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LIBRARY

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

No._J-^133-_-- DATE..U -isa.-e

SB

354

_ A47

V.23
1891

SOURCE-

^^.MAs^

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

PROGEIEIDINCS

TWENTY-THIRD SESSION

American Pomologieal Society

N^^ASHINGTON, D. C,

SEZPTEHivlIIBElIS 22-2^, laQl.

COMflUBU BY THE SEOliELTARY.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

ISQl.

CH-APEl I S *? (

THE REGISTER PUBLISHINt. COMPAN
ENGRAVERS AfO PRINTERS,

\NN ARBOR, - MICHIGAN.

•»? /' tv-

CONTENTS.

TAfJE

CoNKririTlON AND 1?Y LAWS OF THE AMEIUCAN POMOLOGIGAL SOCIETY,... 4

OFFICERS AND t:()MMITTEES, 5-7

MEMBERS, S-IO

PREFATORY NOTE, 11

0PP:NING SESSION, 12

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS, 14

TREASURER'S REPORT 19

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY, •. 21

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY, 72

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS, 88

STATE FRUIT REPORTS, 129

DISCUSSION ON CATALOGUE OF FRUITS, 147

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES, 152

FRUIT CATALOGUE, , Opposite page 166

RULES FOR EXHIBITING AND NAMING FRUITS, Ixx

INDEX Ixxi

X

1

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

OF THE

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

COXSTlTmOS.

Abticle 1. The name of this Association shall
be the Americas Pomologicai, Society.

2. Its object shall be the advancement of the
science of Pomologr.

3. It shall consist of delegates appointed by
Horticultural. Agricultural, and kindred Societies
in the United States and British America, and of
such other persons as take an interest in the
welfare of the Association, and are desirous of pro-
moting its aims. They shall pay four dollars
biennially, and twenty dollars paid at one time
shall constitute a life membership.

■L The meetings shall be held biennially, at
such time and place as may be designated by the
Society: and special meetings may Ije convened at
any time on the call of the President.

5. The officers shall consist of a President, a
First Vice-President, one Vice-President from
every State, Territory and Province; a Treastirer
and a Secretary: and .shall be elected by ballot or
otherwise at every biennial meeting.

BT-LAWS.

1. The President shall have a general super-
intendence of the affairs of the Society during its
vacation: give due public notice of the time and
place of meeting: preside at its deliberations;
deliver an address, on some subject relating to
Pomology, at every biennial meeting; and appoint
all committees unless otherwise directed.

2. In case of the death, sickness, or inability
of the President his official duties shall devolve
on the First Vice-President, or such one of the
Vice-Presidents as the Society may elect by ballot
or otherwise.

3. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys
belonging to the Society, and pay over the same on
the written orders of the President.

4 There shall be a Finance Committee of
three members appointed by the President at each
biennial meeting.

5. The Secretary shall, with the assistance of a
reporter appointed by him, keep a record of the
transactions of the Society for publication.

0. There shall be an Executive Committee con-
sisting of five members, together with the President

and Vice-Presidents, ex-officio. live of whom shall
constitute a quorum, who shall manage the atfairs
of the Society during its vacation.

7. Chairmen of Fruit Committees, for every
State, Territory and Province, and a general
Chairman over all, shall be appointed biennially.
It shall be the duty of each of such Chau-men to
apiX)int four additional members of his committee,
and with their aid, and such other information as
he can procure, to forward to the general Chair-
man one month before every biennial meeting,
State Pomologicai Reports, to be condensed by him
for publication.

8. A Standing Committee on Native Fruits,
consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed
by the President, immediately after his election.
It shaD be the duty of this Committee to rejrort
biennially on native fruits, and also to examine,
and before the close of the session rejKjrt on, all
new seedling varieties that may be exhibited; and
to make an ad interim repKjrt on those that were
exhibited in an unripe condition at the meeting of
the Society, but had subsequently attained a state
of maturity: and on such other seedlings as may
have been submitted to their inspection during the
Society's vacation.

9. A Standing Committee on Foreign Fruits,
consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed,
whose duties shall be similar to those of the com-
mittee in bylaw eight

1(1. A Standing Committee on Tropical and
Sub- tropical Fruits, consisting of eleven members,
shall be appointed, whose duties shall be similar to
those of the committee in by-law eight.

11. A Standing Committee on Nomenclature,
eonsistiiig of seven members, shall be appointed
biennially.

12. Vacancies occurring in committees shall be
filled by the chairman of each, and in case of his
death or itiabUity to serve, his place shall be sup-
plied by the President of the Society.

13. The order of business for each meeting
shall be arranged by the Executive Committee.

14. The Constitution or By Laws may be
altered or amended, at any regular biennial meet-
ing, by a vote of two-thirds of the members
present

(4)

OFFICERS

OK THE

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

-O-^J

PRESIDENT:
PROSPER JULIUS BERCKMAXS, Augusta, Georgia.

FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT:
CHARLES L. WATROUS, Des MonrKs, Iowa.

VICE-PRESIDEXTS :

Alabama D. G. Disklix Granville.

Arizona Wm. A. Hajki oiK Phii'nLx.

Arkansa-i E. F. Babcock Little Rock.

California J. E. Cutter Riverside.

Colorado Hesky T. WuxjAais.Colorado Springs

ConnedinU J. H. Hale So. Glastonbury.

South Daloia Chas. A. Keffer Brookings.

Delaware M. H. Beck\vith Newark.

North Dakota H. W. McArdle Fargo.

Digt. Columbia. ...'Wyi. SArxi>E&! Washington.

Florida Dudley W. A dajis... Tangerine.

Georgia... Dk. Sajtuei. HAPE....Hapeville.

Idaho R. Schleicher. _ Lewiston.

Illinois Geo. W. E. Cook Lacon.

Indiana... .Sylvester .Johnson. Irvington.

loica G. B. Brackett Denmark.

Kentucky .Jos. J. YousGLOVE...Bowling Green.

Kansas F. Wellhouse.

Louisiana E. M. HuDsos Xew Orleans.

yfaine Geo. B. Sawyer Wiscasset.

Maryland W. H. Perot Baltimore.

Massachusetts W. C. Strong Brighton.

Michigan X. T. Lyok South Haven.

Minnesota J. S. Harris.- La Crescent.

Mississippi W. H. Cas-sell Canton.

Miiisotiri. Xorm'x J. Cole iiAN.St. Louis.

JS'ehraskii J. H. Masters Nebraska City.

Nevada W. S. Devol Reno.

New Brunswick D. P. Wetmore Clifton.

New Hampshire .. .Frederick Smyth. ..Manchester.

New Jersey E. Williaais Montclair.

New York Dr. F. M. HEX.vaiER, Xew Tork City.

North Carolina J. Vas Lisdley Pomona.

Nora Scotia Robert W. Starr Comwallis.

Ohio Geo. W. Campbell. ..Delaware.

Ontario Ly-sts Wool vertos, Grimsby .

Oregon E. R. Lake- .Corvallis.

Pennsylvania H. M. Esgle Marietta.

Quebec .John Craig Ottawa.

RJ.ode Island J. Erastus LESTEK.-Providence.

South Carolina — Dr. C. U. Shepard.. .Charleston.

Jennessee. R. B. Koen Memphis.

Texas... Wm. Watson.- Brenham.

I'tah C. E. Johnson Salt Lake.

Vermont Dr. T. H. Hoskins... Newport.

Virginia..... Henry L. Ly"man Charlottesville.

Washington Theo. Smith Colfax.

TTtii/ Virginia.

Wisconsin Prof. E. S. Goff Madison.

Wyoming John W. Hoy't Laramie.

SECRETARY

GEORGE C. BRACKETT.

Lawrence, Kansas.

TREASURER:

BENJAMIN G. SMITH,

Cambridge, Mass.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:

President and Vice-Presidents, ex-officio.

Samuel B. Parsons Flushing New York. " Dr. H. H. Gary La Grange...

Charles W. Garfield.. Grand Rapids.. ..Michigan. David Baikd Mandlapan.

. Oeorr/ia .
..New Jersey.

Wm. C. Barry Rochester.

.New York.

FINANCE COMMITTEE:

Edward B. Wilder Dorchester Z^dj.:uilii(u!ls. II. U. Hunnewell IJoston.

Robert Manning Salem Massaclmsietis.

GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE:

Chairman, CH.\RLES W. GARFIELD, Grand Rapids, Michigan.

.MassachuseUs.

Alabama Geo. I. Motz Huntsville.

Arizona Wm. A. Hancock Phtenix.

Arkansas A. E. Menke Fayetteville.

California Frank A. Kimball.. National City.

Colorado D. S. Grimes Denver.

Connecticut T. S. Gold West Cornwall.

South Dakota E. DeBell Siou.x Falls.

Delaware A. W. Staymaker... .Camden.

Dis. of Columbia.. J oun Saul Washington.

Florida Geo. L.Taber Glen St. Mary.

Georgia Samuel H. RuMPH...Marshallville.

Idaho R. Schleicher Lewiston.

Illinois A. C. Hammond Warsaw.

Indiana W. H. Ragan Greencastle.

Iowa C. G. P.VTTEN Charles City.

Kansas Abner Allen Wabaunsee.

Kentucky James Younglove... Bowling Green.

Louisiana E. M. Hudson New Orleans.

Maine W. M. Munson Ozono.

Maryland E. Lew Rogers Baltimore.

Massachusetts J. W. Manning Reading.

Michigan L. R. Taft Agricultural Col

Minnesota S. D. Hillman Minneapolis.

Mississippi S. M. Tracy Agricul. & Mech. Col.

Missouri Raphael Bust Bushberg.

Nebraska R. W. Furnas Brownville.

Nevada W. S. Devol Reno.

New Brunswicle...Y>. P. Wetmoue Clifton.

Nev) Hampshire. ..C C. Shaw Milford.

New Jersey Byron D. HALSTED...New Brunswick.

New York Charles A. GREEN..Clifton.

North Carolina.... ¥. W. Massey Raleigh.

Nova Scotia Charles E. Brown.. Yarmouth.

Ohio W. W. FARNSwoKTH.Waterville.

Ontario Alex McD. Allan. ..(.ioderich.

Oregon E. R. Lake Corvallis.

Pennsylvania H. M. Engle Marietta.

Quebec Jno. Craig Ottawa.

Rhode Island Joseph H. Bourn.. ..Providence.

South Carolina J. S. Newman Fort Hill.

Tennessee .John Wieland Knoxville.

Te.vas Dr. W. W. Stell Paris.

Vermont C. W. Minot Burlington.

Virginia AV. B. Alwood Blacksburg.

Washington Theo. Smith Colfax.

Wisconsin Prof. E. .S. Goff Madison.

Wyoming John W. Hoyt Laramie.

COMMITTEE ON NATIVE FRUITS:

Chairman, DR. F. M. HEXAMER, 92 Lafayette Place, New York.

Charles A. Green.. C?i/((m, N. Y Northern Div.

John F. Lovett Little Silver, N. J. " "

Dr. T. H. HosKiNS... iVeM'/)ort, Vt Eastern "

J. S. Harris LaCrescent, Minn. Northwestern "

Henry L. LYMAN....C/t<tWo«fSi'i7/e, Fa. East Middle "

Div.

Wm. Watson Brenham, 7isa;as... Southwest

Emory E. Smith San Francisco Pacific "

J. S. Newman Ft. Hill, S. C. Southern "

Lynus Woolverton, Grimsby, Onl British Provinces.

H. E. Van Demon... Washington, D. C. Middle Div.

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN FRUITS:

Wm. C. Barry Rochester, N. Y. Prof. Thomas L. Brunk College Park, Md.

J. F. Taylor Douglas, Mich. J. H. Hale South Glastonburg, Conn

J. Van Lindley Pomona, N. C.

COMMITTEE ON SEMI-TROPICAL FRUITS:

A. H. Manville Denver, Fla.

Rev. Lymak Phelp.s Sanford, Fla.

James A. Harris Citra, Fla.

Frank A.Kimball National City, Cal,

Alexander Campbell Riverside, Cal.

CiiAS E. Maude Riverside, Cal.

W. L. Hakt Hawks Park, Fla.

H. S. Williams Rockledge, Fla.

D. B. Weir Petaluma, Cal.

Milton Thomas Los Angeles, Cal,

COMMITTEE ON JUDGENG CITRUS FRUITS:

Presidknt, I'.r-olficio, Chaiuman.

A. H. Manvii.i.e Denrer, Fla. E H. Himusahii Federal J'nint, l''ln.

J. E. Cutter Rirernde, Oil. Frank E KuniAU. National City, Cut.

COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE AND REJECTED FRUITS:

G. B. Brackett Deiimark, Iowa. L. A. Goodman WcMport, Mo.

VVm. Saunders Washington, D. C. D. W. Beadle St. Calheriaex, Out.

W. H. Kaoan Greencastle, Ind. F. W. JFassey Raleigh, N. C.

W. S. Hart Hawks Park, Fla.

COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CATALOGUE:

President, ex-officio.

T. T. Lyon South Haven, Mich. C. L. Watrous Des Moines, Iowa.

L. II. Bailey, Jr Ithaca., N. Y. IIknry L. Lyman Charlottesville, Va.

Louis Bkrckmans Augusta, Oa.

COMMITTEES FOR THE WASHINGTON MEETING.

CREDENTIALS:

E. H. Hart Federal Point, Fla. Henry L. Lyman Charlottesville, Va.

W. C. Strono Brighton., Mass.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS:

C. L. Watrous Des Moines, Iowa. Geo. W. Campbell Delaware, Ohio.

J. E. Cutter Riverside, Cal.

NOMINATION OF OFFICERS:

H. H. Carey La Orange, Ga. J. S. Harris La Crescent, Minn.

J. Van Lindley Pomona, N. C. John Sant Washington, D. C.

O. B. Hadwin Worcester, Mass. Lyman Phelps Sanford, Fla.

C. L. Watrous Des Moines, Iowa. F. M. Hexamer Neiv York, N. Y.

E. S. GoFP Madison, Wis. J. E. Cutter Riverside, Cal.

H. M. Engle Marietta, Pa. Chas. Wright Seaford, Del.

C. P. Lines New Haven, Ct. Geo. W. Campbell Delaware, Ohio.

J. E. Lester Providence, R. I. Henry L. Ly'man Charlottesville, Va.

AWARD OF WILDER MEDALS:

F. M. Hexamer Neiv York. W. C. Strong Brighton, Mass.

D. W. Adams Tangerine, Fla. W. A. Taylor Washington, D. C.

RESOLUTIONS:

Lyman Phelps Sanfurd, Fla. J. E. Cutter Riverside, Cal.

J. H. Hale South Glastonbury, Conn.

COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION AND PLACE OF NEXT IMEETING:

P. J. Berckmans Augusta, Ga. C. L. Watrous Des Moines, Iowa.

('has, W. Garfield Grand Rapids, Mich. D. W. Adams Tangerine, Fla.

W. C. Barry Rochester, N. Y, Frank A. Kimball National City, Cal,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

LIFE.

Allan, Alex. McD Goodrich Ontario

Allan, David Belmot Massachusetts

Allen, Abner Wabaunsee Kansas

Allen, Edwin New Brunswick, ...Xew Jersey

Alwood, Wm. B (For Exp. Station) ..Blacksburg. Va

Ames, Frederick L Boston Ma.ssachusetts

Andrews, Frank W Boston Massachusetts

Appleton, Francis H Lynntield St., Boston, Mass

Atkins, Clias G Bucksport Maine

Austin, Mrs. Helen V... Palmyra New Jersey

Babcock, E. F Little Rock Arkansas

Baird, David Manalapan ^...New Jersej'

Baker, Chas. R Brooklyn New York

Bancroft, George Washington, ....Dist. Columbia

Barry, William C Rochester New York

Beadle, D. W 4-50 Markham St., Toronto Ont.

Beal, W. J Lansing Michigan

Berckmans, Prosper J. ..Augusta Georgia

Black, Charles Hightstown New Jersey

Bliss, B. K Boston Massachusetts

Bourn, Jos. H Pro\-idence Rhode Island

Brewer, John B Boston Massachusetts

Bridgeman, Alfred Newl>urg New York

Brill, Francis Hempstead, L. L, ...New York

Brown, Chas. E Yarmouth Xova Scotia

Buchanan, Isaac New York New York

Bucklin, Simon S 16 Bulfinch St , BostcHi, Mass.

Burnett, Rev. Robert Burlington, Ontario

Burnett, Joseph Southboro Massachusetts

Bush, Raphael Bushbcrg Missouri

Buswell, E. W New York New York

Butler, Charles New York New York

Calder, Rev. James 102 State St Harrisburg, Pa.

Calkins, John S Pomona California

Campbell, George W Delaware Ohio

Carey, Otis Fo.xborough, Massachusetts

Chase, Howard A Philadelphia Pennsylvania

Chase, Lewis Rochester New York

Cheney, Benj.P Boston Massachusetts

Childs, Geo. W (Pub. Led.) ..Philadelphia, Pa.

C'lapp, Wm. Channing... Boston Massachusetts

Clark, Edmund S 16 Kingston St., ...Boston, Mass

Clark, James W Framingham, ...Massachusetts

Clement, Asa Lowell Massachusetts

Conover, Geo. S Geneva New Y'ork

Colman, N. J St. Louis Missouri

Cook, Daniel C Chicago Illinois

Cook, M. S .\vondale Pennsylvania

Cresswell, Jno. A. J Elkton Maryland

Crozier. A. A Ames Iowa

Culbert, Dr. Wm Newburg New Y'ork

Cummings, A. P New Y'ork New York

Cummings, John Woburn Massachusetts

Davis, Franklin Richmond Virginia

Davis, J. O. Bancroft 1621 H St., Washington, D. C.

Devol, W. S (ForE.xp. Sta.)....Reno, Nevda

Dexter, Arthur F Providence Rhode Island

Douglas, Robert Waukegan Illinois

Durfee, Geo. B Fall River Massachusetts

Earle, Parker Cobden Illinois

Ellwanger, George Rochester New Y'ork

Engle, Henry M .Marietta Pennsylvania

Eshleman, John K Downington Pennsylvania

Falconer, Wm. Dosoris,Glen Cove, ..Lung Island, N. Y.

Faxon, M. B ^Boston Massachusetts

Field, E. T Middletown New Jersey

Fisher, John Batavia New York

Flint, David B. 3()(t Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass.

Force, T. S Newburg New York

French, Jonathan Boston Massachusetts

Fuller, Andrew S Ridgewood New Jersey

Furnas, R. W Brown ville Nebraska

Gardiner, Robert H Gardiner Maine

Gariield, Chas. W Grand Rapids Michigan

Gerrish, O. K Geneva New York

Goft", E. S Madison Wisconsin

Gold, T. S West Cornwall, Connecticut

Goodell, H. H (For Ag. Col.). ..Amherst, Mass.

Graves, S. S Geneva New York

Green, W. J (For Exp. Sta.)... Columbus, O.

Grosvenor, C. E 46 Market St....!. .Boston, Mass.

Grubb, S. II Philadelphia Pennsylvania

Guy, T. W Sulphur Springs Missouri

Hacker, William 233 S. 4th St...Philadelphia Pa.

Had wen, O. B Worcester Massachusetts

Haines, John S Germantown Pennsylvania

Haines, Henry (' Germantown Penn.sylvauia

Hance,Benj. B Red Banlc New Jersey

Honcock, Caroline G (Free Library)Sacramento, Cal.

Harris, Geo. W (For Cornell Univ.) Ithaca N. Y.

Harris, James A Citra Florida

Harris, John S La Crescent Minnesota

List of membekk.

9

Haskell, (ieorgc Ipswich MassacluiscttH

Helver, J. W Loekport New York

Ilexaiiier, Dr. F. M 751 Broadway New York

Iloadley, (leorgc 120 Broadway New York

Hoag, c:. L Lockport New York

Holmes, Dr. E. 8 Crand Kapids Michigan

Hoi ton, Warren Hauiilton Ontario

Hovey, .Jolin C Cambridge Massachusetts

Hubbard. T. 8 Fredonia New York

Hunnewell, H. H Wellesley Massachusetts

Hunnewell, Walter 87 Milk St Boston

Hunter, John M Houston Texas

Hyde, J. F. C 31 Milk St., Boston Mass.

Ilgenfritz, I. E Monroe Michigan

.Jeter, Tinsley ....Bethlehem Pennsylvania

Kendall, Edward Cambridge Massachusetts

Kendall, George F Cambridge Massachusetts

Kent, .Joseph H Russell ville Pennsylvania

Kidder, .\. T Milton Massachusetts

King. .John A (ireat Neck, L. I New York

Kirkpatrick, T. J Springfield Ohio

Koen, R. B Memjiliis Tennessee

Kuhn, Hartman I'hiladelphia Pennsylvania

Langdon, C. C Mobile Alabama

Lawyer, A. M Galena Illinois

Leighton, G. B. F Norfolk Virginia

Lester, J. Erastus Providence Jlhode Island

Lindley, J. V Pomona North Carolina

Lovett, J T Little Silver New Jersey

Luke, Elijah II Cambridgeport Mass.

Lyman, Henry L Charlottesville Vh-ginia

Lyons, James M New Bedford. ..Massachusetts

Lyon, T T South Haven Michigan

Mann, William R Sharon Massachusetts

Manning, Robert Salem Massachusetts

Marble, F. M Worcester Massachusetts

Masters, James 11 Nebraska City Nebraska

Maude, Chas. E Riverside California

McCulloch, J. M Cincinnati Ohio

MacFerron, David Allegheny City, Pennsylvania

McLauglilin, Henrj' Bangor Maine

Meehan, Thomas Germantown Pennsylvania

Menke, A. E (For Exp. Sta.) Fayetteville, Ark.

Miller, F. R Sugar Grove l^ennsylvania

Mills, W. H Hamilton (hitario

Mudd, Henry T Pittstield Illinois

Munson, D. O Fall's Church Virginia

Murray, R. D Moultrie Florida

Newman, J. S Auburn Alabama

Noble, Samuel W Jenkintown Pennsylvania

Orton, J. G Binghanipton.....'....New York

Osborne, Charles Vassalboro Maine

I'arsons, S. B Flushing New York

Pay son, Samuel R Boston Massachusetts

Pearson, John M Godfrey Illinois

Periam, Jonathan, 520 Englewood Ave., Englewood, 111.
Perley, Samuel F Naples Maine

Perot, William 11 Baltimore Maryland

J'eters, R Atlanta Georgia

Phelps, Lyman Sanford Florida

Phcenix, F. K Delavan Wisconsin

Pierce, Henry L Boston Massachusetts

Popenoe, E. A Manhattan Kansas

inirrington, E F West Farmington Maine

Putnam, J. Pickering.. ..Boston Massachusetts

Ouinn, P. T Newark New Jersey

Richardson, I. D Clarksville Nebraska

Ream, Jay A Liberty Kentucky

Riehl, E. A Alton Illinois

Rogers, Edmund Law... Baltimore Maryland

Rumph, Sanuiol H Marshallville Georgia

liussell, (Uirdon W Hartford Connecticut

Russell, Henry S Milton Massachusetts

Sadler, Dr. O. W Pittsburgh Pennsylvania

Samuels, J. M. ..4,001 Grand Boulevard Chicago, 111.

Sampson, F. (i Micanojjy Florida

Saunders, William Washington Dist. Columbia

Sawyer, Geo. K Wiscasset Maine

Scarborough, W Cincinnati Ohio

Scott, David A Newburg New York

Selover, Edward C Auburn New York

Shaw, C. C Milford New Hampshire

Shotwell, J. R Railway New Jersey

Shepard, Chas. N Charleston South Carolina

Smith, B Cuba Missouri

Smith, Benj. G Cambridge Massachusetts

Smith, W Geneva New York

Smith, Wm. Brown Syracuse New York

Smith, Wni. Elliott Alton Illinois

Smith, Wing R Syracuse New York

Smitli, Dr. Erwin F 929 R. I. Ave., Washington, D. C.

Smyth, Frederick Maneliester...New Hampshire

Southworth, C Stoughton Massachusetts

Spaulding Dr. C. W River Point Rhode Island

Stark, Clarence M Louisiana Misso'uri

Starr, Rol.)ert W Cornwallis Nova Scotia

Stewart, Brice Clarksville Tennessee

Stewart, Henry L Middle Haddam...Connecticut

Streator, George J Garretsville Ohio

Strong, W. C Brighton Massachusetts

Strother, David H Charlestown West \'irginia

Swineford, Howard Richmond Virginia

Taft, Edward P Providence Rhode Island

Tatnall, Edward Wilmington Delaware

Taylor, Dr. Thomas Washington Dis. Columbia

Temple, F. L Somerville Massachusetts

Temple, John T Davenport Iowa

Thomas, George B West Chester Pennisylvania

Thomas, J. J Union Springs New York

Thomas, Milton Los Angeles California

Townsend, B. C Bay Ridge, L. I New York

Uber, Carlton A Fall's Church Virginia

VanDeman, H. E Washington Dist. Columbia

Van Gelder, Jacob Saugerties New York

10

LIST OF MEMBEBS.

Van Lindley, J Pomona North Carolina

Ward well, W. H Boston Alassaohusetts

Waterer, Hosea Philadelphia Pennsylvania

Watrous, C. L Des Moines Iowa

Watrous, Phillip (For Hortl. Lib.) Des Moines, la

Watson, Wni Brenhara Texas

Webber, Wm. L., (For Hoyt Pub. Lib.) Saginaw, Mich.

Wier, D. B Trenton Sonoma Co., Cal.

Weld, Aaron I) Boston Massachusetts

Wellborn, Jesse M Conyers Georgia

Whitehead, John B Norfolk Virginia

Wickersham, Robt. A....CTearbrook Virginia

Wieland, John Knoxville Tennessee

Wilder, Edward B Dorchester Massachusetts

Williams, Henry T Colorado Springs Colorado

Williams, E Montclair Xew Jersey

Wilson, W. C Baltimore Maryland

Yeomans, Wm. H Columbia Connecticut

Yerrington, J. M. W Boston Massachusetts

Younglove, Joseph I Bowling Green Kentucky

BIENNIAL.

Adams, Dudley W Tangerine Florida

Barry, P. W. C Kochester New York

Barry, Fred G Rochester New York

Babcock, A. G 86.'5Madison Ave., Cleveland,©.

Bailey, L. H Ithica New York

Bailey, Mrs. L. H Ithica New York

Beckwith, M. II Newark New Jersey

Brackett, Geo. C Lawrence Kansas

Brackett, G. B Denmark Iowa

Brunk, Thos. L College Park Maryland

Blackwell, I. J Titusville New Jersey

Block, A Santa Clara California

Boyers, Wm Kansas City Missouri

Cutter, J. E Riverside California

Cook, Geo. W. E Lacon Illinois

Carey, H. H La Grange Georgia

Craig, John Ottawa Canada

Conover, W. I Norfolk Virginia

Campbell, Alex Riverside California

Farnsworth, W. W Waterville Ohio

Goodman, L. A Westport Missouri

Green, Chas. A Rochester New Y'ork

Hale, J. H South Glastonbury Conn.

Hexamer, Mrs. F. M New Y'ork New York

Hendricks, Howard Kingston New Y'ork

Halstead, Byron I)., Rutgers Coll., New Brunswic, N. J.

Hood, W. T Richmond Virginia

Hart, E. H Federal Point Florida

Harrison, J. J Painesville Ohio

Irwin, W. N South Salem Ohio

Johnson, W. B. K Allentown Pennsylvania

Jones, W. E Lincoln Illinois

Jones, C. J. S Lawton Michigan

Kimball, Frank A National City California

King, Wm. M Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

Kendall, Mrs. Reliane... Cambridge Massachusetts

Luke, Mrs. E. H Cambridge Massachusetts

Lines, C. P New Haven Connecticut

Munson, T. V Denison Texas

Miller, G. II Rome Georgia

McCoy, Ben Oskaloo.sa Iowa

McNary, J. W Dayton Ohio

McArdle, II. W Fargo North Dakota

Manning J. W Reading Massachusetts

Manville, A. H Denver Florida

Motz, Geo. I Huntsville Alabama

Massey, Prof . W. F Raleigh North Carolina

Mason, Mrs. Lizzie Winchester Massachusetts

Mason, Miss Lizzie Winchester Massachusetts

Martin, Geo. A Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

Munson, W. M Orono Maine

Phoenix, F. S Bloomington Illinois

Porter, I. W Charlottesville Virginia

Pound, I. L Clark Station Kentucky

Patten, C. G Charles City Iowa

Peter, Charles Ridgeway North Carolina

Ruedy, Geo Colfax Washington

Riley, Prof. C. V Washington Dist. Columbia

Rue, M. P Norfolk Virginia

Reynolds, P. C Rochester New York

Ragan, W. H Greencastle Indiana

Saul, John Washington Dist. Columbia

Smith, Geo. A Waltham Massachusetts

Smith, Miss Annie W Waltham Massachusetts

Spaulding, J. B Spaulding Illinois

Sturgus, M. B Washington Dist. Columl)ia

Stiles, W. A Deckerton New Jersey

Slayniaker, A. W Camden Delaware

Stell, W. W Paris Texas

Schleicher, R Lewiston Idaho

Stringfellow, H. M Hitchcock Texas

Simmons, Geo. E Macon City Missouri

Taj'lor, J. F Douglas Michigan

Taylor, W. A Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

Taber, L. G Glen St. Mary Florida

Troop, Prof. J Lafayette Indiana

Underwood, J. M Lake City Minnesota

Willits, Hon. Edwin Washington... .Dist. Columbia

Walkins, J. B Ilallsboro Virginia

Wilson, A. J Monticello Arkansas

Y'oumans, Mrs. Mary B., Columbia Connecticut

PREFATORY NOTE.

Mr. A. A. Crozier heaving resigned his position as Secretary soon after the publication of the last
report, the undersigned, upon the urgent solicitation of President Berckmans, was induced to accept of
the office for the unexpired term, and entered upon the duties thereof in the month of July, 1SS9.

On January 19, 1891, the following letter was received by President Berckmans:

Department of Agriculturk.
office of the secretary.

Washington, D. C, January Hi, 1S91.

Mr. P. J. Berckmans, President American Pomological Hocietij:

Dear Sir: Allow me, through you, to invite the American Pomological Society to hold its next biennial
meeting, which I am informed is to take place in September, at the Agricultural Department in the city of
Washington.

The Department will, I assure you, be happy to arrange for the meeting, and provide a suiiable hall and
such other conveniences as you may require, should you honor us with your presence.

Yours very truly,
(Signed) J- M. RUSK, Secretary.

Invitations were also received from the Tacoma Chamber of Commerce through its Secretary Mr. C.
A. Snowden, and from the California State Horticultural Society, through Mr. Emery E. Smith, its Secre-
tary, but after submitting the matter to a vote of the Executive Committee, it was decided to accept of the
invitation to meet in Washington, D. C.

Notice was sent at once to the press, and on August Ist 3,000 circulars and programs were
sent to all parts of the country. All of the railroad passenger associations east of the Mississippi River
granted reduced rates to all persons attending the meeting, for which the Society is under renewed
obligations.

The classification and arrangement of the papers and discussions according to subjects without
regard to their orderly presentation, as adopted by my predecessor, has been followed in this report
The delay in its publication is due to unavoidable circumstances beyond the control of the Secretary,
which he regrets as much as any one.

The thanks of the Society are due to the Secretary of Agriculture for tendering the services of

Mr. Talma Drew as stenographer, and to the contributors of the many valuable papers, which we believe

will be found of more than usual interest to the Pomologist.

G. B. Brackett, Secretary.

Note.— This Society does not hold itself responsible for the opinions or theories which are expressed
in the various papers or words of the speakers as they appear in this volume.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

T''v'v"EiNrT"5r-Ti3:iisiD SessioinT-

OPENING SESSION.

On Tuesday, September 22, the Society assem-
bled in the lecture room of the National Museum,
and at 10 o'clock a. m. was called to order by the
President, Hon. P. J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga.,
who in a few brief remarks announced the session
formally opened.

The spacious hall was fairly tilled with ladies
and gentlemen, among whom were many of the
veteran workers of the Society.

The stage was beautifully decorated with palms
and other plants and at the right of the president
stood the bust of the late Hon. Marshall P. Wilder,
the first president of the Society.

The committee of arrangements had provided
ample space in an adjoining room for the large and
fine collection of fruits exhibited.

Kev. S. M. Newman was introduced and opened
the meeting with prayer, after which the Hon. Ed-
win Willits, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, in
behalf of Secretary Rusk, delivered the following

Address of Welcome:

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the American
Pomological Society :

The pleasant duty devolves upon me to welcome
you to the City of Washington. At the request of
the Secretary of Agricultitre, you are convened in
this place at this time. There being no local
society to urge upon you the claims of this city for
your convention, it was befitting that this dejaart-

ment of the government that is affiliated with your
work, that in the breadth and scope of its duties
has a place for Pomology, and that watches with
interest your labors and your deliberations, should
extend to you the hand of fellowship, and give you
a cordial welcome.

In behalf of the Department of Agriculture,
therefore, I bid you a hearty welcome, and I trust
you will not regret having chosen this place for
your meeting. We can not offer you the same
inducements that other localities can, or would be
likely to present, but there are other considerations
that in my judgment far outweigh them. Among
the first to be noted is the fact that the occasion
furnishes an opportunity for the Department, which
is advancing with such rapid strides in public
estimation, and which is developing in every direc-
tion and along every line that shall assist agricul-
ture in its many forms, to come to a better and
fuller understanding with your Society, which is
itself almost as old as the Department that greets
you to day. To you, as to us, the day of small
things has passed away. You represent interests
at this date that far outrun the most vivid imagin-
ations of the most sanguine of the men who in 1848
organized your Society. Then California was prac-
tically unknown, and Florida was chiefiy renowned
for her everglades and her hostile Seminoles. The
orange, the lemon, the tig, the persimmon, pome-
granate, pine apple, and olive were essentually a

OPENING SEKSION.

13

luxury imported from foreign shores. The tomato
was still in many localities tempting to the eye, but
distasteful to the palate, if not as positively as
injurious as the " nightshade " to which it is akin.
The strawberry always luscious was still in large
measure sought for by the boys and girls in the
meadows, who in the seeking often found some-
thing beside. The farm or home that had a taste-
ful wild grape commanded a readier market, and
the native crab- apple was not to be despised by the
small boy, or the good housewife.

But it is useless to enlarge in illustration of the
conditions at the date of your organization. A
complete revolution has been wrought. In this
revolution you gentlemen, and those whom you
succeed, and whom you represent have been an
important factor. The improved methods you
have brought about: the new varieties you have
propagated and introduced; the new fruits you
have brought from foreign lands and made popu-
lar; the assiduity with which you have studied soil
and climate and adaptability; the genius you have
shown in discovering and devising new strains of
flavor and of increased production; the sacrifices
you have made and the fortunes you have spent in
the endeavor to make a hardy stock for the most
acceptable qualities, all have been recorded and
will be gratefully remembered by generations who
enjoy the luscious pleasures you have brought to
their repasts. Many of you have been household
words for years. You have given joys that never
satiate and sweets that never pall. Where before
an improved fruit was so rare that it was a bene-
faction, now there is such an abundance that one
can hardly discriminate and can hardly distribute
his appreciation.

The Department of Agriculture is in no degree
less considerate of what you have been doing and
what you have accomplished. It has with pleasure,
as is testified by its reports from the first, published
to the world the best results of your labors, and it
has recognized to the full the energy you have dis-
played and the intelligence you have thrown into
your work. On the other hand the Department has
some pride in the part it has taken in this great
revolution. Ithas not been idle these many years.
It would be unbecoming in this presence to enum-
erate the trophies it has won, or the good it has

accomplished. It i.s only mentioned for the purpose
of justifying the claim it makes for fellewship with
you in the deeds that have been done. Its Division
of Horticulture has always been prolific in results;
its Division of Pomology is working in its restricted
field with an honest effort, with the means given it,
to cooperate with you and to meet your wishes,
while in the Divisions of Entomology and Vegetable
Pathology you have found abundant assistance in
fighting insect pests and vegetable parasites— four
grand Divisions out of fourteen devoted largely to
the interests which you represent.

It is because of our work that we are glad to
meet the other and more numerous workers in this
great field of fruit culture, and to become person-
ally acquainted with you. Your coming is an
inspiration to us, and may your leaving be followed
by a higher appreciation of what each in his
respective sphere is accomplishing, and a more
hearty cooperation in the great work in which we
are jointly interested.

The President then called upon Hon. C. L.
Watrous, of Des Moines, Iowa, who made the
following

Response:
Mr. Secretary:

We have reason to be very glad to be wel-
comed by the head of so great a department of
so great a Government as this. There is no other
government upon the face of the earth where
one of its great departments may so freely devote
itself to the welfare of that which makes life
pleasant to the common people as this great Agri-
cultural Department of this great Government of
America. I am told by those who have been in
Europe more than I have that there is no people
there, in spite of their ancient Government, where
the common people — I mean all of us who work
with our hands — are able to have upon their tables
and in the hands of their children fruits in abund-
ance, as we have them here in America. As one of
the younger members of this Society, I may the
more freely speak of the great part taken by this
Society in bringing about this state of affairs. The
work of this Society heretofore has been very
largely in introducing fruits from foreign countries
and straightening the crooked places in the naming
of our native fruits, and in adoptmg new methods
of cultivation. It is only lately that this Society

14

PEESIDENT S ADDRESS.

has had the helj) of this great Department of the
Government. This Department of Agriculture has
taken on a new growth lately, and that, while it is
good for the nation it is especially good for all of
us who are concerned with the growth of fruits.
As I look about the walls here in this hall, which is
tendered for our use, I am led to speak just for a
moment of one new work which the members of this
American Pomological Society are taking up. We
see here these portraits of the aboriginal inhabitants
of our country. We, in the West, especially beyond
the Mississippi river, are now engaged in a great
work in adopting — in civilizng — the fruits which
these red men ate, and making them fit for such men
as form the body of the American Pomclogieal
Society. We are proud and glad to have the
hearty cooperation of this great Department of
this great Government. I believe that there is no
other people in the world so well situated as we
are to go on to develop the things which make for
the higher and better life of the common people.
There is no nation on the earth which can threaten
us so that we are obliged to spend the best
part of our blood in maintaining standing armies.
We have no foe, foreign or domestic, which threat-

ens our welfare. We may pay our taxes, and we
can reasonably ask the Government to spend the
best part of them in developing the industries of
this nation freely, without any interference from
the rest of the world. The Agricultural Department,
with its division of Pomology, is our great helper
in our work. It is especially pleasing to have such
words of welcome and assurance that we shall have
all the help which that great Department is able to
give. 1'he men who sit here will soon pass away,
Init their work will not be ended, and with the help
of the Department of Agriculture, with the work
ingrained there, we know that it will go on, and
with changing conditions, with new enemies to com-
bat and old varieties running out, we know that
with a nucleus here at Washington, this work may
be carried on to the limits of time. It is pleasant
to be here, and very gratifying to know and consider
these facts. Mr. Secretary, we have to thank you
for the welcome you have given us. We can
appreciate it.

The president then announced the various com-
mittees for the session, a list of which will be found
in the forepart of this volume, and the meeting
adjourned to '2 o'clock p. m.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

By HON. PROSPER J. BERCKMANS, Augusta, Georgia.

On reassembling President Berckmans delivered
his biennial address.

The Address.

Gentlemen and Members of the Anieriean Pomo-
logical Society:

Most valued do I hold the privilege to commingle
with you, to greet you, and to briefly address you
upon a few subjects intimately intervt'oven with
the welfare of this grand organization, and to ren-
der you an account of my stewardship.

I delight to converse with men of science, but do
not pretend to give them advice; instruction must
naturally tend to those who are in need of it, and I,
with many others here present, come to glean from
the experience of our elders.

In accepting the invitation from the Honorable,
the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture, to
hold our present session under its auspices in the
capital of the American Union, we appreciate the
great benefits which will result to our Society.
This official recognition with which we have been
honored, we gratefully acknowledge, as it gives the
American Pomological Society as truly a national
standing in name as it has always had in deeds.

One of the most illustrious men of antiquity,
Hippocrates, earned the title of " Father of Medi-
cine,'' because he separated the study of his profes-
sion from that of philosophy. So may we deserve
the name of Pomologists for having relied more
upon practical experience, rather than upon the

PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

15

theoretical nto[)ias wbich for m.any generations past
have retarded the progress of onr pursuit. We
have found through the logic of observation, that
the principles of each science, as well as the pre-
cepts of each art, should be derived from facts
appertaining to their domain, and not borrowed
from others — mere accessories which should not
control but aid in their practical application. In
such a progressive science as Pomology, every day
brings forth something new and valuable to be
added to our stock of knowledge, and while we may
radually gain in this from our own observation, yet
our pursuit would be slow and often discouraging
were opportunities denied us to meet with others
whose more varied experience can enlighten us.

The magnitude of this assembly, graced by our
most advanced men of science and national reputa-
tion, is an indication that the pursuit of Pomology
is recognized as one of the great factors in promot-
ing wealth, advancing education, and increasing
health giving products tending to human happiness
and comfort. Aside from these beneficial influ-
ences, this reunion is an occasion for many of us to
bring us here from our distant homes, to greet
those for whom a mutual feeling of friendship is
entertained, and to strengthen it by social and
intellectual intercourse.

The memories of our past reunions, grand tradi-
tions of the illustrious men who founded and sus-
tained this Society, bring to me the most cherished
remembrances of friendships formed with those
from whom many valued lessons were received,
whose exalted words and deeds have enlightened
posterity, and whose precepts, I, as their humble
follower, have endeavored to carry out, that the
aims of our Society may be perpetuated.

One of the ethics of this Society is to promote
popular education as far as in our power, because
we recognize that the true scope of all educational
schemes is graded by its influence upon the welfare
and refinement of men. With this view, our
reunions and fruit exhibits have proven of marked
and practical benefit, combining object lessons with
the teachings of men of scientific attainments, and
the publication of our proceedings which contain
the concentrated experience of the most successful
fruit growers of this continent.

Our constitution provides for biennial meetings
only, this because many of our members residing

often at great distances from one another, cannot
conveniently make long and expensive journeys for
that purpose, hence our opportunities to meet
together, are unfortunately too limited. While our
present constitution does not define in words the

DUTIES OF CUB VICE-PRESIOKNTS,

it should nevertheless be understood on their part
that in accepting the honor of the position, they
also accept the obligations to carry out the aims of
the Society, and thus aid in achieving that which
the parent organization can only map out, and
relies upon them for final results. The "progress of
Pomology must depend upon their personal inter-
course and correspondence with the fruit growers
of the various counties and localities of their State,
and upon the organizing of State and local Societies.
These local organizations can have monthly and
even weekly reunions, especially during the fruit
seasons of the year. There the merits or demerits
of fruits may be ascertained, annual reports made
to the State Society, to which these local societies
should be auxiliaries, and thus the chairmen of
State fruit committees could collect more reliable
reports than can be obtained where State and dis-
trict societies do not exist. Our State reports are
in some instances deficient in reliable and practical
information. To persons unacquainted with the
scope of our State reports in regard to their
influence upon bringing the most desirable class of
citizens to their borders, let me say that one of the
main considerations a prospective settler takes in
view is the adaptability for successful fruit growing
of the section of that State to which he intends to
change his residence. The State which gives the
most comprehensive and reliable report as to its
advantages in these productions will receive the
most intelligent, energetic and desirable addition to
its population, and that community most exclusively
devoting itself to fruit-growing and horticultural
pursuits is found to advance more rapidly in
everything tending to elevate, refine and enrich its
citizens.

.'■CIENTIFIC POMOXOGY A NECESSARY AD.IONCT TO COM-
MERCIAT, FRUIT-GROWIXO.

While this Society has never deviated from its
original object, which is the advancement of the
science of Pomology, and cannot recognize indi-
vidual interests, yet the wonderful strides made in

16

PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

the production of fruits, makes it imperative to
give commercial frnit-growing all due attention,
inasmuch as the magnitude of that source of pro-
duction is in a measure the result of the scientific
work of this Society. When we compare the won
derful array of the various fruits with which our
markets are now supplied with those of a genera-
tion past, well may we feel amazed at the variety
and abundance, as well as the improved quality of
our market products. A few years ago certain
classes of fruits were ofFered in such limited quan-
tities, that the names of special varieties were
almost wholly ignored. Strawberries were all
classed under their specific name. — for grapes the
Isabella was all that could be found, and in pears
the Sugar Top was deemed synonymous to the
Bartlett. Every kind of Orange, good, bad or
indifferent, was sold in our markets as Florida
Oranges. Now look at the change; our market
reports issued by every commission man who values
his interests, names the varieties of the various
classes of fruits, and quotations are made according
to their value. Purchasers have become gradually
educated to a knowledge of the best varieties, and
thus inferior sorts driven out of the market With
these facts in view, commercial fruit growers should
endeavor to imjarove our popular varieties of fruits
by the most careful methods of cultivation, picking,
sorting and packing, and thus not only increase
their pecuniary returns, but practically aid in the
progress of scientific Pomology.

DECLINE IN THE I'HIIES ol' I'KllT.

The causes are various, and in many instances
local, and therefore general remedial measures can-
not be suggested. We may mention,

1. Overproduction in some localities.

2. Irregularities in transportation, which pre-
vents fruits being disposed of by daily shipments,
and by an accumulation of several days' ripening.

8. Larger quantities are sometimes sent to a
market than it can consume.

4. Inferior quality, or faulty packing prevents
ready sale, and decreases the price of a similar
variety of better quality; a certain amount of what
may be termed refuse fruit, will cause low prices
to rule so long as this is found in a market. Many
other causes may be suggested, but the above are
the most prevalent. The remedies are in a measure

within our control. Let district and county Socie-
ties adopt rules that nothing but the best grades
of fruit shall be shipped by their members, and if
need be let a competent person be appointed as
inspector, before any fruit is packed and forwarded;
let the official brand of the Society indicate the
name and grade of each variety, and when uni-
formity is thus secured, commission men will find
no dilBculty in securing good prices, and producers
will receive the reward for their intelligent as well
as systematic care in i)reparing their fruit for
market.

FINCIS DISEASES .\N1) INSECT DEPREDATIONS.

The rapidity of their increase is alarming in
many localities, new species of fungi, and of
heretofore almost unknown or comparatively harm-
less insects which suddenly make their appearance
in countless myriads, are causing the fruit grower
to call in the aid of our scientists for remedial or
preventive suggestions, and to prevent the destruc-
tion of his crop admonishes him to acquire some
knowledge of Entomology and kindred sciences
which will enable him to intelligently observe the
appearnace and effects of these enemies, and thus
aid in the investigation which, thanks to a wise
government, is within reach of all, through the
systematic organization of the National Bureau of
Agriculture, whose work in its various scientific
departments, is so highly appreciated by all pi-o-
gressive cultivators.

CATALOGUE AND ITS REVISION.

One of the drawbacks to the successful cultiva-
tion of fruits is the formidable array of varieties
ofFered to the beginner, and which have a tendency
to lead to injudicious selections.

Certain varieties of fruits attain perfection in
only a few localities, and may there bring profit-
able results; others cover a larger territory, and
therefore may be classed under the head of General
Cultivation. The aim of the official catalogue of
the Society is to present a list of fruits that have
proven of value in the largest area of the states in
which they are now rated. This catalogue was
begun twenty years ago, and has received most
careful revision at each biennial session; but it is
to-day not giving as much information as is neces-
sary, because of the difficulty of so dividing each
state of our immense territory as to show the geo-

PEESIDENT S ADDRESS.

17

graphical and cliniatic regions wherein many of our
popular fruits become modified to a greater or
lesser extent, and their value greatly changed.

Several plans were suggested when the work was
at its inception, and the climatic influences upon a
given fruit when grown in states whose area
includes both high, mountainous and almost semi-
tropical zones, was carefully considered. This
latter plan would have been adopted but for the
voluminous tabulated pages necessary to carry this
out, and the present form was considered as the
best that was feasible. While it is insufficient in
some instances, it has been retained until a better
plan is si;ggested, and this is a matter which I
desire to bring for your consideration.

SYNONYMY.

Your committee on synonyms have labored faith-
fully to reach a proper nomenclature, but their
efforts are made more arduous by the introduction
of well known sorts under new names — or new
varieties which beingf held under a registered trade
mark, have received additional names in order to
disseminate them without liability of legal proceed-
ings. The originator of a new and valuable fruit
should receive a just remuneration for the years of
care and labor required for its production, but })y
applying for a "Trade Mark'' or "Registered
Label," he does not always retain a monopoly of
the fruit, from the utter impossibility to impress in
indelible characters such a mark upon anything but
an inert manufactured article which requires special
ingredients to produce. The " Registered Label ''
plan, induces fraud, and adds to the confusion of
our nomenclature. There are doubtless other
methods to bring remuneration to the originator of
a new fruit, which would be more in keeping with
the question.

Again the various Japanese fruits which collec-
tors for importing firms in California send to head-
quarters, are adding to a most confusing and per-
plexing nomenclature. Local names usually with
out significance, or misspelled, because of the diffi
culty of writing in English characters, that which
to any but Japanese ears are mere murmurs, have
added their quota to this vexed question. Many
new Japanese fruits have proven of great value in
several sections of the United States, but the diffi-
culty in arriving at a correct nomenclature has

caused inferior sorts to be cultivated, and entailed
failure, when better sorts offered under similar
names would have yielded abundant returns. This
subject, I trust will meet with your careful consid-
eration during this session.

I'di.rrirs in I'(imoi.o(;v.

In reviewing the history of your Society, there
have appeared instances where its influence was
sought for the accomplishment of certain measures
totally foreign to its ethics, and pertaining to the
domain of statecraft. A wise appreciation of its
legitimate field of work has always declined to
entertain the consideration of any topic where
individual interests were alone to be benefited. As
you value the life and dignity of your grand
Society, let me plead that the course inaugurated
and followed by our illustrious master, whose
memory we revere, be always your guide. Let
questions of state or local politics be considered
and settled by state or national legislative authori-
ties; they are theirs by right, not ours.

FINANCES.

From the report of your venerable treasurer, you
will find that, thanks to his careful and economical
management, your financial resources are in a most
satisfactory condition. The legacy of our venera-
ble friend, Mr. Wilder, has by judicious investment,
afforded an increased revenue, which gives the
Society an annual assured income. Many of the
responsibilites incumbent upon myself as the legal
head of your Society and corporation, have been
shared and assumed by Mr. Benjamin G. Smith.

To my friend Mr. T. T. Lyon, your first vice-
president, I am indebted for valuable advice, and
to the indefatigable labors of Mr. C. L. Watrous,
the General Chairman of the Fruit Committee, you
owe the excellent fruit catalogue of the proceedings
of the session of 1889.

Your former Secretary, Mr. A. A. Crozier, being
compelled to resign his official connection, owing to
a change of avocation and domicil, which required
his undivided time, deserves your commendation
for the care bestowed in editing the proceedings of
the last session, and in securing the services of your
present efficient Secretary, Mr. G. B. Brackett, the
Society has been most fortunate. To him and my
colleagues who have so liberally shared in the

18

PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

labors for the success of the American Pomological
Society, I tender my grateful acknowledgements.
Friends and co workers, pardon the length of
these remarks, they are prompted by my earnest
solicitude for the life and usefulness of our
Society, and if my deductions have at times proven
not to be infallible, my intentions have been honest
in endeavoring to follow the paths which appeared
the safest.

IN MEMDKIAM.

And now, my friends, would that I were spared
the painful di;ty to refer to the irreparable loss
which the American Pomological Society has sus-
tained by the decease of many of its members.
Seldom has death claimed from our ranks men
whose labors and loyal support to the pursuit we
hold in common, will make their names more im-
perishable to future generations, than any marble
monument that speaks not of their good works for
all time to come. Other lips than mine must more
eloquently eulogize the life of Patrick Barry, but
none can letter appreciate the usefulness of our
departed friend, in his efforts to advance our coun-
try's prosperity and elevate mankind. INIr. Barry
died at Rochester, N. Y., on Jiine 23, 1890, at the
age of 75 years. He became identified with horti-
cultural pursuits at an early age, and in 1840
formed a partnership with Mr. Geo. Ellwanger,
which remained unbroken until death parted him
from his devoted friend and partner. His writings
upon Fruit Culture stand prominent, and his
"Fruit Garden" alone would have made his name
illustrious in his chosen pursuit. With Mr. Wilder,
he founded this Society, and as Chairman of the
General Fruit Committee, he chiefly prepared the
catalogue of the fruits which is now your official
guide. His labors for the success and perpetuation
of this Society ceased only with his life, and when
the infirmities of a well spent life compelled him to
relinquish active participation in your last sessions,
his solicitude for your success was ever dear to
him. Mr. Barry was a man whose countenance
and address commanded respect. He had a won-
derful gift in expressing his ideas with clearness
and firmness. Liberal in his opinions, he respected
those of others; consistent in his friendships; of
the strictest integrity in his dealings with men; of
indomitable energy and perseverence, he faithfully

deserved the tribute of respect which was univer-
sally bestowed upon him. To those of us who
listened to his practical and lucid illustratious of
Pomological problems, and were among his friends,
the memories of these days will always remain as
laurels, ever green. *

Dr. Jno. F. Strentzel, for many years yoiu- Vice-
President for California, died at his home in
Alhambra Valley, near Martinez, California, on
October 31, 1891. He was Ijora in Lublin, Poland,
in 1813; graduated as a physician at Pesth in
1839, and emigrated to Texas soon afterwards; in
1850 reached California, where he became a pioneer
fruit grower, and began experimenting with over
1,000 varieties of fruit. Bland and courteous in
manner, considerate and kind in action, and
sociable in disposition, full of learning, his death
was sorrowfully honored by the community which
surrounded his home, and his numerous friends
throughout the state. We will ever remember his
friendly letters which evinced a kindness of heart
to his co-laborers, and together with those who
knew him intimately, we will long remember and
honor the man who was such a potent factor in
horticultural progress.

He was the first to show a properly cured Muscat
raisin, and from his efforts may be said to elate the
present great industry of Raisin production in
California.

Chas. Gibb, of Abbottsford, Quebec, so well known
to the Pomological world by his researches upon
Russian fruits, died at Cairo, Egypt, March 8, 1891.
His life was one of unselfish devotion for the ben
efit of his f ellowmen ; always ready to do a kind act
with a free hand and heart. A most congenial
friend, whose modesty was only equal to his great
intellectual attainments; a man whose happine.ss
was greatest when he could make others happy.
Long will his memory be held dear by those who
shared his friendship.

Phineas, M. Augur, Vice-President for Connecticut
for many years, and our respected associate, de-
parted this life on July 14, 1891. He was prom-
inently identified with agricultural affairs, and
educational matters. He represented his town in
the state legislature in 18(59, and originated several
new varieties of fruits. His quiet demeanor, added
to great practical knowledge, made him many

TltEAHUltKU S REPORT.

19

frieuds, and we will miss his presence at onr
reunions which he attended tor the past thirty
years.

On April 2, 1S90, the host of friends of Dr.
George Thnrber were saddened by the notice of
his death, which occurred at his home near Passaic,
N. J. , after a lingering illness. For nearly a quar-
ter of a century he was editor of the American
Agriculturist, in which position his vast and varied
knowledge of natural science, arts and industries,
his keen powers of observation, and rare judgment,
made his name known throughout the American
Continent, and beyond the seas wherever the
English language is spoken. Few men have
exerted so powerful and effective an influence on
American Agriculture and Pomology as has Dr.
Thurber. Most genial in disposition, generous to
a fault, liberal minded, and always ready to help
those whom he felt needed assistance. To many
of us who held a place in his great heart, his loss
will always be mourned. He served this Society
for many years as a member of your Executive
Committee, and when notified of his election as
Vice-President for N. J., at the Ocala session, his
appreciation of this token of your regard was
received with emotion and gratitude; although then
upon a sick bed. his great desire was to regain
sufficient strength to practically recognize this
honor.

