well. Thomas. — Star for New York. Saul. — Ditto for the District. Warder. — Same for Ohio. Hudson River Antwerp. — Saul. Strike out star for District of Columbia. Sims, of South Carolina. — It gives satisfaction in the middle region of South Carolina. Thomas. — One star for New York is enough. Barrt. — I prefer it to any other variety in my own garden. Caywood. — It is more largely planted than any other variety in the highlands of the Hudson. Ohio Everlearing. — Warder. Has almost dis- appeared. Many better varieties have originated from it. Berckmans. —The Purple Cane is a type ; it produces many varieties. Warder. — It is a variety of the Rubus occident- alis. Do not consider the variation worthy of notice. Berckmans. — The Philadelphia is one of this class. Warder. — The Philadelphia does not belong even to the species. Caywood. — The Purple Cane roots from the tip. The Philadelpliia does not. Flagg. — One star for Turner for Illinois. Cook.— One star for Brandywine for Pennsyl- vania. Saul. — One star for District of Columbia. 34 DISCUSSION ON PEACHES. Peters, of Delaware. — Two stars for Delaware. Collins, of New Jersey. — None do better in New Jersey. Early Prolific and Rehama promise well. In New Jersey they are both of better flavor than Brandyivine, but are not so ^ood everywhere. They are seedlings of the Philadelphia. Peteks. — The Brandiiivinc was first put out as the Svsqueco, which is the Indian name of the river. Mr. Collins named Henrietta as on exhibition from Connecticut. PEACHES. Amelia. — Berckmans. The Amelia is that known as Orangeburg. It is not the Amelia of Missouri. It has half a dozen synonyms. Is not tit for shipping. There are none superior in size or appearance. Second quality. Austin's Bed. — Berckmans. One of the best October clings. Baldtuin's Late. — Is the same, only a free-stone. It is reproduced from seed, and has been improved in size and flavor. Barnard. — Berckmans. Would strike out Bar- nard for Georgia. Beers' Smock. — Engle. One star for Pennsyl- vania. Peters. — One star for Delaware. Saul. — Of no value in the District of Columbia. Peters. — I think the Beers' Smock and the Small Smock the same. Engle. — I think they are distinct. Berckmans. — Knows an orchard of several hun- dred trees raised from seed. Meyers. — The difference is that Beers' Smock is slightly larger, but not so highly colored. Warder. One star for Beers' Smock for Ohio. Bordeaux Cling. — Berckmans. Second quality ; excellent market peach. Chinese Cling. — Berckmans. Has been im- proved in Georgia. It is a strain. I have varieties ripening in succession from July 1st to the end of August — white flesh, yellow flesh ; also freestones. The original kind is discarded. It is a poor grower, and rots. Sims, of South Carolina. — The general objection is that it is a poor bearer. It is a capital strain, and some of the seedlings are superior to the type. Harrison, of Pennsyvania. Think it would be better not to take up any fruit that has not yet received a name. Hape. — I would be in favor of removing one star from Chinese Cling for Georgia. Tra*nsou. — Stands to two stars in Tennessee. It is very popular and most excellent. Cole's Early Red. — Saul. Strike out star for District of Columbia. Berckmans. — The list of peaches needs revision. It was made out years ago. There has been won- derful progress in the last five years. The peach season in Georgia lasts five months. Columbia. — Berckmans. This is named for the county in Georgia where the variety originated. The stump lasted until twenty years ago. Millions have been propagated from it. It reproduces itself from the seed. It has thousands of names in Geor- gia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. The original name was Pace peach. Some varieties ripen in July and others keep till October. Osceola is a fine variety of this strain. Flagg. — ColumMa proper ripens with me from the 1st to the 10th of September. I have raised a hundred seedlings, varying in season, color and size, but all are essentially Columbias. Berckmans. — We make up iu Columbia what we lose on early peaches. Schley. — Very meritorious, but coarse, astrin- gent, showy. Warder. — It is well known in Ohio. One star for Ohio. Saul. — One star for District of Columbia. Coolidge's Favorite. — Berckmans. Strike off for Georgia. Transou. — The tree does not appear thrifty and hardy. The fruit is good. Downing, of New York. — Says the same. The twigs often die. Crawford's Late. — Myers, of Delaware. I would like to give three stars for Southern Delaware. Berckmans. — One star for Georgia. Deming's Orange. — Berckmans. Same as Lemon Cling, but ripens in September. Earlg Beatrice. — Hape. It ships well. Eipens 16th of June; Amsden and Alexander on the 10th. Berckmans. — It is in shipping order May 23d. Hape. — It is ripe May 2Gth on Chattahoochie river. Saul. — It is ripe in the District of Columbia June •20th. Myers. — In Southern Delaware from July 15th to 18th. Will bear more forcing than any other variety. DISCUSSION ON PEACHES. 35 Col. Daniels, of Virginia. — Very hardy ; it bore almndantly when others were killed. Peters.— Orchard of 4,000 trees; i)roductive; must be thinned. Will turn red when half grown. Is not as early as Alexander or Amsden, but will do to ship as early. Buyers soon get tired of such fruit. Early Louise. — Hape. It ripens June 23d. Is superior to Beatrice, but not so good for shipping. Berckmans.— A little better than Beatrice ; con- siderably larger. Not a shipping peacli. Myers. — I kept Beatrice and Lotiise nine days. The Louise not so profitable as Beatrice ; from .three to live days later. Early Rivers. — Berckmans. The best of Rivers' peaches in size and quality, but not so good for shipping. Ten and one-half inches in circumference. From seven to ten days after Beatrice. In eating condition before Hale's commences. HAPE.^Concurs with Berckmans. Ripe June 26th, three days before Hales. Saul. — The relative time of ripening is the same with me. Flewellen. — Berckmans. It is a clingstone of the Indian type. It ships well. Fostei: — Berckmans. Similar to Craivford's Early, only three days earlier. Haines' Early Red. — Saul, District of Columbia, and Berckmans, Georgia, would strike this out. Hale's Early. — Berckmans. More money was made on this than on all others, this year in Geor- gia. Never missed but one crop in eleven years. Measured nine inches as early as June 16. Sold for nine dollars in New York. Have had them ripen as early as the 18th of June. ScHLET. — It does splendidly on the sea-coast. Berckmans. — From the 18th of .Tune to the 18th of August. Transou. — We have discarded it. It is fine and handsome, but rots. Would strike out both stars. Engle. — Would strike out for Pennsylvania. Myers. — No star for Southern Delaware. Berckmans. — It always comes up, and the more we talk the less we know of it. The crop is spoiled by high culture and manuring ; the fruit rots. In a good year like this, when it hits, there is no more money in any variety. The conclusion in Georgia is, that there is as yet no peach more desirable for shipping, in Middle Georgia. Rogers, Maryland. — Some discrepancy in Mary- land. Transou. — Would not strike it off the list for Tennessee, for there are some parts of the State in which it succeeds. Heath Cling. — Rogers. This peach is a native of Maryland. Jacques. — Berckmans. Strike out for Georgia. Kenrick's Heath. — Berckmans. This and La- (jrange are synonyms. 'FhPLdQ.-I'Cenriclc's Heath is earlier than Lagrange. HovEY. — Thinks them distinct. Lady Parhain. — Berckmans. A very fine late peach. Late Admirable. — Berckmans. One star for Middle Georgia, for home use. Leojjold I. — Berckmans. A dry, mealy free- stone. Strike out for Georgia. Miteliell's 3Tammoth. — Berckmans. A reproduc- tion of Heath Cling. Morris' White. — Peters. — Strike it out for Dela- ware ; it cracks and rots badly. Engle. — Strike it off for Pennsylvania. Mountain Rose- — Peters. I consider this one of the best. It ripens a few days after Troth's Early, and is now superseding it. It is e.xtremely product- ive. As large in good culture as Oldmixon Free, and much the same in appearance. It ripens before Large Early York. Two stars for Delaware. Engle. — One of the most valuable peaches. One star for Pennsylvania. Berckmans. — Add one star for Georgia. QuiNN. — One star for New Jersey. Field, of New Jersey. — It is becoming a leading variety for productiveness. A little smaller than the Large Early York, and a little earlier. Noblesse. — Berckmans. One of the finest peaches, but very little cultivated. Saul. — I agree with Mr. Berckmans. Oldmixon Free. — Berckmans. We have a va- riety grown by a successful cultivator in Georgia, distinct from the true kind. Warder. — One more upright and superior to the other. Peters. — Moore's Favorite ripens three days earlier than Oldmixon. Oldmixon leaves fade red : Moore's Favorite fade yellow ; both ripen after Craw- ford's Early. Every twelve miles north or south makes a difference of a day in ripening peaches. Berckmans. — Two or three days' difterence in getting fruit into market is of great importance. Salway and Smock. — Berckmans. — I have aban- doned these in favor of Picquet's Late. Myers. — Picquet's is not even promising. Reeves' Favorite. — Peters. One of the finest peaches on the list. It has a large stone, but brings a good price. 36 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS EXHIBITED. Berckmans. — I fruited it six years and thought very little of it till this year ; now I tliiuk very highly of it. Scott's October. — Berckmans. A very late Cling, only fit for the South. Stump the TfoWoor in Eastern Pennsylvania. Briggs. It ripens irregularly. Two-thirds of the fruit is knotty. One week earlier than Bart- lett. Saul. It is a good grower, has good foliage; bears well, and is a good sized early pear. Engle. It is a poor grower, early and an extra- DISCUSSION ON NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 49 ordinary bearer ; would not discard it, though not fit for market. Old trees do better than young. Howell. — Peters. Two stars for Delaware. BiiiGGS. One of our best market pears; next to Barilett. Evans. One of our leading pears. KMland. — Peters. One of our best early pears. It ripens a week before the Bartlett. Saul. A good bearer, holds its foliage; does not rot if picked early. Evans. Very good ; good bearer. Pick early, however. Lawrence. — Quinn. For the last five years it has been losing ground. Its size and bearing quali- ties don't suit. Peters. It does well with us. The fruit is smooth and uniform. Rogers. It has done well the last seventeen years. Saul. It is all that can be desired in the District of Columbia. Parry. One of the very best of its season. EvAXS. The same in Pennsylvania. It ripens much earlier one year than another. Williams. It is fourth on our list. Briggs. It drops its leaves like Beurre Clair- geau. DuRAND. One of the most reliable we have. (Jay WOOD. It is one of the best on the Hudson. Louise Bonne. — Rogers. Would have two stars for Maryland. It was planted twenty years ago in Talbot Co. Does well. QuiNN. It does well in one part of an orchard and very poorly in another not one thousand feet distant. Madeleine. — Quinn. Fine market pear; not dry and corky if gathered early. Peters. I planted 500 fifteen years ago ; all died to a tree at nine years old. Of no value what- ever. M The Origin of the Cultivated Apple, and an Abstract of the Existing Species of Apples. By Db. Geo. Vasey, Washington, D. C. Our word apple is of Saxon origin. Whether from its very origin it signified an edible fruit of the genus Pyrus, or at first signified large edible fruits in general, we are not able to determine; certainly in all recent times it has been used in the restricted sense. The name Pyrus, or more proper- ly Pirns, which Linnajus gave to designate the apple family, was adopted from the Latin, in which language it denoted the pear. The specific name Malus, which Linnaeus employed to distinguish the cultivated apple, was from the Greek, and originally was applied to any edible fruit of a tree, later it was restricted to the apple family including the pear, apple, quince, etc., and finally limited to the apple alone. In the English translation of the Scriptures, and of the old Greek and Koman writers, we find the word apple, but there is little evidence that the fruit intended was our apple. Indeed, it is quite probable that our fruit was unknown to the Hebrew^; and among the Greeks and Romans the apple, the quince, the apricot, the peach and the pomegranate were all called malon. The Hebrew word which is translated apple is tajipuacli. EtymologicuUy, this word denotes some- thing of delightful odor, and is propably a collective term applied to a variety of fruits, among which are' the citron and apricot. It is, probably, useless to attempt to arrive at certainty as to the precise fruit or fruits indicated in ancient writings. It is quite probable that our apple was among the fruits which were known and esteemed among the ancients, although so far as Palestine is concerned it is said not to be now found wild there, nor does the climate seem sitited to it. There is evidence that the apjile was employed as food in certain parts of Europe at a very ancient period, perhaps even before the period of written history. The carbonized seeds and fragments of apples and other fruits are found in the mud of certain lakes in Switzerland, where the pile- builders or lake-dwellers had their habitations. These remains have an age variously estimated at from 5000 to 50,000 years. It might be supposed that these vestiges were wild or crab- apples, the native produce of the country, and such is probably the fact. But, according to Prof. Karl Koch, author of a recent very elaborate and scientific work on Dendrology, there are no species of apples truly indigenous in Europe, those which are found growing without cultivation being only escapes from cultivation, or the result of accidental sowings of common apple seeds. If this statement is correct, the question arises, whence came the apples and fruits of the pile-builders? The same question might be propounded with respect to the wheat which is found in the debris of their dwellings, and the answer to the one question would probably be an answer for the other. It is not imjirobable that the distribution of grains and fruits among the nations of the earth has a much greater antiquity than has commonly been admitted. In attempting to 'determine the original specific character of our common apple we have to deal with a diflBcult question. The apple of the present day is the product of centuries of cultivation and horticultural skill, and the transformations and modifications effected thereby are such that we need not be surprised if we are now unable to recognize the original or parent stock. Linnwus named the common apple of cultivation Pirns malus, taking as the type the common seedling apple, which he appears to have considered a good species, and the same view has been generally entertained by suc- ceeding botanists. But scientific inquiry has been greatly stimulated and extended within the past half century, and theories and opinions that once passed current, have been stibjected to the severest scrutiny. In the investigation of scientific as of moral questions, when doubt obtains license, it some- times happens that new ideas are pushed to an extreme. Let us then, briefly consider the argu- ment in this case. In the first place it is asserted that if our cultivat- ed apple were a distinct species it would yet be ORIGIN OP' THE CULTIVATED APPLE, BY DR. GEO. VASKY. 55 found growing in a wild state in the country or countries where it originated. It is generally ad- mitted that the earliest human civilization took place in Western Asia, and in that country, or in Southern Europe, we should naturally expect to find the apple in its native condition. But, according to Prof. Koch, there is no truly wild apple to he found in these countries, the so called wild apples being merely such as have escaped from cultivation. According to his view the apple of cultivation is the result of the crossing and inter- mingling through many generations of four and perhaps five species of Pirus, some of which are still growing in an indigenous condition in some parts of Asia. These original species he considers to be, 1st, Pi7-us piimila J 2d, Firus dasyphi/lla ; 3d, Pirus sylvestris ; 4th. Pirus prunifolia, and perhaps Pirns spectabilis. These will be subsequent- ly mentioned more particularly. I will here only state that of these five species Prof. Koch expresses doubts as to the true specific character of two, and suggests that they may have originated through long culture by the hybridizing of some of the other species. The native country of one is China, and of the others, Northern China, Siberia, Cau- casus and Tartary. The remote localities of these species from the supposed centre of early civilization will, to some minds, be an argument against count- ing them as tlie parents of the present cultivated apple. It may also he said that the fact of the common apple being nowhere now found in a truly wild state, does not amount to proof that it had not a separate specific origin, for it is well known that many other cultivated plants of the greatest importance as food for the human family are not now found in a wild state. Many plants in their native condition have comparatively feeble hold on existence, growing very sparsely and in a few re- stricted localities, and we can readily understand that such plants, unless taken up and fostered by cultivation, would soon disappear before the advance of civilization. For example, although it is probable that the original of our potato, iSolanum tuberosum, is yet to be found in some localities in South America, it is not at all improbable that in a few centuries, the botanist may search its native land in vain for any vestige of the wild plant. If our cultivated apple were a hybrid, the product of a mixture of several species, we might expect that the law of reversion would reveal to us its true parentage. It is claimed that a correct and satis- factory result from the action of this law could be reached only liy a series of experiments continued with the greatest care for many generations. Prof. Koch states that experiments with the common garden Aster, which is cultivated in a great variety of forms, have taught him that all the forms of that plant after six, eight or ten years revert to the original type. We would inquire if it may not be possible that Prof. Koch has not over-estimated the changes and modifications which cultivation has made upon our apple. There are, it is true, several hundred varie- ties known to cultivators, but the larger portion of them have originated in recent time. That all these varieties have a not very distant origin would seem to be indicated by the substantial resemblance of the seedlings raised from such widely diverse va- rieties. In tracing the history of this fruit it is not necessary to go back to an imaginary period when it was so inferior in size and flavor as to be un- palatable and totally unfit for use. Of all the eastern species which have been claimed as parents of the cultivated apple, not one probably equals the common American Crab in acerbity. Nature pro- duces many other fruits of acknowledged excellence in a wild state, as for instance, delicious strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, &c., to say nothing of very passable wild oranges, figs and numberless other tropical fruits. Having once obtained a superior variety of fruit, the skill of the horticulturist is employed to multi- ply and perpetuate it by the processes of grafting and budding, processes which preclude to a great extent any further deviation, because tliey are a-sexu- al and artificial processes. Natural variation mani- fests itself principally through the action of the floral or sexual organs of plants. This action, whatever may be its nature, is impressed upon and fixed in the seed. The most of our cultivated varieties, including some of the best, have originated spontaneously, that is without purpose or anticipa- tion on the part of man, but we are unable to perpetuate those varieties by means of the seed, the common coui'se of seedlings from all varieties being to revert to an inferior form ; hence, we may reason- ably suppose that the ordinary seedling represents somewhat fairly the original form of the species. Having thus stated various opinions respecting the origin of our cultivated apple, we will now give a brief sketch of the diSerent wild species, all of which are inhabitants of the Northern Temperate Zone. The genus Pirus is classed in the natural order Rosacem, the family which includes the Rose. It 56 ORIGIN OF THE CULTIVATED APPLE, BY DR. GEO. VASEY. will not be necessary here to give the botanical characters of the genus, but we will only state that it is subdivided into several sections, as the Apple section (Malus), the Pear section ' (Pirophoricm), and some botanists add as another section Sorbiis, or the Mountain Ash section. We do not jiropose to speak of any but the section 3Ialus. In enumerating the species we will place first in order the five species which Prof. Koch supposes to have contributed to the production of our culti- vated apple, and of these, as we have before stated, he expresses doubts respecting the real specific nature of two, thus reducing the number of funda- mental species to three; then we will add the re- maining indigenous species, which he does not suspect to have had any participation in what he regards as our hybrid. 1. Pirus 2}U77nla, Mill. (P. malus, var. Para- disiaca L.) — This is called the Paradise Apple, and in France the Doucain and St. John's Apple. Its native country is said to be South-eastern Eussia, Caucasus, Tartary and the Altai Mountains. It forms only a low tree, or sometimes a tall shrub. The leaves are elliptical, and woolly on the under surface. On account of its rapid and low growth this is principally used as a stock for dwarf apples. 2. Pirns dasypltylla. Boric — This is enumerated by Prof Koch as a species, and yet he says that it is certainly nothing more than an apple tree become wild, and was counted by the elder Koch in 1843 as Pirus malus, variety tomentosa Prof. Koch says it does not now grow truly indigenous in the East, and asks if it may not have arisen through long culture. LinnaBus, indeed, considered this as the original of the cultivated apple. It is found in cultivation in Europe under many different names, among which are Pirus j^ulverulenta and Pirus armeniaciwtolia. 3. Pirus sylvestris, Mill. — Prof. Koch says that probably Southern Siberia and Northern China is the native country of this species, and that it is frequently found growing wild in Europe as an escape and not as a true native. He remarks that by cultivation a series of varieties has arisen from this species, some of which resemble Pirus punn'lu. and some Pirus prunifolia. Indeed he suggests that it may possibly have arisen by cultivation from Pirus prunifolia. 4. Pirus prunifolia, Willd. — The plum-leaved apple. The native country of this species is said to be Southern Siberia, Northern China and Tartary. It is the tree, or at least one of the forms of the ti'ee, which is so commonly cultivated as the Siberi- an Crab. It is a beautiful tree both in flower and in fruit. 5. Pirus spiectahilis, ^4(7.— The native country of this species is China. It is closely related to Pirns prunifolia, but is distinguished by its longer and narrower leaves (3 inches by 3), which are duller in color, and retain longer the hairiness of the under surface; by the larger size of the flowers, and the more numerous cells of the fruit. There are several varieties in cultivation, as Malus flori- bunda. Mains Kadio, and Malus Ringo. 6. Pirus Ussuriensis, Max. — This is a handsome small tree, a native of South-eastern Siberia. Prof. Koch says that this agrees in the main with Pirus sylvestris, and he suggests that it may be the mother plant of that species. 7. Pirus baccala, L. — The popular name which Prof. Koch gives to this species is the apple with berry-like fruit. Its native land is said to be Siberia. It is more commonly a bush than a tree, with roundish or short lanceolate leaves, which are always jjointed, mostly smooth and without woolliuess, and toothed on the margin. Not only has the tree a jjleasing appearance at the time of flowering, but it is much more pleasing when the branches are covered with the clusters of long-stalked berry-like apples. Several varieties of this species have been produced by cultivation, of which those called cerasifoUa and sjihaerocarpa are the principal. 8. Pirns Toringo, Lieb. — The native country of this species is Japan. It is both bushy and tree- like. It has most resemblance to that variety of Pirns baccata called sjihaerocarpa, but is dis- tinguished by smaller fruit, by darker colored and somewhat thicker leaves, which are also more or less incisely toothed. We next come to consider the American species of this group. They are three in number. 9. Pirns coronaria L. — Our common Ci'ab apple. This species is found wild over a large part of the eastern portion of the United States and Canada. It is a small sized tree, attaining the height of twenty feet, branching low with stiS" horizontal limbs. The fruit is about an inch in diameter, generally very acerb and unpalatable. 10. Pirus augustifolia, Ait. — The narrow-leaved Crab apple. This species differs little from the common Crab apple. Its leaves are longer, narrower and less disposed to be lobed, and in the flowers there is less union of the styles than in the preced- ing. Its range is not as well known, but it occurs in Virginia, in the Western Slates, and in Kansas. CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES — BY PROF. W. J. BEAL. 57 It is douhted by some botanists if it should be con- sidered more than a variety of Pirus coronaria. 11. Pinis rivularis. — This is the only Crab apple known on the western coast of North America. It occurs in Alaska, and descends to Oregon, Northern California and Nevada. Its fruit is about the size of a small cherry and is employed by the Indians of Alaska as a part of their food supply. Prof. Koch thinks that it is probably identical with the Japan species, Pirns Torinrjo, but we hardly know sufficient about either to decide this point. Classification of Apples. Bj' Profcssoi- W. .T. Beal, of Lansing, Mich. A natural classification would be one in which every distinguishing feature of the plant was con- sidered, giving each character its due weight. This would include the peculiar features of the young embryo as it began to germinate, following on with every step in its growth to a mature plant bearing fruit. In such a classification nothing must escape notice. The twigs, buds, leaves, all pans of the flowers, fruit and seeds — every point must have its due weight in determining the relations of each variety to all the others. The varieties of apples have become so numerous, that each should be more completely described than has generally been cus- tomary. In defining wild plants, the botanist places great stress on the peculiarities of the flowers. I believe these characters are of great value in de- scribing our apples. I will briefly describe and compare the flowers of a few of the varieties first examined. The petal of the Red Astraclian is ovate, and on the average of many specimens is one and a fourth inches long by three-fourths broad in the widest place. The petal of a Tahnan Sweet is elliptical, twelve-sixteenths by seven-sixteenths, just about long enough to reach across the widest part of a petal of the Red Astraclian. The petal of the Porter is nearly orbicular, cordate at the base, with a very short claw or stem. It is twelve-sixteenths by thirteen-sixteenths of an inch in breadth and length. The petal of a Sweet Bough is broadly ovate, or elliptical ovate, seventeen and fourteen-sixteenths inches across the surface, having a distinct claw. This is enough to show something of the great value of the petals in describing apples. On the Red Astrachan the styles are seven- twelfths of an inch long, united for one-third to two-fifths of an inch, and then diverging. They are slightly pubescent whei'e they begin to separate; above and below they are smooth. In the Tahnan Sweet, the styles are five-sixteenths of an inch long. The upper half of the five styles is closely covered and matted together by a dense woolly substance. In the flowers of the Jersey Sweet the styles are short, stout and twice the diameter of those in the SeeJc-no-further. The Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gar- dener, 1870, p. 185, gives something of a new classi- fication of apples by Robert Hogg. The only new points used are those based on the shape of the calyx-tube and the position of the stamens in the tube. The calyx-tube varies in form from conical to funnel-shaped, and is seen between the eye and the core on making a longitudinal section of an apjjle through the center. The stamens form a bristle-like fringe round the inner surface of the calyx-tulje. Some form a fringe immediately under the base of the segments, and are called marginal ; others are medium : others situated near the base are called basal. To test the value of tliese new characters of Dr. Hogg, I have examined a large number of our apples. In the first forty-eight varieties examined, seven had the stamens marginal, twenty-four me- dium, three basal, eight between marginal and medium, six between medium and basal. As we should expect in any character, it is sometimes very decisive and of much value, while in other cases it varies or is so near midway between two forms that we can make little use of it. An artificial classification is based on some one point or a few points of diflerence, ignoring all other points, any of which may be important. As an illustration, we may call all apples sweet or sour, large or small, striped or not striped. So in botany, the best artificial keys in our text books require the student to divide only one, two or three points at a time. This one divided, he leaves it for the next, and so on till the specimen is separated from all others. Mr. A. J. Downing believed the classification of apples to be impracticable, and arranged his fruits in alphabetical order. Mr. Thomas, Barry, Dr. Warder and some others, have arranged the varie- ties in a way to assist a person in finding the name of an unknown fruit. Many of us would like still more aid to make it easier to trace out an apple. If an apple is of such a size as to make it doubt- ful whether to call it large or medium, place it in both classes in the key. So with other points which are likely to be misunderstood as to shape, time of maturing, etc. 58 GRAPE ROT, BY ISIDOR BUSH. Many fruits are still very imperfectly described. To make use of the new characters of the flower, it will be necessary to go again over all the work of others in examining fresh specimens when in flower and in fruit. In the classification which I have adopted, I first decide whether the apple is sweet or sour ; second, is it ripe in summer, autumn or winter; third, is it striped with red, not striped nor russet ; fourth, is it flat, round, conical or oblong. These four points can be expressed in a key on two pages of a book facing each other. At the end of each line in the key I give the page on which to continue the mves- tigation. After making use of these four classes, I do not pursue any definite order, but make use of just those points which seem to me most characteristic. In some it may be the basin, in some this may not be a marked feature. I seize whatever is the most striking point for contrast between any two apples or lot of apples in hand. I have made free use of a recent paper of mine in the Michigan Pomological Report for 1876. Grape Rot. From Hon. Isidou Bush, Bushberg, Jefferson Co. , Mo. Gentlemen: — Deeply regretting that I am pre- vented from meeting with you in person, I beg to address yoii at least by pen, as a member of this Society, hoping that your consultation on the sub- ject herewith submitted may result in some good to that important branch of fruit culture — the grape. While we have reached a better knowledge of the classification of American grapes, their adaptation to the various sections of our country, and have advanced in the pi-odnctiou of new, hardy and val- uable varieties; while experience has taught us their proper mode of culture and to avoid losses formerly sustained by trying to raise foreign vines and their seedlings; while France, the foremost wine country of the world, begins to acknowledge and proclaim the great value of American grapes, not merely for the resistance of their roots to the phylloxera, but for the excellence of the fruit in several of our varieties, and begin to plant them there largely for their own production* — most of our grape growers here become very much discour- aged, and hundreds contemplate abandoning its culture, and even grubbing out their vineyards, on account of the (jrape rot. I am well aware that this is no new disease. Longworth, of Cincinnati, wrote in 1849 of his oldest *See Messager Ajfricole du y\U\\ ; La Vigne Amerlcaine, &c. vine dresser, Father Ammen, that he beciame dispirit- ed, as the rot blasted his hopes; he got sick, refused taking medicine, saying, " what do I want to live for? mygrapes are all rotten." In a communication of Longworth, read Oct., 1848, appended to the Report of the Committee on Fruits, we find that "previous to the last six or eight years we had much less of rot, yet our soil was then the same and our rains as frequent and heavy." I am aware also, that the same old vineyards which had suffered severely from rot for some years, had no rot at all in a subsequent year, but never- theless it caused grape growing to be almost entirely abandoned around Cincinnati and in many other localities where it first flourislied. In later years the same trouble was experienced wherever Ameri- can grape culture had been commenced on a larger scale, and it would have been deserted had its suc- cess depended on the Catawba and Isabella alone, as it did center for years on these two varieties. The introduction of others, especially the Concord, which were pronounced and suj^posed to be entirely free from rot and mildew, gave a new impetus to grape- growing, and it promised to become one of the great industries of our country, a source of wealth and enjoyment to its thousands of producers and con- sumers. The last few years' experience has unfortunately shown that the Concord, and in fact, more or less, all varieties of Labrusca, all hybrids, and all our j]^Isti valis, with tiie exception, perhaps, of Norton's and Cijnthiana, are no less subject to rot than Catawba; and if some new varieties are to-day yet exempt, we cannot have faith in their future freedom from this disease, which has increased during the last years in violence, destructiveness and extent of territory to such a degree as to justify almost despondency among grape growers. I still hope tliat the true character and cause of this disease, and consequently the possibility of avoiding or curing it, may be found out by careful, scientific investigations. But mere notions and opinions, aye, even the intellectual views of the practical vintner, are insufficient in this matter. Thirty years ago (in 1848), the before mentioned report of the Cincinnati Horticultural Committee gave as the cause of rot in grapes, " their location, being confined in situations not fully exposed to the air and their proximity to orchards or woods;" to which Mr. Longworth objected, as in his vineyards " fully exposed to the sun and air, and facing east, west, north and south, with no tall trees in the vi- cinity, the rot has prevailed in all, and in some PATHOLOGY OF CULTIVATED PLANTS, BY PEOF. A. N. PRENTISS. 59 seasons two-thirds of the crop \v;is lost." He found that where the ground was more porous, there was less rot; in the bottom, where the rain immediately sank deep in the earth, where the subsoil was mixed with sand or gravel, there was no rot. He conse- quently attributed the rot chiefly to a stiff clay sub- soil. Yet he relates himself that he asked a man, of whom he bought some excellent Catawba wine, if his grapes rotted the past season. He replied not, and that rot in the vineyards of all his neighbors had been severe. Longworth observed, "yours must be a sandy soil or more porous than your neighbors'." The man replied, " a stiff, subsoil clay, the same as his neighbors';" that he could give but one cause for his success; that before the rot began his time had been so much taken up by his farm, that he neglected to hoe his vineyard and it was full of weeds. Finding his not to rot, while the well hoed vineyards of his neighbors suffered severely by the rot, he left all standing and had a full crop. Mr. Loiigworth adds: ''I recollect, some years since, when my vineyards suffered severely from rot, some of my lazy tenants, who left their vineyards in grass and weeds, escaped the rot, while the clean vine- yards of their neighbors adjoining, and their own portion cleaned, suffered badly from the rot; and they attributed their escape to their idleness in not cleaning their vineyards, I was and am unwilling to believe this, " But facts are chiels that winna ding And canna be disputed." Similar conflicting testimonies can be found in all that has since been said and written on the sub- ject. Some are led to believe that early and close summer pruning is a partial preventive against rot, while others attribute their partial exemption from rot to non-pruning in summer. For many years I was led to believe, with many others, that we must ascribe the rot to an exhaustion of some ingredients in the soil or in the plant from bearing a few heavy crops, as young vines, in their first and second fruit bearing seasons seemed exempt; that consequently a renewal system by layering and manuring would have to be adopted. But again, we found that some young vines, this year a great many, only three to five years old, with as vigorous a growth and as healthy foliage as was ever seen, rotted even their first crop of fruit, for which the promise, in .June, was splendid. The appearance of the rot in grapes under quite heterogeneous circumstances, conditions and treat- ments, still more, the various singular cases of exemptions from the disease in the very midst of like conditions, render the question unusually per- plexing. To tell us that "it is a disease of fungoid origin " is no solution of its problems ; and the sulphur rem- edy, so readily recommended in all such cases, is certainly quite ineffective against rot. Hon. W. J. Flagg, the champion of sulphuring, admits himself that " this black rot came and went as it pleased, without regard to the sulphur, no matter how thick it rested on the berries." He will have found out also, by this time, that the Oidium of Europe and our Perbnospora are widely different mildews, and that, unfortunately, sulphuring is by far less effect- ive on the latter than on the former. Prof. Farlow, of Harvard, justly apprehends that the introduction of this parasitic fungus in Europe may have as grave consequences as that of the phylloxera itself. And yet, while sulphuring is of no avail, and some experiments of fumigating with coal tar and sul- phur, which I made, proved ineffective, there seems to be something in the smoke and atmosphere of large cities which acts as a protection against rot on the vines in its immediate vicinity. Feeling that this question requires the most ear- nest investigation of men skilled in microscopy and chemistry, aided by fruit culturists, I have addressed the Hon. Wm. G. LeDuc, our new Commissioner of Agriculture, and have received his kind reply on the subject. And I herewith hand you a copy of this correspondence, in the hope that you will cheerfully aid, as far as you may be able, in his endeavor " to grajjple with this question, and to discover as speed- ily as possible the cause of and remedy for the rot." Very respectfully yours, IsiDOR Bush. To the Hon. M. P. Wilder, President, and Members of the American Pomological Society. [The correspondence alluded to is omitted. — Sec- retary.l Pathology of Cultivated Plants. From Professor A. N. Prentiss. Cornell University, ) Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 1st, 1877. \ Hon. W. C. Flagg, Secretary American Pomologi- cal Society : Dear Sir: — I find that I shall not be able to attend the meeting of the American Pomological Society in Baltimore on the 1 3th inst., nor have I found opportunity to do such special work bearing upon my proposed paper on the "Pathology of Cul- tivated Plants," as would be required to give it suit- able shape for that occasion. I have been giving PATHOLOGY OF CULTIVATED PLANTS, BY PROF. A. Jf. PRENTISS. this subject considerable attention for some yecars, but it is one presenting very numerous difficulties. The facts bearing upon it are of a peculiarly obscure nature, and are to be arrived at only after long con- tinued research, observation and experiment. The matter of the health and disease of our cul- tivated plants has been too long practically ignored, especially when we consider that the success of the agriculturist, the fruit-grower, the nurseryman and the florist, is in reality measured by the degree of vigor and health which such plants possess. We are not wanting in numerous, and in many cases learned and excellent works relating to the health and disease of our domestic animals ; while as re- gards the diseases to which jjlants are liable there is very little known. The number of writings on the subject is very inconsiderable, and the reliable infor- mation afforded by them still more so. Nor is this to be so much wondered at, when we reflect that the conditions and influences which affect the health of plants are more complex than in the case of animals. Plants in a high state of culture are in almost all cases in an abnormal con- dition, being artificial varieties or races of species, having lost to a large extent the characteristics of the species itself, including to a great extent its natural constitutional vigor. Under these conditions, plants must necessarily be predisposed to disease, under which predisposition they are markedly afiected by every varying condition of soil and climate, heat and cold, moisture and drought; and especially by varying combinations of these conditions. For in- stance, the disease or destruction engendered by the cold of a given winter, might not have occurred had the conditions of heat or moisture, or both, during the previous season, been of a diflereut character. In general terms, the disease which invades our tields or orchards or gardens, is almost always in- duced by obscure, complex, and in many eases, far- reaching causes. The pear blight, or other disease, may not result from conditions which exist at the present time so much as from those conditions combined with others running back through many years, involving, it may be, years of faulty culture. This remark would hold true, although the imme- diate cause of the disease might be found to be of fungoid origin, it being well established that attacks of fungi are rarely injurious except the plant so attacked has already become more or less enfeebled through the influence of unfavorable climate, sea- son, soil or other cause. What we want is more facts and moi'e reliable ones bearing upon the diseases of cultivated plants ; and the one most valuable suggestion which I had expected to incor]iorate in my paper was, that the Society should appoint a committee which should be charged with the special duty of collecting facts and statistics relating to the whole subject. A list of suitable ([uestions, bearing upon the matter from all standpoints, including cause, effect and remedy, sent out far and wide among intelligent fruit grow- and agriculturists, would, as I believe, elicit much needed and valuable information. The facts thus gathered, strengthened by some well devised experi- ments which scientists would no doubt be willing to make, and carefully elaborated in connection with the national meterological reports, would in a few years aff'ord information of very great import- ance as well as scientific value. Very truly yours, Albert N. Prentiss. HISTORICAL SKETCHES FRUIT CULTURE IN THE SEVERAL STATES, &c. Arizona. Pbescott, August 14th, 1877. W. C. Flagg, Esq., Secretary, dec: Dear Sir. — In answer (o your jiostal to Ex-Gov. SafFurd, I would say that fruit culture is yet in such a state of infancy in this territory, as to hardly have a history, and I hardly think it would be worth wliile to attempt to get one for the purpose suggested by you. Truly yours, John P. Hoyt, Governor. Arkansas. Little Rock, Ark., Oct. 3, 1877. W. C. Flagg, Esq., Secretary, £-c.: Dear Sir — In compliance with the request of your Society I will endeavor to give a few faints con- cerning the rise and progress of fruit culture iu Arkansas. Considered as a history of that branch of industry, all the information I can give will be incomplete and iinsatisfactory. The first settlers in tlie state gave very little attention to the raising of fruit. In the hilly portions, very little was cultivated except a patch of corn for bread, while they depended upon game and mast fed pork for meat ; and later when the low lands began to be improved it was for the purpose of raising cotton, and owners regarded their plantations as a means of gain rather than as desirable residences for their families. As early as 1840, probably not one family in ten resident in the state, had a fruit tree upon their places. About that time Dr. Thurston moved into the north-western portion of the state, and com- menced the planting of fruits; for an account of his success, and the results of his experience, I refer you to the accompanying communication from him, herewith enclosed. About the same time, a few persons in the south- ern and south-western portions of the state began to cultivate fruit ; for a more detailed account of what they accomplished I refer you to a communi- cation fjom S. J. Mathews, Esq., of JVIonticello, which is herewith enclosed. From the time above named the culture of peaches, apples, and in some instances pears, for home con- sumption, gradually increased until 1860, at which time peaches were abundant, apples plentiful, in some localities, more particularly in the north- western portions of the state, and occasionally a few pear trees would be seen. Small fruits were not grown except by a few individuals. At the close of the war, as industry began to revive, more attention was paid to this branch than it had ever received before. In many places vine- yards were planted comprising several thousands of vines, and strawberries and raspberries received attention, and the production of fruit so increased that in 1875 several towns, on the line of the Cairo and Fulton Railroad, received quite a revenue from fruit shipped to St. Louis. I have no means of determining the amount shipped for that year, but am informed by express agents that, this season now past, three hundred . thousand pounds of peaches have been shipped by them, and it is their belief that at least three times that amount were shipped in 1875. The peaches now laised here are mostly late, and as the early varieties are the only ones which pay to ship, the amount shipped bears a very small propor- tion to the suplus produced. For the past three years strawberries in consider- able quantities have been shipped and have brought remunerative prices, but I have no means of de- termining the amount. At the present time, in the vicinity of Little Rock, Van Buren, Hot Springs and several other places, vineyards may be seen covering from, one 62 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE. to fifteen acres; also small plantations of Straw- berries, Raspberries and Blackberries cultivated ex- clusively for market, and the area planted in fruit is rapidly increasing. Very respectfully yours, C. C. Bliss. Van Buren, Ark., August 9th, 1877. C. C. Bliss, Esq.: Dear Sir — Yours of ^Gth ult., received some time ago, and should have been replied to before now ; but my entire time has been taken up in the nursery and orchard. It is budding season and that must be done in season or not at all. To write out anything like a history of my experience in fruit culture would require a volume to contain it. I can justly claim to be one of the oldest pioneers now living in Western Arkansas, whose sole oc- cupation, for the last thirty-five years, has been fruit culture. To recount the vicissitudes through which I have passed, with its oft repeated failures at first, its partial successes as time progressed, with final victory at last, would no doubt interest a few, but would never be read by the masses, if published in every printed journal in America. By this I mean that we, at least in Arkansas, have not a reading people. But to be brief, I will sa}', that some thirty-five years ago I planted my first orchard, consisting of apples chiefly, purchased of a New York nursery and consisting of the following va- rieties, all of which I knew to be choice kinds, in the Middle and Northern States, viz: Newtown Pippin, Newtown Spitzenberg, Golden Swaar, Eso- pus Spitzenberg, Baldwin, Chandler, Duchess of Oldenburg, Golden Russet, Northern Spy, Ranibo, &c., &c. All of which grew lu.xuriantly into good sized trees, and in six years all bore fruit, which either rotted on the trees before rii^ening or fell ofi" before the first of August in a half ripe, half rotten condition. Worthless being no name for any of the whole caboodle, allowing me an Arkansas phrase. But for four to five years I persisted in the use of fertilizers ; applied lime, ashes, barn-yard and stable manure, iron, cinders, charcoal, crushed bones, etc., with the same results, until 1 concluded to exterminate the entire orchard and try other varieties, and purchase, nearer home, such varieties as succeeded in Kentucky and Missouri. These I purchased at Louisville and St. Louis, and planted the following, viz : Ben Davis, Wine Sap, Limber- Twig, Horse Apple, Rome Beauty, Jenuettlng, Au- tumn Seek-no-furtlier, Pennock, Yellow Bellflower, Red and Grey Vandevere, Cooper's Market, and some early summer varieties. Early Harvest, Red Astra- chan, Julien, Sweet Bough, Red June, Summer Queen. All of the later early summer varieties succeed admirably. Of tlie former all did more or less. The Beu Davis,Wine Sap, Horse, Rome Beauty, Seek-no-further and Bellflower prove to be worthy of cultivation in this section. But Jennetting, Limber-Twig, Red and Grey Vandevere, Pennock and Cooper's Market were so nearly worthless that I destroyed them after years of efforts at success. As time rolled on, however, new varieties sprang up among the great number of seedlings which Tom, Dick and Harry fortunately planted whole orchards of, in tliis and adjoining counties, and from whicli came the famous Shannon, Steven- son Pippin, Red Reserve, Webber, Arkansas Queen, the Peerless and