The practical lessons to be derived from the lives
of these useful men, are manifest in the higher
educational progress of our ruralists, the enviable
position attained by American Pomology, to which
our European brethren concede the front rank, the
untold financial benefits to our people, the comforts
and pleasures of rural life when knowledge is added
to labor, and which brings out the true character of
man, and dignities his pursuit.

The address was received with great applause,
and a committee was appointed, to which it was
referred and at a later session made the following
report:
Members of the American Fomohnjicnl Societij:

Your committee appointed to cousider and report
upon the address of President Berckmans to this
society, would say, after a careful consideration of
the address, they find it so complete in itself, so
full in its recommendations, and so explicit in its

statements, they perceive neither necessity nor pro-
priety in making additional recommendations or
suggestions to the matter of so able a document.

C. L. Wateous.

Geo. W. Campbell.

J. E. Cutter.

Treasurer's Report.

RECEIPTS.

IS.S'J.
Feb. 8. Balance from old account, which

represents i!5, 000 railroad bonds, ii4,910 88

" Casli balance from old account 496 80

May 1. Interest on railroad bonds 100 00

Nov. 1. " " " " 100 00

1890.

May 1. " " " " 100 00

Nov. 1. " " " " 100 oo

1891.

May 1. " " " " 100 00

.Tames A. Harris, Life Member 20 00

W. B. Alwood " " 20 00

\V. .J. (ireen " ' " 20 00

A. E. Menke " " 20 00

Henry H. Goodell " " 20 00

W. f>. Devol " " 20 00

Wm. L. Webber " " 20 00

Geo. Wm. Harris " " 20 00

C. W. Minot " " 20 00

E. H. Lake " " 20 00

Dr. Wm. Trelease " " ... . 20 00

H. M. Utley " " 20 00

L. F. Kinney " " 20 00

A. A. Crozier, to complete Life Mem. 16 00

C. L. Watrous " " " " 16 qO

H.E.VanDenian " " " " 16 00

W. S. Hart " " " " 16 00

Chas. E. Maud " " " " 16 00

Benj. P. Ware " " " " 16 00

.1. A. Ream, acct. life membership, 10 00

12-1 biennial memberships, at fi-1.... 496 00
1889.

Feb. 20. .Sold two catalogues 2 00

1889.
Jan. 22. Sold two catalogues and copy pro-
ceedings 4 00

J!6,775 63

DISBURSEMENTS.
1889.

March 15. Boston Safe Deposit lO 00

" 11. B. Ct. Smith's expenses to Ocala.... 9-5 60

April 16. John Ford &Son, printing 5 00

u.'ja'n'.'^s', t P- J- Berckmans, printing, stamps

•89. ' ) and stationery 37 93

May 28. Henry Mitchell's bill for silver and
bronze medals, including en-
graving and cases ". § 73 30

Nov. 8. Freight two boxes "proceedings "

from Jlioh fi 34

Oct. 23. A. A. Crozier's salary 100 00

" " Postage on circulars" and letters... 16 70

" " 430 copies proceedings 55 90

Printing, expressage, typewriting, 38 80
Oct. 18. Kendall Kittredge, for printing
proceedings and catalogues as

per agreement 647 22

o-l ^- ^^- ^n^itlii postage, p. cards and
to Dec 18 r stationery, labor on proceedings,

'J expressage and telegrams 67 27

1890.
Feb. 15. A . A. Crozier, for printing circulars
and wrappers, postage and ex-
pressage 14 70

20

TEEASURER S REPORT.

DISBURSEMENTS. — Continued.

1889.

March 1?: Boston Safe Deposit li» <•!»

1891.

March 10. " " " 10 00

Jiilj^ 28. J. Ford & Son, jnintinjj 7 oo

Aug. 3. r. .T. Bereknian's hill, printing,
stamps, and express charges on

package of proceedings <i<i 30

1889 to '. B. G. Smith, cartage, expressage,
Sept. 1, '91 ij postage stamps and stationery... 5.5 48

1891.
Sept. 1. Balance from old acct., which rep-
resents l?5,000 railroad bonds 4,910 83

" " Cash balance to new account 547 26

$0,775 63
1891.
Sept. 1. Balance from old acct.. which rep-
resents s5,000 railroad l)onds s4,910 83

" " Cash balance from old account — 547 26

Benjamin G. Smith,
Treasurer American Pomological Society.
B<isToN, Sept. 1, 1891.

I have examined the foregoing accouut and find

it correct with proper vouchers. I have also

examined the bonds of the Chicago, Burlington &

Quincy Kailroad, amounting to .if5,000, and find

them correct.'

Edward B. Wilder, Auditor.

Boston, Sept. 1, 1891.

During the session of the second day the Hon.
J. M. Rusk having entered the hall, President
Berckmans said: This Society is honered by the
presence of the honorable Secretary of Agricutnre,
and I know, ladies and gentleman, it will be a
pleasui-e to greet him, and if the Secretary will
honor us by taking a seat on the rostrum we shall
be delighted. The Secretary then being introduced
to the Society by President Berckmans, said:

Remarks by Secretary Rusk.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I told my assistant that I would come over here
with him with the understanding that I was not to
make any remarks. I only came to greet you and

to bid you be of good cheer in the work you are
carrying on so successfully. The Department under
my charge is doing what it can for all the interests
connected with agriculture, and what we want is
your cooperation in furthering these interests, of
which the branch so ably represented by your
Society is certainly one of the most important, and
probably one of those that have been most generally
neglected. Of course you are aware that our Depart-
ment is doing what it can with the means at its dis-
posal. If Congress will give us means enough we
will try to expend them so as to secure their full
value.

As I entered the hall I heard the closing sentences
of a paper in regard to diseases of fruit, and I am
glad to see that we have some representatives of
the Department here who are very capable of ex-
plaining the work done by us in that direction, and
of telling you what to do in order to prevent injury
to yonr fruits. I thank you for this kind reception,
and I wUl not longer detain your proceedings.

After the close of the session on Friday, in ac-
cordance with an invitation from Chief Van Deman,
the Society in a body visited the Division of Pomo-
logy, Department of Agriculture, where every facility
was offered for the inspection of the work being done
in this bureau and all were highly pleased and sat-
isfied that all is being done that is possible with the
limited means allowed to advance the interest of
the great industry which this Division represents.
Resolutions adopted bearing upon this subject will
be found elsewere.

The members then proceeded to the Executive
Mansion where they were cordially received by
President Harrison, and after being shown through
the building and grounds, many of them were soon
homeward bound, and thus ended a long to be re-
membered session of the American Pomological
Society.

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

The Chemistry of Peach Yellows.
I I.

BY EKWIN F. SMITH.

Two years ago, at the Ocala meeting, a paper on
thi.s subject ■was read by title, and published in the
proceedings of this Society. Since then, some new
light has been shed on the Peach Yellows problem.
This, therefore, seems a fitting occasion for supple
menting what was written at that time.

Those who are familiar with the (juestion, will
remember that some of the earlier analyses, indi-
cated a diminished quantity of K^ O, and P, O,. in
Peach branches disea.sed by Yellows. It was only
a step, all)eit, a rather long one, from this fact, or
supposed fact, to the conclusion, that a deficiency
or absence of these substances in the orchard soil
was a leading catise, if not the only cause, of this
disease. Following these analyses, and based upon
this theory, came a series of feeding experiments,
by Dr. Charles A. Goessman, then chemist of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, and now Direc-
tor of the State Experiment Station, assisted by Pro-
fessor S. T. Maynard, of the same school. These
experiments were repeated, and extended by Pro-
fessor D. P. Penhallow, at the Houghton Farm
Experiment Station, in New Y'ork. In both series
of experiments the endeavor was to add to the soil
the substances supposed to be absent or deficient,
particularly K.. O, and P.^ O.,, thus cui-ing the afPected
trees, and preventing the further progress of the
disease.

The published statements from Amherst and
Houghton Farm, agreed stibstantially, and led the
public to believe that the end had l)een accom-
plished, and that liberal doses of muriate of iiotash
and super phosphates, with slight addition of other
substances, such as kieserite, supposed to render
the muriate more effective, were all that was
required to cure Peach Yellows, and to keep the
orctiards in a healthy condition. These statements
were copied widely by the agricultural papers, and
received the endorsement of various writers on
horticulture, particularly A. S. Fuller, J. H. Hale,
and Eli Minch.

2 (

These views were vigorously comlnitted by prac-
tical men eijually eminent in horticultural science,
and the war of words ran high. The horticultural
tomahawk was brandished vigorously and woe to
luckless wight who fell under its blows. Mr. Minch
even went .so far as to say, " I deem the man who
contends that the Yellows is a contagious disease a
dangerous character," while Mr. LaFleur declared
with ecjual emphasis: ''The doctrine that Yellows
is not contagious is a dangerous one to teach."

Such was, substantially the state of the question
when the Peach Yellows investigation was taken up
by the Department of Agriculture.

Dr. Goessman began his researches in ].S7(i, and
the special treatment of diseased Peach trees in
1878. His analyses with comments were published
in The TrniimicUoiis of the MuKHaclmneitK Hovticul-
tural Society in 1882. He Jirst treated "slightly
affected trees with a phosphatic fertilizer in the
usual proportion, adding at the same time from
three to four pounds of chloride of potassium
(muriate of potash) for every tree." Finally he
settled upon a mixture of bone super phosphate,
muriate of potash, and sulphate of magnesia, laying
special stress on the " specific action " of muriate
of potash. Concerning these treatments he re-
marks, in 1889: "Our own observations have been
most encouraging, and satisfactory results are
reported from all directions." *

Professor Peuhallow's first paper was published
in 1S82, in connection with Dr. Goessman"s and
his experiments at Houghton Farm, subsequently
described in two bulletins from that .station, were
begun the same year and concluded in 1883.

In his later writings he advised ()'25 His per acre
of the following mixture:

Kieserite '25 lbs

Muriate of potash 150

Dissolved bone black 450

If marked evidence of the disease was present he
recommended an additional 4 lbs of muriate for each
affected tree, and said, " If not too far gone two or

* The Practical Farmer," April 20, 18S9.
21)

22

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

three years will proljably com[)lete the care, but
careful treatment will be needed afterwards to
prevent return.''

Professor S. T. Mayuard, who carried (^o mo.st
of the field work at Amherst, recommended in
1884,* "400 lbs of acid bone phosphate, 150 to
200 lbs of muriate of potash, and l()01t).s of crude
sulphate of magnesia," as the mi.xture which they
had found to i^ive the best results. This he said
should ])e ajiplied in the fall or very early in the
spring, and worked into the soil around the trees.

Concerning the contagious nature of Yellows,
Professor Penhallow wrote in 1.SS4: "In my first
report for ISSl! I ignore contagion in this disease,
and have .still no reason for believing in it." In
1884 Professor Mayuard also wrote: " While I
have no positive proof that the disease is not con-
tagious, I do seriously doubt if anyone has positire
proof that it is."

Dr. Goessman now seems to hold a middle
ground, believing that whatever be the cause of
Yellows, we can enable Peach trees to resist it by
giving tiieiu a sufficient quantity of food.

Probably the Ijest way to present this subject
succinctly, will be to divide it into two parts, first
treating of laboratory work, and then of field work..

CilK.MKAI. AN.M^VSIS.

When my attention was first called to this theory
of Peach Yellows, it struck me that the evidence
was rather meager, and not as harmonious as we
ai'e accustomed to require for biological work, and
the more the problem was studied the more this
fact stood out. Very few analyses of the Peach had
been made, and these did not fully agree. Addi-
tional analyses wen-e made at my request, and the
conclusions from three of these are here presented
for the first time. Not to be tedious, I shall give a
comparative statement, asking your attention only
to certain striking discrepancies. Those who are
specially interested will find the omitted details
elsewhere.

According to the following authorities, Peach
branches when diseased by Yellows vary from
healthy ones, as follows, omitting minor differences:

Table I. — Showing the principal differences be-
tween healthy Peach branches and those affected

by Peach Yellows, as determined by five chemists
(14 analyses).

DlSKASRD BBANCHKS CONTAIN

.■\uiiU)i.-nv.

Lime (CaOi.

Potash
(K2O).

IMiosphoiicacid
(I'aOs).

Slightly less
rou^id'cralilv less

Uoessmau dSW

Miieli marc

Much less

Conn. Kxp. Sta. i Issi .

AllOIlt MIHie

Much iess

.ShuJitlv 'More

.■\. K Iviiorr (Isssi

Muc'Ii IcfiS

Much mori

.\tiuli ni'ire.

((Jn^eiii.' s urchani)

.1. !•". Uastwood (1S90) .

Much tens

Mucli miin-

Shi;lillv less

(i.ieeiif's ordiani) . ..

J. F. EastwooiKlsiiO)..

Much less

\bout sami

Mupli more

(Harper's ordiaril

J. F. Eastwood (IgUOl .

Much less

Much mure

Ctinsiderablv more

(McDaniell s orchprd)

•"Trans, of the N. J. St, Hoft. See,

From this comparison it will be seen that the
analyses made under direction of the Department
of Agriculture ( the last four) agree substantially
among themselves, but contradict the earlier
analyses. In case of the analyses by Professor
Kedzie and Dr. Goessman no statement is made
as to the exact age, location of parts, and relative
proportion of the various parts of the branches
taken for analysis, and this renders them prac-
tically valueless, because the amount of the various
chemical constituents in a tree varies greatly ac-
cording to the kind of tissue, the age, and the
location of the part.

The analyses made by Mr. Knorr show that the
diseased twigs contain less lime ami iiiore potash
and phosphoric acid than healthy twigs, and the
series made by Dr. Eastwood tend to confirm this
view, although in one instance he. found slightly
less I'j O^ and in another about the same K^ O.

The diseased branches collected for Mr. Knorr
were the shoots of one season. They had made a
com])aratively meager growth and were in a less
mature state than the corresponding healthy shoots.

The shoots sent to Dr. Eastwood were of one
season's growth and those in jiarticular from Mr.
Greene's orchard were just as nearly comparable as
it is possible to get diseased and healthy growths.
The diseased shoots in each case had made a less
robust growth and were slightly less mature than
the healthy ones, owing to the well-known tendency
of diseased branches to continue feeble growths
late into the autumn and to develop unusually
earl)' in the spring.

These results, reached independently by two
competent chemists, upset the old views completely
and are exactly what I was led to expect from the

THE CHEMISTKY Ul' PEACH iEEl.OWS.

23

well-establisbed pLysioloj^ical law that ia the ash
of the shoots of laud plauts lime increases aud
potash and phosphoric acid diminish in proportion
as the parts become well developed and approach
maturity. To illustrate, iu a given weight of grow-
ing Peach twigs, leaves included, there is more
lime in June than in April, more in August than iu
June, and more in October than in August. The
reverse of these statements holds good for potash
and phosphoric acid, the young and actively grow-
ing shoots being gorged with compounds of potas-
sium and phosphorus, which decrease in ([uantity
as growth progresses until they reach an amount
normal for the mature growths of the plant in
question. The growth under the influence of Peach
Yellows appears to be no exception to this rule.
The amount of lime increases and the amount of
potash and phosphoric acid diminishes in the ash
in proportion as the growths approach maturity.
They never reach the same robustness or degree of
maturity as healthy shoots, and consecpiently might
be expected to contain less lime and more K^O and
Pj O;, than healthy slioots of a corresponding age.
It would appear from the analyses by the Con-
necticut Station and from Professor Eastwood's
determinations, that diseased shoots contain abso-
lutely less ash than normal shoots, which is also
what we should expect.

In conclusion, it may be remarked ( 1 ) that there
are not yet enough analyses of the peach itself to
make comparative studies of the fruit of any value,
and (2) that all analyses of this kind are quite
open to the criticism that they can rarely be actu-
ally comparative, and therefore have only a very
moderate value.

I now invite your attention lo some field experi
ments.

FIKLI.) WOKK.

For three years the Department of Agriciilture
has carried ou, in the Peach Yellows region of
Marylantl and Delaware, a series of experiments
using chemical fertilizers. Some of these experi,
ments have followed the lines laid down by Dr.
Goessman and Professor Penhallow. The entire
series includes over forty acres of treated trees,
selected firom a dozen orchards in two counties,
with more than one hundred acres held for com-
parison. A synopsis of these experiments will be
published by the Department of Agriculture, and it

is my pur[)ose here to present only one set, but
enough to show that the chemical or starvation
theory of Peach Yellows breaks down when put to
actual and practical test in the Peach orchards.

For this set of experiments, which I shall desig-
nate The Gooisman-Punliulloir Tn^atiiicnt, 840 trees
were selected in the middle of one of the finest
Peach orchards in Deleware. This orchard contains
thirty acres. It was planted in 1SS2, received con-
stant care, grew thriftily, and was practically free
from Yellows until 1887. The trees selected for
treatment and for control, were of quite uniform
growth and appearance. They stood at a uniform
distance (20 X 20 ft.) upon level and very uniform
soil, consisting of six to nine inches of sandy loam,
resting on a porous yellow clay (samples of the soil
and subsoil of this orchard were exhibited). The
original timber of this farm was a heavy growth of
oak, tulip tree, walnut, sassafras, holly and gum.
The soil has been in cultivation many years. The
wheat product of this farm now averages about thirty
bushels per acre with a moderate amount of j^hos
phate, and the corn crop, about sixty l)ushels.
Apple trees on the same farm reach a large size
and are productive.

The experimental plats were numbered A to D
and arranged as shown in the following diagram,
100 trees, separating A £ from C D, being used
for comparison:

Table II. — Showing cases of Peach Y'ellows by
years on treated and untreated plats in orchard of
James W. Green, Magnolia, Delaware.

.1 CiO tree.s.!
Yciif. Caxc.'t.
1X88 4

fS89 2

1890 "2

18;»1

12

C CO trees.
Yiar. Cases.
1888 a

,T88ii T~

18110 ;■.

Vear.

1887

1888

110 trees.

Caxcs.
1

1889
1890
1S91

10

IL'

ritllT IMJlllHCl'.

1882 I

1^*^^ I ,1889

ii^^li I Moderate crops 11890
l'^'^' i 1991

1888 Big crop

1889 Moderate crop

1890 No fruit

1891 Moderate crop

1)

60 trees.

Year.

Cost'K.

1887

3

1888

'

19
23

When these treatments began, over 90 per cent,
of the trees were healthy, thrifty, and fair to look

24

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

upon. There were quite a good many cases of
Yellows in the orchard ia 1887 and more in 1888,
and it was feared that the whole orchard would
finally succumb if something were not done. This
particular spot in the orchard was selected because
the soil ap[)eared to be uniform, and because the
trees had made a uniform growth, and were in a
great measure free from signs of disease. With
the exception of one row of Christiana on the west
side, and one row of Old Mixon on the east side,
the trees were all of one variety — Crawford's
Late. The difference in variety appears to have
exerted no influence upon the results. The cases
were determined each autumn, and the fertilizers
were applied each spring, beginning with the
year 1889. In 1889 and 1890 they were harrowed
in. In 1891 they were plowed down three to live
inches.

The plats were selected in an orchard where there
were several hundred cases of Yellows, and in a
neighborhood where the disease had been on the
increase for several years. When the treatments
began absolutely nothing certain could be pre-
dicted as to the course of the disease, but the
presumption was strong that an excellent loca-
tion had been selected for testing the virtues of
muriate of potash, dissolved bone black, and kies-
erite.

When the treatment began, as you will see from
the diagram, there were four cases on .,4, four on
B. three on C, and ten on D. making a total of
twenty-one out of 240 on the treated p)lats. In the
plat of 100 trees hold for comparison, there were
five cases. Exclusive of D, which had twice as
many cases to start with, the per cent, of cases on
the control and on the treated areas, was almost
identical, i. e., five per cent, and six per cent.

A received the following mixture at the rate of
3g5bs per tree, or 3137 lbs per acre:

Kieserite ( 50 per cent. MgSOj ) . . . 7. 5 lbs
Muriate of potash (50 per cent.

K,0) 45.0

Dissolved bone black (16 to 18

per cent. sol. and av. P, Oj)... 135.0

Total 187.5

In 1889 this was evenly distributed from near
the trunk of the tree outward, so as to cover about

two thirds of the surface of the plat. The second
spring three-fourths of the surface was covered
from the trunk outward. The third spring two-
thirds of the surface was covered in the same
manner.

B received the same mixture as ^1, but double
the quantity each year, i. e., 65 lbs per tree, or about
(575 lbs per acre. The first spring this was broad-
casted over the whole surface. The next spring it
was sowed from the trunk outward over about four-
fifths of the surface. The third spring it was
sowed in the same manner, but over only about
two- thirds of the surface.

C received the following mixture:

Kieserite 7. 5 lbs

Muriate of potash 90.0

Dissolved bone black 135.0

Total 232.5

In other words, the mixture was the same as for
A, except that the muriate was doubled.

This was put on annually at the rate of 3.87 lbs
per tree, or 418 lbs per acre. The first two springs
about four fifths of the surface was covered in the
manner already described. The third spring the
treated area around each tree was restricted a little,
so that only about three quarters of the whole sur-
face of the plat was covered.

D having more cases to start with, was believed
to be in greater danger, and was treated more
liberally. It received annually 7| tf)s per tree, or
837 lbs per acre of the following mixture:

Kieserite 15 lbs

Muriate of potash 180

Di-ssolved bone black 270

Total 465

In other words D received the same mixture as
B and double as much muriate of potash; or, to
state the matter still diff'erently, A received a
minimum of muriate, B and C received tivice as
much; and D received foiiy times as much.

About three-quarters of the whole surface of D
was covered the first and third spring, and about
nine tenths the second spring, in the manner
already described.

The total (juantity of fertilizer used on these four
plats during the three years, is as follows:

CHEMISTIIV OF rE.\CH YELLOWS.

25

T.\BLE III. — Showing kind
fertilizer used.

and ainonnt of

SUBSTANCE.

WEIGHT IN I,BS PER PLAT.

Kieserite

A.

22.5
135.0
405.0

0G2.5
1011.

B.

45.0
270.0
810.0

112.5.0
2025.

C.

22.5
270.0
405.0

097.5
12.54.

n.

45.0

540.0

Dissolved bone black

81(t.O

Total

1395.0

Rate per acre of 108 trees

2511.0

At time treatments began the branches lacked
several feet of touching those of neighboring trees;
at present they touch or nearly touch.

Now for results. In addition to Tal)le II, which
states the cases by years, it will be sufficient to give
the per cent, of cases which have appeared on the
control, and on the treated plats since the first
appearance of the disease:

Table IV. — Showing per cent, of cases of Peach
Yellows before and after three years' treatment
(preventive) with the Goessman-Penhallow mixture:

Time

PER CENT. OP CASES.

Treated Plats.

Control
area.

A

0.6
26.6

B

6.6
48.3

C

5.0
56. G

D

16.6
75.0

Av'r

8.8
51.6

Prior to treatment

Since treatment

5.0
66 0

Total

33.3

55.0

61.7

91.6

60.4

61 0

Had the trees on the treated plats remained
healthy while those on the untreated one contracted
the disease, the evidence in favor of the mi.xture
would have been reasonably conclusive, because the
experiments were conducted in a region eminently
suitable for a test case.

It is apparent that so far from responding to
treatment, plats A and B show a large increase of
cases while plats C and D actually show a larger
per cent, of cases at the end of three years than
does the untreated one. Another point, with
exception of B, the cases are more numerous the
third year than any preceding year. It will also
be observed that the three plats now most affected
are the very ones which have received most fertil-
izers, and especially most of the so called specific,
muriate of potash. Whether this is merely acci-

dental, or is really due to excessive fertilization,
is a question I do not wish to raise at this time.

The only point I desire to make is that a prac-
tical test on a largo scale, covering a period of
three year.s, and in one of the best possible locali-
ties for such a test, has shown that this mixture is
practically worthless as a remedy for Peach Yi Hows,
and has also shown that it has no efficacy oven as a
preventive.

Had these substances been used only one year, it
might have been objected that, being slow to dif-
fuse in the soil, time enough was not allowed for
their action, but no such argument can be brought
forward to explain the results of a jieriod of years.
Neither can it be advanced that the substances
have washed away. There has been no surface
washing, and it is well known that the soil holds
on to potash and phosphoric acid with great
tenacity. The disease has increased for three
years, pari paxsii with the increase of fertility in
the soil.

Not to weary you further with results so purely
negative, and in one sense so unsatisfactory, I
must conclude this paper, as I did my former one,
with expression of the belief that the Goessman-
Penhallow method of treatment was founded on an
error, and that we are to look for the cause of
Peach Yellows and the means of prevention in an
entirely different direction. Concerning the now
well established contagious nature of this disease,
see BitUrtin No. ], recently' published by the
Division of Vegetable Pathology of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture.

DIsrUSSKiN.

Dr. Johnson: I should like to ask the Professor
one question or two. Has the Professor ever
examined the roots of the diseased trees? Is not
a healthy root of a Peach tree the color of a
yellowish white, and of a tree that is diseased of a
reddish yellow?

Dk. Smith: I have never found any constancy
in that matter.

Mr. Gary: The question I wish to ask is this:
I do not think in Georgia we have the Yellows.
We have a disease, but it is tiot the Yellows. I
want to ask this question: Does the Yellows kill
the tree which it attacks the first 7eary

26

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

Dr, Smith: It is not. likely to. I have some-
times known a tree to be killed in one year, more in
two, Imt a majority not under four, tive, or sis
years.

Mr. Gary: Will they bear perfectly for the
second or third year?

Dr. Smith: Sometimes part of a tree will Viear
perfect fruit the second or even the third year. It
depends on how seriou.sJy it is attacked at the start.

Mr. ('.\rv: We have in Georgia a disease called
the " Rosette "--it assumes that form, l>ut Mr.
Berckmans and Colouel Redding both say it is not
the Yellows. It is fatal and kills out the trees, but
I don't know what it is.

Dr. Smith: It is dangerous, seriously so; quite
as much so as the Peach Yellows, liut I think
different from it. I have studied it carefully for
two J- ears.

Mr. Garfield: I should like to inquire whether
the gentleman has found Peach Yellows in New
Jersey and Massachusetts.

Dr. Smith: I have been in New Jersey and Mas-
sachusetts, and have seen Y'ellows in both places,
and I believe the Yellows occur from one end to
the other of both States. I do not think there is a
Peach-growing county in either state wholly ex-
empt; and I have seen a great many cases which I
consider to be identical with the Michigan Yellows.

Mr. EN(iLE: Will the Peach take Yellows when
worked ob the Plum '?

Dr. Smith: I began several series of that kind
of experiments this year, budding on Plums and
Cherries, to determine whether the disease can be
transmitted to these plants. It is ]ierhaps too soon
to expect results. One thing more with reference
to the fertilizers, I did not mean to be understood as
condeming in the least the use of these substances
for other purposes. The effect on the fruit has
been marked. It has been finer, larger, and
altogether better. I was talking about the pre-
vention and cure of Yellows and not of the use of
these fertilizers for other purposes. There has
been more growth and better fruit on the treated
blocks. I ought to say a word more with reference
to the Plum. I thiidc I misunderstood Mr. Engle's
(juestion.

Mr. Engi.e: My question was, whether it would
prevent Yellows by budding on Plums ?

Dr. Smith: I understood the question to be,
whether Yellows could be induced in Plums. Three
years ago a thousand well-rooted Mariana Plum
cuttings were picked out and Peach buds worked
upon them. These were divided into three lots
and set into three very badly diseased orchards
further up the Chesapeake and Delaware peninsula.
It will be some years before I can sj^eak definitely
as to results.

On the Fertilization, Crossing and Hybrid-
ization of Plants.

BY CHARLES E. B.\SSEY, PH. 15., LINCOLN, NEB.
I. FERTILIZ/VTION.

/. /// the Inwc'tt plnnls. — In the lowest plants in
which we oliserve fertilization, the process is an
exceedingly simple one~ These plants are all
aquatics, and are of small size and very simple
structure. As long as the conditions for growth are
favorable, they reproduce by a simple process of
division; one plant divides itself into two, each new
plant divides again, and so this proce.ss goes on
indefinitely. When, however, the conditions are
not so favorable, reproduction takes place by a
process of fertilization. This differs in different
species, but in general it may be described as fol-
lows: Two plants, or parts of plants, detach them-
selves and swim around in the water freely, with as
active a motion as little animals, and, in fact, under
the microscope, the noii-scientitic observer would
consider them to be animals. After a time two of
these free swimming plants come together and
merge their substance into one another. This, in
short, is the whole process of fertilization in the
lowest plants. It consists simply of the union of
two whole jilants or parts of [ilants. They have
fused into one and have lost their previous identity.

2. U'liaf it weanx. — Let us now make a little
inquiry as to what this simple process of fertiliza-
tion means. As I have shown,* we have here the
fusing of two plants into one mass. I have further
shown that this takes place when the conditions are
not favorable for the ordinary growth of the plant.
It is probably a safe conclusion that we have here
a simple joining of two individuals for the sake of
strength and protection during the hard times
which threatened the life of the individual plants.
The joined plants — that is, the body produced by

ON THE PER'J'II.IZ VI'ION, CR09STNG AND li Vl-,l;l Dl/ \TION OF I'l.ANTS.

27

tho joining of two plants — is alild to live and
resist the adverse influences. Tbis, I take it, is the
meaning of the process. It is siiii[)l_v a joining of
forces for the purpose of endnring the adverse con-
ditions.

3. What it accomjilislu's. — The adverse condi-
tions which would otherwise have destroyed the
plants described above, are unable to destroy the
result of their union. When the two plants have
joined themselves into one, they constitute, in the
first place, a niuch larger mass; this immediately
becomes round, and covers itself, witli a hard, thick
protecting shell. Now, it is well Icnown that the
larger the mass the smaller, jirciportionatnly, is its
exposed surface. The two i)lauts, when united,
require less covering than when separated; it is
therefore a matter of economy for them to join
themselves into one mass, thereby effecting a saving
of both material and force. When the rounded
mass which has resulted from this union comes
again into good conditions, it absorbs water, bursts
its shell, and resumes its growth. Soon from it
there will be produced two, four, eight plants, and
so on. Thus the joining of two plants into one
mass has accomplished its purpo.se, the >:ari.)uj of
the life of the iiidiriditat, and the perpetiiafion of
the species.

Now, this is essentially what takes place in all
plants in which there is anything like fertilization,
whether we consider plants of the simple organiza-
tion of those which I have described, or those
representing the highest forms of vegetation. In
every case it consists of a union of two individual
masses of living matter. We may then state the
general law that fertilization in tlie iniiou of tiro
masses of living matter.

4. The male organ of higher plant.s. — In the
flowering plant, as, in fact, is the case with the ma
jority of the plants in the vegetable kingdom, there
is a difference between the two cells which unite in
fertilization. This difference we indicate when we
say that we have the union of male and female. In
the simple plant described above there is apparently
no difference between the two parts which unite;
in other words, there is no sexuality, properly so
called. In most plants, however, the two uniting
parts differ enough from each other so that we are
able to speak of the one as male and the other as

fonial<'. Throughout the wliole of tilKs llowering
plants there is no difficulty in distinguishing the
male fi'oni th(^ female.

If we tak(5 a flower, and open it, we find certain
little structures, which have been shown to be
modified leaves, and bearirig the name of '"sta-
mens." The^e are commonly denominated the
male organs of the fl.jwer. If we examine carefully
the up])cr end of the stamens, we find that it con-
sists of ii couple of little sacks, usually of a, yellow
color and tilled with a yellowisli powder. When
the flower is still unopened these sacks are closed;
Imt about the time the flower opens they burst, and
the contents are allowed to fall out. If we gather
a little of this yellow [)Owder as it falls fi'om the
stamen, and examine it under a high power of the
micro.scope, it will be found to consist of a great
number of little round balls, very closely resem-
bling the little plants which took part in the fertil-
ization described above, that is, a single jjollen cell
of a higher plant is mnch like a whole plant of the
simpler kind. Pollen is produced in great quanti-
ties; a single stamen will sometimes produce hun-
dreds of pollen cells, and as there are usually a
good many stamens in each flower, it is easy to see
that these male cells are produced in enormous
numbers.

In many cases the pollen, upon falling from the
stamen, is carried away by the wind, and in this
way it has a wide distribution. In other cases it is
carried nwixy by insects; of this, however, I will
s])eak mure in detail later.

.'). The fenuile organ of higher plants. — In any
ordinary flower we may find, near the center, one
or more organs which differ from the stamens des-
cribed above. They are usually green in color, and
at the bottom are more or less swollen, while they
taper toward the top. This organ is the i)istil or
female organ, and botanists have determined that,
like the stamen, it is simply a modified leaf. If we
cut open the lower, swollen portion of the pistil,
we may find a number of small, white, rounded
bodies, the ovules which the gardener knows as
" young seeds," and such, in fact, they are. Were
we to carefully dissect one of these young seeds
under a powerful microscope, we might find that
each one contains a single, minute, round masi^,
reminding us somewhat of a single pollen cell.

28

SCIENTIFIC rOMOLOGY.

This little round mass in the young seed is that
which corresponds exactly to the round pollen eel)
from the stamen, and iliese ttco masses must unifc
in order that fertilizaliori maij be effected. We
thus see that in the fertilization of the flowering
plant we have the coming together of two round
masses, exactly as in the case of the small jilant
with which I began this paper. As a conseijuence
of this union of these two cells, male and female.
there begins a growth in the interior of the young
seed, which finally results in the formation of the
embryo plant, which we know is to l)e found in
every seed.

'). Pnlliiiiitioii. — When the flower is matured —
that is, when it is fully opened — it is necessary for
the pollen to be carried by the wind, or by insects,
or even liy other means, from flower to flower. In
a-few flowers the pollen may fall directly from the
stamen upon the toii of the pistil. l)ut in the great
majority of cases either the wind or the agency of
insects is necessary. Here we And one of the
beautiful adaptations so common in nature. The
flower secretes a little honey or some other enticing
sweet, or it produces a pleasant odor, or it may
develop a beautiful color which is attractive and
showy ; or, again, it may produce all these together.
Now, these are for the purpose of attracting the
insects and causing them to visit the flowers.
When we see bees, butterflies, moths, and various
other insects flitting from flower to flower, we think
only of their search for honey. That is all the
insects are thinking of, too, but while they are
searching for honey they are, at the same time,
engaged in carrying pollen from one flower to
another. As the insect plunges into a flower, in its
frantic search for honey, it brushes severely against
the stamens and covers itself with the di sty pollen.
As soon as it has satisfied itself with the sweets of
that flower it flies away to the next, where a part
of the pollen which covers its body is rubbed off
upon the top of the pistil, and so it goes on from
flower to flower. It becomes dusty with the pollen
of one, and some of this pollen is then rubbed oif
upon the pistil of the next one. In this way pollen
is carried from flower to flower in the fields, and
from flower to flower in the gardens and the
orchards. Very few of the plants which the horti-
culturist has to deal with are fertilized in any other

way than through the agency of insects. Our
Apples, Cherries, Plums, and, to a large extent, our
small fruits, are pollinated through insect agency.
This fact must be borne in mind in all our attempts
at artificial fertilization or pollination. The insects
are at work early and late, and, in our attempts at
artificial fertilization, if we do not take into account
the activity of insects, we will meet with serious
ditficulties.

7. Feriitizatiou proper. — The carrying of the
pollen from flower to flower is, strictly speaking,
not fertilization, although I have used the word as
if it had that meaning. Such carrying of pollen is
merely "pollination." After the jiollen has fallen
ujion the top of the ])istil, it begins a kind of growth
into a slender thread, which penetrates the pistil,
anch finally comes into that part which contains the
young seeds. In other words, the pollen cell (the
male cell) grows in such a way as to Ining itself
into contact with the young seeds (female organs).
When the pollen cell reaches the young seed, it
joins its substance with that of the female cell.
This is fertilization in the flowering plant, and we
see that it does not differ in any essential respect
from that which takes place in the small plant first
described.

'S. Recapitulation. — When the blossom opens it
has within it some honey or something attractive to
insects. The st^amens stand around the pistil, but
not touching it. Frequently the pistil is much
longer than the stamens. In- many cases it is
impossible for the pollen to fall from the stamens
upon the end of the pistil. Now, attracted by the
honey, the odor, or the color, or by all of them,
insects come to the flower, and bring about its pol-
lination. This is followed by the growth of the
pollen, re tilting in the real fertilization. This fer-
tilization results in the formation of a new plant;
first, as a germ in the seed, and later, when the
seed germinates, in the growth of the new tree. It
is easj' to see from the foregoing that every new
tree must partake of the characters of its two
parents. If it happens that the pollen comes from
a tree with, we will say, sour fruit, and is deposited
upon the pistil of the flower of a sweet fruited tree,
the result must be an offspring which partakes of
the characters of both. There is absolutely no
essential difference between the process of fertiliza-

Ot^ THR PEUTILI/ATION, CRO.SSINC, AND IIYTiUIDIZATION OF PLANTS.

'JO

tioti tand reproduction as it occurs in animals and
plants. We are (|aite familiar with the fact that
in our farm animals the offsprinir partakes of the
characters of both its parents. We are well aware
of the fact that the offspring of mixed blood will
be mixed, while the offspring of pure blood will be
true to the characters of the breed. Now, it is
exactly so in the vegetable kingdom, but unfor-
tunately, in ordinary horticulture we have given
little attention to the matter. We scarcely realize
that there i.s any such thing as a good pedigree in
our horticultural labors.

II. CROSSlNii ANli 11 Vl;i;iriIZATION'.

These two words have been used in discussions
as to the breeding of animals, and, while they are
at most identical, they are usually used with a
slightly different meaning. As commonly used
"crossing" is the union of two animals or plants of
the same kind, but of different breeds. In other
words, if the two parents belong to the same
species, and differ only in those minor points which
pertain to breeds or varities we use the term cross-
ing, while if the parents belong to different species
the term "hybridization" is used. Now, let us con-
sider these words and the acts to which they are
applied. If we have two breeds which are distinct,
we have two sets of plants or animals which are
alike in very many things, but which differ from one
another in certain rather minor characters. .V good
illustration of this kind is to be found in the ordin-
ary varieties of our Apples and Grapes, where such
things as size, color, taste, and a few others are the
only differences. Yet these differences, slight as
they are in many cases, are real differences. We can-
not say, for example, that the Baldwin and Jonathan
Apples are alike. The differences Ijetween these
two kinds are absolute, so far as they go. So, too,
we may take the Shorthorn cattle and the Jerseys.
If we were to enumerate accurately all the resem-
blances between these two breeds, and then all the
differences, we should tind that, as a matter of- fact,
there are only a few points in which they differ.
Still, here again such differences as do exist are real
differences, positive differences If, however, instead
of comparing two breeds with one another, we com-
pare two species, then we find that the differences
are greater, bait they are no more absolute than the

differences which existed lietweeri the two l)reeds.
If we comjjare a common A{)ple with a Crab Apple,
we see at once that the differences are greater than
between the Baldwins and Jonathans. So, too, if
we compare horses with cattle the differences are
there much greater than between varieties or breeds
of cattle on one hand, or varieties or breeds of
horses on the other hand. The point to which I
w i.h to direct your attention is this, that when we
speak of different breeds or varieties we refer to
things which are somewhat different, Ijut not very
much. If, however, we speak of different species,
we usually refer to plants or animals which differ
more from one another. Breeds or varieties differ
less; species differ more. It is, after all, only a
question of degree, and it has happened over and
over again that some man has considered two
plants to be varieties only, while another con
sidered them to be distinct species. And so it
happened in the animal kingdom. Many and
many a time naturalists have disagreed as to
whether two animals .should be regarded as spe-
cies or as varieties.

From this it is easy to see that the old distinc-
tion between crossing and hybridization is one that
has nothing like as much importance as at first
sight it would seem to have. If we conclude, as I
^hink we may, that varieties differ from species only
in degree, then crossing of varieties differs from
hybridization of species alsoonl}^ in degree. Further-
more, it is well known that no two animals are ever
exactly alike. No two plants are ever exactly alike,
even where they belong to the same variety. There
is such a thing as individuality throughout the
animal and vegetable kingdoms. Just as we tind
that no two children of the same household are
ever exactly alike, so we find that no two plants,
grown from the seed taken even from the same
seed- pod, are alike. There are slight variations to
be noticed in the plants of any variety or breed.
When the pollen is taken from the fiowers of one
plant and carried to those of another, there is a
slight crossing of kinds. It is not as great as
when the pollen is taken from a flower of one
variety to that of another, nor by any means as
great as when it is taken from the flowers of one
species to those of another, but all these differ only
in degree.

go

SdlENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

1. Refiultfi of crosxiiigfi. — In order that I need
not use both of these words, " crossing " and
"hybridization," I will hereafter use the first only,
with the understanding that it is to be applied to
both kinds of fertilization, that lietween varieties
as well as that between species.

Whenever crossing takes place, the offspring will
partake of the characters of both parents. This fol-
lows as a necessity fi'om the nature of the act. We
have seen that in any fertilization there is a union
of two plants, or two parts of plants, and in cross-
ing the male organ Ijelongs to one variety or spe-
cies, while the female organ lielongs to another.
When these two organs are joined, the result is a
union of the characters of the two varieties of
species. In this way the offspring must partake of
the nature and characteristics of its parents. It is
impossible for it to be otherwise. Now, it haslieen
noticed in the breeding of animals, and to a cer-
tain extent in the breeding of plants, that the two
parents do not always exert the same influence
upon the offspring. In the case of many natural
crosses which take place between the wild species
of plants, noticeably in the Verbenas, the Oaks, the
Willows, and others, we have been able to detect
this difference with such certainty that it is not at
all a difficult thing to tell whether, in the case of
any particular cross, the pollen came from this or
that species. It is well known that the same rule
holds in the animal kingdom. The cross between
the horse and the ass is known to differ very
greatly, according as the one or the other species
furnishes the male element. The florists have
made many valuable observations upon this matter
of the crossing of species and varieties, and have
given us many facts by which the orchardists and
cultivators of small fruits might well jirofit.

2. Hoiv is erosfiinf) aeco)iij)1is}u'd ? — I now
come to the practical portion of my paper. In
nature, crossing is accomplished largely through
the agency of insects, but when we bring this
matter within the domain of horticulture, we
cannot afford to depend upon the wandering
insects for giving us the cross which is desired.
The time is coming when the grower of fruits will
as carefully select the parents for his crosses as
the grower of fine stock now does. Already the
florist has gone into the business of the artificial

bringing about of crosses between species or
varieties, for the purpose of obtaining desirable
forms, and he is able to breed new varieties with as
much certainty as the skillful breeder of animals.
The grower of plants, however, has one advan-
tage over the grower of animals. He need not
pen up his plants, he need not grow them in
different green-houses or in different fields. In
the case of plants grown under glass, all he has to
do to bring about a desirable cross is to carry upon
a hair brush the hosh pollen from the flowers of
one variety to those of the other. If, however, the
operation is to be performed out of doors he must
watch carefully and see that insects do not visit the
flowers with which he proposes to work, and then,
when lioth are matured, that is. when they bave
reached the stage in which they are perfectlj' open,
he must carefully carry the pollen from flower to
flower, as in the previous case. Now, to avoid the
officious intermeddling of insects, all that he has
to do is to surround the particular flowers which
he has set apart for his experiments, with a netting
fine enough to exclude the insects. As the pollen
of our fruit trees is always yellowish, there is no
difficulty in handling it upon the black point of a
hair pencil. The pencil should be slightly moist-
ened, so that the pollen will adhere to it, and then,
when loaded with pollen from one flower, it can be
gently pushed over the ends of the pistils of the
next one. In order to be sure that the stamens of
the flower to which the pollen is brought do not
themselves drop pollen to the pistils, it is well to
remove them at once by clipping them out by means
of a delicate pair of scissors.

This operation is not a difficult one for any
per.son to perform. It simply requires care in
watching for the exact time of the maturity of the
flower, and then a very little skill will enal)le one
to place the pollen ujion the ends of the pistils.
The maturity of the flower may be told in the fol-
lowing way. The stamens are matured when they
are dropping the pollen. This can be seen by
any one at a glance. The pistils are matured when
the top (technically called the "stigma") has a
moist appearance. This moisture is what makes
the j)ollen adhere, so that any attempt at crossing
before the maturity of the pistil would be inef-
fectual.

ON THE FERTILIZATION, OIKIKSINO AND 11 VlilU IHZATION OP PLANTS.

31

•'). SiK/i/csfio)!^ for i'.rp('.ri.m»ii.fs. — There can he
no ([uestion that horticulture will bo greatly bene-
fitted when horticulturists begin to breed varieties
scientifically. At present we simply select tl:ose
fortunate variations which make thoir appearance
in the hap hazard breeding which results from the
indiscriminate carrying of pollen by insects. It is
a well known fact that the seeds of apples taken
from any particular tree will produce all sorts of
variations. Now, the secret of this is that the
flowers which produce these seeds had been crossed
with pollen taken, perhaps, from a dozen different
kinds of trees. Furthermore, all our Apple trees
are now of mi.Ked blood, and we know very well
what that means, especially in the animal kingilora.
Now, I should like to suggest that a few careful
experiments should be made by members of this
Society. Suppose that you select two apple trees
which are not far from one another, and which for
convenience, are not very large. It will be best to
select trees of marked varieties. If they are trees
which have characters about them which would
indicate that they were likely to reprotluce their
kind, and their characters, it would be still better.
Now, when these trees are just about ready to
blossom cover each one with mosquito netting
which has been carefully sewed together so as not
to leave any opening to admit insects. When the
stamens on the one tree are just bursting open .so
as to .shed their pollen, take a soft camel's hair
brush, wet it slightly, and carry some of the pollen
from certain flowers on the first tree to certain
flowers on the second tree. Then with another
brush, (or, after thoroughly cleaning, the same one)
carry pollen from the second tree to certain flowers
on the first tree. If yon remove the stamens from
the fertilized Howers it will ad<l much to the cer-
tainty of the results. Carefully mark the flowers
which you have experimented upon; keep the trees
covered with the mosquito netting until the fiowers
wither, and then remove it. Carefully note the
growth of the Apples during the season. Be
exceedingly careful not to aUow the labels to be
misplaced. Notice whether the flesh of the Apple
has been changed in any way, and when the fruits
are finally cut up, save the seeds for planting.
When these seeds have grown, cions should be
taken from the young seedlings and placed upon

old trees, so as to bring them into bearing at the
earliest possible period. It will be very interesting
to compare the results of such crossing. If the
parent tree possessed marked characters, we should
expect to find these reproduced in a modified way
in the offspring.

In a similar way crosses may be effected between
varieties of grapes, and it is still easier to secure
eaily returns from the experiments. Cherries,
Plums, and even the ordinary small garden fruits
may be experimented upon in the same way. I
have no doubt whatever that if the members of thi.s
Society were to plan a series of experiments, each
man confining himself to a single experiment, that
within the next ten years we' should have some
surprising results.

I know very well that a part of this paper will
seem quite theoretical to some of the more practical
members of the Society, Init I wish to emphasize
this fact, that it is by the application of exactly
these principles which I have been expounding that
the breeders of animals have been able to reach the
results with which we are so well ac([nainted. It
still seems to us in horticulture rather a theoretical
thing when we talk of crossing and breeding in
order to produce new and desirable species, but I
must insist upon it that that which has proven of
such great value in the animal kingdom, will in like
manner prove of great value in the vegetable king-
dom.

The horticulturist of the future, and of the near
future, too, will be a breeder of plants, and he will
be able, by judicious crossing, by intelligent work-
ing for a ]iarticular form, to control the I'esults of
his breeding.

Mr. Brackett: There is one point in that paper
upon which I wish to say a word, and that is in
regard to the use of the mosquito netting. I do
not think it is sufficient to exclude all pollen or
small insects from the blossom during the process
of fertilization. We u.se, in our State, paper sacks
or tine muslin. After the sacks have remained
on for a couple of weeks, we take them off and
put on the mosquito netting, which gives plenty
of air and light. This netting is left on until
fall, when we gather the fruit and take the seeds
for planting. The label shows what it is crossed
with. But here is a question upon the effect of

32

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

cross fertilization. Here are specimens grown (ex-
hibiting the fruit) outside of the netting, show-
ing the average size. You will observe that all
in the netting are much larger than those grown
outside and not crossed. Now, whether it was
the effect of the netting or paper sacks pro-
tecting it in the first starting of the fruit or the
effect of pollination, I cannot say; we select the
strongest and best blossom and take off all the
others, and that may have some effect in produc-
ing these Apples much larger than they otherwise
would be.

Recent Advances in Dealing with Insects
Affecting Fruits.

BY C. V. RILEY,
(rai'tly repiirtpd steiiusi'aiiliii'all.v. parlly rcafl t'roni MSS.)

Ladies and Gentleman — Memberfi of the American

Pomoloijical Society:

As is so often the case, I find that my Depart-
mental duties have prevented any carefully prepared
paper on the subject for which I am booked, and at
the last moment I shall have to trust to your kind
indulgence.

There is so much to be said about the vari-
ous insects which att'ect our pomological interests
that almost any one alone of the prominent spe-
cies would re(|uire an ordinary essay. I have
found in the past, however, that the more informal
the remarks, the more likely they are to draw out
discussion and consideration, and thus to interest
and instruct. I shall therefore adopt this plan,
and under a series of headings make such remarks
as I deem may be of interest or advantage to you.
In asking the worthy head of the Pomological Divi-
sion of the Department of Agriculture last night
whether he had any subjects to suggest or any
inquiries in reference to insects affecting fruits, I
found that his mind was still concerned about some
of the old-time pests, and that he needed light yet
on such a trite subject as the Plum Curculio
{Conotrachelus nenuphar). Assuming that others
are still in the same frame of mind, it may be well
to say a few words on the subject, and to save time,
so far as the transformations and habits of the
insect are concerned, I have brought with me an

old diagram that I used in my lectures in the West
twenty-live years ago, and which will answer the
purpose as well now as then.

NOTES ON THE PLUM CrRI'l'LlO.

To understand some of the later efforts that have
been made to destroy this insect in a wholesale
manner, it becomes necessary to emphasize some of
the prominent traits in its life history. This has
been deiinitely known ever since, by a series of
experiments during the years 1809 and 1870, I
established the fact that there was but one genera-
tion annually. The Beetles hil)ernate in sheltered
situations, particularly under leaves and under
bark, in the woods near stone fruit orchards. They
issue from their hibernating ([uarters and are active
as soon as, and even before, the buds put out in
the spring. They feed, both male and female, on
the tender foliage for some time before the females
have a chance to oviposit in the young fruit, and
during this period, when the nights are cool, they
have a habit of hiding under any shelter that may
be within reach, particularly under anything that
may be lying on the ground within the orchard,
and in the early morning, in such situations, they
are somewhat torpid and sluggish. This early
period of the year is, therefore, an advantageous
one in dealing with the insect, as many may be
killed by an early application of the arsenites or by
trapping them under chips laid around the base of
the tree, and this chip trap process is most satis-
faetorjr where the base of the tree is kept clean and
free from weeds and the ground raked. The
jarring process, later in the season, is based on the
habit of the insect to "play 'possum " and fall from
the tree by a sudden jar. I need waste no time on
this particular process further than to say that
where other measures have not been taken, or even
where they have, it is still one of the most satisfac-
tory ways of .securing an uninjured crop of fruit.
The arsenical treatment, which has been so much
experimented with of late years, is based on the
habit of both sexes to feed, especially in the early
season, and secondly on the habit of the female of
gnawing with her jaws a crescent mark in order to
form a deadened ilap around the egg which she has
]5reviously thrust just under the skin. Whether in
feeding, in making a hole for the egg, or in form-

RECENT ADVANCES IN DEALING WITH INSECTS AFFECTING FRDIT.

33

iag this little cresceatshapod Hap, the auiouat of
the surface of the fi'uit taken is very slight, and a
survey of the experiments with the arsenites for the
Cureulio will, I think, substantially bear oixt the
position which I took in an address before the
Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society, at New
Orleans in 1885, where I indicated its possible
value but took the ground that it would never be
as effectual against this insect as against the Cod-
ling Moth. The experiments recorded in a paper
I'ead at the last meeting of the Society, and which
you have done me the honor to publish, bear out
this position, as do those that have been made
during the intervening time. One thing to be con-
sidered in the use of the arsenites against this
insect, is the effect of these mineral poisons on the
different stone fruit trees. There has been a good
deal of confiictiug experience in reference to the
Peach, particularly, and this conflicting experience
is, without much doubt, to be explained by the
varying qualities of the poisons themselves, by the
methods of apjjlication, and to some extent by
atmospheric conditions and the pathologic condi-
tions of the trees treated. Dr. C. M. Weed's
experiments while he was at the Ohio Experiment
Station are, on the whole, the most satisfactory on
this point. In comparative tests of spraying and
jarring he found a slight advantage in favor of
spraying. The experiments of Mr. Gillette con-
flict somewhat with those of Dr. Weed on this
point, and it may be safely asserted to-day, so far
as the experience of the last few years justifies the
opinion, that spraying against the plum cureulio is
only partially successful, and the same may be said
of other rhynchophorous or Snout bearing Beetleg
which injuriously affect fruit, viz., the Quince Cur-
eulio, the Apple or Four-humped Cureulio, and the
Plum Gougers.

THE AKSIONITKS IN THE ORCHARD.

The experiments which have been made at a few
of our experiment stations which have had suffi-
ciently thorough and competent entomologists, have
thrown a good deal of light on the comparative
value of the different arsenical mixtures as insect-
icides, and as to the relative injury which they do
to the foliage of different trees, and this has mostly
been done since the time of your last meeting. The

testimony of several experimenters would iiuiicate
that the peach is more susco[)tible to the influence
of London Purple than to Paris Green, and the
experiments of Professor Bailey of Cornell, and
Professor Cook of Michigan, would indicate that
there is less danger of injury when the leaves are
young than when old leaves are sprayed. The in-
jury, as Mr. Bailey points out, is more apparent
later in the season than earlier because of the ces-
sation of growth. The cause of the injury in the
London Purple is doubtless the soluble arsenic of
which there is ordinarly a considerable pei'centage.
Professor Bailey found that when Paris Green was
heavily sprayed at the rate of one pound to 300
gallons of water, it did not injure the foliage, but
perhaps the most valuable results obtained are those
obtained by Professor Gillette, to the effect that
when London Purple is used with a .standard Bor-
deaux mixture in the proportion of one pound to
fifty gallons, it is entirely harmless to the Peach
and Plum. His conclusions are summed up as
follows, and I shall pass each one without comment
where my own experience has led to the same or
similar conclusions.

1. The oldest leaves are most susceptible to
injury from arsenical solutions. They often turn
yellow and drop without showing the burned, spotted
appearance.

[This is not true in all cases, and much will
depend on the kind of tree. In my own writings
on the subjects I have allways ui'ged a minimum
quantity of spray and as far as possible its applica-
tion to the under side of the leaves. Mr. C. W.
Woodworth, in some experiments at the Arkansas
Station, drew the conclusion that greater injury
was done when the spraying was on the under side
of the leaves, but this is probably more apparent
than real, by virtue of the ease with which it is
washed off the 'upper surface, and the advantage
of under spraying in all other respects, both as to
the ease of minimum and even attachment of the
particles of spray and protection from heavy wash-
ing rains, are so great that I still strongly recom-
mend this method.

In plants which are easily injured by spraying,
the concurrence of experience is that Paris Green
is the safer poison, and it is also, I believe, the con-

3i

SCIENTIFIC roMULOGY.

sensus of opinion tliat the a|>j)lication is less liable
to injure the leaves wheu they are yoiiug than later
in the season].

'I. Dews and probably direct sunlight increase
the injuries done by the arsenites to foliage.

8. Leaves kept perfectly dry can hardly be
injured by the arsenites even when they are applied
very abundantly.

4. Applications made in the heat of the day and
in bright sunlight do not injure the foliage more
than when applied in the cool of the day.

[This I think should be somewhat ijualitied, as
the result will depend on the intensity of the
heat |.

5. The only effect of a heavy rain or dashing
shower following an application of one of the
arsenites is to lessen the iujiu'y to the foliage.

[This is less true of London Purple than it is of
Paris Green, as the intluence of the former after a
shower is not lessened to the same degree as that
of the latter].

6. Leaves suffering from a funyus disease are
more susceptible to injury than are healthy leaves.

7. When freshly mixed and applied, London
Purjile is most, and white arsenic is least, injurious
to foliage.

8. White arsenic in solution should not be used
upon foliage without first adding lime, Bordeaux
mixture, or some other substance to prevent its
injurious effects upon the foliage.

9. White arsenic, if allowed to stand many days
in water before being applied, will do far greater
harm to foliage than if applied as soon as mixed.

lU. Lime added to London Piu'ple or Paris
Green in water greatly lessens the injury that these
poisons would otherwise do to the foliage.

11. Lime added to a mixture of white arsenic
in water will greatly increase the injury. If the
arsenic is all in solution, the lime will then lessen
the injury, as in the case of London Purple or Paris
Green.

12. London Purple can be used at least eight
or ten times as strong without injury to foliage if
applied in common Bordeaux mixture instead of in
water.

13. The arsenites cannot by any ordinary method
be successfully mixed in a kerosene emulsion.

14. The ar.seuites mix readily in resin com-
pounds and do not seem to bo more injurious to
foliage than as ordinarily a[)[>liei.l in water.

15. The arsenites in strong soapy mixtures do
considerably more harm to foliage than when
applied in water only.

Ki. The arsenites mix readily in carl)ouate of
co[)per solution and do not seem to do more harm
than when applied in water only.

17. London Purple in sul[)'aate of CL)[)[)er solu-
tion does vastly more harm than when applied in
water only.

iNSE(-ricii>i:s .\.n;i i-iMaciiiKs.

A good many experiments have been condixcted
with a view of combining the substances which are
known to have both insecticide and fungicide qual-
ities. The idea has occurred to several different
parties and a number of them have put it in prac-
tice, for it is very alluring. In looking over the
results of tlieso experiments I cannot say that there
has been any great gain to economic Mycology.
While the results have been variable it would seem
that, as a whole, the combination of an insecticide
does not add to the efficacy of a fungicide, but on
the contrary freqaentlj' detracts from it. The
reverse of this, however, does not hold true, and
experiments have proved that even where the Bor-
deaux mixture, combined with the arsenites, does
not act as effectually as a fungicide, yet it is
decidedly beneficial as an insecticide in permitting
us to use the arsenites much stronger with impunity.
While this is true, so far as the Bordeaux mixture
is concerned, it does not seem to be true with regard
to some of the other fungicides, since Professor
Gillette found, as we have just seen, that London
Pui'ple in sulphate of copper solution was more
injurious than when applied in water only. In
Professor Maynard's experiments, in which Paris
Green in sulphate of copper solution and also in
Bordeaux mixture was applied to the Plum trees
at the rate of one pound of Paris Green to 50(1
gallons of the copper solution, the trees were so
injured that definite results could not be deter-
mined as to the effect of the application on the
Curculio, but the trees that were treated with Bor-
deaux mixture and Paris Green, at the rate of one
pound of the latter to 200 gallons of the former,

KECJiNT ADVANCES IN DEALING WITH INWKCTS AFFECTING FRUIT.

■35

matured a very liirge cro[) o£ Pliiuis, while other
trees not treated lost their fruit from the attack of
the Curculio. He also fouud that Black Knot was
decidedly less upon the trees treated than upon the
untreated trees. In other words, the {general exper-
ience is that the arsenites are made safer for Plum
and Peach trees and are eipially effective as insecti-
cides, when mixed with the Bordeaux mixture, *'. e.,
mixtures of sulphate of co[)[)er, lime and Paris
Green or London Purple. In the case of the Apple
some of the combinations seem to have retained
their insecticide jiroperty so far as the Codling
Moth is concerned, but to have lost all effect on the
Apple Scab. In fact it would seem that the j>artial
injury done by the arsenites rather tends to spread
and encourage the fungus. However, the subject
is still in its infancy, and valuable results may yet
be expected.

iAS Tli[;ATMKNT.

While the orange growers of t!alifornia, as a
result of the experiments carried on by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture between the years 1880 and
1883, obtained perfectly satisfactory remedies
against their worst scale -insects, as well as against
the Orange Rust- mite, in the proper use of kero-
sene emulsion and sulphur, the orange growers of
southern California have had tougher insects to
deal with, and the kerosene and resin washes,
though quite satisfactory if properly used, are not
as satisfactory in that dry climate as in more humid
Florida, while some insects, like the Ked Scale,
need a different treatment. The treatment of trees
with hydrocyanic acid gas was, as a consequence
made a specialty, as giving great promise, and has
been bi'ought to a most satisfactory condition
through the efforts of Mr. D. W. Coquillett, an
agent of the Division of Entomology. Several
extensive orange growers have materially aided in
the work, and a number of mechanical contrivances
have been perfected for covering the trees, and
some of them have been patented. The most
interesting practical point that has been brought
out since the Society last met is, that the trees are
less liable to injury when fumigated at night or in
a darkened tent, than when operated on in the
glare of the sun, while none of the etScacy of the
gas against the insects is lost. This fact is due to
the decomposition of the hydrocyanic acid gas by

the rays of the sun, forming other gases which are
moie injurious to the trees and loss injurious to the
insects. Tht^ process as now used is simple. It is,
to place one part of dry or undissolved cyanide of
])otassium in one part of sulphuric acid and two
}>cirts of water. After the tree is properly covered
with a tiMit. the di'v cyanide is placed in a generator
which is made of lead in the form of an ordinary
bucket and placed near the base of the tree. The
jiroper cpiantity of cold water is then added, and
haally the acid, a barley sack being thrown over
the top of the bucket, when the operator withdraws
and a quantity of earth is thrown ou the lower
edge of the tent to ])revent the escape of the gas.
After fifteen minutes the tent may be removed, and
the work is done. The amount of the ingredients
used on an ordinary orange or lime tree, say four-
teen feet in height by ten feet in diameter, is five
and one half ounces of cyanide, eleven ounces of
water, and five and one half fluid ounces of sul-
phuric acid. In other words, the proportions are
one ounce by weight of the cyanide to one fluid
ounce of the acid and two fluid ounces of water,
and the cost of the materials will be less than
twenty Ave cents for a tree of the size indicated.
While eastern fruit growers have not yet employed
it, I call attention to the method because it will
doubtless prove equally valuable and desirable in
Florida, and also in other parts of the country
wherever large orchards ai'e affected injuriously by
any surface feeding insect. In these remarks it is
unnecessary to go into details as to the construction
of the tents, which have been fully illustrated and
described in official documents.

It is true that a patent has, within the year, been
granted to certain parties for this gas treatment,
but I have no hesitation in recommending the
members of the Society to use it if they think it
will pay them to do so, without reference to the
patent, because the facts, which, as Entomologist
of the Department, I have been much interested in,
conclusively show that the process resulted from
the efforts of Mr. Coquillett, has been given to the
public, and is public property. I consider that
the patentees cannot maintain their claim ' before
the courts, and as I have already discussed this
question of Government work and the Patent
Office in a paper read before the meeting of

30

SCIENTIFIC rOMOLOGY.

the Association of Economic Entomologists, last
mouth, nothing farther upon that subject need
be said here.

UIOSIN WASHHS.

The nse of these and their value against scale-
insects has been fully established by exteasive
experiments and experience in California. They
are also coming into more general use in other
parts of the country. In the a[)plicatioa of these
resin washes a line spray is not so essential as in
the case of the kerosene emulsion, because the
object is not simply to wet the tree but to thor-
oughly coat it over, which can best be accomplished
l)y a rather coarse spray which can be thrown upon
the tree with considerable force. The resin wash
affects different insects somewhat differently. The
San Jose Scale {Aspidiolits perniciosus) requires a
stronger wash than does the lied Scale {Asjndiotns
aarantii}. For the latter the best formula has
been found to be :

Resin IS tlis

Caustic soda (70 per ct. strength), 5

Eish oil 'I}, pts.

Water to make 1(10 gals.

Eoi' the San Jose scale thirty pounds resin, four
pounds caustic soda and four and one-half pints
fish oil are used for each one hundred gallons of
the wash. The former wash may be applied at
any time during the growing season; the latter
should be applied only dui'ing the winter when the
plant is dormant; applied during the growing
season it will cause the loss of foliage and fruit.

" The necessary ingredients are placed in a
kettle and a sufficient quantity of cold water added
to cover them ; they are then boiled until dissolved,
being occasionally stirred in the meantime, and
after the materials are dissolved the boiling should
1)6 continued for about an hour, and a considerable
degree of heat should be employed so as to keep
the preparation in a brisk state of ebullition, cold
water being added in small quantities whenever
there are indications of the preparation boiling
over. Too much cold water, however, should not
be added at one time, or the boiling process will be
arrested and thereby delayed, but by a little prac-
tice the operator will learn how much water to add
80 as to keep the preparation boiling actively.

Stirring the preparation is quite unnecessary during
this stage of the work. When Ijoiled sufficiently it
will assimilate perfectly with water, and should
then be diluted with the proper quantity of cold
water, adding it slowly at first and stirring occa-
sionally during the process. The undiluted prepar-
ation is pale yellowish in color, but by the addition
of water it becomes a very dark i)rown. Before
being sprayed on the trees it should be strained
through a tine wire sieve, or through a piece of
Swiss muslin, and this is usually accomplished
when poxiring the liquid into the spraying tank, by
means of a strainer jilaced over the opening through
which the preparation is introduced into the tank.
■' The preparing of this compound will be greatly
accelerated if the resia and caustic soda are first
pulverized before being placed in the boiler, but
this is quite a difficult task to perform. Both of
these substances are imt up in large cakes for the
wholesale trade, the resin being in wooden barrels,
each bari'el containing a single cake weigning about
375 pounds, while the caustic soda is put up in iron
drums containing a single cake each, weighing about
MOO pounds. The soda is the most difficult to dis-
solve, but this could doubtless be obviated by first
dissolving it in cold water and then using the solu
tion as required." — {Circnktr No. /, Division of
Entomology.)

THK FLl'TEU SCALK (Icert/d iinrcliiisi Miisk).

No event that has happened since the last meet-
ing of the Society is more striking than the exterm-
ination of this most destructive insect to the
orange growers of Southern California. It is an old
story now, but those of you who do not live in
California can scarcely realize that within two and
a half years this Fluted Scale, which hung over
leaf and branch ami trunk of all citrus and many
other kinds of fruit trees and shrubs in Southern
California, like a blight and plague, has been so
effectually swept away that it is difficult to find any
specimens except where they are being artificially
and very carefully reared for the definite purpose
of keeping alive a certain number of the little Aus-
tralian Lady-bird, Vedalia cardhtalis, which was
imported for this purpose and which has so effectu-
ally done its work. In the language of Assistant
Secretary Willits, it seems almost like an entomolo-

hECENT ADVVNCES IN DEALING WITH INSECTS APFECriNG FKOrf.

37

giccal lomance. You ;u\' all of you familiar with the
facts that have been published in official documents
and elsewhere. Mr. W. F. Channing, of Pasadena,
Cal., the son of the eminent Unitarian divine, has
recently been quoted as follows:

"We owe to the Agricultural Department the
rescue of our Orange culture by the importation of
the Australian Lady bug, Vcdnlia cariiinaUst.

■' The white scale were iucrnsting our Orange
trees with a hideous leprosy. They spread with
wonderful ra[)idity, and would have made Citrus
growth on the whole North American continent
impossible within a few yeais. It took the Verlalia,
where introduced, only a few weeks absolutely to
clean out the white scale. The deliverance was
more like a miracle than anything I have ever seen.
In the spring of ISS'.t I had abandoned my young
Washington Navel Orange trees as irrecoverable.
Those same trees bore from two to three boxes of
Oranges apiece at the end of the season ( or winter
and spring of ISUO). The consequence of the
deliverance is that many hundreds of thousands of
Orange trees (Navel almost exclusively) have been
set out in Southern California this last spring."

I repeat what I stated in my annual re}iort two
years ago.

" We may hardlj' hope, however, that the last
chapter in the story is written. On the contrary,
it is more than probable, and in fact we strongly
anticipate, that the Irrrya will partially recuperate;
that the Vedalia will, after its first victorious spread,
gradually decrease for lack of food, and that the
remnants of the Fluted Scale will in the interim
multiply and spread again. This contest between
the plant feeder and its deadliest enemy will go on
with alternate fluctuations in the supremacy of
either, varying from year to year according to
locality or conditions; but there is no reason to
doubt that the Vedalia will continue substantially
victorious, and that the power for serious harm,
such as the Iceri/a has done in the past, has been
forever destroyed. We have learned, also, that it
will alwaj's be easy to secure new colonizations of
the Vedalia, where such may prove necessary, or
even new importations, should these become desir-
able."

In other words tlie victory over this Scale is
complete and will practically remain so. and the
3

history of the introduction of this pest, its spread
for u|)ward of twenty years, and the discourage-
ment which resulted; the numerous experiments
which were made to overcome the insect, and its
final reduction to unimportant numbers by means
of an apparently insignificant little beetle imported
for the purpose from Australia, will always remain
one of the most interesting stories in the records of
])ractical entomology.

The history of Icerija piircliasi, which I have
thus briefly alluded to, has made everything per-
taining to insects of the same genus interesting,
and during the past year no less than four different
species have come to my knowledge or have been
sent from dilT'ereut parts of the world for consider-
ation and identification, in most cases the parties
sending them being fearful that it was the genuine
Fluted Scale (Icertja piircliasi). They have all
been considered in liit^ecf Life, the jieriodical Iml-
letin of the Division of Entomology. One of them
occurs chiefly on the rose and may be known as the
Hose Icerya (Ice.ri/a roscv). It occurs in Key
West, Fla., but seems to be extremely limited in
its range, though found on the Sugar Apple, Lime
and Lemon. The second is from Alexandria, Egypt,
and is known as Teeri/a (rcii/ptiacum. It was first
noticed on the Banyan tree and has spread very
rapidly and infested many other plants. Another
species {Icerya moidserratensis), occurs on the
island of Montserrat, in the West Indies, infesting
a species of Chrysophyllum known to the inhab-
itants as Galba or Galal)a tree. It is said to occur
also on the Fig and Cypress trees. The fourth, which
has been named Icerya palmeri or Palmer's Icerya,
occurs on the Grape vine in the province of Sonera,
New Mexico. It was found by Dr. Edward Palmer
in 1SS7, l)ut only upon one variety of the vine,
namely, the Muscat of Alexandria. The interest
attaching to this species lies in the fact that there
is great danger of their being accidently brought
over from the regions where they now occur to
other parts of the world or to this country, so that
the practical lesson to be learned is that our
Florida fruit growers should take all possible care
to (quarantine against plants from the West Indies
until they are examined, and the people of Texas
and California should similarly guard against the
introduction of the infested plants from Mexico.

38

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

The result of the introduction of Vcchilia and its
successful operation in California, have induced me
to try to repeat the experiment in other countries,
especially in connection with these new species of
Icerya. The efforts made are summed up in an
item in the last number of hiftrcf Life. Vol. III.
The efforts to send the little Lady liird to 8outh
Africa so far, on account of the great length of the
journey, whether direct from Australia or New
Zealand or from this country, have hitherto proved
unsuccessful, hut the experiments will he rej>eated
by ado[)ting different methods, especially by endeav-
oring to keep the insects torpid by shipping them
in refrigerators. I have also endeavored to send
some from California back (o New Zealand, for,
strange as it may seem, the Iccrija has almost com
pletely disappeared from New Zealand so that the
Vedalkt can now scarcely be found, as no effort has
been made to artificially preserve the species. The
efforts so far, however, have been unsuccessful,
chietly through the fault of the New Zealand Cus-
toms officials, the box having been opened and
carelessly retied. The shipments from California
to the Sandwich Islands were, however, successful,
and the results there were just as rapid and satis-
factory as they were in California. The last
attemjits made were to send Vcilalin to Egyjit,
where the Egyptian species already referred to
threatens to become an eleventh plague. The pos-
sibility of sending it successfully to Egypt is
assured, though the first attempt failed.

INSKOT I'ESTS

It is a common remark of members of this Society,
as well as of other horticultural societies, the meet-
ings of which I have attended, that their insect
enemies are on the increase. In one sense this is
undoubtedly true, *. e., the numl^er of insects affect-
ing our fruits as well as our other crops constantly
grow as our knowledge of them becomes more and
more complete ; but I question whether more injury
is done to day to our fruits than was done fifty years
or a hundred years ago. In fact it is patent that
with the advances made of late years in our methods
of warfare against these fruit pests less injury rel
atively is done, but as the area of fruit culture in-
creases so does the aggregate of injury and also
the number of species that we have to contend with.

It may convey to you some idea of the vastness of
the subject of economic entomology for a country
as great as ours, to give a bare reference to the
re]iorts of insect injury either quite novel or of
species that have hitherto been absolutely unknown
that have come to the Department since your last
meeting.

Among them is a large and undescribed scale
insect of the genus Lcraninni found infesting
grape vines at Hudson, Ohio, and in Pennsylvania,
reported by J. K. Adams.

A small mite of an undescribed species of Phy-
ioptit.s has been reported on Plum, making a gall
on the leaf, from Alcron, Ohio, and from Pompo-
noosuc, Vermont.

A new i>lant louse belonging to the genus Mi/ziis
was reported on Cherry from Southern Indiana.

A leaf-folder (probably Cacoecia cDyyi-oapila)
was reported on Apple and Gooseberry from Fort
Collins and Denver, Colorado.

A hairy caterpillar belonging to the genus
Hah'xidota was reported on Apple from Highland,
North Carolina.

Another hairj' caterpillar belonging to the family
Arctiuhr but previously unobserved, was injurious
to INIulberry, Pear and Apple in Winchester,
Massachusetts.

A new species of plant louse was badly infesting
Orange leaves at Los Angeles, California.

An Allorliiiia, a large chafer belonging to the
same family as the Kose-bug, was quite injurious
to fruits in Tombstone, Arizona.

An undescribed Ajjhis is reported on the Pear
from Lafayette, Indiana.

A species of AleurndfN has been found on straw-
berry leaves in the District of Columbia, as also a
new species of plant louse.

Sjycnilioceriis (liffit.<iii.i has been very injurious to
Grape leaves in Waldo, Florida.

A large scale-insect belonging to the genus
Lecanium has been reported on Strawberry leaves
from Urliana, Ohio.

A new leaf-roller belonging to the genus Scma-
•s/a was foimd on Apple trees near St. Louis,
Missouri.

A new miner belonging to the genus Lithorolletis
has been found in the epidermis of Peach twigs in
Napa county, California.

RECENT ADVANC^ES IN DEALINd WITH INSECTS AFFECTING FRUIT.

39

One of the lire blight beetles, Xijicliovus ilis/Mir,
long known in Europe Hud in the Eastern .States to
be injurious to certain fruit trees, was reported as
quite injurious to various fruit tiees in Nova
Scotia.

A new span worm has been re[iorted on Apple
trees from Ijafayette, Indiana.

A Hea-beetle ( Haltira iijiiita ) has proved very
injurious to the strawberry and peach in Orlando,
Florida, Lake City, Florida, Waco, Texas, and in
Indiana.

I have already referred to Icer//a ro.str on Roses
and other plants at Key West, Florida.

A small mite, probably I'IujIujiIiin jinmi, was
injurious to Damson Plum trees at Berlin Cross
Koads, Ohio.

A little case bearing Lepidopterous larva belong-
ing to the genus Coleophora was injurious to the
buds of Peaches at Akron, Ohio.

A new species of the genus Lcciiiiiniii was found
affecting the twigs of Plum trees at San Jos^, Cali-
fornia, and another species of the same genus was
found on Peach at Ithaca, N. Y.

Clirtjfiobaris cob((ltiiin.H was found injuring the
leaves of young peach trees at San Jos6, California.

An unknown Lepidojjterous larva, one of the
genus Hjiphantria, was injurious to Apple and
some other trees at Omaha, Nebraska, and Brown-
wood, Texas.

A bark-borer hitherto unknown to have such
habits, viz.. Platypus (■omposLtus, has been found
boring in the trunks of Orange trees in Lake county,
Florida.

A new Mat headed borer has proved quite des-
tructive to the Sharpless Strawberry at Cceur
d'AlSne, Idaho. This is a rather remarkable fact,
not only because the species of the family Bnpres-
tidtv, to which this flat- headed borer belongs, have
hitherto been found boring under the bark of
hardwood trees, but because the species belongs to
an iindescribed species of Clirijsnhotlu-is, the same
genus to which the Flat-headed Apple-tree borer
belongs and one which has recently been mono-
graphed. In company with it there was an undes-
cribed Lepidopterous crown -borer.

A saw-fly larva (Janus flariventris, Fitch) has
been found in the stem of Currant at Adi'ian,
Michigan.

A case bearer belonging to the genus Coleophora,
also undescribed, was reported on Orange trees
from Los Angeles, California.

An undescribed mite of the genus Trlraiii/clni.s,
the same genus to which the red spidrt belongs,
has been found on Lemon trees at Los Angeles,
California, as also an undescribed thrips on Orange
trees in the same locality.

A leaf hopper {Tijphlocyba rosii') has been very
numerous on the leaves of Ap])le trees at Burling-
ton, Vermont.

A canker-worm lielonging to the genus Aiiisop-
tcrij.r was reported on Plum from Elliott, Cali-
fornia,

A snout-weevil {Cercopeus chrysorli(rus) belong-
ing to the same family as Fuller's rose beetle, was
found upon Grape vine at Paris, Texas, supposed to
be the Grape Ciirculio,

A currant stem-borer ( Oberea ocellata) has been
found breeding in the twigs of Peach in Harris
county, Texas.

A new span worm has been found feeding on the
liark and young twigs of Plum trees and doing con-
siderable damage at Mitchell, Indiana.

A new case-bearer of the genus Coleophora was
found on the buds of Blackberry in parts of
Indiana.

A beetle larva belonging to the family Tenebri-
oiiidiv, and somewhat resembling a wire- worm, was
very injurious to the roots of Peach and Plum trees
in Southern California.

An undescribed bug belonging to the genus
Trapezonoiiis has been very injurious to fruit trees
in Lead county, Idaho, by sapping them.

A beetle {Ptychodes trivittatus) is reported as
^girdling the twigs of Fig trees at New Orleans,
Louisiana.

Another snout weevil ( Thricolepis itiornata) of
the same family as Fuller's Rose- beetle, was found
injuring the foliage of young Prune trees in Salem,
Oregon.

A plant-louse, undeterminable, was badly infest-
ing Orange leaves at Santa Barbara, California.

A larva belonging to the same genus {Heliothis)
as the Boll Worm, was doing great damage to the
leaves of Apjjle and Quince trees at Coeur d'Al&ne,
Idaho.

40

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

An undetermined species of Li/ijks, one of the
true bugs, was injuring young Pears at South
Byron, New York.

Fill lit. loiigipes and F. iimriiui, two leaf- feeding
beetle.s, were injurious to the leaves of Grape vine
at Vineland, Arkansas.

A leaf-beetle {llallicn rillofni) was very injurious
to Grape foliage at Socorro, New Mexico.

A scale insect {Cliioiiitupis ln'claviK) was found on
Orange twigs in California, which had recently
been introduced from Tahiti.

Sticlocepliala iiifrmis proved very injurious to
young Poach trees in Tehama Cotuity, California.

I have thus enumerated the additions to the list
of injurious insects that have incidentally come to
the Department of Agriculture in this short period,
and were I to enumerate those recorded by other
workers and other institutions, the list would simply
weary you.

THE APPLE M.VGGOT.

One of the most thorough and satisfactory inves-
tigations made at any of the experiment stations is
that by Professor F. L. Harvey of the Maine
Station, on the life-habits of the Apple Maggot,
Trijpeia pomonella. This is one of those inter-
esting insects which, though native, and occurring
on the wild haws and wild crabs throughout the
Mississippi Valley, does not affect the cultivated
fruit there, and first began to prove injurious
to cultivated Apples in the Eastern States. The
strain of it which infests cultivated fruits has been
spreading westward from the East, having been
reported as far west as Michigan.*

Professor Harvey shows, in his excellent treatise
on this insect, that the larv.B become full grown in
from four to six weeks; that they leave the Apple
through the characteristic openings in the skin and
that on grassy ground they probably hibernate in
the grass about the roots of the tree; that the larv;e
in stored fruit leave it and assume the ]iupa state
in the bins or barrels. The Koft, pale yellow and
fusiform eggs are inserted from time to time in the
Apples, by means of the sharp ovipositor which the
female possesses. They are inserted through the
skin and are deposited before the fruit is ripe, in

* Dr. J. F. Simonds, of Fayetteville, Arkansas, in-
formed me- after the reiuling of this paper thai it has
been observeil in Arkansas,

Maine, in early July. There is no doubt that
oviposition takes place earlier farther south. From
an examination of the ovaries each female seems
capable of laying between -iOt ) and 4( )t ) eggs. No
remedy seems availa))le beyond jsrompt and careful
destruction of all fallen fruit and the burning of
refuse from l)ins and barrels.

INSECT.S WHIl'll ASIKUICAN I'l JMOl.i nils IS WllLiLH lnj WKI,I.
TO r.K l)N TIIEIU GlAUli AliAl.N'ST.

As has been well shown, the number of species
that are annually added to the long list of fruit
pests which we have to contend with, is great
enough, whether of s])ecies hitherto unobserved or
of species which have acq aired new habits or have
transferred their held of action from some wild
plant to a cultivated one; but the number is con-
stantly augmented by additions from abroad and
these, for reasons which have frecpiently been set
forth liy myself and others, are more to be dreaded
than the native species. I would here call atten-
tion to two which I think it behooves you, as pomo-
logists, to help to keep out, and of the introduction
of which there is great danger.

Tlie Peach Ceratifw: One is the larva of a two-
winged Hy having the same general habits as the
Apple Maggot, which I have just referred to and
known as Ccrati.tis rapilafct. It is a sub-tropical
insect, and there is good reason to believe that it
will not thrive in the Northern States; but the
Peach crops of Georgia and I he allied fruits in
Florida are in danger from its possible introduc-
tion. It occurs in several parts of the world
already, but has of late years become extremely
destructive in Bermuda, especially to the Peach
crop, and it is from this source that the greatest
danger threatens.

The Japanese Peach Pniit-worni. — In the
August (1888) number of Insect Life was published
some correspondence between the Rev. W. J. Hol-
land, who was then serving as naturalist to the
United States Eclipse expedition, and the United
States minister to Japan and the Commissioner of
Agriculture, relative to the ravages of a worm which
damages the Peach crop of Japan. Those who
read this correspondence will recollect that it was
suggested through Commissioner Colman that the
matter be referred to Professor C. Sasaki, of the
Agricultural and Dendrological College of Tokio,

IIECENT ADVANCK8 IN DEALING WITH INSECTS AFFECTING FEUIT.

41

ami that Professor Sasaki be directed to make a full
re{)ort coiicerniug this iusect, wliicli lie kiudly did.
I present an abstract of his report as given in a
hiter issue o£ lii.secf Life :

" The moth, according to Professor Sasaki ( and
judging from his figures he is correct) is a species
of CdrpiicupNii very closely allied to our Codling
Moth, and hence it is called by Professor Sasaki 'a
new Codling Moth injurious to the Peach.' The
Peach crop is very large in Japan, and during some
seasons more than ninety per cent, of the frnit is
injured by this insect. Not infre<[uently more than
one larva are found in a single peach. No means
have been heretofore suggested for the protection
of the crop. Professor Sasaki's studies were begun
in April, ISSS. and concluded in May, 1889. The
Moth appears twice iu the year, viz., in June and
in August, although certain individuals of the first
brood are delayed until July and others of the
second brood until Septemljer. They hide in the
daytime and at twilight tly about the trees. The
eggs are deposited singly on the apex of the fruit
or along the suture passing from the ajiex to the
base. Usually one or two, but sometimes more,
eggs are deposited in a single fruit. The eggs are
spherical iu form, measuring one- half millimeter iu
diameter. They are yellow in color. They hatch
in a few days, and the larva molts four times. Upon
tirst hatching it crawls actively about in search of a
suitable spot to enter the fruit; it then gnaws its
way in, turns its head towards the opening and
closes it with silk, sometimes pushing its excrement
outside. It then burrows to the stone and makes a
large excavation around it. Occasionally a larva
will leave one Peach and enter another.

The fruit is continuously infested from June until
September, those containing larv;e ripening early
and dropping off. Infested fruit may be recognized
in the following ways:

( 1 ) It becomes soft and may he crushed by a
slight pressure on account of the central exca-
vation.

(2) It has usually a small cluster of yellowish-
brown excrements on its surface.

(3) It bears irregular patches of a greyish-
yellow or reddish-blue color.

The larva attains its full growth in from three to
fom' weeks after hatching; it then leaves the fruit

and falls to the ground, if the fruit has not already
fallen.

The larva enters the ground to the de|)th of one
to two inches, where it makes an oval cocoon of
light gray silk. The cocoon is very strong and
elastic, The larva of the tirst brood remains
within this cocoon about a week and then changes
to pupa, while the larva of the second brood
remains within the cocoon in the larval state
through the winter and changes to pupa in the
month of May.

Professor Sasaki makes but one suggestion as to
remedies, and that is to gather the fallen fruit
every day and to dispose of it in such a way as
to destroy the larva. I have already wrritten him
that he will uncpiestiouably tind a good remedy in
the application of arsenical poisons.

Dangers of this kind are constantly threatening
your fruit interests, but I see no way in which they
can be averted except by the aid of the Customs
otHcials, among whom, at our chief ports of entry,
there should be one especially instructed to inspect
fruits and plants from any part of the world from
which we know danger threatens. It is a subject
well worthy of consideration on the part of this
Society, and with well -conceived plans there is no
reason why Governmental aid should not be had.

CONCLUSION.

It was at the Philadephia meeting of this Society
some eight years ago that I had the honor of intro-
ducing and showing the working of the Cyclone
Nozzle, and also of illustrating and showing the
mode of making and application of the kerosene
emulsion and its value. Since that time the resin
washes and the hydrocyanic acid gas treatment
have been discovered and rendered practicable and
economically available for the destruction of the
various insects that affect fruits and fruit trees.
These four discoveries, which I am proud to say
have all resulted from Government investigation,
together with the discovery of the Bordeaux mix-
ture as a fungicide, have virtually revolutionized
our methods of dealing with insect diseases; so
that the advance in the last few years is unprece-
dented in the history of Pomology.-. The first four
discoveries resulted from previously conceived and
well planned courses of experiments having for

42

SCIEXTIFIC POMOLOGY.

object the very result finally obtained. They may
be considered as illustrations of the results obtained
by the scientific and experimental method. The
Bordeaux mixture was a chance discovery, due to
our having given to France some of our worst vine
pests, including the Downy Mildew {Pevono^pora
viticoki.) It was a habit with some Bordeaux grape-
growers, with a view of preventing the stealing of
their grapes, to spatter sulphate of copj)er and lime
along the rows bordering on the highways, as a
warning that the fruit could not be eaten with
impunity, and upon the introduction of Peronos-
pova it was noticed that these very rows of vines
along the roadways, were exempt from its attacks
when the rest of the vineyard suffered severely.

The use of these five discoveries is now almost
universal, and if we add to them the spraying with
the arsenites which dates back somewhat longer, but
the general use of which is encompassed within the
period mentioned, we can get a fairly good idea of
the great advances made in that period in combating
the insect enemies of fruits and fruit trees. Is that
splendid progress to stop? I trow not, and who
shall say what the next ten years will bring forth in
still further giving man control over these insidious
foes? The truth is that fruit growing has come to
be a business involving a good deal of special
knowledge based upon scientific data, and the
intelligent fruit grower will come to look upon the
insect hordes that attack his trees and fruits, if he
does not already do so, as a not unmixed evil, but
rather as a blessing in disguise, making it unprofit-
able for his negligent or ignorant neighbor, and
securing for himself all the greater reward for his
industry and intelligence.

DISCUSSION.

Me. Engle: I would like to ask whether the
spraying as for Codling Moth would affect the
Apple Curculio?

Me. Riley: No; as I remarked, I do not think
the effect of the spraying is as good in destroying
any of the curculios — any of the snout-beetles — as
in the case of Codling Moth. In the very nature
of the case it cannot be.

Ml!. Cuttee: This question of importing bugs
arose first, I think, in the meeting of the State
Agricultural Society of California at Riverside, and

sprang from remarks made by Professor Riley at
the time. It was suggested that a commission
should be sent to the South Seas, from which we
knev.' that the injurious insects had been derived,
in order to find the predaceous insects which would
exterminate tliem. The result was the importation
of the Vcdalia, which has so eft'ectually killed out
Icerya. Before coming from California the other
day, I think on the train of cars, buying a paper, I
found this statement that Professor Albert Kiebele,
who has been sent to the South Seas again on a
like errand, found there an insect which attacks
and destroys the LecuniiiDi. olca' or Black Scale.
Here, again, the Government is affording to us a
relief from one other of the triad of pests that
trouble us so exceedingly there, and trouble the
country in general. In the county where I belong
the inspection is very rigid, and the discovery of an
att'ected tree in that county means that the tree
must be gashed and receive the treatment at an
expense of one or two dollars, and it is an expen-
sive matter to put it through an orchard. But the
discovery of one insect is esteemed to be such a
warning that the owner cannot afford to let it pass,
and if he would he is .still under the stress of the
corporation which requires that the remedy be
applied.

Mr. Williams, of New Jersey: I have had dur-
ing the last ten years some considerable experience
with one of the insects alluded to by the Professor.
I consider it one of the most dangerous of the
small insects. We old people cannot see it. But
there is another insect that recently appeared in
New Jersey and which attacks our Pears, and is
etpially destructive, I think, and to be feared. It
operates while the Pear is very young, and has
troubled them for two years. This season in Essex
and Union counties it has been very troublesome,
and it has appeared also, I find, on the Hudson
River. I think we had V)etter look out for it.

Me. Riley: It is the Pear Midge, so-called,
which has been uncommonly abundant the present
year, and was first fully treated of in my annual
report some four years ago, where I called it the
Diplosis pyrivora. It is similar to the insect that
affects Pears in the same way in Europe, l)ut
nevertheless is different and a new species, but
there ia every reason to believe it was imported

Treatment of the diseases of roMACKOus fruit.

43

from Europe, as it occurs there also. We know
very little yet as to how to manage it. It is one of
those insects that is very difificult to deal with. It
is a small midge, smaller than a mosquito.

Before I take my seat I will ]iermit myself to say
one word more to this effect, that the time would
not permit me to touch upon many interesting
matters that I should like to have included in my
paper. I could not say anything ahout PlnjUn.vera
and its spread, but I would like to say in response
to what was said by one of the speakers that the
introduction of Vedalki was the result of a set
purpose, and few per.soi2s have realized what an
extensive correspondence and how nuich time I
devoted during three years to the matter of proving
first of all that the Iceri/a was of Australian origin,
and that it was not an injurious insect there, being
kept in check by natviral enemies. Upon these
facts, which involved a trip to Europe, we stuilied
the natural enemies of this particular insect and
worked out the results which have been given to
you. This subject has had to be dealt with on
most strict scientific methods.

Recent Progress in the Treatment of the
Diseases of Pomaceous Fruits.

BY B. T. GALLOWAY.

The treatment of plant diseases is a subject of
such recent origin that comparatively few are aware
of the progress made in this line of work during
the past few years. At the Boston meeting of this
Society, held only four years ago, it is doubtful if
anyone could have satisfactorily answered the
question of how can Apple Scab, Pear Scab, Cherry
Leaf-l)light or any of the numerous other diseases
of pomaceous fruits, be cheaply and effectually
prevented.

It is not so much the oljject of this paper to tell
you in detail how these diseases are combated, as
this information will be found in the published
reports of the United States Department of Agri-
culture and elsewhere. We shall deal with the
subject in a somewhat general way, hoping by this
means to awaken a wider interest in the matter
and thereby in the end bring about a better
understanding of plant diseases and their treat-
ment. •-.

However, before taking up a discussion of the
subject proper, it might be well to call attention to
the losses occasioned in this country by thewide
spreid and destructive maladies of pomaceous
fruits, as with this data before us the importance
of the results accomplished in the matter of pre-
venting the injuries will, we believe, be better
understood. Take for example the Apple crop.
From reliable data we know that at the very lowest
estimate the damage to this one fruit in 1890 by
Scab alone exceeded six million dollars. The Apple
crop of many parts of the great fruit-growing State
of New York was wholly destroyed by it, the fungus
attacking and killing the flowers even before the
fruit had begun to form. The damage done to
Pears in lioth nursery and orchard by Leaf-blight,
Scab and Cracking is ])rol)ably as great as that of
the Apple. Add to this the damage to Cherries,
Plums, Peaches and other similar fruits by such
diseases as Blight, Mildew, Leaf blight, Rot and
Yellows, and the sum is simply appalling, aggre
gating no less than fifty millions of dollars annually.
How to prevent this damage is a problem which
has long confronted the fruit grower, yet as we
have already stated, and will repeat again for
em])hasis, no definite attempt was made to throw
light upon the (question until four or five years ago.
At this time there were probably not more than
half a dozen experiment stations in the country,
and they were (tevoting most of their attention to
(jnestions of a chemical nature. It is true, here and
there a botanist connected with one of the stations,
agricultural colleges, or other institutions of learning
was studying the subject in a small way. more,
however, from a scientific than a practical stand-
point. Matters were in about this condition when,
in 188n, the National Government, through its
Department of Agriculture, took the subject in
hand by establishing a branch for the investigation
of plant diseases. This Division, for so it is desig-
nated, has been constantly at work since its
organization endeavoring to throw light on the
prevention of plant maladies.

Briefly stated, the usual method of work is first

to make a careful study of the diseases in the field

and laboratory, then follow this with practical field

experiments, first on a small scale and later more

, extensively, if the results justify it. In accordance

44

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

with a plan of this kind the work oa Pear Leaf-
blight was commenced nearly three years ago and
is still being carried on. First, it was necessary to
study the life history of the fungns causing the
disease, as it was only with a full and complete
knowledge on this point that an intelligent effort
in the way of treatment could be undertaken. As
a result of the laboratory and field work along this
line it was found that to successfully prevent the
disease it would l)e necessary to protect the young
unfolding leaves from infection by the sjiores or
reproductive bodies ef the fungus which had passed
the previous winter in the fallen foliage. As a
mere statement this problem may not seem like a
difficult one. The fact is, howevei', that a great
many difficulties have been enconntereil, ;ind while
some have been overcome, others still remain to lie
mastered.

The time of the first application, i. e., when the
leaves are about half grown, being settled, the next
questions to solve were (1 ) the kind of preparation
to use in order to cheaply and effectually protect
and not injure the foliage; (2) the number of appli-
cations necessarj' to inspire the liest results; and (o)
the cheapest and mo.st practicable means of making
the applications. As already stated these problems
have as yet not all been solved, but as a result of
our work, we are able to satisfactorily cope with
one of the most .destructive diseases of the fruit
grower at com])arativply little expense. Without
going into details it may lie said that in treating
nurser}' stock the best results have been olitained
from six or seven applications of the Bordeaux
mixture applied with a Knapsack pumj) and
improved Vermoi-el spraying nozzle. The Bor-
deaux mixture is so well known that a description
of its preparation is unnecessary. It may be well
to say, however, that the standard preparation con-
tains six pounds of copper and four pounds of lime
to twenty-two gallons of water. While, as already
stated, the best results from the use of this mixture
have been obtained when Knapsack pumps were
used the fact remains that for work on a large scale
it does not always pay to use such machines.
Where one has 80,000 or even 50,000 stocks two
Knapsack pumps can be relied on to do this work.
For more than this, however, it is best to use horse-
power machines. We have recently devised two

machines of this kind. The first is a cart machine
holding twenty-five gallons. It is made to pump
automatically, is drawn b}' one horse and requires
two men and a boy to operate it. Four rows are
sprayed at a time making it possible to cover
ground quite rapidly. In fact it is not difficult to
spray 100,000 or 150,000 Pear seedlings a day with
it. With a Knapsack pump 20,000 to 25.000
seedlings of this kind is a good day's work.

The second form of horse- jiower machine is
simply a barrel mounted on wheels or runners and
provided with a force pump which is worked by
hand. With a horse, two men and a boy, four
rows can also be sprayed at one time with this
appiiratus. The work can not, however, be done
as rapidly as with the automatic jmmp, although,
owing to better control of the machine, it can be
done more thoroughly. The cost of the Jiutomatic
machine will range from §40 to ?50 while the last
described apparatus comjilete can be fitted up at
home for §15. This inclades wheels or runners,
pump, suction and discharge hose, four nozzles and
gearing for attaching the horse.

A special feature of the machine we have devised
is the pump, which is a modification of the pum])
we tise on our Knapsack sprayer. Most of the
force pumps capable of supplying four nozzles are
expensive, ranging in price from $8 to $20. The
one under consideration can be made for $2.50 and
it is as durable and effective as any of the more
expensive kinds. By attaching this pump to the
automatic machine already mentioned, the price of
the same may be materially decreased. In fact,
we are now perfecting an automatic apjiaratus that
will spray four rows at a time and which we think
can be made for §25.

The idea is to devise a machine so simple that
the various parts may be obtained from almost any
reliable implement dealer and put together at home.
All the machines mentioned can be used for various
purposes, such as spraying Potato and Tomato vines.
Grapes, nursery stock and orchard trees.

Laying aside the question of machinery, let us
turn again to the treatment of nursery stock and
briefly summarize our present knowledge of this
subject. In this connection we may say ( 1 ) that
Pear, Plum, Cherry and Quince Leaf blight are best
controlled by Bordeaux mixture applii'd lirst when

TRJ:ATMENT ok THK diseases of I'OMACEOUS EiiUITS.

45

tlie leaves are one-tliinl frrovvii, ami tbei'eafter at
iutervals of twelve or tifteeii days until six or seven
sprayings in all have been njaile: ('J) that the
ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate applied
the same as the Bordeaux mixture gives the best
results in combating Powdery Mildew of tiie Apple.
In the orchard, however, the ammoniacal solution
has for various reasons been more satisfactory for
Fear Leaf- blight and Scab than the Bordeaux mix-
ture. It is also found that three or four early
sprayings give as good results as six or seven made
at intervals during the growing season. It is pro-
per to say that this statement may not hold good
in the nursery, where as yet no experiments, so far
as we know, have been made to test the matter.

Directing our attention now to the progress made
in combating Apple Scab we will say that the tirst
extended experiments in treating this malady were
made in 1889 by Professor GtofF of Wisconsin, and
Professor Tatt of Michigan, under the direction of
the Division of Vegetable Pathology. As a result
of this work it was demonstrated conclusively that
Scab could be prevented cheaply and easily by at
least two of the cojtper preparations, namely ammon-
iacal solution and modified eati celeNtc. The cost of
the treatment averaged about twenty-live cents jier
tree while the increase of perfect fruit on the treated
trees over the untreated ranged from twenty-live to
seventy-five per cent. In 1890 we continued the
experiment, making an attempt to obtain informa
tion on a number of other points, chief of which may
be mentioned the value of early as comi)ared with
late treatments, the number of treatments necessary
to obtain the best results and the comparative effi-
cacy of three fungicides, two containing coi)per and
one devoid of this chemical. An attempt was also
made to cheapen the treatment without decreasing
their efficacy. It was found that early treatments,
particularly those made just as the flowers were
opening, gave better results than late ones. Three
early sprayings, one when the flowers were just
opening, one when the fruit was the size of jieas,
and one, two or three weeks later, gave as good
results as Ave or six or even seven sprayings made at
intervals during the .summer. The fungicide giving
the best results was one originating with us last year
and sent out under the name of " Mixture No. 5."
This fungicide consists of a mixture of equal parts
of ammoniated copper sulphate and ammonium car-

bonate. It was used at the rate of from eight to
twelve ounces to twenty Ave gallons of water. The
special advantages of the mixture are; ( 1 ) cheap-
ness; ('2 ) case of preparation and application; and,
{H) that it can be put up in dry form in small or
large packages, making it easy and convenient to
handle by the practical man in the field and th(!
store keeper who may wish to place it on the mar
ket. The chief objection to the fungicide is that
it sometimes burns the foliage. While this di-awback
may in time be overcome, it is necessary that we know
of it in order that due care may be observed in using
the solution. Work on the treatment of this dis-
ease is beintr carried on this year by us in the chief
Ap|)le growing sections of the country. As yet it
is too early to speak definitely of results, but
enough is known to warrant us in saying that many
new pouits will be brought out. We may conclude
these remarks on Apple Scab by saying that with
even moderate care this disease can be largely pre-
vented in the most badly affected regions at an
expense ranging from ten to twenty cents per tree.
I have now briefly reviewed .some of the chief
points coming under the subject of this paper.
Time forbids that I .should enter upon the details
of various other diseases of pomaceous fruits and
the progress made in treating them. In conclusion
I will briefly call attention to a disease which has
received more attention then all the others and
which so far has baffled the skill of one of our most
experienced workers. I refer to Peach Yellows,
the cause of which as yet remains a mystery.
Four years of almost continuous work have been
devoted to this malady and in that time many
interesting and valuable facts have been brought
out. Some of these will be given you later by Dr.
Smith to whom this entire subject has been
entrusted. Briefly summarized the present condi-
tion of our knowledge on this subject is as follows :

1. The cause of the disease is unknown.

2. The disease is transmissible.

3. It cannot be cured.

i. It can only be dealt with by wise legislation
and a judicious use of the ax and firebrand.

DISCD.SSION.

Dr. Caky: I would like to ask the Professor
what is really the pathology of Pear Blight. I have
never seen a fungus grow that killed our vegeta-

46

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

tion so quickly as this dons iu our part of the
country.

Me. Galloway: It is now deliiiitely known, iu
fact Las been jiroveil, that Pear BligLt is due to a
micro organism, whicli usually enters at a growing
tip or through the tiower. The matter has been
under consideration by the Department for nearly
three years, and while a great many important
(pu^stions have been settled, a satisfactory method
of dealing with the disease is unknown. To prove
that I he disease is really due to micro organisms is a
comjjaratively easy matter. The germs, or microbes
with which most of us are familiar, may be easily
obtained from the blackened limbs and grown in
artificial culture media, and from that inoculated
into healthy pear trees and thereljy produce the
disease. How the organism goes through the
winter is unknown, but it is easily proved that
the disease is due to this cause. The disease also
attacks the apple, and the same germ can be trans-
ferred from the pear to the apple and the disease
produced u})on the latter. The Leaf -blight is an
entirely ditferent disease. That we can combat
successfully by the application of copper prepara-
tions. The Pear Blight has never been successfully
treated.

Pear Blight and Climate Influences.

U. F. B. LEIOHTON, NOKFuLK, VA.

In response to an invitation from our President
to furnish a paper on Pear Blight for this occasion,
1 will state that in its preparation I have confined
myself to my own observations, excepting scientific
aid from L. B. Anderson, M. D., of Norfolk.

It is not surprising, in this age of new theories
that Pear Blight, which has been shrouded in mys-
tery for the past century, should be seized upon by
theoretical minds for a solution, hence the promul-
gation of the idea that Pear Blight is caused by
bacteria.

In May, 1877, I noticed Twig Blight among my
Pear trees, and then being in the habit of noting
the temperature at sunrise and at the highest point
<luring the day, refering back I found that over
thirty degrees difference of temperature had
occurred nine days before, which caused me to
ascribe the effect to sudden changes of temperature

at the time of most vigorous sap flow. Since that
time my observations have been .specially directed
to this matter with the following results.

I have noticed that during the month of May,
when there was over thirty degrees difference in
the temiierature within the twenty-four hours, that
nine days thereafter Twig Blight would set in.
I also noticed that when it was followed by a more
uniform temperature that the Twig Blight would
stop, and at that point .shoots would put out, but if
these differences of temperature should be frequent
thereafter the Blight would extend down the limb
and form a nucleus for the destruction of the tree.

I did not read the paper on Pear Blight pub-
lished in the United States Agricultiu'al report for
]88() until 1887, when my friend, the late Patrick
Barry, to whom 1 had communicated the result of
my observations, suggested that I oi>en correspond-
ence with Professor J. C. Arthur, then of the
New York Agricultural Experimental Station at
Geneva.

I wrote Professor Arthur on the I'ith of May,
1887, stating the difference of temperature noted •
between that morning and that afternoon and also
that of the day before as being thirty or more
degrees, and stated that Twig Blight would appear
on the 21st. On the 21st, I wrote him that Twig
Blight had a])i(eared promptly on time and in a
few days would send him some twigs to see if
bacteria was present short of fermentation. On
the 2;^d, I forwarded him twigs, but he was unable
to hud bacteria without immersion in water.

In 1888, May 18, I noted the thermometer 50
at sunrise and 85 at 4 p. m. Twig Blight set iu on
the 27th.

In ISS'J, May 8, I wrote Professor Van Deman,
Chief of Pomology, Agricultural Department, giving
the difference of temperature between morning and
the warmest part of the day as being 30 degrees
and that Twig Blight would set in on the 17th.
On the 20th, I wrote him that Twig Blight did set
in on the 17th, and enclosed a clipping from The
Public Ledger, wherein I had requested Pear
growers of that section to observe whether they
found Twig Blight apjiearing on the 17th. The
18th being Saturday I met several persons who had
seen my request and they all stated that Twig
Blight had appeared as I predicted.

I'KAK IJLRiHT AND OLIMATE INFLUENUiiS.

47

Oil the lltL of last May I fonud the ditYnreiice
of teuiperaturo to be such as to roquust through
TIlc I'tiblic Ledger that Pear growers should exam-
iue their Pear trees on the I2()th, and see if Twig
Blight had set in. The report is that Twig Blight
had not only set in ou some varieties of Pears, but
had appeared <juite extensively ou Ap[)le trees.

I have noticed that where Pear trees have been
out some fifteen years, that if green crops are cul-
tivated among them, the sap flow is increased,
having a tendency to increase Pear Blight, particu
larly on the Bartlett variety.

lu the pursuit of my efforts in this direction, in
18S7 I received the efficient aid of Dr. Anderson,
whose reputation as a bacteriologist is recognized
on the other side of the water. He took a deep
interest in the subject and carefully examined the
twigs as I would take them to him, under his
microscope of fourteen hundred diameters, he
could find no bacteria short of fermentation.

I will quote the following from Dr. Anderson's
letter of reply to some correspondent from New
Jersey published in a paper assailing his position,
which reply was directed to me.

" It was expressly stated and is now reaffirmed,
that a sudden fall of temperature has this effect on
the circulation, the sap is coagulated, superficial
vessels are congested, the circulation is arrested,
nutrition ceases, and the twigs and leaves beyond
the point of congestion die.

" I distinctly stated that I had carefully examined
the tissues, vessels, etc., and found the vessels con-
gested, and coagulated and discolored sap, and that
all beyond the point of congestion was devitalized
— dead.

" The so-called germ theory of disease, whether
in vegetable or animal tissues, rests upon declara-
tions which bear the scrutiny of neither logic,
science nor observation, and need for their over-
throw only the facts which have been promulgated
by their most earnest advocates."

When two such eminent bacteriologists as Pro-
fessor Arthur and Dr. Anderson are unable to
detect bacteria in newly blighted twigs, and as Dr.
Anderson tells exactly what his microscope revealed,
I claim that I am presenting yoii facts against
theory, from which you are to draw your own
conclusions.

1 consider the bacteria i)lauk iu the Blight [)lat-
form as unsupported, and must ilrop out as a thing
of the past.

If my observations will load to the directing of
experimental stations where Pears are cultivated,
in noting the effect of the sudden changes of tem-
perature ujion the trees I shall be more than grati-
fied in passing over so important a subject as my
legacy to the coming generation of pomologists.

DISCUSSION.

Mk. Waite: I do not think that the statements
made by the gentleman in regard to the cause of
Blight ought to be allowed to pass unchallenged.
There are perhaps a good many members of this
Society who have heard of the work of Professor
Burrill in 1880, in which the bacteria associated
with Pear Blight were discovered, and the disease
[)retty clearly proven to be due to their work.
These bacteria are minute parasitic beings, nearer
to plants than anything else, and are parasitic in
the tender growing cells of the Pear tree, which
structures they kill and destroy. That disease is
called "Pear Blight," but it works also in the
Apple, Quince, etc. Dr. Arthur, of Geneva, N. Y.,
who was mentioned in the paper read, carried on a
series of experiments in which he made this
deuionstration practically conclusive. This is not
a theory, Ijut a fact, and I may peihaps be pardoned
for thinking that the theories are on the other side
of this problem. Let me state to you in a few
words what the evidence is that bacteria cause
Pear Blight. I have been working for over two
years on this disease, and at the time I commenced
I accepted the fact as proven that bacteria did
cause the Blight, and have been working on their
life history, means of distribution, the way they
spend the winter, etc., but it has never occurred to
me to dispute the main fact that the disease was
caused by the germs. This is the series of facts in
which we have proven that bacteria cause Pear
Blight. In the first place, they are always found
associated with the disease when fresh specimens
are examined. In the second place, we are able to
take these bacteria from the blighting twigs and
cultivate them on nutrient media. We grow them
in these cultm-e media and propagate them over
winter. We are able to grow them in the same

48

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

way that you would seeds in a field. We theu take
them — grown in culture tubes — inoculate them into
the growing tissues of the Pear and produce the
disease. We then e.xamine the diseased portions
and find the bacteria there again doing their work.
In the course of my ex])eriments I have not had
occasion to prove that bacteria cause the disease,
but in working on the disease in order to study it I
have been compelled in many cases to |>roduce it
myself. The present spring I received some Pear
twigs from Thomasville, Georgia. From these
I isolated the Pear Blight germs by cultures and
carried on the experiments with them. I did not
wait for Pear Blight to appear here, but had it
under my own control and got some very interest-
ing results in the distribution of Blight and as to
its workings on the Howers. I found that it grew
in the nectar of the tlowers, and was distributed by
insects visiting the flowers for honey. These
results led to my being sent by Assistant Secretary
Willits to Western New York to continue the
experiments there on a larger scale. In a single
test tube I carried all my stock of germs, and I
had an artificial epidemic of Pear Blight in an
orchard in Western New York which came origin-
ally from Georgia germs. After all this work it
seems to me absurd to deny that Pear Blight is
caused by these bacteria.

Heredity and Environment in Originating

New Fruits.

TU0M.\S MEEHAN, CIEKMANTOWN, PA.

Mr. President, and Fellow Members of the Ainer-

ican Pomohnjical Society :

Sometime since I received this letter from our
worthy Secretary: "Will you kindly consent to
give us a paper on Heredity and Environment in
Originating New Fruits?" I suppose that to mean
that there have been fruits that have originated by
reason of the environment, that is to say that on
account of .some peculiar conditions or circum-
stances, climatic or otherwise, some of the species
have sprung into existence, or some of the varieties
have, by reason of those peculiar circumstances and
conditions, come into existence, and that is what is
called environment.