others of equally choice quality, but not yet fully tested, and are yet nameless. But with the above enumerated variety, together witli the following Georgia selections, viz : Shock- ley, Equinetely, Buncombe, Juualuskee, Stevenson's Winter, Red Warrior and Hewes' Crab, we can and do produce as fine fruit as can be produced in any State in the Union. Luleed, our Shannon, Steven- son's Pippin, Arkansas Queen and Peerless have no superiors in any land, if any equals. I might add that besides the varieties named in the foregoing list, I have thoroughly tested the fruiting capacity of over fifty otiiers, chiefly va- rieties of less note, taken mostly from the Northern States, or of Northern origin. And in conclusion, on the subject of apples, I will only say, that I am fully convinced that Northern varieties of apples, as well as many other fruits of Northern origin, are so entirely worthless in the Southern States as to be not worth the labor of planting if furnished and delivered free of chai-ge. Similar has been my experience with the entire list of cultivated plums and fine sweet cherries of the North and East of the United States. The Wild Goose plum, superbly fine and delicious fruit, is a perfect success here, and all others a failure. The Wild Goose is of North Carolina origin and fills an important vacuum. Of cherries, the Early Rich- mond and Englisli Morello are the only varieties successfully fruited out of twenty-eight or thirty that I have fully tested, embracing Bigarreaus, Dukes and Hearts. The trees grow Avell and soon attain large size, and bloom every spring copiously and blast universally, setting no fruit. With grapes, I have had much trouble. Commenced planting in HISTOKICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTUKE. 63 the year fifty-seven, very few were in bearing before the war, through which none escaped destruction, and in the sjiring of sixty-six I resumed the busi- ness and planted in regular vineyard an even thousand vines, consisting of Concords, Clintons, Crevelings, Herbemonts, Delawares, lonas, Israellas, Ives, Hartfords, N. C. Seedlings, Rogers' Hybrids, &c., &c., in all thirty-three varieties of grapes. All of which bore more or less in sixty-nine and seventy, and all either rotted totally or in a less degree, ex- cept Norton's Virginia, Delaware, Ives, Hartford, and Perkins. But I was not to be backed down by a little, or even a large amount of mildew and rot in the first and second crops, so I persisted in thorough culture, fertilizing, pruning, pinching, &c., &c., but all in vain ; the more I strove the worse apparently was my success. So at last the process of extermination of certain varieties was com- menced, and still others of later origin, and loudly praised excellence, were procured at high prices, and planted in their stead; all of which have likewise failed in the main ; and, as yet, I can only claim perfect success with Norton's Virginia, Ives, Dela- ware, Hartford and Perkins. But I wish, however, to be perfectly understood not to mean that the foregoing statements are at all applicable to any portion of our country except this immediate valley, and fully in the cotton zone. For, indeed, there are localities and lands in large quantities in the mountains immediately north of us where every variety of grape, so far as yet planted and cultivated, has proved a success. For further remarks on this subject you are referred to accompanying docu- ment of Crawford County Immigration Statistics, under head of grapes and wines. In the cultiva- tion of small fruits generally, Strawberries, Rasp- berries, Blackberries, Gooseberries, &c., I cannot complain of much want of success. All grow well and mature their fruits, or in other words there are but few varieties that do not succeed if properly cared for. Pears of every variety are a most perfect success, but for the mysterious disease known as blight, which attacks the pear trees in any and all localities of certain seasons. Fortunately, however, there are some varieties that are entirely exempt from the disease. These are, viz : Duchess d'Angouleme, Virgalieu, Seckel and Winter Nelis, also Summer Bergamot and some others of less note. In con- clusion allow me to offer my apology for not writing sooner, and with more studied and careful arrange- ment of the subject. For it is indeed, as Mr. Downing expresses it, a subject deserving, not a few, but many words, and I may add one that re- quires an abler pen than mine to do it justice. Am very truly yours, &c., Richard Thurston. P. S. — I shall, at any time, be pleased to give you any information regarding fruits and fruit trees, so far as in my power. I have an extensive nursery of alj the choice and reliable fruit trees, to me known, of Western Arkansas. R. T. MoNTicELLO, Ark., August 3d, 1877. Mr. C. C. Bliss: Replying to yours of 26th ult. The earliest settlers of this portion of the State, as a rule, cared little for fiuit until it was distilled. When my father moved here, in 1848, there was probably not more than one farmer in ten who had a fruit tree on his place, and not more than one in fifty who had anything more in the way of an orchard than a few seedling peach trees and a clump of Chicka- saw plums, /-ii idea prevailed, which is not yet al- together abandoned, that corn-bread, bacon and coffee was the natural diet of the human species, and that the more one kept fruit on the outside of him, the more healthy he would be. Only a year or two before the war, I knew a man of considerable wealth and a christian minister, to cut down the whole of a large, young orchard of well selected trees that was on a place he had purchased, because, as he supposed, the fruit would make his negroes sick. True, there were a few exceptions, but they were very few, and I am glad to aid in keeping green their memory. Old Dr. Cabeau, who lived awhile near Warren and afterwards on the Saline river, some twelve miles south-east of Warren, was an enthusiastic and persevering horticulturist — a great lover and cultivator of flowers — but gave considerable atten- tion to fruit, particularly pears and strawberries. He began raising fruit, here, about 1840, and died at an advanced ago some twelve or fifteen years ago. Mr. John C. Bush came from Kentucky and settled on the dividing ridge between the waters of the Saline river and bay on Bartholomew, not far from where Star city, the capital of Lincoln County, now is, about thirty-five years ago, and very soon afterwards planted out a large orchard of apples, peaches, pears, '&c., getting his trees originally from Kentucky nurseries, and afterwards budding and grafting himself. Besides raising a great deal of 64 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE COLORADO. fine fruit, when others had scarcely any, he carried on, for a number of years, a little nursery from which the few of his neighbors, who in those times cared about grafted trees, got their supply. Mr. Bush still lives on the old place, being nearly ninety years of age. About 1S58, Dr. Jacob Kersh, who had been celebrated in South Carolina as an amateur fruit culturist, having taken numbers of premiums for tine fruit at the State Fair, there, settled some ten miles north-east of Monticello and immediately planted out extensive orchards and an experimental grapery, the latter containing nearly all varieties of the vine then cultivated in the South. Dr. K. spared no pains or expense to have fine fruit and was entirely successful. He died some two years ago, but the orchards he left are a monument to his worth. His sons are enthusiastic fruit culturists, and have originated several valuable and promising varieties of the apple and peach. Since the war our people generally have become much more appreciative of the need of having an abundance of good fruit as also of the practicabili- ty of so doing. And notwithstanding the monetary stringency and other difficulties that have been in the way, there are many good orchards, now, throughout this portion of the State, and scarcely a farmer but that has more or less of peach, ajjple and plum trees. The writer has been carying on a nursery near Monticello since J 868. He makes a specialty of the sorts that have been thoroughly tested and have proved to be adapted to the Southern climate. Fruit tree planting may be said to be fairly on the increase, here. Truly yours, S. J. Matthkw.s. Colorado. To tell of fruit growing in Colorado is to relate a short and disastrous story. The first settlements were made in 1859, and soon after various kinds of fruit trees were planted mostly in the vicinity of Denver, but afterwards in several other places. First the trees winter killed badly, next they had all the symptoms of attacks by borers, and finally when grasshoppers came in the fall, they eat out buds, and consumed the leaves, consequently not only fruit but other trees died the next season, or lingered making little progress. The general im- pression among those who have planted, cultivated and studied most is, that our elevation of -l:,500 feet, where the evaporation is constant and rapid, and where the pressure of the atmosphere is only eleven inches against fifteen inches in the east, the sap of the trees is abstracted, frost and cold and hot sun- shine penetrate, and the trees die. Various plans have been devised to save the trees, first, by water- ing in winter; second, by planting in the shade of cotton-wood and box-elders ; third, by covering with brush, matting and the like ; but the results are not noteworthy. There are plenty of instances where trees lived through several winters, where they grew extremely well and everything was so promis- ing that it seemed certain they would bear full crops — indeed, they sometimes did bear, but in the following spring they die in part, and in the next year wholly. It looks now as if the only method not yet tried, is to grow from the seed and obtain iron-clad sorts thi'ough the process of the survival of the strongest. Tiie Salt Lake people say they had no success until they obtained trees this wa}', and now undoubtedly they have the best fruit country, all things consid- ered, in the United States, their peaches bearing wonderfully, while they have magnificent plums, apricots and the like. Peach trees grown here from the pits die down every winter, but they come on the next spring as vigorous 'as ever. Possibly they may become toughened, but the prospect is not brilliant. I have some apple trees sent me from Salt Lake, which have been planted two years and only one in a dozen is dead ; the rest look tolerably well. What is said above refers to pears, cherries and quinces as well. So far the greatest visible enemy is the grass- hopper, but this is no real obstacle, for in Salt Lake they are thicker than here. It is to be added that our latitude and elevation are the same as at Salt Lake City. Grapes are doing tolerably well, and as they can be covered in the winter, they should be more prom- ising, though they will not escape the ravages of young grasshoppers in the spring. By the way, we have these pests for a series of four or five years, then we have a rest for this same length of time. Eemarkable crops of grapes, from a few vines, have been grown, when the canes lay on the ground wholly neglected, and not trimmed in the least. A man living near Denver showed at the fair this fall bunches of white hot-house grapes weighing as much as three pounds, grown in this way. Also, Concords and Delawares, which looked well. A few apples were shown. All this is said of Northern Colorado lying in the valley of the South Platte. In the valley of the Arkansas, and at about the same elevation, prospects are much better, and at HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE — FLORIDA. 65 Canyon City in particular, are several orchards, one of wliicli, two years ago, bore 150 bushels of apples, and this year considerably less. The quality is ex- cellent. A few peaches, and perliaps some pears, have been grown in that section. In the eastern part of Colorado, both on the Platte and Arkansas, say one hundred miles from the mountains and at an elevation of about three thousand feet, hardy apples ought to do well ; it seems to me, as well as in North- ern Michigan, where the Khode Island (Ireening is unexcelled. Currants do badly, owing undoubtedly tn the hot, scalding sun. Box-elders planted to shade the bushes would perhaps be a benefit, and I shall try it. Gooseberries bear well when grasslioppers do not eat out the buds, but last summer a good part of the fruit was scalded on the bushes, as were cur- rants in California. The Kittatinny blackberry, when laid down, bears large, nice fruit, and better than any other. Strawberries bear full as well as in the Eastern States, and raspberries also. Irriga- tion is absolutely necessary, and it insures good crops. But peculiar methods are to be learned and a longer time is required here to get roots well es- tablished than in the East. There is a portion of Colorado lying between 37'^ and 38° of latitude, now beginning to be settled, and reaching to the corner of Arizona. In many of the valleys at an elevation of more than 3,000 feet trees are not bearing, and in corresponding valleys in Utah raisins are grown. Arizona produces excellent peaches, pears, &c., and in some parts, sugar-cane. The summer heat in all these regions is intense. The part of Colorado referred to was once settled by a people at least half civilized, and some of the Indian tribes at no great distance south in New Mexico raise an abundance of peaches, perhaps as a tradi- tion or a recollection. The thousands of valleys of the affluents of the gi-eat Colorado should in the future be made glad with almost all kinds of fruit. N. C. Meeker. Florida. Genilemeu of the Poniological Society : As you have done me the honor to appoint me an officer of your Society, and as circumstances prevent my meeting with you, I present, with my regrets at my inability to join you in your deliber- ations, a few remarks on the present condition and future prospects of fruit culture in Florida. Foremost in point of importance, as regards its influence in inducing immigration to the State, and the opening of a vast extent of unoccupied country 5 to settlement and improvement, and as a product promising ultimate independence to those who en- gage in its culture, stands THE SWEET ORANGE. It is only a few years since particular attention was paid to this fruit, but in that time vast strides have been made in its cultivation. To the few old groves which survived neglect and other adverse circumstances consequent on the war, hundreds of new groves have been added, and in all parts of the State yearly accretions to the number of bearing trees are increasing the product and enlarging the proportions of a business which is destined at no far distant day to be one of great magnitude. Our people are learning new and improved methods of budding, grafting, and general culture, and the work of establishing a grove is by no means the long and difficult matter it was once supposed to be. Formerly ten years was the time allowed from the planting of the seed till the tree commenced bearing, but exjieriment has shown the possibility of producing fruit in from four to six years. Much attention has been given also to improving varieties of fruit. Local societies in different sections of the State have interested themselves in this subject, as well as the Florida Fruit Growers' Association, at whose last annual meeting a Committee on Nomen- clature was appointed. The first report of this com- mittee has excited an interest in the production of fruit of fine quality, and doubtless succeeding re- ports will give evidence of increased attention to the culture of finer grades. Fertilizers adapted to the rapid growth and increased fruitage of the orange tree have received much attention, and dis- cussions by gentlemen who have given the subject much careful study and whom experience enables to give results of experiments, have led to great improvements in the materials used and in their application. Among the enemies of the orange tree may be mentioned the "scale insect" and a dis- eased condition known as "die-back." The former, once much dreaded, now causes little uneasiness, as several applications have been found which readily remove it : and while the latter is a source of considerable anxiety in some localities, it is hoped an effectual remedy will soon appear and dis- pel all cause for alarm. Last year's crop suffered considerably from a hurricane which swept over the eastern, southern and gulf coasts during the fall, shaking thousands of oranges from the trees, and in many cases uprooting and destroying the trees themselves ; and again, two severe frosts ma- terially injured the fruit, and in many cases killed 66 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE —FLORIDA. young trees to the root. Nevertheless, the crop was estimated at 17,000,000. Few, if any, bearing trees were injured by frost, and should no unfor- seen disaster occur, the coming crop will probably reach 30,000,000. Prices have ranged at from $17.50 to $25.00 per thousand on the trees. Deal- ers have found the benefit of careful handling and packing, and in Nortliern markets prices are main- tained at a good figure, notwithstanding the enor- mous importation of foreign fruit. SOUR OR SEVILLE ORANGES. For two years past, sour oranges have been in demand for the manufacture of marmalade, orange wine, and orange hitters. A large factory for the manufacture of marmalade — the capacity being a ton a day — has been erected at Jacksonville, and the product has been pronounced equal to that made in Dundee, Scotland. The wine and bitters are as yet nuxde only in small ((uantities. but meet a ready sale, and their manufacture may yet become a business of considerable importance. So many of the natural (wild) sour groves have been converted into sweet groves by budding, that the demand for this fruit is now even up with the supply, and it is probable that before long new groves of sour trees will be planted. Other varieties of the citron fam- ily, such as Gi-ape Fruit, Shaddocks, etc., are grown in unimportant quantities. LEMONS AND LIMES. The lemons hitherto grown in Florida have been of a large, coarse variety, not favorably received in Northern markets, and it is only recently that im- proved varieties have been introduced. General H. S. Sanford, who spends much of his time abroad, has procured fine grades of this fruit and has done much to improve its quality here. Other gentle- men are giving the subject attention, and the lemon pi'omises to be a valuable addition to our fruits. Limes grow readily, particularly in the southern and south-western parts of the state, and yield with great profusion, but have not as yet received the attention they deserve. They can be made a source of great profit. PEACHES. The crop this year has been very heavy in all sections of the state. Many of the finest Northern varieties have borne for the first time. Experience shows that the best fruit is grown by putting north- ern buds on native stocks. Our early varieties ripen in May, so that they will be profitable to ship to Northern markets. The peach tree finds few ene- mies here. Increased attention is being paid to its cultivation and we shall soon be sending large quan- tities of fruit out of the state. Quinces, Plums, Neetnrines, Apricots, have all done well the past season, and will be largely planted in the future. In some sections, Apples and Pears have borue well, and we may yet find varieties of these fruits suited to our climate. STRAWBERRIES. Strawberry culture is receiving considerable at- tention, some growers having achieved great suc- cess, and the area planted is annually increasing. The Wilson's Albany has so far proved to be the best variety, but tlie business is yet in its infancy and other varieties may yet succeed as well. GRAPES. Tliere is no part of the state where this fruit does not do well. The Northern varieties best spoken of are Hartford Prolific, Delaware, Ives' Seedling (given in the order in which they bear fruit), and of natives St. Augustine, Scuppeimong, Thomas, and Flowers, the last two being varieties of the Scupper- nong. Hartford Prolific ripens in June, and from then till October grapes of some variety are con- stantly in market. There is some attention paid to wine making and the business is profitable to those who engage in it, but the capabilities of the state in that direction remain to be developed by capital, and a more thorough knowledge of processes of manufiicture than now obtains. MISCELLANEOUS. Among the tropical fruits now growing and pro- ducing in Florida may be mentined Sugar Apple (Anona squamosa); Guavas, of different varieties; Jujube [ZyzipJtus vulgaris) ; Mango (Mangifera Indica); Papaw {Papaya vulgaris); Bananas, Pine Apples, Figs, 01ives,and many othersof inferior note : while many varieties have been recently introduced, but with wliat success it is as yet too early to say. Our climate has been found suited to tropical fruits to an extent exceeding the expectation of the most sanguine, and there is little doubt that in the more southern counties even the most delicate kinds Can be grown, and that before many years our people will be raising and shipping fruits which are now only known by name. I have had the pleasure of introducing many new fruit plants into Florida, among which are Rose Apple (Jamhosu vulgaris), Jambosine {Jambosa Ma- l-apa). Cashew (Aiiacardium occidentale), Span- ish plum {Spondias Myrobalanus), Cherrimoyer (Anona cherimolia), and several others. Of the above I have distributed seed to individuals in dif- HISTORICAL SKETCHKS OK KUUIT CULTntE ILLINOIS. 67 ferent parts of the State, and in most cases have good accounts of tlieir growth. It has seemed to me ever since my ivsidence in Florida that here is the proper location for a Na- tional Garden. Such gardens are not only encour- aged, but to a great degree — in some cases entirely — supported by the government in many of the dependencies of France and England, and with results which show the wisdom of an expenditure which is very small, compared with the benefits derived from increased knowledge of valuable fruits and plants. Such a garden, under the control of the Department of Agriculture, would not be of local benefit only, but would in many ways prove itself of value to the whole country. Many tropical fruits and plants, by a careful study here of their habits and wants, might gradually be acclimatized in more northern latitudes. This is particularly true of medicinal plants, many of which are now imported from foreign countries at no little cost at any time, and in case of wars some of them can only be procured at most astonishing advances on rates in times of peace. As an example, the Cin- chona may be mentioned. This valuable medicinal tree can undoubtedly be grown with success in some sections of Florida, and when its habits and require- ments are well understood, perhaps the mountains of Geoi'gia, Alabama, and even of Virginia, might supply the country with its indispensable quinine. Having already overstepped the limits of the sub- jects which properly come under the notice of a Pomological Society, I may be pardoned, perhaps, for going a little farther and suggesting that a National Botanical Society should examine, cor- rect, and report upon the nomenclature of the grasses and plants of the extreme South. In works upon the botany of this part of the country, and in southern agricultural reports, grave errors are made which are disseminated by the U. S. Bureau of Agriculture in its monthly reports. A rose by any other name may smell as sweet, and a grass improp- erly named may be as nutritious as when properly designated, but when one recommends the culture of a well tried, valuable plant or grass, and finds a half dozen valueless interlopers improjierlv recog- nized by a similar name taking its place, to the dis- appointment of the grower and to the great morti- fication of the person who has recommended it, the need of careful and correct nomenclature is appa- rent. I have the honor to be, gentlemen, Very respectfully your obedient servant, C. CODEINOTON. Jacksonville. Fhi., Sei)t. 3, 1877. Illinois. SKETCH OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF FRL'IT CULTURE IN ILLINOIS. The commencement of fruit culture in the State of Illinois dates back to the French sttlements of near two hundred years since. The evidence is indeed mostly traditional ; but it is said that as early as 1700 the French settlers planted the seeds of apples and pears ; and old pear trees of enormous size still existing at Kaskaskia, and other places in the south-west part of the State, prove that they did not altogether neglect fruit culture. Ford, in his history of Illinois, says, "Their houses were generally placed in gardens surrounded with fruit trees of apples, pears, cherries, and peaches." Their taste in this respect appears to have exceeded that of the early settlers of English origin. In 17G9 the French planters on the Illinois river made, from wild grapes, a number of pipes of a strong red wine, which was shipped to France. The at- tention of the government was attracted, and in accordance with the policy of the age — a policy unfortunately not yet obsolete — a further importa- tion was prohibited, lest it should interfere with home production. Most if not all the orchards planted before the admission of the State to the Union in 1818, appear to have consisted of seedlings. About that time three nurseries of grafted fruit were started, the best known of which was that of Joseph Curtis, at Paris in the south-eastern part of the State. The catalogue of this nursery at one time contained a list of three hundred varieties of apples, and a large assortment of other fruits. His trees were con- veyed in wagons to all parts of the State; and probably to him, more than to any other individual, is Illinois indebted for the introduction and dis- semination of good fruit. The first efforts at combined action in relation to fruit culture were made in the Northern part of the State. A meeting was held at Peoria in 1846, and another at Farmington in 1847, at each of which a committee was appointed to draft a constitution for a Horticultural Society ; but, for some reason, noth- ing ever came of it. In December, 1850, a meeting of eight or ten pomologists was held in Princeton, when steps were taken for the organization of the North-western Fruit Growers' Association ; an organ- ization which was effected in October, 1851, at a much larger convention in the same place. This society existed till 1857, when it was dissolved and merged in the State Horticultural Society. Some of its members were from adjoining states, but the great 68 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE ILLINOIS. majority were citizens of Illionis. The annual meetings were lield early in October, and were accompanied with ample exhibitions of fruits. These were compared, their merits discussed, and a good degree of order and correctness eliminated from the previous chaotic condition of their nomenclature. Mr. Barry, of Kochester, who attended a meeting of this society at Burlijigton, Iowa, in 1855, said that he had never before seen so fine a display of fruit as was then made. The Illinois State Horticultural Society was organized at Decatur in December, 1856. It has held annual meetings ever since, which have been generally characterized by a zeal and interest worthy the cause. For ten years past it lias received from the State an annual appropriation of $2000, which has enabled it to publish its transactions in a more complete form than was previously practicable. Its publications will compare favorably with those of any other society of the kind in the Union. While pomology has been the principal subject attended to, ornamental tree planting and forestry have not been neglected. Botany and entomology have re- ceived considerable attention, as well as other matters which interest the horticulturist. The transactions of some local societies are published in the same volume with those of the State Society. The membership of the Society has never been large ; the attendance at the annual meeting seldom much exceeding one hundred — a small number it would seem for so large and populous a State. Many counties have never had a representative at the meetings. Nevertheless its influence has been great ; and in connection with the local societies, it has effected a far greater advancement in fruit culture than all the Agricultural societies in the State have accomplished in the department to which they are devoted. In the progress of fruit culture in Illinois, the difficulties and discouragements encountered have been neither few nor trifling. A great number of varieties were introduced by emigrants from the older States ; many of them unsuited to the soil and climate, and many probably never of much value anywhei-e. Many varieties too which, grown upon young vigorous trees in a virgin soil, gave fine promise, were recommended for a general cultiva- tion, but soon deteriorated and were discarded. But these were of little consequence compared with the increase of insects, the increase of diseases, which in the vegetable, as in the animal economy, seem to prevail most in long settled districts ; and tlie ex- tremes in our climate of cold and heat, wet and drouth, which appear to be greater and more destructive to vegetable life than formerly. Twenty- five or thirty years ago some of our prominent pomologists were wont to boast — as has more recently been done by some of our neighbors further west — that our State was the best fruit region in the Union ; and the beauty and excellence of the fruits exhibited at the Pomological meetings appeared to give some color to the assertion. Some fifteen or sixteen years since, the hilly wooded region in the south part of the State was eulogized as the Utopia of fruit growing. Lands were bought at high prices, and large orchards, principally of peaches, established. A pear orchard of 13,000 or 15,000 trees was planted under the care of Parker Earle ; but the destruction of tlie forests produced meteorological changes ; insects and diseases were introduced or multiplied, and the reputation of the Illinois " Egypt " as a pomological paradise is already among the things of the past. The first serious check to fruit culture was the winter of 1855-6, when over a great part of the State the mercury stood at 30 to 36 degrees below zero. A nearly clean sweep was made of quince, peach, plum and cherry trees, the Morello cherries ex- cepted. Great numbers of apple and pear trees were killed outright, and most of the survivors greatly injured. The winters of 1872-3, and 1874-5 were likewise very fatal to fruit trees. In these two instances, the combination of extreme dryness of the soil with intense cold appeared to be the agent of destruction, the damage being apparent only in the roots. The efl'ect of these climatic extremes is still seen in the diminished vitality of orchards, and the inferiority of the fruit produced. The duration of orchards is likely to be far less than in the Eastern States. Pear culture in Illinois may be designated as a failure. It is doubtful if a single instance can be cited of the planting of pear trees to any consider- able extent, which has proved remunerative. Those who have planted only a few trees, in a great majori- ty of cases, have succeeded no better. The value of all the pears grown by the writer, in forty years, would not pay one half the trouble and expense in- curred in planting and caring for the trees. The de- struction of the trees by fire blight has been the great difficulty; though they are sometimes killed by severe winters. The combination of drouth and cold is fatal to the quince root in our soil ; so that dwarf pear trees, unless so treated as to throw out pear roots, endure but a few years. The culture of the Mazzard and Duke varieties of cherries, has proved even a more IIISTORICAI, SKKITHES OF FRUIT CUI/ri'lIF IOWA. 69 complete failure than that of "the pear. Yet, not- withstanding all these discouragements, the pursuit is still followed with sustained interest. Some of our most prominent pomologists have passed to their rest ; others have grown old in the cause and must soon follow ; yet there is a prospect that others will take their place who will fight the good fight with equal ability and determination. Arthur Bryant. Princeton, 111., August M, 1877. Iowa. EARLY HISTORY OF FRUIT GROWING IN THE DISTRICT OF MUSCATINE, IOWA, AND ADJOINING COUNTIES. To the Secretary, &c-: I came to this place in 183G. This date is early enough in the settlement of the country, but I can only recollect the introduction of a few orchards and fruits. Previous to 1836, Antoin LeClair had planted a few apple trees where the city of Davenport was soon after built. Thomas Burditt moved from Clover Port, Ky., in 1837, and brought a few seed- ling trees, among which was one called Eed Coat, taken up from suckers about the parent tree, which had been disseminated to some extent in Kentucky, from its suckers. The trees were good bearers at Muscatine, a good size, good market apple, but the quality third rate. Some years ago I grafted the Red Coat, and set them out. In 1843-4 it was the severest winter I ever saw, the river freezing three to three and a half feet, and the land six feet; these Burditt trees set on rich bottom land, the stock six inches in diameter, were nearly all split from the branches to the ground : some of them died and some lived. A few peach trees had been started, but that hard winter killed all to the ground. In May, 1837, Wm. Gordon planted an apple orchard on the bluffs of the Mississippi, in this county, twelve miles above Muscatine. Whether there are any of those trees living now I do not know : but this was the best orchard in the county for many years. Jacob Walaker, planted some seed- ling trees about the year 1840, three miles north- west of Muscatine ; many of them are now large, healthy trees, frequently bearing large crops. I believe Robert Avery and his son, Henry, start- ed the best nursery in this State, near Burlington, probably about 1839. The first nursery north of Burlington was started in 1840, by Brenton Darling- ton, two and a half miles north-west of Muscatine. He brought apple seeds, the fall before, from Co- lumbiana County, Ohio, from which he raised a good many seedling trees, and budded and grafted some of them. He set a good sized orchard on that farm, now owned by Jonathan Cattell, which is in bearing condition, though many of the trees were not suited to our climate and have died. About the year 1843, Dr. James Weed started a nursery a mile north-east of Muscatine, in which he had a great number of varieties, and has tried many experiments with nearly all fruits, for this climate, at great cost of time and patience. I am led to believe that the short lists recommended by our societies, are all that is necessary, and the mode of propagating by root graft, and some of them doitble worked — that is top worked — or a three year hardy graft, is the most successful way of raising an orchard. In 1853, Foster & Negur started a nursery near Muscatine. This nursery was continued five years under the partnership, when it was divided, Isaac Negur carrying on a nursery some five years longer and then discontinuing, Suel Foster continuing the nursery near Muscatine, to the present time. We took much care to cultivate only hardy and pro- ductive sorts, with less care for the best flavor. Apples, grapes, strawberries, and raspberries, are the princiijal fruits raised here ; all of which succeed very well, with a strict caution to set the right sorts. Pears and cherries are raised to some extent. For lists of fruit see Iowa Horticultural Repoi'ts. The quantity of fruit raised in this vicinity has increased until our supply is about eqi;al to home consumption, in this and five adjoining counties; some years move, some less. Last year, 1876, I was called upon to report the apple trade of Muscatine — an excessively large crop — and from the best in- formation I could obtain, it was about 75,000 bushels, 30,000 of which was from the near country east of the river, in Illinois, and 45,000, the product of Muscatine C^ounty.* Burlington has the greatest quantity of fruit, for commerce, in Iowa, and probably Muscatine the second. The facilities for sending fruit north and west, from these two towns, to the newer and older counties, where their supplies are not yet grown, are very good. Suel Foster. *This was in juUIition to home consuniption, ot 25.0fK) people in this counts'. 70 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FBUIT CHLTURE — KANSAS. Kansas. W. C. Flagg, Secretary, d-c: Dear Sir— In compliance with your request I send you a " short liistorical sketch of the rise and progress of fruit culture'' in our State, up to 1875, except where mentioned. From the nature of the subject much will have to be omitted for the want of reliable data. LEAVENWORTH COUNTY. Fruit growing commenced in this county in 185.i-6. Wm. Tanner, the first President of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, Samuel Paul, George Fisher, H. T. Green, of Leavenworth ; David Brown, of Salt Creek Valley ; E. M. Mackemer, of Delaware Township ; Wm. H. Coffin, of Springdale : Dr. De Ball, Henry Keller, of High Prairie ; Benja- min Bishop, of Fort Leavenworth, and James Basley, of Pleasant Kidge, were among the first. These orchards were planted with trees from the east. including many varieties not adapted to our State. Nurseries were established here in ' 55 by James Basley, near Pleasant Eidge ; in ' 57 by Henry A. Smith, of Delaware; in '58 by Anthony Way, of Springdale. From these nurseries principally, large orchards were planted ; by Clayton Carney, of about 1,500 trees ; by John Gist, 3,000 apple and pear trees ; by John Loar, of about 1,500 trees, and Anthony Way, forty acres of apples, peaches and pears. A number of "Friends" about Springdale, whose names I could not procure, also planted orchards. But a new impetus was soon given to fruit growing by the establishment of new and more extensive nurseries. In 1860, F. Wellhouse entered into co-partnership with James Basley, and enlarged their nurseries the same year. D. C. Hawthorn, Dr. Wm. M. Howsley, George Fisher, E. P. Goddard, Dr. J. Stayman and Wm. Tanner, in '61, and Francis Godard in '62, set out extensive nurseries, which supplied trees at low prices, and from that period we may fairly date fruitgrowing in our county. From these nurseries, generally there were large orchards planted. Some of the most important are the following: Henry Squires, of Pleasant Kidge, 3,000 trees, and J. S. Van Winkle, 3,000 apples and peaches. Near the same place, E. Thebald, 500 trees ; Thomas Rugle, •100 trees, and S. F. Ray, 300 trees. Near Longanoxie, Crawford Moore, 2,500 apple and pear trees, and a vineyard: Jesse Blair & Son, 2,000; Archibald Jones, 500; Hiram Reese, 500, and W. H. Coxe, 200 trees. Near Big Stranger, Henry Still, 6,000 apple, pear, and peach trees, 3 acres of vineyard and 8 acres of small fruits; Judge Delahay, 2,500. Near Jarbald's creek, Wm. Bisset, 800; John AV. Murphy, 200 ; J. A. Courtney, 200, and Wm. Den- home, 200 trees. Near Fairmont, E. J. Humphrey, 3,000; T. C. Dewel, 500 trees and small fruits, and C. F. Maris, 1,500 trees and small fruits. At Salt Creek, Wendel Hund, 5,000 apple, pear and peach trees, besides small fruits. Delaware Township, Capt. H. D. Smith, 3,000 ap- ple and pear trees, besides eight acres of small fruits. Near Leavenworth, J. M. Hughes, 2,000 apple trees, besides small fruits ; Hon. M. J. Parrott, 1,000 apple, 600 pear, and 500 peach trees and a vineyard ; James Corsey, about 1,000 apples and small fruits, and a vineyard; Dr. Wm. M. Howsley, 450 apple, 250 peach, 100 pear and small fruits ; General Stone, 300 apple trees; H.A.Smith, 1,500 trees; B. Thomely, 1,500 apple, pear, and peach trees ; Dr. J. Stayman, 3,000 apple, pear, and peach trees, and 4,000 grape vines and small fruits. Francis Godard, 420 apple, 320 pear, 100 plum, 50 cherry, 200 peach trees, and 3,000 grape vines, and Wm. Tanner, 5,000 apple and pear trees. These orchards were planted up to 1866, since which time there have not been so many commercial orchards set out, but many more farm orchards. F. Wellhouse plant- ed out, 1876, the largest orchard, perhaps, in the State, containing 13,000 apple trees, consisting of only three varieties, namely, Ben Davis, Winesap and Missouri Pippin, and is making j)reparation to plant this fall and next spring, 30,000 more trees in Missouri County. Number of acres in nurseries, 100; orchards, 444; vineyards, 157. Number of varieties of fruit cultivated, 1,500. DOUGLASS COUNTY. The first orchard planted in Douglass County, was by Thomas Pierson, seven miles west of Law- rence, in 1855, consisting of 150 trees, and in the eastern part of the county, in 1857, by James McGhee, Henry Bggert and A. Kostenbader. The first planting in Kanwaka township was by Judge Wakefield, of about 100 one year old trees. Among the later large planters, are Geo. C. Brackett, of Lawrence, of several thousand trees; and W. E. Barnes, of Vinland, 3,000 trees and ten acres of vineyards, and many others ; I have been unable to get their names. Statistics give the num- ber of acres in nurseries, as 208 ; orchards, 5,040; vineyards, 433, ALLEN COUNTY, The first setting out of trees in this county was in 1858, by Henry Schmidt. The main planting HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE — KANSAS. 71 was made in 1SG2 and 'G3 by John Steering, Samuel Hubbard, A. L. Dornberg and J. Van Fossen. Number of acres in nurseries, 20 ; orchards, 2,424 ; vineyards, 42. CLOUD COUNTY. The first planting- of trees in this county was in 1868. Number of acres of nurseries, 11.7.5; or- chards, 374.75 ; vineyards, 1.2.5. FORK COUNTY. The first planting of trees in this county was by F. C. Zimmerman, 1871. Number of acres in nurseries 3 ; orchards -5; vineyards 6. HARVEY COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 26; orchards, 8.50; vineyards, 18. MACl'HERSON COUNTY. The number of acres in nurseries, 94; orchards, 319; vineyards, 30. .JEWEL COUNTY. Tiie first planting of fruit trees in this county was by J. A. Davis, in 1870, and Samuel Githens, in 1871. Number of acres in nurseries, 14.75 ; orchards, 130.87 ; vineyards, 350. LYON COUNTY. The first planting of fruit trees was in 1856, by Oliver Phillips, Robert Best, Christopher Ward, and C. H. Withington, in Waterloo township. Number of acres in nurseries, 42; orchards, 3,389 ; vine- yards, 36. MIAMI COUNTY. The first planting of fruit trees in this county was made in 1855, by S. L. Adair. In 1861, L. Bishop planted a large orchard of apjtles and pears, consisting of fine and select varieties. Number of acres in nurseries, 30.50; orchards, 3,614; vine- yards, 98.25. NEOSHO COUNTY. The first planting of orchards in this county was made liy the Osage Indians, many years ago. The first orchards planted by the white man was in 1848, at the Osage Catholic Mission, mostly seedlings. The Mission peach orchards number some thousands of trees, planted some thirty years ago. Following these, are those of Mr. Waters, of Erie township, Mr. Gilbert, of Four-mile Creek. These gentle- men are raising fine fruit. E. F. Meaker planted an orchard in Centerville township, in 1868. The first orchard planted after the treaty with the Osage Indians, of which a true record has been kept, was by D. B. Skeels, of some 400 trees of fifteen va- rieties. Orchards were planted extensively since. among the most prominent are J. C. Crees, 2,000 trees; Wm. Higgins, 500 trees; J. C. Blair, 500 trees; E. F. Meaker, 500 trees; D. B. Skeels, 1,500; T. C. Jones, of Chanute, 1,200. Number of acres in nurseries, b2.22 ; orchards, 3545.94 ; vineyards, 40.18. RICE COUNTY. The first planting of fruit trees in this county was made in 1873, by C. D. Stevens. In 1874, by R. A. Gray, Harison Heath, Dr. G. Baker, J. Beck- nell, and J. M. Proffert. Number of acres in nur- series, 11 ; orchards, 67; vineyards 2. SEDGWICK COUNTY. The first planting that we have any record of , was in 1871, by A. J. Cook. Number of acres in nurseries, 35.75 ; orchards, 1,090 ; vineyards 4. SHAWNEE COUNTY. The first planting of fruit trees was made by Anthony Ward, of Topeka, of 300 apple, and 500 peach, and a few pear trees. Number of acres in nurseries, 148 ; orchards, 2,662.50 ; vineyards, 95.88- WABUNSEE COUNTY. The first planting of fruit trees, made to any extent, was from 1867 to '74. Among the first planters was C. B. Lines, of Wabunsee. Number of acres in nurseries, 10.50; orchards, 652.87; vine- yards, 14.37. WILSON COUNTY. The first planting, of any consequence, was made in 1869 and '70. Number of acres in nurseries, 48.50; orchards, 2,797 ; vineyards, 64.25. WOODSON COUNTY. The first planting in this county was made in 1858, by Leonard Fa([Ua, Simon Lynn, Spogy, H. C. Learned, John Chapman, and David Reynolds. Number of acres in nurseries, 19.50; orchards, 1,375.25; vineyards, 9.31. ATCHISON COUNTY. The first- planting of fruit trees in this county must have commenced about 1856, but I have failed to get any report. Number of acres in nurseries, 57 ; orchards, 2,500 ; vineyards, 116. BARTON COUNTY. Number of acres in nui'series, 2.25 ; orchards, 61.12; vineyards, 5.08. BOURBON COUNTY. I have no report from this county, but from the appearance in '59, and since, fruit culture must have commenced at an early day. A. Shinn, of 72 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE KANSAS. Fort Scott, has planted about 160 acres in nursery and fruit trees. Number of acres in nurseries, 96.75: orchards, 4,687.75; vineyards, 84.95. BKOWN COUNTY. The first planting of fruit trees was made in this county in 1855, by C. C. Grubb. Number of acres in nurseries, 13 ; orchards, 3,795 ; vineyards, 33. BUTLER COUNTY. I can find no history of the first planting of the following counties. Number of acres in nurseries, 59.37 : orchards, 3,001 ; vineyards, 33. CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 10.68; orchards, 1,390.11; vineyards, 34.13. CHASE COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 3 ; orchards, 413 : vineyards, 13.87 CHEROKEE COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 49.50; orchards, 3,810.50; vineyards, 50.91. CLAY COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 31.35 ; orchards, 418.87 ; vineyards, 8. COFFEY COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 33.75 : orchards, 3,431.90; vineyards, 63.97. COWLEY COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 355 ; orchards, 1,795 ; vineyards, 31.88. CRAWFORD COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 43 ; orchards, 3,981 ; vineyards, 30.30. DAVIS COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 33.50^; orchards, 373.35 ; vineyards, 6.50. DICKINSON COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 12.50; orchards, 783.30; vineyards, 39. DONIPHAN COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 69.75 ; orchards, 3.807: vineyards. 344.11. EDWARDS COUNTY. Numl)er of acres in orchards, 13.50. ELK COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 3.35 ; orchards, 14.33; vineyards, 31.34. ELLIS COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 1 ; orchards, 4.87. ELLSWORTH COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 13.35 ; orchards, 51.75. FRANKLIN COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 343.38 ; orchards, 3,350; vineyards, 173.34. GREENWOOD COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 16.25; orchards, 1,681.13; vineyards, 23.48. HARVEY COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 36.35 ; orchards, 855.50: vineyards, 18. .JACKSON COUNTY. Number of acres in nui'series, 46.50; orchards, 2,134.75; vineyards, 17.74. JEFFERSON COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 66 ; orchards, 3,008.- 34 ; vineyards, 79.53. JOHNSON COUNTY. Among the first who planted extensively in this county was Wm. Maxwell, of Lanesfield, now Edger- ton. Number of acres in nurseries, 45; orchards, .3,693.43; vineyards, 113.44. LABETTE COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, in 1875, 137.50; orchards, 4,330.50; vineyards, 93.84. In 1876, in nurseries, 287 acres ; apple trees in orchards, 330,000 : peach trees, 316,000; cherry trees, 31,000; pear trees, 10,000 ; plum trees, 5,000. This county was organized in 1867, but little settlement was made until 1869, since which time most of the fruit planting has been done. J. S. Williams, of Oswego, was among the first ; when his trees were six years old he had 500 bushels of fruit. LINCOLN COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 3.50; orchards, 40.86 : vineyards, 1.50. LINN COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 67 : orchards, 3,685 ; vineyards, 36.50. MARION COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 32.50 ; orchards, 605.78 ; vineyards, 83. HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRtJIT CULTURE MICHIGAN. 73 MARSHALL COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 42.75; orchards, 1,505.37 ; vineyards, 18.50. MITCHELL COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 24.75; orchards^ 89.50. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 226.50 ; orchards. 3,514; vineyards, 138. MORRIS COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 8 ; orchards, 470.50 : vineyards, 89. NEMAHA COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 9 ; orchards, 1,525 ; vineyards, 20.25. NORTON COUNTY. Number of acres in orchards, 18.50. OSAGE COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 58.75 ; orchards, 2,533.86 ; vineyards, 49. OSBORNE COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 36.50; orchards, 57.75. OTTAWA COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 31.50: orchards. 286 ; vineyards, 18.25. PAWNEE COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 2 : orchards, 23. PHILLIPS COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 1.25 ; orchards, 29.75 : vineyards, 1.75. PATTAWATOMIE COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 19.50: orchards, 1,038.25 ; vineyards, 46.12. RENO COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 24.50; orchards, 208.85: vineyards, 11.50. REPUBLIC COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 15.50: orchards, 342.68; vineyards, 16.50. RILEY COUNTY. Among the first who planted in this county, extensively, were Welome Wells and A. M. Burns, of Manhattan. Number of acres in nurseries, 11 ; orchards, 512.62 : vineyards, 12.50. RUSH COUNTY. Number of nurseries, 8 ; orchards, 14. RUSSELL COUNTY. Number of acres in orchards, 4.50 ; vineyards, one half. SALINE COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 77.75 ; orchards, 381.25 ; vineyards, 4.50. SMITH COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 15.37; orchards, 105.82; vineyards, 2.50. SUMMER COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 42.36; orchards, 650.37; vineyards, 4.87. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 15 ; orchards, 1,008.