Now I was a little surprised to receive that invi-

tation, because although scientific men generally
have come to the conclusion that not merely varie-
ties but species have sprung into existence by
reason of the environment, and that idea has
become so generally diffused through the com-
munity that it might be supposed, with the little
interest I sometimes show in scientific matters, that
I also have an idea of that kind, nevertheless, the
more I have thought of the matter, the more I am
convinced that environment, so called, has never
had any such influence in originating any variety,
much less any species; and I am therefore under
the impression that my friend, in notifying me to
addre.ss you on this occasion, must have done so —
as my record is clear on that score — to raise a first-
class row and shake the red flag at the bull, and
lie by and see where the sport comes in.

It seems certainly contrary to general rule, that
a party appointed to open a subject should have to
speak on the negative. That is all I can do this
afternoon; I can show you some reasons why I
believe no species or varieties of any consequence
have ever originated in that way. I have given
some considerable thought to this, and have looked
over the evidence aljout it not oidy in the vegetable
but in the animal kingdom also, but I cannot see
where there is any circumstance or condition for
any permanent influence of this kind. Certainly
when we look around us in the animal kingdom,
we can see no evidence of it whatever. Take these
pictures of Indians before us [referring to the Cat-
liu collection hung on the walls of the hall], they
will suggest some facts which I think bear very
strongly on the subject before us. We have here,
men of the Indian race spread over the whole con-
tinent, from the Aictic regions to the Gulf of
Mexico; men who for centuries have been living
under the most varied conditions of environment,
and yet they are Indians to day; yet, as I said,
their conditions have been extremely different. In
the far northwest they live in the winter time half
buried in the ground, spending a few months in
summer fishing, and living all the winter on dried
fish and perhaps deer fat. On the prairies of
Nebraska we find Pawnees living, as I have seen,
almost wholly on animal food obtained in the chase;
living as is shown in that pictiu-e, number 401 of
the collection, in wigwams formed by a few stakes

HKIJEniTV ANIl ENVIOUNMENT r.N OKKUNAIT Nil NKW KliUITS.

4!)

and skins strotchpd aroniul thoiii for shelter, movinn;
from place to place leailinijja noniadic and unsettled
life, entirely different to those I referred to before
in the Northwestern parts of the continent. As we
get further along on the South Pacific coast, we
find Digger Indians living on herbs and roots, and
in entirely different habits and characters from
those further northwest; and then again, down
further south are the /unis, whom we find in the
past living as an agricultural people, having their
canals for irrigation, having houses for protection,
and protecting themselves by ladders. Thus, we
can see the most variivf conditions and environ
ments, and yet everybody knows they nvc still
Indians to day after thousands of years of those
very varied conditions of environment, some living
on plains, some On rocky mountains, some in arid
deserts, and some where rains and dews and other
good things abound. Of course they will some
times get some little advantage by some discover-
ies, and there we see the ability that other classes
of men have to take advantage of circumstances.
As soon as Indians got tire arms, they spread
through the whole of the Indian community.
When some few years ago they could get horses
they seized on them, and wherever they have been
able to get the implements of civilization, they have
to some extent progressed by means of their use,
but they have never so progressed that they are not
Indians to-day. I think that is true also of other
animals. The horse with the Indian is just the
same after two hundred yeai's of Indian environ
ment, as he is with the environment furnished him
by the more civilized white man. Again, the horse
itself has been the servant of man through all
histoty, and has been taken into all sorts of
climates and subjected to all sorts of conditions.
Environment of most varied character has furnished
the horses as well as other domestic animals. But
we see no difference which we can trace to enviion
ment. The different breeds of horses have been
the direct work of man by uniting varied condi-
tions, and what is called environment as ordinarily
understood, has nothing to do with the various
breeds of horses and cattle, but ditl'er as they may
they are not different in character from the horses
of two or four thousand years ago. And so far as
the human race is concerned, I believe — setting

aside the Indian and taking for instance, if you
choose, the natives of Africa— I believe if they are
taken fresh from that soil to day an<l brought to
this continent and remain in Maryland for two
thousand years, they would still have es.sentially
the characteristics of the Negro race. And so with
th(* white man taken to Africa; you would still iind
the distinctions characterizing the race. >So I see
no reason for believing that environment has had
any vital eflfect in influencing change. It is the
same when we look at the plants. I have had
an opportunity to examine the different timber
ti'ees of our country extending all the way along
the mountains from (lanada to Mexico, an<l we find
the Linden tree from Mexico precisely the same as
we find the Linden free on the Potomac River and
in Canada — no different. It makes no difference
whether those trees grow on plains or mountains,
whether under conditions of climate furnished by
Mexico or by Canada. Notwithstanding this, there
is not the slightest dift'erence whatever between the
Linden we find in Mexico, and that which we find
in Labrador. So with the Sweet Gum, we tind
precisely the same tree in Mexico and precisely the
same in our own swamps here. I see nowhere any
evidence whatever that climatic conditions or any-
thing whatever involved in them, or in the idea of
environment has had anything to do in producing
new varieties or species. On the contrary, when
we tind any new forms coming into existence they,
simply spring into existence of a sudden without
any law with which we are acquainted, without any
knowledge as to what has produced those laws.
We may have as every nurseryman knows, seed-
lings of various trees for centuries, and yet all at
once a weeping variety is found — as the weeping
beech, ash, etc., and whenever they come they
spring into existence; environment cannot be
understood as having anything to do with bringing
them into existence, and the florist continually
knows that some of his best varieties are no more
than sudden freaks of nature. Some variety springs
into existence not merely from the seeds — perhaps
sometimes from bud variation. Some variety which
has been in ciiltivation perhaps for twenty or thirty
years or more, with its own peculiar color or
general characteristics, will push out a branch
entirely different from the rest of the plant, and

50

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

the cultivator can therefrom introduce the new
variety. Environment could not possibly have
had anything to do with the conditions of the
same plant. What is true of flowers now in
cultivation by florists, is also true of fruits.
The Nectarine was originally a branch from the
Peach tree, and we have a class of fruits which
spring off of a sudden — apparently of a sudden —
certainly without any knowledge of the law that
produces them. We hnve evidence of these things
every day. One of ouj' friends pointed out to me
this morning a Peach which she had on exhibition,
the " Stump the World " Peach, a Peach which
ripened its fruit four weeks ago, and yet that par-
ticular branch pushing out of a sudden produced
another variety which ripened four weeks before
the othei-. There is another illustration where
environment has had nothing to do with the case.
I, therefore, have lieen unable to see anywhere
around me any evidence in any kingdom that
environment has had anything to do with the intro-
duction of new varieties. To be fair to the subject,
one point has struck me occasionally as evidencing
some little disposition to operate by reason of
environment, and that is in the question of hardi-
ness. I think it is generally admitted by all who
have studied geology, that at one time what is now
tiie Bocky Mountains was a plain of about the
same level with the line which now forms the
Western coast of California and Nevada, and the
mountains were thrown up l)y some great erup-
tion of nature, thousands of years after the
rest of the Pacific Coast was formed. Whatever
trees and vegetation were on the land then were
thrown up with it, and the conditions surrounding
those trees and plants were greatly changed.
Being thrown up from seven or eight to fourteen
or fifteen thousand feet high, vegetation must have
found itself in an entirely different climate and in
entirely different conditions, as it might be said,
with an environment of a totally different character
than that which surrounded it before the mountains
were thrown up. Paleontology shows us that was
just the case. Many varieties of oak and the red-
wood tree which were all growing in the Rocky
Mountains at the time this eruption took jilace
could not stand the change of climate, and all we
know of them now is by finding their remains in a

false condition. But a few managed to get there.
What we once called the Colorado Blue Spruce
managed to get there. The Douglas Spruce also
managed to get there, and two or three other kinds
of pines managed to get there notwithstanding the
great change in environment. They managed to
live and get there, Init they have not changed
materially in all their characteristics by reason of
having been thrown up so high. Pinus ponderosa
is the same in the Rocky Mountains to day as it is
on the Pacific C^oast. The other one I mentioned —
the Douglas Spruce — is the same; with all its
changes it has retained the same characteristics.
But there is an illustration where plants which
have evidently been thrown into greatly changed
environment have remained the same except in the
one point of hardiness. When we bring the Doug-
las Spruce here it is easily killed by comparatively
mild winters, Init these species from the Rocky
Mountains will endure. Again, I have had other
illustrations to show that hardiness is an acquired
character to some extent. We frequently in nurs-
eries sow seeds in large quantities of certain trees,
for instance of the common Sweet Gum tree. If
we get the seed from Georgia, as sometimes we do,
or from the Carolinas, a light winter destroys them,
but the seed from Maryland, Delaware or Penn-
sylvania will never die. Undoubtedly they have
acquired hardiness by ages of cultivation in hardier
localities, I am satisfied, therefore, that so far as
achieving hardiness is concerned, plants may possi-
bly profit by environment so far as that goes, biit
outside of that, so far as any essential characteris-
tic is concerned, I have never seen any. I know it
is sometimes said that if we take a Bartlett Pear,
for instance, raised in Pennsylvania, and plant them
in Savannah or Charleston or some other place
along the seaboard, they do change their character.
I have heard some people say they coidd not tell a
Bartlett raised under those conditions, from their
acquaintance with the Bartlett of Pennsylvania or
further North, but I have never failed to detect
what they were, and I think the idea that there is
any essential change in these respects is an idea
greatly exaggerated. Taken all together, I feel
that no variety has been raised worthy of lieing
called a variety simply by the circumstance of
environment. When we come to heredity, that is

ttEllEDITV AND ENVIIiONMENT IN OllIGINATINO NEW EllIHTS.

n

entirely another matter. If wo conld jirovo that
varieties were induced liy environment, tne other
part of my question wonld l)e easy, for undoubtedly
heredity has much more power and strength than
is generally supposed, as at one time it was thought
to be the evidence of a trne species if it would
reproduce itself from fiiiit. If it- would not do so,
it was simply a variety, and that was the test given.
But I think we all know now from very wide
experience that there is just the same tendency to
heredity in a vaiiety however induced, whether
from the seed or bud vaiiation — the character of
sport which I have already referred to — no matter
how casual may seem the circumstances lliat may
have induced the variation, that variation is just as
great as if induced in what we call species. Many
years ago I raised a large cpiantity of seeds from
the Weeping Beech, which we know to be a varia-
tion from the original Beech, and every one of the
seedlings was weeping just as the parent was; and
so with the Weeping Ash; I have had experience
with that, and I think everyone must have had a
similar experience. The pur]>le leafed plants are
just the same. The Purple Beech is so true to seed
that it is often the practice of nurserymen to raise
it in that way. When we come to vegetaljles we
know how it is. A new variety of pea or of bean
or of anything else that we raise in our garden
crops, when we plant them by themselves and
raise seed from them, they are just as tr\ie and just
as constant as the original species from which they
sprung, so that so far as heredity is concerned,
there is no doubt in my mind that when we once
get possession of a variety, the laws of heredity
will prevail to preserve it for us as it would from
the original species from which the variety was
raised. Not to detain the meeting further, I will
say briefly that so far as the matter committed to
me is concerned, I have never seen any reason why
environment should be considered as being the
parent of any variety that we have or are likely to
have; while, on the other hand, so far as heredity
is concerned, I believe it, to be a more powerful
agent in preserving to us variations nature has
given us than we have before been accustomed to

believe.

mscussioN.

Mk. Strong: Since the red flag has been shaken
in the face of the liull, I have no disposition myself

to come in contact with the animal, and yet I feel
inclined to say that I think he has stated the case
a little too strongly. I think he has carrie<1 the
point in the main, but has he not also in stating
some of the lacts shown that there has been some
little modification V He has spoken of the increased
hardiness of some plants in different localities. I
would like to mention one in particular— the Mag-
nolia Glauca, which grows freely in Massachusetts,
and is entirely hardy as the seedlings from it are;
but the seedlings taken from Florida are entirely
tender and worthless with us. I am the more
inclined to say a word in reference to a point the
speaker made, and as to which I think he was in
the main correct. I wish to state the facts in
regard to a recent rose — one introduced within the
past year; I mean the Waban rose. The facts
were told to me by Mr. Montgomery, who was the
originator of the rose. It is a sport from the
Catharine Mermet rose. Mr. Montgomery told me
that the [ilant which had been planted in their
conservatory, after two or three years had become
an old stunted jilant and they were about to throw
it away, until he noticed one day that it had pro
duced a large deejier colored rose than the normal
type, and it had been in such a state of neglect
that he ascribed the change in color to the condi-
tion—environment. He preserved the shoots of
that rose, noticing it as so marked. He propagated
the rose, and it has retained its characteristics. I
judge that ]Mr. Meehan referred to that particular
rose in his remarks, and I think the facts as stated
by Mr. Montgomery ought to bo known, and per
haps Mr. Meehan will liave a word to say on that
])oint.

Professor Rii.ev: There are other papers this
afternoon, and therefore I do not wish to occupy
much of your time, but I should be sorry to leave
Mr. Meehan's interesting communication without a
few words. Mr. Meehan's arguments and presenta-
tion of facts have this characteristic of merit, that
they are always provocative of discussion and reply.
Now the subject of evolution — the subject of varia-
tion in form, whether plant or animal, and the
influences that bring about that variation in the
present as they lirought it about in the past — that
subject is one that has always deeply interested me;
in fact I have written upon it and have discussed

52

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

the influences which affect specific variation in an
address which I had the honor to deliver before the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science at Cleveland. Now the two factors that
Mr. Meehaa refers to are almost universally recog
nized by evolutionists as conservative factors. If
Mr. Meehan means to argue that change of envi-
ronment - - change of condition of life does not
produce variation, then I say that his position is
antagonized by the ex]ierience of the majority of
most persons whether they be breeders of animals,
students of animal or plant life, or students of
evolution. For environment is one of the potent
factors of the change of form, appearance, charac-
ter, attitude, appetite — change in fact in a dozen or
a hundred different directions. Now this change
may not always be perceptible on the individual,
though often it is marked there. But it becomes
more and more patent in time — in races. The
changes Mr. Meehan has referred to are what we
know as fortuitous variations, and are all of them
referable to that liniVw that we call fortuitous, and
it was one of Darwin's faults that he failed to
recognize fortuitous variation to the extent to which
it takes place in nature. But when it comes to
changes that are permanent in nature and not
artiticial — perjietuated by man liy artificial means —
then I think the store of evidence is overwhelming
that environment has jilayed and is playing a most
important part in producing variation. Now we
must recognize this fortuitous variation. There is
variation going on around us all the time under the
same conditions, and man simply takes charge of
that portion for his own beneiit, and jiorpetuates
what nature otherwise would not do. She perpet-
uates only what is essential to her, and it is the
type that is perpetuated by her, whereas the
changes, alterations and variations Mr. Meehan
refers to are what are known as simply varieties.
Many of them would not be perpetuated in a state
of nature. I would also say that the law of
atavism is as well recognized a law as that of
heredity. While heredity is conservative, atavism
will produce changes, and the series cited by Mr.
Meehan as to the uniformity of his seedlings, will
not be borne out by many of you as nurserymen in
the very great variation, of seedlings generally
shown. Seedlings are w(^ll known to vary, and

these variations are attributed first of all to atavism
— to reversion to .some earlier parent or to cross fer-
tilization, etc. But this is a very great subject and
I do not wish to take the time of the Society. I
only wish to ])ut in my plea for the influence of
the conditions of life, when they are changed,
upon variation, and to rather dissent from the
general tenor of our friend's remarks. While I
realized that some of the facts he has stated are
perfectly justified and correct, the application of
them in my judgment is not.

PnoFESson B.mley: I do not wish to have these
remarks go unchallenged in regard to the jiurely hor-
ticultural side of this question. While Mr. Meehan
was giving us his interesting talk, two things
occurred to me as perhajis open to objection, one of
which has been mentioned by Mr. Kiley. I suppose
the speaker had in view the matter of change of
conditions of life upon the organism. Professor
Piley has referred to that. The other weak point,
or one other, was this: That in speaking of these
variations, he said that when they did occur, they
still occurred within the limits of the species. The
Indians Avhich occur all about the country are
Indians still, he said, and that is true enough, ))ut
they are of different tribes. But now from the
truly horticultural side I wish to oppose Mr.
Meehan's doctrine, because there are innumerable
facts against it. I am positive that change of
environment or change of conditions of life does
modify every type of plant which man has culti-
vated. I do not believe there is a single plant cul-
tivated from a period of a ipiarter of a century and
from several degrees of latitude, but has changed
considerably. To cite instances would be to cite
the whole catalogue of plants. Darwin has shown
that winter wheat can be changed to spring wheat,
and I'ice ivrsn conditions and environments — as to
whether it is planted in spring or fall. The English
cucumbers, characterized by their great length and
by their ability to produce long fruit entirely with-
out the aid of pollen — fruits entirely seedless and
which have larger flowers than ordinary cucumbers,
have all been developed in this century by environ-
ment, and we have the records so complete that we
know that within this century those cucumlters have
been produced from the common field cucumbers.
Peas have been changed in theii' characters in one

HERtiDITY AND KNVIRONMENT IN OltlfilNATINO NKW FHUITH.

r.3

season by the character of the soil upon which they
grow, which is one of the conditions of life anil of
environment, and I havi^ myself in my own patches
detected two varieties of peiis from one row, one
end of which was in heavy soil and one in clayey
soil. Others have had the same experience, and
every frnit which we grow in some way or f)t.her is
changed by climate. In the North it Ijecomes
smaller and hardier, do to yonder hall and see
the fruits from Minnesota and Wisconsin, and see
if their luster is not brighter than that of fruit
from latitudes further south. I never saw this so
plainly marked as at the meeting of this Society in
Grand Raj^ids on some specimens of Minnesota
fruit. It is well known that tlowers and fruit take
on intenser colors as we go Northward. Environ-
ment certainly does change. Cabbages are not the
same in the South as they are in the North. So
these things change all over the country in an
intricate net work, and I do not believe there is
one plant under heaven which man has cultivated
long which has not been modified greatly by
environment.

Mr. Halsted: I wish to say just a word in this
connection as to diseases of plants — or fungus dis-
eases of plants. If you were in my laboratory, I
could .show you fungus diseases of plants grown
under different conditions in test tubes; spores
from the same plant that when placed under a
microscope the mycologist might declare were of
different species, and that only takes five days.
The ditference is environment.

Mb. Fekngw: I only want to point on tthe diffi-
culty we have in discussing such a subject before
we have a conception of our ideas regarding the
nomenclature. Now we are accustomed to speak
of variations and species entirely from a morpho-
logical point of view, and I believe there is where
the difficulty lies in explaining differences resulting
from enviroment. Mr. Meehau has given one point
himself in speaking of the hardiness being changed
by environment. We believe that more than that
is true of the change in biological features. I know
for a fact that in the Caucasian race, and I believe
also in our Indian brothers, exists absolute differ
ences not of form but of characteristics, and these
characteristics are bred by their surroiindings. I
am well acquainted with European nations, and

well ac(|UHinted with the American. Now we know
there is considerable difference in the characteris-
tics of the two nations which have been brought
about by — I do not know anything else hut by sur-
roundings— the differences of climate and the
necessary difference of occupation. So I believe
that one of th(^ difficulties in talking on this ques-
tion, is that we misconceive what we should call
species and what variation; that we have no biolo-
gical conception of these terms, and it would be
necessary to define just what is meant by species
and variation.

Mr. Mf;EHAN: Did I not tell yon that your Sec-
retary was getting me into a great racket ? Perhaps
I may be gored after all, but I must say that so far
as the arguments have gone nothing has been
advanced to shake the position I assume. Mr.
Riley has simply reiterated what I said before. I
said the tendency of scientific men was to consider
that environment was a great factor. He has
simply emphasized that. I do not think that meets
any point I have made. Now in regard to what
Mr. Bailey has stated wi,th reference to a great
many of the statements Darwin has made, I would
say that I was familiar with those statements when
I made the point I have already made, and although
those points seem to have great weight with Mr.
Bailey, they have had no weight with me;
many evidences go to show that Darwin and his
followers have mistaken altogether what they them-
selves meant by environment. I think what they
mean by environment is the operation of some
natural law outside the agency of man, and so far
as that is concerned I have seen no great evidence
to show that any great change has ever occurred in
that way.

Mr. Fernow interposed, that in discussing this
important biological question it was only too fre-
quenlty overlooked that in speaking of species and
varieties we refer to these as established by mor-
phological distinctions. Such distinctions may
satisfy the systematician, !>ut the biologist will have
to find biological distinction, and as our knowledge
of these increases, our conceptions of species and
varieties will change. We will then have species
and varieties based upon biological characters,
rather than morphological distinctions. Thus while
zoologically speaking there is no specific distinction

54

SCIENTIFIC ro.MOLOGY.

between the European and American, yet there
were such marked differences in character evidently
produced in diflPeremces in environment as should
distinguish them specifically. The same would he
found among the Indian tribes which Mr. Meehan
cited as specifically the same.

Immediate Effect of Cross-Fertilization as

Affecting Quality and Commercial

Value of Citrus Fruits.

KEY. LYMAN PHELPS, SANFORD, FLORIDA.

" Witliiiut some reHection it will all appear riihliisli;
perhaps it will appear so al'trr rcHcctinn."— Cii m:t,i:s
Dahwin.

To one who has spent almost a score of years in
planting Citrus seeds, budding and watching the
growth from year to year of varieties gathered from
every belt where the citron, the lime, the lemon,
and orange grow, and ocular, olfactory, and gusta-
tory nerves at work daily for twenty three months
consecutively, keejiing a record, some strange things
have been seen, some understood, in part at least,
many still hidden to my untutored mind; for I
only "know in part," just enough to be most unsat-
isfactory to myself and tt)tally disappointing to my
friends. Yet I have been put before this systema-
tized, learned and venerable Society to speak on the
most interesting family of fruits, the Citrus, a berry.
to quote from Asa Gray. I say I have assigned to
me a subject which to even announce is deemed
heresy by a very learned body of men. But if it
be heresy, brethren, no one will be more glad to be
led back to the fold of those who hold the true
faith than your hunilile servant, nor is there any
body of men who will perform that office in gentler
ways than the members of the American Poiuologi-
cal Society. Yet I am not deterred when a man
writes me, "Do you not know this is contrary to
well known botanical laws?" To .say a thing is
impossible, or can not be, is to arouse the old Adam
in me, all my will to work. What I may say has
reference to what I have seen in one little spot in
Florida where I have been set to do my work. As
to what may be under other conditions or environ-
ments I know not.

Of the immediate effect of cross fertilization I
have no doubt. I do not speak from one experi-
ment or half a dozen, or one year's work or two.

but from the fixed character of fruits and leaves,
showing the percentage in leaf, riud, and pulp (if I
may be permitted to so speak) of father and mother,
for I think I can trace the fruit by the leaf of the
Citrus — of Liinniriion coinm iinis — on the plates in
the exhibit for your committee — two normal, three
roughened by orange pollen and three flattened by
same, and the mammilla or nip])le showing navel
tendency, and I have no doubt lint the Bahia
Orange is three- fourths Early Oblong, a Seville
Orange, and one-fourth a lime known generallj- as
the " Kough Wild Lemon." There are eight speci-
mens of 01)long Oranges flattened and smoothed by
the lemon pollen. Some have wrinkles and sutures
and puckers about the stem, like the Bahia. All
of these eight have thin skins, very light colored,
fine grain pulp with brisk acid resembling lemon.

Then there are eight medium specimens which
will vary considerably when cut, some having light
and some yellow pulp, and no two alike in fiavor.
There are also eight normal specimens from the
opjiosite side of the tree, with rough and thicker
skins, deep colored pulji, and now good eating.
Some of the gra[)e sugar this early, developed into
the cane sugar. At least one-third of the Early
Oblong Oranges I grow each year are so modified
in flavor and distorted in shape by surrounding
pollen that I dare not ]iut them into the jtackage
of straight goods and brand them Early Oblong.

Again in this exhibit are two oranges picked
from a Jaffa tree. On the east side is a Sweet
Seville tree. On these two oranges are irregular
patches of the Sweet Seville rind, promiscuously
patched on, and when your committee come to cut
these two oranges they will find the fruit cells
deepened in color, and the flavor more like the
Seville than the Jaffa, of which there is a normal
specimen with them. These Jaffas adjoining the
Sweet Seville are one-half roughened yearly, and
can not be put under named varieties and branded,
without a loss of fifty cents to seventy- five cents
on gross sales per box. Your committee will
doubtless report on all these.

KISCUSSION.

Mii. PiiELPs: I wish to add a few words; it costs
no more to transport to Chicago a box of fancy
fruits than a box of third or fourth rate fruits.

QITAI.ITY AND C.OMMEUriAL VALUE OV OITIllJH FRUITS.

The freight is the saiiio, tlie only ditlerenoe is in
the commissions we have to pay. There is a i)oint
I make, (hat the pollen changes the commercial
value of the fruit. Here | exhibiting a plate of
fruit] is a plate to which I will call attention. I
will go hack to the arguments I have made. It is
W(>11 known to th(^ L'rosident of this Sor-ioiy and
others, that I have been growing and e.xperimenting
with lemons for some years. Here is a normal
lemon from Naples, called the Lemon of Naples,
the best variety of some ten or t,welve that I got
from Emory of Boston, John T>al)cock, and another
man. 1 have said something in print on pollina-
tion heretofore, and sometimes I have been discour-
aged and sometimes encouraged. In the List meet-
ing of the Pomological Society in Florida, I had
the honor of meeting many of the Pomologists and
entertaining them at my home. When a party of
us were going through the groves, Mr. Berckmans
pointed out to me an orange of this kind— the
Bigaradia, whiah comes from Ceylon, the roughest
of the oranges I know, corrugated as roughly as an
old squash, and I had sent before that time to
Ceylon for this orange to demonstrate what I
believed to be a fact, and generally one fact as we
pass along is worth a good many theories. That
same week that the Society was there I set some
buds of this beside my Naples Lemon.?. This year
some are fruiting. I show you some of the speci-
mens. Most of our lemons in a degree are ever
bearinar. It is seldom that we cannot find blooms
of some species of the Citrus every month of the
year. Here on the tree of Naples Lemons <in which
this [exhibiting a lemon] grew, is the effect of this
Bigaradia in the flattened condition of the lemon,
and the Naples Lemon flattened, the mamalhe all
gone, the sutiires not quite united as you can see
very plainly. Here is another specimen not so
large from the same tree, showing identically the
same work. A lemon, as you gentlemen well under-
stand, is an oblong fruit with the mamilhx^ or nipple.
Well, this fruit which I show you is a lemon; who
would believe it if he saw it on a fruit stand. I
leave this plate for the Scientific Committee to
examine. Here, gentlemen, is a plate which was
all picked from one branch of a Villa Francha
Lemon, the best lemon grown in Florida, I think,
for all purposes save one. Here is one from the

same branch, on which the mamilla is entirely
gone. Down here in regular lines are sections of
the variegated orange. That, of cour.se, I could
not shi]) for a lemon. No one who saw it would
say it was a lemon. Hero is another one from the
June bloom showing the same effects of that pollen;
the father is a variegated bitter orange — a Biga-
radia from India. Here is another which has lost
th(> mamilla (Mitirely. It is shorter and more
rounded than the orange. When this committee
come to examine this, I have no doubt they will
find the orange impress to the very seeds. Many
of you know ])robal)ly very much better than I do
that the Citrus fruit is perfected through its rind.
One chemist says that from the starch first comes
the gra])e sugar — it is turned to grape sugar —
which I believe is correct; next it is changed to the
cane sugar which is sweetest; and last of all these
oil cells here which give the flavor — the intense
boquet and flavor to a lemon — which are strained
through the pulp cells and are changed to vegetable
oil in the seed and from that plant life which the
embryo feeds u|ion. This I think they will find
and as to the Iwijixet of our oranges I would say
that there is never any bo(|uet in a green orange —
none of that lioquet which leaves its pleasant taste,
and makes the eater of one good orange wish for
another. The boquet comes from the straining of
the oil cells through the pulp, and in some two-
year old oranges which I have on exhibition, you
will find the bocpiet so strong that it is often
offensive.

Now here is an orange that one of the Northern
agricultviral papers — Forest mid Garden — had
something to say about, and so have I, for I was
one of the first to grow it; that is the Unasn.
Here is one picked from the same tree, and this
tree is standing next and close beside that Boga-
radia Orange which shows the disunited sutures,
and is even more flattened and greatly roughened,
and yet there the bloom is of the same age but
rendered smaller by the influence of that smaller
orange. For years I have been doing a great deal
of pollination on the trees, and booking and mark-
ing and keeping record, and I was first led to it by
seeing these strange things on the oil cells of the
oranges, and I have brought these rougher ones
for the reason that all the oil cells of the Citrus

56

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

family are so close together that you have to watch
closely for them. I never reach a conclu.sion unless
I look for it. The oil cells are so near alike that it
i.s often diiScult to see this thing, Imt I brought
this rough one here which is so manifest that I do
not see how any one can escape the conclusion
that there is some eifect, be it pollination or some-
thing else, which does change the rind of this
Citrus fruit, which is only a modification of the
leaves of the fruit, and in that work of pollination
I have done, I have been amazed. Last year in the
presence of Messrs. Hart and Hulibard. two of onr
most progressive orange growers in Florida. I made
some very interesting experiments \n pollination.
I believe that the influence of the pollen costs me
on my fruit that I ship, at least fifteen hundred
dollars a year in deteriorating the appearance of
my fruit.

Mit. Meeh.\n; The question is, which of those
that you exhibit do j'ou consider to i)e the jiarents
Which were the normal forms that j)roduced inter-
mediates by the mixing of the pollen.

Mr. Phelps in answer pointed out certain fruits
represented in a picture.

Mr. Meehan: Have you any idea what intermix-
ture of pollen produced those normal forms in the
first instance?

Mr. Phelps: I do not know. I think the ditfer-
ence between the limes, lemons and citrons is very
shadowy. I came here to learn, not to teach.

Mr. Gary: Did yon not say you had cross-
fertilized the navel? Did the navel lose that
peculiar appearance on the blossom end of the
orange ?

Mr. Phelps: Yes. I would like to ask Mr. Mee-
han one question. Last year I cut from a twig not
longer than my finger a normal Navel Orange.
This was a normal Navel Orange with the lemon-
colored rind; and on this same twig was a dark
blood orange, with no navel mark at all and lilood
cells full, which I have plates of on the tables and
at home: What caused that? Again, at the last
meeting of this Society I showed one cut from a
Majorca tree. There are six divisions usually in an
orange, and in this orange there were three divi-
sions as red as blood, while the others were pale
and the flavor distinct. What caused it? I ask
for information.

Mr. Meehan : I understand my friend asks me
a question as to what is the cause of different col-
ored oranges on the same plant and similar changes
I suppose which we occasionally see. I should
refer them to morphological and physiological laws,
and not to intermixture of pollen. I asked the
([uestion in relation to those normal forms, as to
what particular intermixture of pollen brought
them about; because from what the gentleman has
said it would seem natural to suppose that the
|>arents were brought into existence by an inter-
mixture.

Mr. Phelps: I did not come to discuss mor-
phology this morning. Some other time I would
be glad to discuss it.

Mr. Cutter: I have not made experiments in
this direction, but some facts have come under my
observation, and while I am not at all prepared to
say that there may not be very much in what Mr.
Phelps has presented, nevertheless I am not yet
satisfied upon that. There are certain things in
the suliject which his theories do not account for.
I was once in a seedling orange grove at the
mouth of a mountain caiion which was at least
forty miles removed from a Navel Orange tree. I
do not know that there was no Navel Orange tree
in the vicinity, but certainly there could not have
been one within a mile or two of it, liecause there
were no other orange trees within that distance
and it was not an orange growing locality. The
settlement nearest to that where oranges were
raised was Iliverside, forty miles away. Now in
the seedling Orange trees I have observed — with
comparative rarity — a slightly developed navel,
never a fully develoj^ed one; Init on these trees
removed so far from any other I observed some of
this same slight navel development. Now, what
caused that? It is hardly pos.silile that the pollina
tion was effected by bees, as there were no bees
near the Orange trees. How then was the pollen
conveyed which produced the navel development
upon this seedling Orange tree? Again, where I
have had an opportunity to see a great manj' of
these abnormal forms — navel developments — upon
other varieties of trees, I have noted that some
varieties show many navel developments; the Mal-
tese Blood Orange particularly shows more and
better developed specimens of navel than any t)ther

QUALITY AND CO.MMEUCIAL VALUE OF CITRUS FKUITS.

57

variety. The Maltese Blood is a weak grower but
a lieavy bearer aud the Ijloom carries the yellow
anther, indicating abundance of jiollen. The next
in abundance of navel specimens that I know of is
the Paper Kind St. Michael, a tree of good growth
and vigor, and carrying a bloom with very abun-
dant pollen, amply able to take care of its own
fruit in that respect. And still, although it shows
as good a bloom development [)ractieally as the
seedling, it shows a great many of these navel
developments; I mean I can find them more fre-
quently there than elsewhere. Now, as between the
Maltese Blood and the Paper Kind St. Michael, the
navel development assumes one form on the Maltese
Blood and another form on the Paper Rind St.
Michael. Now, suppose the navel pollen has pro-
duced it — if that is the parent why should it not
impress the same form u[)on its offspring on all
varieties V Why should it l)e a development much
resembling that of the navel itself upon the Mal-
tese Blood and instead of that a very little, beauti-
ful, conical protuberance upon the Paper Rind St.
Michael. Again, on the Meditteraneau Sweet, a
weaker tree than the Paper lliud St. Michael,
weaker I believe in its develpoi)ment of bloom and
pollen, we cannot find so many specimens. Now,
the weaker tree should be the more impressed as it
seems to me, and the theory of cross-pollination
does not account for these circumstances. Again,
we have been told in the paper read here to-day
that the orange is nourished from the skin.

Now, in conversation with the gentleman who
presented the paper, I find he states that he finds
oranges in which there are segments of different
varieties; he has also stated that in answer to
questions put by others here — segments of different
varieties within the orange; and in papers pre-
sented by him and others through the press it has
been shown that these segments were also accom-
panied by a dift'erent development of the riud in
segments corresponding in form to the variety.
Now, I have taken some pains to observe that, but
since the Paper Bind St. Michael has in its peel a
very different conformation from all other oranges,
making it exceedingly easy to observe any depart-
ure from its regular type, I have fre<juently
observed upon that orange segments of riud of
totally dift'erent character from that which was

commonly normal with that orange. Then I cut
the orange in cross section to determine what was
the interior character. Now, if the gentleman's
theory is correct, then the internal segments of
tiesh should be coterminous with these segments
of rind; Viut this was most conspicuously not the
case. The rind was laid ou without any reference
whatever to the internal structure of the orange,
and I was unable to find any differences in the seg-
ments, and as I was observing, with special refer-
ence to this point, I took most special care to see
whether that rind would be coterminous with the
internal segments of the orange. These facts are
not accounted for in Mr. Phelps' paper. Again,
one more fact I may state is this: I have found
upon that Paper Kind St. Michael a tendency to
sport which I have not observed in other oranges,
possibly because of its very distinct character, and
half a tree will sometimes grow out and produce
year after year from the bud an orange of totally
different character, and in all cases where twigs of
this variety of orange have produced such a spore
as that, there has also been produced a spore of
uniform character, and both upon my own trees
and those of others whom I have questioned in
regard to it and obtained a description of the
orange, the spore was of one uniform character in
every case. Now, if cross-poUenization had been
the thing which introduced the deviation in through
the tree, then why, as cross-pollenization comes
through great number of varieties, should all these
spores be uniform in character upon that particular
orange ?

Mit. Van Deman: There is one question that I
would like to ask not only Mr. Phelps — for I do
not know that IMr. Phelps has taken exactly the
position that some have — if the Washington Navel,
or Bahaia, which is the same thing, att'ects through
its pollen the other varieties of the orange in the
same vicinity, so that the navel — the peculiar
umbilical or navel mark — a}>pears upon it as they
claim, why in the name of reason is it that the
other oranges which have a million grains of
pollen to one that the Bahaia possesses — why in
the name of reason do they not so affect the Bahaia
that the navel mark is eradicated? That is a ques-
tion I wish answered. If this theory is true, it
must work both ways from one variety to the other.

58

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

It must work from other oranges to the Bahaia as
from the Bahaia to the others. Now I wish to state
this fact in regard to the pollen of the Washington
Navel or Bahaia. In my office we have examined
hundreds of flowers of this variety taken from our
own trees right fresh as they bloom there in the
Department of Agriculture's green houses, and
others sent by Mr. Phelps and by E. H. Hart of
Florida, and others sent by Mr. Cutter and different
persons at liiverside, California, and in no case
have we found under the microscope a single per-
fect grain of pollen — not any case— and how can
this orange affect the others when it has uo pollen
to use?

Fruit Districts Geologically Considered.

BY E. S. (iorr, MADISON, WIS.

The proposition that certain regions are specially
adapted to the production of certain fruits requires
no proof. The Ionian Grape, which bears the
little seedless fruit known in commerce as " Zaute
Currants," is scarcely grown except in two or three
of the Ionian islands, and m a narrow territory on
the northern shores of Morea, and almost all efforts
to naturalize it elsewhere have failed.* Oranges
are prodced over a considerable part of Florida,
but the orchards in the vicinity of Indian River
have healthier trees, and yield Huer fruit thiin in
most other districts. The Catawba Grape is grown
more or less in gardens throughout the Northern
States, but only in a few favored districts, as on
the shores of Keuka Lake, and of Lake Erie, and
the lower valley of the Hudson River does it ripen
its fruit perfectly in the average season. In like
manner the Peach tree endures the winters over the
greater part of our Northern States, but only in a
few localities in these States, as upon the eastern
shores of Lake Michigan, and in parts of New
Jersey and Delaware is it reliable for fruiting.
Illustrations might be multiplied were it necessary.

Sometimes these fruit regions are circumscribed
by very narrow limits. On a certain farm known
to the writer in Southern New York, the growing of
Peaches has proved highly profitable to its owner
for many years, while nowhere else in their vicinity
has the production of this fruit proved even mod-

* Marsh, Earth, as Modified liy Hainan .\ction, 17.

erately successful. In parts of Richland county.
Wis., in which the surface is broken by gentle hills,
separated by narrow valleys, certain fields that
crown the hillocks are adapted to the culture of
hardy Apples, while others, often on the same farm,
which extend down southern slopes, or form the
bottom of the narrow valleys, offer such different
conditions that Apple trees are not only unproduc-
tive, Ijut rarely live more than a few years.

A knowledge of these fruit districts, and of the
conditions that locate and limit them, is of the
greatest importance to one who contemplates enter-
ing upon any department of fruit growing as a
vocation, because, however great the expenditure of
capital, energy or skill, in a location where natural
conditions are unfavorable, the highest success in
this industry cannot be hoped for. A brief con-
sideration of this subject is therefore appropriate.

Fruits, in common with all other plants, pros-
per in proportion to the favorableness of their
environment. A study of plant environment re-
veals the fact that it is the resultant of a compli
cated set of conditions that act upon each other
in varying degrees. Thus, temperature, a very
important factor in the plant environment, is
modified, not only by latitude, but by exposure, by
altitude, by the nature of the soil, the proximity to
water, the prevailing winds, the humidity of the
air, etc. In like manner, atmospheric humidity
and precipitation are modified by many physical
conditions. It follows, therefore, that climate is
not necessarily coincident with latitude, as any
isothermal map will indicate. But no isothermal
map yet constructed shows this truth in its
entirety, because in almost every individual town
ship, we find the climate varying more or less as a
consequence of varying physical conditions.

Were all soils and climates equally well adajited
to fruits, or were all fruits eqfially adapted to dif-
ferent soils and climates, we should have one con-
tinuous fruit district wherever land extends. But
since the adaptability of fruits is as different as
soils are far from uniform, and since climate varies
greatly in different regions, it results that fruits, in
common with all plants, succeed very unecjually in
different localities. Within the tropics, where solar
heat is not wanting, we find a continuous fruit belt
through all fertile lands that have sufficient rain-

FUUIT DISTUICTS GEOLOGICALLY CON8IDEUED.

59

fall, iiDtl of which the altiliulo is uot so great as to
neutralize the solar heat. But as we proceed north-
ward, aud warmth diminishes, this frait belt grad-
ually breaks up into isolated fruit patches, of
greater or less extent. These patches, or as we
prefer to call them, fruit districts, are found iu
localities, where for any reasons, the climate retains
the ([ualities of districts less remote from the
equator, provided only that the soil and rainfall are
propitious.

This breaking up of the great equatorial fruit
belt tirst occurs with the strictly tropical fruits, as
the Pineapple, Cocoanut, Mango, and Banana.
These, with the possible exception of the Banana,
can scarcely be grown on a proiitable commercial
scale within the limits of the United States, except
iu isolated districts in the extreme South. The
orange belt breaks up a little farther to the north-
ward, this fruit being grown with some success
along the gulf and Atlantic coast from the Rio
Grande to the sea islands of South Carolina, and in
the thermal belts skirting the coast valleys of Cen-
tral and Northern California.* The breaking up of
the Peach and Grape belts occurs still farther to the
northward, so that we find the culture of these
fruits successful in specially favored districts in
some of our more Northern States. The Apple
belt may be said to include nearly our entire coun-
try, breaking up only iu the more northern portions
of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence valleys, while
for the PriDita Americanas, the Currant, the
Gooseberry, Blueberry and the Kaspberry the belt
of successful culture passes our extr(ime northern
limits, the latter four fruits being found in their
wild state as far north as Alaska. f

It should be added that some of our hardy fruits,
as the Apple, Currant and Gooseberry, do not suc-
ceed in tropical countries. We have, therefore, for
these fruits, a belt running through the temperate
zone, breaking up into isolated districts both on the
northern and southern edges, those districts on the
sides towards the equator being located and limited
by a set of conditions acting exactly the reverse of
those on the side of the pole.

* Van Demau, Tropical and Semi-tropical Fruits of
the United States, 1887; 67; Klee, III., HI.
tDall, Rep. Dep't. Agr., 1808, 178.

It is a fact of interest and importance to horti-
culture, that, other things equal, the further out-
side of the normal belt a fruit district is located,
the more profitable is the culture of the fruits to
which it is adajAod. The reasons for this are
various. Competition from the same latitude is
not only restricted, but the cost of transportation
enhances the value of the same fruit grown further
south. In the more delicate fruits, as the Rasp-
berry, Blackberry and Strawberry, the lateness of
maturing in the Northern fruit districts effectually
shuts out all Southern competition. In some other
fruits, as the Ai)ple, the longer days of the more
northern clime develop a brilliancy of color that is
not found in regions further south. In Wisconsin,
successful Ai)ple culture is limited to a compara-
tively few districts, aud these are mostly of small
extent, yet the profits realized from the few success-
ful orchards often surpass those from the finest
orchards of western New York. The high color of
the Apjjles grown in Wisconsin and other Northern
States is recognized wherever they are shown in
comi)arison with those of the same varieties grown
further south. In like manner the profits of small
fruits in the more Northern States are often, if not
usually greater than those realized from localities
further south, where their culture is more generally
successful. The same may be said of the Peach
and the Grape iu our more Northern fruit districts.
These facts give an added interest to special fruit
regions, and invite a study of the causes which
serve to locate and circumscribe them.

Within a few years, the Eastern shores of Lake
Michigan, particularly in the portion south of
Grand Haven, have become famous for the produc-
tion of Peaches. On the Western shore of the same
lake, the Peach tree scarcely survives the winter,
and rarely yields fruit, while a few miles further to
the westwarel the Peach tree utterly fails, and only
the more hardy varieties of the Apple can be suc-
cessfully fruited. On the East shore of the lake,
however, Apples, and even Peaches are said to
succeed as far North as Mackinac,* which is a
degree North of the northern boundary of New
York and Vermont. The causes for these striking
differences of climate in a similar latitude, accord-

*Lyou, Hist. Mich. Hort., 12.

60

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

ing to Professor Winchell, '"must be attributed to
the fact that the prevailing wiatls which bring frost
or severe cold are westerly, reaching the easterly or
Michigan shore only after having traversed nearly
or (juite one hundred miles of very deep, open
water, to which, during the warm season, they will
have surrendered a very considerable increment of
heat, to be retained until it shall be wrestled for
and re-absorbed by the colder gales of late autumn
and winter, thus quenching their excess of cold by
the transfer to them of a portion of the surplus
heat of the warm season. * * * It is also a
fact well known to nautical men, that a current
sets northward along the easterly shore of Lake
Michigan, doubtless occasioned by the increased
influence of prevalent southwesterly winds upon
the waters nearest that shore; and also that there
is a reverse current along the westerly shore, thus
causing a slow, but constant trjinsfer of the warmer
waters of the South toward the northerly extremity
of the lake and vice versa, much in the same manner
as we see on a far grander scale, the tepid waters
of the Gulf of Mexico transmitted by the gulf
stream to soften the climate of Northwestern
Europe." *

In like manner the Southern and Eastern shores
of Lake Erie and the Eastern shore of Lake Cham-
plain present a somewhat softened climate as com
pared with localities more remote from water,
making the former district well adapted to the
culture of native Grapes, and the latter to that of
hardy Apples. Even the smaller lakes of Central
New York, aided doubtless by the larger Lake
Ontario to the northward, surrounded by fruit
districts in which varieties of the Grape and Peach
succeed that cannot be grown iu Northern Pennsyl-
vania. E: pecially is this true of Keuka Lake, on
the banks of which frosts hold ofl' until the middle
of October, and the Catawba Grape ripens to per-
fection in the average season.

The influence of physical features in modifying
climate is perhaps nowhere more strikingly shown
than in California. Here, the combined influence
of the great Pacific Ocean, with its Japan current
washing the coast with waters tempered by a
tropical sun, and the mountain barriers to the

*Winchell, (juotetl by Lyon, I. c, 'J, 10.

eastward, deflecting the northerly winds, actually
cause the isothermal lines, which normally run east
and west, to extend north and southward. Indeed,
iu some cases, fruits ripen earlier in the Northern
than in the Southern parts of the State.*

The influence of altitude in modifying climate is
also admirably illustrated in the mountain regions
of California. In the valleys, semi-tropical fruits
are successfully grown even as far north as Shasta
County. But above an elevation of two thousand
feet, conditions gradually intrude which resemble
those of colder climates. The Appricot and Peach
are liable to winter injury, and give irregular
returns. At four thousand to four thousand five
hundred feet, the hardy Apple and Pear flourish,
ripening late, and winter varieties possess excellent
keeping qualities. Here, however, winter killing
of trees begins, and locations even for hardy fruits
have to be chosen with circumstances, f

At certain altitudes, in the mountain districts of
California, and elsewhere, occur belts of greater or
less extent that are singularly free from spring and
autumn frosts. These locations have been called
"theiinal belts,"' and are peculiarly adapted to
fruit culture. Their altitude secures free circula-
tion of air, and immunity from violent summer
heats, which makes them less subject to many
fungus diseases than the valleys beneath, while
their almost complete freedom from frost gives
them a prolonged growing season. In seasons
when premature warm weather in spring is fol-
lowed by severe frosts, these thermal belts are
sometimes conspicuous along the mountain sides
from the lively green of their newly formed
foliage, while both above and below the premature
growth has been blasted by frost. The presence
of these belts has been explained J by the merging
of the ascending current of warm air from the val-
leys beneath, with the more rarifled atmosphere of
the mountains. The warmer currents ascend until
they reach strata of equal rariKcation with them-
selves, where they cease to rise and merge them-
selves in the atmosphere of that region.

It would seem that the great mountain regions
of our Western States and Territories must abound

*Wick8on, California Fruits, in, 11, 13.

tibid, 15, 17.

J McDowell, liep. Dep't. .\j;r., ISdU Mii.

FlUirr DISTIitCTK flEOLOGIOALLY OONSTDKUKD.

m

ia these thermal belts, and thou;^li coniparatively
few of them have Jis yet l)een developed f.ir fruit
culture, it is not imjiossibh* that the golden fruits
and rich vintages of this vast mountain system may
yet rival in value the outputs of their mines of the
precious metals.

Certain fruits are especially snsceptible to certain
features of environment. The Cranberry, it is said,
cannot endure a soil that contains any considerable
admixture of clay or liimv Tlie Fiuropean wine
Gra|ie vitif: viiiifrra is extremely susceptible to
extremes of atmospheric humidity; the fruit buds
of the Peach are very suspeptii)le to the cold of
winter. The area of successful culture for such
fruits is greatly restricted as compared with what
it might be, iMit for these special weaknesses. The
Cranberry, though hardy enough ro endure the
climate of Alaska, succeeds in very few localities of
the Northern States, not apparently from any unfa
vorableness of climate, but from its susceptibility
to soil conditions. The climate of the Mississip|ii
Valley possesses the rei(uisite araonnt of summer
heat and rainfall for the complete maturation of
the European Grape, yet all attempts at its cul-
ture there have proved unsuccessful. The reasons
ascribed for this failure are our violent extremes of
meteorological conditions, especially of atmospheric
humidity,* though it is proljable that the Phylloxera
should be charged with one of the chief causes.
In portions of the Rio Grande Valley, and in
Southern California, this gra|ie is being success
fully grown under irrigation, which appears to
defeat in a measure the work of this destructive
insect.

I may add, in conclusion, that the subject of
plant adaptation is one of great interest and
importance, and which should receive much more
study than has yet been devoted to it. It would
seem that a thorough study of plant environment
in our distinctive fruit regions should enable us to
establish a formula by which the adaptability of
any given locality for any particular fruit might be
determined without resorting to the costly method
of experiment. What expense and disappointment
might have been saved could it have been deter
mined beforehand that the European Grape could

*Lippincntt, Kep. Dep't. Agr., lS(i;!, [^7.
5

not succeed in the Eastern Unit.'d States! De Can-
dolle, who gave much study to the geography of
|)lants, was unable to explain this failure from any
data that he could procure.* Could ho have had
access to more com|)lete meteorological data, it is
jirobalile that he might have assigned the true
cause. So this indeed is the crying need. I have
made some attem])t at these studies, but have been
disappointed at the meagreness of the available
data. It is true that the re|)orts of the signal ser-
vice have very great value, but before the science
of plant a<lai)tation can be fully developed we
must have series of ol)servations reaching through
years, not only of temperature, humidity, precipita-
tion, cloudiness and wind, but of the intensity of
sunshine, of soil temperatures and moisture, of the
prevalence of fogs, and dews; and we must have
these observations not simply from one or two
localities in a State, but from every locality that
has a specially interesting economic flora. Let
those who are patiently making laborious observa-
tions at our signal service and experiment stations,
and who often gi'ow weary of their well doing,
wondering if tlu'ir ])atient labor will ever be appre-
ciated, take new courage. It is from data of this
kind that a new science is yet to be developed that
will prove of vast imi>ortance to a future generation.

11IS<'II.SSII1N.

Me. Enole: It is hardly possible for one man to
know all and everything about it. I merely wish
to correct the impression that might be gotten from
the paper just read, that the suctessful Peach
growing area is so circumscribed. We can find
good jilaces in Michigan and Delaware. I want to
make a statement in reference to what we did in
Pennsylvania for some time. Pennsylvania has
not grown Peaches for commercial purposes in my
recollection until recently. Eastern Pennsylvania
grew ([uite a numl)er for the Eastern markets — the
large cities: Init some twenty five years ago there
was ()uite a fever for Peach growing in Franklin
County, and they grew as tine Peaches there as in
Delaware; but, I do not know for what cause, the
enthusiasm sulisided, and they have not continued,
Imt later probably twelve or fifteen years ago —
the Smith Brothers of Juniata County, Pennsyl-

*L. C.,487.

62

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

vania, came to our place and tried to secure some
of our Peaches to grow, saying that friends of
theirs had a tine Peach orchard that did not
amount to much and they were going to try it —
they bought five or six hundred trees. In the
course of half a dozen years, they had successful
crops and began to ship Peaches. Now they are
grown from year to year. For several years past
they have planted one hundred and flfty thousand
trees yearly just in Juniata County. Surrounding
counties are also planting heavily. This spring
early in the season I corresponded with the Smith
Brothers in reference to the estimation of the
Peach crop in Juniata County. They replied four
hundred thousand baskets for this season. I have
not heard fi'om them since, but tliev generally
understand the business. Now, I am satisfied that
the area of successful Peach growing in Pennsyl-
vania alone — that is just a small plat of it — the
counties south of that on the border of Maryland
— I am satisfied are as well adapted as Juniata
Covnty, and I think the enthusiasm stirred up
there by the Smith Brother.s will not subside.
Around there where the Smith Brothers live, it is
almost lined with Peach orchards, and all in conse-
quence of their success.

Mr. Hale; I think the remarks of this gentleman
simply corroborate what the speaker tried to lay
down in his paper, that there are certain local con-
ditions and spots — little areas here and there every-
where— peculiarly adapted to some kind of fruit,
and the- only way is to hunt them out — find those
spots and }ou will make profit.

Physiological Effects of Pruning.

BY L. E. TAFT, LANSING, MICH.

Few of the operations of the horticulturist are of
more importance, and none require greater judg-
ment or more delicacy in their performance. All
of the vital actions of plants are tiased on the laws
of vegetation and any interference with their func-
tions can only have an injurious effect.

When wisely performed, pruning, like all similar
operations will contribute to the benefit of the
horticulturist. He can regulate the quantity of
fruit, and extend the bearing age and even the life
itself of the plant. " The growth of a plant, the

size of its flowers and the number, size and quan-
tity of its fruit, depend to a large degree upon the
arrangement and health of its branches and leaves."
— (Loudon.)

The number of the liranches and leaves is reduced
in pruning, and as this modifies the structure of
the plant and interferes with its functions it should
be performed with more than ordinary care.

It is often the case that the saw, axe or knife are
used when no definite reason can be given. No
operation requires greater foresight than does
pruning, and the successful pruner can see in
imagination, before removing a branch, the tree as
it will appear long after the operation is completed.
The "doctors" often disagree as to the best
methods of pruning. liut we can safely say that no
branch should be pruned away for whose removal a
good reason cannot be given.

lor our present purpose we may consider that
plants are pruned for any one of three objects:
First, the removal of dead or dying portions;
second, to thin out plants in which too many
branches have been allowed to develop; third, by
the removal of one portion to affect in some way
the development of other portions of a plant, either
branch or fruit.

The first of these operations is comparatively
simple, as it may be done at any time, without
affecting the tree, and but little skill is required.
For the proper performance of the second, a knowl-
edge of plant physiology is desirable, as well as an
acfiuaintance with the peculiarities of growth of
the different varieties to be pruned, while in the
third every one will find abundant op]iortunity for
the exercise of his best judgment.

The fact that by the removal of a portion of the
branches of a plant various changes can be pro-
duced in its internal economy is no new one, as
more than three thousand years ago the ]']gyptians
and Greeks were aware of it. The value of
removing a portion of the wood of a Grape vine was
brought to public notice by observing the effect
produced by the browsing of a goat, or of an ass,
as some have it, while the singing of the branches
of a rose led to the pruning of that plant.

For a long period the art was an empirical one,
and even to-day with many persons it has hardly
passed beyond that stage. We still apply the saw

PiIYSIOLO(UCAL El'TKCTS 01'' I'liUNlNO.

63

to our orchards at certain seasous, but have but
little better leasou for it thau coukl be <^iveu for
going to luill with the ii;rist iii one eml of the sack
and a stone in the other.

The developiiieiit of a i)laut is due to the forma-
tion of new cells withiu its structure from various
outside materials. A portion of these come from
the air, but others are taken up from the soil in
solution in water by the roots. Passing up to the
leaves they are there assimilated and transformed
into substances that can be utilized by the growing
cells. The leaves also serve the plant as organs of
res})iratiou and of excretion, and a plant can no
more live if its lungs, stomach an<l kidneys are
removed than can an animal.

On the other haml a few well-developed branches
are of more value to a plant than three times as
many crowded together and each depriving its
neisrhborsof needed air and suulitjht.

Although the removal of these surplus branches
will be injurious to the tree, the benefit of the
removal will gi-eatly exceed the injury.

So far as its immediate effects on the plant are
concerned, we may in a general way consider that
the injury is in [)roportion to the amount of leaf
siu'face sacriticed and the size of the wounds
inflicted. The judicious pruner depends largely
upon " pinching in," " rubbing off," and such thin-
ning out as can be done with the pruning knife, or
better yet with the thumb and fingers. When
surplus shoots are thus rubbed out and rampant
ones pinched in, the entire vigor of the plant is
exerted in developing the remaining branches and
their leaves, and there will be no occasion in the
future of checking the growth of the plant by their
removal. It is generally impossible to carry this
out in actual practice, but the theory is correct and
the nearer we approach it the better.

Remember that every blow of an axe or push
of a saw in reiiioviny lanje branches is a blow
lujuiiisf the life of the tree.

Much pruning, however, is extremely injudicious
and detrimental to the health and life of the tree;
as in various ways it is possible directly and indi-
rectly to injure them.

When we unduly diminish their respiratory and
digestive organs, we lessen to a corresponding
degree their capacity for growth and development,

and this is particularly true if tlie pruning is per-
formed wliile the plant is in full leaf, and at the
height of its activity, as the removal of a consider-
able ijortiou of its leaf surface at this time lessens
to a corresponding extent the food sui)ply of the
plant, disturbs the normal action of its different
parts, and generally results in a serious check to
the tree. If the tree is pruned while still dormant,
there is less check to the tree, but the evil effects
may still be very marked.

One cause of injury at this period is, that the
sui'face exposed allows the moistiu'e from the tis-
sues below to escape, and serious harm may result.
Even if no hollow or pocket is formed by the decay
of the contiguous parts, the dead cells will prove a
serious check to the circulation of the sap.

The pruning of trees at time of transplanting
deserves especial attention. When dug from the
nursery, the average tree has perha|)s a half dozen
prong-like roots, and at the top of a long stem a
circle of branches several times as large. When
planted in the orchard these apologies for roots are
supposed to take up moisture enough to provide
for transpiration from the leaves that may be sent
out, as well as that from the woody portions. With
ordinary care they often fail to do this, and the
tree withers and dies. The best results in such
cases would be obtained by severely cutting back
the branches, somewhat in proportion to the length
of the roots, as this would ecjualize the absorbing
and transpiring surfaces; thus ])reventing the wilt-
ing of the leaves, and would also offer an oppor-
tunity for the proper formation of the head. If
fi-om four to six shoots are allowed to grow, and
these are cut l)ack from one-third to one-half, a well
sha[)ed head can easily be formed. Care should be
taken to avoid the formation of crotches, and when-
ever practicable, the branches should be arranged
in a spiral manner around the central shoot. If
this can be secured it will make a wonderful dift'er-
euce in the number of trees that split down.

Much has been written as to the best time for
pruning, and although a few points seem settled,
there is a great divergence of opinion regarding
others. One old saying is, Prune in the Fall for
growth, and in the Summer for fruit. As noted
before, the check to the tree is very slight if per-
formed after the leaves drop in the fall, and on the

64

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

opening of spring the tree is in a condition to at
ouce begin a normal development; on the other
hand a tree [iruned after growth has commenced^
receives a severe shock and the growth is checked;
at the same time the sap is turned into other chan
nels, and is used in developing the fruit spurs for
the next year's croi).

The advice is often given uever to prune while
the wood is frozen. While not a believer in winter
[iruuiag, I can see no difference l)etween pruning
on a cold J auuary day and a warm one, except so
far as the comfort of the pruuder is concerned.
There seems to be no valid objection against prun-
ing a healthy tree in winter except that the drying
out seems much greater at this season than at any
other. The tree is then dormant, with little move-
ment of watery sap, and especially as is often the
case, if the wound cracks, the tissues may become
dry to a considerable depth. During other periods
of the year the sap is more mucilaginous and
evaporation from the surface is greatly reduced,
while an abundant supply of water is obtained by
the roots. After the terminal Ijuds are formed in
mid summer the surface sap is stored in the tissues,
and at thij time nature ipiickly repairs any damage
by the formation of a callus from the exposed
cambeum. It is often said that a large wound will
heal quickest if made in mid summer. It is true
that the callus forms quickly at this time, but if the
wound has kept from drying out a scar made in
November will bo as well grown over in a twelve-
montn as one made in May would be at the close
of the growing season.

Whenever it is necessary to make a large cut,
the injury to the tree can be greatly lesseuetl if the
wound is coated at once to prevent drying; common
paint, shellac, grafting wax or grafting clay, are all
excellent for this purpose.

Perhaps the worst season of all for pruning is just
after the buds start. At this time the trees are
subject to bleeding, which will not only exhaust the
tree, but the sap may run down the bark and cause
its decay.

It has often been observed that if the srrowincr
end of a branch is broken off, side shoots will
appear, and combined they will make an even
greater growth than could be obtained from the
development of the original single stem.

We know that by pruning in one way we can
diminish growth and in another increase it; we can
thicken up a plant by a certain method of pruning,
and in another way render it ojien, with long strag-
gling banches. All these variations produced by
[iruuing are based on various natural laws that
govern plant growth.

The development of a plant is due to the forma-
tion of new cells within its structure, from various
outside materials. We can say that the growth of
a plant depends on the amount of food with which
it is supplied, and on the other hand the amount of
food taken up by a plant, while modified by the
[)hysical conditions of the soil and air, is governed
to a considerable extent by the rate of growth.

Everything else being e(iual, the amount of food
furnished the different parts of a plant is the same,
although this is modified by the fact that, up to a
certain extent, the upper and newer portions of a
[)laut receive more than the older ones. All elonga-
tion of branches is the result of the development
of the internodes of the buds. This growth takes
place within a very short distance of the euil of the
shoot, seklom being formed more than three or
four nodes from the tips, and if cut off farther
than this from the end, no extension of the branch
can occur.

If the terminal bad alone is removed the elonga-
tion will cease as soon as the internodes nearest the
Ijud have made their normal extension, and growth
in length can only come from the development of
some of the buds along the side of the branch.

By the removal then of the terminal bud we
have checked the development longitudinally, and
the food that would have been used for this piu'pose
will be utilized in the development of side .shoots,
and the thickening up of that portion of the plant.
When a portion of a plant is not making a proper
growth, it may be cut back severely, and the entire
vigor of that portion of the plant, being used in
the development of a few buds, a strong, vigorous
growth will result. This can be increased if other
portions of the jjlant are pinched back. This
result can in part be attributed to the increased
amount of food that can be supplied thi-ough soft,
succulent tissues, as compared with what can
pass through the hard, compact structure of the
original.

HUME LOCAL I'UMULUCilCAL I'liUliLLMS.

65

Nurserymen often pruue their \ve;ik or crooked
trees in this way aud, as a result, trees cut to the
ground in the sj)ring, will l>y I'all be larger and fuj'
straighter and smoother, than similar trees alloweil
to grow naturally.

When trees are making too rank a growth, and it
is desired to induce frnitfaluess, root [iruning may
be resorted to. By digging a trench two feet deep,
in the form of a circle six or eight feet in diameter,
around a young tree of bearing age, the sui)[ily of
food is cut otT, and the check to the tree, and
nature's tendency to reproduction under such cir-
cumstances, leads to the production of fruit buds.
This practice is not commended.

We may attribute another cause of failure in
orcharding, indirectly, to injudicious [)runing, and
that is the practice of removing the branches from
young Apple and I'ear trees up to the height of
six or seven feet. This not only makes them top
heavy, so that they are blown about by the wind,
but it exposes the trunk to the direct rays of the
sun, causing it to dry out in sununer or crack uniler
the freezing and thawing of winter. The bark is
also generally rough and broken, and the trees are far
more subject to borers than those with low heads.

As rules based on the natural laws that have in
part been outlined we may say in a general way:

Cut out dead limbs and small branches at any
time.

In case of too rank growth, and too few fruit
buds, prune in June, but if growth is to be kept
up or stimulated, prune in the fall, or better yet in
March or early April.

As a rule, depend on fre(pient [iruning with a
knife, and avoid in this way the removal of large
branches. Do not have the heatl o[)en enough to
expose the branches to the burning sun.

Check growth of a rampant branch by pinching
it in, and stimulate a weak one by severely heading
it back, and at the same time throwing all the
vigor of the plant into it.

Some Local Pomological Problems.

BY CHAKLES W. GARFIELD, GUANl) KAPIDS, MICH.

An assertion of any import is rarely made in a
gathering of fruit growers, but that some one is
prepared to contradict it with facts from his own
experience or observation. In our conferences,

then, we nnist couple with the record of expei'ience
concomitant circumstances that really give charac-
ter and value to the statements. If the tirst Ben
Davis Apple upon which Mr. Downing based his
description had been sent him from Missouri, how
different would have been his record fi'oni that
made with a Michigan specimen as his sample.
Two tlistingui.shed pomologists recording the qual
ities in various fruits may be wide apart owing to
difference in taste. It is just as true, also, that
comments upon any variety of fruit are as liable to
vary in gatherings of fruit growers from a limited
area as from thc^ breatlth of a nation. This leads
me often to remark that while one man's experience
may aid another to some extent, it is doubtful
whether the simple record of the experience of a
wise man will benetit a novice.

The man of wide observation who is a successful
fruit grower is apt to minimize the details which
are essentials to his success, because they are so
simple to him. While he who follows even the
minutiie of the successful man's counsel will in a
majority of cases fail. This is many times owing
to local problems that may be [Peculiar to one farm
or neighborhood. My father, in 1857, bought the
farm upon which I now live, because there was a
line Peach orchard on it in full bearing. The fol-
lowing winter the trees were all killed and we have
never had a crop of [)eaches on the farm to this
day. Still my neighbor, two miles away, rarely
fails of a gooil crop. He is thirty feet higher.
Another neighbor with no difference in altitude
is a successful peach grower, but his orchard is
surrounded by springs.

The Grand Kiver and six miles of territory sep-
arate me from a colony of fruit-growers, my warm
friends. We meet iu council and they insist that
the Gregg is a hardy Raspberry of good quality,
that the Shatter is a poor thing unworthy of culti-
vation, that the Ohio has nothing to commend it;
while my immediate neighl)ors unite with me in
combating them on every point and wildly proclaim
that the Gregg is tender, the Shaffer a great suc-
cess and the Ohio a model market black cap. The
dissimilar judgments are based upon conditions
that are widely at variance. The other day in dis-
cussing the merits of the Early Michigan Peach,
one said it was firm, of good ipiality, handsome, au

66

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

excellent bearer and in general a model market
fruit. Another remarked that it waa not (juite
good enough to eat, and a third said there was so
much wool on it that one needed to peel it to get
any enjoyment out of it. I learned subsequently
that the first man grew it upon an entirely dift'er-
ent soil from the last, and while the first s[)eaker
knew not one Peach from another in quality, the
second speaker was a connoisseur in fruit qualities.

The Hill's Chili has been condemned by a whole
sectiou of our State as too poor a Peach to grow,
and as highly commended by another locality.
Both are right. Each locality has its peculiar con-
ditions affecting this variety differently.

The man who asks how to make his orchard
bear is given counsel by another whose conditions
are as dissimilar as it is possible to make them, and
still the successful man knows he is right and gives
his advice without reservation.

I would not minimize the value of our national
gatherings in the interest of Pomology, but the
man who goes a long way from home to get advice
as to what varieties to plant or how to manage
them, is liable to be misled. His local conditions
are the ones to be studied, and hence the great
importance of carefully condiicted experiments in
one's own neighborhood. All honor to the men
who are willing to l)e pointed at as theorists,
experimenters, book-farmers, etc., whose trials are
but a few of them crowned with success, but whose
failures are a perpetual help to their neighbors.
Habits of thrift and scientific methods are of the
widest application, but the dealing with one's
environment so as to make the best possible use of
one's ability is a problem one must largely work
out for himself. He can only learn of his nearest
neighbors, and he is greatly blest if these neigh-
bors are broad-minded, careful people, given more
to patient investigation than to elaboration of
theories.

We think a great many things in relation to
fruit growing, and often think aloud too quickly.
We know very little, and even this grows loss when
we attempt to give it wide application. I have
listened so often to discussions in which the relation
of experience has taken a prominent part, and
have noted so many false inferences taken that
have proved disastrous in the attempt to utilize

them, that possibly I may magnify the importance
of varying local conditions as affecting experience
and counsel.

To be a successful fruit grower, one must be
well grounded in general principles, in order to
most ijuickly lay hold of his local conditions, and
manipulate them in his interests, notwithstanding
there may be sporadic examples of success that do
not seem to involve the solution of any problem.
It would seem, then, to be of considerable impor-
tance that people in a neighborhood having condi-
tions similar should f am ilifirly compare observations
and experience, and thus by utilizing the consensus
of opinion, elaborate to the fullest extent the capa-
bilities of their condition. I confess in saying
this that it is uphill work trying to induce people
to have more confidence in the counsel of their
neighbors than in that of strangers, and often
when asked for atlvice by one far away and I have
referred the interrogator to his own neighbors
I have knocked a foundation stone out of my
fame. Still I insist that the most .serious problems
we have to solve in striving after success in the
growing of fruit, are those which are peculiar to
our own locality, the solution of which we cannot
safely intrust to a stranger.

What are the Possibilities of Originating a
Class of Pears Exempt from Blight.

BY T. J. BUKRILL, CHAMPAIGN, ILL.

Mr. President :

For once I have consented to write a purely
theoretical paper for a body of practical workers.
At the outset it is proper to make the acknowledg-
ment that I can say nothing with anything like
absolute assurance of correctness upon the subject
given me. No one can, until he cau offer abun-
dantly verified records of practical accompli.shmeut
and then the subject itself may be changed. All
that can now be done is to point out what facts
already ascertaineil have a bearing upon the problem
pro])osed. That there are some sr.ch facts what
follows may answer.

In the first place it must be conceded that blight,
as we know it, of thel'ear and Ajiple tree is due to
a parasitic organism, now thoroughly well known
and abundantly verified as the direct cause of the

roSSIBILITIES OF ORlCINATINCi A CLASS OF TEAliS KXEMPT FROM BLIGHT.

6^

disease. This is Tisually recognized by the botan-
ical name, Microeacrun nmyloixrfoits, though the
generic association is undoubtedly incorrect, yet no
more so in my opinion than that of llDcilhiti to which
some hav(^ referred it. Whatever the name, the
object is a minute, living, self- propagating, rapidly
increasing, lowly organized plant, belonging to the
general class called bacteria, and included among
what are now popularly called disease germs.
They are individually only visible to us by the aid
of high ]iovv('rs of the microscope, though when
collected in masses as fi-equently hafipens in the
case of the s|)ecies now under consideration, the
luilk becomes considerable. In this manner the
substance so?netinies oozes in drops or larger
amounts like [)us or thick varnish from th(> l)ark of
affected trees. Tt is at first white and (juite fluid,
but on exposure to the air becomes l)rown and at
length in dry weather forms a shining, resinous
crust. Even in the latter condition, however, the
substance is readily soluble in water, forming within
a few minutes a milky fluid as it dis.solves.

An examination with a suitable microscope inva
riably shows this to be composed of myriad
niambers of exceedingly minute, oval or slightly
elongated, simple bodies, without members or
organs of any kind. Very often they appear in
couples joined end to end, a consequence of their
method of self multiplication liy transverse division.
Soon the parts of the pairs become fully separated
when each maj' again divide in similar maimer.
Structurally they are known to consist of a simple
cell, having an exterior wall of woody substance
(cellulose) inclosing a softer mass called proto-
plasm. In some conditions of growth each cell has
a slender hair like projection from one or both ends
which by rapid vibrations propels the little sub-
merged craft in an astonishing manner. Their
nutrition is accomplished by direct absorption
through the body wall and respiration is carried on
in the same manner. There are no external or
internal appendages, no limbs, no viscera, no roots,
no leaves or anything answering to them, no sexual
organs or differentiations. Still they are living
things capa1)le of assimilating food and of contin-
uous reproduction. The}' are as specifically dis-
tinct from any other living things as are various
kinds of grass or as the species of animals in our

pastures. Where they came from in the first place
we do not know, but we do know that those at
present in existence are descendents of pre existing
parents and that parent and offspring here are as
similar as any whore else in the organic world.
Their relatives are numerous. No one can state
how many species of bacteria exist even in his own
immediate surroundings. Though similar in struc-
ture and not very widely varying in size and shape
it is yet possible by the latter and other means to
positively identify a hundred kinds as character-
istically distinct as are the species of plants belong-
ing to the Kose family. Some live only upon dead
matter, others are true parasites and are known
only in connection with certain ho.sts, or supporting
organisms. The vital activities of some are harm-
less or even helpful to the being they tenant while
others var}' in degrees of injury. It has been
ascertained that this one of the Pear destroys the
nutrient substances stored within the cells of the
plant, by a process of fermentation, while the cell-
walls, except such as are very young and tender are
not affected. It is also proliable that some of the
products of the fermentation thus produced are
poisonous to the plant tissues, though this is not
absolutely proved, so far as I know.

From what has now been said it is clear that
these minute organisms can only reach a healthy
tree by being carried there. They themselves have
no power of locomotion except that of swimming
just described. They seem never to do even this
in the cells of the tree. No doubt in nature their
distribution is mainly dependent upon liirds and
insects. When moist they are adhesive and thus
cling to solids which they touch. When dry they
form the resinous varnish spoken of, hence are not
likely to be carried by the wind.

In a similfir manner they require aid to gain
access to the inner, softer tissues of trees, through
the natural coverings of epidermis or corky bark;
l)ut they do blight flowers and the tender tips of
growing shoots without previous mechanical punc-
ture by other agents. Again besides man, insects
no doulit are important factors in the result. If a
plant louse smears its beak with the sticky sub-
stance and then after Hying to another tree inserts
the sharp organ into the leaves or young stems a
sufficient inoculation may be readily made. Flower

m

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

visiting insects are active agents in their distribu-
tion. Trunk boring insects also provide an entrance
through the thick bark. Man as often ojiens the
way. Natural cracks in rough bark doubtless give
ingress to the invaders. This is especially likely
to occur in the forks of trees where the disease is
often known to start in cracks made by the |iressure
of growth or by mechanical means.

No one who has carefully studied vegetable jihy-
siology need l)e told that neither these nor any
other solid particles of anything like the size of
these organisms, small as they are, can be carried
through the tissues of plants by the raoveiuent of
the sap. It is an altogether unwarrantalile assump-
tion that they may be al)sorbed with water l)y the
roots and thus distril)uted in the tree. Their pro-
gress from cell to cell is always exceedingly slow
and never takes place at all except through the
breaking down of the structure to a greater or less
extent. A maximum rate of progress in the bark
of Pear is not over half an inch in twenty four
hours, during the most favorable weather. Though
the organisms remain alive and active, in some
cases they make no greater invasion than this of
the adjoining healthy tissue during some montlis of
time. Blight is never a sudden phenomenon as so
popularly supposed. The final result only is what
sometimes suddenlj"^ appears.

Having now restated what lilight is, some phe-
nomena of parasitism may be next considered.
Here we have many curious facts each of which
seems a law to itself, but from which we may derive
some general conclusions. It is well known that
half starved or otherwise debilitated cattle are
exceedingly liable to become infested with lice.
From this and a few other similar and well known
cases, the too hasty opinion has been formed that a
parasite generally requires some foregoing reduc
tion in the vitality of the host. We ought however
to have known better from liundreds of illustra-
tions of opposing value. An athlete in full training
is just as liable to have small-pox as is a consump
tive child, on exposure to the bacterial parasites of
this disease. Texas fever in cattle has no sort of
respect for the age or condition of its victims.
The thriftiest wheat on the richest soil is much
more liable to rust than that of poorer growth in
the same field. Vegetative vigor is no protection

against rot in grapes. The native or acfpiired
ability to resist one injurious parasite is generally
no indication whatever that to others the same host
will be equally immune. The negro race suffer
comparatively little with yellow fever, but die like
flies on exposure to contagions which Europeans
better withstand. The domesticated white rat is
not su.scejit.ible to anthrax or s]>l(>nic fever by inocu-
lation, while their sturdy gray relatives quickly
succumb after the same experimental operation.
The Snyder Blackberry is almo.st proof against
orange rust, but is specially susceptible to
anthracnose.

It would lie wearisome to continue these illus-
trations and especially so as every one can multiply
them almost any number of times for himself. It
needs only a little independent observation to
enable anyone to confute the too prevalent idea
that parasites generally demand some previous
debility of the host; that, in other words, parasites
are the results rather than causes of disease. If
the popular idea is occasionally true it argues
nothing whatever for the next case.

Because the skin of poor cattle has lost the oily
protection against lice, it Ijy no means follows that
half starved Pear trees are more susceptible to
blight. Put in this way the idea is ridiculous, yet
not more absurd than much of .similar kind that
passes unchallenged in the current of popular
thought.

The fact is, the vital functions of all living things,
parasites included, are delicately adjusted to their
environments, each after its kind. The i-elations of
the life forces to the |ihysical ones are wondrously
comjilete and inscrutably compound. The woof of
life has a wel) of chemistry and physics and the
finished patterns from nature's loom ai'e multitud-
inously various, with sometimes great divergences
from very simple original modifications. No
bystander can tell what modifications in th(» figure
of a carpet may result by changing one thread in a
Jacquard loom, nor having by experiment ascer
tained the result in one case can he predict what
would happen in a second trial of similar kind.
How much more uncertain must be our best gener
alizations in regard to the invisibly interlaced
strands of life, even of a microsco|)ic l)act(>riuni !
The best we can possibly do is to closely and cau-

POSSIBILITIES OK ORIGINATING A CLASS OF PEAliS EXEMPT FKOM BLIGHT.

69

tiously watch fur facts iu each case l)y itself, keep-
ing our eyes open and our miuds absolutely free to
follow whithersoever verified observation leads.
Thus and only thus can assurance be justitied.
Prediction on any other basis is idle, a l)etrayal of
ignorance and presumption rather than an exhibi
tion of learning and astuteness.

I will not therefore hazard an opinion as to what
will be the outcome of endeavors to secure a race
of blight -proof pear trees, neither will you expect
me to point out the exact ways and means of
attaining so desirable an accomplishment. But it
is safe to say that nothing will be done by folding
our hands and dreamily speculating on the cosmos.
If we want to know about pear trees we must study
pear trees; if we want to know about pear blight
we must devote ourselves attentively to the special
subject; if we want to know the relations of these
to each other we must patiently investigate this
relationship and eagerly accept every reply Nature
offers to our interrogatories. A definite beginning
has been made in finding out what blight is, and
this ought to stimulate hope that we shall yet know
how to avoid its ravages. It is quite possible that
some practicable method may be discovered of
effectually banishing the destructive organism, just
as noxious weeds may be eradicated by strictly pre-
venting their seeding. It is also possible that
spraying trees with certain chemicals in solution
will yet be found effectual, and no one should be
rash enough, even after all that has been said upon
it, to deny that methods of culture may accomplish
the purpose proposed; but it is far more probable
than any of these that blight resisting varieties will
be secured and that from among them selections
can be made to satisfy the most fastidious tastes as
to quality. In fact we already have kinds that very
rarely blight. In my own region I have never
known blight to attack a Seckel or a Tyson, while
Duchess {Anyoaleme) is very rarely injured. The
same can be said of other well-known kinds, but
the two first are especially marked in this respect.
Many believed for a time that Kieffer and Le Conte
were in this particular perfectly safe, but sad
experience has unsettled the confidence once felt.

Here let it be noted that there is no relation

between high quality, as we estimate it, and the

liability to blight. Among apples, Siberian crabs
6

are esi)ecially subject to the disease, and our
rugged American crab by no means escapes. The
majority of seedling pears are more liable to
blight than are the average named sorts. What is
vaguely termed high breeding may be said to have
nothing whatever to do with liability to blight. This
in itself removes a mooted obstacle, and gives more
hope to the originator of new varieties. But it
does lead us to infer that much care in the
selection and the most enlightened comprehension
upon the subject is necessary in the attempt to
breed blight proof kinds. It can be done! There
is no room to doubt this. Whether or not success
will crown any particular series of efforts is quite
another cpiestion. But the prospect is not too dim
or too forbidding for us to be very hopeful, and to
turn to the matter of experimentation with sanguine
expectations. It is safe to predict that somebody
will succeed, though the demonstration of success
must be a work of extended time.

If, now, I attempt to point out methods of pro-
cedui-e, my first thought is this: Adopt known
methods of originating varieties of good (quality,
breed for excellence according to the best informa-
tion existing, and then abundantly test by inocula-
tion the blight resisting powers of the new kinds.
Do not wait to find results in the slow and uncer-
tain processes of ordinary growth. These, as we
too well know, are exceedingly deceptive. We
think we have succeeded when there is not the
slightest real reason for the belief. Artificial test
methods must be mainly relied upon, before hope
may be stimulated by a few years' of natm-al
exemption in some given location or condition.
The method by inoculation will also shorten the
trial time almost infinitely. Instead of long years
of indeterminate waiting, a few days will suffice to
give working indications of what the ultimate '
results will be, just as laboratory investigations
point the way to practical methods of smelting ores
or improving electric motors.

To do such work intelligently of course requires
trained investigators, and to do it at all there must
be considerable resources. It would be folly to
hope for large results from a few weak attempts at
experimentation. A lucky hit might be made, but
luck is a poor thing to use as the foundation of
hope. Hundreds or thousands of well bred seed-

70

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGy.

lings should be at command, and the experimenter
should be well informed in his special line, that he
can properly and correctly interpret the results.
Guessing will not do. He must know.

Fortunately these conditions can now be realized.
The State experiment stations render hopeful
what heretofore may have seemed impossible.
Both brains and money can be enlisted in the
service. It only remains to be seen who will
accomplish the abundantly fruitful result.

Sections vs. Whole Roots in Propagating
tine Apple.

BY J. L. BUDD, AMES, IOWA.

This subject has been di.scussed jvo and con
during the last thirty or more years.

The opposing opinions expressed beyond all
doubt have been fixed by varied climatic and soil
conditions.

In sections of our country where injury of
apples in nursery and orchard by root killing is
unknown, the budded or crown-grafted trees are
preferred. But even in these favored districts
the use of healthy and vigorous seedlings has
been urged.

In Iowa, and over great areas of the States west
of Lake Michigan, the use of long scions and short
roots has been advocated, for the reason that by
setting down to the top bud, if the scion was hardy,
roots of a like character would soon be thrown out
from it. Observation has shown that nine trees
out of ten when three years old will show roots
from the scion if seven inches in length and set
down to the top bud. As budded and crown-
grafted trees on common commercial seedlings are
subject to being root-killed in nursery and orchard
while those rooted from the scion remain perfect, it
is not strange that the belief in long scions and
short roots is general at least north of the Missouri
line.

But some of our careful experimenters have
found that long scions and long roots have made
the strongest and most uniform trees in niirsery
and the most enduring trees in orchard.

To illustrate; A few years ago the writer put
up 3,000 grafts with scions seven inches in length
inserted at the collar of the upper six inches of

strong seedling roots. These long grafts were set
down to the top bud of the scion in thoroughly
mellowed trenches made with our subsoil marker.
By their side we set with a dibble 3,000 grafts
made with inch scions set on two inch sections cut
from what was left of the six inch crown roots.
The results in nursery were very striking. The
long crown grafts made a uniform growth of four
feet the first season, while the lower section grafts
ranged from one to three feet in height with many
gaps where roots and scions died altogether. When
three years old the difference in height of the best
specimens of the section grafts was less, but a large
per cent, of those that lived were short and slender
and not live per cent, equalled the poorest of the
crown grafts in height, stockiness or thrift. When
finally dug, the roots on the crown grafts were by
far the strongest and most far-reaching, but as a
rule the section grafts had the most fibrous roots
within eighteen inches of the crown. So far as I
have been able to observe their behavior in orchard
on the old homestead in Benton county ( Iowa) and
in that vicinity, the crown grafts of given varieties
are yet ahead in size, uniform growth, healthy
expression and bearing. As they were not of the
varieties which have stood the test of our recent
winters, their number has been sadly decimated,
but the per cent, of good trees is much in favor of
the crown grafted lot.

Joining personal experience with that of hun-
dreds of careful observers of Iowa, we must con-
clude:

1. That budded and crown grafted trees are not
adapted to our soil and climate so long as we are
obliged to use common commercial seedlings.
Were it possible to secure seedlings of apples as
hardy as those of our native plum, we could use
them for budding or whole root grafting with suc-
cess and profit.

2. It is not profitable for nurserymen to use
lower section roots, as they give us too many
unsalable nursery culls, and experience has
shown that they are less vigorous and enduring
trees when planted in orchards than those made
from crown roots.

3. The most profitable tree for the nurserymen
to grow and for the orchardist to plant in the North
is that produced from the long scion set on a

SECTIONS VS. WHOLE ROOTS IN PROPAGATING THE APPLE.

71

crown root not less than six inches in length and
planted down to the top bud of the scion.

The argument of some nurserymen that these
long grafts are expensive to make and set has
little weight. The extra number of roots used is
more than compensated by the larger number of
good trees taken from an acre of ground, and the
setting can be done quite as rapidly with the use
of a sulisoil marker costing about a'lS and lasting
for many years. We set long grafts of pear,
apple, cherry and plum in such mellow trenches
about as rapidly as common grafts can be set with
a dibble.

The only real drawback to their use is that the
trees stand deeper in nursery and are harder to
dig with a common spade. But in using long nurs-
ery spades or a tree digger the increased labor is
more than compensated by the stronger and better
distributed root system.

DISCUSSION.

Me.' Hakbis: Mr. Budd has made his methods
and recommendations very plain to us, but I still
think that he has not quite got out into the long
light of day on the subject. Though I am in favor
of a crown graft with a root of considerable length
— from four to six inches, anyway — when he says
make the scion seven inches long and set it so deep
that the top bud only is above the surface of the
ground, he makes a very bad mistake for those who
want to plant their nuraeiy stock upon soft clayey
soils. If we plant our trees at that depth, they are
so long in getting the heat of the sun down to the

roots, that they will not grow strong and large the
first year. In the part of the Northwest where I
reside, if we could get our yearling trees to mature
before the November frosts struck them, we could
raise a great variety of apples wtihout difficulty,
but the majority of our trees become black hearted
in the nursery the lirst winter. We must remem-
ber that on those loose, deep soils of the prairie
country, it may do to set the root and the scion
down so deep, but it will not on clayey soils. Then
there is another disadvantage in having roots so
deep, if you are going to use the common digger to
dig your trees with, as I am inclined to think nur-
serymen generally do, and use long scions also, we
either want the root nearer the surface so that the
tree digger or the laboring of the nurseryman will
give us more roots, or else we had better raise our
own trees and put in long roots and short scions,
and plant them where we want them to remain and
root.

Mr. Lyon : This is a matter upon which proba-
bly most of us have an opinion, and that opinion,
I apprehend, does and ought to depend somewhat
upon locality. It is a subject that if taken and
fairly entered upon, would be fairly interminable.
It has been discussed in the press, in private assem-
blies and between persons until it is almost in my
apprehension worn out, and yet we have arrived no
nearer a conclusion than when we started. Now
it seems to me it would be better for us to leave
that to the nurserymen specially, rather than to a
pomological society.

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

Apple Orcharding, Commercially
Considered.

BY F. WELLHOUWE, FAIKMOUNT, KANSAS.

Our orchards are iu Eastern Kansas, in i}',) lati
tude and 1)5 longitude, and are about 1,000 feet
above the level of the sea on rolling prairie sloping
iu every direction. The soil is good and such as
would be considered good wheat or corn land, with
a red clay subsoil containing a small per cent, of
sand. This soil and subsoil is sufficiently porous
to require no arfcilicial drainage.

Limestone rock underlies nearly the entire area,
ranging from three to thirty feet below the surface.
This limestone is full of seams or cracks which
secure good sub -drainage.

We planted our first block of trees, containing
117 acres, in the spring of 187(5; the second block
of 1()0 acres in 1878, and the third block of IGO
acres in 187!t. We also planted 800 acres in the
past three seasons, but of them we have nothing to
say in this paper, as they are not yet in bearing.

For the first planting of 117 acres we bought the
trees at the time of planting. The trees were three
years old. Since then we have grafted and grown
our own trees and transplanted into the orchard
at two years from graft.

We ])lant in furrows instead of holes, and all
our trees were so planted. The furrows were
thrown out from eight to ten inches deep and about
twenty inches wide. This corresponds with the
depth and width cut by the tree digger and gets
the trees in at a uniform depth and about the
same as grown in the nursery. And there is no
danger of surplus water standing around the
roots. We also lind this a very expeditious mode
of planting.

These trees are all planted thirty-two feet apart
east and west and twelve feet north and south.
This requires a little over 100 trees to the acre,
and gives us jjlenty of room to do our work between
the rows. Being close together in the rows, they
help to shade each other from the hot sun, and as
the area is too large to be protected by windbreaks,

we plant close so the trees will protect each other.
Corn was grown in the orchards the first live years,
then they were seeded down to clover.

We find corn the best croj) to grow in young
orchards. It secures thorough cultivation and the
corn to some extent protects the young trees from
the wind.

After the trees come into bearing, we regard
clover as the best crop. Its roots run deep into
the gi'ound and being a biennial plant it is con-
stantly penetrating the soil and subsoil, making it
more porop.s. No crop has been taken from the
ground since seeding to clover. After the clover
seed has ripened, say about the middle of July,
each year, we run over it with a rolling cutter,
thus breaking down the clover and any weeds
that may have come up; and we repeat this again
iu September. This leaves a slight mulch evenly
di.stributed over the ground and the clover re- seeds
itself.

This cutter is made of timber twelve to fourteen
inches square and ten feet long. The square form
is transformed into an octagonal by dressing off the
corners. We insert eight knives, one on each cor-
ner, which run the entire length. This octagonal
cutter is tixed in a frame in which it rev.3lves, when
pulled over the ground by teams, its own weight
being sufficient to choj) up or break the weeds and
clover.

PRUNING.

We commence shaping up the trees to one year
old in the nursery, training to one center shoot
with lateral branches at proper intervals, starting
the head at about one foot from the ground. By
continuing this system we get a tree pyramidal in
form, reaching from the ground upward; and after
they are well grown and are in bearing very little
pruning is done.

We have such an abundance of sunshine, and its
rays are so penetrating, that if the bodies and
limbs of our trees are not well covered with
foliage when in the feeble or exhausted condition,
they are sure to be sun -scalded and eventually
ruined.

(72)

API'LK OUCHARDINa, COMMERCIALLY CONSIDEETiD.

73

While this intense and continuous sunshine will
destroy our trees if not protected, it will at the
same time penetrate our dense tops and mature and
color up the fruit as readily as in the high and
open heads of other localities. We head our trees
low to shade the bodies, and the fruit is more easily
picked and the winds of our open prairies do not
catch them so easily.

ENEMIES.

Rabbits are very plentiful here, and would ruin
our trees if let alone. We set traps and catch
them. This has to lie done every winter. We
use a small box trap made about twenty two inches
long and six inches wide, of one inch lumber; one
end is nailed shut, and a trap door is adjnsted in
the other end, with the treadle inside. No bait
is needed, as a rabbit will go into a dark hole
anywhere. These traps cost about fifteen cents
each.

Round-headed Borers have given us considerable
trouble, and have caused us many back- aches in
digging them out. The woodpecker family assist
us very materially in this work; in fact they have
done the most of it. and have made a much neater
job than we did.

The Flat-headed Borer has not troultled us very
much.

The Twig Gii'dler and Twig Pruner have each
done some damage especially the latter.

Mice girdle many trees; they have tlone us more
damage in this way than the rabbits.

The Canker Worm defoliated large numbers of
our trees and gave us serious troul.ile until we found
we could destroy them by spraying with London
Purple.

Tent Caterpillar, Fall Web Worm and Handmaid
Moth, Rascal-Leaf Crumpler and Tarnish Plant
Bug have each and all annoyed us to some extent
at different times, but we find they can be destroyed
easily by spraying.

Codling Moth or Apple Worm has damaged us
more than any other insect. We commenced
spraying last year with London Purple with a view
to checking their ravages; the results were suf
ficiently satisfactory to warrant further efforts in
this direction. We went over our trees again three

times this spring, commencing immediately after
the bloom had dropped and continuing at intervals
up to the fore part of June.

We catch at the same time any Canker Worm,
Tent Caterpillar, Loaf Roller or Tarnish Plant Bug
that may be at work.

HATUKKINd THE FRUIT.

In gathering a[)]iles, we use the common seam-
less two-bushel sacks, and fasten one corner of the
liottom to a corner of the top with a hook and eye,
and put a hoop in the mouth to hold it open. This
sack is .swung over the shoulder just as it would be
for sowing grain, which leaves the picker with both
hands free.

Our ladders are twelve to sixteen feet long,
twenty four inches wide at the bottom, and tapering
to a point at the top.

Platforms for the wagons are made forty inches
wide and sixteen feet long, of two inch pine plank,
with two by four cross pieces behind, in front and
in the middle, with a bolt thi-ough each plank
where it crosses the cross piece; notches are cut in
the sides to fit over the standards of the wagon.
This platform is put on the wagon and sixteen
boxes set on it; these l)oxes are made two feet long,
sixteen inches wide, and eight inches deep. This
completes our outfit for picking.

We now drive into the orchard with the wagon
between two rows of trees and with twelve to fifteen
men and a foreman commence picking, taking two
rows at a time; the foreman's business is to see that
the wagons are kept up even with the pickers, see
that the men do not scatter too much and get
too far from the wagon, also that they do not
huddle together so as to interfere with each other,
and to see that each man does his work properly;
he also keeps the men's time.

Each man picks his sack as full as he can con-
veniently carry, say about half a bushel; then he
goes to the wagon and raises the sack up and sets
it in one of the boxes; he then unhooks the sack
and pulls the bottom up when the apples roll into
the box; this is repeated until all of the boxes are
filled; then this wagon is driven to the packing
house and another takes its place.

It takes two and sometimes three wagons to each
gang of men.

74

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

The men average from thirty to forty bushels to
the man per day, owing to the size and quantity
on the trees. Five sixths of all our apples grow
within easy reach fi'om the ground, and yet it
takes three to four ladders to the gang to pick
the balance.

SORTING AND PACKING.

We have three packing houses, one in each block
of trees.

The dimensions of each are 16 x 32 feet, with a
16 foot platform on each end. On each side of the
packing house is a platform thirty inches above the
floor and two feet wide. The boxes tilled with
apples are set on these platforms from the wagon
as they are brought from the orchard, and the
fruit is sorted directly from these boxes on the
platform.

The first grade, or " shippers " as we call them, are
put into common wooden buckets and carefully
emptied into the barrels, a row of which are along
side the assorters. It takes nearly as many men
to do the assorting and packing as it does to pick
the apples.

The packing is done in the usual way, by facing
the bottom of the barrel, then tilling and forcing
the upper head in with a screw press. We make
three, and sometimes four grades ; the first embraces
all sound fruit above a certain size, usually seven
inches in circumference. The second grade con-
tains all below that size; and all unsound apples
above the second grade are at the time sorted into
two grades. The fourth covers all decayed and
small apples that are unfit for use. These are left
in the field and sometimes fed to the hogs.

We have a large warehouse here on the side
track in which we store before shipment all the
stock in barrels.

We get our barrel stock in carload lots in
knocked down condition and set them up here.
We do this in early summer. The stock usually
costs us eighteen to twenty cents laid down here
and setting up costs from six to eight cents more,
so that our barrels cost from twenty -five to thirty
cents each and the picking and packing costs about
thirty cents more, so that by the time they are
delivered on the cars they have cost us from sixty
to seventy cents per barrel.

YIELD OF APPLES.

Our trees bore their first crop in 1880 and the
following is the yield each year up to this time :

1880 1,59-1 bushels of apples

1881 3,887 "

1882 12,037 "

1883........ 12,388 "

1884 11,726 "

1885 15,373 "

1886 31,909 "

1887 33,095 " " "

1888 20,054 "

1889 11,952 "

1890 79,170 "

Total 236,185 bushels.

One hundred and twenty-nine thousand and
ninety bushels of these were first grade or ship-
pers, and the balance of 107,095 bushels were
second and third grades. No account was kept of
the last grade as they were not sold.

We have 225 acres in bearing, planted to Ben
Davis; 70 acres to Missouri Pippin; 70 acres to
Winesap; 4() acres to Jonathan; 16 acres to
Cooper's Early and 16 acres to Maiden's Blush.
We intended to keep an account of the yield of
each variety and were able to do so with the first
grade and with all except Cooper's Early and
Maiden's Blush. These two got mixed and bad to
be counted together.

The second and third grades were all put in
one pile and were not measured or weighed until
they were sold, so we could not keep the count
separate.

Thirty-seven rows of Missouri Pippin in the
eleven crops yielded 31,239 bushels of shippers or
844 bushels to the row.

Thirty-six rows of Winesap in the eleven years
turned ofP 20,499 bushels of shippers or 569
bushels to the row. One hundred and seventeen
rows of Ben Davis in the same time made 61,518
bushels of first grade or 525 bushels to the row.

Twenty rows of Jonathan turned out 10,032
bushels or 501 bushels to the row of first grade
apples.

Sixteen rows of Cooper's Early and Maiden's
Blush made 5,802 bushels first grade or an average

COMMERCIAL I'EACn (iUOWINfi.

75

of 3()2 bushels to the row. The rows are all one-
half mile long. It will be seen that the Missouri
Pippin takes the lead, followed by Winesap. Then
comes Ben Davis, next Johnathan and lastly
Maiden's Blush and Cooper's Early. Cooper's
Early will not stand our climate and is the only
variety that we have lost money on. Maiden's
Blush would have made a much better showing if
we could have kept the count separate.

Jonathan has paid us about as well as any.
They Virought from twenty-five to fifty cents and
sometimes a dollar a barrel more than the others,
and the trees are now in line condition for future
crops.

The Winesap, although it turns off heavy crops,
the trees show signs of exhaustion and dealers
complain of their size, although they have always
sold with the Ben Davis and Mis.soiu'i Pippin.

The Missouri Pippin up to this time has turned
out more bushels and l)rought more money than
either of the others, but the tree is becoming
exhausted and the fruit is getting small.

The Ben Davis is coming rapidly to the front
and in the end I think will take the lead.

SELLISG THE FRUIT.

We sold the fruit crop of 1880 to a Leavenworth
firm for $1.50 per barrel.

The second crop was sold to a Denver firm for
$4 per barrel.

The third crop went to Denver at T'AS per
barrel.

The fourth crop went to Denver, at $3 per barrel,
and the culls went to Kansas City at thirty cents
per bushel. The fifth crop went to Denver at
$2.04 per barrel, and the culls to Kansas City, at
fifteen cents per pushel.

The sixth crop went to Denver at $2 per barrel,
and culls to Kansas City, at twenty cents per
bushel.

The seventh crop went to Denver, at $1.45 per
barrel, and the culls to Kansas City, at thirteen
cents per bushel.

The eighth crop went to Kansas City, Leaven-
worth and other points, at S2.ll per barrel, and
culls to Kansas City, at twenty- seven cents per
bushel.

The ninth crop went to Denver, Leavenworth

and other points, at $1.81 per barrel, and culls to
Kansas City, at fourteen cents per bushel.

The tenth crop went to Kansas City and Leaven-
worth, at $2.4U per barrel, ami culls to Kansas
City, at eighteen cents per bushel.

The eleventh crop went to Chicago, Lockport,
N. Y., Philadelphia and Cincinnati, at $8 per
barrel, and culls were sold to New York men at
twenty cents ]ier bushel.

All the prices named were for the a])ples deliv-
ered on board the cars here.

The first grade was always barreled and sold by
the barrel.

The second and third grades were in nearly
every case loaded in cars in bulk and sold by
weight, fifty pounds for a bushel.

Our expense up to 1883 foot up $20,352. This is
about the time that all the trees came into bearing,
but a part of this expense is for gathering and
marketing the fruit grown previous to this time,
and which I have not time now to separate from
the other accounts, but I think it would amount to
about S2,500. This would leave $17,852.48 as the
cost of growing the orchards up to 1883 or until
they all came into bearing. This would make a
cost of about thirty-five cents per tree to bring
them into bearing. This does not include the cost
of land or rent, but simply the growing of the
orchards.

The total amount for which the 239,185 bushels
were sold foots up §125,118.08, and the total cost
of jiicking and packing and jmtting into market
foots up 144,737.30, leaving a net increase from
the eleven crops of 180,380.78.

The crop of this year jDromises to be about equal
to that of last year.

Commercial Peach Growing.

BY .J. F. TAYLOR, DOUGLAS, MICH.

Commercial life is a kind of occupation, in buying
and selling or in producing and selling, that will
give a man employment all the year, and every
year.

But there are off years in every worldly work.
Not all are alike prosperous. Not all are alike re-
munerative. Times do come when the work is
heavy and the income light.

76

SdlENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

So, in Commercial Peaeli Growinor, it is well to
bear in mind that there are contingencies to be en-
countered at every step in the work and at every
turn in the rolling year; While the peach tree will
grow in various localities over a wide range of ter-
ritory, and produce fruit occasionally, its adaptation
to fruitfulness, from a commercial standpoint, has
many limitations and conditions. These limitations
and conditions are all to be taken into the account
in an enterprise that involves l)oth capital and labor.
Soil, climate, location, access to market, facilities
for shipping the frnit, varieties to be planted, the
diseases of the tree, and the depredations of insect
enemies are in the catalogue of queries to be con-
sidered in their bearings upon the success of an
enterprise of this kind. These lie at the very
foundation of prosperity. A mistake in regard
to any one of them may destroy our highest antici-
pations.

LOCATION.

When Commercial Peach Growing is to be made
a specialty, the selection of a suitable location is of
the highest importance. If the work is combined
with the growing of other fi-uits, a few acres may
be found in different parts of our wide domain that
will be productive a part of the time, and when
productive may be exceedingly remunerative. But
if a man turns his tmie, strength and capital into
one channel he can not afford to work at random.
He must have a location that will be highly favora-
ble to the production of fruit. Comparatively small
belts or tracts of country have a special advantage
in this direction which make them of superior
value.

Locality in this regard includes climate. Ex-
tremes of heat and cold during the winter months
are often the cause of failure. A temperature low
enough to prevent a large development of fruit buds
until after the danger of spring frosts is over, is of
great advantage. These frosts are the cause of fail-
ure in many places otherwise as favorable as could
well be desired; and were it not for these untimely
frosts, peaches would abound in nearly all latitudes
south of the great lakes.

There are occasional failures in nearly all of the
so called peach belts of our country, and there are
choice hill tops and high lands which produce fruit
with sufficient regularity to make the business

remunerative. A knowledge of these things is
quite essential to an intelligent choice of a desira-
ble location.

PREPARATUIN OF THE (iROUND.

A thorough preparation of the ground in advance
of planting is very desirable. In many respects a
sod turned under late in autum or early in spring
is decidedly preferable. The advantage gained in
this way is probably more marked on light soils
than on those of a more compact charcter. A vig-
orous growth after the roots have been cut and
pruned goes far toward overcoming the shock of
transplanting. If this beginning of the work is
properly done, very much is gained in uniformity of
growth and productiveness of trees.

VARIETIES TO HE PLANTED.

Not all are desirable. Some are worthless; others
are not adapted to the soil or the market. We
might assume that a fruit being a peach is worthy
of cultivation, and plant everything grown under
this name by nurserymen. This has been done to
the great disadvantage of many growers. It is the
commercial value of the peach that is now under
consideration, and this value is due to the produc-
tiveness of the tree, the quality of the fruit and
its adaptation to transportation.

A desirable fruit from an unproductive tree is of
little account, and yet there are many thousands of
such trees growing in our best peach lands. Some
valuable varieties may produce well in one locality
and not in annother. Slight changes in the sur-
roundings of a peach orchard may have marked
results for or against profit. Only a few varieties
have stood the test of all localities, in all respects.
Those most highly prized for size, color and quality
are often most undesirable for producing fruit.
]\[any a peach grower has waited long and is wait-
ing still for fruit from the trees ho purchased at
fancy prices by looking at highly colored pictures
that appealed to his eye with their beauty.

For commercial purposes, a continual ripening
of fruit from the earliest to the latest is not to be
ignored. The advantage of this process is not
only in a long season for sales, but also on account
of the climatic changes which so often have a
deleterious effect on perishable fruit. If the early
fruit is injured by too much wet or dry weather, the

COMMERCIAL PEACH GHOWINO.

77

later may be greatly benefited or the conditions
may be reversed, so that what is injurious to one
may add beauty and value to the other.

PI>ANTIN(!

The arrangement of plats and distance between
trees is of some practical importance in facilitating
orchard work. Sixteen, eighteen and twnnty feet
are the spaces commonly allowed for cultivation.
Good results may be secured from either distance,
but the wider, or at least sixteen by twenty feet on
a fertile soil, furnishes better colored fruit and
greater facility in all orchard work. Trimming the
tree to a whip, and cutting back the yearly growth
in spring time until the top is well formed, should
by no means be neglected.

CDLTIVATION.

This implies yearly preperation of the soil for
growth of tree. It should begin in spring time
when the grower wishes to aid nature in putting
forth foilage and fruit buds. Not too early, lest
an untimely frost blast the grower's brightest
hopes. It should be continued during the growing
season, in tiroes of drouth as late as September, at
other times August first will be sufficient. If
Peach trees are allowed to ripen their wood before
September, in the latitude of Michigan, the fruit
buds are often developed by the warm days of autum
and become more susceptible to injury by the cold
of winter. In the Michigan peach belt corn may be
grown among the newly planted trees during the
lir.st and second summers. The shading of the
ground in this way is highly beneficial.

FERTII,IZINO THE SOU..

Nature does not recuperate her exhausted powers
rapidly. Human agency must come in to help make
up the deficiency. In peach belts this is no easy
task. Commercial fertilizers are always accessible
at some price, but how well they will produce the
desired result may still be a question. Yard manure
has its uses, and on some soils is very desirable,
even in a peach grove. A faithful stirring of the
soil is commonly a sufficient fertilizer until the trees
come into bearing, after that something more is
needed to maintain a vigorous growth. Some
growers, in their haste to get large returns, have
killed their trees b}- forcing them too rapidly. A
moderate growth of peach wood is productive of

the best results. It will endure more cold in winter
and more drouth in summer than if hurried into a
rapid development. But impoverished trees will not
bring desirable returns. A judicious use of fertili-
zers is among the essentials of this business.

INSECT ENEMIES.

These claim the growers' attention. The trees
must be protected or saved from their ravages Vjy
continued vigilance. The Peach Borer is an in-
sidious enemy, but the work of counteracting its
ravages is not difficult.

DISEASES OF THE FRUIT.

These are the greatest source of discouragement
to peach growing, at the present time. "Yellows,"
as the disease is called, threatens the destruction of
the Commercial Peach Growing in the most noted
belts in our country. It is doing a deadly work.
Where can a remedy be found ? Who can step in
and say it shall go no farther ? The man that can
do this by any practicable means will be a great
benefactor. Where the disease does not prevail,
and where it is restrained by the use of the ax and
cremation, the peach grove is undoubtedly remun-
erative; but unless its ravages are stayed by the
potent hand of public sentiment and law, it may
steal into every nook and corner of the land. It is
already national in extent and will require a cor-
responding effort to eradicate it. Let every lover
of the peach work for this end. Other diseases are
less damaging to the interest involved and need
not be dwelt upon here.

MARKETS.

When this fruit is in small supply, markets are
open everywhere to receive and handle the inviting
Crawfords and Red Cheeks; but when there is an
abundance, every village and hamlet is supplied
from its own surroundings, and the fruit of large
groves must seek a distant distribution. The larger
peach belts always require a distant market. The
handling of such perishable fruit to the best advan-
tage is still, after years of experience, a question of
importance, and the grower is often at his wits-end
to know how to carry on this part of his work suc-
cessfully. Facilities for transportation are as essen-
tial as the fruit itself. The evaporator and canner
come in for all that can be used or preserved by
such means; but the fresh fi'uit, well ripened on the

78

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

tree, is palatable to so larf^e a part of the human
race that the demand for it is only limited by a lack
of facilities for securing it. Let these be more
extended and peach groves will soon be more abund-
ant and more remunerative. Such perishable fruit
must be put into the hands of the consumer without
any delay. This fact always creates an emergency,
and an emergency makes the carrying trade expen-
sive to the producer. The demand for this fruit
will always be great, and the field for Commercial
Peach Growing has only those limitations which
come from nature and its own environments.

How to Make Small Fruit Culture Pay.

BV .1. U. U.\LE,

I have not a paper, but simply propose to give a
little talk. I think we can get a little closer together
in a talk on this subject than in a paper, although
no doubt had I taken the time to j ire pare a paper,
I might have said some things l)etter than I shall
say them here off hand. Just how to make small
fi'uit culture pay has been the problem of my life,
but I am not quite sure that I have solved it; my
bank account does not indicate that I have made a
great success of my study if you look at it from a
pecuniary point of view; but there are some things
in life which are not to be judged by their value in
dollars and cents, as you who are engaged in fruit
culture all know, or at least ought to know — I be'ieve
you do, or you would not lie here to-day as workers
in this Pomological Society. I have grown straw-
berries for market since I was a small boy, and I
have attempted to make a financial success out of it,
and I have made some marked successes and some
marked failures also, probably more of the latter
than of the former; but I can see now in the light
of the knowledge of the present time, how most of
those failures might have been avoided. To begin
with, in order to make small fruit culture profitable
and pleasant there must be a thorough preparation
of the soil, and that is about what three- fourths of
the market growers omit. I think that more than
three-fourths of the ground which it is pretended
is prepared for the planting of small fruits, and
their culture, is not well enough prepared to make
the culture profitable. It may have been so pre-
pared a number of years ago, but with the present

sharp competition and with the present greater pro-
duction, and the improved varieties and the improved
methods of the more successful cultivators, the man
who does not build from the bottom and build with
thorough preparation of the soil, cannot possibly
make this labor profitable. Of course it depends
somewhat on where one is situated. One may be
situated on the prairies of the far West, or in some
Southern section where the virgin soil is deep and
rich, and there is no nece.ssity for heavy fertiliza-
tion; while along the Atlantic coast and in many of
the Northern states, it is necessary to plow deep and
thoroughly di'ain the soil in order to mellow it. In
most instances it pays to sub-soil the land.

Mr. Smith has told us about gooseberries. He
prepared the soil thoroughly to start with, and that
was the foundation of his success in that small home
garden of his up there in Massachusetts. It is also
necessary to liberally manure all soil not naturally
rich enough, and of course the majority of soils in
the older portions of the country do need fertiliza-
tion and require that it should be heavy. My expe-
rience has been that they need fertilizers rich in
potash and phosphoric acid and lacking in nitrogen
in the cultivation of nearly all the small fruits.