- 31 : vineyards, 12.37. WYANDOTTE COUNTY. Number of acres in nurseries, 46 ; orchards, 2,249 ; vineyards, 150. J. Statman. Leavenworth, Kansas. Michigan. The history of fruit culture in Michigan may, in an important sense, be said to commence with the early settlement of the lower peninsula by the French. In August, 1679, the Griffin, a vessel of sixty tons burthen, which had been built above the Falls of Niagara, bore the first exploring party of white men (Frenchmen) over the waters of Lake Erie and up the Detroit River, finding the Huron village of Teuclisagrondie, occupying the present site of the city of Detroit. Nearly twenty-two years later — in July, 1701, — La Motte Cadillac established a fort and fur trading post at this point, and such estab- lishment was soon followed by the settlement of the adjacent lands, which were so assigned as to give a specified width along the river, but with little re- gard to their extent rearwards. From the researches of Edwin Willetts, of Mon- roe, Michigan, we learn that the French haUtans have a legend to the effect that an emigre from France brought over three pear seeds in his vest pocket, which seeds were planted on the banks of Detroit River, and became the parents (by means of sprouts as well as seeds), of the numerous and venerable pear trees so long the wonder alike of residents and visitors, and which, with their prog- eny, still characterize this as well as the entire region over which these early settlements extended 74 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE — MICHIGAN. Notwithstanding the legendary character of this statement, the fact remains that these trees were the offspring of importation of either trees or seeds, or both, from France ; and one of the oldest of these, known to have been planted as early as 1705, stood within the pickets which, at an early day, surrounded the then town of Detroit, and there re- mained until the modern growth of this now com- mercial metropolis compelled its destruction. From this tree sprang very many of the now existing re- mains of these early plantings, and among others, several of the oldest of those that to-day grace the old and beautiful city of Monroe. That these plant- ings are limited to the French settlements must be supposed to be due to the fact that, beyond these settlements, little if any advance was made till after the lapse of more than one hundred years, when modern varieties, originating and propagated under modern processes, may by possibility be supposed to have wrought an unfavorable influence upon the healthfuluess and hence the lougevit}- of this class of fruit trees ; while even those that may withstand these unfavorable influences cannot yet have reached such age and size as to commend them especially to notice. These importations, coming by the way of the Canadian settlements, were very possibly reinforced from that region. Especially would this seem to be true of the apple ; and many of the older French orchards about Detroit and across the river still acknowledge the vicinity of Montreal as their place of origin, or at least as the source whence their va- rieties have come. The fact seems well authenticated that these old pear trees, while comparatively young, sprouted freely, and that they were considerably disseminated by means of these sprouts. Some of the oldest and largest of these yet remaining at Monroe, were planted in 1780, or about that time. One of the oldest of these, yet vigorous and healthy, measured, eleven years since, twelve and one-half feet in cir- cumference at six inches above the ground, the tallest being sixty-seven feet in height. One of these, which died suddenly and without apparent cause, a few years since, produced, the year previ- ous, over forty bushels of pears. Dismissing these early contributions to Michigan fruit culture, we pass over a period of more than forty years during which this whole region passed from the domain of France to that of England, and finally, after the revolutionary struggle, and the Indian troubles and border vicissitudes that pre- ceded and accompanied the last war with the latter country, settled down quietly under the segis of the stars and stripes. Soon after the organiza- tion of a territorial government for Michigan, com- menced the great avalanche of immigration west- ward, a portion of which, mostly from New York and New England, spread itself over the southern portions of lower Michigan, bringing with it the progressive spirit and the pomological tastes so prevalent in the regions whence it sprung. These settlers found, here and there about the State, oi'chards of old apple trees long before plant- ed by the Indians, which were, of course, seedlings, and which, by their healthy condition, great age and productiveness, clearly indicated the happy adaptation of climate and soil to the production of this fruit. As prominent specimens of these, we may mention the one on the Island in Orchard Lake, near Pontiac; another in the vicinity of Saginaw City ; also the trees on the farm of George Parmelee, at Old Mission, Grand Traverse County, and those known as the Donsman orchard, near Mackinaw. One of the earliest modern importations of fruit trees that has come to the writer's knowledge, is that of the late Governor William Woodbridge, who, about the year 1835, purchased two thousand apple trees, together with a few pear trees, of Grant Thor- burn, of New York, and planted them in orchards upon his farm at Detroit. In 1833, the Sprague nursery was already in existence near Pontiac, with trees of sufficient age for orchard planting. During this year a nursery was established at Detroit by William L. Wood- bridge, son of Governor William Woodbridge, and during this and the next year, the brothers Lay also commenced a nursery at Ypsilanti. From this time forward nurseries, generally of quite limited extent, were rajiidly planted in the southern por- tions of the State. Nurseries at this time were far from common institutions, and hence, with the anxiety of immi- grants to secure an early supply of fruits, very many brought with them to their new homes a supply of the fruit trees obtainable in the regions whence they came. Many, however, were doubtful respecting the adaptation of the climate to the suc- cessful culture of fruits, a doubt which was but slowly dispelled, so that the planting of orchards, for a considerable period, jiroceeded but slowly, a circumstance that may be in part accounted for by the difficulty of procuring trees and plants for the purpose, growing out of the deficiency of nur- sery facilities — the immense commercial establish- HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF Flil'ir (;ULTUKK — MICHIGAN. to ments of the East, with their forces of agents and canvassers, being as yet unthought of. Notwithstanding these untoward circumstances, the decided tastes of the people in this direction, with the favorable results of the early ventures, could not fail to produce a considerably increased tendency to the planting of orchards ; and ere long most farmers were able to boast of the possession of a family orchard, while at least a few had ventured upon planting for commercial purposes. Of course, the great hulk of the planting was of the apple ; most planters, however, had a supply of peaches, pears, and cherries, while for many years, as is still the case in the newer sections of the State, the plum was exempt from the attacks of the curculio, and succeeded to perfection. Now, however, with the advent of the ''Little Turk," the plum is mostly consigned to the care of the more extensive grow- ers, who can afford to do better for the crop, or is driven into the regions as yet unpeopled by the enemy; while, with the change of climate conse- quent upon the disappearance of our forests, the peach has become intrenched upon our hill tops, or has been driven to take refuge under the lee of Lake Michigan. While the great bulk of the farm lands of the State was yet covered with a mantle of primeval forest, its shelter, jointly with the equalizing influ- ences of Lake Michigan, seems so far to have mod- ified the climate of the entire peninsula, that little was thought, and less known, of the wonderful in- fluences thus exerted ; and even the existence of tiie "Lake Michigan Fruit Belt'' ("if such can be said to have then had an existence) was practically unknown. During this compiaratively early period there was comparatively little general knowledge and even less general interest on the subject of fruit culture. The process of immigration and set- tlement already described was mainly confined to the three or four more southerly tiers of counties in the State, which, with such a class of immigrants and so favorable a climate and soil for the purpose, were gradually becoming pretty well permeated with the tastes, as well as the practical knowledge, so needful to the growth and prosperity of this in- terest. Prominent among the pioneers of fruit culture of these early days, we mention B.W. Steere, of Adrian, who, with his father and family, settled in Leiuiwee County, in the year 1833, and planted one of the earliest orchards in the western part of that county. He, in connection with Darius Comstock and his brothers, and Daniel Smith and his son, imported trees from near Ijockport, New York, as early as 18^7, from which some of the oldest orchards of the county were planted. Much was also done by Israel Pennington, of Macon, in this county, by the intro- duction and testing of varieties in his orchards. The elder Mr. Steere lived long enough to see and enjoy the fruition of his labors, dying in April, 1877, aged 91. B. W. Steere and his brother estal)- lished a nursery here about 1843, which is still con- tinued. The Baldwin was introduced here at an early date, under the name of Steele's Red. It did not occur in the oldest orchards. T'here is said to be, in the northwesterly section of this county, a hilly region interspersed with small but deep lakes, the crowns of the hills being adapted to the successful growth of peaches. Eastern Van Buren received supplies of apple and peach seeds, with the early settlers, about 1835. From the product of these were planted some of the earliest orchards of the county. Among the earliest budded peach trees introduced, were a few brought into that locality by N. H. Bitely, of Lawton, from near Rochestei', New York, in 1855. These were planted upon a hill, and stood the test of a very severe winter, while others, on low grounds were killed. This attracted the attention of Mr. C. Engle, a neighbor owning some of the highest land in this region, but which he regarded as worthless. Observ- ing this exemption, he at once proceeded to plant these hills with fruit trees, largely peaches. From this venture has grown one of the most successful frnit plantations in the country, he having failed of a crop but twice in eighteen years. In 1856, Bragg Bros, imported stock for a nur- sery, which was duly planted, and has supplied the material for a large share of the orchards of the county. Other and important establishments springing up at various times at Detroit. Jackson, Kalamazoo, Niles, Battle Creek, Grand Rapids and other points, must be passed over without mention, except as contributing largely to the advancement of the fruit growing interest. Two or more of the most extensive nurseries in the State will be found at Monroe, one at least established as early as 1847. An Indian orchard was planted on the Tittebe- wassee river, three miles west of what is now Sagi- naw City, as nearly as can be ascertained, about 1820. This entire region had, prior to the discovery of salt, been regarded as worthless except for lumber- ing purposes. The first orchard was planted by settlers in the fall of 1833, and two others in the 76 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE MICHIGAN. fall of 1835. The trees for these last were obtained from the Sprague mirsery, near Pontiac. Some idea of the rapid developments of this re- gion may be gatliered from the following : No census of orchard products was taken in this State prior to 1874. Taking the proportion of or- chardijig to improved lands, as given in this census, there would have been in 1854, 184 acres of orchard- ing in the Saginaw region, embracing the counties of Saginaw, Bay, Tuscola, Huron, Gratiot, Isabella, Clare, Midland, Gladwin, Ogemaw, Iosco, Alcona, Alpena, Cheboygan, Roscommon and Crawford. At the same ratio their amount of orcharding in 1860 would have been 5,150 acres, while the census of 1874 gives 10,539 acres besides 100 acres of small fruits. This region is quite successful with the culture of the grape, of which very creditable exhib- its were made last season at the Centennial, and are also made at our State fairs. The State Agricultural College has an organized department of horticulture, including pomology ; but the unfortunate location of the institution in a locality unfavorable for pomological pursuits, is found to be greatly in the way of the general use- fulness of this department. Notwithstanding this difficulty, the College, and especially its professors (aside from their regular duties), are doing very much to advance the knowledge and practice of horticulture in the State. The college was organ- ized in 1855. So far as we can learn, the first Horticultural Society in the State was organized at Detroit, in March, 1841, and was named the Detroit Horticul- tural Society. This Society seems to have been sus- tained until 1853, when it failed to elect a new set of officers and became disorganized. In 1854, a Nurserymen and Fruit Growers' Association was organized for the southern part of the State, but came to an untimely end during the year 1857. In September of this year a Society was organized at Jackson, taking the name of the Michigan State Horticultural Society, which held several interest- ing meetings, but died an untimely death during the year 1861. During this period (twenty years), many local societies sprang into existence and continued for short periods ; but so far as we know, none of them continue to the present, though there are several, as for instance, those of Monroe and Adrian, the date of whose organization we are unable to state. We purposely omit all notice, thus far, of what is usually known as the fruit belt, proposing to give it a separate consideration. As early as the year 1848, when the first consid- erable assemblage of fruit growers convened at Bufiiilo, for the purpose of organizing a national society, as we learn from the reports of that meet- ing, specimens of Michigan grown fruits, shown there, excited much surprise, from their large size and beautiful appearance, some even questioning the correctness to name of well known sorts, on these accounts— a very pardonable incredulity when we recollect how little general knowledge had then accumulated respecting the variability of fruits under change of climate or soil. Several unusually severe winters occurring dur- the fifth decade of the present century, and coming upon us after the destruction of the forests of the State had become considerably advanced, gave our people the first clear and unmistakable evidence of an unfortunate modification of the climate,-by in- flicting serious injury upon many orchards of the apple, and nearly ruining the peach plantations of the State. Important and obvious as are now the advantages of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan for the culture of fruits, up to the period mentioned, they were little undei'stood or appreciated. It was not till the loss of our trees had enforced the lesson upon our people, and moreover, till the growth of our western cities and towns had created a local demand for fruit, that the success of casual experi- ment here began to draw special attention to these advantages. For a considerable period after the public atten- tion had beome attracted to the importance of this exemption, it was popularly supposed to be limited to Berrien County and to the vicinity of St. Joseph. Hence there suddenly arose at tliis point a wonder- ful inflation of the prices of fruit lands, and an activity in orchard planting, that can hardly be said to have a parallel in the history of fruit cul- ture. For this reason, the history of Lake Shore fruit culture opens with the development of this interest here. In an address before the State Pomological Soci- ety, in June, 1872, Mr. Chamberlain, of the St. Joseph Herald, stated that the first peach tree planted here was probably planted from the pit, by Mr. Burnet, an Indian trader, about 1775, and that the Burnet orchard contained seedling peaches as late as 1831. He also states that, about 1834, the first improved (budded?) peach and apple trees were planted here by a family named Abbe, which trees fruited in 1837. Still, the business of fruit planting made slow progress till the growth of our western cities began to call for supplies of fruits. HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRI'I'I' CULTURE — MICHIGAN. 77 Among tlie early planters of this region we may mention George Parmelee, then of Benton Harbor, now of Giand Traverse, who planted an orcliard of peaches here in 1848, and after many prosperous fruit harvests, sold the property for #-43,00O. What has been known as the Cincinnati orchard, and said to be the largest in the State, planted in 1857, on lands leased for twelve years, sold, three years prior to the exjjiration of the lease, for ll'^,000, the pur- chaser selling the fruit the same year, for over $15,000, net, and realizing similar sums for the crops of the two succeeding years. In 1871. this orchard produced over 37,000 baskets of peaches, netting about $:iO,000. Mr. Chamberlain farther states, that B. 0. Hoyt established the first nursery at St. Joseph, and in- troduced buds of the Crawford peach. He accords the opening of the business of the purchasing and shipment of peaches to Chicago, to Captain Curtis Boughton, who settled here in 1834, and his father. Gains Boughton, who followed him in 1837. Much credit is also accorded by him to Mr. Morton, of Benton Harbor, who was active in developing this interest at this jjoint, and in the opening of a har- bor here, and who planted an orchard here as early as 1837. Two canning establishments here during the sea- season of 1872, put up 635,000 cans of fruits and vegetables, while large amounts of fruits were desiccated and rendered available in the market at various points, by means of the then comparatively novel processes of Alden and Williams. After 1855, planting proceeded at an accelerated rate, and Mr. Thresher, of Benton Harbor, states that, as early as 1865, there were at St. Joseph and Benton Harbor no less than "207,639 peach trees, 40,957 pear trees, nearly 70,000 apple trees, about 10,000 cherry trees, 2,500 quince trees, 3,000 plum trees, 35,000 grape vines, and more strawberry, blackberry, and raspberry plants than could well be enumerated. An actual census taken by the Fruit Growers' Association in 1869, shows two hundred and thirty- three persons engaged in fruit culture in this region, with the following average planted : Peaches, 335,530 trees, 2,933 acres. Pears, ... 57,519 trees, 758 " Plums, 9,786 " 502 " Cherries, 17,654 " 125 " Apples, 195,995 " 2,958 Quince.s,. 4,988 " 33 " Grapes, 91,208 vines, 204 Strawberries, 460 " Blackberries, 719 acres. Raspberries, 603 " Aggregate, 728,680 trees, 9,314 " In the year 1872, the acreage in fruit had arisen to fully 12,000. Up to this time it was asserted that an absolute failure of the cro)) had only occurred once after the excessively cold month of January, 1864. The interest in fruit culture thus excited in the vicinity of St. Joseph, was not long in finding an echo from other points along the easterly shore of the lake. At South Haven, 22 miles north of St. Joseph, the next point affording suitable harbor facilities, orchards were planted about the vear 1852 ; and from that time the interest gained strength slowly till the advent of the Kalamazoo and South Haven Raih'oad, by supplying an outlet east- ward, removed many of the very serious embarrass- ments under which the locality had previously labored. For the last ten years the growth of this interest here has been greatly accelerated. In 1870, the South Haven Pomological Society was organiz- ed, and its weekly discussions have doubtless tended greatly to the building up of this interest by the dissemination of useful information. Although peach culture is and seems likely to continue to be the leading interest here, there is a manifest ten- dency to employ the fine variety of soils occurring here, in the growth of a general assortment of the fruits adapted to the climate. In 1857 and 1858, a large orchard, mostly of peaches, was planted by A. S. Dyckman, which still holds position as one of the largest and most pro- ductive plantations of this region. The Delaware grape was first introduced and planted here in con- siderable quantity in 1864, by A. Eames, and proved highly satisfactory as a market variety. Attention is believed to have been early directed to the harbor at the mouth of the Kalamazoo river, on which are located the villages of Saugatook and Douglass, a region well adapted by climate, soil, location, and aspect, to the profitable prosecution of fruit culture ; but we are not in possession of facts respecting its early history in this respect. This interest, however had, in 1871, become strong enough to proceed to the organization of a society, known as the Lake Shore Agricultural and Pomolog- ical Society, which is understood to be still in ex- istence, and to be an eifective instrument for the advancement of the interests of fruit culture in that region. The Hollanders who, many years since located at Holland, a few miles farther north, seem to have 78 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FKUIT CULTURE — MICHIGAN. given little attention to this specialtj'. although there is believed to be an abundance of laud adapt- ed to the purpose ; but the recent organization of a Horticultural Society there may be supposed to indicate an increasing interest on the subject Grand Haven, as the harbor for the shipments of an extensive region, may be taken to represent the associated interests of Spring Lake, Fruitport. and a number of towns along the Grand river, extend- ing to and including the city of Grand Rapids and the region about it. The fruit growing interest early secured a strong representation here, and for a time assumed a leading position, but the occur- rence of one or two excessively severe winters dur- ing the present decade, has given a severe if not a fatal blow to the peach interest, in which large ven- tures had been made, compelling a resort to other classses of fruits. Grapes and small fruits are un- derstood now to be largely taking the place of the peach. Still further north we reach Muskegan, and further still, Whitehall and Montague, cities built up by the lumber interest, each having more or less fine fruit land tributary to it ; but a large por- tion of the soil, as well as the general face of the country, is thought to be unsuited to the peach ; attempts at the culture of this fruit having in many cases proved unsuccessful. The grape and berries generally are quite at home, as the snows of winter are more permanent at this distance north and deep enough to cover the plants beyond the reacli of severe frosts. Proceeding still northward, we next enter Oceana County — a new, and mostly a hard timber region. The comparatively small clearings are yet too fully sheltered to feel the changes already manifest in the older regions of the State, and there are good reasons to doubt if the present high reputation of the more inland portions of the county can be per- manent. Still there is a belt of fine fruit land adjacent to the lake, which may be .supposed to lie so directly within its ameliorating influence as to be permanently adapted to this pui'pose. Peach orchards of considerable age are growing here, and have fruited freely after the occurrence of the trying winters of the past few years. At this distance north only, the earlier varieties of peaches can be ripened with certai«ity. At Pentwater, in northern Oceana, and also at Ludington, the fruit interest seems to have been but slightly developed, and little can be said as to the adajitation of the country to the business. Wliat has been done, however, would seem to indi- cate that all classes of fruits generally grown in the State, will succeed here, excepting possibly the peach, which, to succeed, would doubtless require elevated land as well as the immediate vicinity of the lake. Both here and in southern Oceana, the plum is found to be especially successful, as thecur- culio is yet comparatively unknown, and the fruit seems not to be liable to rot before maturity, as is found to be so commonly the case in regions farther south. Experience at Manistee has been more full and extensive, and results have so far warranted conclusions similar to those respecting the regions last spoken of. Peaches have been tried and found unable to withstand the cold of occasional Avinters, while plums seem peculiarly at home, and the small fruits abundantly successful. The formation of a Horticultural Society here during the year 1875, has doubtless done much to inculcate among the people a taste in this direction. We are indebted to X. A. Parker, of Frankfort, for the statement that the first planting of fruit trees in that region occurred about 1859 or 1860 to 1862, embracing apples, pears, peaches, plums, and cher- ries. The peaches and sweet cherries planted then and subsequently, were badly injured or ruined by the severe winters of 1872 and 1874 : other fruits generally escaped serious injury, while grapes and small fruits are perfectly at home. The Grand Traverse region possesses so many unusual peculiarities that it very early commanded attention for other than fruit growing purposes. The early settlers here, as in northern Michigan generally, were mostly engaged in lumbering. Still one of these, Mr. P. Hannahs, found time and means to plant one of the earliest and largest orchards of the region, an example which exerted a wide in- fluence in this direction. In 1858, Hon. J. G. Ramsdell, who was for several years a Judge of this Circuit, settled at Traverse City and commenced at once the opening of a new farm to he devoted to the growth of fruit. To his taste and enterprise the region is very largely indebted for the demonstra- tion, by dint of actual trial, of its capacities in this respect. His experiments, corroborated by many others of later date, have created the highest confi- dence in the capacity of the region for the growth of apples of the very highest keeping qualities, while pears seem healthy and productive, and the earlier peaches ripen perfectly, and, when planted on the more elevated grounds, seem abundantly able to withstand the most trying winters, thus demonstrat- ing the fact that along the lake shore tlie peach HISTOKICAL SKETCHES OK FKLIT (CULTURE — MICHIGAN. 79 belt extends fully up to tlie parallel of 45 degrees north latitude. Perhaps no fruit can be said to be more at home here than the jtlum — specimens from this locality at our State Fairs, at the session of the American Pomological Society in 1875, and at the Centennial in 187tJ, having been awarded the meed of unqualiHed praise. Contrary to eoninionly re- ceived opinion, the ])luin orchard of Judge Rams- dell, which produced the fruits so shown and which is a model of health and vigor, is growing in light porous sand. George Parmelee, formely of Benton Harbor, now of Old Mission, Reynolds and Tracy, Curtis and many others may be mentioned as contributors to the Pomological reputation of this region. Much good has also beyond doubt been accomplislied by the organization, in 1868, of the Grand Traverse Union Agricultural Society, which, in all its exhi- bitions, has made fruits one of its leading spe- cialties. The snow in this northern region invariably falls before the ground becomes frozen, and usually lies upon the surface to a depth of from one to five or six feet, so that all small fruits are, during the en- tire cold season, buried out of harm's way, and so remain till the return of spring. For this reason the grape, when fall pruned, can be left to take care of itself for the winter, only requiring to be re-tied to the trellis upon the return of spring, while the fruit goes direct from the vines to the cellar, com- ing out in the spring, with the least possible care, in a condition nearly as fresh as when gathered. The vines seem perfectly at home here, and we have been astonished to find the usually slender Dela- ware growing here with a vigor and productiveness fully equal to the Concord or the strongest of the Rogers' Hybrids. As far north as Little Traverse, lands are now being rapidly opened and orchards planted ; but ex- perience, although so far favorable to the success of fruit growing, excepting probably with the peach, is yet too limited to warrant any conclusions respecting its ultimate results. Little has so far been said respecting the cultiva- tion of the grape, and we here take occasion to state that plantations of this fruit constitute a lead- ing feature of the entire lake shore region ; while, in the vicinity of Monroe, vineyards, largely of Con- cord but containing also Delaware, Isabella and Catawba, prove nearly or quite as successful as those upon the Islands of Lake Erie, representing nearly or quite as much territoi-y and capital as all other fruit growing interests in the region combined — a large share of the fruit being convertetl into wine, either upon the premises or in the city of Monroe, at which place several very considerable wine cel- lars are maintained. 'J'he crop of this fruit iilong the shore of Lake Michigan mainly finds a market in the cities west of the lake. Plantations of this fruit, some of them of very considerable extent, are scattered throughout the State and are generally successful, although in some localities, or during very trying winters a resort to covering or protect- ing is found desirable, if not essential. A State Pomological Society was organized at Grand Rapids, mainly through the efforts of the lake shore fruit growers, in February, 1870, which has maintained a vigorous existence up to the pre- sent time. Its meetings, at first monthly, have more recently occurred quarterly; the annual meet- ing in December, followed by others in January or February, and June, with a fair, generally in con- nection with that of the State Agricultural Society, in September. One of the leading features of the Society is the offering of premiums for orchards, gardens and or- namental grounds, which are examined during the growing season by an orchard committee, their exam- inations being fully reported through the press as well as in the annual volume of the Society's Transactions, which are published by the State. This Society sent a delegation with a collection of fruit to the session of the American Pomological Society, held at Richmond, Virginia, in 1871. It was also represented at the session which occurred at Chicago, in September, 1875, and notwithstand- ing the very light fruit crop of this year, the display of Michigan fruit proved to be a very notable fea- ture of the accomjianying exhibition, and was com- plimented in the Committees report as follows : " Michigan made a grand exhibition under the name of the Stale Pomological Society. Her fruits were from ten different counties, and a large num- ber of exhibitors, and embraced many very hand- some lots of apples, the finest plums in the exhibition, grown in the Grand Traverse region, a large ([uantity of very beautiful peaches, a large variety of grapes, the largest blackberries ever seen by your Committee, grown at St. Joseph, and a plate of figs grown in the open air at South Haven, on the balmy shores of Lake Michigan ! The entire display covered nearly nine hundred plates, and occupied the largest space held by any State." Upon this display the Wilder Medal was awarded, which has been duly forwarded, and the Society has deposited it for safe keeping in the State Library at Lansing. 80 HISTOKICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE- — MICHIGAN. The Legislature of 1874-5, seem but to have feebly comprehended the importance to Michigan of a comprehensive display of the very varied interests of the State at the Centennial, as may be inferred from the fact that they only granted an appropria- tion of 17,500, to cover the entire expense of such dis^ilay. Tlie Centennial Commission of the State, headed by Governor Bagley, were mox'e fully awake to the importance of the emergency, and after mak- ing the most of the means thus appropriated, appealed strongly to the people to do what could be done by personal effort for the making up of the exhibit. In carrying out this idea the State Pomo- logical Society was called upon to devise and carry out a i^lan for the collection, forwarding, and display at Philadelphia, at the proper times, of collections of the fruits of the State. The State Agricultural Society having accepted the responsibility of the management of the agricul- tural exhibit, appointed C. A. Ilgenfritz, of Monroe, to proceed to Philadelphia and receive and arrange the articles on their arrival, and also to manage the exhibit of fruits At home the Society placed the arrangements for the collection and shipment of fruits for exhibition in the hands of its President, T. T. Lyon, of South Haven, assisted by the following corps of collectors : Of Apples, the growth of 1875, N. Chilson, Bat- tle Creek. Of Apples, the growth of 1876. H. Dale Adams, of Galesburgh. Of Pears, the growth of 1876, I. E. Ilgenfritz, of Monroe. Of Peaches, the growth of 1876, H. E. Bidwell, of South Haven. Of Plums, the growth of 1876, Hon. J. G. Rams- dell, of Traverse City. Of Grapes, the growth of 1876, Edward Brad- field, of Ada. Of Small Fruits, the growth of ls76, A. 0. Win- chester, of St. Joseph. After mature deliberation, it was determined tliat owing to the great distance and the warmth of the season during which the smaller and more perisha- ble fruits would mature, the class assigned to Mr. Wincliester should be omitted altogether, leaving the exhibit, after the spring show of long keeping apples, to commence with plums, jjeaches, and sum- mer apples. The collection of long keeping api)les, exhibited at the opening, was very fine, and attracted a large share of attention ; and the same may doubt- less be truly said of each of the other classes, with the possible exception of pears, for which the season seems to have been somewhat unfavorable. It is however, diflScult to arrive at any very distinct conclusions as to the relative merits of competing collections in such an immense assemblage of fruits, not only for the reason that the regulations pre- cluded all comparisons by judges between the com- peting collections, but for the further reason that no publication of the recommendations of the judges has, so far, been permitted ; and the valuable points of the several collections, except as they appear to the mere looker on, or to the representatives of the press in gathering their material for publication, remain practically unknown, so far as the public are concerned. The fact having become known that the disease known as the yellows, had attacked the peach trees in the more southerly portions of the "fruit belt," the State Pomological Society, at its meeting in February, 1873, appointed a committee to examine carefully as to the extent of its ravages, with in- structions to report as to the means employed to l)revent its spreading, and at the same time to col- lect information as to its causes and remedies. A microscopist and also a chemist were placed upon this committee as a means of rendering its investi- gations the more thorough and effective. The investigations of this committee develop the fact that at St. Josejih and the region adjacent, its appearance was first observed about 1868, and was attributed to the introduction of diseased trees from New Jersey. Its nature not being properly under- stood, no steps had so fiir been taken to arrest and eradicate it, and it was found already to have gained a strong foot-hold. Cases of yellows were also dis- covered at South Haven, but none at points north of this. At St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, resort was had to experiments looking to the cure of the malady and the preservation of the trees ; but such experi- ments have proved futile, at least so far that almost the entire stand of peach trees seems to have become affected, and to have, in subsequent seasons, either died outright or been destroyed for the purpose of clearing the ground for plantations of other fruits. Indeed, so generally has this been done, that peach culture can hardly be said longer to be a leading in- terest here, while the end is not yet reached. At South Haven, and more northerly points, the disease appeared later, and with the warning com- ing from St. Joseph, at the first alarm the local Pomological Society took the matter in hand and appointed a committee, who, with the general con- currence of the community, were charged with the HrSTOKICAL SKETCIIKS OV I-KIIT CIT/ITTKK MIOHIGAN MINNESOTA. 81 summary destruction of trees found to lie affected, whenever and wherever discovered. Not satisfied with this, however, the Society me- morialized the Legislature of the State, which, during the winter of 1874 and 1875, enacted a law applicahle to the three counties of Van Buren. Allegan and Ottawa, authorizing the appointment, in each town, of a Commissiouer charged with the summary destruction of all affected trees, and thr seizure and destruction of diseased fruit when offej'- ed for sale or shipment. By the earnest employ- ment of this means of eradication, although the disease is understood to have appeared at various points as far north as Spring Lake, it seems to have gained little strength, and, if not fully suppressed, seems likely to be kept within very narrow limits. The State has by no means proved an exception so far as the ravages of the pear blight are concern- ed, and this malady, which seems to visit the country at large, with little respect to choice of varieties, is at present exerting a discouraging influence so far as the planting of this fruit is concerned. South Haven, Michigan. T. T. Lyon. Minnesota. From its earliest settlement, even down to the present time, an opinion has prevailed very ex- tensively with our people that Minnesota is not, and will never be, a fruit producing State. And in the earlier years of its settlement it was no easy matter to find men with nerve and hope enough to enable them to plant trees in opposition to the public sentiment, and in the face of the difficulty attend- ant upon the settlement of a new country. Never- theless, a few men, strangers to each other, and in different parts of the State, have planted and re- planted fruit trees for more than twenty-five years, and struggled to succeed with a tenacity and per- sistency that excited the mournful pity of their neighbors; but, as for the first fifteen years of that time we were without horticultural societies or iiny organized effort in that direction, most of the early history of their trials and triumphs is lost to the world, or can only be gathered up by months of careful research, which I am unable to give at this time. The first attempts at fruit growing in Southern Minnesota were made by John Shaw, in Winoiui county, and Samuel McPhail, in Houston county. John Shaw first came to the State in 18.51 and remained during the summer, and the next spring, 185:^, made a permanent settlement in the Rolling Stone Valley. He lirouglit with him, from his eastern home, a nail keg full of apple seeds. whicii were planted by himself and a few neighbors. A portion of the trees have withstood the severity of our climate for a quarter of a century and borne several crops of fair fruit, and become the nucleus of flourishing orchards; a lasting monument to him whose forethought has brought about so much good, for he soon fell a victim to overwork and exposure. His name is a household word in that neighborhood, and the fruits of his deeds are a waymark of encouragement to the people who will come after. This one act of a benevolent, far-seeing man forever settled the question of apple growing in that neighborhood, and as a result Winona county is now far in advance of any other county in the State in the quantity of apples raised. In the spring of 185.3, Samuel McPhail, one of the first settlers of Houston county, planted a few apple trees and started a small nursery in the town of Caledonia; and although he was thought to be visionary the neighbors soon caught the same spirit, and nearly every farmer planted his little orchard as soon as land could be cleared u]) and broken : but most of them were doomed to see their trees killed to the ground about every alternate winter, and they were then usually ready to join the com- pany of no faith. A few persisted in replanting and caring for their trees, and were rewarded with a very encouraging degree of success. Among the most successful of these may be named. Wm. F. Dunbar, of Caledonia; J. and C. Kline, of Union : Capt. See^ of Brownsville, and J. S. Harris, of La Crescent. Unfortunately the severity of the winter of 1872-73 nearly destroyed most of our trees, for they had generally been selected without any regard to hardiness. The pioneer in tree planting in the vicinity of St. Paul and Minneapolis, was L. M. Ford. He started a nursery of seedlings and grafts at Groveland, in 1850, and also imported and sold large quantities of trees. These trees from Iowa, Illinois, and New York, did very well until the winter of 1855, when he lost largely. But about fifteen out of one hundred varieties came through with any show for life, and about two years later the remaining fifteen killed out root and branch. Nothing was left but a few Siberian and Transcend- ent Crabs, which were now pronounced iron clad, and from this date they began to be eagerly sought for and brought fever prices; as a result, many planters were imposed upon by dishonest tree agents, who palmed off worthless trash for them. The same year, 1850, C. H. Oakes set some apple trees on Apostle Island, in Lake Superior, which surviv- ed the winters for many years and bore fruit. 82 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE — MINNESOTA — NEBRASKA. About the year 1854, Peter M. Gideon, of Ex- celsior, Hennepin county, commenced planting trees quite extensively and met with heavy losses, but, being a man of unyielding disposition, as he had de- termined to make a thorough test he continued his experiments and perservered under difficulties that would have totally disheartened the most resolute of men. His efforts were fiually crowned with success, and he now has fine orchards of the Duchess of Olden- hurq and seedlings of his own growing that are now fruiting, and has added to our list of hardy apples the Wcnifhy, a Minnesota seedling of great beauty and fair quality, which is creating a great sensation and bids fair to soon find a place in every orchard and garden. There were a few others in different parts of the State who planted trees between the years 1850 and 1859, but we have no record of them l neither are we able to learn that any fruit of the Pyrus family was raised in the State previous to 1860, except Siberian Crabs, and one single speci- men of Flemish Beauty pear, and it is probable that not one apple tree out of twenty-five planted previous to this date had survived three winters. At the State Fair, held at Fort Snelling in that year, premiums were awarded to Mr. P. M. Nichols, of St. Paul, for display of Siberian Crabs, and to H. F. Matterson for pears ; also R. Knaphed was awarded first premium for grapes, the varieties be- ing Isabella and Catawba; and according to the Farmer atid Gardener, then published at St. Paul, Mr. Eli Robinson, of Niriuger, Dakota county, had a few apples on his trees. The same year, 1860, J. S. Harris raised a few Bailey Sweet apples of great size, and also St. Latvrence. The trees belonging to Harris that produced the first apples are still living and in good health, and one of the trees has twice produced sixteen bushels per year. In the year 1861 several men, in Houston, Winona and Wabasha counties, raised a few ajiples; Mr. Huff and Dr. Ford, of Winona, had some fine Flemish Beauty pears. Reports of these successes began to circulate through the papers of the State, and tree planting began to receive considerable attention. The first public display of apples was made by J. S. Harris, of Houston county, and E. Rollins, of Wabasha county, at the State Fair held in Rochester, Olmstead county, September 3d, 4th and 5th, 1866. The report of the fair says Mi-. Harris showed nine- teen varieties, mostly grafted fruit, and some pears, the largest weighing seventeen ounces, and Mr. Rollins seven or eight, mostly seedlings. This little display of fruit elicited much comment and was the greatest attraction of Floral Hall ; and thousands of people improved the opportunity to feast their eyes upon a sight which they had long yearned for, but never beheld since they left their eastern homes, and hundreds returned to their homes determined to raise their own apples ; and from this fair we may date the first organized efforts in fruit growing. At this time a Fruit Growers' Association was organized and has become the present State Horticultural Society, which usually holds two meet- ings a year, at which all kinds of fruit and the methods of cultivating them are discussed, and varieties recommended for trial and general cultiva- tion ; and although the winters of 1872 and '73 greatly injured the best orchards in the State and destroyed nursery trees by thousands, the interest is steadily on the increase and orchards are being planted in all parts of the State. The Duchess of Oldenburg and Tetofsky, and Transcendent and other crabs are succeeding nearly everywhere, and the Red and White Astrachan, Alexander, Fameuse, Haas, PlumVs Cider, Wall- bridf/e, Wealthy, and Tahnan and Price's Sweet and Utter's Red are pretty sure to succeed in the counties bordering the Mississippi river, and we have a large list of supposed hybrid Siberians, many of them as large and fine as apples that promise to be hardy in every locality in the State. The interest in grape culture is growing rapidly, and nearly every effort in that direction has been crowned with success. Truman M. Smith and Rudolph Knaphed, of St. Paul, are successfully growing about forty varieties; and we have a number of vineyards of the Concord and Delaware where they are grown extensively for market. If we continue to advance for the next ten years as we have for the past, we shall rank with many of the older states in grow- ing apples, and be excelled by very few in grapes and small fruits. At the State Fair in St. Paul, in 1876, there were on exhibition more than 120 va- rieties of apples, thirty of Siberians, and fifty of grapes, all of fine quality and good appearance. Respectfully, John S. Harris. Nebraska. Brown viLLE, Nebraska, October, 1877. The State of Nebraska is a portion of the National domain originally and familiarly known in the his- tory of the United States as the " Louisiana Pur- chase," and was more particularly designated as the " Indian Territory." By such tourists and national authorities as General Fremont and Captain Miles, of the U. S. Army, that portion of the territory HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE NEBRASKA. 