I noticed the question asked by Mr. Johnson in
regard to strawberry blight. I suppose that what
he means is the ordinary strawberry rust or leaf
blight, judging from his description. He said
that he mulched in the fall with straw and manure,
and the combination that he used was not very rich
in manure. Now that was in the fall, and he put on
a nitrogenous fertilizer, and the first thing in the
spring he started a tremendous leaf orowth. and I
imagine the blight did not appear until then. He
spoke of a dusting of lime holding it in check.
That is the best remedy I know of for the disease,
but it will kill it on some varieties more than on
others. The conditions he named are the best to
breed it and bring it on, while the gentleman
with the salt marsh hay was on the other side —
toward production. But, to go back to plant food,
my experience has been a heavy feeding of wood
ashes is the best thing. Where you can get cotton
seed ashes, that is the greatest form of potash
of all to give color, texture, and solidity to
the fruit. For phosphorus, I have always found it
better to buy finely ground raw bone. Some buy

HOW TO MAKE SMALL FIIUIT CULTURE PAY.

79

it in Charleflton rock, and some in ground bone
but the economical side must l)e looked to, and the
finely ground raw bone is best; use that, and then
trust to luck or nature, or whatever jon call it, for
the nitrogen. I have found some varieties of plants
grown on soil prepared in this way, with perhaps
one and a half or two tons of bone to the acre.
Plant a portion of that with Cuthbert, and a por-
tion with the Garden Ciueen, and a portion with
Marlboro, and have found that to make it profitable
the Marlboro requires a touch of nitrogen while
the others do not. These are little points that you
have to study and work out for yourselves. To
stand up here and lay down any rules as to how to
make small fruit growing profitable — absolute rules
— is utter nonsense. You have got to have a few
general principles of policy set up as guide posts,
and then work out your own salvation in your own
particular field. There is no use in talking about
varieties. Look at your nearest market and see
what they are doing. The Manchester strawberry
was mentioned as rusting badly. I had something
to do with bringing that berry before the public.
It was a grand berry, but would rust and blight;
and to day Mr. Smith, the Vice-President of the
Horticultural Society, finds it the most profitable
berry in the United States ; but it would be absurd
for him to come here and tell people to plant the
Manchester strawberry generally, if they are after
profits in the business. The foundation of all, as
I said before, is in the preparation of the soil and
then in the method of culture. One of the great
mistakes — as I have learned on my own place, and
from observation North, South, East and West — is
that in the culture of raspberries and strawberries
we grow perhaps ten times as many plants to the
acre as we ought to grow. Perhaps it is not so bad
as that, but I think that we often grow two or three
or five times as many as we should. Take that
Hensel berry which has been spoken of ; it should
not be be planted nearer than six feet apart
in the field. Mr. Lovett scowls a little, but I
think I am right about it, even in poor worn out
New Jersey there is more money in it planted
six or seven or even eight feet apart. To get the
most money out of the Cuthbert or Queen rasp-
berry, plant eight or ten feet apart each way. I
have seen it so planted that with this thorough

preparation of the soil that I have spoken of, rasp-
berries will grow a great deal bigger than the end
of my thumb, and will be firm enough to carry two
or three days and sell for thirty-five cents a quart,
the Cuthbert is the same way. The blackcaps
may perhaps be grown down to six feet. As to
blackberries and raspberries, I think the hedge-
row business is all wrong. Grow them in hills and
you will get larger, firmer and better textured
berries, and if you do not get more quarts you will
have reduced the cost of cultivation a great deal,
and will get profit from it. Grow them so that the
horse or mule can go between the rows easily.
There are very few of those I visit who grow them
in hedge-rows but that have more or less grass and
weeds between the rows, while the average culti-
vator has a whole mass of grass and weeds that
pump out the moisture just when their plants want
it; and so I say the hill .system will have to be
adopted if you are to make this business profitable
from a dollar and cent point of view. Strawberries
are the same way. Most people are inclined to
grow them in rows. That depends somewhat upon
the variety, somewhat upon the soil on which they
are planted, and somewhat upon whether you are
able to irrigate or not. I think if it is possible for
one to irrigate; it is unwise for him to plant a very
great acreage of Strawberries and expect to make
it profitable for any number of years without some
plan of irrigation, because we prepare the soil
perfectly, manure it as highly as conscience or
pocket book will allow, bring the crop up to per-
fection and full bloom, and then nature refuses to
supply the water, and half or two -thirds of the
crop is gone after two or three weeks of dry
weather. Irrigation should be provided for if you
are growing on any considerable scale. Then,
after the fruits are grown, I think three quarters of
the growers lose all the profits they might other-
wise gain, by not studying the business end of the
problem. It is one thing to know how to grow,
and another thing to know how to sell them. Too
many of the commercial growers of small fruits do
not study the market end enough. My notion is
that the average small fruit grower works too hard
and thinks too little. I believe I would take for a
text a little judicious laziness — if you know what
that means — a little less time for hard work on the

80

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

farm and a little more in the markets, studying the
fruits as they arrive there, studying the ways in
which they arrive. The man who puts fruit on the
market, and small fruits especially, in the best
style, and puts in the best fruit also, and then has
it honestly packed from top to bottom, is the man
who in the long run makes the most money. You
can send nice looking fruit to market, topped up,
and for a while it will sell with honest fruits; but
the man who grows only good fruit, rejects the
inferior and packs the best in the bottom of the
case, and stamps his name and post office address
on the box in l)ig letters, and insists upon it that
his fruit is first class and insists upon having a
good price for it, will get it. I do not like to give
Massachusetts credit for everything, but I know of
a grower in the Western part of that State — not
down Cape Cod way where some of yoii people
come from, Init up among the Berkshire hills — who
grows small fruits on the plan I have indicated,
doing everything in perfect system and order from
the beginning, even to the making of his crates
and baskets out of the best white-wood that can be
had, for which he pays an extra price. He selects
the fruit when picked, and puts a card into every
single basket, giving the name of the variety and
hour at which it was picked — six to seven, or
seven to eight, or eight to nine a. m. — with a stencil.
He gives his name and the name of the farm, and
across the top the price, which is always five cents
above the market. He tells them that, and they
are glad to pay it, and he cannot grow his fruits
fast enough. He had to cut New York City,
because in the commercial business he could not
make a living there, but there in Berkshire County,
Massachusetts, he is making a pleasant, happy
home for himself and family, and is making money
and is supplying Boston people with fruit they
delight to eat, and delight to pay him for at a rate
five cents above the market price. Strawberries
and roses come right along together in New Eng-
land. I know another man who is producing
strawberries to the best of his ability, not as fine
as those of the other man, but fine fruit, and he
handles it perfectly from field to market. He has a
great field of roses that he grows purposely — well
partly because ne loves roses, partly because he has
a taste for them, and partly because it is business —

it pays. He puts a nice little rosebud on top of
each basket on top of the crate— eight rosebuds
with every bushel crate. You say we do not " eat
roses." Now it is true he gives a quart of berries
and that perhaps ought to be enough, but after all,
the rosebuds do look so well on those Vierries that
people buy them even if they do not want them.
I have seen a dealer who had bought ten or fifteen
crates for the day's supply and did not want any
moi'e, come along to where this man had his crates
laid out with the rosebud in each basket on the top
row, and say, " Why, these are pretty. What do
you ask for them?" and generally he would be
given a price two or three cents above that asked
by others, and he would take two or three crates
because they looked so pretty in his store, and his
customers when they came along and saw them
there, would buy them just on account of these
roses. You may say this is all humbug. Bless
your heart, everything is humbug in this world.
If you can please people's eyes and make them
think that what you have is nice, why not do so?
You have to please the eyes of people before you
can get them to open their pocket books, and that
fruit grower I am speaking of is getting that
advanced price on his fruit simply because he
knows enough to put it on the market in an
attractive style. Leaving for a moment the sub-
ject of small fruits, I would say that at Chicago
about two years ago, I think it was, I saw a lot of
asparagus that came down from Michigan in pound
bunches packed in old pine boxes — shipping boxes
to be returned — it was nice fresh asparagus tied
with ordinary bass bark tying. It looked good, and
sold for six cents a pound. On the same boat came
another lot of asparagus from the same State,
probably from the same county and perhaps from
the same town, packed in nice new thin veneered
thin white-wood boxes that probably cost eight or
ten cents apiece. This asparagus was grown under
the same sun and in the same soil and under like
conditions with the other, but it was tied up with
pink cotton tape that did not cost five cents a mile
as the ladies here know, and yet it was tied in a
nice bow-knot — some lady did it I will bet a cent.
Somebody on the farm it came from had a little
taste and style, and that asjiaragus sold for what?
It was sold to the same dealers in the same city to

HOW TO MAKE SMALL FKUIT CULTURE I'AY.

81

the same men and at the same hour for ten cents a
pound — forty per cent, for knowing how to catch
the market. I bought both and split them open,
and one was no better than the other. The point is
that persons who bought that asparagus thought it
was nice and cooked it, and put it on the table and
ate it, and it did taste better. You know that the
same food put on the table with rough dishes and
coarse knives and forks, is eaten because you are
hungry, but with nice silver ware and the linen
cloth, there is no tomfoolery about it. It means
refinement to you and helps make your life better,
and people will pay for it. And so it is with the
small fruit business; we must grow it well first
and then put it on the market in an attractive style,
and then have it deserve the credit it gets. If you
have to ship to a distant market and trust to luck
along side of shippers all over the country, as you
do in a great city, it will take some time to make a
name; but make it and hold it, deserve it and you
will hold it, and it can be made to pay, and people
who are doing that in small fruit culture are finding
profit in the business. I know men in almost
every State in the Union making small fruit culture
profitable, and I know others in the same neigh-
borhood with them who are not making it pay,
and the difference is in the men and not in the
business or local conditions, and it lies with the
grower to say whether small fruit culture shall be
profitable or not. Another line which I believe to
be still more profitable is the providing of the home
supply. The average home of this country is not
one- quarter supplied with the small fruit it ought
to have. I know gentlemen who are extensive
orchardists in some particular line whose families
are famishing for want of a full supply of small
fruits. They think they have not time and they
will buy all the berries wanted, but they do not do
it. They buy two or three quarts Saturday for
over Sunday, or some in the middle of the week, or
a few berries to can, but they do not think of bring-
ing in a few every day fi-om the early strawberries
in May or June to the last grapes in December, and
then have cans stored away as every well regu-
lated family ought to have to get the best out of
life. The average family of the country will use
almost half a bushel of fruits a week, and do

almo.st the year through, if furnished in proper
(quality and season, and the best market in the
world and the most profitable one, and the one
from which you have the best chance to get money
out of small fruit growing is right at home in the
home half acre. Plant it in long rows so that the
horse can cultivate it. Do not plant it in hedge
rows or corners, but right out in the open field
along with your corn and potatoes and other crops.
Make the horse cultivate and do the work, and
plant the Ijest standard varieties for your own sec
tion. We Yankees are accused of looking at dol-
lars and cents and doing a great deal of figuring.
I have a friend up in Connecticut who has a little
garden of half an acre, and charges up thja family
with the small fruits as they come in. He goes
di:)wu to market every day or two, asks the prices
of things and makes a memorandum to know what
they are worth in market, and then charges it up to
the family, and in the three hundred and sixty-five
days of last year on the half acre set apart for
the family, he found the profits of the business
were at the rate of $700 to the acre, and his family
show it in their faces. They are happy all the way
through, and do not look starved or dyspeptic. I
believe that sort of business is profitable, and I
believe we miss it if we do not take advantage of
it. What do you want of money? Is it not to get
home comforts? It is not for money's sake, is it?
but for what it will bring; and in looking every
day to get a lot of money, he leaves a lot in the
home half- acre that might be brought out, and
see the pleasure of a small fi'uit garden properly
managed and cultivated. It is an ever changing
painting from day to day, and you can get a lot of
pleasure out of it. So it is with my peach orchards.
I sat on the fence to see my buds destroyed, and
then got more fun out of it than some of the Dela-
ware growers got this year. It is fun to buy these
new fruits and test them. To be sure not one in
fifty turn out as the nurseryman's catalogue or
pretty pictures lead you to expect, but it is almost
as much fun to be fooled; but it is fun to work
them up and develop them and get something a
little better than your neigbors have. You take
pleasure in it; I know hundreds of men who do,
and hundreds of others who might. If you are

82

COMMERCIYL POMOLOGY.

not going into small fruit culture for profit, go
home and preach it to your neighbors that there is
fun and jjrofit in a small fruit garden.

DISCUSSION.

Mb. Goft : There is one point in Mr. Hale's paper
to which I wish to subscribe — that of attending to
the business end of small fruit growing. We have
a banker in Wisconsin who, a few years ago, under-
took to apply banking methods in the production
of small fruits. In the methods of growing, of
putting it up, purchasing supplies and marketing
the fruit, he gave equal attention to every depart-
ment, and during the past season he has won from
a few acres something over eight thousand dollars,
and he tells me that his profits are satisfactory.
Now, if the profits received by careful attention will
satisfy a banker, it is certain that small fruit grow-
ing may be made profitable. One of the greatest
defects in the management of the ordinary grower,
is that he attends to the culture of the fruit, but
not to the marketinj; of it.

New and Promising Small Fruits.

BY T. J. LOVETT.

The subject may justly be considered a dry one
The horticulturist, however, like the scientist in
other fields, never grows weary of his work; to him
his studies never become monotonous and uninter-
esting, for the love of a true lover of fruits feeds
upon its own growth; more thoroughly and fully
absorbing his thoughts and time as years pass by.
To him the mere description of many novelties is
the most interesting fiction of the day. Then the
pleasure of obtaining and setting the plants, watch-
ing the young sprouts put forth, the unfolding
loaves, the opening blossoms, and at last the crown
ing joy of beholding the perfected fruit of a new
and distinct creation is beyond the power of words
to express.

In attempting to give notes upon the new and
promising small fruits one is puzzled to know what
standard to adopt; whether to include all that have
been recently announced as promising or only those
that have come under the essayist's personal obser-
vation and have, in his estimation, proved worthy a
place under that caption.

Fearing the list might prove too long were the
former method persued, I have in these notes adopted
the latter, for the crop of novelties this year is in
keeping with the great abundance of fruit. Begin
ning with the season we have, first —

STRAWBERRIES.

Cloud or Cloud Seedling {Pistillate) is a variety
of much value to the market grower by reason of its
earliness, firmness and productiveness. The fruit
is not large enough nor good enough in quality to
satisfy the amateur. The plant is excellent, being
a strong and vigorous grower and very enduring.
Especially valuable to the Southern grower for ship-
ment North.

Michefs Early, known also as Osceola, is still ear-
lier than the Cloud in ripening and the plant is
likewise enduring and free growing. With me,
however, it has not been so firm, is smaller and less
productive. Still it is valuable on account of its
extreme earliness.

LovetVs Early is, I think, worthy of mention.

Lady Rusk (Pixtiltate) gives satisfaction in yield
and the fi-uit is exceptionally firm, although of infe-
rior quality. The plant with me is of moderate
growth and evidently requires deep, rich soil.
Under such conditions it would undoubtedly prove
an exceedingly profitable variety. In this connec-
tion I would name Shuster''s Gem.

Jucunda Improved is an improvement in plant
upon the celebrated Jucunda or Knox's 700. It is
a strong and vigorous grower even upon sandy loam,
yielding good, though not heavy, crops under ordi -
nary culture. The fruit, in all respects, resembles
closely its illustrious parent. While speaking of
fine strawberries, I wish to mention the Crawford.
Very few indeed can vie with it upon the exhibition
table, or in fact upon any table, for it is as good as
it is large and beautiful. Beyond doubt the Gran-
diflora species enters largely into its make-up, hence
it demands high culture and heavy soil. Otherwise
the plant is of contracted growth and the yield mod-
erate.

The Yale in a general way resembles the Craw-
ford, although the fruit is firmer and not so large.
The plant is of stronger growth and, with me, is
peculiarly succeptable to attacks of the fungus upon
the foliage known as "rust."

NEW AND PROMISING SMALL FRUITS.

83

Louise is another exceedingly fine variety for the
amateur, being very pretty and of surpassing excel-
lence in quality. It also demands high culture,
otherwise, with me, it is a decided failure

Edgar Queen. {Pistillate) has, I think, a bright
future. In plant and fruit it closely resembles the
Sharpless. It is, however, very much more pro-
ductive than that valuable variety. It also ripens
its fruit better.

Eureka {Pistillate) is another variety of the
Sharpless type. The berries are not so large as the
Sharpless, but are more uniform in size and shape,
firmer and produced in much greater abundance.
The plant, although a vigorous and good grower, is
not so strong as its supposed parent.

For vigor of plant and productiveness, I have
found few varieties that equal the Mrs. Cleveland.
It is pistillate and in make-up is after the style of
the old Green Prolific, the fruit being of light color,
quite soft and of medium size. The plant is all
that can be desired and its yield is enormous. To
those who have a market near at hand, and prefer
quantity to quality, this sort will give entire satis-
faction.

Waldron {Pistillate) is a kind that should not be
overlooked. In point of size and productiveness it
has but few equals and the plant is of strong growth.
Unfortunately it lacks firmness.

Viola I mention because it has recently been put
forward as a new sort; in reality it is the Monarch
of the West, or a reproduction of that grand old
variety, so nearly identical that I can discern no
difference.

Iowa Beaidy, also being sent out as "Childs," is
without exception the most beautiful strawberry I
have yet grown. In form and color it is perfection
itself. It is also of good to large size, high quality
and fairly productive. The plant is of good growth
and exempt from disease; but how well it will suc-
ceed generally yet remains to be determined.

Parker Earle. Of all the varieties that have
appeared in a long time, there is no other that can
be compared with this as a promising variety for
general culture. The plant is phenominal in vig-
orous growth. It is an everybody's sort — succeed-
ing upon all soils and yielding enormously of beau-
tiful, large and excellent fruit. No variety can be
perfect for all purposes. If it were firmer it would

not be so excellent for the table, but it would endure
shipment better. In firmness it may be classed with
the Sharpless.

All the preceding varieties, with the exception
of the three first named, ripen in midseason;
that is to say, are not especially early nor espe-
cially late.

Gandij or Gandifs Prize, is a valuable very late
sort, being the latest to ripen of any variety I
know. The fruit is large, firm and excellent,
the plant of strong growth. In common with all
varieties producing very large berries it requires
high culture. It is not very productive under
ordinary culture, and I have received reports that
the foliage in some localities is seriously affected
with rust. With me, however, it has not yet man-
ifested this weakness.

RASPBERRIES.

Although but few red raspberries of pronounced
merit have appeared of late, there are enou.gh black
ones to fully supply the deficiency. Among those
esjDecially worthy of note may be mentioned the
Kansas and Lovett. The former is a blackcap after
the style of the Gregg — fully equaling it in size
and ripening a week earlier. It is also far more
prolific with me, has less bloom upon the fruit and
is a freer and stronger grower. It is said to be
much hardier. It has been thus far entirely hardy
with me; but the Gregg is usually hardy also the
first years of fruiting.

Palmer is a variety of the Doolittle type. It re-
sembles closely the Souhegan or Tyler, ripening
with it, and I have failed to note any property pos-
sessed by it wherein it is superior to that very val
uable sort. These remarks apply to the Cromwell
and Carman with equal force.

Progress or Pioneer is an improvement upon
Souhegan, in some respects, but it is not so early
by three or four days. The fruit is identical in
size, appearance and quality, but the canes are of
much stronger growth and yield nearly double
the quantity of fruit upon a given space of
land. It also possesses the very desirable pro-
perty of adhering firmly to the peduncle when
fully ripe.

Older is a variety worthy of more than passing
notice, being one of the very few entirely distinct

84

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

blackcaps that have appeard in a long time. In fi-uit,
cane and foilage it is unlike any other variety as to
be noticeable at a glance. In size it is large to
very large, rivaling, though not equaling, the Gregg,
is almost destitute of bloom upon the fruit, hence
very black, and although firm is of superior, rich
and high quality. In growth of cane and produc-
tiveness it may be compared to the Souhegan.
Season second early, ripening with the Ohio, or
with third picking of the Doolittle class. It seems
to possess peculiar endurance, suffering less from
drought than others, and always vigorous and free
from disease.

Thompson's Early Prolific, an early red variety
that has proved superior, all things considered, to
any I have grown. Were the berries larger and
canes of stronger growth it would approach closely
the ideal raspberry for the market growing. It is
among the earliest to ripen (with the Hansell, etc.)
and is prolitic. In size, compares favorably with the
Hansell and Brandy wine (although smaller than
the Marlboro or Cuthbert ) and in firmness and
brilliant color it nearly or quite equals these two
valuable varieties. Its quality is fair to good — bet-
ter than Brandywine, but inferior to Turner or
Cuthbert. In growth of cane it may lie compared
to the Brandywine; in yield, with Hansell or Tui'ner.
It endures the heat of summer well and has not as
yet been injured in winter with me, although I have
fruited it several years.

C/i(7f7.s' Japanese Whieberry is perhaps worthy
of mention. It has been stated that anomaly is un-
productive, but this is an error; judging from its
behavior upon my grounds. The cane is of very
strong growth and ornamental enough to be worthy
a place upon the lawn. The berries, which ripen
at the close of the raspberry season, are rather be-
low the average size of red raspberries. They are
deep amber in color, turning to the color of sherry
are translucent and sparkle in the sunlight render-
ing them very attractractive. They are too soft
for transportation and although rich are too acid to
be enjoyed by any except those who are fond of
acid fruit. Properly cooked I have found it exceed-
ingly palatable and from it pretty and superior jelly
can be readily made. The large calixes or burrs
which enclose each berry until ripe, imparts to the
hand a visciouB substance upon the slightest touch,

that is decidedly unpleasant. With me it is entirely
hardy.

liL.VCKBERRIES.

It is to be greatly lamented, yet must, I fear, be
recognized as a fact, that the trend of this most
important member of the Small Fruit Family leads
to retrograde. Of the new varieties there are very
few that are peers of the Kittatinny, Lawton or
Wilson in their palmy days.

Early Kiin/ is a variety that, however, seems to
possess much merit as an early sort, especially for
the home garden. In size it is about medium,
larger than Snyder, Taylor's Prolific, etc., but
smaller than the Wilson. It lacks firmness, for
long shipment, but is of superior quality and is
very hardy. Cane of. moderate growth and quite,
although not especially, prolific, giving us our first
blackberries, It ripens with the Lucretia Dew-
berry and in advance of Early Harvest. It seems
strange to me that a variety so desirable in many
ways should be so long in becoming popular. I
have now had it in bearing at least a half dozen
years.

Thompson's Early Mamm.oth is evidently a seed-
ling of Wilson's Early and very like it in many
ways. It is said to be much hardier. With me it
has been entirely hardy. Owing to the mildness of
the winters the Wilson has also been hardy during
the same period.

Minneicaski has with me proved the best substi-
tute for the Kittatinny since we can no longer
successfvdly fruit that old favorite. The canes are
of good growth, fairly prolitic, healthy and hardy;
berries of good to large size, firm, attractive and
excellent. It has not proved especially early,
ripening with Snyder and Kittatinny, or ten days
after the Wilson.

CtTRKANTS.

But little of interest is to be found among new
varieties of the currant. Fay's Prolific is a success
with me and I hear none but good reports of it
fi'om any quarter.

North Star gives promise of being a valuable
variety, especially for the market grower. It is
with me a fine growing plant, but I have not had
it long enough to test it sufficiently to enable me
to speak of it in definite terms.

BERRY CULTURE. — PROFITS AND FAILURES IN GEORGIA.

85

Black Cliaiiipion is an improvement upon the old
Black Naples. Berries are larger and |)roducod in
greater abundance. I am told it is of hotter
quality, but to me all the black currants are so
repulsive, in both odor and Havor, that I am per-
fectly willing that the testing of the fruit be
performed by somebody else.

The CranddU has, I am pleased to state, some
merit for culinary purposes. It is of strong growth,
exempt from the attacks of insects and disease and
very prolific; but the fruit is too harsh and austere
to be acceptable as a dessert fruit. The berries are
exceedingly large, almost equaling in size the
Delaware Grape, and are decidedly attractive. The
claim that a good jelly can be made from it is
founded on fact as I can bear witness.
• The Industry Gooseberry has not proved the
success with me that it has in many other places.
In Monroe County, New York, and upon the Hud
son Kiver it is giving the greatest satisfaction. I
also saw it fruiting in perfection in Atlantic
County, New Jersey, the past season. Although
the best of the foreign varieties I have yet tested,
it loses its leaves prematurely and fails to ripen its
fruit quite as often as it perfects it.

As these notes have consumed a good deal of
your valuable time, I beg you permit me to omit
Grapes.

Berry Culture.— Profits and Failures in
Georgia.

By SAMUEL HAPE, ATLANTA, GA.

The comparative, rare and almost uniform success
attending Strawberry culture in many portions of
the South would seem to suggest large acreage and
very remunerative results. While in few localities,
viz., some regions of Carolina, Florida and South-
ern Georgia this may be true — yet as an industry
it lacks much to make it anything to compare with
the possibilities it is capable of reaching — and
while we admit that heavy crops are not gathered
every year yet entire failures are still more rare
and unusual — with intelligent selection of varieties,
well prepared soil favorably located, barring rare
extremes of heat and cold a good yield can always
be depended upon and no complete failure need be

recorded. The very short time required to produce

7

a crop and the ease with which it can be marketed
and the fairly remunerative prices usually obtained
all combine to make Strawberry culture in the South
a very desirable venture to the fruit grower. And
yet the conditions upon which success depends can
so easily be neglected or violated that failures are
by no means rare. The causes which so often lead
to disastrous results may be summed up in brief
under four heads. First, selection of varieties.
Second, culture. Third, over-production. Fourth,
bad methods in marketing. In the selection of
varieties it becomes absolutely necessary that actual
experience and practical tests alone must determine
what is best suited to your own immediate locality
and later to the demands of the consumer and the
parties who handle your fruit. Like the human
family the perfect Strawberry has yet to be discov-
ered. And right here quality in our southern lati-
tude is always sacrificed to quantity and earliness.
Even to the most casual or uneducated taste the
earliest varieties of strawberries grown in open air
are hard, insipid and tasteless, with a slight tinge
of that peculiar fiavor that no other fruit than the
strawberry possesses. The reason of this is appar-
ent. Nature designs and absolutely demands a
certain amount of warmth, sunshine and moisture
to perfect her "kindly fruits of the earth." This
the very early strawberry does not receive. Con-
sequently we simply obtain a fair size lightly col-
ored, hard and comparatively tasteless berry as our
first marketable fruit. In Florida, Lower Georgia
and Charleston, S. C, the Newman was for years
the leading variety. Later years, however, has
brought into notice a decided improvement in the
shape of the Hoffman which to all appearances is
superior in size, color and quality. In favored
localities and propitious seasons the yield of fruit
may be expected from February on until April in
Florida and the coast regions of Georgia and the
Carolinas. Of course some growers pick occasional
specimens and even market their fruit the entire
winter. The season of course has much to do with
the crop. The prices obtained during the season
named is generally remunerative and satisfactory
ranging from fifty to seventy -five cents per quart in
Northern and Eastern markets, but running down
to twenty and twenty-five cents and even less in
Southern towns during the winter months. Barring

86

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

severe freezes the early Strawberries keep iu better
condition and remain longer iu eating order than
later shipments, thus giving the grower a greater
advantage over those who begin shipping after
warm weather has fairly set in. But on the other
hand the demand for very early strawberries during
cold, disagreeable weather is confined to compara-
tively few. And not until warm weather fairly sets
in do the masses long for this delicious fruit. So
that after all the happy medium or the earlie.st line
berries, when the season fairly sets in, are the most
sought for and easiest sold. In the vicinity of
Atlanta the early strawberries come iu from middle
of April to tirst of May, and are in the market just
as the Coast and Florida fruit is giving out and
when prices are lower and weather farther south
all militate against .successful shipping from distant
localities. The varieties mostly grown in the region
in and around Atlanta are the Sharpless, Wilson,
Crescent and Cumberland Triumph. All in all
this last named variety has proven with the writer
the most profitable and reliable of any yet culti-
vated in this locality. The large size and good
quality of the Sharpless commends it highly. It
has defects, however, that seriously impair its value
on the whole. It is soft, does not color up uni-
formly, and is often illshapen. The Wilson main-
tains its good name, and barring its sudden let
down as to size during the latter part of the season,
is still one of the leading berries of the South and
can always be relied upon for an average crop.
The cultivation of strawberries through Middle
Georgia dates back to a period immediately after
the civil war. The writer's first introduction to
this industry was through a kind hearted but
thrifty Scotchman who, through sympathy for the
sick wife of a neighbor, was persuaded to sacrifice
his strawberries for the modest sum of two dollars
and fifty cents (S2.50) a quart. These figures were
of course exhorbitant, but for years the first straw-
berries in the market brought fi'om seventy-five
cents to one dollar per quart in the City of Atlanta.
Such prices had the effect to invite and stimulate
growers to enter the field of competition. While
no definite figures can be had as to acreage in
Middle and Southern Georgia, yet there is a steady
flow into Southern and Eastern markets of ripe
strawberries from January to June and often July.

Unfortunately for the intelligent and progressive
grower, tastes are not cultivated nor educated so as
to reward skill and painstaking methods in the
grower. ■ It is therefore not a matter of surprise
that to most consumers a strawberry is a straw-
berry and " only that and nothing more." But as
wealth, culture and educated tastes increase with
population, we see with them a corresponding
desire for fine, clean, ripe, luscious fruit, and a
corresponding willingness to pay remunerative
prices for the same. As a matter of course, culti-
vation has much to do with the size and quality of
fruit, and large acreage and poor culture does a
good deal to lower the standard of strawberry cul-
ture. Better have less land in fruit, fertilize
higher and market more carefully and get corre-
spondingly better prices, than to see your stinted,
unsightly fruit go begging for ruinous prices.
Large sized, well flavored, highly colored fruit will
always sell for more than small, sour, illshapen
berries. The success attending a small patch of
fruit well handled and cultivated has often caused
egregious failures later on. Reasoning from the
standpoint of one eighth acre handled and sold
under propitious circumstances, the beginner has
been induced and tempted to try bis hand on one
or five acres, hoping profits would be proportionally
large. The reverse is the rule in almost every
instance; forced neglect, bad weather, inability to
pick and [lack, all contribute to make the majority
of such ventures a failure, and often disgust and
disaster combine to drive the grower out of the
market entirely. Thus, over-production, in this
sense at least, proves a most prolific source of fail-
ure in southern strawberry raising. The very
great difference in preparing, planting, cultivating,
and the final marketing of five acres, compared
with one- half acre or even one acre, often produces
a most complete failure, whereas the small plat
would be a most gratifying success. After all one
subject and the last to treat on, viz., proper picking,
assorting and shipping is a most important factor
in the final success of the whole enterprise. The
great amount of ignorance displayed, coupled with
carelessness in the matter of handling the fruit,
not unfrequently causes in the end a complete
failure and disaster, whereas the proper manipula-
tion of the same would have made a success instead.

BEKUY CUfVrUUE. — PROFITS AND FAILUItES IN GEORGIA.

87

The neat, practical and very convenient packages
now in nse for shipping berries would almost seem
to admit of no further imj)rovement, and yet each
succeeding year brings out something now with a
view not only to present the fruit in better shape,
but assist in its preservation during shipment.
With us in the South, where long shipments are
frequently the only hope of success in securing
remunerative prices, ingenuity is taxed to secure a
degree of cold necessary to [irevent fruit from
decay before reaching its destination. And right
here comes in a very important point not to be
overlooked. In examining a new device in the way
of a small ice chest where the strawberries were
surrounded with cold air, tlie writer noticed the
almost jierfect condition of a ])ortion of the frxiit,
while other baskets in the same box were completely
worthless. A little examination soon disclosed the
fact that this difference was entirely due to the
degree of ripeness when the berries were started
from the point of shipment. So that in basing an
opinion as to the causes that lead to either success
or failure in such cases, we must intelligently take
in all the surroundings. In this case had the
shipper used all fully ripe fruit, his consignment
wonld have been a complete loss and the inventor
of the package named would have been discouraged
and his invention pronounced a complete failure,
and the real facts might have proven it a very use-
ful invention.

Taken all in all there is a wide and |>rolitalile field

in the South for intelligent and practical straw-
berry growers. But no enterprise, however invit-
ing or flattering in its prospects or outlook, should
1)0 a|)proachod more cautiously nor studied with
more careful forethought. The strawberry plant
itself in thi^ region, Mid<lle and South Greorgia, is
almost universally healthy. The fungus diseases
attacking the leaf in other sections happily has not
seriously affected the plant. Of course we have
run tlio gauntlet of new varieties here too. And
the survival of tlie fittest will apply with o(]ual
force in this as in otLer like enterprises or ventures.
We can all avail ourselves of the experience of
others, and as this great Society is largely engaged
in disseminating valuablo information to all, it is
hoped this ])a])i'r may not be entirely without its
lesson. An<l right here, to show the importance of
only a few days in the time of ripening, one culti-
vator in a Southern State north of Georgia covers
his entire patch on frosty nights with canvas io
protect bloom and young fruit. His plantation
covers quite a number of acres too, so that it is no
small task, hut pays him handsomely. Ingenuity
and a high order of skill in devising some means
whereby nature's irregularities in the way of frosts
and storms may be counteracted will be required
and can successfully be carried out if persistently
engaged in. And as "There's no charm in victory
won with ease," so let eternal vigilence, persistent
and never ceasing effort be the battle cry of ever_y
cultivator and success will perch upon his banner.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Fruits of Western North Carolina.

BY H. S. WILLIAMS, ROCK LEDGE, FLA.

A resident for many years on the Eastern coast
of Florida as far south as the 28th degree of lati-
tude, caused me to feel that at least a temporary
change of climate would lie beneficial. A higher
altitude presented many inducements, both desira-
ble and agreeable. From the lovely orange groves
of the far famed Indian River, where the guava,
the pineapple, the mango, and many other semi-
tropical fruits flourish, in addition to the better
known Citrus family, to the high mountain section
of Western North Carolina, is a complete and radi
cal change. The climate, the soil, the fruits, and
the diet are all changed. As a life of idleness, even
during a brief Summer outing, would l>e well nigh
unendurable, I thought it best to purchase a small
place and try to amuse myself by growing a few
apples, peaches and grapes, especially the latter.

I can assure those who have never ascended the
Blue Ridge and explored the great mountain rages
and the quiet valley beyond, that the trip is well
worth the time and cost. Ascending the mountain
by the steepest grade in the United States— save
one, going north from Spartansburg, S. C, one
reaches the jileasant town of Hendersonville. Here
I passed a part of the Summer, making frequent
excursions to distant points, including Ashville,
Marysville, Marshall, and other places reached by
the railroad, making it a point to study the fruit-
growing capacity of each section. Finally I left
the highways of iron travel and started to explore
the wilds and mountain fastnesses away from the
well beaten track of the summer tourist.

Seven miles west of Hendersonville we strike the
upper French Broad River. The fertile bottoms
here stretch out to the foothills of the Blue Ridge
to the southeast, and to the higher mountain range
of the Balsam to the northwest. Away up in the
center of Transylvania County the little village of
Brevard is located, nestled among the low hills that
skirt the bottom lands with an altitude of '2,fi(»l» feet
above sea level. That particular summer the jieach

(88

crop had been totally destroyed by a late spring
frost. There is nothing particular, however, about
their late spring frosts, unless it may be their fre-
quency.

Here, however, I found peaches brought to town
by the wagon load, and very fair ones too for seed-
lings. A month or more passed hei'e convinced me
that it was as desirable a place to have a summer
home as any, both for quiet and for fruit. A little
valley quietly resting among the foothills of the
Balsam range, with a babbling stream running
through it, was purchased.

A score or two of apple trees that had stood the
storms of half a century or more, scarred, defaced,
broken down, but still struggling on and bearing
fair crops, proved that there was no question as to
the success of that fruit. Half dead peach trees
with moss grown trunks six inches or more in diam-
eter, with plenty of fruit on the younger growth,
told me they too would succeed, barring those par-
ticularly late frosts, which, by the way, I was most
solemnly assured did not reach this most favored
place.

A settler still lower down towards the valley had
a small vineyard, the vines running at will over the
ground, almost covered with weeds, apparently
totally neglected, and of course, never trimmed,
which showed a remarkable croji of fruit. So I
had hopes of grapes, to me the most desirable of
all.

With that spirit of thrift, characteristic of all
good citizens, I did not proj)ose to have it all out-
lay, and a perspective making of wine held out some
hopes of an income. Of course it was too far from
the great markets of the country, and transporta-
tion too costly to expect any profit from the sale of
table grapes, at least until a railroad should pene-
trate the valley. Even then, table grapes would
never be a money-making crop, for, owing to the
altitude, we are two or three months later than the
table lands just under the Blue Ridge to the south-
ward.

The jiresent year, owing to a late spring, we are
ten days later than last year. Thus you see we
)

PliUITS OF WESTEEN NOETH CAUOLINA.

8!)

Would come in direct competition with Northern
Virginia and Maryland, which fact, owing to the
increased freight rates, would destroy all hopes of
a fair profit.

First, in the way of improvement, I set a Small
orchard of both peach and apple trees, then a few
hundred grape vines, of some twenty odd varieties,
all the last for home consumption and to test the
finest table grapes. A year later I set some few
thousand wine grapes, consisting of Norton's Vir-
ginia, Bachus, Ives' Seedlings, and Cynthiana. I
have just passed a week there and came direct to
this meeting.

The first vines, which I call my experiment vin-
yard, set three years ago last March, have a fair
crop of grapes. The wine grapes, two years set,
are just beginning to beai-. Now, as to the condi-
tions. It is a principle of law that a jury, to return
an intelligent and just verdict, should have all the
circumstances of the case in the way of evidence
presented for their consideration. In this case, my
tenant who has charge of the place, is not much
better posted on grape culture than myself, and I
am the merest novice. Whether the vines were
properly trimmed and tended, I do not know. The
season was very wet during the winter until the
middle of March, then a fair season until July, then
extremely wet again until Sejitember 1st.

A late frost about the first of May fell like a
blight on the low lands of the valley and killed all
the fruit, but fortunately its effect was scarcely
seen on the elevations of two hundred feet
upward. Under these conditions, the only wonder
is that we had any grapes at all. By extremely
wet, I mean an almost daily shower or heavy rain
for six weeks, during July and August. Add to all
this, a hail storm in June that did much damage.
Of coiirse the " oldest inhabitants " never saw such
a season before. No spraying whatever was done-
Perhaps fifty bags were put on, but my man thinks
he did not do it right, and they were a complete
failure, for whether drawn down right or wrong, the
hail-storm before alluded to, beat nearly all off. In
looking over the experiment vineyard, I find the
Concord, Noah, Goethf^, Worden, Wilder, Delaware
and Woodruff Red have fine crops of fruit, and
promise well. Moore's Early had a good crop, but
were all gone when I reached the place. The

Brighton and Charles Downing rotted somewhat.
Some mildew showed itself on several varieties.

A few of my peach trees bore for the first time,
and the fruit was exceedingly fine; apples the same.
The old trees, after being trimmed and cared for,
have a heavy crop of fruit, while all the orchards
in the valley are fruitless, showing the value
of elevation and consequent exception from late
frosts.

I do not think any spraying has been done on the
apple trees, or any means taken to destroy insects
or mildew. So much for my own experience. Now
a few words from the old residents: Mr. M. J. Orr
of Brevard, a very intelligent and enterprising
farmer, to whom I am indebted for several speci-
mens of native seedling apples, now in the exhibi-
tion room, says that in his twenty years' experience
in growing apples, this is his first failure. The
early frost is what did the damage. Of course
his orchard is in the valley. The seedlings above
referred to are poor specimens, owing to the season.
They are all, however, spoken of very highly as
most valuable acquisitions to the list of apples in
Western North Carolina.

Mr. Ernest L. Ewbanks of Hendersonville, a very
intelligent amateur grape grower, has been quite
successful, and at my request for his experience,
writes as follows: —

"About five years ago, I began with a few vines
of the Concord, Catawba, Moore's Early, Niagara,
and Lutie (the last named my favorite). I chose a
spot protected from the northeast winds by a moun-
tain. Soil, a light gravely character, recently
cleared of a good growth of oak - a red clay subsoil
with southern exposure and sufiicient slope to drain
naturally. I used coarsely crushed bone on a part,
and super-phosphate on all. Holes dug from twelve
to eighteen inches deep, and surface soil with the
fertilizer named, placed in the bottom and one year
old vines placed on this, then filled with surface soil.
My vines were set from eight to ten feet apart each
way. The second year posts were set, and wires
stretched — three wires to the post, four would have
been better. When one year set, I top-dressed with
wood ashes and fowl yard manure. At two years,
after a shallow plowing, I top dressed with lime
freshly slacked. I have never seen better grapes
than those grown following this application of lime.

90

MlSCELLANEOltS PAPERS.

I used about fifty to sixty bushels of lime, after
slackening, to the acre, and am convinced that lime
thus applied improves the grapes in quality. A
friend who passed the summer with me, said my
Concords were the fine.st he had ever seen, and he
had eaten that grape at different places from New
York to New Orleans. My Luties he regarded as
the best Grape he had eaten anywhere. A good
sparkling red wine was made from the Concord, and
a single test of the Lutie showed good results in a
sweet wine of a clear yellowish tint. On the whole,
I am much gratified with my experience, and feel
fully convinced that brains and a small capital can
make a success of grape culture in the mountain
sections of North Carolina. The vine is all that
can be desired; judgment should be used in select-
ing a location, and then with proper ;<ttention and
fertilization, success is almost certain."

Of my wine grapes, the Ives, two years set last
summer, are very promising. The canes are strong
and the foliage healthy. The ]jachus shows some
little sign of mildew. I hope for a good crop
another season, when I shall test their wine making
properties.

If I live to attend another meeting of the Ameri
can Pomological Society, I hope to have solved that
question to my own satisfaction, at least. In con-
cluding this brief and imperfect paper, let me hope
that some attention will be drawn to a section that
I think equal to any other part of our country for
the growing of the fruits named. Since my arrival
in Washington, I am pleased to learn that as high
an authority as Mr. Wm. Saunders, stated as long
ago as 1869, in the Agricultural Report, that he
considered the mountain section of Western North
Carolina and South-west Virginia one of the best
apple growing sections of the United States.

Small Fruit Growing In Eastern and Middle
North Carolina.

.1. VAN LINDLEY, POMONA, N. C.

Being requested to give a short paper on small
fruit growing in Middle and Eastern North Caro-
lina, my first thought was, is there enough being
done in the old Kip Van Winkle State, whose
resources were formally only that of pine lumber,
tar, pitch and turpentine, to interest this body.

But remembering I had the pleasure of visiting
some three or four different points along the Wil-
mington and Weldon Railroad a year ago between
Wilmington and Goldsboro, where I found fields
of strawberries on lands where a few years ago
only grew cotton and were only worth 110 per acre
as cotton farms, now worth, after being cultivated
some eight years in strawberries, $40 to $50 per
acre, it struck me as an inviting field. Judging
from appearances some of the growers are getting
rich and some admitted that their net profits were
$5,000 a year.

In examining the list of varieties I found that
they were principally new seedlings that the public
generally knew nothing of. Their main crop was
the " Westbrook Seedling " a pistilate variety fer-
tilized by the Hoffman. The former comprised
about two thirds of their entire planting. They
ripen very early and are extremely prolific and yon
know the early bird catches the fly. The second
ripening are May King and Crescent.

For a land fertilizer they used principally cotton
seed. In autumn they burr away the dirt from the
plants put in cotton seed on each side of the row,
then throw the same back and cover the ground
with fine straw to keep the berries clean.

Seeing those large strawberry fields caused me
to remember what was said at a meeting of the
American Association of Nurserymen at Chicago a
few years ago by, I believe, Orange Judd. The
question before the Society was " Southern fruits
are ruining Northern growers." One party sug-
gested "go south." Mr. Judd gave an account of
a trip to a strawberry section in the South some
years ago where he claimed it was overdone, many
berries were wasting and too many had gone South
already. This was some six years ago. I would
like to hear from him now as it had just begun
then. His advice was not taken as readily as that
of Horace Greely some years ago when he said "go
West young man." If he was alive to-day he would
say "go South young man."

In Johnson, Sampson, Duplin, Lenoir and some
other counties in that section of North Carolina,
the wild Huckleberry is a paying crop. In one of
these counties, Sampson I think, the farmers are
compelled to keep their lands posted as the farm
help (colored of course) would all quit the crops

POMOLOGY IN THE ELEVENTH CENSUS.

91

and go to the Huckleberry iiekl, a.s for a few weeks
and just in crop time, they could liiid berry picking
more profitable. By keeping their lands posted
the farmers could hold their labor, as no one is
allowed to hunt game or pick wild berries on posted
lands.

In the spring of IS'JO a [>arty at Southern Pines
in Moore County, N. C, i)lauted eight acres of poor
sandy pine land in Wilson's Early Blackberries.
This summer he sold the fruit iit fifteen to twenty
cents per quart and netted about $600. Some
shipjjed to New York and Philadelphia. This land
five years ago was considered high at $1.00 per
acre. What will be done in small fruit culture in
these sections in the future remains to be seen.
The outlook certainly is bright.

Up in the Piedmont sections of the State in the
clay lands ^strawberries are only grown for local
markets and home consumption, the same may be
said of ciu'rants and gooseberries.

Cuthbert and Gregg are the leading raspberries
and the Old Houghton gooseberry seems to do
better than any other kind.

Blackberries and Dewberries grow wild every-
where and but few are paying any attention to the
cultivated varieties. I will close as I have written
more than I thought the subject would admit.

Pomology in the Eleventh Census.

BY MORTIMER WHITEHEAD, WASHINGTON, V. <J.

Mr. President and Members of the American

Pomological Society :

In accordance with the requirements of the Con-
stitution of our country, at the end of each decade
passed in the flight of time, the machinery is set in
motion for an official census or enumeration of the
population within the borders of all our land.
From time to time as these ten-year mile stones
have been reached, other inquiries and enumera
tions have been added to the central idea of a
count of the people, until the United States Census
has grown to be an extended and elaborate incjuiry
into all the industries, commerce and social rela-
tions of our national life.

Agriculture is our greatest, our most important
calling. It is the foundation and great moving
power of all other industries, trade and commerce.

It feeds and sustains all the rest. About one half
of our po})ulation live upon the acres of our great
national farm. This farm has its vast fields of hay,
cotton, corn, wheat and other cereals; its great
numbers of horses and mules; its mighty herds of
cattle, sheep, and swine, on hill side, prairie and in
valley; its immense dairy turning out millions of
pounds of butter and cheese; its crops of sugar,
tobacco, hemp, llax, hops and rice; its poultry and
its bees. All these to be counted, numbers, acres,
product and value. And more, the buildings, the
fences, the forests, the labor employed, all to be
looked after and enumerated in the aggregate of
our national wealth. But still other portions of
this great farm of ours must be taken into account,
and it is that portion so well represented by these
our friends and co-workers here assembled, who,
though coming from homes thousands of miles
apart, have felt the " touch of nature that makes
the whole world kin," representatives of that
"higher art of agriculture," first and best, given to
man in the earliest paradise, a taste of which comes
to us in those beautiful morning hours when amid
"bud and bloom, sweet perfume," or surrounded
by the fruits of our laljor we are wont to feel, if we
do not always say;

"Uh! Maker of the fruits and tiowers,
We thank Thee for the wise design,

Whereby these human hands of ours
In nature's gartlen work with Tliine."

Yes, we must count our wealth in orchard and
vineyard, as well as in field, factory and mine.

In the Tenth Census, or that of 1880, the agri-
cultural schedule, which was carried to every farm
in the country, contained but a few inquiries relat-
ing to fruit growing, and even then the results
obtained pertaining to pomology were never
printed; and so no official national statistics in this
direction have ever been given to our people.

Early in the preparations for taking the Eleventh
Census I was honored by being called to a place at
the head of the Division of Agriculture, having
specially the entire charge of the work in connec-
tion with the live stock and horticultural interests
of our country. A fruit grower all my life, I
naturally felt particular interest in that part of my
work, and knowing of the great lack of statistics in
that direction, I at once determined to make special

92

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

effort to bring up this neglected branch, at least to
the prominence given to the other crops of the
farm, and to which I felt it was entitled by reason
of the hundreds of millions of dollars of capital
invested, the large nuQiber of persons employed,
the immense sum its products added to our wealth,
and the health and haiipiness it brought to so large
a proportion of our peopTte. Hoping, at the very
least, to make a beginning or to form a basis upon
which other workers in future decades can build a
more elaborate structure.

Before commencing the details of the work I laid
the matter before Hon. Robert P. Porter, Superin-
tendent of the Census, and told him of my plans
in the field of horticulture, that I desired to count
up all our orchards and vineyards, to get the figures
of floriculture, nurseries, seed and truck farms, our
tropic and semi -tropic fruits and nuts, to enumerate
the acres and trees of our apple, pear, peach,
plum, cherry, apricot, our small fruits and vegeta-
bles and fniits and vegetables raised for canninjr.
The Superintendent granted me full power to act,
and I entered upon the details of the work with all
the zeal that a love for the profession could give.

On the farm schedule of the Census of ISSO
there were but twelve inquiries in the line of pom-
ology, viz., the acres and value of products sold in
1876, of nurseries (2); the acres, bearing trees and
bushels, 1879 of the apple and peach (6); total
value of orchard products ( 1 ), and acres, grapes
sold, and wine made from vineyards (3).

In preparing the agricultui'al schedule for the
Eleventh Census, the (juestions relating to pomology
were increased to lifty. To the apple and peach
were added the apricot, cherry, pear, plum and
prune and a general inquiry concerning " other
orchard fruits. " Small fruits were not forgotten
and the blackberry, cranberry, raspberry, straw-
berry and a column headed " other small fruits, "
were given a place. The vineyard questions were
increased to seven, and in view of a special inves-
tigation, nurseries remained at two.

Each agricultural schedule had space for the
names of the owners or tenants of ten farms, with
acres, crops, etc., etc. One million copies of the
schedule were printed and turned over to general
machinery of the Census with its 175 supervisors
and their army of 43,000 enumerators, and within

the thirty days of June, 1890, in theory at least,
every farm in the United States, of three or more
acres (and less than three acres, if the annual
product amounted to over 1500), was visited, and
along with all the rest, our questions relating to
pomology were asked. If all these 43,000 enumera-
tors, fairly did their duty, our lirst real national
Census of pomology has been taken, and we now
have the names and location of every grower, be
he owner or tenant. We have the acreage of all
the fruits named; the crop of 1889, with its value;
the number of bearing trees and young trees not
bearing, and other important data.

The heaviest work has been completed; the count
has been made. All that remains now to be done
is the mere routine work of getting the figures into
shape and having them published for the general
good.

I wish to give one illustration of our efforts to
make this pomological inquiry of the greatest prac-
tical value. Under the head of the various orchard
fruits and the vineyard, in addition to getting the
number of " bearing trees " and "vines bearing,"
we inquired for the number of "young trees not
bearing" and " acres in young vines not bearing."
When these tigui'es are jiroperly tabulated and
printed, at a glance the student, be he home-seeker
or man of business, can tell by counties in just
which portions of our country any given variety of
fruit is successful, and where its cultivation was
being extended during the Eleventh Census year.
Should this be followed out in the next Census, the
percentage of progress made in any line of fruit
production can be found in any county, and thus
the very best sections for the growth of any one
variety or varieties of fruit in all parts of our coun'
try can be clearly defined.

It has been the custom for a long time in taking
the United States Census to make a number of elab-
orate inquiries and special investigations into some
lines of productive industry, commerce, and business.
Mining, manufacturing, transjiortation, insurance,
etc., have been thus favored, and the work of thou-
sands of special agents has resulted in large vol-
umes of statistics of immense value to those most
deeply interested.

Agriculture has in the past been favored with a
few of these special investigations, and the extended

POMOLOGY IN THE ELEVENTH CENSUS.

93

ami jiuliIislitHl reports of the T(Mitb CJousus on
Cotton, Tobaceo, OL^reals, Meat I'roduction and
Forestry, are well known. The Eleventli Census
broadened its lines in the din^ctiou of special
investigation, and special agent.s by tbe thousand
have been in the field for months, and have trav
ersed evei'y portion of our country in search of
facts and ligures relating to Mining, Manufactures,
Trans[)ortation, Insurance. Fisheries, Indians, etc.
But Pomona and Flora had been slighted, the
fruits and flowers that gladden our fields and
homes, and bring millions to our revenues, had
never had special place, and so the Superintendent
was once more a])pealed to, the privilege for some
special horticultural investigations was most kindly
granted, and Just three special agents were selected
and a[)pointed with the faith and hope that among
all the thousands employed on other industries,
these few could l)ring out something to show the
importance of our loved Iwanch of agriculture.

The first appointment for special work was that
of Col. H. Gardner, of Hammondsport, N. Y.,
for the Viticultural investigation. A practical
grape grower, a gentleman of extensive travel, and
thoroughly endorsed by individuals and societies
in the large grape growing districts of western
New York.

Soon after, Mr. J. H. Hale, of South Glastonbury,
Connecticut, well known to us all, was called to
assist, and the special investigations in Nurseries
and Seed Farms, Tropic and Semi tropic Fruits
and Nuts, and in those horticultural, if not pomo-
logical branches, Floriculture and Truck-farming,
were placed under his special care.

Later along in the work, as our plans were
developed, Mr. A. N. Brown, of Wyoming, Dela-
ware, who, with his father, has 470 acres in apple,
pear and peach trees, and who is well known by
reason of his connection with the Delaware and
Maryland fruit exchanges, as an organizer and
manager, was appointe<I and given charge of the
investigations of our great peach industry, which
has become now truly national.

As a Ijasis of this special work, transcripts were
made from the regular agricultural schedule of the
names of all individuals who grew any of the
specialties named, together with acreage and pro-
ducts. Special schedules were then carefully pre-

pared, covering as far as jiossible all the details of
each industry, and these were sent out with circular
letters and tVanked envelopes to all the long li.sls
of names of parties interested.

Without giving all the questions — amounting in
the aggregate in the several investigations to over
2,()(l() — it may be well to state that the statistics
asked for in Viticulture covered area and produc
tion, values of i)ro[)orty and products, profits of
investments, distribution and cost of labor, distri-
bution of varieties, shipment of products, capacity
and out put of wineries, .soils, irrigation, drainage,
meteorology, fertilizers, diseases, etc.

The data asked for on the special schedule of
Nurseries - -the infant school of all our orchards —
included area, value, capital, labor, implements,
fertilizers, soils and preparation, irrigation, |)ro[)a-
gation; acreage, quantity, tpiality and cost of
production; distribution of stock and varieties in
demand; expenses of distribution, insect pests,
remedies, etc.

The information requested from growers on the
Tropic and Semi Tropic Fruits and Nuts investiga-
tion covered area, unoccujiied land adapted to each
variety, trees and plants, and their cost, fertilizers
and cultivation, trees in nursery, young orchards,
liearing trees and plants, orchard values, markets,
expenses of marketing, selling price of products,
income, varieties, irrigation, diseases, insect pests,
etc.

The special schedules for Peach Culture, Truck-
farms, Seed farms and Flori.sts, contained the same
general line of inquiries as those before mentioned.

From the general agricultural schedules carried
by the 4;^, 000 regular enumerators of the census,
from these hundreds of thousands of special .sched-
ules, from the personal visits of the special agents
to all parts of the country, from an extended corre-
spondence, and from every other available source
of information, an immense mass of data has been
collected, awanged, filed, and is now in the posses-
sion of the Census Office.

The raw material having been secured, the next
step was that of tabulation and arrangement for
publication. When we remember that schedules,
transcripts, tabulation sheets, etc., have to be
handled by the million, some idea may be gained
of the work in this direction.

94

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

As in other parts of the census work, as results
are obtained the facts and figures are published in
the form of preliminary bulletins, while the pre
paration of the final reports with all their more
elaborate details and arranj^euieut of tigares in
tables, by counties, States, divisions and totals for
the whole country, and for printing in the census
volumes, comes later along.

Of these preliminary bulletins, six relating to
pomology, or more strictly speaking, horticulture,
have already been prepared; three have been pub-
lished and sent out, viz: Viticulture, Floriculture
and Truck fanning; two, viz: Seed Farms and Nur-
series, are in type and expected from the Public
Printer at any hour, and one, that upon Tropic and
Semi Tropic Fruits and Nuts, i.s nearly ready for
the press. In addition to the figures of the three
bulletins already made public, by the kind permis-
sion of the Superintendent, I am able for the pur-
poses of this jiaper to give some of the iigiu'es
contained in the other three.

Much as we have been wont to magnify our call-
ing, it is only when we commence to touch its
tigures, rolling up into the millions on all sides, that
we realize the importance of our industry, the vast
])rogress it is making, and that our country, great
in so miiny things, is greater than all others in its
production of fruits. A few only of the interesting
and gratifying tigures we have obtained can hud
place here.

It should not lie forgotten that the tigures of all
census crops are those of INSU, and not those of
later years, with more extended areas, or of years
when the yield has been greater than in the census
year.

Our Viticultural industry was represented by
(01. '^()1 acres, of which ;>()7,ri75 acres were in bear-
ing, producing 571!, 18U tons, of which '2(j7,271 tons
were table grapes and 240,450 tons were used for
producing wine, making 24,:jO0,'J05 gallons; 41, !(')()
tons for raisins, making 1,372,195 boxes of twenty
pounds each, and 2'-i,'2^)2 tons for dried grapes and
purposes other than table fruit. It would require
about ()0,000 railroad cars to move the commercial
crop of grapes of 1889. The industry represented
an investment of $155,r)(')],]50, and furnished
employment to 2(H),780 persons. The vines are now
growing that will produc(. 8,(}0(»,000 to 10,000,000

boxes of raisins within three years, being more than
the present entire consumption of the country,
which is about 7,500,000 boxes.

FloricuUuiw — This branch of horticulture was
found to have, in the census year, 4,059 establish-
ments, of which 812 were owned and managed as a
business by women. These 4,G59 establishments
used 38,823,247 square feet of glass, covering a
sjsace of some 891 acres of ground. The estaljlish
ments, including fixtures and heating apparatus,
were valued at 138,355,722.22; tools and imple-
ments, $1,587,692.93, and gave employment to
10,847 men and 1,958 women, who earned in the
year $8,483,057. Fuel for heating cost .Sl,10<),-
152. Of). The products of the year were 49,050,253
rose bushes, 38,380,872 hardy plants and shrubs,
while all other plants amounted to 152,835,292,
reaching a total value of 112,036,477.00 for plants.
Cut Howers brought an additional $14,175,328.0].

The tigures of the Truck-farming industry are
equally large and interesting, showing an invest-
ment of upward of $100,000,000, with annual pro-
ducts reaching a value of 5f76,517,155on the farms,
after paying freight and commissions, using 534,440
acres of land, employing 210,765 men, 9,254 women
and 14.874 children, aided by 75,866 horses and
mules, and §8,971,200.70 worth of im})lemeuts.

Our Seed Farm investigation included only such
farms as were devoted to seed growing as a business,
and did not consider the large amount of field and
garden seeds grown as side crops on thousands of
farms, which would greatly swell the aggregate yield
of seeds, but would not fairly estimate seed grow-
ing as an industry. Our tigures show that there
were in the United States in the census year 59(5
farms, with a total of 109,857 acres devoted specially
to seed growing. Of these 1 2,905 acres were devoted
to beans; 1,268 to cabbages; 919 to beets; 10,219
to cucumliers; 71 to celery; 15,004 to sweet corn;
16,322 to field corn; 4,f)63 to squash; 7,971 to peas;
5,149 to muskmelons; 662 to radish; and 4,356 to
tomatoes. The 596 seed farms reported, represent
a total value of farm im})lements and buildings of
$18,325,935.80, and employed in the census year
13,500 men and 1,541 women. Some of these seed
farms are of large extent, the average acreage per
farm in Iowa and Nebraska is 095 acres, several
being of nearly 3,000 acres in extent.

rOMOLOGY IN THE ELEVENTH CENSUS.

95

I have before allmlcd to our peach crop as hav-
ing become iiatioual. Our regular census inquiries
and our investigations have located the extensive
orchards of Coiniocticut, Now Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Deleware, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia,
Arkansas, Wisconsin, Michigan, Kansas and Cali-
fornia. Our figures are not yet completed, but a
few that are of interest can be given. Total acreage
in the United States, 5()7,7)^(); value of products,
$7<), 1(30,400; hands employed, 'JLilKOOO: value of
tools and machinery, !#r),(>77,:iliO; cost of packages,
!5;;^,S( (0,000; cost of labor and teams, *1,;-JOO,000.
Upwards of $00,000,000 wore found invested in
peach growing in the census year.

Nurserk.s. — From the tabulation of our regular
schedules, and those of the special investigation, it
appears that there were in the United States in the
census year 4,510 nurseries, valued at $41,078,835.-
80, and occupying 172,'200 acres of land, with an
invested capital of $52,425,009.51, and giving. em-
ployment to 45,()57 men, 2,279 women, and 14,200
animals, using in the pro[iagation and cultivation of
trees and plants $'J'J0,0O(j.()t worth of implements.
Of the acreage in nurseries 05,025.42 acres were
found to be used in growing trees, plants, shrubs
and vines of all ages; and the figures, based upon
%e best estimate of the nursery men, make the
grand total of [)lauts and trees 8,88(5,855,778, of
which 518,01(),(Jl"-^ are fruit trees, (585, 003,896 grape
vines and small fruits, and the balance nut, decidu-
ous and evergreen trees, hardy shrubs and roses.
The largest acreage is devoted to the producton of
api)le trees, viz: 20,232.75 acres, numbering 240,-
570,(360 young trees, giving an average of 11,890
per acre, while the plum, ])ear and peach have,
respectively, 7,826.5, 6,854.25 and 8,857 acres, pro-
ducing 88,494,807, 77,223,402 and 49,8S7,894
young trees, or an average of 11,8(^)7, 11,206 and
14,^01 trees to the acre.

Far from being the least in importance in the
grand feast tnat Pomona now annually spreads over
our great national domain, are the oranges, lemons,
tigs, pineapples and nuts. Great strides have within
a few years been made in the production of Tropic
and Semi-tropic Fruits and Nuts in our country, and
our special census investigation in this new field
has proven to be one of intense interest. Its sur-
prises have been many, but its facts and figures are

not yet fully in shape. A few are given as an evi-
dence of the grand array we hope to present in the
final report and in the Census volume devoted to
horticulture. Of the almond: California .shows
(35S,5(')(5 bearing trees, and 791,058 young not liear-
ing; cocoanuts: I'lorida, 123,227 bearing trees and
1,199,549 yoiuig trees not bearing; fig: California,
109,525 bearing, and 208,421 young trees not bear-
ing. Lemon: Florida, 85,052 bearing, and 801,584
young trees not bearing; California, 82,611 bear-
ing and 196, 760 young trees not bearing. Oilvo:
California, 27S,880 Ijearing, and 328,997 trees not
bearing. Orange: Florida, 2,725,272 bearing, and
' 7,408,548 trees not bearing; California, 1,553,801
bearing, and 2,223,710 trees not bearing. Pine
apple: Florida, 21,605,000 plants. In Arizona,
Louisiana, and the Gulf Coast there are also some
500,0(_)0 to ()00,000 orange trees, besides more or
less of the other products named. Large new
plantations are being made, so that even these fig-
ures cannot be called the figures of to-day. For
each acre of citrus fruits already planted, our reports
show 13 acres of land adapted to their culture. In
Arizona, our figures show a now planting of the
orange alone of at least 2(H),00(J trees while Cali-
fornia in this, as in every branch of pomology,
fairly surprises us by her bold and extensive enter-
prises.

I cannot as yet give you the acreage and trees of
our orchards of apple, pear, plum, apricot and
cherry, nor yet the figures of our great strawberry,
raspberry, blackberry, cranberry, and other small
fruit fields, but we have them in the rough, and
hope ere long to have them arauged and published
in the first volume that horticulture has ever had in
a United States cen.sus, feeling as we do an honest
pride in having it worthy of a place beside the vol-
umes of statistics of the other industries of our
country. As is now quite generally well known,
the census appropriations have run low, and in our
Division, as in others, large reductions of force have
been made, and much important work has been
suspended when almost completed, and can be
renewed when Congress shall have made additional
appropriations to round up all in good shape. I
doubt not but our horticulturists and pomologists
will use their influence to the end that the statistics
of an industry, which, in its various branches, as

96

MISCELLANEOUS TAPERS.

we have .shown, Las over !ifl,(K)0,0()(),000 invested,
have th<} attention they so well deserve.

In conclusion I wish to bear testimony to the
<;reat and important work being done by our Depart-
ment of Asrriculture, which in its broadened Held
and more extended lines is making and saving mil-
lions, of dollars for our people. The honored head
of the Department, the Secretary of Agriculture,
the Assistant Secretary, the various Chiefs of Divi-
sions, especially those of Pomology Statistics, Vega-
table Pathology, Animal Industry, and Entomology,
have aided our work in every jiossible way.

Our investigations have brought out most clearly
the immense value the Department of Agriculture
has already been to our pomology. Our Viticulture
investigation most clearly shows that in localities,
states and sections where the black rot, mildews and
other fungoid diseases of the grajie had of late
years been spreading, destroying the crop and dis-
couraging the growers, even in some instances to
the abandonment of the business, that the practical
application and dissemination of the ways and
means for spraying, that, almost as ujiou the com-
mand " about face, " the industry has turned from
apparent coming destruction to the brighter days of
comjilete success. The same with the introduction
of the little vedalia cardinalis from Australia into
California, which has protected the orange trees from
the destructive cottony scale, and, as I have person-
ally witnessed, has caused large orchards to rise
almost phoenix-like from their ashes. And so with
diseases of the vine, the Peach " Yellows " investi-
gation, and others yet in progress. It is our duty
as pomologists to give credit where credit is due
and to see to it that appropriations somewhat in
proportion to those made for other departments of
our (lovernment are provided for this department
that is doing so much, not only for pomology but
for all other branches of agriculture, and which
means for the good of the entire population of our
country who are fed and sustained by our orchards
and farms.

Now that the project of the establishment of a
permanent Census Bureau is being agitated, it is
well for us to consider it for a moment in connec-
tion with the statistics of pomolog}'. From experi-
ence and ol)sorvation I am cleaj'ly of the opinion that
owing to the vast extent of territory to be covered.

and the variety and magnitude of the interests and
industries involved, that even with the most perfect
system and arrangement of the machinery neces-
sary to do the work well, that the temporary
employment of .so large an army of employes, sup-
ervisors, enumerators, special agents, clerks, etc.,
with little skill and l)ut slight knowledge of the
work upon whiith they are temporarily employed,
does not conduce to the good results and exact fig-
ures that can alone make such statistics of real value.
Under the present system each succeeding United
States Census commences its work de novo, few jier-
maneut charts, guides or land marks are established,
hence the benefits of past experience, the correc
tions of errors in methods, and steady jirogress
towiird perfect results are largely lost. While ex-
perience in this and other countries proves that the
sliorter the time consumed in an enumeration of the
population the better the results, I am clearly of the
opinion, and I am sustained in the belief by the
testimony of many intelligent farmers in widely sep-
arated portions of our country, that directly oppo-
site is the case when it is applied to the count of the
items connected with agriculture. The statistics of
agriculture for census purposes cover the operations
of a whole year; hence too great speed means only
partial results. Two months in collecting the sta-
tistics of agriculture will, I firmly believe, result in
more accurate data than can be obtained in one;
and while the whole twelve months may not be
re([uireel to gather all the statistics of all our farms,
I do insist that more time and better work should
be given to this industry; hence on general prin-
ciples I believe a permanent census bureau would
be a progressive step. Its central idea should be
the count of our great popuhition. Its other statis-
tics I believe should be largely collected through
other departments and bureaus of the Government,
already having statistical divisions, and turned over
to the central bureau for printing and distribution
in uniform census volumes. A portion of the
money a|)propriated for census purposes could be
assigned to each of these other departments and
bureaus for special census work at special times,
simply requiring an enlargement of their force
under the control of their regular expert employes.
Whatever may be proposed for the collection of the
census statistics of other industries, I shall insist

GENERAL FUUIT-GROWING : NOTES AND SUGGESTIONS.

97

now that we have the great industry of agriculture
in charge of a department of the Government, with
its many important and constantly growing divi-
sions, with a large force of experts in their various
specialties, that ecerythiiui jierlaining to agricul-
ture, including its census, shall be under the con-
trol of the Secretary of Agriculture. If the regular
census of agriculture, including its pomology, is to
I)o published but once in ten years, let the scientific
and practical agriculturists, horticulturists, porno
legists, florists, and stockmen, together with their
clerical force and other assistants, with their farm
and agricultural college training, with their love
and enthusiasm in their chosen life-work, have
their share of the census ap]iropriation, and let
them, with all their experience, their valualile <lata,
always being collected, take, prepare and turn over
to the Census Bureau the figures for the census of
agriculture in all its diversified lines.

In gathering the national statistics of pomology
and other branches of horticulture a beginning has
been made, a few furrows have been plowed in a
new field. We have tried to lay the foundation
stones, rough as they may be, broad and deep; other
workmen and builders in the fixture will, I trust,
erect the superstructure an<l give to our industry
the statistics that are considered of such great
value by those engaged in other callings, enabling
them to calculate intelligently on probabilities.

Oar work in the interests of jiomology in the

Eleventh Census has been one of love and duty.

Let us all strive to still more advance a calling that,

in the words that years ago I heard fall from the

lips of our revered Wilder:

Leaves no sting' in tlie heart of iiiemory,
No stain on the wing of time.

Me. Wateous : In view of the very great pleasure
and interest with which we have heard the paper
just read, I move that this Society give a vote of
thanks to its author.

Carried.

General Fruit-Growing: Notes and Sug-
gestions.

BY G. C. BEACKETT, LAWEENCE, KAS.

At no time in the past has the importance of the
horticultural industry been regarded in its proper
estimation as at the present.

Thirty, yea even twenty years ago there was a
notable scarcity of the product in the markets, and
the demand was comparatively meager, and the
frugal housewife hardly felt able to grace her table,
even as a luxury, with the fruits of the orchard
and the garden. The people, generally, were not
fruit eaters, Imt more of meats and geneial field
products; but generations following, became lovers
of fruit, and in their childliood. nothing so much
attracted their attention as the "golden and red
cheek Pippin, or the crimson Strawberry," in the
orchard or the garden, and nothing would temjit a
boy to take great risks as a tree laden with red
■ fruit just over the fence or by the roadside.
To day these are so plentiful and cheap as to be
within the reach of every one, and none need to
violate conscience or honor to ol>tain them.

American pomology has become dear to Amer-
ican people, and scarcely a holder of even a subur-
ban lot, as well as of broad acres, but what engages
in the culture of some one or more classes of fruits
with which to gratify the inmates of the home in
various ways and at all times.

It stands preeminent as an indu.stry with the
American people, and its preeminence is largely
due to untiring efforts and wisdom of the American
Pomological Society. Its members are entitled to
the distinguished and honored title of founders
and guardiaiis of the industry, as pillars- of the
noble structure wherein abides pure philanthropy,
benevolence and charity, and which shall redeem,
ennoble and elevate the human race.

As auxilliary to your work you have liroiaght into
coiiperation a department of the National Govern-
ment and the Experimental Stations established
in the several States, and kindred organizations
throughout the ITnion confer upon you the high
honor of their confidence, esteem and support.

The pursuit of fruit growing has been regarded
by the people as difficult, and an art involved in
mystery, and the most intelligent men, not expe
rienced have hesitated to engage in the work
becaiise of this impression. Bit the knowledge
which this and kindred societies have disseminated
througti the press and published reports has dis-
pelled the doubts and opened up the way to success
in the most plain and simple manner, and fruit
o-rowing has become as general with the American

98

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

people as any other industry dependent ujion the
tillage of the land.

There are certain principles which govern largely
success with all classes of fruits which we have
brought under culture, and most prominent, as
most important, are the sources and supply of
nourishment, constitution, powers, conditions of
climate and culture given to the objects of our care.
Soils may, in most localities contain an abundance
of plant food naturally to maintain a healthy growth
for years. But a continual draw upon its sources
will sooner or later cause a sterility. How to
rei)lenish the loss is a question not yet satisfactorily
settled.

"Barnyard manures will do it" says one; and
another, " Commercial manures are the best fertil-
izers," and to each of these respondents the ques-
tion is clearly settled. But others find objections
to the iise of either of these means. Of the first
the supply will not meet the demand, and when
applied in sufficient quantity to produce an observ-
able effect in growth tends to produce a succulent,
tender plant, and such commercial manures as are
now in use tend to solidify the particles of earth
and a condition which often resists the best efforts
of the culturist to overcome.

The soil of the western arid plains are samples of
this condition. They are, by nature, the most fertile
on the continent when brought under the influences
of water. But the very means used to render the
fertility available to plants as food restores the
original compacted condition, unless the cultivator
follows, at once, each flow of water and is con-
stantly kept up, an analysis of these soils shows
their fertility exists in certain mineral deposits, and
that its tendeacy to solidify is largely due to the
elements coastituting its fertility, and the almost
total absence of humus, and it is prominently
noticeable that most any soil, excepting sandy land,
dive.sted of this element gradually becomes com-
pacted as year after year the supply becomes
exhausted by continuous cropping.

Thorough and deep tillage will, in a measure over-
come such hindrance to a full and free action of the
plant, but does not restore that active nature which
primitively existed, and which is needful to render
plants capalile of onduilngand resisting the effects
of extremes of climate.

It is clearly evident that much of the premature
decay of trees and plants and hastening of decay
in rijiened fruits are due to the weakening or debil-
itating effects of such conditions of the soil; the
growth and maturition not being entirely the result
of healthy action.

The massing of some of the small fruits causes
a similar result, most prominently illustrated in the
strawberry and such classes as increase by suckers,
a system encouraging the compacting of soil. It
is a well known fact that strawberries grown on
the stool-system " stand up " in the market and
endure carriage best, are of lietter (juality and size:
the same may be said of such varieties of the rasp-
berry as the Cuthbert, Turner, etc.

There are other points relating to the industry
which are not accepted as satisfactorily settled, and
which are highly important to its general success,
and it is due to the public that they should be, and
by this Society, in such a manner that scarcely a
chance will exist for a doubt.

I will close with a brief allusion to the success
which has followed an intelligent and careful treat-
ment of our orchards for the purpose of sup-
pressing the class of insects preying upon tree and
fruit.

Spraying with London Purple and Paris Green
has l)een quite generally adopted in this State.
The results as relating to the Codling ]\Ioth and
Plum Curculio have been satisfactory. In some
cases fully seventy-flve per cent, of the crop has
been saved in a si ogle season, where heretofore
not over thirty per cent, of sound fruit could be
found.

There yet remains two other species which are
seriously damaging, viz. : the Tree Cricket and
Ap|)lo Curculio. The last threatens to become as
damaging to the apple and pear as the Codling
Moth has been, and so far the cuUurist has been
almost powerless in combat; the means recom-
mended being but little helj) in the effort tO exter-
minate.

By a recent careful examination of my pear crop
the following notes were made on live bushels of
Bartletts, taken from trees which had been sprayed,
once with a solntion of Paris Green, und twice fol-
lowing with London l'uri)le:

CANADIAN FKUIT NOTES.

99

CLASSIFICATION.

1st. Those injured by Codling Moth.
2d. " " " Apple Ciu-culio.

3d. " " " Tree Cricket.

4th. " " " Fungi.

5th. " imperfect from other cause.s.

RESULTS.

1st. Of the five bushels, 4.'j wore sonnd.

2d. s'li of the culls showeil the presence of ('od-
ling Moth.

:!d. in of the Apple Ciircnlio.

4th. A of the Tree Cricket.

Sth. i\ each by Fungi, and other causes.

From this it will be seen that the Codling Moth
has been nearly exterminated, as in prior yeai's
fully one half of the crops was ruined Ity this
insect alone, and the Apple Curculio was not near
as prevalent as during the present. Thus we have
a little over eighty per cent, of sound and well
grown fruit from a heavy yield. If in the fixture
the Apple Curculio can be as effectually and easily
handled as we can the Codling Moth, orcharding
will become more proiitablo to that class of cultni'-
ists who will give it proper attention.

General fruit growing cannot reach its highest
paying condition until further progress is made in
certain and important lines, and leading to greater
success, a fuller knowledge of the essential require-
ments in culture and a more thorough and intelli-
gent application is required.

Canadian Fruit Notes.

BY L. WOOLVEHTON GRIMSBY, ONTARIO.

Although the province of Ontario is situated
pretty well to the north, yet, surrounded as we are
by a chain of lakes, the climate of Southern Ontario
is particularly well adapted to the growth of all the
best varieties of apples, some of which attain greater
excellency of quality and higher tints of color than
the same varieties do when grown South. Anoth-
er advantage of our Northern grown apjiles is
their long keeping qualities, and for this reason
we find that some of our best winter apples are
bought up to lie exported to the Southern States.
No greater proof of the capabilities of our country
for the production of this staple fruit can be given

than liy r(^ferriug you to an authentic tabl(! of tht!
exports of a]iplos from our Dominion during a
period of years from 18S1 to 1S89 inclusive; greater
portions of which were grown in Ontario. By ref-
erence to this table it will bo seen that, while the
exports in 18S1 were not much over three thousand
barrels, those of 1889 amounted to about a million
and a half, and when one visits the leading fruit
growing sections of the province, it will be quite
])lain that this is l)ut a fraftion of the (piantity
which will be produced in the near future when the
orchards have reached their fall state of develop-
ment. The prices, too, have been all along quite
satisfactory, even averaging as high as S1.9S ])or
barrel in the year when the (piantity was the great-
est.

One of the subjects which has been discussed at
recent meetings of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association is that of the judging of fruit at fairs.
We have felt that a great injustice has been done
to exhibitors by the employment of incompetent
judoes, who are themselves ignorant of the true
value of the various fruits, and thus, while we lind
that a certain variety of fruit is given the highest
value at one exhibit, the same is given a very much
lower one at another. Fairs, we consider, should
be educative in their influence, otherwise public
money is being spent in vain. The first remedy
which we propo.se is the employment of one judge
instead of three, who should be a fruit expert, fully
posted in the varieties he deals with, and well re-
warded for his services. In addition to this, there
should be placed in his hands some standard of the
values of the various fruits, in order that judge-
ment given at the various exhibits may be uniform,
and as near as po.ssible in accordance with justice.
The prejiaration of such a catalogue, as the one to
which I have been referring, was placed in the hands
of a committe of our Association, and their work
was brought before us at the meeting held last year.
Further amendments will be made in the values
given when we meet again. In order that you may
have an opportunity of passing judgement upon
this work, I will give you the rating of a few varie-
tii^s to show the method adopted. It will be observed
that only four general headings have been adopted,
season, quality, commercial value, as the ratings
under these heads are the only ones needed for judg-

100

MISCELLANEOUS TAPERS.

ing the absolute value of these fruits. All varieties
ai-e supposed to be perfect specimens under each
rated at ten, and inferior varieties by something less
than ten. Imperfect samples are reduced one or
more points for (1) lack of color, (2) under8ize,(3)
unevenness of size on plate, (4) wormy, scabby or
ill-shapen specimens, (5) lack of stem or calyx, (6)
polished fruits, i. e., having bloom wiped off; or for
any other thing which tends to change the natural
appearance of the fruit. The column " Total Value "
is for use when prizes are offered for fruits, with-
out designating the purpose for which such fruits
may he required.

Another matter of importance which was dis-
cussed at the last meeting of our Association was that
of fruit inspectors. It is felt by most fruit grow-
ers that the character of apples going from Canada
to the British markets was being lowered by careless
packers, and that no l)rand was sufficiently common
to demand a price on its own merits. The same
difficulty is experienced in selling fruit in our own
cities. Buyers, when fruit is received, can claim a
a reduction on the score of quality, because there
is no standard of grade.

The plan proposed to rectify this is by a system
of fruit inspection. First, it is proposed to establish
what is to be classed as No. 1 and No. 2 fruit ; and
in the second place men, who are practical fruit
growers, are to be engaged as inspectors and trained
to their work. This would be done at i)ointa of
shipment, or at sections of the country where most
needed. Their work would be to go through every
tenth barrel, more or less, of each variety if so de
sired by the shipjier, and brand each lot according
to quality and condition. Barrels, so l)rrtnded,
would be purchased with so much greater confideace
and so much Ijetter prices, that few shippers could
afPord to export ap]iles without the inspection lirand.
The brand would also facilitate sales, for these could
thea be made at a distance as soon as the brand
became known. There are some difficulties, it is
true, in carrying out the details, but we hope that
these may be overcome. We would be glad to
have this subject further discussed by your honora
able Society.

It would seem to bo out of ]ilace for me to enter
largely into the snbj(»ct of varietii^s of fruits, but
a few remarks may not he otit of jilace. I have

already stated that in Southern Ontario we are able
to grow nearly all the standard varieties as known
to you, but of these some, which have been counted
as most valuable from a commercial point of view,
are now no longer so estimated and are condemned
entirely by some of our leading growers. One of
these is the Baldwin, which for the past few years
has been almost barren. The Early Harvest and
Fall Pippin, which were considered our princijial
summer and fall varieties are now no longer of value
owing to the apple scab. Even the Northern Spy
and Greening have of late been badly affected with
this terrible pest. We feel exceedingly grateful
to the Department of Agriculture of the United
States for the exceedingly useful remedies which
have been proposed for this and other fungi, and
we are prepared to test them fully and give you the
results. During this last season I have sprajed
faithfully, with carbonate of copper, as recommen-
ded by your Department, but fortunately, or un-
fortunately, there has Iseen scarcely any appearance
of the apple scab in our orchard, whether sprayed
or unsprayed, and, consequently we are unable as
yet to judge of its effectiveness.

Concerning Russian Apples, we are scarcely
willing to agree with some of our friends in con-
demning them wholesale, for we are finding among
them some which we think will be suitable to the
cold North, for instance, the Golden White, which
has been tested in the ])rovince of Quebec and is
exceedingly promising. Among native varieties,
we think very highly of that American seedling,
the Wealthy, which has been tested faithfully in
the county of Renfrew, and some of the members
of our Association look upon it as the very best
variety that has ever been tried in that section.
Samples were sent me last fall from there, and also
some from points farther south, but those grown at
the north were far superior, both in point of size
and color, to those grown in more favored sections.
I referred in my paper of last year to some Cana-
dian seedling apples of promise, as, for instance,
the Princess Louise and the LaRue, sometimes
called Baxter. This latter is itself well worthy of
notice; it originated with Mr. Billa LaRue, near
Brofkville, and should be given the name of its
originator. The tree is vigorous and an annual

TflE I'OMoLOfUCAL RESOURCES OF NORTH CAROLINA.

101

boarer of fine largo fruit of jfooj ([uality which
keeps until January.

Plums and grapes are largely grown by our
Canadian fruit growers, the Lombard taking the
lead among the former, and the Concord among the
latter. A new Plnm has lately been brought for-
ward by Mr. Warren Hoi ton, of Hamilton, of won-
derful earliness and excellent quality. It has been
named by him the Early Green. It is of medium
size, roundish in form with dark skin, marbled in
two shades of green; the pit is smooth and free;
the Btem is black and about three fourths of an inch
long. A sample came to hand on the third of
August and was then in prime condition. A
variety of the (ierman jiruiie was lirought under
our notice at a recent meeting of our Association at
Collingwood; it is called Baker's German Prune,
from the person with whom it originated as a seed-
ling. It is an annual bearer and wonderfully pro-
ductive, the flavor is excellent. I do not know that
this variety has, as yet, been propagated for sale
by any nurseryman. The Niagara Grajie has Iseen
very largely planted in the Niagara district through
the efforts of the Niagara Grape Company; and, so
far as I am aware, no one regrets having planted it
largely, for it seems to suit the climate and soil of
the Niagara peninsula, and in productiveness it
cpiite equals, if not exceeds, the Concord.

We have to report a year of almost unprece-
dented fi-eedom from the attacks of fungi and
insect enemies. The Grape mildew is not so much
dreaded in Canada as it is in the United Htates, as
our vineyards are scarcely ever aifected with the
Downy Mildew and Black Eot; but we have. the
Powdery Mildew, especially upon such varieties as
the Salem. We are usually successful in keeping
this in check by the use of flowers of sulphur.
This year we have also tried the copper carbonate
and will report the result at another time.

I have some fifty varieties of strawberries which
I have under test here at Grimsby, in the Niagara
peninsula. The Williams, a Canadian seedling and
a cross between the Crescent and Sharpless, prom-
ises well and may prove worthy of a place with the
best. The great size of the Bubach, in spite of
the drouths so prevalent in strawberry season, is
much in favor of it; and, although it is a little soft
for ship]>ing, I find it readily brought eleven cents

in the market, when the common berries were
selling for about seven cents per quart.

Of cherries, almost every kind may be grown in
the Niagara peninsula, while farther north only
such varieties as the Kentish and Hardy Mont-
morency will succeed. Farther still, even these
will fail; but we are hoping that in the Russian
Ostheim and Vladimir we shall tind varieties that
will endure the cold. I fruited the latter variety
this year, and found the fruit to be of fair (|uality.
almost equalling the Kentish in size; when fully
ripe, it turns almost black in color. . The flesh has
a slight touch of bitter, l)ut, this is almost undis-
cernible. Cherries of almost every kind have been
an enormous crop with ns here in Southern Ontario
this season, and are more profitable than any other
kind of small fruits.

The Pomological Resources of North
Carolina.

BV W. F. MASREY, RALEIGH, N. C.

The limit of time allowed for these papers for-
bids my attempting rhore than a bare statement of
facts. The peculiar topography of North Carolina,
combined with her geographical position gives her
a range for a greater variety of fruits than is pos-
sessed by most of our States. Stretching over five
hundred miles from east to west, from the low, Hat
plains of the coast to the most elevated cultivable
land east of the Mississippi, she furnishes suitable
soils and climate both for some of the more tender
as well as the most hardy of fruits. In the low
coast region we first meet the most northern repre-
sentative of the Palm family on this Continent, and
on the highlands of the west we find the fir, hem-
lock, white-pine and other trees of high latitudes
perfectly at home. The State naturally divides
itself into three great regions — pomologically.

First. The low plains of the coast region,
generally of a sandy character.

Second. The central oak belt, generally with a
red clay soil and a rolling surface, on a granite
formation.

Third. The upper Piedmont and mountain re-
gion. In this I would include all points west of a
general line of 1,000 feet above the sea level. The
elevation of the central belt will vary from 300 feet

102

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

on its eastern edge to 1,000 on the west. Within
this region is inchided a large district quite distinct
in character of soil from the other portions. This
is the elevated, sandy, long leaf pine region lying
between the Cape Fear River on the east and the
Pendee on the west, which forms the beginning of
the Sand Hill country stretching southwest through
South Carolina and Georgia. This region, though
included iu our second geographical section is so
]ioculiar in all its character that we will refer to it
as the vpland long-leaf pine region. In all the
red clay region of the central and western sections,
the apple thrives in great perfection. But it is in
the mountain region proper between the Bine
Ridge and the Alleghany ridges that this fruit is
peculiarly at home. The wonderful cajiacity of
these elevated valleys and mountain slopes for the
production of apples of a size, beauty and flavor
unknown in the same varieties elsewhere, is rapidly
coming to be acknowledged since the great displays
made by this section at the Centennial Exposition
and at the meeting of this Society in Baltimore in
1S77. But the half has hardly been told of this,
the apple region of America. Not only do apples
grow to great perfection there, but the trees main-
tain a degree of health, and reach a greener old
age and a greater size than in most other places.
In one orchard in Haywood County we have meas-
ured over ](K) trees averaging nine feet in circum-
ference of trunk and most of them over this size.
Trees of this size are common in most of the moun
tain counties, maintaining the most luxuriant
health.

In the elevated valleys about Waynesville, in
Haywood County, I have seen the Yellow Xewton
Pippin as perfect as it grows on the mountain sides
in Albemarle County, Virginia, as the Albemarle
Pippin. In the summer of 1890 I drove through
a large portion of this mountain country. In all
the country east of the Mississippi river, and in all
other parts of this State there was hardly any fruit.
And yet here in these mountains I found not only
apple trees loaded with fruit, but peach trees
breaking down with their crop. That there are
extensive belts on these mountain sides when early
autumnal and late vernal frosts are unknown, is a
well attested fact, and this renders the culture of
fruits there more certain than in any other section

of the Eastern States. Not only apples and peaches
find a congenial home in these valleys and on these
mountain sides, but grape culture in many local-
ities is very promising as a culture for wine making.
For shipment of grapes early in the season to the
northern markets the mountain section can never
compete with the central belt and particularly with
the upland long leaf pine section. Pears, while
thriving well in the mountain region, are not so
peculiarly at home as they are in the eastern and
northeastern coast region. The elevated region of
mountain plateaus and valleys west of the Blue
Ridge has a varying altitude of from 2,500 to 4,000
feet, while the mountain ranges tower far above
this, and its soils are enriched by the decomposition
of jiotash bearing rocks, "making the natural hai'd-
wood forests the finest in America The same con-
ditions of soil, elevation and climate make it the
perfect locality for the apple, particularly. No
region is so rich in native seedling apples, and
hardly the half of those worthy of propagation are
known in commerce. The ease and certainty with
which apples are grown there was well illustrated
by a remark of an old farmer at an In.stitute which
I addressed in Cherokee County. I had been
dwelling upon the preparation of the soil, planting,
pruning and care of apples in orchard. After I
had finished the old gentleman said, " No doubt,
sir, all that care and trouble is right, but here
apple trees grow just as naturally as old field pint^s
do in the low countries, and we can get all the fruit
we want merely by dropping the seed anywhere."
The ease with which apples grow in this region
has made the people very careless in their culture,
and, having been long remote from railroad facili-
ties for shipping the fruit, they have never learned
how to cull and pack the fruit. So that, tine as
the apples are, they have never yet made any
impression on the markets even of the State itself
owing to the careless modes of handling practiced.
Now that railroads are penetrating this region and
experienced fi'uit growers are taking up the proj)a-
gation of the wealth of native varieties there, the
future pomological prospects of Western North Caro-
lina are bright. In no region North or South is
intelligent orchard culture more certain of rich
reward than in this country, where soil, climate
and topography combine to make a country adapted

THE POMOLOnlCAL RESOURCES OF NORTH CAROLINA.

103

to a wonderfully cliversifipd agrieuUure. lii this
connection I would call attention to a paper sent
me by Dr. G. D. Smith of Macon County, a gentle-
man more familiar with the mountain regions than
any one else, perhaps. This paper I send herewith
and place at the disposal of the Society.

The central oak belt of North Carolina is as pecu
liarly the home of the peach and grape as the
mountain region is of the apple. While many
varieties of the apple thrive well in all this section,
it is mainly to the culture of the peach and grape
to which it is adapted. In the more elevated por-
tions of this section, particularly the counties of
Guilford, Forsythe and Wilkes, the cherry reaches a
perfection seldom found elsewhere, l-pon Brushy
Mountain, in Wilkes County, which is included in
the thermal frostless belt, all fruits come to great
perfection and cherry trees of recent planting have
attained a growth of over four feet in diameter of
trunk, and produce wonderful crops of choice fruit.
The central belt is, at no distant day, destined to be
the peach orchard of the Union, as the dreaded
yellows iorces the culture of this fruit from the
Delaware and Maryland orchards. Particularly is
this true of the upland, long leaf pine section
included in the geographical limits of the oak belt.
On these sandy ridges, elevated DOO to <50() feet
above the sea, grapes and peaches and small fruits
thrive wonderfully. But of the small fruits I have
nothing more to say, as the able pen of my friend
Lindley will treat of them.

To show the wonderful vitality of the peach in
this section, Professor Emery of the North Carolina
Experiment Station, told me lately that in rambling
through the forest near Southern Pines, a health
resort on the Raleigh & Augusta railroad, recently,
he came across what had evidently lieen once a cul-
tivated orchard of peaches - l)ut which is now grown
up with pines — evidently twenty or more years old.
Yet here, among these pines, were still a number
of peach trees measuring nearly a foot in diameter
of trunk, and full of fruit. Only one tree was
standing erect, the others having been blown down,
but had put out new heads and full of fruit.

In traveling through Davie County recently,
between the forks of the Yadkin river, I was par-
ticularly struck with the abundance of wild peach
trees along the fence rows and all over the old sedge
fields everywhere, and all full of fruit though grow-

ing perfectly wild, as Ijlackberry bushes. From
Southern Pines, Moore Coxinty, grapes arc ship])ed
the first week in July, and the crop is cut out by
the middle of August. So far the rot has not devel-
oped to any extent on these sandy hills.

Around the city of Raleigh, within a radius of
three miles, there are nearly five hundred acres in
grapes. Up to the present year, these vineyards
have uniformly paid their owners $1(10 per acre
clear of expenses. No wine is made as yet, the
shipping having been too profitable. The season
of 1891, however, has been very wet and the rot
has damaged these vineyards largely, while the
great abundance of fruit has made the prices low.
The growers are not discouraged, for the season
has been an exceptional one, and they will at once
go to work to fight the disease as growers elsewhere
have been compelled to do.

In some sections the growing of the Scuppernong
for wini^ is found profitable. Messrs. Garrett & Co.,
of Halifax County, are among the largest wine pro-
ducers in the country, and their wine has a high
repiitation. Col. J. Wharton Green, near Fayette-
ville, grows the Scuppernong largely for wine-mak-
ing and has a good demand for all he can make.
In this sandy pine region and in all the eastern
coast region, the Scuppernong and all its varieties
of the_ Rotundifolia family are perfectly at home
and it is to tiiese that the future wine-makers must
turn.

The flat coast plain is the paradise of the trucker
and small fruit grower. It is also the best region
of the whole State for the pear. This is pratically
true of that part lying north of Albemarle Sound
and extending to the Virginia line. In all this
region the pear reaches a size and quality unex-
celled elsewhere, and only equalled by the pears of
Delaware an<l the eastern shore of Peninsula.

In all the coast region and the lower part of the
oak belt, the fig thrives wonderfully and produces
fine crops with literally no culture. Some attempts
are now being made to cultivate figs for commer-
cial purpores. In Halifax County, one grower last
year marketed his crop from five acres of figs in
a fresh state in strawberry boxes, and realized a
very profitable return. With modern facilities for
canning and evaporating there is no reason why
fig culture cannot be made profitable in all the
coast region of North Carolina.

l04

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Corrected Nomenclature of Japanese
Fruits.

BY L. A. BERC'KMANS, AUGUSTA, (lA.

In a paper upon Japan Plums, submitted to the
Georgia State Horticultural Society, at the session
of 1889, at Griffin, a classification was attempted
in grouping the several varieties in three types:
since then several varieties which had not produced
fruit at that time have yielded a crop and given
additional material for correcting and adding to
their classification.

We are indebted to Mr. Kizo Tamari,of the Iinpe-
rial College of Agriculture, Komada, Tokio, Japan,
for valuable information and a review of the paper
above referred to. In order to elucidate these
remarks, I beg to quote liberally from ilr. Tamari's
letter. The extracts are jtrefixed with (piotation
marks :

"I regret to often hear of the confusing nomen-
cature in Japanese fruit trees, this is due to the
undeveloped condition of pomology in Japan, and
as there are no estalilished names, only local ones
are used. There are many local names for one
variety, and some varieties are sold under three
dozen names for the same thing. Local names are
for the locals (.s»c. ), but when lirought before the
public common established names are used."

From this we can readily understand the origin
of the great confusion existing in the nomenclature
of these fruits, and the discrepancy oliserved in
nurserymen's catalogues. Now, as to the causes of
this, Mr. Tamari says:

"There are two leading causes which bring this
confusion: First, Fruits are collected by foreign
travelers directly from those who have such trees
for their own use, and do not care for the name;
or importers collect them through middlemen,
who have no knowledge and are not reliable.
Second, The difference between the Japanese and
English languages has brought great confusion.
1st, In writing a Japanese word in Roman aljiha-
abet, there is no longer any meaning as to the
letter, and our aim in this case is only to approach
to the original sound, for instance, Kaki, the
Japanese Persimmon, may be written Kahky, or
Kahkey, were the vowels in Kaki pronounced long,
as Kitki instead of Kaki, as some do in Ameri-

ica. There is an example of a Japanese seed-
less Mandarin Orange: one party in San Francisco
sells the plant under the name of Woonshiu. while
another party offers it as Oonshiu. 2d, Japanese
words may be said to be sorts of murmurs to
Americans, and they cannot therefore correct any
misnamed word when this happens, or even when
a word is correctly written they will misspell it;
so read it and copy it. This often occurs in read-
ing handwriting. 3d, Unpronounceable names for
English tongues cause perplexity and alter the
original sound. 4th, As the translators may be
either English, French or German scholars, it is
natural that they should spell in their own
schools."

Referring to the various catalogues and pul>]ica-
tions relating to Japanese fruits, we find from the
above a plain and practical explanation as to the
variation of names found therein, hence the AiDong
Japan Persimmon is also called Yciiion — both names
apply to the same variety, but spelled phonetically.

After explaining the difference between the fruit
known in Texas, Louisiana and Florida as Japan
Plum, and which is really not a plum but a Medlar
( Bin-a in Japanese, and known botanically as Plio-
tinia Japonica or Eryobothri/a), Mr. Tamari .states
as follows:

"Mume {Pnniu.'< Mi'/me) is also willed Japan
Plum, but is rather an apricot than a plum in all
respects. There is a vast difference between Mi"ime
and Plum, and nobody can mistake one for the
other; they are as readily distinguished here as
Americans distinguish apples from pears. Botan-
ists have classified it as Pnauix Mi/mc, and now
they cannot be mistaken. Still some Japanese, who
are not familiar with these subjects, as botany, may
translate Miime as Plum, and in old dictionaries,
English and Japanese translate it so."'

Under Section I, Apricot Pliini.% on page 51,
Proceedings of IBS'.), it is stated that from informa-
tion received from reliable sources, the name Vir-
gata seemed to apply to that class of fruits. We
are now able to arrive at the generic name of this
class, which we classified therefore correctly, and
which formed a distinct class of fruits. We desire
to also repeat that none of the varieties of this
class, so far as tested here, are suitable for culti-
vating as fruit l)earing trees where the orange is

COUUEcn'EU NOMENCLATUKE OF JAPANESE FKUITS.

1U5

uot successful. As to tbo nanics of the varieties of
this class, we have uo means to translate the Japau
ese names which ai'e given umler the new classili
catioQ: YOrO, Hand- ka mi, i3uugo, Katayama-bungo,
Kashiwagi, Nanivva rinshiu, Yatsubusa, Gariobai,
Komume, Yoshino ko-mume, Toko niume, Kaga.

Twelve varieties are naniod, and from the com-
pound names we infer that even iu that class there
are two or more forms or even types.

As to Japanese Plums proper, we again <|uote
from Mr. Tamari's letter:

" Besides the above two Biwa and Mume, there
are three sorts which are included under a common
name in English, or Siiiomo iu Jai)anese, they
are Haiankio, Beiti smomu and Sniiiiini. Should
Hatankio not be a species in Pruints, it should
form a group in the Plum family. Its habit of
growth is of slender form, and young branches are
straight and erect, leaves large and long, of light
color, the fruit is not sour, but rather bitter when
young, freestone, never colored as to tlesh nor in
skin, which becomes yellowish green and afterwards
slightly tinted with purple red.' "

'■'■ BiitiuiJdo is a variety of round shape in this
group. Kclscij Plum is no doubt a variety of
Hatankio. "

" Beni-Smorno comprises a group of red Heshed
plums. In Satsuma, my native home, Hon-smomo
and Yoiie-smomo are the most noted and familiar
fruits of this group, the first smallest in size and
deepest in color, while the latter is the largest and
highly esteemed. In some districts, plums in this
group are called Uclii Beiii, which means inside
red. The skin of this group is not self colored,
though its purplish color and mottlings are merely
reflected from the tlesh. "

This describes minutely the variety cultivated
here as Satsunui, whose Japanese name is Yone-
momo, and so far as we have found is the only
variety of the red-fleshed class that has been fruited
in the Southern States.

"Another group of plums is that commonly cul-
tivated in America and Europe and is the Prnnas
Domestica. The skin is either deeply colored or
yellowish green, but the flesh is never colored and
is sour and mealy to the taste.

" To summarize the above facts and to classify
the three kinds of plums last named and referring

only to the color of the fruit, I will say Ifalmikios
are never colored insitle or outside, though slightly
tinted on the skin.

^^ Belli siaoiiiuf< are those colored inside (colored
flesh) and Smomo is either colored or uot in the
skin, but never colored inside (flesh not colored).

"Mr. L. A. ]5erckuians, of Georgia, gave full
descriptions of J a|)aiiese plums and I believe these
to be valuable for American as well as Ja[)anese
pomologists. I do not intend to alter or correct
the names already fixed and used universally, but
I take the liberty to compare some of the names
given by him with the original Japane.se. Mr.
Berckmans says Japanese catalogues give Bolaiikio
the following synonyms, viz: Botaukin, 7]oi/ari,
Soiiome, Haltaiikio. I am sure that Botaukin and
Hattankio are never so pronounced by any person
iu any locality in Japan. Toguri is correct, but
means the poiiitt'il. SiiKiii/e may be Smomo, being
//( for ill and o for c, and Sliiro-Siiiomo should be
ShiroSiiiomo, the white plum. Mann may be
Marii, meaning round. Ura-Bciii may be Uchi-
Bciii or 'inside red.' "

We had for some years past classified the Kelsey
as a distinct type — this for our own guidance
merely — and in this we are endorsed by Mr.
Tamari, whose deductions are singularly accurate
and denote a careful study of these fruits. We
are indebted to him for the valuable information
which will enable the unravelling of the confusion
now existing in the nomenclature of Japanese
fruits. Several varieties of plums have been
received from California importing firms and
growers which are nothing but well-known varieties
of the European type, but being sent out under
numbers only will likely be named to suit the
pleasure of the grower and thereby create addi-
tional confusion. Well known varieties of this
type must therefore be expected to appear under
new names.

The following corrected classification is therefore
submitted as leased upon fruiting several new vari-
eties and Mr. Tamari's suggestions:

Section I. Apricot plums or Mi'tine.
( Prunus Mume. )

Bungo, Katayama-bungo, Hana-ka-mi, Gariobai,
Kashiwagi, Kaga, Naniwa-rinshiu, Ko-mume, Yoch-
ino-ko-mume, Y'atsu-busa, Yoro.

106

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Section II. Hutankio iijpe (freestone).

( Prunus Japonica )

Kelsey, Hatankio-Maru (roundj, Hatankio Togari

(pointed), Botankio.

Section III, Beni-Samomo type or red fleshed.

(Prunus Japonica).

Satsuma, or Yonemomo,

Uchi-Beni, or Honsmomo.

Section IV. tSnioino fi/jie.

Botan, yellow fleshed. Botau white fleshed, Bur-

bank No. 2, Chabot, Maru, Ogou, (this may be the

Shiro-Smomo or common white plum ), Ked Nagate,

Yrsebe, Yellow Nagate.

Section V.

Simon's Chinese apricot plum.

Olive Growing and Manufacture of Olive Oil.

BY FR.iNK A. KIMBALL.

Mr. President, Ladies and Geiitleiiien of llw Amer-
ican Poviologiral Socictij :

By request of Secretary G. B. Brackett I have
prepared the following "paper:"

As a matter of convenience the subject will be
discussed in what to us seems to be its natural
order, viz., The Ancient History of this most
remarkable as well as most useful tree — manner of
distribution, and methods of propagation — planting
in orchards and mode of cultivation, products
of fruit for preserving, known in commerce as
"Pickled Olives," and for oil, expressed from the
fruit and known as " Olive " or " Sweet Oil," and
last but not least, its wood, which in ancient times
was cousidei'ed little less than sacred. This will
lead us, later on, 1o consider the steady advance
made in the cultivation of the olive as a productive
industry in its relation to the range of latitude and
climatic conditions adapted to its profitable cul-
tivation.

We need not inijuire in regard to the origin of
the olive tree, for the people of Western Asia who
wrote our oldest history, found it in vast forests on
the mountains; so at this point its written history
begins, and here, in all probability, nature concen-
trated her forces and created the flrst olive tree.

It was slowly carried by the merchant as he fol
lowed or opened the channels of trade; by the
emigrant it was carried as one of his choicest treas-

ures, in fact as one of his "household gods;" and
with and by him was planted on the verge of civil-
ization, only to be again advanced from the place,
where for centuries perhaps it had ministered to
the comforts and necessities of those who were
again to move forward in the van of civilization.

These certain methods of distribution carried it
to Southern Europe and Northern Africa; and later
on to South and North America, liy priests of the
Catholic church who knew so well its value as a
food producing plant; and its oil fiiruished an ever
ready medicine of such imiversal application, that
to be without it was to iind themselves handicapped.
These Franciscan Fathers found it to be a most
important adjunct in their efl'orts to hold supreme
influence over the wild men whom they sought to
raise to the dignity of civilized beings.

In San Diego County, California, and within
twenty miles of the extreme southwestern limit of
the United States, Father Junipero Serra, the most
renowned and honored of all the Franciscan Fath-
ers who came to the western shore of North Amer-
ica during the last century, planted the flrst olive
trees, or possibly olive pits, but more proljably
cuttings taken from trees which he knew were jjood
for producing both food and medicine; from this
plantation, without doubt, all the " Mission " olive
orchards have descended, and now, after 122 years
have elapsed, the trees of this old orchard are
infants in age, and a thousand years hence might
not have reached their prime, had careless soldiers
and vandal stock men left them undisturbed.

rUOPAGATIoN.

The various methods of j)roi)agatiug the olive
are by seed or more pro])erly " pit; " this can only
be done successfully by freeing it from oil, which
prevents both air and moisture from penetrating to
the kernel; this may be done by a bath of caustic
soda, which readily combines with the oil, or by
breaking the pits and removing the kernels, which,
if carefully handled and i>roperly planted, will
readily produce trees — but they will be as various
in description as aj)ple trees will be when grown
from seed; this is an unsatisfactory process, for
only about seven or eight pits in 100 contain ker-
nels, conseciuently more than nine tenths of the
time required in preparing seed from pits is abso-
lutely wasted.

OLIVK GROWING AND MANUFACTURE OF OLIVE OIL.

107

To produce trees which will bear the desired
kind of fruit take limbs of any size, cut from the
trees during the winter mouths, and before the
new growth starts cut in pieces six to ten inches
long and plant (either in nursery or orchard) in a
vertical or obli(|ue position, and nearly or quite cover
them with earth, well packed arounil the cutting
from loj) to bottom, or the limbs may be laid in
trenches ( for nursery planting) and covered about
three inches deep. These will send up canes all
along the cutting, in some cases not more than six
inches apart; after the canes have reached a hight
of two feet (if at the proper season) remove the
earth between the canes and saw the cutting off,
giving to each cane a short section of wood, or with
a sharp gouge remove the cane with all its roots,
which secures an entirely independent tree with a
large mass of fibrous roots, and of the variety
desired and many years quicker than from " seed "
to a bearing tree.

The cutting may l)e allowed to remain in the
ground and the year following another set of canes
will be produced from dormant eyes which failed
to start the first year, this process may still be
repeated.

With artificial hc^nt it is easy to secure a vast
number of trees by taking the growing tips of
twigs, three or four inches long and planting them
in moist sand; oftentimes these herbaceous cuttings
will produce ninety per cent, of trees suitable to
plant in nursery. And still another mode, take a
gouge and carefully remove the spherical protuber-
ances which are formed either just above or below
the collar of large trees. These may be planted in
nursery or orchard and will make beautiful trees.
Olive trees grown from pits may be changed to any
variety desired by grafting or budding, which may
be done in many ways, all of which are illustrated
in a small pamphlet published by the California
State Board of Horticulture, in which are also illus
trated all of the more desirable sorts of olives now
produced in the State.

I'LANTrxO.

From the nurseiy where Olive trees are gener-
ally allowed to stand two years they are planted
in orchard at distances varying from 20 x 20 to
30x30 feet in S(|uares, or on the " trianirulai'"

plan with same distances on each angle which
largely increases the number of trees to th(^ acre,
and properly distributes them over the ai-ea plantiHl.
The roots of an Olive tree should never be allowed
to get dry, between the time of digging and plant
ing, and no tree requires greater care in planting.

rUUNINIi.

When the tree is taken from the nursery the
trunk should be cut off to the hight determined on
for branching, say two feet, and all the lateral
branches should be cut back to balance the loss of
roots necessarily destroyed in removing the tree.
Future pruning may nearly all be done with
thumbs and tinger or a very small pair of pruning
shears. The olive tree should never be allowed to
grow tall. There being no compensation for the
increased cost of picking the fruit and for thinning
out the top to admit light and air.

cuiyriv.VTioN.

I need not say to any horticulturist that cultiva-
tion cannot be too thorough; good tilth is an
exhibition of "Faith and Works" which comes
very near being an absolute guaranty of success.
But even this will not in all places succeed without
another artificial help, viz., water, for it is the
exception and not the rule where Olive trees will
do their best without irrigation; and wherever
nearly perfect conditions do not naturally exist and
irrigation is re.sorted to to establish such conditions,
it has become nearly or cpiite an established fact
that for each dollar so expended at least ten dollars
may be expected in increased growth and cpiantity
of fruit.

When taken from the nursery, (at two years
from planting of cutting), planted in orchard and
properly cared for, the olive tree should pay all
expenses of cultivation the third year. There are
instances on record where cuttings planted in
orchard have produced sufliciout fruit the third
year to pay all expenses of cultivation for that
year, l)ut this is not a safe basis for calculation, for
it is only with laiye cuttings taken from vigorous
trees, planted in a voluptuous soil and under the
most favorable conditions, that such a result may
be obtained.

In selecting a location for an olive plantation,
great care should be taken to secure a well drained

108

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

tract, for there is no oae thing which will so mili-
tate against success as a close, clayey soil with
imperfect drainage.

Exposure also cuts an important figure in the
profits to be derived from an olive orchard. A
southerly exposure hastens maturity of the fruit,
and it must always be kept in mind that when the
olive approaches ripeness it must be gathered if
lii'st ([uality of oil is expected; true the quantity of
oil is much less but the quality is much tiner than
that pressed fi'om fully matured fruit.

A northerly exposure will prolong the period of
ripeuing many weeks, so l)y selecting land having
both a northerly and southerly exposure a person,
by his own lal)ar, can harvest at least one half more
fruit than if either one of the exposures was
selected. It is often said that any kind of soil is
good enough for olive trees — and inferentially the
poorer the soil the more profitable the cro[); if this
be so, it is contrary to all other efforts of nature of
which I have any knowledge- but it is Jiot so. But
it is a substantial fact, however, that an olive orch-
ard which has long been cropped, poorly cultivated
and not fertilized, will make a record of unprofita-
bleness which the owner may not long disregard; in
such cases generous fertilizing and good cultivation
will cause a response which cannot be mistaken.
Good location and good soil are two elements
which will act as large factors in successful olive
growing.