83 named and now included in the State of Nebraska, was pronounced " barren, sterile, unproductive and unfit, in all respects, for civilized man, or beast," and was made, by geograpliical record, the " Great American Desert." The Indian title to lands was extinguished in the act enabling the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, May 23d, 1S54. Even at this date few, if any, of those who came to the Ter- ritory, entertained favorable ideas of future devel- opment and homes adapted to the civilization of the age. All, it may be safely said, were adven- turers— nomads I This much by way of preface to the poniologieal history proper, is not deemed inappropriate, as showing under what adverse circumstances fruit growing was commenced in Nebraska. Settlers and settlements followed the extinguish- ment of the Indian title to lands and the organiza- tion of the territory. A few more adventurous spirits, anticipating, had preceded the formal and official occupancy of the territory by the general Government. The first settlements were made along the west bank of the Missouri Eiver. In keeping with the prevailing idea before expressed, it was not thought by those making these first set- tlements, that much, if anything, could ever be accomplished in the matter of successfully culti- vating the soil. Fruit growing was simply hooted at. Not an individual believed fruit could be grown. A few persons, however, more in keeping with former tastes and habits, and as much " to be doing" as otherwise, planted a few fruit trees in the early days of settlements. The earliest planting of which information is obtained, and which is be- lieved to be the very first in the territory, was a few apple trees by Stephen Story, and Rev. A. Ballard, in Richardson county, in the south-east corner of Nebraska. The same year. Christian Bobst planted a few apple trees in Pawnee county, the next west of Richardson. In the year 1855, Rev. John W. Hall planted apple trees in Nemaha county, adjoining, north of Richardson, on the river. The same year James H. Masters planted fifty-six apple, five pear, and five cherry trees, in Otoe county, the next county north from Nemaha. Thomas Gibson planted, in the spring of 1856, an apple orchard of 500 trees, near Fontenelle, then in Dodge county, now in Washington county. In 1804 this orchard was destroyed by a prairie fire. In the year 1856, J. Sterling Morton planted an orchard of four hundred apple trees in Otoe coun- ty. This was, perhaps, the first orchard of any dimension, planted in the territory. The same year the writer planted, in Nemaha county, one hundred fruit trees — apple, pear, cherry, and plum — -obtained from Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York. Not a single tree out of the lot was lost, notwithstanding they were three weeks in transporting. One of the pear trees is remembered to have been nearly in bloom in the box, and ac- tually fruited two pears the season planted. These were undoubtedly the first pears grown in the terri- tory— Duchesse (TAngoulcme from a dwaif. The first apple, so far as now known, was grown by John W. Hall, in Nemaha county, 1857 — Red Astnwhan. In the year 1857, Broad Cole planted the first apple trees in Cass county, adjoining north of Otoe, also on the rivei'. In 1858, Colonel George Stevens planted an orchard of one thousand ajiple trees in Washington county, near " Old Fort Calhoun." This was the first orchard of that magnitude in the territory. The varieties planted by parties in 1854 are not known. Mr. Morton jilanted Eawle's Genet, Yelloio Bellfiower, Winesap, Bamio, Perry, English and Golilen Russets, Westfield Seek-no- further, Tal- man's Sweet, Haskell Sweet, Stveet June, Red Astrachan, Maiden's Blush, Haas, Hawthornden, Autumn Sioaar, Monarch, Kesivick Codlin, Roman Stem, Fallazvater, and Ribston Pippiti. His trees were obtained from Elgin, Illiuois. Colonel Ste- vens obtained his trees from Vii'ginia. They were Northern »Sjoy, Baldwin, Bellflowar, Ramho, Raiule's Genet, White Winter Pearmain, Sweet Botigh, and Vandevere. All the planting referred to above was done in the counties bordering on the Missouri River, ex- cept that in Pawnee county, the second tier west from the river. The foregoing is, perhaps, sufficient in detail and extent, and for space allowed this report, and to serve as data of the introduction of fruit growing in the State, or rather Territory. Suffice it to say in addition, that as soon as trees were old enough to produce fruit, they surprised evei'y one. Trees ijear earlier here than before known in the older states, and as a rule, show fruit of a superior char- acter, as has been demonstrated by our exhibits at the meetings of the American Pomological Society, and at the Centennial Exhibition. While we have more advantageous natural sur- roundings essential to fruit growing, in what we call the "Eiver Counties," where the enterprise is undertaken carefully and intelligently, gratifying results and success have followed efforts wherever made in any section of the State. Since the fact of 84 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE NORTH CAROLINA. successful fruit growing in Nebraska has been estab- lished, much attention has been given to planting, and the desire and determination to prosecute the enterprise is constantly on the increase. The great- est impetus has been given within the current decade. Of coarse, we have, as yet, but few "old bearing orchards.'' But few persons are making a specialty of fruit growing. In most instances or- chards are grown only in connection with other farm operations. Quite a number of orchards known contain ten, twenty, and as higli as forty acres. The writer has forty acres, in variety — apples, pears, peaches, plums, prunes, apricots, grapes and other small fruits. One instance is known of a single orchard giving receipts, in one season, of seven thousand dollars. SnflBcient information is not at command to give even an approximate idea of the number of trees planted or the number of acres under cultivation in fruit. Scarce a farmer, however, who has been under way over one year, but who has more or less of an orchard plauted. Our fruit list, of such varieties as we have found hardy and reliable, has been already furnished and published in the Proceedings of the American Pom- ological Society, and therefore need not be here repeated. Each season, however, we are able to add to the list. This year we have fruited to great satisfaction Esopus Spitzenberg, Baldwin, Ribston Pippin, Yellow Bellflower, Grimes' Golden and Holland Pippin, which are considered valuable acquisitions to our list. At our late State Fair were exhibited seedling apples, pears, peaches and grapes, of decided merit. Our seedling peaches particularly are of great merit. At the last meeting of our State Horticultural Society, the special lists of apples were named and specially recommended as reliable in all respects, one of seven and one of twelve. The list of seven consists of: lied June, Coopers Early White, Maid- en's Blush, Fameuse, Ratvle's Genet, Ben Davis and Winesap. To this list was added Red Astrachan, Ramho, Wliite Winter Pearmain, Dominie and Talman's Sweet, making the list twelve. The Nebraska State Horticultural Society was "organized September 29, 1869, during the State Fair held at Nebraska City that year. A few friends accidentally meeting in the office of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, in the afternoon of the day named, Judge 0. P. Mason suggested organization and it was done almost "in the twink- ling of an eye." As a matter of pomological historical ecord. the names of the first officers are iiere given : James H. Masters, . . . President. RoBT. W. FuKNAS, . . . Secretary. 0. P. Mason Treastirer. Members. — The thi'ee officers named, and J. Sterling Morton, Chas. H. Walker, J. Edwards, jr., T. J. Hoagland, W. D. Wilson (of Iowa), J. W. Hollingshead, Joiin H. Croxton, Benton Aldrich, J. M. Taggart, Alvin Saunders, J. W. Pearmain (of Iowa), Louis A. Walker. David Butler, F. A. Tis- dell, jr., Oliver Harmon, J. H. Gregg, J. B. Weston, P. W. Hitchcock, H. R. Raymond and Geo. B. Graff. The annual meetings are held at the same time and place with State Board of Agriculture, in Jan- uary of each year. Exhibitions, except at June meetings, are made in connection Avith the State Fair in September of each year. At the State Fair, at Lincoln, September, Mil, over two thousand plates of fruit were on exhibi- tion, embracing 375 varieties. The successes which have followed our fruit cul- ture, and the creditable exhibits made, both at home and abroad, warrant the conclusion and assertion that Nebraska is peculiarly a fruit growing region, especially the counties bordering on the Missouri River and along other principal water courses. Sci- entific analysis of our soil shows it to be that pecu- liar " Loess " deposit, in many I'espects the most re- markable in the world. By actual comparison, but little difference is found between the famed deposits of the Rhine valley, as shown by Bischoff, and the "Loess" soil in Nebraska. On the west bank of the Missouri River, being the eastern boundary of the State, the elevation is 900 to 1,000 feet higher than the water level in the Gulf of Mexico. On the western border, about 400 miles from the Mis- souri River, the elevation is 5,000 feet above the Gulf level, a mean rise often feet to the mile. To the 100th meridian the ascent is about eight feet to the mile. After that it is more rapid. In reality, Nebraska is the lowest eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. The drainage is perfect. Respectfully submitted, RoBT. W. Furnas, Vice-President for Nebraska. North Carolina. Rockingham, N. G., August 2, 1877. Hon. Marshall P. Wilder: Dear Sir : — I had hoped, until recently, that I should be able to attend the next meeting of the American Pomological Society, but the near ap- HISTORICAL SKETCIIKS OF FRUIT CULTURE NORTH CAROLINA. 85 proach of the called session of Congress, and business demanding my attention in the meantime, will prevent it. The next best thing wliich I can do, will be to give some account of the rise and prog- ress of fruit culture in this State, and the names of certain varieties which are adapted to our soil and climate. I regret that I am unable to state tlie time when our people legan to interest themselves in the culti- vation of fruit. No doubt it was early in the his- tory of our State, for there are existing now in many parts of it trees of great age, whicli were planted during the past century. The process of grafting seems to have been well known, and though I have no knowledge of any nurseries, I do not doubt that in most of the counties there were persons who often- times used the art for local purposes, and then prop- agated such varieties as were esteemed to be of value Apples and peaches were the fruits most generally planted. Tne better varieties of pears were comparatively unknown until within the past twenty-five years, though there are some old trees known to have been planted nearly one hundred years ago, which bear most excellent fruit. The first nurseries with which I have any ac- quaintance, were carried on by Joshua and Thomas Lindley, in Chatham county. Subsequently Owen Lindley became interested in the business. Joshua Lindley also had a nursery near Greensborough, Guilford county, and about that time Samuel W. Westbrook established and carried on one until his death. Besides these, Charles Mock, of Davidson, and Thomas A. Fentress, of Guilford, and a man named Liles, of Union county, propagated and sold trees, and for a few years prior to 1861, your corre- spondent with others, carried on the business — propagating and selling more pear trees o/"We»r oimi raising, than any other parties in the State. Some of the Lindleys and Westbrook are now in the business, and sell thousands of trees every year. and at better prices than they commanded in old times. Our State is divided into two distinct parts, geo- graphically. Tlie eastern section is generally sandy, whilst the western is composed of the more primi- tive formations. The peach and the pear will flourish in nearly all of the State, while the apple succeeds much better in the hilly, or older region. Indeed, in what we call " the up country," this fruit does quite as well as in any other part of the country. In that part of the State, and especially among the mountains, many varieties will keep through the entire winter, and if the people had facilities for transportation they would supply our home folks with all such fruit as they would need. Even the railroads which they have, have such rates of freight as to forbid the idea of sending ofif their fruit, really discriminating against their own people. In all the counties lying west of the Blue Ridge, and in Surry, Yadkin, Alexander, Iredell, Wilkes, Caldwell, Burke, Catawba, McDowell, Rutherford and Polk, and many others, late keeping kinds are much cultivated, while in all the others, summer and fall varieties are found. Outside of the moun- tains, such as keep well in Pennsylvania and Ohio are only fruited for fall because of the greater length of the heated term. Elevated positions are found in nearly all our country where the peach rarely fails to produce a crop. Generally, however, the late spring frosts destroy the young fruit two years out of every three. Nearly all varieties are of surpassing excel- lence, especially on young trees, or those which are kept severely pruned. The Peach needs a warm sun to develop its delicious flavor, and this year in all our borders we have had immense crops. Among the kinds which do well beside the very early kinds, are George IV, Old Mixon, c. and f, Netvington, f.. Early Admirable, Chinese Cling, Large White, Washington, c, Thomas, c, (the very lest), La- Grange, Morris Cling, Pompone, Crawford's Early and Late, Tillotson, Ward's Late, Amelia. If we knew any remedy for the blight which, like the toothache, according to Barry, is " the hell o' a' diseases," we could do well with pears all over the State. But alas, it defies all our efforts, and some varieties fall such an easy prey to its ravages that they are hardly worth the attempt at cultivation. Despite all these adverse circumstances, I have had this year a fine crop of Bloodgood, Beurre Gif- fard, Otl, Bartlett, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Seckel, Duchesse, Beurre Stiperfin, Belle Lucrative, Winter Nellis, Beurre Glargeau, Josephine de Malines, Bearre d'Anjou. The Diet is worthless. Indeed, I had specimens of the Seckel which were equal to any which you ever saw. If I had thinned the fruit to a moderate crop, some of them would have probably surpassed anything which the climate of New England can do. The Duchesse, all things considered, is worth the whole list, and if I were to plant 1000 trees for market purposes, 900 should be the Duchesse. By proper care grapes succeed well, as Will's vineyard, at Shelby, and Asbury's, at Charlotte, testify. In the sandy region the Scuppernong does admirably, and is almost universally cultivated. 86 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRrlT CULTURE OHIO. Can-ants, gooseberries, &c., are not much attended to. In the higher sections cherries do vvell. The meetings of the Society are held at a season of the year when, south of 3()° 30', most of pears and peaches are gone. We cannot, under such cir- cumstances, ever make much of an exhibition. If a session should be held about the 1st of August, our show would be far better. But no time will suit all sections. Trusting that the meeting will be both pleasant and profitable, I am, very truly. Your obedient servant, Walter L. Steele. Ohio. REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURE AND HORTICUL- ■ TURAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. To the Secretary of the American Pomoloqical So- ciety : WiLLARD C. Flagg, Esq-i-i/?/ Dear Sir: In com- pliance with your request, I shall attempt to give you an outline sketch of our beginnings and prog- ress. The early horticulture of a peojile who were obliged to carve their way by laborious blows of the a.Ke upon the tall trees of a forest wilderness, must have been of a very limited and primitive character, and its records, if ever written, have not descended to our times. We cannot doubt, however, that the hardy pio- neers whose attention was directed to the fertile lands awaiting them in that indefinite region " lying north and west of the Ohio River," coming, as they did, from the older settlements of the Atlantic bor- der, brought with them plants and seeds of many horticultural products that would help to supply important wants in their new homes. Beyond a few rumors, and especially the stories of poor bare- footed Johnny Appleseed, the accounts of our earli- est horticulture are lost in the mists of obscurity. With the clearing up of the farms, and the increase of population all this was changed, increased com- forts were attended by great improvement in do- mestic affairs, luscious fruits and nutritive vegeta- bles from the garden were soon substituted for the inferior wildings of the prairie and forest, and the famous hog and hominy of early times shared the honors with the nutritive and acceptable contribu- tions from the garden. The introduction of fruits required more time, as tiiey were mostly brought as seeds, which required years for their growtli and development into a fruit- ful condition. Peaches were among the first to re- ward the planter, and they were successful every- where, but, as now, a most uncertain crop. The apple, having a larger period of growth from seed to fruitage, was still often brought across the mountains in this way, the settler, no doubt hoping to reproduce the favorite varieties of his paternal orchard. Before long, as the demand inci'eased and as the means of transportation were improved, small trees also were brought into the settlements. ■ As the farms spread and the settlements grew apace, an enterprising farmer here and there started a nursery of seedling fruit trees to supply his own and his neighbors' orchards. In some regions, favorite varieties were multiplied by suckers or "sprouts," as they were called, and in this way cer- tain varieties have been widely spread along the Ohio River. The art and mystery of grafting and budding was then unknown. Small trees, seedlings, sprouts, and in some few instances grafted plants, were brought by some of the settlers from their former homes, when it was necessary to depend upon horseback for transporta- tion. In this way the valleys of Virginia on the south and east, and the French settlements on the north and north-west, made valuable and notable contributions to the early pomology of our State, the traces of which are still visible. Two of the most marked impressions were made, however, on the river border: First, by the intelligent emigrants from New England, who settled the Ohio purchase, with its central station at the mouth of the Mus- kingum. These brought a collection of the varieties then prominent in the orchards of Connecticut, and next came the extensive collection of choice fruits of all sorts brought into the Miami country by Silas Wharton, who culled them from the fiimous nurseries of Coxe, the leading pomologist of his day in New Jersey. It has often been observed in attending pomolog- ical exliibitions, and also in travelling through the country, that the prevailing origin of the popula- tion of the region was indicated with considerable certainty by the leading varieties found in the orchards. This very natural result is likely to be less marked, as the orchardist and nurseryman be- comes better informed and cultivates more exten- sively, and his varieties are drawn from a wider range. The nurserymen and fruit growers increased with the growth of the country, but as they were usually men of small means and widely scattered, there were many fruits with local names that would be HISTOKtCAf- SKETCHES OF FRUIT CIJLTlIIiE OHIO. 87 unknown in adjoining counties. Upon comparing notes wlien they happened to meet, they discovered the greatest confusion in tlieir nomenclature. About this time tlie wortiiy Secretary of our State Society, Mr. M. B. Bateliam, who had been associated with the nurseries that have since made Rochester, New York, so famous a pomologieal cen- ter, conceived the idea of bringing all our fruit men together in convention for conference. Accordingly a call was issued, in his agricultural paper, The Ohio Cultivator, in 1847. In response to this a meeting was held in September of that year, at Columbus. The occasion was very interesting, although tlie attendance was not large but made up of very ear- nest men. Each member brought his fruits, which were displayed with their local names, and it was soon discovered that while the same fruit thus appeared under many titles, there were also many fruits that were very different, and yet they were shown to us under the same name, as though they had been supposed to resemble some favorite vari- ety previously known to the owner. One of the chief labors of this and many subsequent meetings, consisted in attempts to correct and to harmonize this confusion of synonyms. Many interesting com- munications were presented at this meeting relating to the earlier introductions of fruits. As an important agency in the work, a State fruit committee was appointed to continue their observations, and to report the result at a future convention, for, so pleased were the members in attendance, and so thoroughly in earnest were they, that it was agreed to re-assemble. They and many others accordingly convened in September, 1848, when the interest aroused by the first meeting was fully maintained. Upon this occasion, our friend A. H. Ernst, of Cincinnati, an energetic and devoted nurseryman and fruit grower, was elected President, an office which he not only held, but nobly filled, until his death in 1860. In 1840, the Convention again assembled in De- cember, so as to enable its members to compare their winter fruits in a more advanced state of ma- turity. After two or three years' interruption the nursery- men met again, in the month of August, 1852, when they held a fourth session, making an ex- tensive display of fruits. By this time, notwith- standing the reduction of the lists by solving the tangled mazes of synonymy that had existed, it was thought by most of the propagators that too many varieties were cultivated, and that the multiplica- tion and dispersion of inferior kinds ought to be discouraged. Hence a good deal of time was spent in revision of the catalogues, and especially in the formation of a rejected list of kinds considered un- worthy of general cultivation. In this labor new difficulties beset them, for so great an influence is exerted by soil and climate, that varieties which succeeded admirably in one section of our broad State, failed utterly in others to give satisfaction. The gordian knot of this dilemma was happily resolved by dividing the State into regions in which the strong geological features were selected as the basis, and combined with the climatic influences of latitude, exposure, elevation, etc., so that what had appeared insurmountable difficulties were harmon- ized. At tiiis meeting the members concluded that their objects were of sufficient importance to require a more permanent organization. This was effected by tlie adoption of a very simple constitution, under the popular title of the Ohio Pomologieal Society. In 1853 the Society held another meeting, when the attendance was not so large. Feeling the weight of the burden they were carrying, while also realiz- ing the importance of their work, in all its bearings upon the common welfare of their fellow citizens, it was resolved to call upon the legislature for assistance. The work of years had been done and the informa- tion of the members had been collected and printed at private expense. This had been widely distributed for the benefit of the people, and it seemed only fair that the public treasury should be called upon for assistauce. Our efforts were crowned eventually, by receiving a very modest sum, after struggling with the legislature, some of whose members ex- ercised their small wits at ridiculing what they were pleased to term our high sounding title, Pomologieal. The next meeting of the Society was held in December, 1854, when it was agreed to hold our sessions biennially, alternating with the American Pomologieal Society so as not to interfere with that body, and indeed, rather to prepare material for our reports to the National Society. This con straint, however, did not appear to be satisfactory, for it appears that in a little more than a twelve month, to-wit, on the patriotic 8tli of January, 1856, the Society again met. The two years' inter- val was not popular with men of such progressive ideas as were possessed by the nurserymen and fruit growers of Ohio, who, indeed, found themselves en- gaged in a great work. Thus the word biennial assumed a new significance with them as readily as 88 HSTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE. OHIO. QUEBEC. ONTARIO. it did, about tlie same time in the state legislature, which met, by adjournment, twice within the year, when acting under a constitution requiring biennial sessions. In this way our Society made its eighth report, of meetings held at Cincinnati in Septem- ber and at Columbus in December of the year 1857, at which much good work was done, and the biennial sessions have since been ignored. The ninth report embraces accounts of the pro- ceedings of three important meetings, held respect- ively, at Columbus, in December, 18.58, at Cincinnati the following June, and at Zanesville, in September, 18.59. On the loth day of February, 180U, our worthy president, A. H. Ernst, who had been a devotee to horticulture, and an ardent supporter of this Society, succumbed after long suffering, caused by exposure when engaged in his favorite pursuits. The tenth report contains an account of pro- ceedings of meetings held in January, 18d1 at Cincinnati, and at Columbus, in February, 18(io. Our e.Kcellent leader was sadly missed, and the dis- tracted state of the country exerted its influence even upon the peaceful pursuits of horticulture. The eleventh report contains the doings of the Society on its first meeting in the North-western portion of the State, at the thriving city of Toledo, in January, 18ti4. The valley of tlie Mauniee had already asserted its claims upon the Society by its beautiful displays of fruits at the State Fairs, which were rather ostentatiously exhibited under the title of North-west. Another meeting was held in De- cember of the same year in the North-eastern quarter, at Painesville, the home of our worthy secretary. Cincinnati was once again selected by the Society, which tlien lield a meeting in December of the following year, the proceedings of which constitute the material for the thirteenth report, from which it appears that there was no lack of interest in Pomology. Meanwhile, notwithstanding the efforts and activ- ity of our Society, the gra^je growing interests of our State, and of the region along the lake shore ex- tending to the eastward and westward into other states, had assumed so great ]u'oportions, that a society especially devoted to the vineyard interest was organized, and for sometime maintained a spirit- ed existence ; but it was found that the most active members of each organization were equallv [)ronii- nent in the other, and after a time the pomoiogists and the oinologists thought it best to unite tlieir forces, and also to make their work include all branches of horticulture, as to a considerable ex- tent we had already done under our original title. Thus at a joint meeting, held in Sandusky, in December, 1867, without dissolving, but by con- ference and agreement, the two bodies were merged into one under the title of the Ohio Horticultural Society, which is designed to cover all branches of the subject, and to invite to our assistance all who admire nature in her many forms of garden culture. From this date our reports begin a new series, and new enumeration. Our meetings are held annually in December, and oftener when considered advisable. The ad interim committee is a body which was originally appointed to note progressively the fruits of the passing seasons in the intervals between the meet- ings, and to make their reports at the annual gathering; this body has grown into the executive committee of the Society, and is authorized to hold meetings in the interests of the Society and of horti- culture at any point and at any time when it may seem advisable. Such occasions have frequently occurred. Since 1867 our meetings of the current series have been regularly held each year, and we have met freci_uently at the following places and dates : The second meeting at Columbus, Dec, 1808. Third " Dayton. " 1st, 1869. Fourth " Urbana, " 7th, 1870. Fifth " Millford, Nov. 22, 1871. Sixth '■ Zanesville, Dec. 4, 1872. Seventh " Mansfield, •• 10, 1873. Eighth " Akron, " 9, 1874. Ninth " Toledo, '• 1, 1875. Tenth " Circleville, " 14, 1876. Eleventh " Ravenna, " o, 1877. In the rajiid sketch of tlie history of our horti- cultural organization it has been impossible to enter into details respecting the work performed, but without boasting respecting the influence resulting from our efforts to diffuse a love of horticulture, and a knowledge of its fruits among our fellow citizens, we may point to the 1400 pages of printed matter which have been issued and laid before them, in our endeavors for their benefit as well as our own. This'amouiit might have been greatly extended, but for want of means when we published our own reports, and a jealous supervision of the legislative committee since the state has become our publisher. J. A. Warder. Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. The rise and progress of Fruit culture is so recent in these provinces, that the beginning, middle, and HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE QUEBEC AND ONTARIO. 89 end, may be said almost to be within the memory of living men. If not of men of the present gen- eration, certainly, there are those amongst us, who have conversed with the originators of our fruit interests, more especially with those pioneers of our Western Provinces. The French first introduced fruit trees into Lower Canada a little over two hundred years ago. Au- thentic accounts still remain of the early efforts of these industrious settlers to forward the humanizing influences of fruit growing. Several enduring mon- uments, or reminiscences of their first essay remain to us. To them we doubtless owe the introduction of the Fameuse, which seems to have made the Isle of Montreal its especial habitat. At Three Rivers there are also other evidences of their indefatigable efforts to introduce fruit growing, and indeed, the same may be said of Quebec and the whole of the upper part of the Lower Province. The Summer Bon Chretien owes its introduction also to the most polite nation. Few trees have so successfully re- sisted the attacks of the blight as this has done, and although in these days of greater advancement, other and finer varieties have taken its place in the good opinion of horticulturists, yet, as almost proof against pear blight, it ought eyen now to be esteemed. The question of fruit introduction into Upper Canada depended on the question of time. Slow progress was made when the struggling settlers had to keep up a constant warfare with the different Indian tribes for a very existence. The taste, how- ever, for fruit culture, notwithstanding all difficul- ties, liegan to spread. When in 1794-5 Mr. Baby removed from Lower Canada, from Quebec indeed, to the French settlement of Sandwich, he brought up with him the following varieties of apples, which have spread with wonderful celerity over our western counties. These are, Fammise, Pomme Grise (two varieties). Red Calville, Roseau, another called Loux Roseau, the Bourrassa, and one called Wliite Calville, vfh\Q\i Mr. James Dougall, of Wind- sor, a near relative of Mr. Francois Baby, calls the Winter Pearmain. Mr. Baby may be said to be the father of fruit culture in the west. His efforts for the dissemination of fruit trees have been worthily seconded by his relative, Mr. James Dougall, who has followed with steady and onward step the pioneer course of Mr. Baby. Mr. Dougall, who is not un- known to American fruit culturists, has at much expense introduced into our country the choicest productions of Van Mons and Leroy, sparing neither money nor pains to add to the Pomona of our west- ern Province. In the decline of life he now sees a rich reward for his indefatigable efforts. The whole of the Peninsula, as well as the neighboring State of Michigan in the great Eepublic, is covered with trees introduced and raised by Mr. Dougall. In speaking of the fruit interests of Ontario, it would be unpardonable to forget Mr. Dougall's merits as the introducer of the seedling peach, styled by him and catalogued as the Rose, his Goyeau apple, and his Elliott's Early pear. Besides, he has brought to notice a great number of seedling small fruits of various kinds. The horticulturists of western Canada have a deep debt of gratitude owing to Mr. Dougall, of Windsor. On or about the year of our Lord already men- tioned, there were a number of U. E. Loyalists, from New Jersey, and the Valley of the Mohawk, who emigrated to Canada, and who carried with them the taste and interest which they had cher- ished in the United States for fruit, and who intro- duced the like taste and interest into various districts of our country. Notably was this the case in and around Belleville, Prince Edward peninsula, the western shores of Lake Erie, around and about Simcoe, in the county of Norfolk, and in the neigh- borhood of Hamilton on the western shore of Lake Ontario. Col. Land settled on the present site of the City of Hamilton early in the last decade of the last century. He told me himself that he received on one occasion, when he carried a grist on his shoulders from Hamilton to Grimsby, the present of a few apple pips, and most carefully committed them to our benignant mother earth the following spring. His orchard, of which he was very proud, grew out of such small beginnings, which were con- tinually added to as his visits here and there enabled him to develop his taste for fruit trees. The remains of similar seedling orchards are still to be found all over the earlier settlements in Ontario. A large amount of excellent fruit is yet to he discov- ered existing in many of our old townships. The Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario has done much to call forth to notice some of these superior seedlings, but still a great deal has yet to be done. It was not till late years that the finer sorts of apples, and other varieties of fruits, began to find their way into our settlements from the American side. Rochester and Lockport were the depots whence our standard and best varieties were re- ceived. Nor ought we to omit to mention American settlers, a fair sprinkling of whom will be found in most of our clearances and large towns. They, too, brought with them their love of fruit culture, and 90 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE QUEBEC AND ONTARIO. first set a noble example in this culture to ail their neighbors. The beginning of a higher and better taste for fruit culture dates about as far back as the time wlien tlie American Pomologieal Society was first started. Very little over twenty-five years ago, Judge Campbell, of Niagara, Dr. William Craigie, of Hamilton, and Dr. Hurlburt, gave a decided impetus to fruit-growing by instituting, and for a time almost wholly carrying on, the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario. That is, the Society which they were the means of instituting, in the end be- came what is now recognized as the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario. It was in many instances up-iiill work to create any enthusiasm in the breasts of people who had never realized the benefits to be derived from horticulture. Striking illustrations of this fact might be given. Suffice it to say, that these men and their friends had influence enough to impress tlie government of the day with the im- portance of the fruit capabilities of the Province, and to obtain an annual government grant for the advancement of horticultural interests. This was the beginning of a new era in our provincial fruit growing — a new and increasing interest speedily grew up, and from almost iufinitesmal beginnings our Society appears to overshadow the land. The names of two or three professional nursery- men loom up in the early history of fruit interests, who deserve a timely mention We allude to Mr. George Leslie, senior, Toronto, who, for years, was himself a centre from which were issued a large amount of good varieties of fruit trees. He still survives to see the migiity impulse which fruit growing has received, while he himself falls into the sere and yellow leaf. The late Dr. Beadle, of St Catharines, the father of the present admirable Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Association, had no mean share in bene- fiting the horticulture of Ontario. An educated gentleman, of cultivated tastes, and an enthusiastic fruit grower, he sent from his nursery a large amount of the fruit trees which to-day adorn the homesteads of our Gore and Howe districts, and which bring health and happiness to the contented inmates. These men, with Mr. James Dougall, already mentioned in connection with Mr. Baby, were the pioneers of horticulture in Western On- tario. We are persuaded that the gi-ateful memory of their beloved labors will be long remembered by a happy and contented people. To-day there is scarcely a locality where nurseries of fruit trees do not abound. Their owners may not possess the enlightened spirit of their pro- genitors in the horticultural battle, but they have the wisdom to enter into the labors of those who have gone before them, and issue all the old, and many of the recent varieties of trees that are worthy of cultivation. We long to see the time when our caterers for the public taste will introduce all that is new and adapted for our climate from the diiferent countries of Europe, as well as from the unfailing and rich mine of horticultural treasures from the United States. Kussia has furnished us with the Red Astrachan, and Tetofshy. We are jiersuaded that, in Germany, Switzerland, France and Spain, there are admirable varieties of which we have heard little or nothing. By way of illustration, let me say that during a residence in the south of France, I met with the Juranf;on vine, from which the famous Juran(;on wine is made. I have never heard of its attempted cultivation on this side of the water, though I have tried several times to secure scions. To-day fruit interests are making wonderful prog- ress in our towns and counties. Fruit Exhibitions, which are held in almost every quarter, have done much to foster and keep alive horticultural interests. Some of our townships' shows put to the blush the more pretentious exhibitions of our growing towns and cities. Of all the means, however, that are employed to cherish fruit culture, there is no agency so potent as that of the Fruit Growers' Association of On- tario. It is like the watchmen on the border keep — ever ready and on the alert. It has prospered singu- larly well ever since it began to disseminate well- tested varieties of fruit trees amongst its members. The Association has thus made the whole Province a test garden. Only one condition is attached to such distribution, i. e., an annual report from each member, of the hardihood, prolificness, and adapta- tion of the plant distributed to the locality in which he resides. Besides distributing trees of well-known and approved varieties, the Association has more recently begun to issue seedling fruit trees, originated by our Canadian hybridists. The advantages to be derived from this effort in many ways, are so apparent, that it is not necessary to enlarge on the obvious benefits. The Society has also meetings for the discussion of fruits, soil and climate. The winter meeting is largely attended, and not unfrequently we are favored and bettered by the presence and help of fruit growers from various parts of New York State. An annual Keport is also published through the liberality of the government of the province, al- HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE —QUEBEC AND ONTARIO TENNESSEE. 91 though the substance of the Report is wholly pre- piircd by the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario. This publication keeps alive a growing interest in our doings, and has become a mighty engine in the dissemination of a large amount of experimental knowledge, which would otherwise be shut up and dormant in the individual mind, of the members. Various awards are also held out to deserving workers in the fruit field. Rewards for the produc- tion of seedling fruits; premiums for essays on horticultural subjects ; diplomas for excellence in the productions of any horticultural department. In fact, we have been following hard on the heels of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the doings of whose membership have been a great stim- ulus to many of us in our fruit labors. These, and similar efforts are giving a wonderful interest to fruit growing among our people. The intelligent and important labors of our hybridists are becoming known, and in some cases the fruits of these labors ai'e beginning to appear, either pecuniarily, or from their names becoming known to fame. Among our prominent hybridists comes first and foremost P. C. Dempsey, of Prince Edward county. His hybridizations in every department are turning out well. It is almost a pity that Mr. P. C. Demp- sey's modesty equals his superlative intellectual ability. His self-negation has in the past prevented the triumphs of his genius from being disseminated. Charles Arnold, of Paris, is well known for his fruit and cereal hybridizations. One of his seedling apples will be sent out by the Society next year, and a raspberry and strawberry of his were distributed among the members of the Association this year. William Saunders, of London, has successfully ca'ossed the Philadelphia Raspberry with the Black- cap, and produced a splendid new fruit. He is known for his hybridizations in flowers as well as in fruits. W. H. Mills, of Hamilton, has produced some new varieties of grapes, which for flavor, size and excellence, are said to be far ahead of any similar Canadian production. James Dougall, of Windsor, has brought into notice, seedling cherries, gooseberries, currants, pears, plums, apples, and peaches. As an indefati- gable worker, few men deserve more of their coun- try than Mr, James Dougall. By way of supplement, I may say that fruit interests are iiackward in New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and in parts of Nova Scotia. In New Brunswick the work has almost to be initiated. Here and there may be seen- fruit trees, but little attention has been paid to the cultivation. As a fruit district. Prince Edward Island is a terraincog- nita. A dreary waste exists in Nova Scotia, except in the choice fruit districts in and around An- napolis, I may, however, well leave the historical record of Nova Scotia in the hands of my esteemed friend, C. C. Hamilton, M. D., of Wolfville. He is not unlikely to give an exhaustive account of fruit growing in Western Nova Scotia for the proceedings of the American Pomological Society.* Much remains to be done for fruit growing throughout our wide Dominion. Manitoba requires to be possessed by the horticulturist. There, fruit- growing is scarcely, if at all, known. British Colum- bia has to be occupied. Her climate and soil, and the energy of her young, but enterprising people, will yet make the desert to rejoice and blossom as the rose, when Pomona, and the lich gifts she brings in her train, are made to bless these recent, but rapidly developing Provinces. I have only to add, that the fruit interests of Canada are gi'eatly wrapt up in the development of horticulture in the United States. We, as a people, are singularly facile in copying and following a good example. We have proved ourselves so. We are not ashamed to follow in the wake of such distinguished fruit culturists as compose the mem- bership of the American Pomological Society. There is, however, one man, who, by liis un- ceasing efforts in the cause of the horticulturist, has secured for himself a name, and a fame, which will live while horticulture continues to be an art. To him we desire to make known our obligations. We are satisfied that the recorded transactions of your Society will be the noblest tribute that can be made in the shape of a monument. To us who live on this side of the dividing line, it is only left for us to say, that his fame and name have become household words among us. We can only say, that we, along with yourselves, shall ever cherish and bless the honored president of your Society — Marshall Pinckney Wilder. Robert Burnet, Vice-Presidenf Avier. Pom. Society. Tennessee. Humboldt, Tenn., August 1st, 1877. To the President and Members of the American Pomological Society : I am called upon to furnish historical sketches of the rise and progress of fruit culture in the State of *See Dr. Hamilton's paper in Report of 1875. Sec. 92 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE — TENNESSEE. Tennessee. I feel my inability to do so, for several reasons. My venerated father, Peter Transou, was among the " pioneer " fruit growers of West Ten- nessee, which enables me to speak advisedly of this division of the State, but we have had few organi- zations in the State which have for their object the advancement of this important branch of business. There has been very little concert of action or coop- eration, and but a small number of those who are more or less engaged in fruit culture, attend the meetings of the associations, and a still smaller number attend the meetings of the American Pom- ological Society. We should have a score or more of delegates repre- senting various portions of our large State, instead of ■ one, and he ouly a sort of self-constituted one at that, from a country so well adapted to successful fruit culture, possessing so many advantages— mountains, hills and level plains, rich soil and favorable cli- mate, and with so many localities in the State where a fruit crop has never been an entire failure. We might well consider our excellent shipping facilities, both by river and railroad ; also our cen- tral position among the States for furnishing the Northern cities with early and the Southern cities with late fruits. I will endeavor to state briefly what has come under my own observation, and go back to the year 1833, when my father purchased a home near Jackson, Madison County, West Tennessee. At that day there were but few and small or- chards, and they consisted mainly of seedlings. The apple and pear were all the kinds of fruit consid- ered necessary to graft. The Bed June,VeUotv June, Horse and Limbertwig apples ; Bell, Pound, Sugar and Choice pears were the leading and only varie- ties propagated. The stone fruits, without excep- tion, were seedlings, and occupied the fence corners, without cultivation. The soil was fresh and rich and the trees flour- ished wonderfully and bore abundant crops. An orchard was considered common property, and while fruit lasted all were free to use it. When a "new-comer" got up his cabin and cleared (/'. c. deadened) a little patch, he went to a neighbor and supplied himself with suckers and seedlings. Now and then he got a "good thing" and every neigh- borhood had a different name for the same variety of fruit. My father always was a considerable fruit man, and moved from a splendid fruit country — Salem, North Carolina. He brought with him a good selection of all kinds of fruit in cultivation in North Carolina and Virginia, and commenced a nursery, in a small way — the first nursery in West Tennessee. In a few years other nurseries sprung up, and the supply of fruit trees was equal to the demand. As the country settled up, fruit became abundant, and some few leading fruit men began to raise fruit for the home market and for the city of Memphis, the principal trading point. I give the names of the leading nurserymen and fruit amateurs of that day: Peter Transou and Mr. Davie, of Madison county; Maj. Bradford & Sons, Daniel Cherry and F. B. Kerr, of Haywood county; Koen & Bledsaw, of Shelby couuty; Wm. Clement and E. Estes, of Gibson county; John Christie, of Dyer county. This brings us up to the year 1847, when your un- worthy servant commenced the nursery business on ■' his own hook." Shortly after this we had the Krst railroads in West Tennessee. A new interest in fruit culture was awakened. Lai'ger and better orchards were planted, but "cotton was king," as a matter of course. Orchards were generally neglected and but little cared for. However, about this time a very important step towards improvement and progress was taken in fruit culture, viz., testing the many varieties brought from every quarter, north, south, east and west, to obtain fruits suited to our soil and climate. The success which attended this worthy enterprise, with our increased shipping fa- cilities by railroad,were such that in the year 1 8G0, or- chards were planted with a view of shipping fruits to more distant markets. A few acres of strawberries were shipped from Jackson to St. Louis and Chicago. After the clo.se of the war, the first shipments of peaches, apples and pears were made from Hum- boldt to northern cities. Although we have had heavy drawbacks and many things to hinder since the war, I feel justified in stating that progress has been made in fruit culture. Proper attention, with skill, to the business, has given success. Cotton is no longer "king" in Tennessee. Thousands of acres are now in cultivation in apple, peach, pear, cherry, plum, grape, &c. The berry crop is receiv- ing considerable attention, a lively interest is man- ifested all over our country, and fruit culture is regarded as a source of considerable profit. The present year has been almost a failure in the peach crop — killed in the bud — which luis occurred in West Tennessee but once before in forty years. Over ten thousand crates of strawberries and fif- teen thousand boxes of otlier fruits have been shipped from Humboldt and Gadsden up to this date. It is proper to state also, Milan, Medina and Trenton, in this (Gibson) county, have shipi)odcon- HISTORICAL SKETCHES <»1.' li;i IT CULTURE — UTAH. 93 siderable quantities of fruit. Extensive shipnieiiLs are made from various counties — Crocket, Shelby, Dyer, Obion, Weakley, Henry, Haidinian. &.v,. I may say very few persons in Tennessee have made fruit growing a specialty, and for the reasons above stated progress has been slow ; yet thousands of acres more will be in cultivation as soon as skill- ful labor and capital can be had. What I have said of West Tennessee applies e({ually to the eastern and middle divisions of Tennesee, as a fruit grow- ing country. But not having at my command the necessary information from other worthy fruit grow- ers, I forbear saying anything. I could now enu- merate a score of nurseries in Tennessee, and some of them of considerable dimensions. I may also state, fruit culture in our State is V'early and con- stantly on the increase, but we think, in order to make rapid progress we must have combined effort — fruit growers' associations, &c., before we can make a respectable showing. If we should exhibit our fruits in the Pomological Society, we think they would be at least creditable, if not equal with those of our sister States. I regret exceedingly I cannot give more concise and elaborate sketches and do justice to the fruit growers of our State, as well as to myself. I remain very respectfully and ti'uly, Your obedient servant, B. F. Transou. Utah. HISTORY OF FRUIT CULTURE IN UTAH. Until the year A. D. 18-4:7, the region embracing the Territory of Utah was Mexican soil and little known ; was a barren, fruitless desert, without a white inhaljitant (excepting half a dozen fur-trad- ers) and sparsely peopled by a few tribes or bands of Indians of the lowest type, none of which culti- vated the soil, but subsisted upon the seeds of grass and weeds, with rabbits and crickets for a dessert, the country being nearly destitute of anything like fruit or nuts, though in some localities several vari- ties of berries, as currants, gooseberries, service- berries, raspberries and a variety of berberries, and pine nuts were found — and in others, roots, more or less nutritious, as the thistle, agave, flag, &c. In the year named, Brigham Young, with sevei'al hundreds of the exiled Mormons, opened a road from Council Bluffs, on the Missouri River, to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, and founded Salt Lake City. Seeds of fruits and vegetables, as well as of grain, came with these emigrants, and each in its season was planted. In 18.50 the writer vis- ited Salt Lake and saw the first peaches ever grown in this Territory, on a two-year-old tree in front of the residence of Brigham Young, and quite a nur- sery of various fruit trees grown from seed, in the same gentleman's garden. Joel H. Johnson also had a nursery of several thousand apple and peach trees on Mill creek, while numbers of others had succeeded in starting a greater or less number, all prized very highly. The first apples fruited in L^^tah were seedlings in the garden of John Nebeker, in Salt Lake City, in about the year 1855, two varieties of which were jmonounced worthy of propagation and were widely disseminated, viz., one an oblong, yellow, sweet ap- ple of good size, ripening in September, and called Pride of the Valley ; the other a large, yellow, fall apple, called Mountain Chief — and several very good seedlings were produced from the nursery of J. H. Johnson. In 1852 William C. Staines found- ed a large garden and nursery and carried on busi- ness in a more systematic manner, obtaining from abroad seeds of many kinds of fruit, and in the same year L. S. Hemenway, practical nurseryman, settled in Salt Lake City and laid out nurseries and planted an orchard and garden. In 1857 Mrs. Caroline Jackson sent from California a great vari- ety of fruit scions, which were widely distributed among those who had stocks for grafting or bud- ding. The year before a Mr. Neal had brought from New York, in sealed cans, scions of Spitzenberg, Early Harvest, Roxbury Ru.sset and Baldtvin. From these a few apples were grown in 1857 or "8. In 1859 Mr. Hemenway imported scions of some forty varieties of apples and some other fruits. Pear scions were first imported from California in 1855, by Wm. C. Staines,who succeeded with the Bart- lett and several other varieties. Phineas Young raised the first cherries from seed, which fruited in 1860. In 1857 Mr. Letson came over from California, and entering into partnership with Mr. Staines, proceed- ed to import grapes, plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, strawberries, &c., and about the same year Thomas Ellerbeck imported many varieties of straw- berries, grapes and other plants, and took much care and pains to jjroduce magnificent berries. In 1858 Edward Whiting brought, in boxes of soil, living plants of several varieties of currants, gooseberries and roses from the East, and these were soon widely disseminated. In fSGO a gardeners' club was formed in Salt Lake City, which did much in importing desirable varieties of fruit and disseminating the same, exam- ing and naming seedling fruits, instituting fairs, &c. In its list of members and supporters were 94 HIISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE UTAH. L. S. Hemeriway, John Nebeker, W. W. Woodruff, Geo. B. Wallace, Thomas Woodbury, Levi Richards, Edward Sayers, W. C. Staines, Mr. Letson, C. Oli- phant, J. E. Jolinson, and several others deeply interested in advancing the culture of fruit. As early as 1853 settlements had been com- menced as far north as Box Elder County, and south to the Virgin Eiver, and fi'uit trees and seeds were carried to each settlement and every haste made to produce fruit at the earliest possible pe- riod, and very generally it was found that most fruits seemed to be wonderfully adapted to tlie soil and climate. The first lying south of Salt Lake county is the county of Utah, with Utah Lake in the center. Around this lake the valley is covered with towns, cities and farms, and here apples, peaches and many other fruits grow in unbounded profusion and of great excellence. Among those who have been pioneers in their introduction and development, I may name John Scott, Daniel Graves, E, Whiting, Wm, Mendeuhall, B. F. Johnson, Henry Nebeker, Thomas Day, Abel Butterfield, Samuel Pitchfortli. Thomas Callister and James Starley. Farther south, after i)assing Utah, Juab and Mil- lard counties, we have Beaver and Iron counties on the summit, not fully adapted to fruit on account of frosts ; but passing over the rim of the basin, we have first Kane, then Washington county in the south-west corner of the territory, with climate so mild there is very little or no snow in winter and frosts are light; where the sun almost always shines, and where the almond, fig, pomegranate, and exotic grape flourish ; where the peach, apricot, plum, nectarine and pear are unexcelled in size, flavor and abundant growth. In about 1855 a company from the Southern States founded and settled the town of Washing- ton, planting the seeds of fruits. About four years after, a company from California was added to the colony and commenced to settle at Santa Clara. About this time the' old Mission grape from Califor- nia was introduced, together with some other fruits. In 18G2, a hundred families from the North founded and colonized St. (ieorge, and brought every variety of fruit growing in the North. And in this year Walter E. Dodge went with teams to California and brought back several choice varieties of grapes, apples, pears, peaches, figs, al- monds and plums ; and among the vines, the Black Hamburg, whicli was found to thrive and produce splendid fruit in the open air. In Kane County, Joel H. Johnson nnd liis sons, Sixtus E. and Neplii Johnson, were foremost in introducing many vari- eties of fruit. In 1865 the writer removed from Utah county to St. George, in Washington county, and brought many thousand trees of choicest fruits found in the North, and proceeded to import from the East and California One hundred and fifty varieties of grapes for trial and experiment. A gardeners' club was organized the same year, with one hundred mem- bers, with a view of testing thoroughly the capacity of this region for numerous varieties of fruit, all or most of which have succeeded far beyond our ex- pectation. In the development of fruit in Utah, we have of necessity, at times, been forced to depend upon seedling fruits, and we are able to add to former lists many that are deserving of attention and place, a few of which will be noticed. Among the pioneers of fruit culture in the Soutli deserving mention, may be named John Oakley, W, H. Crawford, C. A. Terry, H. W, Miller, L. S, Hemenway, E. Ells- worth. The writer has recently imported from California orange and lemon trees, which he feels confident will succeed here in the open air at three or four years old. NATIVE SEEDLING FRUITS. Apples. — Pride of the Valley and Mountain Chief, already described. Miller's Cherokee. — Seedling from Sjntzenberg : large and handsome, red, fine flavored ; long keeper. Orfon's Bed Winter. — Medium size; firm and heavy; deep red: long keeper: flavor resembling Sjxitzenherg. Sjn-ing Lake. — Medium size; very dark red, with white specks ; flesh yellow, and rich sub-acid ; con- stant bearer and long keeper. Higgins' Red I(¥«if«?".-Tree vigorous and upright; constant bearer; fruit large, striped with red; juicy ; fine, vinous flavor; keeps till summer. Pear. — Redfield. Native of Salt Lake. Size smaller, and a little later than Bartlett, with flavor equal; cheek red next the sun. Plums. — Sagtrs' Favorite, and several others not named, are very fine. Apricots. — The Gates and the Carrington are large, with fine form and flavor. There are a score unnamed, that are little, if any, behind in value. Peaches. — Carrington. Large, yellow, rich ; a seedling from the Crawford. Orange. — Very large, often from eight to twelve ounces in weigjit; yellow flesh, with highest flavor; niSTOKICAL SKETCHES OF FRUIT CULTURE— VIKGINIA. 95 grown from seed by tlie writer ; and also a large, yellow cling of delicate flesh and flavor, named Spring Lake. Ijidinn Peach. — Both free and clingstone; me- dium size; reddish flesh; very juicy and delicious. Cherries. — Utah Hybrid. A cross between tlie Sand cherry and the wild plum ; fruit nearly black; good size; stone small; thin skin; sweet. Tree willowy, with long limbs, and great bearer. Almonds. — We have unnamed seedlings in great variety, from paper shell to hard enough : good bear- ■ ers, and far better than any we have imported. Gr.\pes (from Foveign).— Rio Viryen- — Vine vig- orous; fruit egg-shaped, white and transparent; clusters and berries large, and really the hand- somest white grape we ever saw. Its faults are thick skin and shy bearing. Jarvis. — Very similar to the above, only not quite as handsome, but better bearer and fruit nearer round. We liave several other very fine seedlings from foreign varieties yet unnamed, as well as from American grapes. Although for years we had few or no enemies to fruit, the codling moth has of late made sad havoc with apples and jiears and some other fruits in Salt Lake and other settlements ; and the green-fly and spittle-bug are damaging many vineyards. So far as known, Utah fruits stand as high in market as any on this continent, our dried fruit selling in eastern markets for several cents higher than those from any other region. I am unable to give any correct statistics of our fruit product, though we have exported sometimes, of dried fruit, over one hundred tons a year. Last year Southern Utah made fifty thousand gallons of wine, and put up several thousand cans of fruit. Utah and Salt Lake counties have made a fair start in this industry, and last season put up probably ten or twenty thousand cans. Our sur- plus fruits are generally used to supply the many mining camps throughout the Territory. Very respectfully, J. E. Johnson. Virginia. In the settlement of Virginia the South of Eng- land was largely represented, and her fruits brought hither were of choice selections. Pears, untampered with by the hand of improve- ment, are, from some cause, vastly superior to those introduced into the northerly New England States, having less astringency, although it is possible that this difference may be traceable to climatic influence. There appear to have existed some five or six varieties of native pears that have come down to us and annually found in our market that compare quite favorably with some imported varieties of their season. The earliest improved varieties known to me in this section, were two varieties ordered from Boston by the late Dr. Wm. Selden, and planted in 1808, one of which was the St. Germain, a pear of medi- um size, tine quality, and keeping till spring. Both of these trees have died within ten years. The first pear orchard for marketing purposes was planted out in 1856 by Lieutenant Weir, U. S. N., consisting of 4,535 trees, all dwarfs, em- bracing fourteen varieties, a,000 of which were Duchesse d' Anyoukme. About 1,800 of these I)uch- e.sse are still bearing fruit. There are now in tidewater Virginia, from 150,000 to 175,000 pear trees under cultivation. Apples. — About 1834, Wm. I'rince, Esq., of Flushing, Long Island, mentioned twelve varieties of much esteemed native apples of Virginia — among others, the Summer Cheese, brought from old James- town seventy-five years prior to that date; another, the lioyal Fearmain, much esteemed by the plant- ers near Richmond for both table and cider. The Jiles (a medium size winter apple), a great favorite in tidewater Virginia. Our oldest inhabitants re- member seeing very old trees of this variety in their childhood. Peaches. — The luscious peach was a fruit of perfection until within twenty-five years, since which time a war has been waged by insects or disease that quite disheartens the cultivator. The native seedlings appear the most healthy. GnAPES.-^The woods point to this section as the home of the grape, the wild grape furnishing wine much esteemed by our people. Cultivated varieties dating back to over fifty years are receiving increased attention, with the promise of a full supply of wine for home consumption. Blackberries. — Nature has planted such a pro- fusion of this variety of fruit, that its introduction in garden culture is superfluous. Strawberries. — Tliis fruit presents a most re- markable increase of cultivation, the first patch for marketing purposes having been planted in 1846, which has gradually expanded to over two thou- sand acres in the vicinity of Norfolk, producing over three million quarts last spring. Respectfully submitted, G. F. B. Leighton, Vice-President Amer. Pom. Society. 96 REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON FOREIGN FRUITS SYNONYMS. Report of the Committee on Foreign Fruits. To the Ameriva?i Potnological Society: Gents : Your Committee respectfully report that, as far as they know, comparatively little interest has been taken, for a few years back, in the introduction of new foreign varieties of fruits, and therefore the material for a report is quite limited. The following, though not, stricty speaking, new, are but little known and are at least worthy of trial: CHERRIES. Montmorency. — Lonyiteqveue: fruit large; light red; tender, juicy, and high flavored; a delicious sub-acid variety ; ripening between the Early Ricli-' mond and Montmorency Ordinaire. Noir Precoce de Strass. — One of the earliest black cherries ; fruit of gocd size, tender, juicy and sweet ; tree hardy and productive. Bigarreaii' Rose Dragon. — Fruit large, pale yel- low, with a red cheek ; flesh firm, juicy and good ; ripening after all the good sweet cherries are gone — the finest late sweet variety — middle of July. PEACHES. Large Early Mignonne. — Medium to large ; round- ish oval ; pale straw, with crimson cheek; very juicy, melting and sweet; August 16th; one of the very best freestones. Dagmar. — Fruit large, roundish ; pale straw color, nearly covered with deep crimson ; very handsome. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet and vinous. This we consider one of the finest of Rivers' peaches, as fa.i as fruited in our collection ; freestone; last of August. Early Victoria. — Medium size; pale yellow, with a bright red cheek ; rich and juicy ; freestone ; mid- dle of August. Pucelle de Maline. — Medium size, roundish oval ; creamy white, delicately marked with red ; flesh white, tinged with red around the stone ; very juicy, vinous and excellent; last of August. PLUMS. Rouge hative de Nitka. — Fruit medium to large; bluish purple; juicy, rich and fine; a beautiful dessert plum : last of August. Geo. Ellwanger, Chaimia)/. Report on Synonyms. GLORIA MUNDI, OR JOSEPHINE APPLE. Mr. Andre Leroy, in his new work, " Dictionaire de Pomologie," gives a long historical account of the Gloria Mundi, or Josephine apple, by which he claims that it is of European origin, and states that " it is now sixty years since this enormous fruit was known in our country, to which it nevertheless does not be- long, but that Louis Noisette, the nurseryman of Paris, received it from (Jompte le Sieur, who im- ported it from America about the year 1803, with a dozen other varieties of ajiples, some of which have produced very large fruits. The Josephine, or Glo- ria Mtmdi, was at first called the Melon, on account of its size, but some jjomologists decided to conse- crate it to the memory of the Empress Josephine, who, by her example and encouragement made hor- ticulture attain a more flourishing state." Poiteau, the botanist, says: " It is from North America that M. LeCompt Le Sieur obtained this dozen of new va- rieties for us, although evidently sorts of European » apples, transported to America at the time of the discovery of the New World, and among these vari- eties three were remarkable for their size, and were named JosejJiine, Montalivet, and Le Sieur." Mr. Leroy further states that the English, who have possessed it since 1817, seem to be in the right when, after a German version, they rather believe it to have originated in Hanover ; and Dr. Robert Hogg, in his new edition of " The Fruit Manual," of 1875, off'ers this opinion: "This variety is of American origin, but some doubts e.xist as to where it was first raised, that honor being claimed by sev- eral different localities. The general opinion, how- ever, is that it originated in the garden of a Mr. Smith, in the neighborhood of Baltimore, and was brought over to this country by Captain George Hobson, of the ship Belvidere, of Baltimore, in 1817. It was introduced from America into France by Comte Le Sieur in 1804, but from the account given in the 'Allegemeines Deutsches Giirtenmag- azin,' it is doubtful whether it is a native of Amer- ica; for in the volume of that work for 1805, it is said to have been raised by Herr Kiinstgarten Maszman. of Hanover. If that account is correct, its existence in America is, in all probability, owing to its having been taken thither by some Hanove- rian emigrants." Mr. Leroy enquires : " Can it be affirmed now that the apple Josephine, or Gloria 3Imidi, is really a na- tive of the United States?" No. The Americans do not claim it. Charles Downing, in the second re- vised edition of Downing's ' Fruits and Fruit Trees of America,' page 191, says that its origin was un- known." These remarks were made at the time because there was so much uncertainty as to its true origin, or any means of ascertaining it, that I thought it best to merely say, "origin unknown"; it should have been, "' origin uncertain." Coxe, in his work on Fruit Ti'ees, published in 1817, states that it originated on Long Island, and A. J. Downing, in the first edition of his "Fruits and Fruit Trees," says : " It is a little curious that the origin of this RKPOET OF COMMITTEE ON SYNONYMS. 97 apple is claimed for Red Hook (on_the Hudson), for Long Island, and Baltimore," showing that there was much uncertainty as to the place of its origin, hence I stated in the first and second revised edi- tions of his work, that its origin was unknown. I have since been informed by Mr. John Feast, of Baltimore, one of the oldest horticulturists in the country, that it was raised, soon after the revolu- tionary war, by Ramsey McHenry, an old Mary- lander, whose country seat, at that day, is now the residence of Mr. Thomas Winans in the city of Bal- timore. That it was tirst called McHenry Pippin, and subsequently received many synonyms, viz., Pound, Belvidere, Monstrous Pippin,Gloria Mundi, &c., &c. That about the years 1806 or 1808, it was sent to Great Britain iu the ship Belvedere, and there named Belvedere, Baltimore, &c. Having staled the principal points as to the dif- ferent localities where the Gloria Mundi, or Jose- pliine apple is said to have originated, I leave it with the public to decide which is correct. SUMMER KAMBO, GROSH, WESTERN BEAUTY. For many years there bus been much confusion in regard to the origin, name, &c., of these apples, but according to information lately received from C. P. Grosh, of .Marietta, Pa., and from his brother, the Rev. A. P. Grosh, now of Washington, D. C, the Grosli apple was raised from seed by their fath- er, John Grosh, long since deceased, about the year 1815, and was planted in the grounds of the late Judge Jacob Grosh, of Marietta, Pa., where the original tree is still standing. Its early or first name was Big Rumho, afterward Grosh and Grosli s Mammoth, but now more generally Summer Bambo and Large Summer Rambo; also Western Beauty in many localities in Ohio and at the west. It was decided at the Centennial last year, by a few good judges, that Summer Rambo, Grosh and Western Beauty were identical. This apple was also claimed to have been raised by William Cum- mings, of Harrison, Hamilton County, Ohio, and was called in that section, Cumming's Rambo, Big Rambo, &c., but it was proved to be the Grosh, or Summer Rambo. Dr. Warder states that when he was at the Vienna Exposition in 187.'), he saw the Western Beauty under the name of Lothriiiger Rambotir, or Rambour Lorraine, of Dr. Ed. Lucas, and turning to his work on Pomology I find he gives no account of its origin, but an outline and a short description, viz. : " a splendid apple ; ripe Au- gust and September; keeps from four to six weeks; adapted for table, market and kitchen use; very large ; prolific when in good soil for orchard." The Rev. A. B. Grosh exj)lains the various conflict- ing accounts of its origin in this way : At an early day there was much emigration from Lancaster county, Pa., and especially around Marietta, to Central and Southern Ohio. These emigrants car- ried with them, or afterward obtained trees, scions, &c., and thus the Grosh apple might have found its way into Ohio, and as to the German Lothringer Rambour, the German imigrants, after residing in this country several years, sent or carried back with them to the Fatherland favorite products of our soil for introduction and trial there, and may not the Grosh apple there be thus accounted for as the Lothringer Ramho ? There is a distinct Big Rambo, which T. S. Hum- rickhouse, of Coshocton, Ohio, informs me was raised from seed of the common Rambo, by Mrs. Robert Ramsey, of Millbrook, Ohio, and was named by Mr. Humrickhouse the Hoadley, but the nur- serymen and fruit growers in that locality continue to call it Big Rambo ; the fruit is rather larger and more globular in form, the tree not as vigorous nor as large, and the fruit not as good in quality as the Grosh. The Summer Rambo of Coxe and Downing, which has for its synonyms, Rambour d'ete and Rambour Franc, is a very old foreign variety ; tree a moderate grower, rather spreading, a good, but not prolific bearer; fruit of medium size; flesh quite firm, sprightly sub-acid, and more valuable for culinary uses than for the amateur; ripening in September. Tliei'e is also a Rambour d'ete, trees of which I had from Andi-e Leroy some years since, and which is quite distinct from any of the above- It agrees with Mr. Leroy's description in his new work on Pomology. Mr. Leroy gives more than a dozen synonyms to this apple, some of which I think are incorrect. The following are the synonyms to the Grosh, or Summer Rambo : Big Rambo. Grosh's Mammoth, Large Rambo, Summer Rambo, Large Summer Rambo, Mammoth Rambo, Western Beauty, Monstrous Rambo, Ohio Beauty of some, Musgrave's Cooper, Cummings' Ram- bo, Pickaway Rambo, French Rambo of some, Nay- lor Rambo, Sweet Rambo (incorrectly), Lothringer Rambour, Rambour Lorraine. Chas. Downing. REPORTS OF STATE FRUIT COMMITTEES. ^1 < » i» Report of the General Fruit Committee. To the American Pomological Society : Gentlemen — The undersio;ned, on behalf of the General Fruit Committee, respectfully reports, that on the 12th of April last, and again in the month of June, the following circular was addressed to the several chairmen of the State Fruit Committees: AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. To Chairman Fruit Committee for State of Dear Sir — At the last meeting of the .\merican Pomo- logical Society, held in the City of Chicago, September, 1875, you were appointed Chairman of the Fruit Com- mittee of your State. The duties of this committee are defined in the Society's By-Laws as follows: "State Fruit Committees, consisting of five members each, for every State, Territory and Province represented, and a general chairman over all, shall be appointed bien- nially; it shall be the duty of the several State Fruit Committees to forward the general chairman, one month before every biennial meeting. State Pomological Reports, to be condensed by him for publication." It is customary for the Chairman of the State Fruit Committee to select his associates, and you are respectfully requested to organize your committee at the earliest mo- ment practicable, by selecting the most competent and trust- worthy persons in different sections of your State to aid you in collecting the information desired by the Society. This information you will arrange in the form of a report and transmit to me as early as the 20th of August next, that I may be able to present the Report of the General Fruit Committee on the opening of the session, which is announced to be held in Baltimore, on September 12th. 13th and 14th, 1877. The nature of the information desired may be briefly stated as follows: 1st. — Species of Fruit. What Species of fruit, as Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry, &c., &c., are grown successfully in your State? 2d. — V.\RIETIES OF Froits. What varieties of these fruits have been found, by experience, best adapted to the soil and climate of your State and its various parts? The degrees of merit should be stated according to the scale adopted in the Society's Catalogue, viz: Those worthy of cultivation designated by one *. Those of great supeiiori- ty and value by **. Those of more recent introduction and giving promise of excellence f. In this connection you will please examine the lists of varieties, if any, recom- mended in the Society's Catalogue, for your State, and suggest such changes or additions as may, in your judg- ment, be necessary. 3d. — New Nath-e Varieties. If there are any new varieties of recent origin in your State, giving promise of excellence, you will please make a special note of them. 4th. — Synonyms. Give as much information as maj' be in your power in regard to the different names by which the same fruit is known in your State. 5th. — Obstacles to Successful Culture. What are the chief obstacles to successful fruit culture in your State, as regards soil, climate, in.sects," diseases, &c., and what remedies have been mostly effectually employed? 6th. — Culture and Pruning. What treatment of the soil of fruit tree plantations, and what .system of pruning, have yielded, in general, the best results? 7th. — Storing and Keeping Winter Fruits. What methods are most successfully practiced? 8th. — Packages. What sort of package has been found most advantageous, especiallj- for shipment to distant markets? 9th. — Statistics. If convenient, statistics showing the extent and progress of fruit culture in your State. The Committee desire to make these State Reports as perfect an exhibit of the condition of fruit culture as may be possible, and by their aid, continue the work of perfect- ing the Society's Catalogue. Your active co-operation is respectfully solicited. It is hoped that the fruits of your State will be well represented at Baltimore. Truly yours, P. Barry, Chairman General Frnit Committee. Rochester, N. Y., April 12, 1877. In due time responses were received from nearlj' all, promising reports from their respective states. Information was received that Dr. D. H. Jacques, chair- man of the Fruit Committee of South Carolina, had removed from the State, and through the kindness of Mr. Berck- mans, of Georgia, the services of the Hon. R. M. Sims were secured, and he has prepared and forwarded an ex- cellent report from that State. The chairman for Kentucky, Mr. Z. R. Huggins, had died, and his son, Mr. W. A. Huggins, who succeeds his father in business, promised a report from that State. The chairman for Rhode Island was erroneously printed Browne instead of Bourn, and consequently the circulars did not reach him; the error was discovered through cor- respondence with Mr. Silas Moore, of Providence, and the report for that State was duly made. Repoits have been received from twenty-five states and territories, and are presented herewith. The greater number of those REPORT FROM NOVA SCOTIA. 99 states not reporting at this time, liave made full reports at previous meetings. In these reports will be found in- formation of great value and interest, and the gentlemen tlnougli whose labors the_y have been made deserve the thanks of the members of this Society for the services they have rendered to American Pomology. The labor involved in collecting material for a state report can be appreciated onlj' by those who have performed it. Respectfully submitted, P. B.VUKY, thairinu)!. Report from Nova Scotia. Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Nov. 9, 187?. P. Bakry, Esq. : Dear Sir — In the last volume of the American Pomological Society, the valuable report by Dr. C. C. Hamilton on Fruit Culture in Nova Scotia,removed the reproach to which we were amenable from the hitlierto silent columns of your volume. In starring for the tabu- lar columns there were a few omissions; in apples, Clyde Beauty, Colvert, OoUlen Street, Mother, Primate and St. Law- rence should be added; in Peai-s, I have found Beurre DM one of the best, and in Plums, Imperial Gage. In this country, during the last four years, we have made very creditable progress in fruit culture. At a provincial exhibition at Rentville, N. S., October 15, a collection of Apples was shown from this count}' consisting of thirty varieties, selected from forty of standard kinds, or seed- lings of the county worthy of cultivation, all of fair size, color and quality, and although inferior to the larger and liner apples of our fruit counties proper, the collec- tion was most encouraging to those laboring under similar disadvantages as ourselves, a cold, wet soil, low tempeia- ture, abundant moisture and absence of sunshine. We have many kinds on trial, of those included in your catalogue, some of which may prove, when fruited, of value for us; of these. Stark is one of the most promising, if one may judge from its annual growth, whicli is pro- digious. Sirayzie Pomtne Orise ought to be on your list: it is one of the most delicious of dessert apples, veiy popular in Ontario, where the Fruit Growers' Association has dis- tributed this variety as one of the most desirable ; the tree appears to be perfectly hardy, and a vigorous grower. In small fruits, especiallj' in Strawberries, our cool, moist soil and climate, with frequent fogs and showers, while they retard the ripening of the crop, favor its high- est development. Our season begins with the first week in July, and lasts through the month The variety chiefly grown is Wilsoyi's Albany, which no other approaches in vigor of growth, or in productiveness; it is not unusual to see single plants surrounded with from one to two quarts of berries, the largest of which will measure from four to six inches in circumference ; the fruit, if somewhat acid at first, has the redeeming quality of drying and becoming firmer and sweeter with more siin, while most varieties, when fully ripe, begin at once to ,?often and decay. Jueunda also does remarkably well under good cultiva- tion, in deep, rich soil. I have had it as a perpetual bearer, in fruit every day from July to November, by simply re- moving the blossoms from potted plants in May, giving a rich top dressing and plenty of water. A friend has Jueunda plants, .set out in 1868, .still bearing so well that they are to bo wintered once more. These happened to be planted on made ground five or six feet deep, and are annually surrounded with tiers of berries of Immense size. Col. Clieney is a vigorous grower, ver)' prolific, and fairly productive, hut the fruit, although .somewliat less acid than the Wilion, lacks firmness and soon rots when thoroughly ripe. Trioiaphe de Gand succeeds fairlj', but like most of the later varieties, has been abandoned as not productive. Being on the seacoast, where eel-grass is easily procured, we use that material as a mulching and for covering in winter, of late j'cars, in preference to any other. It pre- vents weeds, keeps the fruit clean and is a perfect non- conductor. Having kept the .same piece of ground in strawberries for many years, trenching and renewing with young plants from time to time, the soil is filled with seeds from which thousands of seedlings start everj' year. I kept a single one of these several years ago until it fruited, and was rewarded with a variety hardy, prolific, and in quality equal to Lennig's White, in size and appearance much like Brooklyn Scarlet ; I have given it a family name, "Mary Fletcher." It is not productive enough for a market berry, but for the amateur, I do not know its equal. I should be pleased to send a few plants, in the spring, to any applicant who would like to trj' it. Success with this suggests the trial of others, of which I .shall have some thirty or forty in fruit next season, selected with regard to promise from foliage, vigor of growth, &c. , &c. , and it may be that the strawberry of the future will come from " away down Ea.st." The time is not far distant when the finest straw- berries in the Boston market will be sent from this county; we wait only more rapid and more frequent steam com- munication. In strawberries, give one star to Bost/>n Pine, Charles Doirning, Col. Cheney, Iforey's Seedling, Rus.iell's Prolific, Seth Boyden and Trioinphe dc Gand, and two stars to Jueunda and WiUoris Alhany. Within the last two years only, we have had an invasion of the currant worm, destroying the foliage on currant and gooseberry bushes. The growing of these fruits now in- volves watchfulness, and two or three applications of hellebore during the season. All varieties of currants and gooseberries succeed well, seldom mildewing. I find among the best of the English Gooseberries, Green Walnut and Yellow Amber, the fruit of the latter, when fully ripe, being far ahead of an}' other in quality, very sweet and tender, with thin skin, and well described by the name, being as transparent as and of the color of amber. It must have been the Yellow Amber which the woman was selling when old Lord Bahnerino, on his way from AVestminster Hall under sentence of death, begged the driver to "stop a minute, and gie me a ha'porth of honey blobs." Both ras|)berries and blackberries are so abundantly and cheaply supplied in the market from the adjacent county settlements, where newly cleared land gives these fruits their natural habitat, that only in a few gardens are any grown for home use. While Raspberries here succeed well both in size and quality. Blackberries fail to mature to perfection on the coast. 100 REPORT FROM MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE. We have had no hard frost to this date; dahlias and other tender flowers in good bloom up to 26th October, and month- ly roses all right yet; garden work going on now, planting bulbs, &c., &c. Open weather and absence of frost some- times continues to the close of the year. Select from the preceding; condense or abbreviate at your pleasure; there may be no points worth the labor and trouble of printing, and if the few varieties named, be added to the tabular columns, my object will be attained. Very truly yours, Charlfs E. Brown. Report from Maine. The undersigned, in behalf of the Fruit Committee for the State of Maine, herewith presents, in tabular form (see catalogue), a revised list for insertion in the General Cata- logue, of the several fruits recommended for cultivation in this State. This list is based upon, though not strictly confined to, the Fruit Li.sts of the Maine State Pomologi- cal Society. This Society, since its organization in 1873, has been engaged, among other things, in an attempt to prepare a complete and reliable list of fruits to be recommended for cultivation in the State. These lists have been examined and carefully revised at each winter meeting of the Soci- ety, and they now very well represent the concurrent judg- ment of our best cultivators. In respect to apples the State is divided into three parts, designated as the Northern, Central and Southern Divi- sions, and the extent to which a variety is recommended in either Division is indicated in separate columns. The li.st embraces those varieties which are designated in the report herew'ith presented, together with several others not named in the catalogue of the American Society. Among the latter are several native varieties of great excellence, viz. : Brigf/s' Auburn, Dean, Fi-anklin Sweet, King Sweeting, Rulfe (described in Downing's Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, Second Revised Edition, page 263, under the name of Macomber), Sttirhi/ and Wint/iivp Greening. Most of these have heretofore been presented to the American Society, and are described in the fruit books, as well as in our pub- lished reports. Other varieties without number have been introduced by traveling agents and peddlers, without any knowledge on the part of buyer or seller as to their adaptability to our soil and climate, some of which have done reasonably well while many of them have failed entirel_y. At the present time large numbers of nursery trees are being grown in the State, and our most intelligent planters purchase them in preference to those grown abroad, but we pity the unin- formed masses who every year buy indiscriminately of whatever is urged upon them by the equally ignorant, mendicant, peddling trnmjis. At the last winter meeting of the Society, a list of apples to be recommended for amateurs was adopted, as follows; Early Hdri-est, King Sweeting (local), Primate, Ameriean Summer Peannain, Porter, Grarenntein, Wint/irop Greening, Pomme Royale, syn. Dyer, Dean (local), Starkey (local), Jewett'H Fine lied. Mother, Huyt Sweet, Canada Red, Hub- bardston Nonsuch, Peck's Pleasant, Talman's Sweet and Northern Spy. These varieties were selected with a view to afford a succession of fruit for all domestic i)urposes during the longest period, and of the best quality, and it was supposed that in the hands of amateurs they would receive such cultivation as would render all of them profit- able and satisfactory. Many of the same varieties are also recommended, as will be seen, for general cultivation. The production of apples in the State was last year much below the average and will be even less this year, owing to the decay of many old orchards and the recent extensive ravages of cateipillars. New orchards are being planted largely and well cared for, and we confidently expect that our apple crop will ere long resume its former importance. Of pears, our list embraces twenty-six varieties, all of which, with many others that might be named, succeed well in a large portion of the State. Many cultivators have forty or more varieties, but we have not deemed it advisable to increase our recommended list. The Flemish Beauty, though still doing well in many places, has failed so generally that we have dropped it from the list. The Eu!etel,i/ twenty-two ounces; Buff twenty-four ounces; Tirenty Ounce Pippin twenty-four ounces, and other varieties in proportion, and this too on standard trees, and without any special care or attention. Not only are our apples of superior size and quality, but the same may be said of peaches, pears, plums, cherries and the small fruits. Grapes rarely rot in any portion of this high elevation. There we never have a failure of apples, and on our thermal belts (about three hundred feet above the valleys ou the mountain sides), the peach seldom fails, as it is free from frost, except in mid-winter. On no portion of the globe is there presented to fruit growers and pomologists such a field for their enterprise and operations. We are in the midst of the south with a market for our fine fruit in every direction, east, west, north and south. We want men experienced in the busi- ness, and with capital sufficient to go forward at once, and a few years will demonstrate what I have asserted as our merit in this respect. Our lands are cheap (from .|1 to .f 10 per acre), and we have the finest climate and purest water that providence has given to any portion of the American Continent. Our inhabitants are unusually peaceable and law-abiding, and will welcome good citizens from any portion of the globe. It will afford me pleasure to give in detail any information that I may be able to impart, relative to the countrj', to those who may address me at this place. Very respectfully yours, &c., Natt Atkinson. Report from Ohio. Painesville, Lake Co. , O. , August 30, 1877. P. Baury, Esq., Chairman Oeneral Fruit Committee, Ameri- can Pomohgical Society : Dear Sir — The revised fruit list for Ohio, sent herewith, is the work of the committee of our State Horticultural Society, having Dr. J. A. Warder as chairman. We find in this State, as elsewhere, that some varieties of fruit, which were popular and reliable some years ago, have lo.st caste in consequence of liability to disease or winter killing, and hence are a.ssigned a lower position or excluded from the list, while a few of the newer kinds are pro- moted in their stead. Our State Society has made it their rule to recommend no new varieties for general cultivation uiuil after they have been fairly tested in different localities; hence but few of the numerous new sorts of some pr(jmise that have been brought to our notice, are as yet recommended for a place in the lists of the American Pomologieal Society. Owing to the wide range of latitude and diversity of soils of our State, tlie fruits which are most reliable and esteemed in one section may not be well suited for another. Hence our State Society is compiling li.sts for the differ- REPORT FROM OHIO. 121 cut districts foundcil on tlie late experience of tlie local fruit growers. APPLES. Of the varieties of apples originated in Ohio, and not now in the American Pomological Soeiet}''s Catalogue, we would recommend as of special value in Central and Southern Ohio, and deserving of trhd elsewhere, the Ckr- mont, a winter apple of the Ktwtoirn Pippin class, with better growth of tree and fairer fruit, though not of quite so high quality; a good keeper and profitable for market. Also the Kiin-did, a handsome and good fall apple, not very new, and not as well known as it deserves to be. Its origin has not yet been fully deterunned. One of our popular fall apples in Central Ohio, named " Wniern Beauty," in the books also called "Big Bambo," and, by some persons supposed to have originated in Ohio, we now think is of foreign origin, as Dr. Warder found it, in 1874, at the Vienna E.xposition, and elsewhere in Europe, under the name of Bambour de Lorraine* PEACHES. Of peaches we have several new seedling varieties which promise to be of value for their extreme earline.ss. Like the Amsdeii, Beatrice, &c., tlie.y are from seed of Hale's Early, and considerably earlier than that variety, with supposed less of its habit of rotting. In relation to Hale's Early peach, however, we wish to saj' that it is not a reliable standard of comparison as to time of ripening. We find trees in the same orchard sometimes differing, in this respect, from seven to ten days; and no other peach is so fastidious as to climate, soil, exposure, &c. On our sand ridges in Northern Ohio it is very good and profitable, but elsewhere quite uncertain. STRAWBERKIES. Of new strawberries, Ohio has produced her share; but there have been of late so many candidates for fame in this arena that we have not cared to press the claims of our favorites — at least until quality shall be allowed the precedence over mere size as the basis of merit. Refer- ing back to our Burr's Pine as the standard of quality, and superadding sufficient size, firmness and high color of fruit, with vigor and productiveness of plant — we name the f.\G.\TEU. For eaily — Doyenne d' Etc, Kirtland, Peaeock. Winter — Winter Nellis, Josephine de Malines and several others. For intermediate— jBfK'&W, Seckel, Louise Bonne of Jersey, and a score of other fine French varieties. PEACHES. This must be the country described by the poet — " Where peaches grow with luscious dj'es Like maiden's cheek when blushes rise," fur we have never seen peaches larger, of better color or more delicious than are easily produced here in the south. In the north they are also very superior in most localities ada)itcd to their growth. As to %'arieties, many of the 132 REPORT FROII UTAH. most desirable sorts cultivated elsewhere are grown to perfection here; and besides we liave many very desirable seedlings. These are easily proven, and either adopted or discarded, as they bear fruit at two and three years old from seed Utah peaches, dried, bring a noticeable market rate higher than those of anj^ other region. are also at home here, and have never j'et been troubled with the curculio. Budded on peach, they flourish and attain a healthy old age. VARIETIES. Oreen Oage, Imperial Giige, WdnJiington, Jeffermn, OoUh'ii Drop, BradsJtaw, Dunne's Purple Gage, and many fine seed- lings from foreign and native varieties Prunes and nectarines do equally well as their relatives the plum and peach. APRICOTS. Like the peach, the apricot here grows healthy, abund- ant and delicious, and we have no fruit, in fact, that seems more perfectly at home than the apricot. We have the usual cultivated varieties, but the Otiiex, and some other seedlings originating here, are generally larger and superior in flavor. This fruit is grown to that extent in Utah, that many are dried and canned, and like the plum and peach shipped abroad. CHERRIES. - Thus far the cherry has not been a success; the trees grow lu.wiriously and bloom immensely, but no fruit sets worth giving them room. It maj' be that varieties which prefer a hot, dry atmosphere may do better — they do quite well north. CR.VB-APPLES. This fruit grows well, but its usefulness, as yet, is un- appreciated, and they are grown for ornament. A number of varieties of this sweet and delicious fruit have been tried, and several varieties have been successful. The very tenderest get killed down- in winter once in a while, but come again from the roots. They have not succeeded north. The B/ac/c Spun is/i, Brairn Tiirkei/, White hchia and WhUe Genoa varieties are most common. POMEGRAN.\TES. This beautiful shrub grows luxuriantly here in the south; the blossom is beautiful ; it fruits very well and is liked liy many, but thus far we find it of no important commercial value, though no garden grounds would be perfect with- out it. MVLBEUIUES. There is no tree that grows more luxuriantly than the mulberry in any variety. Utah will one day be noted for its silk product. The fruit is abundant and good from Downing's, Eiiglinh Blnck; and hundreds of seedlings. This nut-bearing tree is a prolific bearer and a complete success here in the south, and some are grown north. The best varieties are seedlings, both soft and liard shell. As they have been fairly proved profitable, orchards will be planted and the nuts grown for export. Berries are not a success here, but many varieties do well north, especially the strawberry and gooseberry. Our improved native currant does well here, but it is too hot and dry for all other berries; the roots of the plants are too superficial. MELONS AND TOMATOES. These fruit vegetables are grown of finest quality and of large size all over the arable territory. There are many small vineyards in southern Utah, mostly planted with foreign grapes, though the habcUa is much esteemed for high colored wine, ^ye have experi- mented with 150 varieties, and find the Muscats all do well, and are very superior. Gros Coleman. Heine de Nice and Black Hamburg grow large, showy and excellent. The Sultana, Verdeltio, Zinfindal and Ladg Doicnes arc greatly admired. And many other varieties are desirable, and all we have tried do well. The Sultana and all the light Museats make fine raisins. The Muscat Hamburg is the highest flavored grape we have ever seen or tasted, and is delicious and sugary when dried. Very respectfully, J. E. Johnson. Salt Lake City, August 6, 1877. .Iames E. Johnson, Esq. : Dear Sir — Hon. A. P. Rockwood handed me your letter to him, of June 24th, 1877, and requested me to comply with the reipiirements therein made. For the last few years we have been very remi.ss in look- ing to our fruit interests, and consequentl_y I shall be unable to render as compi'ehensive a report as I might otherwi.se have done. Our apple crop has for the last four years been a failure in consequence of the worms, codling moth, and during the last two seasons the trees have been blighted by tlie red spider or lice; still in the .settlements in the vicinity of this city the fruit and trees have not suffered so much. .1. R. Winder has raised on his place, south of this city, some very fine fruit. The pears have suffered fully as much as the apples, of both of wliich we have a large selection of the best varieties. Wc have but one seedling variety of pear tliat we can recommend as first rate; in appearance it is very niucli like the Barthtt, but having a red side set in a yellow ground; ripens about one week later than the Bartlett; we call this pear the Rcdfield. This tree was brought out from seed by J. W. Crosby of St. George. Of seedling apples we have the Deseret Pippin, an early winter variety, very good, large and great bearer, and makes a beautiful tree. The seed from which this tree was raised was planted by Joel H. Johnson at the moutli of Mill creek, in Salt Lake county, twenty-six or twenty seven years ago. Mr. Woodberry has a veiy fine seedling called the Cluster — winter. And I have a very handsome, dark red cooking apple called WalUtee Kitchen — so named by the llEPOirr FROM CALIFOltNlA. \U Of peaclies and clienies we have a very fine collection. The green lice have destroyed our plum crop for some years; last year the crop was better than for a number of years, but this season it is a failure, having been killed by frost while in blossom. Our apricot crops have been very good. Of this fruit we have two seedling varieties that are far superior to any of the imported, both in size and flavor; they are the Crining- tiiii and Uiitci ; the latter about two weeks earlier than the Ci(. but not quite so large. Most of the foreign varieties have been deslroycd by mildew, but the native varieties do very well. The same as above is the case with gooseberries. Cur- rants do reraarkabl}' well. Strawberries and raspberries do well, and we have a good many of the best varieties. We ship annually a great many dried peaches, plums and apricots. We ship very few apples, either dried or fre.sh. Winter apples want to be kept on shelves in a cool, but dry cellar, and to be laid ten or twelve inches deep. Hoping this will be satisfactory, 1 am Your obedient servant, Geo. B. Wallace. P. S. — Apples for market have been packed in Ijo.xes holding about two bushels, each apple wrapped in paper and packed in layers and pressed as close as possible. In that way they will keep well, and fetch enough more to pav for the extra trouble. G. B. W. Report from California. P. Bauhy, Esq., (Jh(tii'iii((n Geiwriil Fruit Cmnmittee : In the performance of my duty as Chairman of the State Fruit Committee, I beg to submit the biennial report, necessarilj' condensed to points of general application de- duced from an extensive range of facts, which can be utilized as bases towards perfecting pomological knowl- edge. I have been most etiiciently assisted in this labor by the great experience and devotion to their calling of the following gentlemen, who consented to act as the State Fruit Committee: Th. A. Garey, of Los Angeles; W. B. We.st, of Stockton; James Shinn, of Niles Station, Ala- meda county; John Rock, of San Jose, Santa Clara coun- ty; and also by Messrs. Howe & Hall, most extensive fruit commission merchants of San Francisco. To facilitate future compilation by the General Fruit Committee, I follow the order of your Circular. 1. Species op Fruit.— It can be truly said that all the fruits of the temperate zone, and many of the semi-trop- ical tind a congenial home in California, and are grown in great perfection and abundance; here are many homesteads surrounded with an endless variety of growth. Cherries, apples, pears and plums thrive side by side with olives, oranges, dates, pomegranates, figs and cacti, locust and pine trees, with the Eucalypti, Grevilleas and Arancarias. The climatic conditions and topogaphy of our State afford locations with diverse attributes more suitable for some varieties than others; thus correct judgment is required to select the best adapted for certain uses. The long dry summer i-enders it imjierative to pi-ovide ample supi)lies of water, complemented by proper eidture, to make such en- terprises pecuniarily profltable, but with these adequate conditions, endless crops of fruit can be raised to supply tlie principal markets of the world. 3. Varieties of Fruit. — The foot-hills of the northern part of the State, and the counties bordering the Bay of San Francisco, are well adapted for and produce large quantities of apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries, quinces, and small fruits and berries. The southern slopes of those hills sheltered from the ocean winds, more or less exempt from the slight frost of our winters, are unsur- passed for the culture of the .grape, the finest foreign varieties prospering most. American varieties are little in demand, but the Isabella is doing well; the Catawba is the poorest in fla\'or. Figs, pomegranates, olives, and the cit- I'us family are taking possession of the land — here the dwarf banana, date palm and pineapple will find some abiding spot. Over this great extent of country, grapes, when once rooted, do not require irrigation even in the driest of seasons. Fruit trees of all varieties in years of average rainfall of twenty inches, do well without artifi- cial watering; in dry years the growth of the fruit and its quality is promoted by a thorough soaking of the ground and subsequently plowing. Berries and small fruits gen- erally must be irrigated to secure good crops. Up the San Joaquin river and down the coast, with scantier rainfall and more sandy soil, a few spots are found in deep glens surrounded by springs, affording choice locations for or- chards, but most of said region needs irrigation to produce anything beyond a scanty growth of grass during the win- ter months. Even with this, the extreme heat and dryness of the air precludes the successful culture of northern fruits, but is most favorable for the production and curing of raisin grapes, and many semi-tropical fruits. Nearing the Colorado river, the banana, pineapple, and probably the coffee tree will* reign supi-eme. Grapes rai.sed in this southern belt of the countrj- are very ricli in sugar, but deficient in acids — good for brandy, but not for fine wines. The region about Los Angeles is now the center of the orange culture, which promises well to supply the demand of the Western States and compete in European markets with Ital3'and Spain. The growing and bearing trees dot- ting the country here and there for four hundred miles above Los Angeles, attest the practicability of such being the case in the near future The orangeries of Wolfskill, on Putah creek, Solano county; General Vallejo, near Sono- ma; the Alhambra gardens, near Martinez, Contra Costa county, and other sheltered places, produce as choice fruit — that on Putah creek ripening earliest — bringing higher prices in the San Francisco market than the best of Los Angeles growth. The large bearing trees are all seedlings, reproducing themselves, vigorous and little affected by slight frost, and if properly cared for tlie fruit is of good size but rather thick-skinned, tine flavor and keeps well, specimens often remaining on the tree two 3'ears from the blossom. Some seedling trees bear extra fine flavored and heavy fruit, and these are now selected to propagate from by grafting and budding. The imported grafted orange trees are decidedly lacking in stamina, and so far as tried the fruit is often inferior to our seedlings. The lime reproduces itself from seed truly, and is a pre- cocious bearer. Lemons show more sporting, but many 134 REPORT FROM CALIFORNIA. trees produce fruit of choicest quality identical witb the Sicily, and of the largest size. The delta at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joacjuin rivers, but a short time ago the abode of water- fowl and beaver, is being gradually reclaimed, and already is in serious competition with the garden counties in the production of berries and orchard fruits; contrary to all foimer experience, land thus reclaimed and having water within a few feet of its surface apparently laving the roots, promotes an astounding growth of healthy wood, loaded with tlie largest apples, pears and peaclies of their kind — and what is more interesting, the vine is literally smothered with clusters of grapes well adapted for table use. The banks of the Sacramento river are covered with ex- tensive peach orchards producing immense crops of large sized, early ripening fruit, somewhat deficient in flavor but afforded so clieaply as to keep the monopoly of supply- ing the San Francisco market. Tlie strawberry trade centers around San Jose, in Santa Clara county, owing to the abundance of artesian wells most conveniently located for tlic culture of berries. Alameda county, over the stretch of arable land facing the bay, swept hy cool ocean breezes, is studded with cur- rant and gooseberry liiishes without number. APPLES. Growers are now curtailing the number of varieties, planting only the best and most marketable; large, showy fruit, even if lacking in (juality. finds readier sale than the finest fiavored. if small. Sweet apples find no demand. Cool, low sites, with rich soils retentive of moisture, pro- duce apples in great perfection— juicy and keeping well. The following varieties are most in demand: Two St(ii'«. — Yellow Newtown Pippin, Ewpus Hpihcnheni. Yelhw Bcllflower, Earli/ Sfrawberry, Perk^x Plenniint. Varieties e.xtensivelj' cultivated : One Star. — AstrncJiiin, Alexander, Jonathan, White HV;* ter Pcarinain, Ben Darin. Ehnde Island Greening, Smith'.'i Cider, Early Harrest, Ro.rh>iry Rmmt. Ramho, yirhgae},-. Maiden' II pliisli. yoi-thern Spy, Holland Pippin. Ancient pear trees around the old missions in most in- stances standing uncultivated and neglected, yet look thrift}' and are overloaded with fruit — assuring us of the longevity of that tree; and the younger orchards produc- ing fruit of the finest quality, of our ability to supply our neighbors without stint. Bartlefl and Winter Xeli.i meet with a ready demand; all other varieties are more or le.ss a drug in the market. CHERRIES are largely cultivated. The trees succumb easily under harsh treatment by tlie pruner, plowman and the gnaw- ing gopher. Blark Tartarian is the favorite, followed by the MiiHKtreiise de Meui, Xapnleon TSir/arnatt, GurernorWood, Maydvle. and Archd>il;\ PEACHES. Peach trees are very hardy, neither suliject to the yel- lows nor the peach tree borer. Negk'cted trees are vital- ized by a severe top-pruning. The favorite varieties are: Briyijn' May, Tillot.wn, Large York, George IV. A/e.randir. Crawford, Strawberry, Ward'n Late. APRICOTS are produced in great abundance: Peach, Royal. NECTARINES. Verv few rai.sed. PLCM8 are very prolific. Most varieties do best budded on the peach; fruit perfect. IjriKCES. The Portugal is the largest fruit, but the tree is subject to black-knot. The Apple quince tree does well. FIGS are most easily raised, producing enormous crops, if prop erly irrigated. The .l/w/V/n tig is most palatable; the White Marseilles best for drying. POMEGRANATES require copious watering to fruit well. ALMONDS succeed well in locations not subject to late spring frosts; require moi.sture and good cultivation to raise large nuts. ENGLISH WALNUTS require the same conditions as the ahiiond; subject to sun- burn, of the young growth. The PECAK now on trial, promises to be one of our most valuable ac- quisitions. The seedlings grow rapidly without requiring much extra care besides copious watering. The older trees look very thrifty, and are fif sj-mmetrical and liand- sonie appearance. Within the last ten years efforts have been made to raise the chestnut. Trees were disseminated from our nurseries under the name of "Italian and .Iapane.se " grafted chest- nut. They begin to fruit the third year from graft. So far the opinion is prevailing that the diy and warm climate of Central California is unfavorable to their growth. The native California black walnut is a beautiful tree, and, given a modicum of care, is a rapid grower and Iiears early; the nuts are very palatable. Of ORAPES, several hundred varieties of the best European repute are cultivated. The dreaded phyllo.xera has admittedly made its appearance in Sonoma county, evidently introduced from Europe on imported vines; it does not make much headway. There are often found spots amidst our most lu.xuriantly growing vineyards where, owing to an imper- vious, hard clayey soil or barren sand, the vines dwindle without making much wood, and the fruit is small, insipid and mildewed, without a sign of phylloxera. The best marketable varieties are : Chasselas Fontainbleaii, Blark Hamburg, Muscat of Alera nd ria , S<'edlesii Corinth, Bo- inascus. Black Prince, Flame Tokay, White Malaga, Black Ferrara, Isabella — enabling us to pick ripe grapes from the vines during six months of the year. Q grow well on the coast; from there to the falls in the rivcirs commonly known as the tide-water region, all of the fruits common to tlie lati- tude in Georgia and Nortli Carolina grow well, but the earlier varieties of apples, peaches, jjears and the Scup- periiong grape are tlie most profitable; these fruit trees are short-lived. As we go further up the country, apples, pears, strawberries and raspberries do better. Grapes, peaches and pears grow finelj' all over the State, the Sfi/ji- periioiig doing best, however, in the low country. As a general rule, we grow apples, peaches, pears, plums, ajiri^ cots, nectarines, grapes, figs, quinces, cherries, straw- berries and raspberries, successfully. 2d. Grapes, and particularly the S-iippiriiniirj grape, peaches, early apples, figs and strawberries are grown successfully in the lower part of the State; insects destroy the plum and apricot, and " blight " destroys the pear trees. In the upper section of the State into the mountains the same fruits, excepting the fig, and with the addition of summer, autumn and winter apples, pears, quinces and raspberries grow well. 3d. There are a number of .seedlings of fine local reputation, without names, of peaches and apples. There are on the coast two strawberries, the Neinnan's and Noi- neUe, I think are the names given them, that have become the principal market beriies for Charleston gardeners. A few of Dr. Wylie's Hybrid grapes arc very promising — the Berckiiiinis, Peter Wi/lie and Jmiie Wi/Ul. The Hebe pear, a seedling of Mr. Summers, does well in some sections. 4th. Knowledge of intelligent fruit-growing is so limited and an absence of discussion of the names of fruits for man}' j'ears make it impossible to give definite information at this time, as to synonyms. We are organ- izing or reviving, at this time, a State Horticultural So- ciety; and as there is very great interest now felt in fruit growing, this will be corrected by the end of the next year to the extent of adopting a nomenclature. oth. The obstacles to successful fruit culture are not numerous, nor, with the exception of bliglit, diflicult to overcome. Negligence in not planting the proper varie- ties is a great source of failure ; neglect to fertilize and cultivate the orchards is another. Frosts or cold winds are obstacles that are not easily remedied; but their effects may be mitigated by selections of proper exposure and lo- cation. In many parts of the State we get four crops of peaches out of five — two very full and two moderate ones. There are no insects here to destroy apple trees or their fruit to any extent; nor do insects destroy our peaches to any extent; the ^Egeria is often ti'oublesome, but by a little pains at the proper time its efforts are almost harmless in results. The Curculio very seriously affects our plums and nectarines; but this loss may be avoided by keeping hogs in the orchard and plowing the ground up in mid-winter. This year nearly the whole of the grapes of a vineyard, which I grew in this city (Columbia), were destroyed by June Bugs, bees and wasps. What we most need here is insect-eating birds. We have not a bird that will eat a caterpillar, but a great many that will eat grapes. I heard of a gentleman who offered a premium to any one who would find a worm in a peach to be taken from any of a number of baskets. All that we need is intelligence anil faith in oin- nutuial rcstmrces to develop into the finest fruit-growing country for variety, abimdance and excellence, in the world. (ith. As good, and in my own experience, the best cidtivation for an orchard is to plant it in cotton, year after year (fertilizing the cotton heavily each year with phosphate of lime and potash), as long as the size of the trees will permit it to l)e planted, and plowing it up well during mid-winter, across the cotton rows, leaving each year a little wider strip of unplowed land near the trees. After the trees get too large to make a field crop profitable, shallow plowing in sunuuer and winter, and the use of the spading fork and hoe directly under the trees, applying potash and phospliate of lime annually broadcast under the trees. Apples with us require but little pruning, if they are started right, except occasional thinning out of the limbs. With peaches and pears the .shortening-in luethod; cutting off half of the preceding year's growth of each branch is successfully practiced. With grapes, the Thomery system of pruning, a little modified, and the vines trained to a trellis, gives the best results. Tth. Apples may be kept through the winter by being kept in a cool cellar, covered with dry sand or charcoal. This is rarely done, however. 8th. The best packages for market, for apjiles, pears and peaches, \.e find to be crates, made of laths nailed to the ends and middle pieces, and of a size to hold from one-third to one-half bushel. Cotton and live moss are lioth used successfully in packing peaches, putting a layer of cotton or moss and a laj'er of fruit, the fruit touching- lateral ly. 9th. There is quite an interest, amounting in some .sections to enthusiasm, manifesting itself in the State, favorable to fruit culture. The evidence of this is that last year only about 500 bushels of peaches were shipped to market, and this year about 5,000 bushels have been shipped. I append a list of varieties of different fruits grown in the State, their merit indicated by stars, according to the plan adopted by your Society.* All of which is very respectfully submitted. R. M. Sims, Chairiiiitn of Vrnit Ceimmittee fur S(»ith CnrvUiut. Report from Georgia. P. Bakky, Esij. , Chdiniiiin General Fruit Coiniiiitiec : Dear Sih: — Eighteen hundred and seventy-seven will long be remembered here as one of the most remarkable fruit years on record. The unprecedented cold weather of the winter of ISTO-T instead of causing the disastrous results which many fruit growers feared last spring, seems to have had the most lieneficial influence upon all classes of fruits. Seldom has there been such freedom from insects which usually prey upon our fruit trees, or from diseases affecting trees or plants. This abundant and per- fect crop of fruit has had the most beneficial results in ♦Varieties arranjyed and starred in Catalr>j^-we. as far as descrip- tions of them could be obt^iined. 138 KEPORT FROM (iEOKGIA. encouragiug fruit culture and is stimulating the production of the belter classes of fruits. The abundant supply in all our markets has demonstrated practicall)' that it will not pay to produce fruit of an ordinary quality, thus com- pelling our fruit growers to adoj)! both imiiroved varieties and improved nietliods of cultivation in order that their products may meet with remunerative prices. We look therefore upon the abundant fruit croji of this year not only as a generous blessing from a kind Providence to our people, but as a wonderful incentive to poniologieal progress. We are happy to report luost satisfactory progress in fruit culture in Georgia. A State Horticultural Society was chartered and organised a little over one year since, with fourteen charter meiubers, upon the joint stock jirin- ciple and with a capital stock of $10,000, the shares being ten dollars each. The objects, aside from promoting and encouraging horticulture in all its branches by the mo.st feasible means, are also to establish, maintain or endow Horticultiu'al Schools or Colleges in Georgia, and prescribe the course of instruction therein; no jiersonal benetit being e.\])ected by the members of the organization other than the satisfaction of aiding in developing the pro- ductive resources of the State and elevating the standard of education. At the first meeting one hundred and forty-two shares were sub.scribed. At this date it has eighty members, all stockholders, and there is the most encouraging prospect of large additional subscriptions, which will at an early day enable the Society to establish a College of H(n-ticul- ture, as hoped for in the inception of the organization. The second annual session of the State Horticultural Society convened at Macon, Ga. , on the 1st and 2d of August last. The discussions were practical, interesting and in- structive. The exhibition of fruits, it is safe to say, was never equalled in the Southern States. The exhibition of peaches, as to variety and excellence, may be noted as sur- passing any .similar exhibit, perhaps, ever made in the United States. Many collections contained from forty to sixty varieties, nil in r/ood ronditwn of mutiirlli/. Never be- fore were such perfect specimens shown; they demonstrated conclusively that the section of coimtry extending through middle Georgia and South Carolina is emphatically the best peach-growing belt of the Sovithern States. As one of the first ijractical results of this Societ}-, its transactions of the first session of 187fi have been pub- lished and distributed extensively among the people. These transactions contain a catalogue of the various classes of fruits susceptible of being grown in Georgia. Each class is arranged in scjiarate divisions as to their adaptibility to each of the main geographical zones of the State, viz; the mountain, middle and coast regions. This catalogue has already proved of much value, is now being carefull}' revised by the Society, and will be issued in enlarged form this fall, in time to allow all pro- .spective fruit tree planters to ronsult it with profit. We must not omit mentioning that since the organiza- tion of our State Society, several local Pomological clubs have been formed in various counties of the State; these reported to the parent Society an aggregate membersliip of 349 up to July 2.')th. Most of these county societies have semi-monthly meetings during the spring, summer and fall months, and one, the Atlanta Pomological Society, meets everj' Saturday during the fruit .season. In former reports to the Americal Pomological Society, full lists of our fruits and their particular merits have been given. Your committee therefore beg leave to omit men- tioning such varieties as have been already fully discussed. We confine oui' remarks to varieties whose additional merits claim our attention. Immense quantities were shipped to XortUcrn markets with generally veiy satisfactoiy results. Ak-f/ihiJci' and Amndeit, fruited in many sections of the State: both ripen together and very little, if any, differ- ence could be noted. In Middle Georgia they began to mature May 24th, and lasted until June Gth. In size and quality they surpass Bcafrire; they mature from G to 12 days before the latter; carry well, and the general verdict is that the the trees are remarkably prolific. In Thomas county, which is near the Florida line, Btirli/ Bcdtrice matured May 23d, whereas Ak.mnder and Amsden did not mature until the beginning of June. Karlii Beatriei- ships well, and though small, brought on an average, $8 per bushel in Xew York. If(ik's Eaiiji was exceedingly successful this year, and by many of our large growers is still considered as the most profitable early kind. It rotted very little this year and as late as June 13th s(>ld for %\) per bushel in New York. Eiirhj LiinUe and EACKBERRIES. Blackberries are at home here as almost everj-where. The best native variety grows upon a trailing vine, and is sometimes called the Dewberry. This is ripening for a month or more before the high-bush blackberry becomes fit for the table. The Kittatiimy aivX /.'("■^rt» are cultivat- ed with success. STRAWHERRIES. Strawberries, in many instances, have been raisetl with great success. There is something yet to be learned as to their culture, in order to make the crop a certain one. The better opinion seems to be that the plants should be reset everj- year. The strawberry season is at least three months long. It'7/.v« '/'.•< Alliany and Xeirnianx Prolific are the favorite varieties. FIGS. Figs of all varieties are raised without difficulty. The best is the Celestial, a very small brown fig; very sweet. There is no acridity in the skin, and hence it would not be necessary to treat the fruit with l^'e in order to prepare it for market. It makes a delicious jireserve. Grapes arc believed, by the few who have experimented with them, to promise great success. It is thought, how- ever, that the close piiining, recommended for the noithern states, will have to be abandoned here. Training upon arliors gives the best results. We name Concm-d, Dclatcare, Martha, Ices' SeedUit;/, Dianet, (Jreeeling, Herhemont, Rogers' Hybrids, St. Aug'/xti/ie and Ihf Sen ijpcriwng as, entiWed to two stars each. PI.DMS. The Japan plum {Mespilvn Japoniea) grows on a large, highly ornamental evergreen tree. The fruit ripens in March and is very delicious. 6UAVAS. The Ouava grows upon a shrub, and when not injured by frost, the production is immense. Tlie shrub is more delicate than the orange. Still in the north-ea.stern part of the State, the roots are never destroj'ed b}' frost, and experience proves that along the St. .Johns river, we may expect two crops every three years. 140 REPORT FROM FLORIDA. ll.VXAXAS. The BaiiHiiii is cultivated with perfect success in the southern part of the State, but only the liardicr and coarser varieties succeed in tlie northern part. We may say, in general terras, that all semi-tropical fruits can be raised successfully in the greater part of the State, and all the tropical fruits in the southern part. ORAK(iES. The Orange is the fruit to wliicli chief attention is jriven in Florida, and tlie culture of it is extending very rapidly. Only a beginning: has been made in examining and naming the varieties of tlie sweet orange. Nine-tenths of the fruit of this species, now grown in Florida, is of the same general character, tliough the size, color, flavor and juici- ness are very largely affected by fertility of soil, cultiva- tion, and every other cause that can influence the condition of the tree. We name this common variety the " F/oridn Stiinddi-d." and append, as to other varieties, tlie report of the committee on pomological nomenclature to the Florida Fruit Growers' Association. Tanyierine Orange — Synonyms, Mundnrin, Kid Glare, To- iiuito Orange. — Size medium; much flattened; color dark orange; broad, irregular cavity, with stem obliquely insert- ed, and surrounded by a knobbed eminence; eye set in a large depression one inch wide and five-sixteenths deep; longitudinal diameter two and a half inches; transver.se diameter three inches; skin irregularly rilihed or lohed; color of flesh veiy dark orange; pulp adhering to skm by a few filaments; sections of pulp easily separated; pulp coarse; juice sweet and highly aromatic; aroma marked; quality first. Tree of original variety introduced by Major Atwaj', from Bayou Sara, La., and at presentgr owing in the grove of Dr. Moragne, at Palatka. Dnney'n Tcngkrine. — Size small; much flattened; color deeper and more brilliant than parent variety; longitudinal diameter one and three quarters inches; transverse diameter two and one quarter inches; the eye set in a deep cavity seven-eighths in diameter; stalk straight and inserted in a ribbed depression; thickness of skin three-sixteenths; general properties of pulp same as parent, only superior; fruit nearly seedless. In flavor and external appearance this variet}- is superior to the original. Seminal variety of the Tongkrine rai.sed by Colonel F. L. Dancy, Buena Vista, St. Johns county, Fla. Navel Orange — Synonyms Umbilical, Balm, Pernambuco, Seedless Orange, Embiguo. — Size large to very large; eye presenting an umbilical appearance (from which it obtains its name); .stem in.serted in a .shallow-ribbed cavity, with deep lines; skin three-sixteenths thick; longitudinal diameter three and five-eighths; transverse three and three-quarters; flesh very fine, melting and tender; juice sweet, sprightly, vinous, and aromatic; quality first. Origin, Bahia, Brazil. Sieeet t^enlle {Hicks').— Size small; slightly flattened; color comparatively deep; eye small, without depression; skin very smooth; thickness of skin two-sixteenths; longi- tudinal diameter two inches; transverse two and three- eighths; color darker than Xanl orange; foliage differs from other varieties examined; leaves markedly obovate; average length about three and one-quarter inches; width about two and five-eighths; grain very fine, juicy, and melting; juice very sweet and sprightly; quality be.st ; a superior fruit in every respect, except size. Supposed to be a seedling raised at Arcadia, St. Johns county, Fla. yiinpareil. — Size above medium; somewhat flattened; color ordinary; eye broad and set in a slightly depressed cavity ; stalk inserted in a level, scarred surface ; skin three- sixteenths thick; longitudinal diameter two and three- quarters of an inch; transverse diameter three and a quarter; color of flesh ordinary; grain fine; pulp melting and tender; juice sub-acid and vinous; quality good. Seedling raised by Mrs. Mary Richard, Arlington river, Duval county, Fla. Magnum Bonum. — Size large to very large; flattened color light clear orange; eye set in a slight cavity; stem inserted in a narrow depression; skin ver}' smooth and gloss}'; thickness of skin two-sixteenths; longitudinal di- ameter three inches; transverse three and five-eighths; color of flesh light; grain very fine, tender, and melting; fruit very heavy and juic}'; juice sweet, rich, and vinous; quality best. Probably a seedling i-aised at Homosassa, Fla., the fomier residence of the Hon. yVv. Yulee. Old Villi. — Size above medium; slightly flattened; color dark orange; eye broad, and set in a slight cavity; stalk inserted in a narrow, wrinkled depression; surface of skin rough; thickness of skin three-sixteenths; longitudinal diameter two and three-quarter inches; transverse diame- ter three and one-eighth; grain coarse ; pulp melting; juice sub-acid, and remarkable for a sprightly vinous property; quality good. Seedling raised by Colonel F. L. Dancy, Buena Vista, St. Johns county, Fla. Buena, Vista — S.vnonyms, Street Senile. — Size medium; slightly flattened; color dark crimson; eye set in a slightly- depressed cavity; .stalk inserted in a slight depression; skin smooth with deep pits; thickness of skin nearly feur-six- teenths; longitudinal diameter two and three-quarter inches; tran.sverse three inches; color of flesh rather dark; pulp coarse, but melting; juice sub-acid with vinous flavor; quality good. Seedling raised by Colonel Dancy. Cfrcola. — Size large; slightly flattened; color bright; skit, smooth and glossy; ej'e ver}- small, and set in a slight ca\ ily ; stem inserted in a small, shallow, wrinkled depres- sion; skin three-sixteenths thick; longitudinal diameter three inches; transverse three and a quarter; grain coarse; pulp rather melting; juice sweet; quality good. Seedling raised by L. H. Van Pelt, Mandarin. Arcaditi — Size large; form somewhat flattened; color deep; eye set in a slight depression; stalk inserted in a slight, roughened cavity; skin smooth, with marked pits; thickness of skin three-sixteenths; longitudinal diameter tvvo and three-quarter inches; transverse diameter three and a quarter inches; color of flesh deep; grain coarse; pulp melting; juice slightly sub-acid; quality good. Sup- posed seedling raised at Arcadia, and introduced by the Rev. William Watkin Hicks. Tardiff (Harts'). — Surface of skin smooth with deep pits; color light; stem inserted in a slight roughened de- pression; eye set in a flat surface three-quarters of an inch wide; skin two-sixteenths thick; flesli dark orange; trans- verse diameter three inches; longitudinal diameter three inches; grain fine; capsule of |)ulp segments somewhat tough; occasionally seedless, sometimes containing from one to five seeds; juice sweet with a brisk racy flavor; quality good. Fruit tested June 2.")th, 1877. REPOKT FROM ARKANSAS. 141 Tlic li'iiion is i-coeiving increased attention. The only vai'iety that can be reconiniended we call the " Flori(J/'--<('iI Sidli/." The trees are produced from the seed of lemons imported from Sicily. The fruit is very much larger than that which is imported, and lacks something in uni- formity of shape and color. At first it is objected to by dealers as too large and too coarse in appearance, but wlien properly placed in market, and tested, it js preferred to the imported fruit. There is no doubt that, eventually, sub-varieties of great e.xcellence will be brought out and propagated. Respectfully submitted, P. P. Bisuof, C/iiii Report from Arkansas. To P. B.VRRT, Esq., C/itiiniiiiii Gciu'rii/ Fruit Cuiii/iiittei', Amcrictil Pomohgicdl Socut;/: The undersigned, member of the General Fruit Com- mittee for the State of Arkansas, respectfully reports that, 1st. The following species of fruit are successfully grown in the State, viz: Almonds, apples, apricots, blackberries, cherries, currants, figs, gooseberries, grapes, melons, mul- berries, nectarines, peaches, pears, plums, quinces, rasp- berries and strawberries. 2d. Relative merit of varieties of fruits. Worthy of two stars in this State, are numbered in the Society's Proceedings for 1875, as follows, respectively, 43, 45, 46, 73, 74, 95. 129. 130, 140, 213, 326, 234. 341, 255, 258, and Transcendent crab. Of one star, numbers 16, 24. 33. 34, 40, 62,122, 143, 185, 189, 207, 235. 291. Those corresponding to the following numbers are con- demned for anything like ireneral c\iltivation in this State, though more or less popular in the South, viz, 125, 127. 141, 213. Oit£ Star. — Early Goklni. Tioo Stars. — Breda, Moorpark. BLACKBERRIES. One Star. — Ancient Briton, Wilson\i Early. Two Stars. — Kittaiinny. One Star. — Ires, Delawure, Nortoris Virgiiiin. Two Stars. — Flowers, Srii.ppernong, Sugar, Tender I'ltlp, Thmnas. The following numbers (according to the Society's Pro- ceedings in 1875) are entitled to two stars, viz: 3, 11, 13, 20, 24, 26, 33, 55, 60, 62, 76, 78; and the following to one star, viz: 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 18, 27, 32, 37, 43, 43, 47, 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 73, 74. Recent and promising, Anmltu,Ak.vander, Foster, Salictiy. PEARS. Four-fifths of all the pear trees in the State have been killed the past two .seasons with Fire Blight. The disease seems worst, in a general way, on the varieties which otherwise are the most desirable. Only the follow- ing sorts have thus far been entirely exempt from tlie blight in my orchard, viz: Tyson, Zoar Beauty, Seekel, Uloodgood and Doyenne Boussock, though FUmish Beauty. Lawrence, Kirtland, and Beurre d'Anjon have been but very little aflfected. The following are badly affected, not a tree of .several of them being left alive in my orchard, viz: Bartlett, Buff 11 in, Beurre Oiffard, Oshand's Smnnier, Dearborn s Seed- ling, Stevens' Oenesee, White Doyenne, Benrre Diel, Ohiil Morceau, Easttr Beurre, Vicar, Brandy wine. Doyenne, d'Ete, Belle Lwcratire, Kiugses.ting, liostiezer, St. Michael Arch- angel. I know of no preventive or remedy. Cutting and burning does no perceptible good. The Chickasaw (in many sub-varieties). Miner, Newman and Wild Goose are profitable. The finer sorts are too much infested with Curculio to warrant their cultivation b}' others than amateurs. RASPBERRIES. All the Cap varieties are fairly successful. The others, except in the northwest part of the State, succumb to our long summers. STRAWBERRIES. The Charles Downing and WiUou'.f Alhany are the best here, though several other sorts, such as Green Prolific. Kentucky and Jhiwner do very well. 3d and 4th. I am unprepared to give any replies to your circular under these heads. 5th. The chief obstacles to successful fruit culture in this State are the Fire Blight of pear trees, and to some extent of apple trees. The peach tree Borer, and late spring frosts— the latter causing a failure of the peach crop one year in four on an average, and the last impair- ing the vigor of the trees and making them .shattered. The Curculio. which destroys more or less of apples and peaches, and prevents the profitable cultivation of nectarines and all but a few sorts of plums; and the grape rot, which is gen- erally destructive of all kinds except those of the V. rotun- difolia sjiecies, though the Delaware, Ives, and Norton are much affected. 6th. Deep plowing is the best preparation of the soil into which fruit trees are to be transplanted. Digging large holes to be filled with compost is worse than u.seless labor. Annual surface manuring is advantageous. Trees shoidd be set close enough- to shade the entire surface of the ground at mid-day, when in bearing, and trained so low that the limbs will be just out of reach of swine and sheep. An orchard should be well cultivated till it comes into bearing; but if cultivation is neglected for a while till the surface becomes filled with the fibrous roots of the trees it should not be plowed in a dry, hot time, or per- haps till the leaves have shed, or say, till trees could be transplanted with safety. Hogs are very useful in a bear- ing orchard to destroy insect larvte, and sheep to keep 142 REPORT FROM MISSISSIPPI. down whatever vegetation would eonii)ete with the trees, where cultivation is not practiced. 7th, 8th. and nth. I liavc nothing to ofTer under these heads. All of which is resin'ctfully sulnnitlcd. 8. .1. Matthews, V/iiiiniKiii Sfdtr Fruit Cdiiimitti't. Monticello, August 3d, 1877. Report from Mississippi. To P. B.-vliltY, Esq.. ( hiiniiiiii GeiiCVdl Fruit Viiiinnittee Rochester, New Tor/,- : 1st. As to species of fruit cultivated, 1 would say, nearly all the larger fruits are grown more or less successfully, and some of the .smaller, viz: of large fruits, the apple pear, peach, nectarine, apricot, plum and quince. From latitude thirty-three degrees south to the coast, tlie fig does well. In the southern portion of the State, near the Gulf coast, oranges and lemons thrive, and are heing cultivated for market and home use. Of the small fruits, grapes, straw- berries, raspberries and blackberries do well. Cherries, gooseberries and currants do not generally succeed, though in the northern portion of the Stale the Morelln cherry sometimes bears good crops. 3d. rfl«>((V.<.— Apples— Most of what are called sumnii-r and autumn varieties, at the north, succeed well here, but are all summer apples with us. Northern winter apples fail us entirely here. They blister, or speck, and fall from the tree in August and September. Southern seedlings are being tried, and doing well, but even they are somewhat particular as to soil and locality, the same va- riety succeeding in some soils and localities and failing in others. I believe, however, northern apples exhibit the same features there. Enrly liar rent and Ecd June bear early, and well, fully maintaining their reputation. Jifd Anlrachaa does well, is large and beautiful, rather acid, comes into bearing late, but the best early market apple here. Becan, Sweet Bough, WilliaiiDi Favorite, all have been tried and do well; second early. Jitlkai and Qi-avenMein do well. Horse, the best apple here for drying, also one of the best for general purposes; July and August. American. Siimnter Pearniain, fine, late, July and August. Eqiiineteli/, Buckinyhant and I'r/^f'.i generally do well; autumn. tHhocldeji, the be.st keeper we have, of medium size and quality. Stephenson's Winter does well in the north-west, and is being tried here (Canton). Many otliers are being tried. Too early to report definitely upon them. PE.UtS I mention with some hesitation; I hardly know what to say. Since my last the blight has destroyed thousands of trees, especially in the winter of "i't and '70 when most severe. Bartlett nearly swept from the State. Even the Seckel suffered considerably. Winter Nelis, Uiichesse d'An- f/ouleme. Julienne, and Jefferson, the last a native of this State, seem to have stood equally as well as the Seckel, though all have suffered considerably. The Duchense has borne good crops this year, and altogether is our best and most reliable pear. The Jefferson has proved most profit able, though very inferior in quality. All the above pears maintain their usual excellence when they have a crop, and excepting Uic blight, the crop is about as certain here as elsewhere. Doyenne Boassoek, Belk Lucrative, Bartlett, Benrre Oiffard, Doyenne d'Ete, Dearborn's Seedliny, St. Ohislain, St. Michaed Archangel, Iloicell, Beiirre Superjin, Urhaniste; all excellent, but more or less subject to blight, especially Belle Lucrative. Louise Bonne of Jer.iey bears heavily, but inferior quality. Buffum, first rate here, but blights badly. White Doyenne when perfect, splendid, but frequently cankers. Vicar of Winhfield (Le Cure) per- fectly worthless. Easter Beurre, but little better. Madeleine blights badly Clapp'» Favorite blights. Flemish Beauty generally excellent in quality, somewhat liable to blight. PEACHES. Bealriri , Ale.canditr, and Antsden, all first rate early fruits. Beatrice ships and sells well. Others untested yet for market. Ale.rander, the largest of the three and maybe a day or two earlier than Beatrice. Hale's bears w('ll, but rots more or less in all sections. Louise and Early Bivers, excellent in quality, promise well. Of the older varieties. Troth, Tillotson, Crairford's Early, Yelloir St. John, George the Fourth, Crauford's Late, St. Stephens or Columbia, among the freestones. Old Miron, fjcnion, Chinese and Heath, among the clingstones are generally cultivated, and main- tain their high character. Chinese Cfe'/ii/, in elevated, airy situations, with open head and a good distance for the trees is perhapsthe grandest peach in cultivation. In close situa lions and damp soils it rots badly. Many other varieties arc being cultivated here and there, and a great many seedlings also of various degrees of merit, but nothing as vet to supersede the above. These all ripen by the first of September. We greatly need really good September and October varieties. PLUMS. The Cage varieties do not succeed. Wild Goejse, and varieties of that type, do well. We have many native varieties, beginning with the Chickasaw, from which, with judicious selection, a succcession can be had from early May until late August, some varieties of them excellent in quality. quiNCEs. The Orange does moderately well, but the borer and blight both affect it seriously. APKTCOTS. Early Gohh n and Moorpark are fine, but the crop is un- reliable, bv reason of the late frosts. NECTAKINES. Red Ronxin succeeds best. ('('lesti(d very sweet, but the I.ennai woi'lli all the others for general cultivation. The A(';r/< P'/yy/?- does moderately well. litiAPKS. Concord •AWK.'i leis most reliable, exccpl the Sru/Jiii rnong family, which are worth all the others STliAWlSEIiUIF.S. Wilson's Albany, the mosl reliable, the only market berry for long distances. ^fary Kteirarl and Lennig's White. liolh cxcrllerit. also Ilovey's Seedliiii/, all snpcTior in fiavor, I:EP.)I!T I'ltOM IVISSISSIIM'I. 1 4:'. but vines do not stiuul the sun so well, and aiv nol so reliable or so productive as Wilwii. A good many new varieties Ijein"' tested. IlASl'ltKHKIES. Tlie Blnck dip family far the most reliable. Aiilirci-jm sueceed only moderately well. This fruit is not so general- ly eultivated as it should he. lil,.\(KBEKItIES. LiiirliHi does well. Wihoii\i Karh/ being tried. Wild ones .so abundant, the eultivated varieties not much grown. M. The Portir peach, descrilied in last report, the only new variety worth mentioning; promises well. 4th. Synoxy.ms. — Nothing to offer under this head. M\. The borer and curculio infest the peach and other stone fruits; cutting out the borer the usual remedy. None known or tried for the curculio, except turning hogs in the orchard. The apple tree borer infests our apple trees, particularly Euiiy ILiri-txt variety. The aphis (woolly) is abundant in old orchards. Washing trees with strong soapsuds sometimes tried, but generally nothing tried for the aphis. Pear and quince trees blight. No remedy known. (ilh. No special pruning is generally given, except to thin out the beads of trees and remove dead branches. Tlie pyiamidal form is sometimes tried for pear trees. Grapes generally trained to stakes, except Sriipiicntoiii/n, which are trained on arbors. The cultivation is done by the plow and hoe. Keeiiing down the weeds and keeping the soil loose, the only .system practised. 7th. Winter apples usually kepi in barrels, liul there are usually not many to kee)). 8th. The one-third bushel liox is best for .shipping peaches, apples and pears. For grapes and berries the octagon liasket (quart) twenty-four to the crate is mostly used. 9th. Statistics.— Cannot furni.sh them. Have applied to various railroad and ex])ress agents in parts of the Stat<' where heaviest shi|mieuts are made, but cannot get reports. I know that fruit culture is increasing, and that many thous- and boxes of fruit, especially peaches, are sent annually, in fruit season, from Terry, Crystal Springs, and Hazel- hurst, also from this and other points, and some of tlie fruit is very fine. My crop of pears this year was over eight hundred boxes. The demand for fruit trees also is increasing. W.M. H. Cassell, (Jhairmiiii. Canton, Miss., August 25, 1877. 144 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON IJEVISION OF THE CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF THE CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. Tu the President and Members of the American Pomological Society : Gentlemen : — Your Committee on revision of the catalogue of fruits, respectfully report, that after the adjournment of the last meeting of the Society, held in Chicago, 111., September, 1875, the several State and Territorial reports presented at that time and the discussion on fruits during that meeting, were carefully examined and ciianges were made in the Catalogue of fruits in accordance with the recom- mendations contained therein. The reports were relied upon chiefly in making the changes, but even these were rejected when there was any question as to their correctness. Considerable difficulty has been experienced in obtaining trustworthy information about varieties, especially in the newer States where there is but a limited experience, and where the means of com- munication between the different sections are very imperfect. These difficulties, however, will be growing less formidable every year. Forty varieties of ajiples were added and ten varieties were stricken out. These ten varieties are as follows, viz : Brookes' Pippin believed to be .synonymous witli Netvtojvn Pippin. Golden Russet of Massachusetts, supposed to be same as Hunt Russet. Goodale first inserted by error — there is no such variety. Lanje Yellow May of Tennessee, supposed to be a synonym of some other variety. Wcdbridge, reported from 111. as a synonym of Edgar Red Streak, which was inserted in its place. Fenner Sweet, nix's White, Peaked Sweeting, Santa, were stricken out as not having sufficient merit or being purely local. There were added four varieties of crabs ; one of apricots; three of blackberries ; one of gooseberry; seventeen of peaches ; ten of pears ; five of plums, and eight of strawberries. The Catalogue now contains eight hundred varie- ties of fruit, viz : Apples, - - 293 Crabs, - - 13 Pears, - - - 104 Plums, - - - ()3 Peaches, - - 87 Cherries, - - 38 Apricots, - - 11 Nectarines, - - (» Quinces, - - 4 Figs, - - 18 Mulberries, - - 5 Currants, - - 13 Gooseberries, - - 9 Blackberries, - 7 Raspberries, - 22 Strawberries, - 31 Native Grapes, - 38 Foreign Grapes, 33 Pomegranates, - 4 Oranges and Lemons, 5 Total. 804 This may be regarded as a long list, but when we consider that it represents about fifty different States and Territories, extending from Nova Scotia to the Pacific coast, embracing so many varieties of soil, climate and other conditions affecting fruit culture, we must admit that the list is not unrea- sonably long. It is possible, however, that in some of the States the number might be cut down with ad- vantage, and no doubt will be at the next revision. There are several States, especially at the South and West, notably Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia, in which there exists great differences of soil, climate, elevation, &c. It is claimed for them that they should have three columns in the Catalogue to admit of a classification of their fruits adapted to their several districts. This has been duly con- sidered by your Committee, and whilst the impor- tance of such a classification is admitted, no definite action has been taken in regard to it. It seems to be difficult to provide for these local distinctions without extending the Catalogue to such a degree as to affect its convenience for reference. Some plan may be suggested that will accomplish the desired result without changing the present arrange- ment of columns. Respectfully submitted, P. Barry, Chairman. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. PLAI OF THE CATALOGUE. ed in Divisions somewhat similar in climate, and other characters affecting fruit culture. Thus: 1. — Northern Division — between 42° and +0°. 2. — Central Division — between 35° and 42°. .3. — South- ern Division — -between 28° and 3-5°. The State or District in which a fruit is recommended for cultivation is designated by a star (* i, and if the variety is of great superiority and value, two stars (**), if new or recently introduced and promising, by a dagger (f). I.— APPLES. Explanation op Abbreviations. — The Size is understood by 1. for large; ni. for medium, and s. for small. The Form — r. c. for roundish conical; ob. for oblong; r. oh. for roundish oblate; fl. for flat or oblate; r. for roundish. The Color — y. r. for yellow and red; r. s. for red striped ; g. y. for greenish yellow; rus. for russetted; y, rus. for yellow and russet. The Quality — g. for good; v. g. for very good; b. for best. The Use — P. fruit valuable for all family purposes; K. M. valuable for kitchen or market purposes; F. M. family and market. The Season — S. for summer; E. A. forearlj' autumn; L. A. for late autumn, and W. for winter. All these characters of course only designate leading positive fea- tures, and vary in their distinctness according to soil and climate in which they are grown. The Origin is shown by Rus. for Rii.s.'iiau; En. for English; Am. for American; Ger. for German; F. for foreign. VI CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APPLES. DESCRIPTION. 1 1,-NORTHERN DIVISION-Between 42° « j3 CO ■n T NAMES. i e ><■ z o 5 t- s fi i s c o ■J. 3 o c c" H a s & c V; © ^ rt A o CO o o S cc a o QJ 0) a- ^ OQ fe o C u> Tl O 2 a s a > ^ X ^ 2 — ^ s 1 Alerson's Eiirly - - , m. r. y. V. g. K. s. Am. 2 •6 Ak'.xiiQdcr Americiin Beauty 1. 1. r. c. r.ob. r. s. y. r. g- V. g. K. M. F. M. E. A. W. Rus. Am. * « * * -- * * # * 4 American Golden Pippin __ 1. r.ob. S- }'■ V- g- F. M. w. Am. 5 American Summer Pearmain Arnold's Beauty m. Ob. y- '■■ y-r. y. r. g- y- b. V. g. v-g. V. g. F. F s. w Am. -- -- * » # ■- * * -- Aromatic Carolina 1 fl. F A * 8 Autumn Bough _ m. r. c. F. E. A. Am. 9 Autumnal Swaar m. r.ob. .s^y- ^'- g- F. 1-. A. Am. 10 Bailey Sweet 1. r. c. r. s. V. g. P.M. L. A. Am. 11 Baki-r 1. r. ob. y.f. V. g. K.M. W. Am. t la Baldwin , _ 1. r. c. r. g. V. g. P.M. W. Am. ** * ** ** #* ** ** 13 Baltimore Cable's Gilliftower. Mahaska. m. r. c. i-y- V. g. F. M. W. Am. -- -- - -- # -- 14 BaUzley 1 r ob y- r. s. P M \ Am 15 Beauty of Kent 1. r. c. g. K.M. Ti. A. Eng. 1(i Belden Sweet y- V. r. y- r. g- l3 F W 17 Belmont... 1 r c F M W Am IS Ben Davis.. 1 r c K M W Ani New York Pippin. 19 Benoni m. i.ob. y. r. V. g. P.M. s. Am. .. t _. au Bentley'.s Sweet _ m. r.ob. s- y- V. g. P.M. w. Am. .. t t . . ai Berkshire Spy m. r. c. r. s. V. g. F. E.W Am. 32 Betldeheiuite 1. r.ob. y. r. 1.: P.M. W. Am. t 'VA Bevan's Favorite fl c. I': F s 94 Black Apple fl. g- F w Jersey Black. "" 9,iS Bliickshear 1 y- y- >'■ F M w 26 Blenheim Pippin. 1. r.ob. V. g. P. M. w. Eng. 27 Blue Pearmain 1. r. c. r. g- M. w. 4E- .. -tr- .. *^ V- ., _. * * 28 Bonum 1. r.ob. V. r. V. g. M. L. A. Am. 2!) Bon rassa . m. r. c. y. r. g- M. L. A. Ger. ■ :io Bovver'.s Nonpareil 1 fl y- '■• y- ''• v-g- g. F M W Am 31 Bowling-'s Sweet m. r. M. L. A. Am. 32 Broadwell m. 1-. c. s- y- v-.g- V. g. F. M. T, A Am. * * t 33 Brittle Sweet m. r. c. r. a. P. E. A. Am. 34 Brown 1 fl ''•g- F M L A Nottingham Brown. 35 Brace's Summer 1. S. Am. 36 Buckingham. Fall Queen of Kentucky , Bachelar, Egiit- netely. 1. r. ob. y- 1'- V. g. P. M. E.W. Am. -- -- -- '• -- -- * -- -- 37 BuflE 1. )■. ob. y. r. g- P. W. Am. 3S Bufiingtou's Early m. fl y- V. rus t P s Am 39 Bullock's Pippin s. r. c. P.M. w. Am. American Golden Russet. 40 Burlington Pippin m. fl. c. V. r. V. g. P. M. w. Am. 41 Calkins' Pippin 1. r. c. y- 1'- g. P. M. w. N. S. 4-^ Camak Sweet m. m. r. ob. r. ob. y- g. r, tr &• g- P. M. M. K. w. w. Am. Am. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 43 Campfield 44 Canada Reinette 1. )'. c. S- V- V. g. P.M. w. F. # -4^- ,. ■V- .. ■V- * * .. 45 Caiuion Pearmain m r. c. r. s. v-g. V. g. P. w. Am. 46 Carolina Red June m. r. c, r. s. P.M. s. Am. .. 47 Carolina Wat.son m. fl. c. gy-'". g- . M. s Am. ._ 48 Carter's Bbie 1. r. ob. s- '■■ V- g- P. M. E. A. Am. .. 49 Cane Creek Sweet. m. m. m. r. fl. ob. c. y- V. g- V. g. F. M. P.M. s. w. E. A. Am. Am. Am. -■ -■ -- >■ 50 Chattahoochee... 51 Chenango Strawberry ,'^hmrood's Farorite. 52 Clark's Pearmain m. r. ob. y. V. g M. W. Am. 53 ('layton. 1 c y- '•• g. r. g- g- F M W Am 54 Clyde Beauty 1. r. c. P. M. w. Am. 55 Cooper 1. r. ob. g-y- g- M. L. A. _. • ., ,. # 56 Cooper's Market m. r. c. y. !■• g. M. W. Am. .. 57 Cooper's Early White m. I-. V. o- M. A. Am. .. .. . _. _, .. 58 Cogswell m. r. ob. y- 1'- b. P. M. W. Am. t 59 Cole's (.Juiiice ... 1. r. ol). .!?■ y- V. g. P. M. W. Am. * i- * -- # -- 2 Moderate bearer; show.v. ■( Sleiiilcr ;;rowor. Imt healthy. V-i A linrdy tree; \-ery produeti\'e. 15 A coarse, showy fruit. 17 Fine for taliie ; too tender for shipping 18 Valuable shiiipiuf sort. 20 Kine Winter variety. 22 Hesembles Newtown Spitzenberg:. 27 Liable to drop, at the West. CATALOGUE OF FKMlTS — APl'LRS. Vll and 49°. 11- CENTRAL DIVISiON-Between 33° and 42' III -SOUTH, DIV.-Bet. 28° and W. a a 1 3 3 4 i) (i 1 8 9 JO a 13 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 30 31 33 23 34 3") 3(> 37 38 29 30 31 33 33 34 35 36 37 88 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 •5« ■■n 58 59 C3 O T. aj -- * 0 a o ha C B o >> d •5 d o ■& * 1 * ** * .2 3 > a a PL, * * ** * » ♦ * ** 1 «* * # * 5 is 1) Q * * * * G £> » # * * * * ** * > * * * * * ** » » "o o * .2 5 * * * # ** * ** * » * * * * * * * * * "2 * ** * * *» * * * * * * .5 "a '1 >- CI ■X- ** 1 I c ** Ol a CJ "" * -- ** «* ** * .*' 'S * ** « * ** * * »* * 1 * * # ** * * * S J * * »* »* ** ** ** Y CO X * f *# * * * * * * 1 .s '3 .5 # * * * « ■X- "f OS c o 6 o # * «* # * ** »* «* T» 5 * « * *» * * * * * * « * * * * « * * * * * * « » C3 c 1" o ■5 W < * * » * * *» 1 'i i * * *x C « ** »* * * » # «* »« * * ** * «* * X >-: * * *« * » * d o '_[ -- -- a a o < 43 Valued for stock and elder. 46 Esteemed South and West. 48 Valued at the South. vm CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APPLES. 1 DESCRIPTION. .- WRTH. DIVISION- -Between 42" P NAMES. m (« 1. m. 1. m. 1. m. 1. ni. m. m. m. 1. m. m. m. m. m. s. 1. s. m. 1. S o r.ob. ob. r.ob. fl.c. r.ob. r. c. r. c. r. ob. fl. r. c. r. ob. r.ob. r.ob. r.ob. r. r.ob. r. fl. r. c. r. r.ob. r.ob. 0 o > < C * * * * * # 4ii a: c * * ** * * ■•Xr t t 't P, *« ** » * 3 > * * * ** * * * * * ** * * X i) X "c cs y. X * * * * * * * * ■6 c "cfi — * * * * * o 'f * ** * ** *» o * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * O * * * * * * * * * *-x- * ** * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * 1 60 C^o] vert - - (Jonit'H's Fancy- - y. r. y. r- y. y- 1"- r. s. y.s. y- '■• s- y- r. s. g- g- ••• y- r. s. yr. g-y- g- y- r. s. y- '■• y. r. r. s y- y- '•■ g- g- g- V. g. V. g. g- g- V. g- V. g. g- V. g. V. g. g- g- V- g. V- g. \'- g- V- g. g- V- g- F. M. F. M. K. F. M. F. M. M. K. F. M. P.M. F. M. F. .M. F. M. M. F. P.M. F. M. P. M. F. F. F. L. A. L. A. L. A. W. S. w. L. A, W. B. A. A. W. S. w. s. E. A. S. s. s. 8. S. S. w. s. w. w. E.-W. A, W. w. w. w. L. A. E. A L. A. L. A. A. L. A. W. S. s. A. W. L.W. S. w. A. W. L. A. S. A. W. W. s. s. w. s. w. L. A. W. W. W. Am. Am. An). Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Ger." Ger. Rus. P. Am. Ger. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Eng. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Ger. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am, Am. Ger. Am. Am. Am. -- 03 63 64 65 Cracking Cieelc - Cioss — Cullasaga -- 66 67 6H Curtis Sweet Dan vers' Winter Sweet Dean . .. . 6!) 70 Disharoon Dominie __ 71 79, Diap d'Or _ _ - Dutch Mignonne -- 73 74 75 76 77 78 7') Duchess (if Oldenburg.-. ._ Dyer, or Poninie Royal - - Early Harvest Early Red Margaret - - Early .Joe _ Early Pennock Early Straw berry ** 80 81 8-^ Edgar Red Streak Wiilbri(lf/e. Edwards' Early ^ - ** 83 84 English Russet Biiir/hLri'imie HiiKset. Esopus Spitzenberg m. 1. m. r. c. ob. r.ob. y. rus yi'- r. s. V. g. b. V- g- P.M. P. M. P. -- 85 86 Eustis Eutaw . . _ ; 87 Evening Party -. m. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. m. m. m. m. lii. 1. m. m. m. fl. 1'. ob.c. r. c. r.ob. fl. r. r.ob. ob.c. r.ob. r.ob fl.c. fl. fl. r. fl. fl. r. ob. r. y- '■• y-r. g-y- g-y- g-y- y-r. g-y- y- '■- ' - y- r. s. y- >■- r. s. o.y. y- '•• y-r- r. s. V. g. g- V. g. g- g- g- g- V. g, g- b. V. g. V. g. V. g. g- g- g- g- F. M. M. F. M. M. M. M. KM. F.M P.M. P. F.M. M. F.M. f.'m" M. M. 88 Ewalt ...- 8'l Excel 90 91 9'. Pallawater.. Font wiilder. Tiilpehocken. Fall Harvey Fall -lenneting -- 98 Fal 1 t) range - 94 95 96 Fall Pippin _. Hi'llaiul Pippin, errDiieonx'i/. Fall Queen, or Hass, Gros Pommier Fall Wine «« 97 98 Famcuse Pomme de Neige, Snow Apple. Family ** 99 100 Fanny Ferdinand _. 101 10-;^ Ferris _ Fink ... -- 103 104 Fourth of July Foust's Winter 105 106 Foundling Fulton m. m. m. m. m. s. m. 1. m. m. ]. 1. 1. m. m. m. r.ob. fl. r.ob. r.ob. r. c. r. c. r. fl. r.ob. r.ob. r. r.ob. r.ob. fl. r.ob. rob. y-r- gy- i-.y- y-i-- y. y-' ' - r. s. y- r. g-y- y. rus g-y- y- •■- y-r. g-y- g-y- g-y- g- g- f;. g- g- g- V- g. V. g. V. g. V. g. g- V, g. V. g. o- &• V. g. P. M. M. P. K. M. F. M. K. M. P. M. P.M. F.M. F M. F.M P. M. K.M. P. 107 108 109 110 111 Gabriel (xardcn Royal ? . _ Garretson's" Early Gilpin Ciirt/wiixc, Little liomanite. Gladncy's Red 119, Goff 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 1>0 Golden Dixie Golden Russet, of Western New York . . Golden Sweet. _ Graiute Beauty Gravenstein , Green Clieese Green Sweet Grimes' Golden ** 70 Prodiu'tixe and hardy. 73 One of the most hurdy varieties. 74 Valued for dessert. 75 Succeeds best on strong- soils. 77 A dflieious table sort; tree of small growth. 78 Popular market sort. 79 Continues a lony time ripeuiag:; often called Red Juneatinjf. CATALOGUE OF FKUITS APPLES. IX ani\ i.W> 1 II _ nCNTRAI nlUISinN— Hnkwfifin IK" nnd 42*. 1 III, -sniiTU niu — Rpt PJio unH .1^0 a M 60 (51 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 TO 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 8:^ 84 85 86 87 88 8!) 90 91 93 9:J 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 101 105 106 107 108 101) 110 lit 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 S c -- -- * * * * * O Q -- ■ - 5 5 ■- to c S 6 _ -- -- c o to a "x * * * « G O SO o * -- * -- * * * .2 'c i-- a c P^ ** * » * * * » «* * * * * » * * * # * * *» * i 'i » * * o Q =^ -a □ 5 « ** * * # ** * > # # * * * » » ** -- ** « __ * * « 5 u s * d O » » # # *» * » * * * * * * » « »* * ■5 * * * ■X- * # * * * * -- * * > >■ ^^ *« ** *» -- * * » * ** aj i ** __ *» ■!(« .22 * *# * * * * * «* o -X- •»* « * * * ** * * g * * * * -X- * * * ?3 i) * * * * t 1 « * * * * ** * * * * * o g OS * * « * * * * * * * * -X- # * 5J * .3 * * * *« ** * * ** * * C3 g g «* # ** * « To 5 a # ** *» * __ «* « * * * » * * * * * « * # * * * * » * * * * o u ■5 X c « ** * -y. # * * « * x O * * * * ** * * ** ** * * « » » ** * ** * « * * «* »* * X a; ** * »* d __ o »T A hiii-dy tree ; one o£ the best for the lft3 Very hardy tree and handsome fruit. North and West. 108 Of a delicious pear tia\or. 10;J Valuable as a very late keeper. 117 Ripens early and keeps late. US One of the best South. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — APPLES. 131 132 123 124 135 126 127 138 139 130 131 132 133 134 13r) 13(j 137 138 139 140 141 143 143 144 14.5 146 147 148 149 150 151 153 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 173 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 NAMES. DESCRIPTION. Gully _. Hall" Hamilton Haskell Sweet Hawthoniden Harlfdi-d Sweet Hewes' Virginia Crab- _ _ Hi<;liby Sweet _ Hislitop Sweet Hocliett's Sweet nollaud Pippin L. . . . Holly Hoover BlacJ.- Colli Horn . Horse IIltflK. Hubbardston Nonsuch Hunt Russet Huntsman's Favorite. Hurlbut- Irish Pippin Jefferson County Jefferis _ Jersey Sweet Jewett's Fine Red _ . Jonathan Julian _ Junaluskee Kentucky ._._ ._. Kentucky Red Streak . . _ BradfonVs Bent. Keswick Codlin . Key's Fall Kinnaird's Clioice _ Kinney's Winter King of Tompkins County Kirkbridge White _ Klaproth .._ : . Lady Apple Lad}''s Sweet Lansingburg Large Yellow Bough jSuminer Sireet Bouyh. Late Strawberry Autumn Straicberry. Law ver _ _ Limber Twig Long Island Russet.- Loudon Pippin Lowell Orange, Tallow Pippin, Queen Anne. Mirhiijan Gulden Pippin. Lyscom Maiden's Blush . _ Major ... Mangum Mann Miinomet . . Mary Womac . . . Man|uis of Lnrne . . . M.-ir.ston's Red Winter Mason's Stranger Mattamu.sket Maverick Sweet . Maxy .. _ o tl. H. r. ti. . ob. .ob. r. I', c. r. ob. r. oh. fl. r. r. c. r. ob. ob. r. (lb. r. r. ob. r. ob. r. r. ob. r. c. fl. c. r. ob. V. c. r. c. r. c. r. fl. ob. fl. fl. r. r.-fl. ob. r. v. r. i'- y- s- y- g-y- r. s. y. r. y. r. k- y- y- >■• .s- y- y. r. y. r. g. r. y. r. y- '■• y. rus. y- y- r- r. s. y. I- y. r. y- 1'- r. y- !•• w. r. g- y- r- g.y.d.r g-y- rus. y. r. y. r. r. ob. I y. r. r. ob. y. r. r. rus. fl. I y. r. r. c. g. y. 33 ^■- g- v. g. g- g- tr V g '''■ g- g- g- V- g- V- g- v. g. V. e. P. F. P. M. F. K.M. M. Cider F. P.M. K. K.M. K. F. M. W. W. A. E. A. B. A. W. L. A. L. A. S. w. L. A. W. W. F. M.L.'W. KM. S. F. M. P.M. F. M. P. M. F. M. P.M. F. M P.M. P. M. P.M. K. P. M. M. P. M. K.M. P.M. F. M. g- V. g- r. g- y- g- r. g-y- ,g- fl. g- r. V- g- Ol). y- r. V. g. ob. V. r. V. g. ob. y- r. V. g. . fl. y- r. V. g. .■fl. r. V- g- . c. r. s. V- g- fl. V. V. V. g- fl. y- r. g- ob. V. r. V- g- . c. g- r. g- p. M. K.M. K.M. P. .M. P. M. M. P.M. P.M. P.M. M. K. M. P.M. F. M. K.M. P. M. P.M. P. F.M. F.M. M. P. M. W. W. W. L. A E.W. W. E. A E. A, W. W. S. w. L. A. A. E. A. E.W, W. W. W. E. A. E. A. W. W. W. S. Am. Am. Am. Am. ¥, Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. P. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Ain. Vm. Am. Am. Am Am. Am. Am. 1. -NORTH. DIVISION-Between -12- C8 I S S 5= .= z ^ « |2; > Am. En. Am, \ni. Am. Am. P. Am. Am. Am. L. A. Am. W. Am. W. Am. W. Am. W. Am. E. A. Am. E. A. Am. E. A. W. W. W. E. A. W. W. w. w. w. w. w. Am. Am. Am. Am. \m. Am. N.S. Am. Am Am. Am. Am. S o *i-- -!-» 13.^) One of the most protitiible of market 137 .\ liard.y tree ami lino fniit. Supposed l-t;i Vcr.v vahiable for market or .stock, sorts. to be identical with Golden Kusset of 1(1.3 Hardy and ])rod(jcti\"e South-west. 127 Valued only for cider. .Mass.. but not folly decided. 1(18 A profitable market sort. 128 A delicious dessert apple. 172 A valued sweet apple. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS -APPLKS. XI and 49°. 131 123 133 124 123 13C 127 138 12!) 180 131 133 133 134 135 13(i 137 138 139 140 141 143 143 144 145 146 147 148 140 150 151 153 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 160 167 168 169 170 171 173 173 174 V.r, 176 177 178 179 11,-CENTRAL DIVISION-Betweenai°and 42°. til = ll.-SOUTH, DIV.-b. 28° and a->°. r- Z, < • ** • »* 173 A seedling from Rambo, which it resembles. xu CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APPLES. NAMES. DESCKIPTION. 1,-NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42° P4 s ■n a 1 (g 3 S o X < g 2 S O O > o -- * * * * « •J a 3 a s * ** *» >' ** >■ ** * * --I « - - r - -i 1 ** * 1. s ** -- ** > * * * * ** # ** »* * 1 * * * * 3 O 9 * t Y * ■"l * * * * * * * ** * « ** * #* * * ** * * « 6 * * # ** " c '1 # * * » * * ** * * * ** * * » « * * * ** * d *x O J 180 181 182 183 184 185 180 187 McAfee's Nonsuch Larue Striped Pearmnin. McLcl Ian Mellinger Melon _ Mexico Milam .. Milden, or Milding Minister . . 1. m. ni. m. m. m. 1. 1. 1. m. m. m. m. 1. m. 1. m. 1. m. m. 1. m. m. m. m. m. m. 1. m. m. 1. I. m. m. s. 1. m 1. m. m. m. 1. 1. 1. m. ni. 1. 1. m. 1. s. m. m. m. 1. m. ni. r. ob. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. ,r. ob. r. H. ob. fl. r. ob. r. c. fl. r. ob. r. ob. r. ob. r. ob. r. r. 0. fl. ob. r. ob. ob. ob. r. ob. fl. r. r. c. fl. r. ob. r. ob. r. ob. fl. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. ob. r. c. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. c. r. ob. r.obl. r. ob. oil. fl. r. c. r. r. ob. r. c. r. r. ob. r. ob. oh. c. r. ob. r. ob. r. y. r. y. r. r. s. y- '•• r. s. r. s. y- >•• v. g. v. g. V v-g- g- V- g- 1 .o- F M. P.M. F. M. F.M. F.M. K.M. F.M. K.M. F.M. K. F. M. K.M. F. M. F. M. F.M. F. M. F.M. F. M. F. f.Yl F. M. F.M. F.M. F. F. M. F. M. F. M. F.M. F. F.M. F. M. F.M. K.M. F. F.M. F.M. F. F. F.M. F.M. F.M. K.M. F.M K.M. F. M. F. M. K.M. F.M. F.M. Cider F.M. F.M. K.M. F.M. F. F.M. W. W. K.W. W. A. W. A.W. L. A. W. W. W. L. A. W. W. w. w. w. w. E.W. A. L. A. A. W. w. A. W. W. w. w. w. w. w. w. A. w. w. E.W. A. E. A. W. L.W. W. E.W. W. L. A. L. A. W. S. w. L. A. L. A. E.W. W. 1 s. w. s. w. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Eng Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. I Am.! Am. Eng -- 188 Monmouth Pippin . ... y r V IT 189 190 191 193 193 194 195 196 Ucd Cheek Pipjyin. Mooi-e's Sweet Jlother Munson Sweet . _ Orange Sweet. Nan.semond Beauty Newtown Pippin Albemarle Pippin, Brooke's Pippin. Newtown Spitzenberg. _ . . Vanderere, of Xeio Turk. Nickajack Nonpareil Russet-. .. r. y. r. y. r. .s. s- y- y. r. r. s. y- g- y- !■• r. s. V. y- r- y- s- y- y. r. r. s. g- y- rus. r. s. r. s. r. V. g- .v'- 1'- gy- g- y- g- y- !■• y. rus. g- y- y- y- g-y- }'. y'r. yr. y. r. s. y. r. y. r. y- '•• y. r- y- >■■ y. r. r. r. s. y. r. y- 1-- g- y- y. r. y. r. g- 1). g- V. g- V. g, b. g- g- b. V. g. g- V. g. V. g- V. g. V. g. V. g. V. g. g- g- "■ S- s- V- g- ''■• g- V- g- I: b. ^'- g- g- 1). IT g- V- g- g- V. g- g- V. g. V. g. h. g- V. g. g- V. g. g- V. g- « 197 198 Northern Spy Northampton * * * 199 200 •'01 Oconee Greening Ohio Nonpareil Orange Pippin * * ** *» * * -- 9.09, Ortley 203 204 205 206 907 \\ htte Bellflower, Woolman'.'< Long. Otoe Red Streak Peach Pond Sweet Peck's Pleasant... Perry Russet Pew'aukee -- 208 209 910 PliiUip's Sweet Pickard's Reserve ... Pilot 911 Pittsburgh Pippin. . . 212 9,13 Pleasant Valley Pippin Plumb's Cider". -- 914 Pomme Grise 915 Porter 916 Premium. 217 218 219 990 President Primate Progress. Prother's Winter " 9,91 Prvor's Red 991 Pumpkin Sweet . 223 224 9,95 Lymaris Pumpkin Steeet. Pyle's Red Winter Ramsdell's Sweet Rambo 326 337 228 229 230 331 232 233 234 285 23G Rawle's Genet Red Astrachan Red Canada 01^1 Nonanch, Pie/ifield Xonxaeii, Steele'f Red Winter of some. Red Cathead. Red Crab Red Ranee Red Winter Pearmain Banrotnhe. Red Stripe Rhode Island Greening Rhodes' Orange Ribston Pippin . . » ** 183 One of the most delicious apples; ti-ee a poor (grower. 190 Esteemed where kiiDwri. Ifti This apple is known .South and West by 202 An old vaiiety ; e.xtcnsively pliinted at over forty dilf oient names. the West twenty or more years since. 200 Esteemed where known. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES. XI 11 — — 1 1 rPNTRAI niVISIflN— RfitwRfill aH" nnrt 42°. 1 II — sniiTH. niv — B. 28"' and ah 0 1 a a a z 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 18!) 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 311 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 324 225 226 227 328 239 230 231 233 233 334 235 236 :3 Q i o s 5 6 ■a ^-1 o tij c « « * * 3) O « ** * * » * ** .3 _> s? c a> # * * * * * "t * * * » * * 5 * * » * si * * d Q § a » * « * ** « * * * ** * «* ** * 1 > * * * * * ** « * * * * ** * s 1 5 6 O * t * * * * * * « * « «* _. * * # * * ** ** * -5 c » * * * » * « « * ** « * * * » ** ** * * * a __ * >-, c ^^ ** * * * "- ** * «* * ■X* «» CO C « » * o * * * * *« ** ** o * * * * «* «* o X a. » * ** » * » ** «* * 't * t * * * * * * *» * y. c ** «• # * * # »* ■5 c 5 * * * * » « > 5 o * » » ** * * * * * 1 5 5 * "" *» » o * * * «* * g 5 < * * * * » ** * * * * * fa o p ■5 1 c « < * * * ** s. g. 1 * ** * a 7. s o * * * * * * ** ** * * ■X- * ** * ** 8 >< > 03 a o < 203 A now variety ; origrinated in Nebraska. 214 A tree of small growth ; succeeds well at the North. 220 Valued chiefly for its keeping qualities 330 Best of all for cider. 332 E.\tensively grown South and West. XIV CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APPLES. NAMES. DESCEIPTION. 1 I.-NORTH, DIVISION-Between 42° m a u s c 0 0 0 1 cc |3 i < S5 2 0 0 c; 03 > 0 121 i -i a; K Si i. z; 5 2, > [ 1 K 5k c§ SI 337 238 239 Richard's Graft Ridge Pippin Robinson's Superb - - - m. 1. 1. m. m. m. s. m. 1. m. 1. 1. m. m. m. s. 1. 1. m. s. m. m. m. s. m. 1. m. m, 1. m. 1. 1. m. s. 1. m. m. 1. 1. m. m. m. 1. m. s. m. m. m. m. 1. m. 1. m. m. 1. 1. m. 1. 1. m r. ob. r. c. r. s. y. rus. V. g. g- g- g- V. g. V. g. V. g. g- V. g. V. g. V- g- g- g- V- g- g- g- g- V- g- V. g. g- g- V. g. V. g. g- g- g- g- V. g. g- g- g- g- b. V. g. g- V. g. V. g. V. g. V. g. g- g- V. g. g- V. g. V. g- g- V. g. g- V- g- g- g- g- g- b. g- V. g g- F.M. M. F.M. F.M. M. F. F.M. F.M. M. F.M. M. F.M. F. F. F.M. F.M. F.M. K.M. F. F. K.M. M. F.M. F. F. F. F. F. M. K.M. F.M. K.M. M. K.M. F. F. F. F.M. F.M. F.M. F. F.' M. F.M. K. F.M. F.M. F. KM. M. F. F. F.M. F. K. M. F. M. F. F.M. F.M. M. E. A. W. A. L. A. W. W. W. W. L. A. W. A E. A. A. L. A. W. W. w. w. s. E. A. E. A. L. A. S. w. w. w. w. A. s. s. s. E. A. L. S. s. E. A. A. E.W. EW. W. E.W. A. W. A. S. w. w. w. w. s. E.W. s. L. A. A. W. W. w. w. A. E. A. W. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Eng. • « - 340 241 343 Robertson's White Roeli PiDoin -. r. ob. c. r. ob. r. c. r. r. r. ob. fl. fl. r. ob. r. c. fl. r. c. r. ob r. ob. fl. r. c. r. r. ob. r. c. fl. c. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. c. r. ob. fl. r. c. r. c. ob. c. r. r. fl. r. ob. r. ob. r. ob. r. ob. r. c. fl. r. c. fl. c. fl. r. fl. fl. r. r. ob. fl. r. r. r. ob fl. Ob. fl. r. ob. fl. r. c. r. ob g- y- y- g- y- yi-- y. rus. y- >•■ y. ras. y-r- r. s. y- !•• r. s. r. y. y. "r- y- 1'- y 1- r. s. y. rus. y- 1'- y- !•■ y y. rus. g-y- y- r. I Y. S. y- '•■ yr. y. rus. y- '•■ y- r- g- y- y !•• r. s. r. s. g-y- y. rus. y- r. s. y- '■■ y- !•- V. r. y- r- y- r. g-y- r. s. w. y. r. s. V. r. y- !•• y. rus. g-y- y- r- y- y- r- g-y- Lenwn. Rocliport Sweet - . Romanite, of the South -*----*■ 343 044 "" 245 Rome Beauty - - Roxbury Russet - Saint Ijawrence - - 246 347 248 349 » * «■ -- * — ******** * * * - - ** « * -- Sarah - -- - -■- Saxton Fftll Stripe. Sheppavd's Sweet Shiawassee Beauty Shoclvley " Smith's Cider_ Smokehouse Somerset, of Maine Somerset, of Xew York Sops of Wine Uotniny. Suulard Southern Porter - -.. .-- Spice Russet — Stausill - - . 350 351 253 253 354 355 356 357 258 259 360 261 363 363 364 265 0(jg -- -- * - - -- ** * - ------- * - -*----*- ------- * - -»*--*- - * - - * -- - * - -- » Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Rus. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. -- Stark .-- - Stevenson's Winter - - - - Summer Bellfleur Summer Hagloe , . . - Summer Iving .. _-. .. ------- * - - t -- ;; — * - - * -- ■'67 Summer Queen Summer Pound Royal Summer Pippin. -. --. Champliiiii. Summer Rose --- .. 368 369 370 -- le- » ■ K- * * ------- * - - * » 271 372 Summer Sweet Paradise Susan's Spice Sutton Beauty Striped Sweet Pippin Swaar Sweet Belle et Bonne -. Sweet Winesap .. t -- - * -- 373 074 -- - •* * - 275 376 -- .. t -- - * - - * -- 377 378 279 -- - - * - - - • * Tetofskv - --- Tpwkshurv Winter Blush 280 281 382 Tillaquali "... 283 * * - -* # » - «« ----*- 1 284 285 286 Talman's Sweet - Townsend Hocking. « --*«*** » # ** -i » -- 387 Trenton Earlv 288 Twenty Ounce Apple # .. t .. . - * » --!*» 389 Cuynya Red SireaA: Utter 390 391 Victuals and Drink 392 Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. 393 AVagener . ._ * -- * * »#-•--* 394 Warfield 295 296 Washington ^ W(i sh i II g to II Strauberry. 1 Washington Royal -- -- * -- -«»--* ------- * - * - - - * - - CATALOGUE OF FKUITS APPLES. XV and 49°. | ll.-CENTRAL DIVISION-Between m' and 42°. | 111,-SOUTH, DIV-Bet-SS^andao". s z 237 338 239 240 241 243 243 244 345 •-'46 247 248 249 350 351 352 253 354 255 256 257 358 359 2G0 261 262 363 364 265 266 267 268 369 370 271 372 373 274 275 276 377 278 279 380 381 383 283 384 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 293 393 294 295 296 o X □ * 3 o a Q 03 a c o __ a -- d —I d o a * * a 1 O __ - -• * * .2 "3 a > Ph * * * ** # * « * * * * * t * *« «* » » # — Q « * * * -J a * * «« * ** 03 * * * » * » » * * 03 a 1 t: » d 5 * * * * ■f * « * » t * * * * * 03 2 ■3 * * * *» * * * * * » * « * 2 8 > * -- >-. 44 o til » ** ** « ** * * ** * X Y * * * Cf" O c * * * * * * * 03 O « * * * * * * * * * 6 J: * * * t * « * * * 03 'J. z >' «* * « * * * # S3 y; C o3 4» ** * * » c 1 5 o » "a * * * * « * 03 03 £ c * * * * » 03 C 3 O CO # »* * * ** * * *« 03 o * ** » 2 03 « * * » * «* * *» * * # * * * » =3 ■a S 1^ 5 c ■5 — 1 "" i < «* * » * * 5. X X * ** »* X O * * « »* ** ** » « ** * *» ** * « * t/3 ** d o o 3 § -- -- 2.38 A long keeper. 243 Entirel.r distinct from Gilpin or Shockley. XVI CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APPLES — CRABS. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. , 1- NORTH, DIVISION-BetAvcen 42° a IS o O 0 o < Of z 3 O .2 c C3 C Zi # o oi *5 -- ** * * ** -- > *« * X 1 D * * c c 1— I # ** * * * * * « « * * * c 5 * * » * * d 3 o 297 298 Water Waugli's Crab . - . Wealtliv m. s. m. m. s. 1. 1. 1- in. 1. m. m. m. 1. m. 1. ni. 1. m. r. c. I. c. r. ob. r. r. ob. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. r. r. fi. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. r. c. r. r. c. r. r. r. ob. fl. fl. ob. r. ob. fl. r. c. fl. y. r. r. s. r. s. y- g-y- r. s. y- ■•• gy- g-y- y- r. gy- y- '•• gy- y- r- y- '■- y- r- y- r. y- 1-- g-y- r. s. y- '•■ g-y- y. y- 1'- y- r. s. g- V. g. g- g- V. g- b. g- g- g- V. g. ^- g- g- g- V- g- g- V. g. V- g- V. g- V. g- g- V- g- g- g- g- F. Cider P. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. K.M. F. JVI. M. F. M. F. M. M. M. K.M. K.M. F.M. F.M. F. P. F.M. F.M. F. F.M. F. F.M. E.W. W. W. W. W. s. w. E. A. S. w. w. w. L. A. S. S. w. w. w. w. w. w. w. s. w. A. E.W. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. -- ano Welib's" Winter 301 302 303 304 305 30(i Wellfoi-d's Yellow. Western Beautj' - Oroit/i. Stiminer Riiiibo, dr. Westfield Seek-nofurther White Doctor White Juneating, M;\\, Early May, &c. White Paradise " " . " # 307 308 Liiili/ Finger. While Pippin . . -- 309 310 3)1 AVhite Kambo W illiams' Favorite Willis Sweet . . . -- 312 313 Willow Twig James River. Wine 314 315 31 (i //rt^y's Wine, Penmylvania Red Streak. Winesap _ Winter Sweet Paradise Wylhe - 317 318 Yellow Bellefleur 1. m. 1. 1. 1. 319 320 3'>1 Yellow June Na 11 tiihnlee. York Imperial 322 Zachary Pippin _ 312 Valuable for late keeping. II.— APPLES— CRABS. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. 1 1,-NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42° s 1^ s o < p a- g X < m U3 5 S o .s o OS > o * * « o 1 a ? m * #« t s 5 > CO 1 =3 ■6 c "7. a u o O * * >• * * * * 6 c O .§3 i t # * c B O X 1 2 3 Byer's Beauty Brier's Sweet (of Wisconsin) Cherry .,. S. 1. S. r. fl. r. r. r-y- y- >•■ g- V- g- g- P.M. P. M. K. E. A. A. A. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. F. # 4 Glover's Earlj' 5 ■1. 1. \. 1. m. r. r.ob. r. fl. r.ob. r. r. y-i-- y-i-- y- !■■ r. g- V- g- g- g- g- P. M. F.M. P. M. P. M. P. M. A. L. A. W. A. A. fi Lady Elgin ." 7 8 9 Marengo Montreal Beauty Red Siberian 10 Spitzenberg _ _ 11 Sylvan Sweet - . I. 1. m r. fl. r.ob. r. y-r. y-r. y- g- g- g- F.M. P. M. P.M. S. A. A. 12 13 Tran.scendent Yellow Siberian. . * t'ArAi,()(ii'K OK ii;i 11',- Al'I'lJCS CHAliS. .\ \ 1 1 and 49". II.-CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between ;!5° and 42°. : III,- SOUTH, DIV,-Bet. 38" and .35"- o "A •zm 29'J 300 301 302 303 304 303 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 318 314 315. 316 317 318 319 320 321 ■ 322 C3 O X a; > -- O Q -" a a S c o a S o "" 6 d a * » a; o « * ** * □ 03 > t 3 Ph » « * * ** * * 1-5 * * -- * * O Q — s ■X- * ■X- "3 ;i > * « ** ** * d "c u 03 O .a -- 5 * * * c3 "^ 1— ( * * * * * ■if-X- * 03 *5 > a) «* «* 3 fed * » » *« »* * aJ c c -- ** * ** 'o a I— ( * *« * ■A & O 1— I t * » » * *» «« # 5 * * » *« if 03 ** * ** "' __ » * * _6 g 5 o # * * * * ■o * 'S 1 » » ** 03 _C ■p O si 1 * #* ** ■& q * * * * i * » * * * c 't a 1 i § * * * a 1 X « -- * * d o « * * * * ** * ** ** X £ < II.— APPLES — CRABS. and 49'. 1 .-CENTRAL DIVISION- Between ^5° and 43°. III.- -SOUTH. DIV.- -Bet. 28' and 35 2* SI a S Z 1 2 3 4 .') 6 7 8 '.) 10 11 12 13 1 a a 1 1 Q d a 08 a o -- bb a 1 1- - ! 6 .a OS ■a l: c o a 1 5= c o O d "5 03 > C o a; Oh I-- 1 s CD 5 03 Q d J8 -a 3 ■?> 3 .2 > c "p Q s -■ -- 6 O d IS °^ * - - >1 O 3 5 if. 3 S 'S — ^ * * o * * 3 O d o 3 . - - . ** " #* -- d •a •2 o c p C3 -c o3 > •A 'c .3 Q d .2 1 03 o 03 O a 03 o! _d 'C o 6^ S s 3 1 i i d -i 'co 3 o 03 e c 0.J & d s xvni CATAI.OGUK OF l-KTlTr -AHIMC'OTS A>'n l!LA('KBEi;i;iK>;. III. -APRICOTS. The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — r., roundish; r. f., roundish flat- tened; r. o., roundish oval; ob. c, oblong compressed. Color — y. o., yellow, shaded to deeporange in sun; o. r., orange, with a red cheek; o., orange. Qlwlity— g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use— All Apricots being valued for the dessert, the letter F will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and F. M. that it is valued for dessert, and at same lime profit- able for market. Se.\sox—E., early; M., medium; L., late in season of ripening. Oriuix—F., foreign ; Am., American. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. I.-NORTHERN OIVISION-Between 42° ' pa s aa S ^ 3 o < a- p4 as § < GO S o F. Am. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. .9 1 > c f > > CO 'x 5 c >^ « * * » * * * * .2 1 1 d i * » c i 1 Breda . . m. s. 1. m. 1. 1. s. 1. r. r. 0. r.f. ob. c. r. 0. r. r. r. f. r. r. f. r. o. o. 0. r. 0. r. 0. r. y. 0. y- y. 0. V. 0. y. o. y. 0. v. g. b. h. b. b. g- b. v. g. b. V. g. F.M. F. M. F.M. F. F. F.M. F. F.M. F. M. F. P. M. E. E. M. E. M. L. E. L. M. M. L. '?, Early Golden . _ 3 4 Hemskirke Large Early Large Red .... -- fi Moorpark 7 8 q JIusch Muscli Peach Red Masculine -- 10 St. Ambroise . 1. m. 11 Turkey -- -- IV. — BLACKBERRIES. The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., laige; m., medium; s., small. Form — ob. c., oblong conic; r. c, round- ish conical or oval; ob. ov. , oblong oval. Color — b. , black. Quality — g., good; v. g., veiygood; b. , best. I'se — F. M., family and market ; JL, market. Se.^son — M., medium; E., early; L., late. Origin — Am., American; F. , foreign. DESCRIPTION. 1 - ^ORTH. DIVISION- Between -tS** a; 1- p; ^ TJ X p ♦i S NAMES. '^' o c ^ ■J. =3 § ^ ^ d •A ■i S < Ed 'A ! 2 1 23 o r B ^ 'S o I>" ■r tc X o s m a o o c3 o ~ p c i. c .— l" [K fe. O f^ ^^ O '^^ z ;*i ^ 1 Ancient Briton 1. ob.ov b. V- g- F.M. M. Am. 2 Barnard . 1. ob.ov b. ^- s- F.M. M. Am. 3 Dorchester _ _ _ . m. ob. c. b. b. F. M. Am. 4 Kittalinnv . . 1. r. c. b. b. F.M. M. Am. .. -V' .. * Irf- *■ •¥- ^^ •V- * 5 New Rochelle or Lawton 1. ov. b. g. M. L. Am. .. .. 6 Snyder m. r. ov. b. V- g- F. M. E. Am. + .. 7 Wilson's Early 1. ob.ov b. v-g. M. E. Am. * .. # » .- » # -- 3 t jf fine llavin-. 7 Plainly valiieil for inarkri. ('.\ lAijxM K OK n;urrs — ai'IiicoT: AM> l!I.A( Kr.l'.IMMK: .\;.\ III. — APRICOTS. The coluiiins explain as follows: Si/K, 1., large; iii.. iiU'diiiiii ; s.. small. FoK.M — r., rouiulisli; r. f'., roiiiulisli Hat teiied; r. o.. jouiidisli uvul; oil. c, uliloiij;' compressed. CoLOU — y. o., yellow, shaded to deep orange in sun; o. r. , orange, will) a red cheek; o., orange. Quality — g., good; v. g,, very good; b., liesl. UsK — All Apricots being valued for the dessert, the letter F.will signify that it ise.xtra for the dessert, and F. M. that it is valued for dessert, and at same time piol't able for market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late in season of ripening. Ohioin — F., foreign; Am., American. and 49". ll.-CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35" and 42°. | lll.-SOUTH, DlV.-b. 28° and 3.r. S! a P 1 2 3 4 5 (i 1 8 !) 10 11 33 a 1 S o 6 « a o to «■. o ■on O 5 > t a; * * » * X Q « * "■ 9J s « * d Q ■e ■a _S >^ * * « * "3 -- -- "o C3 O 3 is 6 5 * * 1 # 'a ■5) > 3 a o5 & * ** « 'c « * o .2 * » * s * * * *» * CO * » * * » 03 > 5. "S * * «* ** « OS 1 O O GO ** C8 S C3 g ..3 < c 5 t •5 i # ** 'S. a 'x # * C3 c C3 ]x s x CC X *» ** ** «* 1 s o < IV. — BLACKBERRIES. The columns e.xplain as follows; Size — 1.. large; m., medium; s., small. FoiiM — ob. c, oblong conic; r. c, round- isli conical or oval; ob. ov., oblong oval. Color — b., black. Qu.VLiTY^g. , good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — F. M., family and market; M.. market. Season — AI., medium; E. , early; L., late. Ouigin — .\m., American; F. , foreign. and 49". ll.-CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and 43°. ! lll.-SOUTH. DIV.-B. 28° and 3o'. g 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 d o =3 Q d S d a o "x 1 1 a; ■x-« .2 > i * * * 1 * « * C3 a « d ■a 1 1 * « * .2 > « * * d .S "3 d 5 3 5 ** * * * d > =? * * .2S *o 1— ( * O «* ■if 3 o * d X g .a ** a5 g * O •a « 5 "3 o 'c3 « * _d > __ .2 'c « «# * ** d 1 C3 O 3 1 d t * * d a d s o S c c -- X C ce .a < * «* * *x X 'x * cr 'x O ►-! * X 6 __ XX CATALOGl'K OK l-IMITS. — CllEKKIKS. v. — CHERRIES. The columns (.'xphiin as follows: — Size — 1., large; ui., medium; s., small. FouM — ub. li., obtuse heiirt shape; i'. ob. h., roundish obtuse heart shape; r. h., roundish lieart shape; r., roundish, or round. CoLou— 1. r., lively bright red; d. r., dark red, almost black; a. m., amber mottled with red; y. r., yellow ground shaded and marbled with red. Class — H., Hearts, or tender fleshed sweet cherries; B., Bigarreau, or tirm fleshed cherries; D., Dukes, having a character in tree and fruit midway between the Hearts and Morellos; M.,Morellos, having acid fruit, and the tree of small, slender growth. Use — F., family, for dessert; F. M., family or market; K. M., for cooking or market; M., market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origix— F., Foreign; Am., American. n p DESCRIPTION. NAMES. rjl y 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 30 31 32 33 34 25 36 37 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Arch Duke _ .. Belle Magnifique- . _ Belle de t'hoisy __ Belle d'Orleans .. Bigarreau Grajfitni, Yellow Spamsh. Bigarreau of Mezel Slomttruexfi' (Je Meze.l, Bigareau Guiibnlix. Black Eagle ' Black Heart Black Republican, Lwlling Black Tartarian .• Buttner's Yellow . Carnation Coes Transparent . Donna JIaria - Downer's Late _. -. Early Purple Guigne - - Early Richmond ... Elton - - Empress Eugenie -- Governor Wood Hovey _ - . , . . Knight's Early Black . Late Duke ._ Late Kentish Louis Pliillippe May Duke ... Morello Eiujlish Morello, Large Morello. Napoleon Royal Ann, in California and Oregon Osceola Ohio Beauty... Plumstone Morello Pontiac Red Jacket Reine Hortcnse . . . . Rockport Rojal Duke Tecumsch fa 1. ob.h. 1. r. h, m. r. m. r. h. 1. ob.h. ob.h. ob.h. r. h. r. h. r. h. r. r. 1 c •< a o ^ IK O o P d. r. D. K.M. 1. r. D. K.M. a. m. D. F. y- '■• H. F.M. y- 1'- B. 1 F. M. d. r. ! B. F.M. d. r. d. r. b. d. r. y- a. m. a. m, m. r. d. r. m. r. h. y-r. m. r. h. d. r. s. r. 1. r. 1. r. h. y. r. m. r ob h d. r. 1. 1. r. h. r. h. y- ''• V- 1'- 1. ob.h. d. r. 1. ob.h. d. r. m. 1. r. r. r. d. r. 1. r ob h d. r. 1. r. h. d. r. 1. r ob li y."r. 1. r. h. d. r. ! 1. 1. ob.h. .r. y. r. d. r. 1. ob.h. d. r. 1. 1. ob.h. 1-. y. r. "l. r. 1. 1. robh r. a. m. d. r. m. ob. 1). d. r. B. H. G. H. G. D. H. M. H. H. M. B. D. H. B. H. D. 0. D. D. M. F. M. F. M. F.M. F.M. F.M. K.M. F. K.M. F.M. F.M. K.M. F.M. K. M. K. KM. K. M. K.M. F.M. H. F. M.' H. F.M. M. K.M. H. F. M. H. F. >r. D. F. M. B. F.M. D. K.M. H. M. I.-NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42° L. L. M. E. M. M. M. M. Mr L. L. M. L. L. E. E. M. M. M. M. E. L. M. L. E. L. M. " M M. L. M L. L. E. M. L. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. Am. F. F. F. Am. F. Am. F. F. F. F. Am. Am. F. f! F. F. F. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. F. Am. F. Am. K g^ K A line old variet.v, luU by many supposed to lie superseded. 14 Very hardy and priiduotivp. 1' Helieved b.v many to lie identical with Early Ma\- of the West ; not fullv settled. CATAUKJUK OF l'i;ril'S — CIlKlIlilKS. .\ X 1 v. — CHERRIES. Tlie columns exiilain iis follows; Si/.k— 1., large; in., uicilium; s., small. 1<\)RM— ob. li., obtu.se heart shape; r. ob. h., roundish obtuse heart shape; r. h., roundish heart .shape; r., roundish or round. Color — 1. r., lively bright red; d. r. dark red, almost black; a. m., amber mottled with red; y. r., yellow ground shaded and marbled with red. Ci,ASs II., Hearts, or tender fleshed sweet cherries; B., Bigarreau, or firm fleshed cherries; I)., Dukes, having a character in tree and fruit midway between the Hearts and Morellos; M., Morellos, having acid fruit, and the tree of small, slender growth. Use— F., family, for dessert; F. .AL, family or market ; K. M., for cooking or market; M., market. Skaso.n E., early: >!., mcdiiini; \,.. late. Omkiin — F., foreign: Am., American. and 43°. ll.-CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between .35° and 43°. II .-SOUTH. DIV.-Bet.28°anda5° ;« 1 3 a 4 5 6 7 8 !) 10 11 12 13 U l.j l(i 17 18 U) 30 31 33 33 34 25 26 37 38 39 30 31 32 38 34 35 36 37 38 O a o a 3 bb g S o .a •a -- 1 ■& .a 1 * * * * * * 1 5 * * * * * ** «* '5 > * * * * «» «■ *« « *» * ** * * * * * * T * f ■ -X- * # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # « « * ** * * « ** 5) * * V.- * * * * *» * * » » 53 P O o .2 c * * * * * ** «» *» * » * * * » * * « ca a S » * * * * * * * .5 '3 •5) > 3 != ** * * 0) * * # o .£ # * « » Y » «* * * * -- * o » 3 O .2 * » -x- « * * * # as CS * * * « ** * # t * « * -- t * d -- * * -- C3 > 'S =2 o * * * «* » « * « * * * 1 o * «i 0 i 1 ^5 o 1 ■5 3 * « « 'E. p. 1 1 a .2 '5 o i d o Z) c .'.") An old excpllont sort : little known. 3:1 The latest ripening- larffe sweet cherry. XXll ('.\T.VL(>(;rE OK FKUIT.S CURUANTS GOOSEKKIMMKS. VI. — CURRANTS. Till' eoUimu.s explain; Size — 1., liiigt-; m. , nicduiiii V. 1., very long; s., short; m., mediuiu. CoLOU — r., red acid; V. a., very acid. Use — K. 31., kitclun and nnirket; F. 'SI., fa M., mi'diuni; L., late. Ohigin — F., foreign. s. , ^inall. FoHM — with reference to form of biineh — 1.. long; b., black; w.. white. Qiauty — a., acid; m. a., moderately imily and market; 31., market. Season — E.. early; pa R y in 11 12 13 NAMES. » H X 1 fc. Black Naples l 1. Cherry 1. Common Black ' s Bhieh- EnglMi, Fertile de Palluan Fertile d'Angers ; 1. Knight's Large Red -._ La Ver.siillaise- - ..-.. Prince .Vlbert _ . \ I Red Dutch _ _ Red Grape . ... White Dutch .... White Grape. . Victoria . Rahy Castle. DESCRIPTION. 3 1 >J 5 ' 5- b. ,m a. r. 1 V. a. b. .m. a. 1. 1. ni. s. 1. 1. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. 1. V. I. w. w. a. m. a. m. a. a. m. a. m. a. m. a. m. a. m. a. a. I 'A o CO K.M.I M. K.M. F.M. F.M. F. M. M. F. M. F. M. F.M. F. M. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. L. E. E. E. E. L. I.-NORTH, DIVISION-Between 42° C8 i 02 03 > O » * » 1 pq c "S % * # » c c 5 > * * » * * * QD o i « * T3 C a X o * -• * « * * 3 1 * -- « u o >^ » # * C » * » * » i * * * « * * VII. — GOOSEBERRIES. The columns e.xplain : Size — 1., large; ni., medium; s., small. Fokm — r., round; c, oval; r. o., roundish oval Color — r. , reddish, when fully ripe; g., greenish yellow, when fully ripe. Qu.\lity — g. , good; v. g. , very good; b. best. Use — K., kitchen; M., market. Season — E. , early; M., medium; M. L., medium late. Origin — Am., Ameri- can ; F. . foreign. — DESCRIPTION. I.-NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42" ->^' 6 » OS IS «• NAMES. # f o o -Jl C 3 ^ X ■J. 2 .a E^ 12; e s o »:3 < is i 3 C/J > > c s; g c 5 5 ,bC O u X o o ^ cc a o (- c ^ CD b o* t3 O 'A s ;z; s « u J^ C >5 1 Crown Bob 1. ob. r. v. g. K.M. M. F. 3 Downing _ m. r. 0. g- v. g. K. M. L. Am. « * * * # # 3 Houghton _ __ s. r. 0. r. K- K.M. E. Am. » ** # # * » « * 4 Mountain J. 0. r. g- M. M. Am. __ ■If -. # ^ 0 Orange .... m. r. v. K M, E Am. (i Pale R<-d, Cln.tti i\ Am. fverUinf/ m. r. o. r. "•'■ S- K.M. E. F. .. .^ .. ^ .. t Roaring Lion 1. ob. r. V. g. K.M. M. F. * .. .. .. .. 8 Smith's Improved 1 0. g- V. g. K M M Am. # + + 9 Woodward's Whitesmith 1. 0. V. g. KM. M. F. * ^ A Jl^ j^ ,. J*. ^ -- .ZJL "Z A little Ihible to sunburn or blister. 4 A stRHig: j^i-Dwin^ bush — Vierry with a very thiek skin. H An old sort, entirely free from mildew -more uprijrht than Houjfhton. ( A l'AI,(i(;rK OF I'UIITS — criiUANTN — dHtSKUlCUKIK.S. Will VI. --CURRANTS, The I'oluimis c'.\|ilaiii: Size — 1., Iiugi.'; in., lucdiiiiii; s., simill. Foit.M — with rcl'crciice to tlic form of buncli — 1,, long; V. 1,, veiy long; s., slioi't; m., medium. Colok — r., red; b., black; w., white. Qu.vi.ity — a., acid; m. a., mod erately acid; v. a., very acid. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Use — Iv. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market; M., market. Origin— P., foreign. and 49°. 11,-CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and 42°. | lll.-SOUTH. DIV -Bet. 28° and W. i a •A 1 3 3 4 5 « 7 8 !) 10 11 13 13 3 h m * * * * * B o Q :: 2 a o s o o ■r. -- ** * 33 > s * «* ! * * * 5? 't S ■A * * * * i a _. * » __ d a s >> « » » * * To .5 73 r- O 2; * * » » «* » 5 * * * ^2 'a is .a 0} z> ■■ * * - -- * *» * -- » _ _ 1 _ _ * ;-- » * * o ■J. * -J. 5 * *« * « » * * * * * 5" s » * * * _3 'A c 1 * «* ** « - * * » .s 1 1 '5; o a 5 5 1 1— ( i y. X ci C '3 o c < VII. — GOOSEBERRIES. The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Fokm — r.. round; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval. C'oi/OK — r. , reddish when fully ripe; g., greeni.sh yellow, when fully ripe. (Jiality — g., good; v. g. , very good; b. , best. Use— K., kitchen; M., market. Season — E., early; M., medium; M. L., medium late. Origin — Am., American; F., foreign. and 49°. | ll.-CENTRAL DIVISION-Between a5° and 42°. | lll.-SOUTH DIV. -b. 38° &;«° 5 ;_) 1 3 3 4 I 7 8 9 g Zj O -- bb a g 6 a o c s _> x' ■X- * 5? z; » ■a c * '5 _g ■p S O 5 * * * ** '\ ■X- -5 c3 *G > X X a ** *» "" .22 'S n * o * o .1 C3 X » * * 6 3 * * > 03 .5 S Q c C3 C O -- - -- b o 'E 3 ■5 c -. X CS X •a f X S3 C c 6 s > s 8 New iind promising 9 One of the best of all the foreig-n large sorts in its immunity from mildew. .\X1V CATALOGl'E OF FUIITS - GKAPEf^, NATIVE. VIII .-G RAPE S— N A T I V E . The column.s e.\plaiii a.>- I'olluw.s: Si/.e — with reference to the berry, ]., large; m., medium; s., .-^niall. FoUM — witli reference to bunch and berry; s. r. , short bunch, round berry; 1. r. , large and round; m. r. o. , medium bunch, roundish oval berry; m. r. . medium bunch, round berry. Color — b. , black, or nearly so wlien fully ripe: r. . reddish or coppery -brownish red; g.. greenish white or yellowish. Qi alvty — g,, good; v. g., very good: b., best. Use — T., table; M.. market: W.. wine. Season — E., early: .M., medium; L., late. Ohigix — Am.. American. DESCRIPTION. ,- 40RTH. DIVISION- -Between 42" n S B !21 NAMES. n: :» 1 u: i < ■Ji 3 ' S o o o OS > O » # » c 3 oq & a •A 6 '5 * ** * «* * a c a * ** * ** «* 1 * * * * ■»Hfr * X y. "c ?^ * ** ? * ■6 n s * * ** # «* * * 3 O * t .a 5 •A * * * « * » t * «* # # * « 2 * » * * * * * * * * 1 * » * » * t # * * * "a c i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 m Adirondac . Agawam Bagern' Xti. 15. Alvey Barry liogerx Xu. 43. Catawba Clinton Concord . Creveling . Croton ... Delaware Diana Elsinburgh Essex Rogers' No. 41. Eumelan Goethe . Rngerx' Xo. 1. Hartford prolific Herbemout, Warrfu, dr. . . lona Israella Isabella m. 1. y. 1. 1. s. 1. m. s. s. m. s. 1. in. 1. 1. s. m. m. 1. m. m. r. s.r.o. m.r. r. m.r.o m. r. 1. r. m.r.o l.r.o. s. r. s.r.o. m.r. r. r. l.r.o. m. r. 0 m.r. m.r.o s.r.o. m.r.o m.r.o b. r. b. b. r. b. b. b. (r &• r. r. b. b. b. g- b. b. b. b. b. V- g- tr O* V- g- or b. V- g- '»■■ g- b. b. V- g- V. g. g- V- g- V. g. g- ^- g- g- g- T. P. M. T. T. M. T.M.W T. W. T.M.W T. T. T.M.W T. M. T. T. M. T- T. W. M. T. W. T.M.W T. T. M. M. W. E. M. E. M. L. L. M. E. E. M. L. E. M, M. L. E. L. L. M. L. M. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. ** « * * * 21 9.9, Ives Johnson . . ,. * 23 24 25 26 27 28 39 30 31 33 S. C. Seedling. Lindley Rogers' Xv. 9. Massasoii Bogerii' Xo. 3. Martha Maxatawney . Merrimack " _ Roger*' Xo. 19. Norton's Viiginia Perkins . Peter Wylie ... Dochir Wglie. Uebecca Salem m. 1. 1. m. 1. s. 1. m. m. 1. 1. 1. 1. m. 1. m.r.o m.r. s. r. m.r.o s. r. m. r. r. r. s. r. r. r. m.r.o s.r.o. s. r. 1. r. r. r. S- g- b. b. r. w. & r. b. b. r. b. S- g- v.°g. g- g- V. g. V. g. g- V. g. g- b. V. g. F. M. F. M. M. W. T. M. AV. T. M. T. T. M. W. T. M. M. T.M.W T. M. M. M. M. M. M. L. E. M. M. M. E. M. M, M. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. .Vm. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. V -- * #* « ** « « » « * * + « + « * + * -- » t * * # * * « * # * « » * 33 liogers Xo. 22. Scuiipernong 34 35 36 37 Telegraph Christitw. Union \ illage . Ontario. Walter Wilder — Rogers' Xo. 4 + t »* 1 Unrelialile. :{ 'I'iMi siiiull. .') Suited only It> fla.\ t-y loams aiul (.■crtaiii li)ealitic:s. 0 llai'dy everywhere. T Sueet'etl? everywhere. s Hunches loose. !' A proinisiti;;- white \ jiriety. in Wants rieh st.>il and hi^h rulturt Hi Liable to drop li-oni tlie bunch. CATALOGUK OF FRUITS — GKAPES, NATIVE. XXV VIII .-G RAPE S— N A T I V E . The columns explain us follows: Size — with reference to tlie berry, 1., lurgc; m., medium; s., small. Form — with reference to bunch and berry, s. r., short bunch, round berry; 1. r., huge and round; ra. r. o., medium bunch, roundish oval berry; m. r,, medium bunch, round berry. Color — b., black, or nearly so when fully ripe; r., reddish or coppery-brownish red; g., greenish white or yellowi.sh. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — T., table; M.. market: W., wine. Season — E. , early; M., medium; L., late. Orioin — Am., American. and 49° | 11. - CENTRAL DIVISION -Between 35° and 43° ' | lll.-SOUTH, DIV.-b. 28° and 35° i S p 25 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 30 31 32 33 24 35 36 27 28 39 30 31 32 33 34 ' 35 36 37 1 a a "S, * ** CB O Q 03 a S o c S o 6 "3 a o ■& a y; * * #* Y * * ** t t f 03 a 1 o o 25 6 O #* * * * -- « t * t 03 C .5 * * * « * » * * t t .i "a > ** * ** -X- * ** ** ■X-K- t ** o a a* ** * * * * * * ** * t q5 S ** * * ** * to *o a * * "t * * * * * * t O »— 1 t ** ** t 3 » » ** v * * * * * * * t oi .IS g OJ * « ** « t * t * * * * * t * * t t i s #« v * * t t * t t o ■a "o O t * * * * * + t # t t > a 0 V OS a o 5 o CO * * * * ** * * ** * t ** * * * ** -. 2 'w i- o o * * « * ** * * ** * ** « » * la < * * * * * « ** * ** ."5 S #* ** ** ** * l-H X a * * * 'Ji 1 * « * * * * a '3 O * * * * « * * « * * # * d QJ 2; OS o 17 Makes the finest of white wine 18 Unreliable e.xoept in a few locat 20 Valueless at the West. 21 Valued for dark wine. M ions 2« Vines require age to j^ive per- fect fruit. The more known the better liked. XXVI CATALOGUE OF FRUITS GKAPEi* AND NECTARINES. IX. ~^- GRAPES-FOREIGN, As tlie Furei;;-!) Grapes are for cultivatiuii uiuler j;lass, the}' are luit sulijeet tii those variations indueed by climate oi soil, and therefore tliey may be regarded as equally adapted to all localities. Very few of the local coniniittees have made any report in reference to these Grapes. The list "below contains such as have been already adopted by the Society, with a few others very generally esteemed. In California, Utah and ^ections of the Southern States, they I'equire no artificial protection or heat; it has, therefore, been thought unnecessary to tabulate the States and Territories relative to thcni: but, taking the old catalogue, and simply adding to it a column relative to variety as adapted to a cahl hmise. or its want of fire beat, in our Northern Stales, the old form is continued. The columns explain: 1st— The Color of the fruit; 2d— Fi..\voi!; :jd— Sioasox of maturity; 4th — Cold, for a variety that does well without fire heat — Hot, for a variety wanting tire heal. In tiavor, the only distinction is between those that are simply sweet, as the Chasselas or Hamburgs, and tho.se having a distinct musky aroma, as the Muscats. No. 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 18 14 15 IG 17 18 19 30 31 33 3.3 34 3.5 36 37 38 39 30 31 33 33 NAMES. Color. Fl.wor. Season. Vinery. Barbarossa Prince Albert, Brkola. Black Champion Black Damascus _ Black Frontignan Black Hamburg Black Prince _ Black July Bowood Muscat Buckland Sweetwater _ Calabrian Raisin _ Raisin de Cahibre. Cannon Hall Muscat Chasselas Musque, or Joslin's St. Albans. Muscat hlnnc Hatice ('?). Due de Magenta Early Silver Frontignan _ Golden Hamburg _ Stockwoud G. Hamburg. Golden Champion Grizzly Frontignan Red Frontignan, Red (JonMantiu. Gros Colman . Lady Downes' Seedling Muscat of Alexandria Mu.scat Hamburg Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat Queen of Nice . _ _ _ Red Chasselas ^ Ri>se Chasselas. Red Lombardy Rio Virgin - Royal Muscadine White Nice We.st St. Peter's Wilmot's Black Hamburg Dutch Hamburg. White Sweetwater ... Dutch Sicectirater, &c. AVhite Frontignan Wldte Ciiustnntia, Muscat blanc. Ziufindal Black. Black. Black. Black. Black. Black. Black. White. While. White. White. White. Black. White. White. Amber. Red & Yellow. Purple. Black. White, Black. Black. White. Red. Red. White. White. Black. Black. White. White. Black. Sweet. Sweet. Sweet. Muscat. Sweet. Sweet. Sweet. Muscat. Sweet. Sweet. Muscat. Muscat. Sweet. Muscat. Sweet. Sweet. Muscat. Sweet. Sweet. Muscat. Muscat. Muscat. Sweet. Sweet. Sweet. Sweet. Sweet. Sweet. Sweet. Muscat. Sweet. Very Late. Early. Late. Late. Medium. Medium. Early. iledium. Medium. Late. Late. Early. Early. Early. Late. Medium. Medium. Late. Very Late. Late. Medium. Late. Medium. Medium. Early. Late. Veiy Late. Medium. Early. Medium. Medium. Hot. Cold. Cold. Cold. Cold. Cold. Cold. Hot. Cold. Hot. Hot. Hot. Hot. Hot. Hot. Hot. Hot. Cold. Hot. Hot. Hot. Hot. Hot. Hot. Cold. Hot. Hot. Hot. Cold. Hot. Hot. XI. — NECTARINES. Explanation same as for Apricots. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. 1 • |,-NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42° o H »9 IB 1. 1. 1. 1. m. 1. » o r. 0. r, o. r. 0. r. r. 0. r. 0. i o o 0. r. 0. r. 0. r. o. r. 0. r. 0. r. < s < S o .2 § OS > '5 X •A 2 's a. S X a o n > 1 c 03 s 1 5 im C >H * « 1 .£ c O B •1 o i * * « » g a ■f. 1 9, Boston Do wnton V. g. V. g. F. F. F. F M. E. E. V. Am. F. Am. F. F. F. 3 4 Early Newington _ Early Violet -- 5 Elruge F I, 6 Stauwick _ P. L. ^^ 2^ — CATALOGUE OF FUUITS MULHE1{RIE^S, FIGS, POMEGRANATES, NECTAKINES. XXVll X. — MULBERRIESFIGS — POMEGRANATES. The follinviiiif list of nmlbeiTies. figs and pomegraiiiUes was prepared by Mr. P. .1. Bkuck.m.vns, of Georgia. In Cali- fornia and many sections of the Southern States, tlie fig and pomegranate are grown as readily as the apple in tJie Middle States. No. Names. Season. Color. Qdality. Size. 1 MULBERRIES. Hicks' Everbearing Downin"" Early. Early. Late. Medium. Medium. Medium. Early. Early. Early. Medium, Medium. Medium. Early. Black. Black. Black. Lilac. Bhick. Second. First. First. Third. First. •), S Persian BUicli 4 5 Johnson 1 FIGS. Alicante . . Medium. 2 3 4 Angelique _ _ Jauiie. Hiitive. Brunswiek . Maildii nil, Constantiiinple. Black Genoa . . Yellow. Violet. Blue. Blue. Brown. Pale Violet. Green. Second. Fir.st. First. First. Small. Very Large. iledium. 5 (i Black Iscliia _.- Brown Smyrna Medium. Medium. 1 Celestial First. First. Small. 8 Green Ischia Medium. (» 1I7((V(' Ixr/iia, Green Italian. Jaune llative (see Angelique) 10 Lemon . . . . . Early. Medium. Medium. Late. Medium. Meilium. IVIedivun. Late. Early to Late. Earlv. Early. Late. Late. Yellow. Violet. Violet. White. Purple. White. White. Brown. Brown. Reddish. Reddish. Violet. Red. First. First. Second. First. First. First. Good. Finst. First. First. Third. First. Second. Medium. 11 12 Violet, long _ Violet, round Large. Medium. 13 14 Nerii Pregussata . Small. Small. 15 White Marseilles Medium. Ifi White Genoa . Large. Medium. 17 Supertin de la Saussaye 18 Turkey , . . . . Large. Large. Very Large. Very Large. Small. 1 Broirn Turkejj. POMEGRANATES. Sweet . ■?. Acid .. 3 Violet 4 Dwarf Mulberries— No. 1 Bears :S months. No. 3 Best. No. 3 Very tart. XI. — NECTARINES. E.\planation same as for Apricots. and 49". II -CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and 42°. | 111,-SOUTH. DIV.-B. 38" and 35°- K a a s 1 2 3 4 5 6 g a a f^ -- o 5 o s 6 a q O 1 i f 3 ■-J 21 d 1 * "3 > a 3 6 a 2; .2 O 3 '■B 1— ( * « '5 t > 1 a o i4 a X 'S o o % » a, 2; •a Q __ C3 .3 'c S 1 6 o 1- 3 S < o fa 2 1 Eh s ■5 c ca .a <5 t/j 3 S OS d o s: < XXVIU CATALOGUE OF FRUITS ORANGES, LEMONS AND PEACHES. XII — ORANGES AND LEMONS. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. 1 l.-NORTHERN DIVISION-Between 42° 1 s s o o o i5 5 o .2 o c > o 12; C 0) .s 5 1 an 1 X 2; i 1 c V ■a c 1 o c c o O 5 d 1 c 1 1 Brazilian 0 Louisiana Creole 3 4 Florida Lemon f) XIII. -PEACHES. The columns explain; Size — 1., largo; m., medium; s., small. Class — F., freestone; C. Clingstone. Color — relative to the flesh, w., white or pale colored; y., yellow or yellowi-sh; g., greenish white, red at stone. Quality — j. v., juicy, vinous; m. j. r., melting, .iuicy, rich; s. j., sweet and juicy; s. j. h., sweet, juicy and high flavored. Glands — s., serrated, without glands; g. , glands globose; r. , glands reniform. Season — the Season of maturity, as Early, Medium or Late; those designated as Early, ripen in lat. 43 deg. previous to or about Sept. 1st; Medium, those ripening from 1st to l.ith of Sept., and Late those after that period; a few of the Very Early and Very Late are so designated — E., early; M., medium; L., late; V. E., very early; V. L., very late. Origin— Am., American; P., Foreign. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. 1 1. -NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42° p 1 g o o > < i OQ < m ! 3 S c 03 '% O 32 > o S c5 c "S a B s s > 1 i # ■d 1 >— < as •a c K * u c o o * * * * d 5 1 c CS "3 __ * d C i 1 Allen's October L. V. E. M. E. V. E. L. L. E. L. M. M. E. V. E. M. M. V. E. M. Am. Am. P. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. P. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. 9, Alexander m. 1. 1. m. 1. 1. m. 1. 1. m. 1. m. 1. 1. m. 1. p. p. p. F. C. P. P. P. P. P. C. P. C. c. p. p. w. w. w. w. w. w. y- y- g- y- y- w. y-g- g- w. y- s. j. m.j.v m.j.r s. 'j. j- V. j. m. j- V. jv- s. j. i- m. j- r- j-v. m.j.r .i- V. g- g- r. g- r. r. g- g- r. r. r. r. g- r. ;^ 4 ,5 Amelia - - Amsden's June . _ . . . -- 6 Austin's Late Red -- K B.arnard q 10 11 Bergen's Yellow 13 18 Bordeaux -■ 14 Catharine If) Chinese Cling ... .. IG 17 Cole's Early Red Columbia . - -- 1H Con's Clin"" 14 Coolidge's Favorite 1. m. 1. 1. 1. m. 1. 1. 1. p. p. c. p. F. F. c. P. c. w. w. w. V. y- w. y- '^■ g- y. s.j.h. m.j.v m. j. ]. V. J. V. s. jl-. m.j.r m. j. g- g- g- r. g- g- M. L. M. M. L. L. L. V. L. E. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. -- -■ " -- -- ** ** » * ** « ** * * « #* * flO Cook's Late White . .. .... 21 23 !^3 Counts Crawford's Early Crawfoi'd's Late .. -- 9A Crockett's Late White . S5 Deniing's Orange . . . . 9Ct Dciiiinr/s Sept. Druid Hill 27 Duff Yellow .. 4 This originated in South Carolina, and ditTers from the Missoui-i Amelia. 25 Resembles Lemon Cling. 1.5 Berckmans thinks it is same as Sbangbae. CATALOGUK OF FRUITS — ORANGES, LEMONS AND PEACHES. XXIX XI I. -ORANGES AND LEMONS. and 49". 11,-CENTRAL DIVISION-Between a5° and 42°. lll.-SOUTH, DlV-b.SS-and aH". » a p 25 1 2 3 4 5 O X 0) c c -- o Q a n a o d -- § p* O g > t c 03 Ph 5? 1 1 '5 > S o ,2 5 '3 > C a; i a c EC "S ^ o I C3 !z5 a O 5 oi -a a > 1^ -- 03 1 cj o 1 C3 '?'■ C o OS B 03 C * * * * o E- •5 c '5= 'x X » * e3 C .3 *x o « » * oi C3 6 o s o N XIII. — PEACHES, The columns e.xplaiii: Size — 1., large; m., modium; s., small. Class — F., freestone; C. cliugstoue. Color — relative to the flesh, w., white or pale colored; y., yellow or yellowish; g., greenish white, red at stone. Quality — j. v., juicy, vinous; m. j. r., melting, juicy, rich; s. j., sweet and juicy; s. j. h., sweet, juicy and high flavored. Glands — s. , serrated, without glands; g. , glands globose; r. , glands reniform. Season — the Season of maturity, as Early, Medium or Late; those designated as Early, ripen in lat. 43 deg. previous to or about Sept. 1st; Medium, those ripening from 1st to 15th of Sept., and Late, those after that period; a few of the Very Early and Very Late are so designated — E., early; m., medium; L., late; V. E., very early; V. L., very late. Origin — Am., American; F., foreign. and 49°. ll.-CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 3o° and 42°. III.-SOUTH DIV. -b. 28° & 35° i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 2.5 26 27 B o X a i o a oS c o __ bb a 1 >> 6 ■3 -a 1— < d 0 a X OS __ 1 be 0 * "a > c a P-i * * * 2 1-5 & OJ * * » * * OS _£S *aj G ** ** 0 0 p >> 3 *# * * * a » ** .0 "o ;.. 03 Q 0 * * ** * * * 0 __ * * » * ** ** * a CS -a a » * ** ** * 'E X * .a 0 0 * #* # ** * * a; a a # ** * X * * * * * * 0 1— t * D i -- * * s CO 2 .0 CJ * w 03 X a OS * «# * d 1 0 0 « * * ■a > CJ 'a [3 -- «« ** * ** * ce a 1 0 02 #« » * «« ** «* ** ** * 03 0 ** *# * ** * * * a *« ** ** «* 0 0 ■£ CJ a .S ■5 a -- X 03 X a 03 « ** » * * *« p. 1 X * * * » s a .2 '."■ "5 * * * * ** * X X CJ E- * « ** * * * d CJ *x CJ CJ g XXX CATALOGUE OF FRUITS PEACHES. a 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 5(i 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 91) 91 NAMES. Early Albert Early Admirable . Early Beatrice ... . Early Gro.sse Migtionne. Early Louise _ . Early Newiugton Free . Early Rivers Early Tillotson __. Early York Eatou's Golden Fie wellen Poster George the Fourth Grosse Mignonne Roy ">> C Q « * * * * * * * ** # « * « ■Ji * # * * *« * * * * ** * * ** « « * as S o t« 03 O 5 *» * *» * ** « * * * * * » * -- __ * » * d 5 "f >■ * # * * ** # * ** * * * "f ** of c * » *« *» * * * * * »* * * * .2 > -- ** « ** ** ** «* *» ** a o 3 «# *« ** * ** ** * *# * ** * * « * « ** ** ** ** * ** * * ** «* «* '5 * » «» * -- * t ** * ** * c 1— f 3 o * » » » « « * » » * * * 03 g « *# * «* C =3 ** * o ■a 03 o * * # » » * -c > 03* "S ;-< O ii * * «* #* -- * * * -- ** 03 S "5 « o c 'Ij. ** ** ** «* # « «* ** #* * ** ;; «* ** # *« ** * «# *# * * * A CD «-« * ** * *« « * #* #* «* * ** *« * * 03* 2 < «* »* ** «# ** ** * ** ** "t o 1 __ 'X « « » * «* »« * * * * * * » * ** * «* * * 1 * * * » * « « « ** ** ** * *# ** * * * £ 'x * * ** * * * * * * •J. * « # « ** * * ** * * •X* * * * d OS c o N < -- xxxu CATALOGUE OF FKUITS PEACHES PEARS. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. I.-NORTH, DIVISION-Between 4-2 P Si < o o o o < a Q < d5 < Tj 3 o 1 > O c p pq □ "5 a. S X s B > 1 3 "3 i .- ■6 t— 1 a ■c o .a K « * 3 a 1 s o S ?« 1 * * 5 C OS ic _o * ** * a . o t)9, m. 1. m. m. 1. 1. m. F. F. F. F. F. C. F. y. W. y. w. y- y- w. m j. s.j.h. s.j.h. ni. j. s.j.v j- V. s. j. V. g- g- r. g- r. g- M. L. M. M. I E. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Ofi Stump the W odd 04 ')5 96 Susquehanna - - -- t7 98 Troth's Early 99 inn Van ZancU's Superb m. 1. m. s. m. m. 1. 1. F. P. C. F. F. F. F. F. w. w. y- !•• w. r. w. y- y- y- m.j.r. r.j.s. m. j. m.j. m.J.r. s. j. j- V. s. j. g- r. r. g- g- g- g- M. L. L. V. E. E. E. E. V. E. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. 1 ' " -- -- -- * * -- V * * « * * * * ini Ward's Late Free 10'' Washington Cling ma in-i White Imperial 105 Yellow Alberge 10(i 107 Yellow St. John HeitiCx Flulev^s St. John. XI v. — PEARS. The columns explain as follows: Size — s., small; 1.. large; ni., medium. P\)KM — p., pj'rit'orm; r. o. p., roundish obtuse pyriform; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform; ob. p., obtuse pyriform; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse pyriform; r., round- ish; r. ob., roundish obtuse. Color — y. g., j-ellow or yellowish green with a red or russetred cheek; y. r. , yellow and russet; y., when mostly yellow or yellowish. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — F., valuable familj' dessert; K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market. Season — S., summer; L. S., late summer; A., autumn; E. A., early autumn; L. A., late autumn; W., winter. Origin — En., English; Am., American; F., French; Fl., Flem- ish; B., Belgium; H., Holland. • DESCRIPTION. I,-N0RTH, DIVISION-Between 42° (S ^ QO ■d i S p n NAMES. » S K i < u i CO 5 o o ca > c a. a a K c o S X CD a, la »— ( O 3 c o _d 3 1 a a o o o u CO K aj a> O) ^ n a ^ OD fe o & D o fs a t^ t K' S -y O Iz, O l^- 1 Abbott m ob. p. p. y. 1'. y-g- y-g- V. V. g. F. E. A. Am. 0, Ananas d'Ete -. .. - 1, v. g. P.M. E. A. H. s 1 P- ob.o.p. r. a. p. V. g. V. g. F. E. A. Am. t t * 4 Bartlett 1 F M L S F,n. ** # ** .1 Baron ne de niello _ m. y- >■• V. e. IF. M. E. A. B. _. _". ■K- _, 6 Belle Lucrative in. r. 0. p. V-g- b. 1 F. E. A. PI. ## * * « »» * ** * * __ Fondante d'Automne. 7 Belle Epine Dumas Due de Bordeau.r. m. r. 0. p. y- v-g. F. L. A. -- -- -- -- -- * -- -- * -- t -- 8 Bergen idand. 1. p. y. r. y-g- g- P.M. E. A. Am. -■ -- -- -- -~ -- -- -- -- -- 9 Beurre Bosc _ . 1 P- P- ob. p. r. 0. p. y-i-- y-i'- y-g- y- g- b. F M L A H t # ** * « 10 Beurre Clairgeau 1 ff. M T, A F. n Beurre d' Anion 1 V- g- g- M F T, A F t ** 12 Beurre d' Amanlis 1. M. E. A. B. # * * * 13 Beurre de Brignais Den Nciinen. m. r. ob. y- V- g- J"'. E. A. -- -- -- * -- -- * -- -- -- 14 Beurre Diel 1. ro.b. p. y- 1"- V- g- P. M. L. A. B. * ._ # .. •w- « «< # 15 Beurre Giffard ___ m. p. y- g- V. g. F.M. S. P. * * * * *# * ** «> * 16 Beurre Goubault . m. ob. r. g- y- g- F. L. S. b\ * _. 17 Beurre Hardy 1. ob. p. y-g- V. g. P. M..E. A. .... t —7-7 B Not profitable for market. OATALOUUK OF FRUITS PEACHES PEARS. XXXUl and 49". II -CENTRAL DIVtSION-Between a?" and 43°. lll.-SOUTH. DIV.-B. 38° and 35». PS m a s z; 93 93 94 95 90 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 C3 O C Q 03 a 33 3 a 1 9 ■c d a to a 1 a o on O "■ -- .2 '3 a > t s a; PL, «« * * * # 1 CD ■-5 > » * * 3 _a Q * * Q S « * * « * 03 '3 > __ ** "" * * a 1 O S Zi * » * # 3 ** * * * * ** « o a * * 2 '3 ■pi) t/i #» ** 1 # ** ** *# ** ai a c 0) e * ** 'o a 1—4 * ** * * * o ** 5 * # C3 03 .3 a; * § * 2 _o "o O -- * C3 T3 C3 > z s '5 a 1 ** * * #« * c 1 .a 3 .i *» *» ** 1- 1 *« «* * « ** OS s 03 < «* » 03 C 1 a '■5 a « 03 VJ a __ * ** ** '5. 1 * * * * « * «* O * « « * # «* o: o *» « ** * * d o z o "■ "' -- -- XI v. — PEARS, The columns explain as follows: Size— s., small; 1., large; m., medium. Pobm— p., pyriform; r. o. p.. roundish obtuse pyriform; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform; ob. p., obtuse pyriform; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse pyriform; r.. round, ish; r. ob., roundish obtuse. Color— y. g., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet-red cheek; y. r., yellow and russet; y., -when mostly yellow or yellowish. Qu.\lity — g.,good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — F., valuable family dessert; K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market. Se.\son — S., summer; L. S., late summer; A., autumn: E. A., early autumn; L. A., late autumn; W., winter. Origin— En., English; Am., American; F., French; Fl., Flem- ish; B., Belgium; II., Holland. and 49'. ll.-CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and 42°. lll.-SOUTH. DIV.-Bet.28°anda'5°. i o Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 S % a d o .a a O 03 a a o a 'i 5 d 3 a o to •S "x n o O »* o3 1 > ■fin 1 * * * » * s i- Z * * «* ** * 03 « * * * * » a >. * ** ** * * * .2 * * ** * * « 33 _g 1 .a t^ o Z * * * * * * 2 2 4f* ** * * * .2 "a ■p3 X ** o « * * i w s ** ** * * 2S 'o -S t « ** * # > ** * * * a o X' * * * * * z ** « ** * ** 1 ** ** * 6 O o * * * « OS' % > z .2 '3 1 Q ** « ** # *■ ** a o S as ** ** *» ** * o' * -»■ ** ** ** * * 2 a 03 ** ** a ■r- s fin * o "1 '§ ►^ __ __ OS X s < « "S. "x 1 ** * * * a 03 'x *3 o * * 03 X «* ** » »* «« d o z 03 a o < XXXIV CATALOaUE OF FRUITS — PEARS. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. 1 -NORTH, DIVISION.- -between 42° p a 0 1 o < B 1 i i xn g 2 S o F. P. P. Am. F. Am. B. En. Am. P. P. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. P. B. "p." B. P. F. P. B. Am. B. B. Am. Am. Am. Am. P. Am. F. B. Am. Am. P. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. F. P. B. P. B." Am. Am. Am. B. B. 03 "i OQ > o 't * # t * * '5 * » «* # ■»■ ** * * # * * * X 6 E * * * ** t ** * * 1 > * * * * » ** * #* # ■J. J. ■J. * «* * * # « * * * « «* * ** t * * * « « » * * » ■K* * » * o K * * * * * * «* ** * *» * « * « * c * t » * __ -- '■ -- «# » -- __ it * * * * * » * ** * * «* * ** ** t » * * « * » # *« » * * * # c O * * * * * ** * * *» # 5 * * * * It * t * » « »* * ** « * « « » * » » 'x c o 18 19 20 Beurre Langelier - _ Beurre Piecose Beurre Supcrfin m. m. m. m. m. in. I. 1. m. m. 1. m. 1. 1. 1. s. s. 1. ob. p. ob p. r. p. r. ob. p. r. ob. ob. p. ob. p. r. 0. p. ob. p. r. a. p. ob. V. ob.o.p r. 0. p. ob. p. r.ob.p. r p. ob. p. y.r. y-r- y- >■■ y- ''• y- !'• y-g- y- 1'- y- 1'- y- g- y-r. y- y- y-g- y- y- g- y-g- y- y- g- V. g. v.g. V. g. v-g- g- v-g- g- g- v-g- g- \'- v-g- b. F. M. F. M. F. F. F. F.M. F.M. F.M. AL F. M. K.M. F.M. F.M. M.K. F. M. P. F. F.M. W. s. A. S. L. S. S. A. A. E. A. W. "W. S. s. w. L. A. W. S. L. A. -- 21 22 23 24 Bloodgood -- Bonne de Puits Ansault Brandywine -- 2f) British Queen 2r. Buffum 27 Caen de France-. - 28 Catiline . ■ - 29 30 31 32 83 34 35 Chambers .. _ Clapp's Favorite _ Columbia Dallas - Dana's Hovey Dearborn's Seedling Dix - - t 36 Dr. Bacbman (local) 37 Doctor Reeder s. m. 1. m. 1. s. L m. 1. 1. m. 1. 1. s. m. s. m. 1. 1. m. m. m. 1. m. 1. m. m. m. m. s. 1. in. m. m. 1. m. 1. 1. m. s. 1. 1. ni. m. 1. 1. r. 0. p. r. ob. r. 0. p. r. p. r. o. p. r. 0. p ob.o,p r. p. y. r. r.ob.p. ob. p. ob. p. r.ob.p. ob. p. r.ob.p. r. ob. P- ob. p. ob. p. r. ob.o.p r. 0. p. r. ob.p. r. oi). r. p. r.a.p. r. ob. r.ob.p. r. ob. ob. p. r. ob. r. ob. r. 0. p. ob. p. P- ob.o.p r. a. p. r. o. p. ob. p. P- ob. p. r. ob. r. 0. p. ob. p. P- y. r. y- g- y-r- y-r- y-g- y-g- y- y-r. y-g- y-r- y-r- y- 1'- y-g- y-r- y- y-i'. y- y- y- g- y-i'- y- >'. y- g- y- 1- y- yg- y- r- y- 1'. y-r. y. y- y- r. y- y- r. y- g- y- g- y- r. y- r. y- r. y- r- y- r- y-g- y- r. y- r. y- y. b. V. g. V. g. V. g. V. g- g- g- V- g- '^- g- b. V- h. V. g. v.g. g- V- g- V. g- V- g- g- V. g. V. g. V- g- V. g. V. g. g- g- v.g. g- V- g- V. g. V. g, V. g. V- g- V- g- V. g. ^- g- V. g. g- V. g. g- g- F. F. P.M. F.M. F.M. P. P.M. M. F.M P. F. P. F.M. P.M. F.M. P. P. P.M. F.M. P. P. P. M. F.M. P.M. P.M. F.jVL P. M. P.M. P. M. M. F.M. P. M. P.M. P. P.M. P. F. P. P.M. P.M. P.M. M. M. L. A. E. A. E. A. ■w. L. A. S. A. W. E. A. W. E. A. L. A. E. A. E. A. E. A. A. E. A. ^A^- L. A. E. A. E. A. E. A. S. E. A. A. W. W. w. s. E. A. E. A. A. W. E. A. S. E. A. A. L. S. S. A. W. A. L. A. A. L. A. 38 39 40 41 42" 43 44 Doyenne Bou-ssock.. Doyenne d'Alencon _ _ _ Doyenne du Cornice Doyenne d'Kte. . . .' _ Duchesse d'Augouleme * 45 46 47 Duchesse Precoce _ Easter Beurre 48 Emile d'Heyst - - 49 50 Flemish Beauty Foster's Seckel -.- ** 51 52 53 54 Frederick Clapp - - Fulton - Golden Beurre of Bilboa Glout Morceau - .- -- 55 Goodale . . 56 Gray Doyenne -. 57 58 59 Harris ."_ Helen Gregoire Henkel -- 60 61 62 63 64 Hosenschenck Moore's Pound. Howell - Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee . - Jaminette -- 65 66 67 Josephine de Malines Julienne Kingsessing -- 68 69 70 71 73 Kirtland _. Knight's Knii/lifs Seediinf/. Lawrence Louise Bonne de Jersey JIadelcine * 73 74 75 76 JIadanie Andre Leroy Madame Eliza Madame Treyve : ^lannini^'s Elizabeth ;; 77 78 79 80 81 82 Marie Louise McLausrhlin Merriam Mount Vernon Napoleon . _ Nouveau Poiteau -- 3" Delicious, but loo small to meet the pi-esent 6.5 The finest late winter inelthig-pear.where 72 Some sa.v lialile to lilight. market wants. it succeeds. 77 A caijital near, but unrclial)Ie. TiH Fails in Eastern states. 7(1 A hardy tree; valuable. 7S Hardy and promising. ti3 An old variety; veryhealthy and productive. 71 Very productive and profitable. 79 Valuable tor market. CATALOGUE OF FKUITti PEARS. XXXV nnd 49° | ll.-CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and 42" | lll-SOUTH. DIV.-Bet. 28° and 35°. P5 I^ U ^ 18 19 30 21 23 23 24 25 20 27 28 39 30 31 33 33 34 35 86 87 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 73 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 3J O « o s a £ O >> 6 "3 •a a o bn c f. * a bij 5 * * ** * * » » .2 > c 1 * * * t * » * t * * * T * * * * * * * * * «* "t * t a "T — ' * * »* * ** t * » * 3 ■^ a * * * * * * * * 6 ■a 3 &• »* »* » # * » * * * * * ** ** * * ** * * «» ** «* * * » * ** « «* * * •A '3 » * ** ** ** * *» * * « * * 1 o .a o d 5 * * * * * t * * » "t »* * * * ** 4f * « * * « * «* ** * * * * « "t * * * * » ** * * * * * * C3 3 > o * « * * ** t c * * * * ,^ * * * ** ** ** * 'o * * 1 * « * "f «* » » t * * » * * * * ** * ** * *« * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * « #« * t »* * ** » ** *« * ** * ■7^ 03 'A * « * « Y * » ** # * * * 6 S 3 * « * * * « * > i 5 o ^-1 O # * « * * 't * * * * ** «* * * * * "t * * 1 O 3 o CC * ** * * » ** *» » «* « ** * * * T'-' 5 O * ** * * * * *» * « ** * * «* * * » « * * < ** * ** 3 c b O *— < X * * * * 'p. "7 X * * * -- * » * * * =3 * * »# * * X >^ * ** ** ** 6 V. c 3 S O »< -- 46 Requires very hig^h cultivation. 52 A hardy, productive tree. .54 Unreliable at the North. XXXVl CATALOGUE OF FEUITS PEARS. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. 1. -NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42- PS m 0 o t2 < 5 a o Am. Am. Am. B. B. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. B. F. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. B. F. B. Am. Am. B. F. Am. F. Am. B. Am. B. 1 GO > o » + * Y 1 c ;5 c 1 * * t E S: ** t ** * * * * s g > * * * * * * * * * « en cc * » * » * * ** ** ** # » * » * * » S " o ■c o « » ■» * ** * ** «* ** ■» * * * 3 o zt c c o » * * * ** * * o > » * * « * * * ** T * * * * ** * * .2 'C O « » * * * * * * # * » * * » * * * * * » * * c i 88 Onondaga 1. s. s. 1. 1. m. s. 1. m. 1. s. m. m. 1. s. ob. p. r. p. r. r. a. p. r. 0. p. ob. p. r. ob. P- ob. p. ob. p. P- r. ob. P- r. p. r. r. p.y.r. r. r. r. p. ob.o.p. ob. p. r. a. p. r. P- P- ob.o.p. ob. p. r. ob. p. ob. p. P- y- g- y-g- y- !•• y- y: g- y- g- y- y. r. y- r. y- g- y- g- y- y- g- y- g- y-g- y- g- y- g- y- y- g- y- 1- y- g- y- g- g.rus y- g- y. y- y- g- y. r. y- 1'- y- ■■- o- o- V- g- '*'■ g- g- V- g. g- b. g- g- g- g- b. -^^ g- g- f. V- g- V. g. V. g. V. g, V. g. Y- poor. ^- g- g- \'- g- g- f; or F.M. F. F. F. M. F. KM. M. F.M. F. F.M. F. M. F.M. F.M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F.M. F. F. F.M. F. F.M. K.M. F.M. F.M. F. M. P.M. P.M. M. L. A. S. s. E. A. W. S. s. w. E. A. W. s. A. E. A. A. A. A. S. E. A. E. A. S. L. S. A. S. S. A. W. E. A. A. E. A. L. A. W. W. S. 84 85 Swan'K Orange. Osband's Summer _ . Ott _ * 86 87 88 89 Paradis d'Automne.. Passe Colmar Petit Marguerite _ Pinueo or Boston -- 90 01 Pound Belle Amjeviiu, Winter BelU, Uredale's St. Germain. Pratt -- 92 Reading 93 Rostiezer . _ . _ _ 94 Rutter. 95 St. Ghislain 96 97 St. Michael Archangel Seclvel -- 98 Sheldon m. 1. m. 1. m. m. 1. m. m. m. 1. m. m. s. 1. 1. m. 1. * 99 100 Souvenir du Congres Sterling ... 101 Stevens' Genesee 102 103 104 Supreme de Quimper Therese Appert Triomphe de .Todoigne 105 Tyson.. . 106 Upper Crust (local) 107 108 Vicar of Winkfield 109 110 111 Le Cure. Washington White Doj-euue Virgalieu. Wilbur * 112 Willermoz... 113 114 115 Winter Jonah Winter Nelis Su?nmer Bell. » 83 The more known the more esteemed. XV. — PLUMS The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — r., roundish; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval; o. ob., oval obovate, Color — p., purplish or very dark; r., reddish or copper color; y.. j'ellow; g. y., greenish yellow; y. r., yellowisli with shades or spots of red. Qu.\lity — g., good; v. g., ver}- good; b.. best. Use — F., famil}'; M., market. Se.wox — E., early; M.. medium; L., late. Okigix — Am., American; P., foreign. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. I.-NORTHERN DIVISION-Between 42° 1 ■A N § 5 o Eh ■< O t3 1 GO 3 ' S c $ o o '5 B s 0 a; 1 Q. E 1 > * * X 1 a ■a c en 0) ■5 « _5 0 0 J5 0 Z ** * « c n * c * « a B i 1 Admiral 2 3 4 5 6 Bavay's Green Gage lieine Clan fie de Batay. Belgian Purple Bleeker's Gage Blue Inii)erairice Boddart's Green Gage 1. 1. m. m. 1. 1. T. r. 0. r. 0. o.ob. r. o.ob. g-y- g-y- y. ip- g- r. r. p. b. V- g. V- g- V. g- v.g- g- F. F.M. F.M. F. M. F.M. M. L. M. M. L. M. M. F. F. Am. F. F. Am.? « * « * # -- 7 8 Brad.shaw Brill 9 Bryanstone Gage , m. 0. y-i-- V. g. F. L. P. ' .. .. .. _. ._ t ._ t .. .. CATALOGUE OF FltUITS — PEAKS. XXXVll and 49". | II -CENTRAL DIVISION-Between SS" and 42°. III -SOUTH. DIV.-Bet. 28" and SS". B a 2i 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 113 114 115 o Hi e a '" -- -- o Q -- a a S Ml o 6 ■a d o to a '2 X * * * S to O * * * .3 1 s Oh * # * # * * « * « * #» * » * aj * *» » *» # aj 3 Q * « * d c _C3 >i 5 * * * * «* »« * ** * * » > « * * * * * * » # 33 C g o c z; 6 O * * * * * * t * * * * * * * «» 03 C C3 a * -- * * * ** * * * * *• * * * "3 "So >■ 1 t «« »« "" ** * V »* ** * -- ** ** * #* '" * aj aj c * * * #* * X * » * * * o " ■K- * * * -- *>- 3 O X X * * * -- "' -■ « «* * * * 33 X 03 T « _ * # ** » * * * X 5 * * ** ** » d ■a ... ** 33 > aj '5 1 O * * * »* * * a "3 S o ** 4& 'pi 5 a/ * * * « * * * e 3 S * * o o •H a 33 * * ■5. a. *x 1 * * * * * * * '5 G 1-5 * *" X 03 * c z; 33 c 0 <1 99 One of the largest and most beautiful melting' pears: very proniisinff. 105 A hardy tree. 110 (Ine of the best, bnt variable in tlie Eastern and Middle States. 114 Of rare excellence ; requires ag:e ere profitable. 11.5 Of poor quality, but i>rofitable for market. XV PLUMS. The columns explain : Size — 1.. large; ni., rawliuiii; s., small. Fokm — r., roundish; o.,oval; r. o., roundish oval; o. o1_>., oval obovate. Color — p.. purplish or very dark; r, , reddish or copper color; y. , yellow; g. 3'., greenish yellow; y. r., yellowish with shades or spots of red. Quality — g. , good; v. g., very good; b. , best. Use — F. , family; M., market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — Am., American; P., Foreign. and 49". II -CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and 42". lll.-SOUTH. DIV.-b.28°and35-'. z; 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 i 0 S a a 33 0 33 a a 0 ^a 0 6 a h "7. 1 0 » *« .2 'a 33 > x' a aj Ph » 5? ■-5 * a 03 "p. 5 'a c3' a 1 03 S z; d 0 » * 33 a a c * 'a > "x 5 X a- "c 1— 1 * * * § to 3 g HI Z; X 33 to C3 d 1 0 .a' 03 * 33 a; Z; 03 *a .o 0 * 03 _a g 3 0 3 S 03 'bh 0 aj * » 03 0 a X OS a 's. _£. "x *(» 1 » 33' a 1 « 0; 03 X a; d o '« a; Zl 03 c 0 XXXVUl CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. PLUMS. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. 1 1, -NORTH DIVISION-Between 24° 5 a Si 1 s p < u CO 1 < m S o .2 o OQ OS > * * * * ** a, ■A C * * 13 % S g * * * # » ■J. ■f. ~^ * * CO c 3 E o ** «« o « * » * * * * ** O * * * .1 # t # * * * .5 C o 10 11 m. s. m. 1. 1. m. m. s. m. m. 1. m. s. 1. m. s. 1. 1. s. 0. r. r. 0. r. 0. r. o. 0. r. r. r. o. r. 0. r. 0. 0. 0. r. 0. r. r. y- 1-- p- y- !■■ p- p- r. P- y- !•• p- g-y- p- y- r.p. P- P- P- g-y- g-y- g- g- V. g. V- g- g- g- g- g- V. g. V. g. g- g- g- g- g- g- P.M. M. F. M. P.M. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F.M. M. F. F. M. P. F.M. F.M. P. M. F. V. L. L. L. L. M. M. M. L. E. E. M. M. E. E. E. M. M. M. M. Am. Am. F. F. Am. P. F. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. P. Am. P. Eug P. Am. F. 12 Coe's Lsitf Red - 13 14 15 CoDDer -.- . -- 16 17 Cruger's Scarlet -- 18 L)e C;u'ii(icuc 19 De Monlfort 20 Deiiiiistoii's Superb 21 Domiue Dull -- 22 23 Drap d'oi- Dujine's Purple -- 24 25 Early Favorite Elfry -- 26 German Prime 27 General Hand 28 29 30 m. 1. m. r. r. 0. 0. r. g-y- g-y- ff-y- y- V. g. g- b. g- F.M. P. M. F. M. P. E. M. M. E. Am. Am. Am. P. « * -- * * * » ** » ** * * * * 31 32 33 Huliui^'s Superb , -- Imperial Gage # 34 35 36 Italian Prune Fellenhury. m. 1. m. m. 1. m. m. I. m. m. m. 1. m. 1. 1. 1. 1. m. m. m. m. m. m. 1. m. 1. m. s. 1. m. m. 1. 0. 0. r. r. 0. r. r. 0. r. ob. obi. 0. 0. r. V. r. 0. r. 0. 0. o. 0. r. r. ob. r. 0. 1-. r, r. r. 0. (). 0. ob. 0. r. 0. p- y- '■• y-r- p- g-y- r. p. r. y- 1"- r. g- y- r. r. g. !■. g-y- p- y- !■- p- y- p- P-: p- g-y- p- p- p. r. Y. P- r. p. g- y- g- y- y- ''■ g- b. V- g- g- b. g- g- b. g- g- g- g- g- V. g- g- g- V. g. V. g. b. Y- V. g. g- g- V. g. g- rr &• g- V. g. V- g- g- g- F.M. F.M. P. P. F.M. M. F. F.M. F.M. M. F.M. P. F. P.M. M. M. F.M. F.M. P. P. M. P. M. P.M. P.M. M. F.M. M. P. P. M. P. M. M. M. M. M. M. E. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. E. M. M. M. E. M. M. E. M. M. E. M. M. M. E E. M. L. M. L. L. M. P. Am. P. P. Am. Am, F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. P. P. P. F. P. Am. P. Am. Am. Am. Am. P. P. Am. Eng Am. P. F. F. * * * * * * -- * * « ■k * ■* *« * » * « » t * * * « * * « * # ** ** ** «* * ** * * ** «* * * * « # # * 4e- * * * * * * * * * * « * * * if -- 37 38 July Green Gage _ -- 39 40 Lombard -- ^ 41 42 Long Scarlet - 8c(irlet Gage. McLaugblin - -- - 43 44 Miner - # 45 Newman - .. 46 .. 47 Orleans 48 49 50 Red Dammk. Oulin's Goldeu Gage - - Peach - - -- 51 Fo)ithill. Prince Engelbert 52 .. 53 54 Prune d'Agen. -. Purple Gage . - - 55 56 Purple Favorite -- 57 58 59 60 Quackenbo.ss .- Royale Ilative - 61 Schenectady Cathariue 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Shropshire Damson Smith's Orleans St. Catharine ._. St. Martin's Quetsche Sharp's Emperor, Victoria -- Transparent Gage Wan""unlieuu _ m. m. 1. s. 1. r. ob. 0. r. o. 0. 0. g- y- p- g- y- y- 1-- y. V- g- g- V- g- g- g- F. M. F.M. M. F.M. M. M. M. M. M. F. F. Am. Am. * ** -• * -- # * -- -- * * T -- 70 71 Washington Wild Goose -- 72 Yellow Egg, White Magnum Bonum » CATALOGUE OF FKUITS PLUMS. XXXIX and 49° II. -CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between 35° and 42° III -SOUTH. DIV.-b. 28° and 35° p Izi 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 33 34 35 36 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 53 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 1 c a * -- * O Q __ -- 1 S -- .H 6 s _. __ s bo _a * * * * * * a o be O * * * ** * « ** * * ** «* ** _*_ a "?> X c 1 * « * * ** * ** * t ** * * 3? X # * * __ * » * >^ 5 * » » * :l >• * -- * OS a o O 3 -- "" -- o 5 -- * * * * ■X- # « .. » -X- * 2 C3 C * * * * * ■if g 'c '5j * ** ** »* ** ** -- ** it o 3 .. ** * -- qj aj * * -- __ * __ *» '5 * * * * __ * * * * * * * * * * « * i c * * * * * * * s a? X * * * * * -- * * ** ** * # * c: X * -- "" "" -- o ■a 5 * * * * « * * ca ■a > oi 'S o "a O ** *» * * * ** * ** ** a g O c * * * * * * * 03 5j 5 u ** * * * « * ** » 4f-* C5 a < * # * -- * * * c -- __ v.. < * « -- __ « * 1 * «- -- ■X- ** * * * Mi cs >^ * * « 6 o 1 QJ -- C3 O < xl CATALOGUE OF FRUITS QUINCES AND KASPBERKIES. XVI. — QUINCES. The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; v. 1., veiyiiirge. Form — ob. p., oblate pjTiiorm; r., roundish; r. ob. p., roundish obtuse pyriform. Color — y. , yellowish or yellowish green. Quality — t. , tender; h, t., half tender. Use — K., kitchen; M., market. Season — E., Early; E. to L., early to late. Origin — Am., American; F., Foreign. DESCRIPTION. I.-NORTH. D(VISION,-Betweeii 42» t ,n Tl K rrl ■^ ■SI C a NAMES. s 3 t 3 < ^ i 3 '.3 O U OD > 3 a O. s c a 1 1— ( ID C "■2 o 1 _c a .1 'S 0 o o A u « 0) ■Jj i. J a; a ^ m w o * K o ^ * O * 1 Angers _ --. .-- v.l. ob. p. y- t. M.K. E.toL. F. 2 Apple or Orange . 1 r. y- y- V. h t M K E.toL. # * * # * * « « * a Chinese V 1 ob. ob. p. h. t. t. K. M.K. L. E. P. F. -- -- 4 Portugal v.l. 5 Rea's Seedling _ _ 1. r.ob p. y. h. t. M.K. E. Am. -- -- -- -- -■ *«. * -- 3 Large and valuable in the South, in strong soils. XVII. — RASPBERRIES. The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Fou.M — r., roundish; r. c, roundish conical; c, conical; ob. c, obtuse conical. Color— b., black; r., reddi.sh; p., purplish; y., yellow. Quality— g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — M. , most profitable for market ; F. M., of value for family and market; F., mostly valued for the family dessert. Season— E., early; L., late; M., medium. Origin— Am., American; F., foreign. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. 1 I.-NORTH, DIVISION-Between 42° K m m .3 it u H 1 p. 1 '6 3 M d H si s ■< ■J 1 3 Si > 2 6 c 0 1 a; 0 C S P 0 0 P m w a. 0 a; CJ 2 C3 — 0 c C3 -^ ^ 05 r. 0 b. O* P m 0 2; 1^ I^ :? > 'M Pi 0 ^2; 0 s 1 Aniorionii BUick S. S- M. M. Am. 2 Belle dc Palluau -. 1. c. r. V. g. F. M. F. 3 1 C. 0* F. L F. 4 Brandywine Susquero. m. r. c. r. g- F.M. M. Am. -- -- -• -- -- # -- -- -- 5 Catawissa - m. r. P- s- F. L. Am. ._ _. _, 6 Clarke - - m. r. r 2" F M E Am a 7 m Ij F.M. E g Fastolff ' - - 1 r c r V (f F M F 9 Franconia - 1. r. c. p- V. R. F.M. M. F. * * ¥■ * •v^ 10 in Y. V- g. g- F. M. 11 Golden Thornless - m. r. y. F. M. Am. 13 m y- r. F. M 13 Herstine - 1. 0. b. v. g. F.M. M. Am. 14 Hornet 1, c. r. V. g. F M M F. 15 Hudson River Antwerp _ . 1. c. r. i.r F.M. M. Am. 16 Imperial Red - -_ , m. r. 1' 1) F M M Am 17 Knevett's Giant - 1. ob.c. r. b. F. M. F. 18 Merveille de 4 Saisons . October Red. 1. r. c. r. V. g. F. L. F. -- -- .. :- -■ ^ -■ 19 McCormick Maniinotlt Cluster. m. ob.c. b. v.g. F.M. L. Am. ,-- -- ## _ # * # * * # * ** 20 Miami - m. r. b. g- F.M. M. Am. ;__ ''I Oran£je 1 c. I: b F M Am 33 Ohio Everbearing m. c. g' F.M. L. Am. .. '>'^ Philadelphia m. V. p- p- r. g- g- g- M M Am 04 m r. M. M ** 25 Turner m. r. F.M. M. Am. _. __ __ _. 3 Best of autumnal bearing sorts. .5 Deep, rich soil, ornot profitable. IS Not profltable. 1!) Prolitalilc marlict sort. CATALOGUK OF FliUITS (QUINCES AND lIASPHKItUIKSi. xli XVI. -QUINCES. TIr' coluiiiiis explain; Sl7,K— I., lai'so: in., iiiediiiiii; v. 1., very lurjic. Fdit.M— ob. p..(jl)lalc pvrifoiiii; r.. rouiiilisli; r. ob. p., I'oundish obtuse pjiifonii. CoLou — y., yellowish or yellowish ijreeii. (.ii'Ai.iTV — t., lender: li. t., half tender. Use— K., kitchen; M., market. Season— E., early; E. to L., early to late. Origin— Am., American; F,, forei"-n. and 49° ll.-CENTRAL DIVISION -Between ;«°and 42° III.-SOUTH DIV. -b. 28° & 35° p Zi 1 2 3 4 5 o o 1 a o S -- a S 5^ d 3 a o ■bo S bo 6 .S '3 > i- D a ij PL, * * * 1 -- * i o ci a 'S > I ^ W X X c 'S ; f-i =.'2. ■Si «* ** * : * '^ W t) ^5 -SOUTH. DIV.-b. 28° and 35° C! - * * » 21 Valued (or family use. 22 Not profitable. 23 Ver.v productive. 24 An old variety, hy mimy tlK)uglit to be superseded. xlii CATALOGUE OF FKIITS STBAWBEKUIES. XVIII. — STRAWBERRIES. The columns explain: Size — 1., large; s., small; m., inediuni. 8ex — H.. lifiniaplirodite; P., pistillate. CoLon — (1. c, 0 * * 1 c m ■5 » i ■J. p. g 'A * 1 c >_ # * * * a; % c: ^. X « * ** ** V * 1 It ■a 0 * '* » * » * * 3 0 0 c 0 t -* "" 1 12; * * * * * * _6 0 # * .1 i * * * # * «* * * * C "a 1 1. 1. m. 1. 1. 1. 1. m. p- "p." H. H. d.c. d. c. b. r. d.c. fl r r. c. r. c. r. c. r. c. r.o.c. e. r.ov. r. c. 0. e. c. r. c. r.o.c. r. c. 0. c. r. c. r. c. r.o.c. r. f. f. s. f. f. f. f. s. "f. f. s. s. f. f. f. f. s. s. f. M. E. E M. M. M. M. E. V. E. M. M. M. i\I. L. M. E. L. L. E. M. L. M. 3 3 Aniericii -- 4 I?(»sl()ii Piiic Black l)i*t1ance H H. d. s. Col C'lic'iicv I: b. s. b. s. "d."s." b.s. b. s. 1. c. b.s. d.c. b.s. b.s. 1. s. w. t. I.e. tt Downt'r's Prolific . -_ .. •) m.j_..- m. P. 10 Fillmore.- 11 1 H. H 1" m. 13 Green Prolific 1. P. » -- 14 m. P. H. H. H. H. H. H. 1.5 16 Jut'iinclii #* -- 17 18 Liir*^c E;lrlv Scarlet . . . . . 19 Ijcnniij^'s AVliite - _. ""!"' •'0 21 33 Monarch of the West v.l. b. r. b. .s. b.s. b^s: I.e. I.e. d.c. r.o.c. r.o.c. r.o.c. o- o- 0. c. C. 0. C. r. c. r. c. f. f. f. s f. f. f. f. f M. E. L. M. M. M. M. M. M. E T, Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. F. Am. « * * -■ * » « » * #* « ** * * t t t ** t * * *« * * * ** # ":^ Nicanor - m.i H. 1. H. 04 President Wilder. . - 35 36 07 Russell's Prolific Seth Boyden Sterling . P. H. P. H. H. H » ■'8 ■^l 30 Wilson's Albany .- . - 8 Exquisite flavor; valued for home use. U An old and hig-hly valued sort. Ut Only valued for the amateur. %\ One of the best early sorts, and fine for cannJnj:. 29 Esteemed as a family sort. ;J0 Poor quality: unrivaled as a market sort in most parts of the country. CATAUXillE OF FRUITS STRAWHEKKIKS. xliii XVIII. — STRAWBERRIES. The columns explain: Size — I., large; s.. small; m., medium. Skx — II., hermaplirodile: P., pistillate. C'oi.ou — d. ('., deep crimson; d. s., deep scarlet; b. s., bright scailet; \v. I., whitish tinted with red; 1. e., light crimson. Form — r. c. , roundish conical; o. c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form; e., conical; r. , roundish; r. o. c, roundish obtuse conical. Flesh — s., soft; f., firm. Season — E., early; >!., medium; L., lale; E. L., early to late. OiufiiN — Am., American: F., Foreign. and 49". 1.- CENTRAL DIVISION.- -Between 35 " and 42° III -SOUTH, DIV - Bet .28 " and 35". s ^; 1 3 ■6 4 5 6 r" t 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 30 21 33 33 34 35 3G 37 38 39 30 1 G * * » s o o bo a a c 6 -a -a d p to c Ir. g be o * »# -- »# 'S > t Of * * * * * * t * * ** i * * * * * ** "" t" * * ** 9 'i a * » * 4f* b Q * ** ** # * t" * * .2 To * « * * *# _3 p S O 1 * O * * * » * t # t # ** ** C3 C a * *# » * *» '3 X o * ** * * * ** »* ci 0) 5 * -• ** #* -- -- * -- * #« X 'o * * « t »* « ** ** 1 * * t * .a o * __ ** * ■f t » * a. •A * * » t # * ** i p 2 * * * t t * * * ■S c ** «* 03 3 C 7j ** * ** ■pi; « * * ** * *» 3 # * * *» 5 ** 5 * * 1 # * * » * * * * * o * * « * * * * » CS o "" «* « #* d < XllV CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS. CATALOGUE NATI\'E AND INTRODUCED SPECIES OF FRUITS AND NUTS, In the United States and Canada. Note.— The following Catalogue is intended to include all species of introduced Fniit>< and Xuts growing or culti- tiviitcd in the open air in any part of the United States or the Dominion of Canada, that have proved to be or promise to be valuable to the grower. The " stan-ing ■■ of this first table has ne(.'essarily been done with insufficient data, and any information that will help to perfect it or to make additions to the list itself will lie thankfully received. 3 a o 1,-NORTH. DIVISION.-between 12° NAMES. 1 Xi > "5 c 3 a 1 c c > to i o a: rr. 1— t s O C O 1 'o i B liOT.VNIC.U,. 0OM.MOK. g ^ 1 Achas rapota Amelanchier Canadensis Sapodilla Plum . 2 Service N. » « » * » * » « ¥■ » » 3 Ananassa sati va Pine Apple 4 Anona Cherimolia. Cherimover 0 squamosa Sweetsop (i " muricata Soursop 7 Asimina triloba . . , N. -- -- -- -- * # « * -■ 8 Berberis vulgari.s Cactus opuntia Barberry 9 Indian Fis;- . . 10 Carica Papaya Carva alba." We:.t Indian Papaw 11 Shell-bark Hickory Pecan _" Large Shell-bark N. N. N. -- -- -- ;; -- * * « * * * V?. Carya oliv;eformis 13 Carya sulcata 14 Castunea vesca European Chestnut If) Castanea Americana . _ American Che.stnut N. N. -- -- * * » # * * * -- -- ir, Castanea pumila Citrus Aurantium Citrus Limonum _ Chinquapin 17 Orange 18 Lemon 19 Citrus Limetta .. 20 Citrus mcdica. Citron 21 Cocos nucifera Cocoa-nut 22 Corj'lus Americana N. -■ -- -- -- -- -- -- - * 28 Corylus Avellana Filbert 24 Corylus rostrata Beaked Hazel-Nut Quince N. -- -- -- * « * » * * * * * -- 25 Cydonia vulgaris 26 Cydonia Sinensis.. .. ^ Diospvros Virsriniana Chinese Quince 27 Persimmon _ Japanese Persimmon N. -- -- -- __ •- -- -- - -- -- 28 Diospyros Kaki Diospyros Tc.xana _ . . Pagus ferruginea . 29 Black Persimmon N. N. « * * * # * * * * * * 30 Beech 31 Ficus Carica Fig 32 33 34 35 Fragaria vesca Fragaria Virginiana Fragaria Chilensis Gaylussacia resinosa. Alpine Strawberry American Strawberry South American Strawberry Black Huckleberry _ Blue Dangleberry , *\nclu)vv Pear N. N. N. N. N. « * » * » * « # # * * « 30 37 Gajiussacia frondosa _. Grias caulitiora 38 Juglans cinerea Butternut. N. N. -- -- * « * « * * * » # « * 39 40 41 Juglans nigra. Juglans regia Laurus Pcrsea . . _ Black Walnut.. European AValnut ■. . Avocado, or Alligator Pear. Medlar . -- 42 Mespihis Germanica Morus rnbi'a _. Morns nigra 43 44 Red Mulberry. Black Mulberry N. -- -- * « * * » * * 45 Morus alba Musa paradisiaca Mnsa sapienlum White Mulberry 40 Plaiutain 47 Banana _ -- -- -- .- -- .- -- -. -- -- -. -- CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS. xlv CATALOG UE NATIVE AND IXTRODIXED SlMiCIES OF FRUITS AND NUTS, In the United States arid Canada. Note. — The following C'atalogue is intended to include all specie.^ of introdiiced Fruits and Nuts growing or cidti vated in the open air in any part of tlic United Slates or tlic Dominion of Canada, that liave proved to he or iiromisu to be valuable to the gi'ower. Tlie "starring" of tlii-s first table has necessarily been done with insufficient data, and any information that will help to perfect it or to make additions to the list itself will be thankfully received. and 49". | ll.-CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and 43°. | lll.-SOUTH. DIV.-Bet. 38° and 35°. i B •A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 35 26 27 28 39 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 i o C * * B o a Q * * =3 C 33 C 0 * a 3 * d -- * B O » 1 5 * » > 1' * * * * * * * ■K- * * 5? * * * * * * * Q * * * * * -3 ■a >i * * * * * pr. * * * » * # * * C3 C "o C3 o * * * * * * » i * -- d 5 * « * * * * * * « * * » * * » * * * « * d 3 * * * * * * * « >^ .a o * « * * « * * * * * * X X * * * * * * * * X c » » « * » * * * * * o # » * * * i * * * « * * # * * * .a i » * * « X 03 X > * * * ■5 C3 5 53 > C3 O * * * * C3 p O 3 O ■n * » * * « * * 3) 5 5 * * * * * * * C3 * * * * * » * * * 03 c * * * « * * * * * # # * # * * * * p c 5 •5 * * » » * » x' 03 * » * * * * * p. X X i _. * » * » * * 03 a ]x "3 o * « « » « * en S3 >1 * « * * * * * * * 6 _o 'S * * * C3 S o < * -- xlvi CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS. 1 Is 1 C 1, -NORTH. DIVISION-Between Zi' « s p ^ NAMES. o o > O X 3 2; 3 '3 9^ 3 X D. a 5 g > X O X 1 ■a B "x o K O j o 1 o Q 5 & 3 3 O 3* X 3 O BOTANICAL. COMMON. X 48 49 50 51 53 53 54 55 50 57 58 59 00 Olea Europ;iea - . Phrenix dacUiifera Photinia Japonica - Podophyllum peltatum Prunus "(Amygdalus) communs Prunus (Amygdalus) Persica Pruuus Armeniaca _ Prunus domestica Prunus maritima - - Prunus Americana Prunus Chicasa Prunus cerasus Olive Date Palm T J Of mat Mav Annie N. -- -- * « * * * » A 1 111 Olid » « « # « * Apricot * * * * * * * * * * * * » » * * * * * * * N. N. N. " Wild Red and Yellow Plum ...... Chickasaw Plum Garden Red Cherry (Morello. &c.) .. Bird Cherry (Heart, &e.) _. * * 61 62 63 04 65 66 Prunus pumila Psidium pyiiferum Punica Granatuni Pyrus communis - PjTus Mains Pvrus uruiiifolia Dwarf Cherry Guava N. -- -- -- -- ... 4f * * « * * * * * * * * * 4f * * * * * * » ** * « * * * * * * * * * * » * * « * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4f * * * * * * * * * * * * # * * * * * * * * * « « * * * Siberian Crab 07 68 09 70 71 73 73 74 75 P_vrus coronaria Pyrus rivularis .- Ribes Grossularia Ribes liirtellum - - Ribes rubnim - - Ribes nigrum .- Rubus occidentalis Rubus Idieus- . American Crab Oregon Crali English Goo.seberry •'Houghton Gooseberry, ifcc. Red Currant -. Black C'Urrant.- Blackcap Raspberry Kuroiiean Rasiihcnv N. N. "n." N. N. N. * * * * * Wild Red Raspberry. Blackberry . - - . Dewberry Buft'alo Berry TnniJiriiid N. N. N. N. 76 77 Rubus villosus _ _ - . « 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Sliephcrdia argentea Tamarindus Indica Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum Vaccinium Canadense Vaccinimu corymbosuni Vaccinium tonellum Vaccinium macrocarpa. , "V itis vinilera _ Vitis Labrusca Vitis ie.sti valis . _ Vitis cordifolia _ - Dwarf Early BlueberiT Cantida Blueberry- Swamp Blueberry N. N. N. N. N. -- * * * * * * * « * * * * * * * * « * Southern Blueberry American Cranbeny _ . * Xortlicrn Fox Grape (Concord, &c.)- Sunimer Grai>e (Hcrbemont, &c.) ... Winter Grape (Clinton, &:c.) Bullace Grape (Muscadine, &c.) .Jujube - - N. N. N. N. * * « * * # * * * * * # « * * « ^ 89 90 Zizyphus sativus z^ The above " C'atalogue of Native and Introduced Fruits and Nuts" was a favorite idea with Mr. Fi.aog, the late lamented Secretary of our Society, and was prepared by him just previous to his decease. Had he lived he would have made some alterations, but as this is now rendered impossible, it is presented as left by him. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS. xl VII and 49°. | II -CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and 43°. | III. -SOUTH. DIV.-Bet. 28° and 35°. pi 48 49 50 51 53 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 S o a a % * * * » * * -X- * i, s a! n * * * * * » 03 a *^ a o * * * * bi) s o * * * * .5 3 * * * * %> a * * * * * * » » » * o O * -X- * * * * » * * « * * 2 3 £ 2 1 3 _ * ■X- * * * * * « * « * * * * * '£ > » * * * * * * * * * * * * * p 3 & * * * * * * * * * * * * * Eh' CO * * » » __ * * * * * # * * * 3 > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a g 3 o •A * * * * * * * « * * * * * * * 2 » * * * « * » » * * * » * * * « c » * * * « * * * * * * * 3 S) >^ !fi » * * « * * * # * * * * * * * >-. it u 3 * » * » * « * « * * * * * i ■T. ZJ * * * * * * » * * « » * * * * 2 o * * * » » * * * * * * * * o * * * * * * » * » * * * * * * * 3 O 1 » « * » * * * * # » * * * U * * » * * * * * » * * * * * * a * * * * * * » * * * o ■a ?= S o O * * * * * * * * * "3 P * ** * -- * # « * * * * * » 5 * * * * * * * * ■X- * .2 5 =^ "3 « * * * » * * 03 a g S 3 o -n * * * * * * -X- * * s * -■ * « * » * * * o * * * * * * * * * « * b O a * * * * # * * * * * 1 * * * * * X o » * * * * « * * X « * * * * * * d o y. o a; ■" « ** « * c o < ** * ^n M^moriHUi. WILLARD C. FLAGG, Secretary of the American Pomological Society, is dead! Just as the closing pages of this volume were going to press, the s^d duty devolves on me of announcing the decease of the beloved and esteemed Secretary of our Association. Mr. Flagg died at his farm near Moro, Illinois, on Saturday, March 30th, 1878. He was elected Secretary of our Society at the meeting in Boston, September, 1873, since which he has continued to discharge the duties of his ofKce with great ability and fidelity. Few men of his age have held more offices of honor and trust. He was remarkable for his activity, enterprise and executive ability. It may be well said of Mr. Flagg that he has been a faithful public servant. Few have done more to aid in developing our natural resources, especially in the West. Nor were his official duties confined to this section; he was not only Secretary of the American Pomological Society, but President of the National Agricultural Congress. He was also President of the Illinois Farmers' Association; first United States Collector of Customs for the Alton district ; a member of vai'ious scientific and agricultural associations, and one of the most lucid and facile writers on agricultural subjects in the country. He was also a trustee, at various times, of a number of state institutions, including the Illinois Agricultural University ; a Senator from his district to the State Legislature during the sessions of 18G9-1871, and the special sessions of 1872. In fact, the sphere of his activity was so extended we cannot make a full record of them here. Hut he has left us a worthy example of what one may do for the advancement of the iniblic welfiire and the interests of the as,sociations with which he is connected. At a time so many are seeking to perform their work, with little regard to its quality, Mr. Flagg's love of thoroughness in all that he ilid, was such as to impress itself ujion all who knew him, as one of his most prominent characteristics, and his industry enabled him to accomplish a vast amount of work. •' But " (in the words of his memoi'ial in the Prairie Farmer, of which he was for many years the horticultural editor), "above all he will be remembered by those who knew him intimatelv as a man of strict honor and integrity, who loved justice for tlie sake of justice, and whom 11(1 line could swerve from wiiat he considered the |)ath of duty." MARSH.\LI. P. WILDER, President of the American Pnmolof/ical Society. Boston, April 8, 1878. V. INDEX i'AGE. Adams, J. W., Western Massatlmsetts Fruit Keport. _ 105 Address of President Wilder 15 Almond ..133,134 Apples — Catalogue of vi Classification of Prof. J. Beal. - . 57 Discussion of 38 Exhibited 37 In Arkansas 141 California 134 Connecticut 107 Florida ..139 Georgia 138 Iowa 137 Maine 100 Massachusetts 103 " Western ... 105 Mississippi 143 New Hampshire 100, 101, 103 Nova Scotia 99 Ohio 131 Oregon... ..... 115 Pennsylvania 117 Rhode Island... 107 Utah 131 Washington Territory 113 West Virginia 133 Wisconsin 109 Varieties Discussed : 38 Alerson's Early 137 Alexander 83, 134 American Golden Russet 107 " Summer Pearmain 39, 100, 143 Archie... ..133, 136 Arkansas Queen ... 63 Autumn Seek-no-further 63 " Swaar.. 83 Bailey Sweet 83, 109 Baker 107, 133 Baldwin— 47, 63, 84, 93, 100, 101, 103, 103, 105, 106, 107, 113, 114, 115, 117, 133. Baldwin Betweenity 47 Baltimore 97 Baltzley 38 Barn Apple .136 Belden Sweet 107 Bellflower 83 Bel videre 97 Ben Davis 62, 84, 109, 123, 127, 139, 131, 134 Benoni ... 101, 103, 137 Berks County Golden Pippin 45 " " Mammoth. 45 P-^GE. Bevan . 142 Big Rambo . .97, 131 Big Red 46 Black Apple 133 Blue Bloom 44 Blue Pearmain 101. 113, 114, 115 Bonum 28 Bourassa 89 Bowen's Seedling 43 Brooke's Pippin 144 Brown's Favorite 45 Brigg's Auburn 100 Buckingham 130, 143 Buff 130 Buncombe . 63 Burnbam Sweet ... 107 Busbnell 39 Canada Red 30, 100, 103, 103, 107 Carolina Red June 38, 39, 139 Carpenter's N. C 46 Chandler 62 Chenango Strawberry 38, 103, 107, 137, 131 Clark's Orange 31, 44 Seedling 46 Clermont 121 Clots... 46 Clyde Beauty 99 Cogswell ...107 Cole's Quince 138 Col vert 99. 1 09 Cooper's Early White 84 Cooper's Market 28, 62 Cornell's Fancy 28 Cracking 28 Cullasaga 38 Cumming's Rambo 97 Dan Pit 136 Dan vers' Winter Sweet 38 Davidson 123, 136 Dawes — Dawes' Porter, Dawes' Nonsuch 39 Dean ._ 100 Delong 44 Deseret Pippin ... 132 Dockham Russet 44 Dominie . 84 Duchess of Oldenburg— 38, 63, 82, 103, 106, 109, 127 Dutch Mignonne 113 INDEX. Dyer 28, 100, 136, 127 Dykeman _ 45 Early Brook.. -.- 45 Early Chandler 127 Early Harvest— 62, 93, 100, 103, 107, 112, 123, 139, 131 134, 143. Early Joe 109,131 Early Red Margaret 107, 123 Early Strawberry 38, 107, 123, 134 Edgar Red Streak 144 EdvvardsEarly 28 EggTop. -- 123 English Russet 83 English Seedling - . 46 Equinetely 37, 38, 120, 142 Esopus Spitzenberg 84, 103, 115, 117, 131, 134 Ewalt. --- 28 Excel.... 107 Fall or Late Red Streak 45 Fall Orange .- 109 Fallawater 28, 83,123 Fall Pippin.. 107,115,117, 130, 123 Fall Queen, or Haas 28 Fall Stripe 1 109 Fall Wine -.. - 109 Fameuse.. 28, 82, 84, 89, 102,103, 107,109 Fenner Sweet 144 Five Square 126 Franklin Sweet , 100 Fourth of July 28 Foundling 101 Fulton ...129 Garden Royal 101, 104 Gate, or Waxen 115, 117 Gilpin 28 Gloria Mundi 96,97,113,115 GofiE... 28, 127 Golden Pippin 131 Golden Russet 62,83, 109, 112 Golden Russet, American 107 Golden Russet of Massachusetts 144 Golden Russet of New York . 28 Golden Swaar 62 Golden Sweet 99, 107, 112 Goodale. 144 Goyeau 89 Gravenstein— 100, 103, 104, 106, 107, 112, 115, 131, 142 Greening 106 Green Sweet 107 Grimes' Golden 38, 84 Grindstone .. 123 Grosh ..'. 97 Grosh's Mammoth 97 Gros Pommier 127 Haas 82, 83, 109, 137 Hall 38 Hawley 107 Hames' Seedling 39, 40 Hamilton 28 Hartland Beauty 44 Haskell Sweet . . 83 Ilawtbornden 83 PAGE. Hewes'Crab 63 Higgins' Red Winter V 94, 131 Hightop 123 Hix's White 144 Hoadley 97 Holland Pippin _ 84, 134 Hoover 28 Horse 28, 62,92, 142 Hoyt Sweet 100 Hubbardston Nonsuch— 28, 100, 103, 103, 104, 105 106, 107, 113. Hunt Russet 38, 144 Hurlbut 105, 106, 107 Hutchinson's Pippin 129 Imperial Rambo 39 Iron Apple 47 Janet 109 Jefferis 29 Jefferson County 89 Jennetting • 62 Jersey Sweet 57 Jewett's Fine Red 29, 100, 101, 103 Jiles 95 Jonathan 29, 101, 134 Jo.sephine ..96, 97 Julian 39, 63, 142 Jvnialuskee 62 Juncating 123 Kansas Bellflower 43 Kansas Keeper 44 Kansas Spitzenberg 43 Keswick Codlin... ...29. 83, 123 Key'sFall . 29 Kincaid • 121 King of Tompkins County 101, 102, 106, 112, 123 Kinkead 39 King's Sweeting 100 Kirkbridge White. . . .39, 109 Ladies' Sweet. 103, 107 Lady Apple 39, 115, 117, 133 Lallier 44 Lansingburg ... 39, 137 Large Summer Rambo . 97 Large Yellow Bough 103, 104 Large Yellow May of Tennessee ... 144 Late Baldwin 47 Late Red Streak 45 Lawver . . 29 LeSieur .'. 96 Lewis Green 46 Limber Twig '^9, 03, 93, 131 Little Red Romanite 116 Lothringer Rambour 97 London (Loudoun) Pippin 39 Loux Roseau 89 Maconiber 100 Maiden's Blush 83, 84, 103, 133, 129, 134 Major 29 Malinda... 46 Mammoth Greening 46 Mann Apple, 128 Mason 123 INDICX. Page. May Scek-uo-furtlici- . . 100 McAffee's Nonsuch -- - - 29 McIIeniy Pippin 97 Mellinscr 118 Mel on (Norton's). 29 Melon 90 Mexico - 107 Michael Henry Pippin 29 Miliim 29 Milding : 101 Miller's Cherokee _ - 94, 131 Monarch 83 Monmouth Pippin 115, 116, 117 Monstrous Pippin -..97, 128 Monstrous Kambo 97 Montali vet .- 96 Moon 39, 40 Moore's Sweet 1 07 Mother 99, 101 , 102 Mountain Chief 94, 95 Mammy Apple 120 jNIusgrave's Cooper 97 Muskmelon . 47 .Naylor Rambo 97 Newtown Pippin— 29, 47, 62, 114, 115, 116, 117, 121 123, 131, 134, 144. Newtown Spitzenberg 62, 103 New York Pippin 129 New York Vandevere ^ 112 Nickajack 29, 134 Nodliead 101 Northern Spitzenberg 103 Northern Spy— 29, 62, 83, 100, 101, 106, 107, 109, 112 115, 117, 118, 123, 134. Nova Scotian 29, 47 Ohio Beauty 97 Ohio Nonpareil 128 Oldenburg 127 Old Nonsuch 102 Orange Sweet 106 Ortley. 115, 117 Orton's Red Winter 94 Orton's Seedling 131 Otoe Red Streak 128 Osawatomie 43 Palmer Greening 107 Paradise Sweet 109 Peaked Sweeting _ .. 144 Peck's Pleasant 100, 107, 134 Pearmain .. 101 Peerless _ _ _ _ 02 Peffer's Golden 45 Pefifer's Winter 44 Pennock 62, 123, 127 Perry 83 Perry Russet 107, 109, 128 Pewaukee ..29, 107, 109 Pharr's Seedling 40 Pickaway Rambo 97 Plumb's Cider 82, 109 Pomme d'Api .. 123 Pomme Grise 29, 89 P.\, 103, 104, 107, 112, 114, 115, 110, 124, 139, 131, 134, 138, 141, 143 Bell 93 INDEX. Jvii Page. Bello Lucrative— 42, 53, 85, 103, 10;3, 105, 107, 134, 141, 143 BeuireBosc.-- lO:!, 104, 105, 107 Beurre Churgcau 48, 49, 52, 85, 105, 107. 134 Beurre d'Amanlis 101 Beurre Giffard 85, : 01, 103, 103, 107, 141, 143 Beurre d'Anjou— 85. 101, 103, 103, 104, 107, 115, 134, 141 Beurre Diel -.- 85, 141 Beurre Hardy' - - - 102 Beurre Superfin.. ' 85, 103, 143 Bloodgood -.-. -.- 85, 124 Brandywine -- 102, 141 B. S. Fox 43 Buflum 102, 141, 143 Clapp's Favorite 40, 102, 108, 104, 107, 134, 142 Columbia 48 Dana's Hovey 48, 107 Dearborn's Seedling 103. 107, 124, 142 De Tongres 103 Dix -.- 48 Doeteur Lentier ^ 104 Doyenne Boussock 105, 107, 134, 142 Doyenne d'Ete _-101, 103, 105, 107, 1'34, 141, 142 Doyenne du Cornice 104, lOt Duchesse— 37, 38, 03, 85, 95, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 124 139, 138, 143. Duchesse Bordeaux ^ 48 Early Butter 112 Ea.st.er Beurre 48, 115, 141, 142 Eastern Belle 100 Ecliasserie 37 Elliott's Early _ 89 Emile d'Heyst _ . 104 Fall Butter 114 Flemish Beauty— 82, 100. 101, 102, 103, 105, 115, 124 1'38, 143. Fortunee 37 Fulton 37, 48 Frederick Clapp.. 104 Gen. Taylor ' 37, 38 Glout Morceau _ _48, 141 Gray Doyenne 49 Henkel 37, 48, 50 Homewood 50 Hosenschenck 48 ifowell ..49, 103, 103, 107, 143 Kirtland 49, 141 Jefferson _. 142 Josephine de Malines 85 Julienne 143 Kingsessing 141 Lawrence 43,49, 101, 102, 103, 105. 107, 134, 141 Louise Bonne 49, 85, 103, 103, 105, 107, 115, 142 Madeleine 49, 105, 112, 115 Manning's Elizabeth.. _ 49, 105 Merriam 103 Moore's Pound . . 107 Mount Vernon 49, 107 Onondaga 49, 103, 105, 107 Osband's Summer 103, 107, 141 Ott 85 Pagk. Passe Col mar 37,115 Paradis d'Automne : 101, 103, 107 Petite Marguerite. . 49 Pitraaston Duchess .50 Pound 92, 115, 134, 136 Pratt 49 President 104 Redfield 94 Rostiezer ....101, 103, 107, 124, 141 Rutter 49 Seckel— 37, 38, 43, 48, 85, 103, 105, 107. 113, 115, 134 141. Sheldon .49, 102, 103, 105, 107 Souvenir du Congres 104 Stevens' Genesee 141 St. Germain 37, 95 St. Ghislain 49, 143 St. Michael Archangel -^ 49, 107, 141, 143 Sugar Pear 93 Summer Bergamot. 63 Tyson 49, 103, 103, 134, 141 Urbaniste 37, 49, 143 Vicar of Winktield 105, 107, 112, 124, 141, 143 Washington . ... . . 49 White Doyenne 49, 114, 115, 141, 142 Wilbur 49 Winter Nelis— 37, 63, 85, 102, 104, 105, 107, 113, 114 115, 124, 134, 142. Zoar Beauty 141 Pecan - 134 Penn.sylvania Delegates — 36 Perot, W. H., Invitation by, to visit Riverside 13 Perot, W. II. , Welcome by 13 Pine Apple 66 Plumb, J. C. , Wisconsin Fruit Report 108 Plum,?— Catalogue of xxxvi In Arkansas 141 Connecticut 107 Mississippi 143 Oregon 115 Pennsylvania. - - 118 Rhode Island 107 Virginia.. 119 Washington Territory 113 West Virginia 124 Western Massachusetts 107 Varieties Discussed 33 Bingham 134 Bradshavi' 113, 134 Canawa 33 Chickasaw 32, 33, 133, 139, 141, 143 Coe's Golden Drop 107,113 Columbia 113 Damson . 113, 134 Early Harvest 134 Fellenberg - 116 Fletcher -- -.134 General Hand 134 German Prune 33, 100, 113, 134 Green Gage 107, 113, 114, 124, 142 Huling's Superb — ...33, 124 Imperial Gage - .107,124 Iviii INDEX. Page. Italian Prune.. 112 Japan Mespilus Japonicus 139 Jefferson- -- 113,124 Lombard 106, 107, 122 McLaughli n - - - 107 Miner 141 Newman - 141 Orleans --. - 133 Peach... 33, 113, 114, 116 Pond's Seedling 38, 107 Prune 114 Rouge Hative de Nitka 96 Sayers' Favorite 94 Shropshire Damson 33, 132 Smith's Orleans 107 Washington 112, 124 Yellow Gage 122, 143 Wild Goose 38, 122,129,142 Yellow Magnum Bonum 113 Pomegranates 133 Pomological Literature. - . - - 33 Prentiss, Prof. A. M. . Pathology of Plants 59 Proceedings 13 Programme of Business 6 Quinces — Catalogue of - xl In Connecticut -- 107 New Hampshire - 103 Mississippi 143 Oregon ....115, 116 West Virginia 124 Varieties ; Apple 107, 115, 124, 134 Orange -103, 115, 124, 143 Pear... - --- 107 Portugal 134 Raspberries — Catalogue of xl In Arkansas --- 141 Iowa - 127 Kansas -- - 129 Massachusetts 104 Mississippi 143 Rhode Island 107 Ohio 131 Oregon 115 Western Massachusetts 106 Varieties Discussed - -'- — 33 Brandywine 33, 34 Brinckle's Orange 107 Catawissa - 33 Clarke 33, 106, 107 Davison's Thornless - 33, 106 Doolittle ..33,106,107,127,128 Early Prolific 34 Franconia 106 Golden Thornless 32 Gregg - - 121 Henrietta - - 33 Herstine --. 33,104,106 Hudson River Antwerp 33 Imperial Red 33 Naomi - - 107 Ohio Everbearing 33 Page. Olds 121 Oregon Black Cap 115 Philadelphia. 33,109, 127, 139 Purple Cane 33 Mammoth Cluster 106, 107, 121, 137, 134 Miami ----- 109,139 Red Antwerp .115, 131, 143 Rehama - 34 Saunders -- - 104 Seneca 128 Susqueco - 34 Thwack _-_. -..- 131 Turner --- - 33, 137 White Antwerp 115 Report of Committee of Foreign Fruit. 96 General Fruit Committee .37, 98 Synonyms 47, 96 Revenue from Fruit Culture 30 Rhode Island Delegate - 26 Rose Apple (Jambosa vulgaris) 66 Sanger, A. T. , New Hampshire Fruit Report 103 Schaffer, W. S., Wilder Medal - 38 Schaffer, a Telegram to the President - 13 Sims, R. M., South Carolina Fruit Report 137 Smith, A., Montana Fruit Report. 112 Smith, B. G., cliosen Treasurer pro Um 13 South Carolina Delegate 26 Spanish Plum (Spondias Myrobalanus) 66 Stayman, J. , Historical Sketch, Kansas 70 Steele, Walter L., North Carolina Historical Sketch.. 84 Strawberries— Catalogue of xlii In Arkansas 141 Connecticut 107 Florida --- - 139 Georgia - - 139 Iowa - 127 Massachusetts -- 104 Mississippi - - - 142 Nova Scotia.. - 99 Ohio 121 Oregon 115 Western Massachusetts.. 166 Rhode Island 107 Varieties Discussed: Boston Pine - - - . - 99 Boyden's No. 30 106 Brooklyn Scarlet 99 Burr's Pine -'-- 121 Capt. Jack -- - 50 Centennial 50 Champion 50, 106 Charles Downing.. -99, 106, 107, 141 Col. Cheney... ---99, 106, 107 Col. Ellsworth 50 Crescent Seedling : 50, 108 Cumberland - 50 Downer's Prolific. - 1"-7, 141 Duchess - 50 Duncan.. -50, 100 Durand's Beauty - 50 Forest Rose 41, 50, 121 Great American 50 Green Prolific 137 INDEX. IIX Page. Hervey Davis 104 Highland Beauty . 50 Hovey's Seedling 99, 142 Ida 50 Jenny Lind. 50 .lucunda 99, 107, 121 Kentueky 106, 141 La Coastante ...... 50 Lawton's Pine Apple 112 Lennig's White .99, 142 Mary Fletcher 99 Mary Stewart 142 Monarch 106 Monarch of the West 107 Napoleon III 50 Nicanor... 106 Parmlee's Crescent Seedling ... 108 Peabody 50 Pioneer ... 50 President Lincoln . . ._ 50 President Wilder 104 Pride of the West 50 Prou ty 5G The Belle ._ ._ 50 Triomphe dc Gand .99, 106, 107, 115 Russell's Prolific .99, 107 Page. Seth Boyden .99, 107 Sterling 50 Springdale 50 Victoria.. 50 Wilson's Albany— 66, 09, 100, 107, 109, 115, 127, 129 139, 141, 142. Strentzel, J., California Fruit Report. 133 Strother, David H., West Virginia Fruit Report 123 Sugar Apple (Anona squamosa) 66 Table of Native and Introduced Fraits and Nuts.. 27, xliv Treasurer's Report 14 Tennessee Delegate _ 26 Texas Delegate 26 Thomas, G. B., Fruits Exhibited, Report... 38 Thurston, R., Historical Sketch, Arkansas. 62 Transou, B. F., Historical Sketch, Tennessee 91 Transou, B. F. , on Wilder Medal 38 Tropical Fruits 18 Tropical Fruits, Culture of 66 Vasey, Dr. Geo. , Origin of the Apple 54 Virginia Delegates 36 Wallace, G. B. , Utah Fruit Report 131 Warder, J. A., Historical Sketch, Ohio 86 Wilder, M. P., Address 15 Wisconsin Delegate 26 "^.'^r^.<*?- .S. )a\ ' /tS-". ■I .'•'^' Y H^ J^-,L$^> :'*4>-t'^,^*^:; ■■*#• ^^'•^ t. Vt