Few, and perhaps none of these suggestions need
be made to the practical horticulturist; but there
may be some one before me who has very little
knowledge of horticalture, who may desire to plant
an olive orchard, to him they may be of service.
Nor should I stop here, but should further allude to
the peculiar conditions under which we labor in
California. As a rule, we do not care to see a drop
of rain from the first of May to the first of Decem-
ber. During what is termed the "rainy season,"
and after any considerable fall of rain, the ground
should be thoroughly "cultivated" or plowed and
harrowed, and after the "rainy season" is over the
surface of the ground should be well stirred at least
once each month, so that it may be in perfect con-
dition to absorb atmospheric moisture during the
"dry season," and be all ready for the first rain of
the succeeding "rainy season;" two purposes are

thus accomplished. The land is kept in good tilth

and no weeds can raise their unsightly and un|>rof-

i table heads.

TiMiii;ri.

The first historians, on almost the first page of
history, record the value of the olive tree for tim-
ber. Are not the trees now growing on the Mount
of Olives the same which were there 2,000 years
ago 'i And can any one tell who planted them or
how many centuries they had been planted at that
date ? Were not the "doors of the Tabernacle of
King Solomon's Temple made of olive wood 'i Do
we not find dovetailed blocks of olive wood now
holding together — as they have done for more than
four thousand years — the great blocks of porphyry
of which the Pyramids were made? Do not the
Tombs and Temples, built " time out of mind," still
contain solid and sound olive wood which, during
the intervening ages, has resisted the "tooth of
time?" To its durability add its beauty and one
can readily understand why dealers in antique fur-
niture place such value on the timber of the olive
tree; truly it is a delight to the cabinet maker.

AS A FOilD.

The olive, as a food, has a value not usually
accorded to it, for it is only immediately around
the INIediterranean and Red seas that it is used as
such. In the districts named, the olive is picked
when fully ripe, dried and eaten with the black
bread of the country, and nearly or quite occupy-
ing the place and fully doing the service of meat.
In certain of the Mediterranean countries the lower
classes of the people inaij taste meat twelve times
during the year; but it is not certain they will, but
it is certain that many of them consider it an annual
luxury. The olive constitutes by far the larger part
of their food.

It is quite possible that a majority of persons
present are not personally fmiliar with olive eating
people and cannot fully appreciate its absolute
necessity in sup[)lying their daily recurring wants.
From the highest to the lowest all people are
included. Only three things are said to be neces-
sary for a Spanish soldier to take with him as a
ration on a long and fatiguing march, viz., olives,
bread and onions. The olive is a good fiesh pro-
ducer and (if I may be allowed to use a homely

OLIVE GItoWING AND MANUFAOTUltE OF OLIVE OIL.

m)

ex[)rn.ssiou ) has the invaluablo (juiility of " stuiKliuf^
by;" the ouion is not only !i food but it is a stiniii-
lant and fully takes t\n' place of wine. This ration
is consiilered adapted to the .soldier, as it contains
all the elements required for nourishment.

The olives to which reference is made are not
the green olives of cumnici'ce, such as are seen in
every grocery aii'l are found on the tables of every
hotel and restaurant and are almost as indigestible
as the cork of the bottle in which they were
bought. These unripe unwholsome fchiugs will
keep indefinitely and with much less care than the
mature olive, but there is no comparison between
the two products as food. Thi^ olive, properly pre-
pared, will yet be regarded e(iual in value, pound
for pound, with meat and far more healthy, and
from experiments often made appears to be a
natural food for man, for I have never yet seen a
child, too young to walk or even to stand on its
feet, which would not eat ri[)e pickled olives when
placed in its way, nor have I ever seen a child
made sick from eating them.

During the early years of olive culture by Amer-
icans in California, the fruit was pre|)ared like the
ordinary olive of commerce, fruit picked perfectly
green, processed to remove its intensely bitter taste,
packed in salt brine and in two or three days was
ready for the table, and was eaten only as an appe-
tizer or relish. Pickled olives have the pecialiar
property of removing all taste from the mouth and
restoring it as though nothing had been tasted, and
are universally used by experts employed to deter-
mine the value and quality of teas, wines, etc., and
these [lurposes are invaluable, as no other known
sulistance contains such quailities in equal degree.
The [ireparation of green olives has almost been
abandoned in California, as the fruit thus prepared
is in no sense a food. Nor should it be forgotten
that production of food in one form or another has
become a large factor in the world's political econ-
omy, and that the nation or country which pro-
duces the largest quantity and most comprehensive
variety of food has a handicap on all other nations
or countries less favored, either by Nature's bene-
factions or the persistent efforts of its jieople.

B'rom the early planting of the olive in Cali-
fornia— prior to the year 1800 and down to 1807 —

I do not know of a single olive tree having been
9

planted in Southern California. From the last
date to the present time large areas have lieen
planted, so that when? in iSfu there was one tree
in the State there are now a thousand, and the
area now ready to be jilanted is [)rol)al)ly nearly
equal to that already planted.

The well known thrift of the "Yankee," which
seems to be an inherent virtue in the species, soon
discovered to him that there was a great waste of
labor and raw material in preparing a substance
which had no value as a food, and that the pur-
chaser of it had thrown his money away. Experi-
ence soon developed the fact that ripe olives,
prepared by the saui(! general process as the green
ones, were not only toothsome but from their
intrinsic value as a food product would be a coun
terbalance to the price of meat. This led to many
experiments in their preparation, and the process
which has been most generally adopted is as
follows ;

The olives are carefully picked (and mu.st be
handled without being bruised) when (juite red and
before they begin to turn purple, and immediately
corered with a solution of concentrated lye, in pro
portion of two ounces of lye to each gallon of
olives, great care being taken that every olive is
completely covered. A portion of the solution
should be frequently drawn off and poured on top,
to kee[) the solution of equal strength. After
twelve hours examine them to see how far the lye
has penetrated, and when it has penetrated nearly
to the pit (which is easily determined by breaking
open some of the olives) draw off the lye and
replace with soft water which may be changed once
or twice each day till no trace of lye is left in the
olives. This is best determined by testing with
litmus paper. Then add salt to taste, provided the
olives are to be used immediately; if to be kept
for future use the brine must be made of same
strength as for salting meat, and when required
for use they must be freshened to taste, using cold
water for the purjjose.

Perfectly ripe Olives prepared in same manner
are far more delicious but mi;st be picked and
handled with extreme care so that not an Olive is
bruised, nor will they keep nearly as long as those
not so near maturity. During the process of
pickling the olives must not be exposed to light or

no

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

air. It is important that only one size of olives
should be processed at same time, else the smaller
ones will be s])oiled before the larger ones are
"done," and it is absolutely essential that every-
thing used in processing olives should be perfectly
" sweet," as any offensive odor will be absorbed
and the olives be made not only worthless but
positively offensive.

EXPRKSSINCi Till-; cm,.

The mode of extracting oil from the olive, which
was practiced thousands cf years ago still obtains,
but with machinery better au. .ited for economical
work, steam being substituted for the labor of men
and animals. To l)e able to obtain the largest quan-
tity of oil possible from the olive, they must be left
on the trees till ripe and shriveled — but ([uantity is
at the expense of quality. The finest grade of oil
can only be obtained by grthering the fruit while it
is yet hard, but sufficiently ripe to allow the pit to
be squeezed out without carrying any of the flesh
with it. Early in the season the oiive may become
quite black before this condition is rer:'hed, but
later in the season, when the weather gels cooler,
the olive may be ''ripe" when perfectly "green."

Immediately after being gathered they are spread,
one or two inches deep, on trays or racks, which
may be placed one above another, leaving space for
circulation of air, great care being exercised to pre-
vent them from heating ( in which case the oil is
spoiled for table use), and when a sufficient quan-
tity of moisture has been evaporated they are ready
for the

C'Kl'SHIX(; JIILI,,

which, with its appurtenances must be made of
materials which cannot absorb odors — metal and
stone, as much as possible, being used and the same
care and cleanliness exercised in iiKilciiuj the oil
must be continued till it is in the bottle. After the
olives are crushed (which is done under stone or
iron rollers that are made to revolve in a large
stone or iron basin, in which about 350 jiounds of
olives are placed and which constitutes a "charge."
The piilp is placed in a tub of proper size (made of
very narrow staves placed a little distance apart
and bound with strong steel hoops, which are
hinged so that on being o]iened the pomace may be
easily removed) and a light pressure brought to bear
on it and oil of iirst (juality or "Virgin Olive Oil"

is produced. The pomace is then removed and
recrushed and again subjected to pressure sufficient
to secure a second grade of oil. It may be again
crushed, at the same time adding hot water to assist
in liberating the remainder of the oil, when a still
greater pressure is used. This gives an inferior
grade, which is used for light or lubrication. There
yet remains some oil in the pomace, which may all
be utilized by the soap-maker in the manufacture
of castile soap. The residuum is applied as a fer-
tilizer.

In the process of pressing the pulp, the fruit juice
and oil. with a considerable quantity of pulp, runs
from the presses into large tin tanks; the oil grad-
ually rises to the top and is skimmed off and poured
into the settling tanks, where it must remain for
from sixty to ninety days, when a natural ])recipita-
tion will have thrown down nearly or quite all for-
eign matter, and the oil is ready to pass through a
filter, which is made by lining a conical bag, made
of heavy filtering felt, with several thicknesses of
white cotton batting. It is again filtered through
druggists' filtering mats, after which it is ready for
bottling. Care for olive oil does not cease when it
is transferred from the filter to the bottle. It is
exceedingly important that light be excluded and
that it be stored where an even and reasonably cool
temperature is secured, and when offered for sale
only "sample" bottles should be shown, and these
are not to be sold, and a purchaser .should decline
to take a bottle of oil which has been placed where
the sun's rays or even light has been allowed to
reach it, and when transferred to the kitchen the
bottle should iierer be left uncorked, should be
kept in a cool place and in the dark.

KEASONS FOR IN'IVERSAL (■,>NSUMPTION.

The constant and universal use of olive oil seems
in a considerable degree governed or perhaps in-
fluenced by latitude, and within certain limits it
should supplant all kinds of fats, including butter
and lard, — both of which may and probably should
be used in the higher latitudes and at high alti-
tudes— but are unquestionably productive of disease
in the regions adapted to production of olive oil.

The attention and influence of physicians and
j)olitical economists should be directed to the gen-
eral instruction in. and constant use of, olive oil

bOES IT PAY TO Sl'KAY OltClIAHUH WITH INSECTICIDES?

Ill

by all classes of people; from the fact of its wonder-
fully nutritious character, whether taken into thc^
stomach as food or applied to the surface of the
body for the same purpose, and also that it is not
only healthy, but at the same time is agreeable to
the palate.

History records the fact of the wonderful strength
and agility of the soldiers of ancient Rome, with
powers of endurance ecjualled by no people of more
northern latitudes. One of the chief causes lead-
ing up to this result was the constant use of olive
oil and dried or preserved olives.

The dread enemy of English speaking people is
dyspepsia, a disease almost unknown among the
people whose diet is largely composed of the pro-
ducts of the olive tree, olives and olive oil.

Inquiry among educated people of Hpain, Italy,
Greece, France, North Africa, Syria, and in fact of
all countries where like conditions exist, will de-
velop the fact that dyspepsia is only known by its
name. It goes without saying, among medical men,
that oils, particularly of the olive, when properly
used, not only do not interrupt or impede digestion,
but are actual aids in promoting both digestion and
assimilation.

In diseases of children, whether it be applied
internally or externally there is no remedj' to take
the place of olive oil.

Out of forty one cases of yellow fever in Bar-
celona, where the only remedy was olive oil, only
tico patienlfi died.

For removal of " Gall Stones "' it is au absolute
specific, a fact which should be and perhaps is known
to every physician in the land. The value of the
products of the olive tree should be published far
more extensively than it is, so that hundreds of
thousands of people now crowded together in our
large cities may be induced to occupy the millions
of acres of land adapted to olive culture, now lying
idle in the State of California.

Does it Pay to Spray Orchards with Insect-
icides?

BY CLARENCE M. WEEP, NEW HAMPSHIKE STATE COLLEGE.

This question, which your Secretary has asked me
to consider, may be very briefly answered. Practical
experience in the best orchards in America has dem-

onstrated, over and over again, that it does pay so
to spray, provided the work is done with proper
reference to the time, methods and conditions of
treatment. As a radical change of location and
work during the past season has prevented my being
able to bring before you any new knowledge upon
this subject, I can, instead, only poiut out .some
general cases of success and failures in this most
recent of horticultural advances.

It undoubtedly is true that sometimes it does nat
pay to spray orchards with insecticides. I have
known men to spray Wild Goose plum trees, which
had never borne fruit on account of the non-fertili-
zation of the seeds, and then to say that spraying
was useless because the little unfertilized plums fell
off a few days after the petals dropped. Spraying
will not cause a crop of fruit to "set," although it
will generally save it from destruction by insects
after it is set. It also is often true that it does not
pay to spray on a very small scale. It usually is
not worth while to spray one tree, or ten trees sur-
rounded by unsprayed trees of a similar kind, to
prevent the injuries of the Codling Moth or the
Plum Curculio, because the crop will be liable to
injury from the second brood of Codling Moths
reared on adjacent trees, and from the Curculios
feeding upon the unsprayed trees. Ne'ther does it
pay to spray with too strong a mixture, nor too
often, nor too late in the season, nor in a careless
manner, nor without reference to the feeding hab-
Ijits of the insect 3'ou are after. Like most other
horticultural operations, successful spraying requires
the exercise of knowledge, judgment and skill.

As already indicated, the main factors of success
or failure in spraying apples, pears or plums with
insecticides are those of the time, metuods and con-
ditions of treatment. Some of the fundamental
principles under these headings are the following:

I. riJIE (IF sr'HAVIXG.

It is as useless to attempt by spraying to kill the
larva of a Codling Moth or Plum Curculio after it
has gotten fairly inside the fruit as it is to lock the
door of the proverbial barn after the proverbial
horse has been stolen. To be successful the spray-
ing must be done in time to destroy the insect at
which it is aimed. This time varies with different
insects, fruits and latitudes. In general, for the

ll'i

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Codling Moth and Plnm Ciu-cnlio, those arch-ene-
mies for whose benefit the fruit grower's spraying
machine is oftenest set in motion, the first spraying
is to be made as soon as the petals of the blossoms
are well off the trees. The liest results appear to
have followed in apple orchards when the applica-
tion is repeated about a fortnight later; and in the
plum orchard when two or three repetitions of the
treatment are made.

11. MKTIIOn OF SPRAYING.

The prime factors under this heading are the
methods of making and applying the spraying
mixture. In the early history of spraying a vast
deal of damage was done by the use of too strong
.solutions, and it is better in this case at least to err
on the side of weakness than on that of strength.
But every progressive fruit-grower should learn to
distinguish between the spotting of leaves caused
by fungi — such as the rusts, scabs or blights — and
that caused by spraying mixtures. An Ohio farmer
to whom I had given some spraying instructions
once demanded of me one thousand dollars' for
damages supposed to have been done by following
the instructions, said damage proving on examina-
tion to be a case of Apple Twig Blight, confined to
certain limbs on a row of Silierian Crab trees, and
was so determined by both Professor Biirrill and
Professor Arthur, who examined some of the twigs,
A small hand lens will prove a useful auxiliary in
determining whether spots on foliage are due to
spraying or fungi. I have no doubt that damage
done by the latter is often attributed to the former.

The strength of the spraying mixture should of
course vary with different fruits. One pound of
Paris green to two hundred gallons of water has
apparently generally given good results on apples
and pears and most of the European varieties of
plums. On ]ieaches a more dilute mixture is
needed, one pound of Paris Green to :30() or 850
gallons of water having proven satisfactory. The
application should be made with a nozzle giving a
fine spray.

The recent demonstration of the saving effect of
lime when jidded to London Pur]ile solutions is an
important ste]i forward in the art of spraying.
Professor Voorliees, in a recent report of the New
Jersey Experiment Station, after detailing chemical

tests to show that lime added to London Purple
and water mixtures renders the soluble arsenic
insoluble, says: " We would recommend for ordi-
nary use that a mixture in the proportion of one
pound of London Purple to three-fourths of a
pound of fresh lime be thoroughly mixed in one
gallon of hot water and allowed to digest about
two hours. If the water can be conveniently kept
hot during the entire time it would be advisable to
do it. Water can then be added in sufficient
quantities to bring it to the desired strength."
Instead of this, two pails of fresh milk of lime
made by slaking lime in water may be added for
each pound of London Purple in water mixture.
It would apparently be possible for the manufae
turers to render insoluble the soluble arsenic by
adding more lime during the process of manufae
ture, and thus save the consiimer the extra trouble.

III. (■(INHIIKlN.-i (IF TI!K.\TMENT.

The conditions of profitable orchard spraying are
fre(|uent]y not well understood, and much of the
existing preji^dice against the practice is doe to
this cause. This ignorance, at least up to a very
recent date, has not been confined to the mass of
fruit growers but has shown itself in the plan of
many so called experiments in which a fatal fallacy
was allowed to destroy the value of the results. It
seems as though the conditions of a reliable spray-
ing experiment concerning the Codling Moth had
lieen sufficiently reiterated to prevent the wasting
of time and money on the every-other-tree method
in which one tree is sprayed and another beside it
is left unsprayed to breed moths to lay eggs on the
sprayed fruit for the late brood of worms, thus
vitiating the value of the results in two directions.
But while this principle is apparently generally
recognized among experimenters, that it is some
times practically ignored is shown by a number of
recent reports and bull(>tins. On account of this
every other-tree foolishness has arisen the experi-
mental practice of spraying every two weeks during
the season — a process as useless as it is dangerous
— which has done much to prejudice the fruit
growing cnniiuunity against spraying. Some experi-
menters have also used bands aboiit the trees thus
introducing another factor of uncertainty into their
results. In the early history of spraying experi-

ruuNiNa.

113

tnents errors of this kind wpro inevitable, hut they
are no longer excusable, and let us hope that we
are throiigh with them.

The commercial fruit grower, with large compact
orchards, is the man who is to deserve most benefit
from spraying. He will of course spray his whole
orchard; and I believe that if he thoroughly
sprays his apple trees twice and his plum trees
thrice he will have little need to invoke the aid
of bands with the former, nor jarring with the
latter.

The time ha' passed when sound, perfect fruit,
can be produced without careful and judicious man-
agement. The history of spraying shows that only
the more progressive and intelligent fruit growers
will adopt the new pratice, and as these are not so
numerous that their jiroducts will glut the market,
their fruit will command a far better price than the
wormy, imperfect specimens of the non spraying
grower. Hence we are safe in answering the ques-
tion of the title in the affirmative, and saying, that
it does pay to spray orchards with insecticides, and
I believe that very soon we shall be able to add that
it pays to use fungicides in the orchard also.

Pruning.

BY D. W. ADAMS, TANfJERTNE, FLOTilDA.

Looking backward along the shores of time, we
see them thickly strewn with the wrecks of venera-
ble errors, of cherished beliefs, of revered religious
and abandoned scientific teachings.

The law, religion, art, agi-icultnre, medicine and
science have each coutriltuted liberal quotas to this
long vista of wrecks which (commencing at oiir feet)
reaches back till it disappears in the lank shadows
of oblivion.

These old wrecks were not beached by their com-
manders as unseaworthy. Their captains strained
every nerve to keep them masters of the seas, but
they were swept to the shore by the freshening
winds and irresistible tide of increasing human
intelligence.

It may be interesting to look at and talk about
some of these ancient wrecks, and very likely their
contemplation may give us profitable hints.

Among the wrecks of scientific mistakes is astron
omy, as taught l)y the ancient Savants and known

as the Ptolemaoic System, which made our earth the
center around which sun, moon and stars revolved.
To disbelieve this was not only scientific error but
religious heresy. When Copernicus advanced his
theory of the motion of the planets, it was bitterly
combatted by scientists, and state and church i\nited
to persecute and punish him.

About two hundred and fifty years ago the phy-
sicians of the world were surprised and alarmed
when Harvey announced that the blood of man cir-
culated in a certain regular manner. Of course the
medical scientists of that day fought his theories
with all their might.

Then Isaac Newton promulgated his discovery of
the law of gravitation, and very soon after another
scientific craft became a scientific wreck.

It is not so very long ago that the most learned
and incompatible Judges on the bench solemnly
and with dignity heard and weighed the evidence,
and sentenced to death fair women and Ijrave men
as witches, who were holding intimate and criminal
relation with the devil.

Not ten, or a hundred or a thousand, but millions
of innocent human beings thus ignominiously per-
ished while the most learened clergy and most
devout laymen assisted and said the most unctuous
aniens. Than this, the shores of time can show no
more monstrous wreck.

Many of us can rememlier when children attend-
ing church on the Sabbath day, we were taught

that

" In Adam's fall
\Ve sinnoil all,"

and if we died before being born again, eternal
punishment in a lake of fire and brimstone would
be our fate. That wreck is complete and wonder-
fully well hid for one so recent.

Many of us can remember when the first act of a
"doctor" was to "bleed" a patient. The scars on
my arm and no doubt on many of yours bear mute
testimony to the alacrity with which the lancet was
handled. In my boyhood days the most learned
" doctors " treated the fever stricken patient by
bleeding, followed by an emetic, calomel and mer-
ciless praying. A breath of fresh air or a drink of
cool water were looked iipon as fraught with indes-
cribable danger and nutritious food was considered
rank poison.

114

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Less than forty years ago those true horticul-
tural nobleman, Downing and Barry taught us that
to plant a single native grape vino we should dig
a pit twelve feet long, foiu' feet wide and three
feet deep and fill it with boulder stones, leather
shavings, brick soil and manure to assure sue
cess.

That little bark stranded long ago and now we
sail in faster boats.

Some years ago Mr. Meehan startled the ancients
by teaching that the best possible cultivation for
pears was close cut grass. Almost as one man the
whole horticultural world rose up to condemn the
innovation and defend the venerable practice of
irritating the naked soil. The old way is not yet
among the wrecks, but old, slow, laborious and
inefficient, she will soon be passed by the modern,
swifter, more efficient and more natural mode, and
idly drift ashore.

. This little glimpse of the past shonld teach us
that " the world does move." Its progress has
been over the graves of past generations and over
the debris of past beliefs and practices. As it has
been so will it continue to be so long as progress is
possible. In horticultiire this is as true as in any
other occupation. If we are to keep step and keep
up with this moving world, we must not anchor
our ship in the calm waters of the sea of conserva-
tism. If we do we shall soon find ourselves in
lonesome waters and before we know it high
aground among those ancient wrecks.

We must not accept an innovation because it is
new nor reject it because it conflicts with our pres-
ent theories and practice.

Remember that experience teaches us that the
science, the religion, the law, the art of yesterday
have grown and changed to satisfy the demands of
the higher civilization of to-day — so does and so
should horticultural theory and practice grow.

We hear nothing now of three to five feet deep
trenching for a grape vine or asparagus bed. The
Pennock apple, the Black Prince strawberrj', the
Isabella grape, with a thousand of their contem-
poraries, have been superseded and are scarcely
remembered. Our modes of culture ivre changing
and our practice of marketing has been revolution-
ized, but we have one venerable practice that seems
to be bred in the bone, and that is pruning.

It really appears as though horticulturists were
born with the ineradicable idea that a fruit tree
comes into the world totally depraved and that its
first and every subsequent impulse is to go wrong.
I don't know how this idea came to be so universal
unless it be because we were taught that the first
taste (by our ancestor) of fruit caused succeeding
generations of men forevermore to be born totally
wicked. It might logically follow that a tree
which was the fountain of all this woe would still
contain an unlimited amount of evil tendencies.
At any rate our present practice of pruning proves
that we implicitly believe in the present totally de-
praved tendency of all fruit trees and that they can
only be controlled for good by constant butchery.

As the physician of a half century ago attacked'
all human diseases with a lancet, so does the horti-
culturist of to day attempt to correct the innate and
universal cussedness of the fruit tree with the jjruu-
ing hook.

The demon of the pruning hook is venerable and
as shrewd as he is venerable. Nearly two thousand
years ago he succeeded in getting some first-class
free advertising by having a general recommenda-
tion issued that all the war spears then on hand
should be beaten into pruning hooks. That rec-
ommendation gave his pruning hook business an
impetus that has never been stemmed down to this
day. We are still "in it;"' we prune to make a tree
grow and to check growth. We prune to make a
tree bear, and to reduce the number of fruit. We
prune to make upright trees spread, and to make
spreading trees upright. We thin trees out to let
in the sua and air, and we head them back to make
them more eomjiact. We prune them up to make
them tall, and prune them down to make them short.
We prune with axe. saw, knife, and thumb nail.
We prune in spring, summer, autumn, and winter.
We prune because trees ought to be pruned, and
finally and chiefly we prune because that was the
way we were brought up, aod it has never occurred
to us that there is any other way to do. It has, in
some way, become part of our horticultural con-
sciousness that the mere act of cutting a fruit tree
is beneficial, and nothing is more shocking to the
sensibilities of the moss grown practitioner than to
behold a vigorous, healthy, prolific orchard which
has not been ''judiciously pruned."

PRUNING.

115

Now I lay down this jiroposition, hikI 1 do it
without fenr of succpssfnl refutation, that the firM
(i)icl iiicrltdlile ri'siill iif ciiHiiKj <iiu/ tci'r is lo iln il
II iliivct ami ii-irjKti-iilili- iiijurij. I claim it to \w
a self-evident truth that whenever you remove by
violence a single branch, or root, or leaf, from any
livintr tree you just so far ihveaten its vitality. You
just so far disarrani^'e its circTilation and make it
susceptible to the attacks of diseases and insect foes.
I believe no student of vegetable physiology, or
clear observer of facts, will dispute this proposition.
It then follows as a matter of course that pruning
to make a tree grow is a myth. I am willing to
assert here and now that there is no such thing as
pruning for growth. The more you prune a tree
the smaller it will be to day, to morrow, and ever
afterwards. Correct theory teaches this, and care-
ful experiment and observation corroborates the
theory.

Those who priuie for growth work in the assump-
tion that a tree gets all its nourishment from the
roots and say if you reduce the number of branches
there will be more sap for the remaining ones and
consequently more growth.

They ignore the well-known fact that ninety per
cent, of the nourishment of a tree is taken from
the air by the leaves, and when th4?y cut off a leafy
liranch they actually destroy a jiroducer more than
a consumer of nourishment.

It is a fact the removal of a leafy branch is more
of a check to the growth of the tree than the loss
of a root, and to the superticial observer it is not
so apparent for this reason.

There is a natural and proper balance between
the top and roots of all trees. If you cut off a
branch this balance is destroyed. The life and
health of the tree is threatened — a general suspen-
sion of the regular business on hand occurs to meet
the emergency. The loss of a portion of the foli-
age makes extra work for what remains. Clearly
there is no need of more roots for this diminished
top, and they cease growing. Every cell full of
treasure is emptied and every energy of root and
leaf directed to the one object of repairing dam-
ages. This is all done at the expense of the pres-
ent and future growth of the balance of the tree,
and yet our pruner for growth exclaims in triumph
" see how pruning makes the tree grow."

Now let us try pruning in another way. Let us
cut off one-half the roots of a tree. Now the root
is too small for the to|) and what is tlic residt. The
regular businiws of growing is suspenchnl again
and every loaf and twig and cell is called upon to
give treasure and effort to repair damages and
restore the balance. The superticial observer sees
the yellowing and depleted leaves and pale shoots
and says "root pruning checks the growth of a
tree while praning the top makes it grow."

If we look deeper and see the strong growth of
new roots at the expense of the top he would see
the converse of his other experiment when he got
strong new twigs at the expense of the roots. The
final result of pruning either root or top is a
smaller tree than if unpruned.

Some prune to make trees bear well. There is
no doubt it does make them bear, for it is an
accepted fact that anything which threatens the
vitality of a plant causes it to make an effort to
reproduce its kind. The only reason then why
pruning does make a tree bear is because it threat-
ens its vitality. Then comes the question; can we
afford it ?

Then we i)rune to open the bud and let in the
sun and air. Such an act as that I can fitly char-
acterize only by calling it a rape upon nature.
Notice how (juickly and vigorously and persistently
outraged nature tries to repair damages by filling
the aching void with innumerable water sprouts.
Then one must keep up the quarrel with nature by
pruning out the water sprouts again and again and
again.

And thus we have labored generation after gen
eration and still continue to labor to thwart nature
and disarrange her processes We remorselessly
deprive trees of their foliage. We let the scorching
and freezing winds burn and whistle among their
naked branches. We expose long naked trunks
and unprotected branches to summer heat and
winter frosts. With gleaming plowshare and mvu--
derous mattock we exterminate every root and
rootlet in that three inches of soil which is nature's
chosen loot-home. Thus assailed above the earth
and below, its branches mutilated, and its most
useful roots annihilated, its air feeders decimated
and its soil feeders driven to forage in uncongenial
depths, its circulation disarranged, its vitality

116

MISCELLANEOUS TAPEES.

threatened, is it any wonder that t^eueral debility
embraces it, that black knot cankers it, that yellows
sicken it, that blight withers it, foot-rot attacks it
and premature old age overcomes itV Then come
the multitude of insects which find their most con-
genial habitat on trees of low vitality, and they
sweep oiir orchards and its product with the broom
of destrrtction.

We complain loudly of the rapid increase of
these hostile insects and dangerous diseases which
now attack our trees and fruits. In my opinion
the prevalence of both is due almost wholly to the
low vitality and disarranged circulation caused l)y
our defiance of the laws of nature. In attem[)ting
to improve upon nature we have got so far removed
from her that (continually thwarted) she is unable
in her own chosen and pro[)er way to control these
diseases and insects, so that duty now devolves on
us. With what success, satisfaction and profit,
each can answer for himself.

That our fruit trees are each year more and
more infested with insects and devastated by dis-
ease is sadly true, and I firmly believe that, nn)re
than changing climate, more than failing fertility
of soil, more than degeneracy of sorts, more than
all together our troubles originate in weakened
vitality caused by the pruning hook above and the
j)lowshare below, and so long as we continue to
violate nature's law we must pay the penalty.

If we assist natui-e our reward will be rich. If
we break her laws our punishment will be sure.

Dist-rssiciN.

Mr. Guff: I would like to ask if Mr. Adams had
an orchard that was not i)roductive, and he knew
that pruning \vould make it so, whether he would
advise pruning.

Mr. Adams : If I had an orchard that was barren,
and pruning would make it productive, I should
certainly prune it; but l)efore that, I should want
evidence that it was going to accomplish the result.
I have never known pruning to make an orchard
productive, unless it were in very exceptional cases
where orchards were very vigorous and then, as I
stated in the essay, anything that threatens the
vitality of the tree and checks its exuberance, will
frequently cause it to j)roduce fruit. I think you
will find in all cases where the fruitfulness is pro-

duced l)y pruning, it is occasioned by that one prin-
ciple, that anything which threatens the vitality of
of a tree always arouses that instinct of nature to
attempt to reproduce itself.

Mr. Goff: Is not an orchard that is unproductive
abnormal from that very fact? Does not the fact
that an orchard is unproductive show that the trees
are abnormal?

Mr. Adams: Not necessarily ; frequently the most
healthy and vigorous trees are unproductive until
they reach maturity. A tree that does not arrive at
a fruitful condition until a later period is evidently
a more healthy tree. To illustrate, if you find an
apple that ripens prematurely on the tree — before
its time — you may look for a worm ; there is some-
thing wrong about it, and about any fruit tree that
is prematurely fruitful. No tree ought to bear a
crop until it has time to arrive at a suitable age and
size, and any act, whether pruning or anything else,
that will induce a tree to bear before that time, will
give evidence that there is something wrong about
the tree.

Mr. Goff: Sui)pose the proper time has come, and
there is no fruit, then what ?

Mr. Adams: It is for you to judge how much
responsibility you are willing to take upon this.
If yovi are anxious to have fruit soon, and will
sacrifice the vitality and future life of your tree
to procure it right now, that is simply a matter of
judgment.

Mr. Cutter: What would you do in case of forks,
those forks of limbs which grow so close together
that they do not form a good union, so that when
the tree is bearing fruit, or when the growth has
become strong and some heavy wind stikes it the
tree splits down, leaving a long exposed strip?

Mr. Adams: I see from the remarks of Mr. Cutter
that he misunderstands my position. When I take
the ground that cutting a tree is an injury to it, I
do not mean to be understood as saying that there
are no cases in which you can get advantages by
pruning. I simply lay down the broad principle.
Here, for instance, is a tree that is going to split,
owing to some malformation, and when it splits it
will do worse pruning of itself than you would do
for it. In that case, of course, you should accept
the lesser and more judicious pruning rather than
the worse one which accident may occasion.

MlUNINa.

117

Mr. Cutter: Mr. Adams brings out tlio point, I
want to uncover, that |)runing must in sucb o.isos l>o
resorted to. Examining the trees in the forest, wii
find them running up twenty, fifty, eighty or one
hundred feet without a limb. They did not grow
so originally. Now what became of the limbs
that originally grew along that at present nalvod
trunk.

Mr. Adams: If the gentleman will go into forests
of different ages ho will find that where trees grow
thickly, as they grow the limbs are crowdt><l out and
die for want of light, lint the protection that these
side branches would afford to a tree standing by
itself, and which it needs for its protection and
which are useful for that purpose, when they grow
in a thick wood that jirotection is afforded by the
adjoining trees, and they die simply because they
haven't acces-5 to the light, and the surrouu<ling
trees furnish the protection which side branches
furnish to the solitary tree.

Mr. Cutter: Then the point is, nature has no
use for those limbs after a time. The same is true
of any tree. Lower limbs rot off gradually, and it
is generally the case that there is a formation of
rotten wood enclosed inside. The point I have to
make is this, a judicious use of the pruning saw
and knife would have benefitted (he tree, removing
that limb at such time as the experienced eye has
detected (hat it has no further usefulness, that it
cannot bear more fruit, but that the sap is passing
above to better and stronger limljs. In such case,
then, I presume pruning is necessary. Again, a
tree may start to grow so to one side that we must
prune. My point is, never to prune a tree so as to
expose the triink to the rays of the sun if you can
help it. Again in certain parts of the country —
the part which I represent — it is necessary to do
continually what Mr. Adams deprecates, that is to
use the plow and cultivator. No man can carry on
the fruit business in irrigated districts without cul-
tivating as often as he irrigates. We are under
that necessity there. In this moist climate you
may not understand it. Now, in that cultivation,
whiffletrees will do some pruning unless we take it
in hand and cut away those limbs that are in the
way.

Mr. Engle: Mr. Cutter, according to (he princi-
ple laid down l)y Mr. Adams, I supjiose would
10

l)e obliged to raise all seedlings. Grafting is cer-
taiidy a violation of the law just laid down — graft-
ingor budding; and that, according to his doctrine,
would injure the health or vigor of the trees.
Further, I would ask him whether ho would not
prune grape vines. Would he leave them to grow
under all circumstances without iiruningy

Mh. Adams: In answer to that I would say, as I
said a moment ago, it is my impression that this
assembly, and the gentleman himself, will not con-
tend that a grafted tree has any greater vitality
or longer life than the seedling tree. It is gener-
ally accepted that the fact of grafting a tree
decreases its vitality, and that it is a certain remove
from nature, and we do not graft to increase the
tree's life, but because we accomplish objects of
value more than sufficient to counterbalance the
little injury done by the grafting. I wish to repeat
that the |irinciple I laid down, is, that cutting a
tree hurts it, but whenever we can get any corres-
ponding or overbalancing advantage from it, we
should do it. In regard to what Mr. Cutter says
about cutting away these lower limbs after nature
has got through with them, I have found the
method of letting nature take them off in her own
way, if she will do it, the method best adapted to
my make-up. As to those one-hundred foot trees
in the forest, did Mr. Cutter ever know a case of
tree pruning in which the healing was as complete
as it is when nature does her own pruning in her
own forests.

Mr. Williams: of Florida. As Mr. Adams is
now an orange grower, I would like to ask him if
he makes no difference between a budded tree and
a seedling tree so far as pruning is concerned, does
he not prune the inside of a seedling tree? The
budded tree is more open, and retjuries Init very
little pruning. I am not a pruning man, but I
prune moderately.

Mr Apams; I have some old seedling orange trees
that sjiread thirty feet each way and are thirty feet
high, and never had a pruning knife on them, and
one of the choicest locations in the tree for a col-
ony of Lady birds is on the inside. As they grow
older, these inside branches drop over as they do in
the forest, and heal up as naturally as they do there.
I am so constituted that I can wait easier than I
can work.

118

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Mr. Bailey: I do not. like to have this paper go in
regard to the premises on which Mr. Adams founded
his statements. I do not believe there is any proof
that cutting off a limb weakens a tree. I do not
believe either that it is an unnatural process; nature
prunes her trees everywhere. We need not go to
the forest. I have near my house an old apple
orchard, and there is a tree there that has not been
pruned for fifteen years. Wecao find nature prun-
ing out the limbs there year by year. Nature nec-
essarily must prune. It is one of the exigencies of
a thick growth in all trees. Then suppose for the
sake of the argument, it is unnatural, is not all hor-
ticulture in that sense unnatural? Is not all that
we do for the cultivation and amelioration of plants
opposed to nature? All the progress we have made
and every new variety we have produced is in that
sense antagonistic to nature because brought about
under artificial conditions. It seems to me that
Mr. Adams opens the gate to the overturning of
his whole hypothesis when he says that while he
thinks in general that pruning is a disadvantage,
still he would recommend it when we can get a cor-
responding advantage, and that is just what we do.
With pruning we get a greater advantage than we
lose in whatever weakening of the tree may occur.
Then, as a matter of fact, we all know as a rule we
must prune. We have got to do it to get good
fruit. I cannot say about Orange trees of Florida,
biit don't doubt that pruning is overdone in many
parts of the country, but we must prune; it is a
necessity, and it is a matter of choice as to whether
we shall allow a tree to go wild, or prune it and get
better fruit and more money.

Mr. B. C. Fernow: I am not a member of this
Society, but I have been asked by a member of this
Society now absent to present a resume of his
paper, and I was to be put upon the programme
for to-morrow if there were no objections. I think
five minutes would settle the paper now, instead of
ten or twelve or fifteen for to-morrow. Maj' I
present the remarks now ?

The President: Unless the house is willing to
change the order of business, I cannot grant your
request.

On motion of Mr. Watrous, Mr. Fernow was
given the floor.

Mr. Fernow: It is only for the purpose of

expediting your own deliberations. Mr. H. M.
Stringfellow of Texas has chosen me as his spokes-
man, but I suppose only for the same reason that
has been back of several of the honors thrown upon
me without my seeking — one calling upon me to
make rain, when I do not believe I could. Here is
Mr. Adams trying to overturn our theories in
regard to pruning. The theory he wants to
establish is that fibrous roots in the transplanting
are a snare and delusion *nd an objectionable
feature, and he adduces a number of observations
of his own and others showing that a tree will
grow more vigorously when it is deprived of its
fibrous roots and even of its tap root, and he
adduces a number of observations in which he
states that reducing the root of the seedling to
within three or four inches, cutting the top at the
same time, has produced trees more vigorous than
others. One of the effects, especially in his neigh-
borhood— Texas — shows the longlivedness of the
tree entirely antagonistic to the ideas just proposed,
while in Texas he contends pear trees will die out
in ten or twelve years. He refers to three or four
specimens of pear trees cut off in this way, and
they are now thirteen or fourteen years old. I
have nothing to add to this because I do not sup-
pose Mr. Stringfellow wanted me to say anything
more than his own statements, only I suppose all
such ([uestions are best referred to the experiment
stations, because in the case of Mr. Stringfellow
there is lacking the element of comparability and
the experiment stations can answer this in any one
year I suppose to some extent. I agree with Pro-
fessor Bailey in saying that our orchards are
unnatural, aud tLfit we simply are after a different
object than nature's. I thank you for your atten-
tion.

Results of Recent Experiments with Small
Fruits.

BY T. T. LYON, SOUTH ILWEN, MICH.

The earliest of the small fruits — the strawberry —
within the memory of many of us. rarely if ever
found a place save in meadows and neglected
grounds.

The Hovey and the Wilson mark almost, if not
(piito, th(> first notable steps toward i)0])ularizing

UEMULTS UK IIKOENT EXl'EUlAUiNTS WITH SMALL I'UUITS.

ir.)

the cultiviitioii of this now hii^hly prized fruit.
The latter has from the tirst Iteeo Htigiuutized an
acid and poor in quality, largely, we fancy, because
it colors early and is gathered before acipiiring its
full flavor.

The gi'eat mass of modern originations and
introductions of the strawljerry, in common with
other fruits, have been accidental seedlings, and so
pronounced is the [)opular preference for size and
color that quality seems to have been almost if not
wholly overlooked, till, as the rule, its importance
may be said to hold but an inverse proportion to
size in the varieties of to day as compared with the
primitive type.

The now fully recognized fact of the existence of
unisexual or pistillate varieties was, not more than
forty or iifty years since, made the subject of (jues
tion and discussion through the public press. That
these are so notably abundant to-day and so obvi-
ously increasing in number may, we fancy, be
reasonably attributed to the objectionable, though
very convenient and common, |)raotice of employ-
ing pistillates in the process of reproduction from
seed — a result in accordance with the universal law
of nature that like may be expected to produce
like.

TIIIO IIASI'IIERKY.

The European or Idaeiis varieties of this fruit
prove so far unsuited to our American climate that
modern originations, in this country, have been
mainly conhned to our native Slrigasun. With this
fruit, however, as with the strawberry, originations
have been almost wholly incidental.

Cutlibert (parentage unknown, possibly a hybrid)
remains one of the best for general pur[)0ses.

(lolden Queen (liable to the inference that the
name was cho.sen as an advertising dodge), alleged
to be a sport from the Cuthbert, to which it pos-
sesses many similarities, may fairly be considered
as a queen among the yellows.

Herstine and Rider, while not quite satisfactory,
so far as the plants are concerned, are so beautiful
and so high in quality that the private or home
plantation should scarcely be considered complete
without one if not both of them.

Blackcaps have more recently received their bap-
tism into the family of cultivated fruits; and (prob-

ably for that reason) so far, their peculiarities are
subject to but slight variations.

Certain varieties, such as I'lirjih: Cane, New
Rocli.clli; Sltaffcr, and a few others, possess so many
characteristics in common with these, and also
with hlaciis or Sli'i,(/(isii,N, as to indicate a possible
hybridization; and, if such, pointing to at least
the possibility of even greater improvement in the
same direction.

Ill.ACKUIOllllIES.

With these, as with the other small fruits, the
efforts of originators seem to have been for size and
productiveness, rather than for ([uality, with the
result that, as yet, few if any of the "improved"
varieties compare favorably with the wild product
in this last particular.

White, light-colored and spineless varieties have
from time to time been brought before the public
notice; but so far few if any such have proved
valuable, indicating at least a possibility that these
variations may be duo to lack of constitutional
health or vigor. True to its character as an under-
growth, no variety has, so far, shown absolute har-
diness in the open ground, and it may fairly be
deemed impossible that such condition can ever be
realized.

Hybridization is alleged to have been recently
effected between the blackberry and raspberry; but
if so improbable a result has been realized, the char-
acter and ultimate value of the resulting plant
appears to be, so far, undetermined.

CUKKANTS.

The memory of man runneth not back to the time
when the currant was first subjected to cultivation,
yet there is, even now, abundant warrant for the
claim that none of our modern introductions sur-
l)ass, if indeed they e(pial in real value, the oldest
varieties upon our list. The chief alleged improve-
ment, and that a very slight one, is increased size
of fruit.

Somewhat recently, a supposed hybrid between
the cherry currant and the wild, yellow, flowering
currant of the West, has been introduced, with, how-
ever, no apparent evidence of such hybridization,
either in the account of its origin or in the charac-
teristics of either plant or fruit; while a very nota-
ble variation in the habit and growth of different

120

• MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

plaats, as well as in their prodiictiveaess, aad in
the size of their frails, warrant a susiiiciou that the
propagation may have been from a batch of seed-
lings, rather than from a single plant.

liOOSKIlEUniES.

HotdjIifoH, even yet, is scarcely exceeded, exce[)t
iu size. Downing and Smith, although reputed to
be natives, [xjssess certain characteristics, indicative
of at least partial foreign origin. Although claimed
to be proof against mildew, such is not certainly, if
even generally the fact. At least in some portions
of Michigan, both fre(juently lo.se their foliage
about midsummer. Iiidiislr;/, and several other
foreign varieties, reputed to be less subject to this
malady than most other foreigners, are apjiareutly
only tolerable in this respect, under specially favor-
able condition.s.

The increased popoular demand for this fruit has
apparently drawn into public notice several novel-
ties; some of foreign origin, and others of at least
partial native parentage; nearly all of which, how-
ever, have yet to establish a rejmtation.

SEKVICK liKHKV.

This has been known, in portions of the North
ern States, since their early settlement, as a tall
bush, or small tree, under the name Juneberry ;
Ijlooming very early, and fruiting sparsely. More
recently, a dwarf variety, with larger and more
abundant fruit, has been introduced to cultivation;
and yet, more recently, a variety of this, named
" Success," and claiming still greater productive-
ness, has l)een introduced to planters. Yet another
has still more recently been advertised under the
name, " Mammoth," claiming superiority in some
undefined particulars. These alleged improved
varieties can scarcely yet be said to have passed the
experimental stage. Plantings have, so far, been
generally of limited extent. The fruit, which
ripens somewhat in succession, proves so specially
attractive to the birds, that its value, when planted
more extensively, can scarcely be said to be yet
determined.

If we may judge from cuts, published in certain
quartet's, advantage has apparently been taken of
its similarity, in its dwarf form, to the whortleberry,
to palm it off upon the ignorant and unwary, as a

variety of that very intractible fruit, but amenable
to artiticial culture.

WJIOKTLEI5EEUY oil IIUCKJ.EIIEKKY.

None of the species — Varchiiiiin — seem to have,
thus far, been successfully subjected to either gar-
den or field culture; although occasional alleged
.successes are reported. Apparently the most i)rom-
ising s])ecies, for such i)urpoHe, is the swamp blue-
berry, (yacciuinm coi-yinbosinn). Success has been
reported, (we think from New Hampshire), with
one of the others, (probably r. cunadeunifs), in Held
culture, by burning over the grounds to destroy
other growths; and thus securing a cro[) of this
fruit, after a subse(|uent growth of one year.

I'uMMEUCI.VL INFLUENCES.

We indulge in the consideration of this branch
of the subject somewhat at large, since the [jartic-
ulars treated apply ecjually to fruit culture in its
several branches.

The growth of commercial fruit culture, conse-
(juent upon the increased demand for fruits, in our
cities and larger towns, together with an increased
demand from abroad, has had the effect to bring
into its ranks a class of persons with no si)ecia!
liking for either pomology or horticulture, and who
regard strictly the profifableness of the venture;
and that, but too fre(piently, with a narrow refer-
ence to immediate rather than ultimate results.

It is also true that very many if not a majority
of commercial planters come from the agricultural
rank.s, l)ringing with them the too common failing
of drawing uj)on the soil l)nt failing to make ade-
(juate returns, and between this and the .slight and
diffusive cultivation so common among average
farmers, degrading the character of their products,
and, between such practices and the kindred one of
rough handling and not unfrequently even dis-
honest packing, coujiled with a choice of varietii^s
of little value beyond that of productiveness and
attractive ap|)earance, so demeaning the apprecia-'
tiou of consumers that fruits come to be far too
generally banished from our tables and consigned
to the kitchen to rank with [)otatoes and other
vegetables.

Not only is this tar nearer the truth than it
should be, so far as city markets are concerned, but
even farm orchards are but too froi(Uently made up

RESULTS OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS WITH SMALL FRUIT.

121

of a similar class of varietii^w with similar effect
upon the cousumiitiou of fruit ))y the family. So
far, indeed, has this jirocoss of subjecting (|uality
to mere appearance been already carried that,
ai)parently, there is danger that many of our
superior uarieties will be shelved and i>erha[)s ulti-
mately even exterminateil, with nothing of e([uiva
lent value or character to re[)laco them.

With the modern growth of fruit culture and
the nursery business, a system of agencies for the
sale of trees and plants has been developed, doubt-
less with many good results. Meanwhile, yet
another class of " agents " has sprung up, repre-
senting only themselves, and dealing in Tree
Strawberries, Blue Koses, Plum Gra[)es, and vari-
ous other impossible though '"taking" products
which betray the imposture only after the "agent''
has passed well beyond reach.

Yet another outgrowth of modern pomology is
the origination and introduction of novelties as a
commercial or money making business. Legitimate
and highly important as such pursuit un(|uestion
ably is, along with it have grown up practices by
no means unobjectionable. Among such we may
mention the too common practice of foisting com-
paratively or even notably valuable novelties upon
the public under names calculated to convey
unwarrantable ideas respecting their characteristics
or value, and in so doing, while [)erchauce securing
increase of sales, misleading and disappointing
purchasers and planters.

With the purpose to purify and elevate its
nomenclature as a science, a purpose to which
doubtless the Society should aspire, it years since
expressed its purpose resjiecting this whole matter
in a series of Kules of Pomology, in which it
placed its ban upon the use of "long, inappropriate,
or otherwise objectionable names," and j)rohibited
the use of such in its discussions and reports.
Subsequently, by resolution, it was determined
that in case objection is made to the name of a
fruit proposed for discussion, such name shall be
tirst considered and determined by reference to a
committee or otherwise.

That this action of the Society was wise and
judicious is evinced by the circumstance that it
may be supposed to have prompted similar action
respecting the nomenclature of vegetables, while

manifest indications exist of a tendency to apply a
similar simplifying process to the somewhat cum-
lirous noiueuclature of botany and entomology.

mscfssioN.

Mk. Saui,; I have grown nearly all kinds of cur-
rants but I havtf yet to find any that will ecjual or
exceed in value the true " lied Dutch " — Not all
the currants grown or sold as dutch are ]>y any
means the (rue Itod Dutch, which makes the richest
jelly of any currant grown. The Red Dutch cur-
rant is also the most productive according to all my
experience.

Mu. Lyons: I can very fully endorse Mr. Saul's
conclusions in regard to the Ked Dutch. There is
only one which 1 would place beyond it as to (quality,
and that is the. White Dutch. These two are among
the oldest and best vavieties I have had occasion to
test.

Mk. Stuono: 1 would like to have Mr. Lyons ex-
plain his allusion to the Golden (iueen raspberry
which is very prominent with us in Massachusetts.
Mr. Lyons alluded to this name as an advertising
dodge, a little iusmuation that I would like to have
him exi)laiu.

Mu. Lyons: I will explain very cheerfully. It is
one of the rules of the Society that no inappro-
priate or fancy name shall be used to catch the
unwary. There was no necessity for putting the
word "(jueen" in as part of the name. The name
"Golden t^ueen " is one of those names which are
very liable to be picked up by men who have some-
thing worthless to present. I did not mean to
express any idea that the Golden Queen, as we now
have it, is not a valuable berry — an excellent one;
in fact 1 think I said that it was, and I wish still to
emphasize the fact that I consider it a very valua-
ble berry — the very Ijost of all the yellows I know
except the Brinkle, which, as we all know, we can
do hardly anything with; and secondly I am well
disfjosed to put it well up in the list.

Mk. Marble : I have tried the Golden Queen and
am satisfied it is very i)rolitic, but it is too soft for
a market berry. For a garden berry — a home
berry — I do not think there is anything ahead of it,
it is so prolific. It is like the Guthbert in size.

Mb. Barky ; I would like to say a word about the
names of the new fruits. The American Pomolog-

122

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

ical vSociety has done a great work in the past by
reducint; the number of varieties and trradins; the
nomenclature of different kinds. We live now in
the different parts of the country, and are greatly
indebted to the Society for the work it has done in
that way. But nowadays new fruits are being
introduced, and this Society vei-y properly adopted
a resolution to the effect that parties having new
fruits should endeavor to give them appropriate
names and in that way make a variety popular.
There are two ways of rendering varieties popular
in this country to-day, and one of them is in giving
them popular names. This seems to be almost a
necessity. This is the reason why some dissemi-
nators have given to fruits the names which they
now bear, yet the names I refer to are in direct
opposition to the wishes of this Society. Now you
can see the difficulty the disseminator labors under.
If we were to give the new fruits an ordinary name,
it prol)ably would not have any sale at all. He is
almost obliged to give it an attractive name in
order to got the attention of the public. It is un-
fortunate that this is the case, for really the names
attached to some of the fruits to day, are, to say
the least, very inappropriate, and members of this
organization who desire to comjily with the ex-
pressed wishes of this Society, certainly are not
doing what the Society wishes to have done in this
respect. Praise them as highly as their merits will
justify, describe them as attractively as possible,
but to give them names which we will not be
ashamed of. The Pre.sident in his address very
appropriately referred to the names adopted in Cal-
ifornia to designate fruits that I believe have been
known here for a period of years under certain
other well recognized names. These names appear
upon the goods as they are sold in our market
to day, and are very confusing. Now I do not
know to what extreme this has been carried, and I
may be wrong, and these fruits to which I see these
fancy names attached may be entirely new fruits
for aught I know; but I object as this Society does,
to these peculiar names being attached to fruits,
because they are confusing, and this Society has
for years been at work to avoid this very confusion,
and to put an end to it. The younger men are
coming forward, and the older members of this
Society are fast leaving us. They have done a noble

work, a work lasting long after they have them-
selves disappeared. But the younger members who
are now joining our ranks and who are bringing in
these new fruits, are so numerous (and these fruits
themselves are very uumerons) — these younger
members I say, can do a grand work by giving ap-
propriate names to the varieties they introduce.
Moreover, we must endeavor to avoid having dupli-
cate names, that is, giving to the new variety a
name which is borne by an old variety. It is very
easy to create a great deal of confusion in this way,
and a great deal of time has been spent in the
work of properly naming our fruits. Let us strive
in the future not to make mistakes of this kind,
which will have to be corrected sooner or later by
somebody.

Mr. B. G. Smith; With regard to the English
gooseberry, it is maintained in Massachusetts that
it is almost useless to cultivate it, but I think that
if it is given the proper location and treatment it
can be grown successfully. I have imported lifteon
varieties this year. My old plants were somewhat
too venerable. I am careful not to plant the new
one.s where they get the mid-day sun, and they
ripen perfectly and in great abundance, and have
done so for fifteen years. It is well known to
some who are here, that I have been a rather suc-
cessful exhibitor in the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural Society with the English gooseberry. If
my friends tell mo I cannot do a thing, I am very
much inclined to begin the next morning and try
to do it.

Mp. Campbell: Do you mulch them?

Mn. Smith: No. I cultivate only a small area.
I had a whole acre subsoiled about two feet some
years ago, and the lield stones taken out were used
for a blind drain. I knew that the English climate
was somewhat different from our own, but I tried
to give to all the kind of location they have in
England, and I think that is about the whole of
it. I fertilized abundantly, and have always used
the excrements of the cow for manure, and have
done no mulching and have given them no extra
attention, but I have succeeded for fifteen yeai's,
took the first prize thirteen years, and have had no
difficulty.

1\Ik. Manning : I am aware of Mr. Smith's success
in raising gooseberries. I was on the committee

NOVELTIES IN lH)M()LOr,Y.

123

many years, and he never failed to appear from
year to year and carry off the prizes.

Mb. Saul: I have no doubt that the English
gooseberry can be grown very successfully in Mas-
sachusetts. I have seen many plants do infinitely
better there than we can make them do here in the
District of Columbia where the climate is different
altogether. We cannot grow them here. The
climate will not admit of it. It is a matter of
climate and nothing else.

Mr. Hmitii; I will devote a few minutes to the
blueberry. Some twenty years ago I thought I
would like to cultivate the blueberry in my garden,
and I was told by ex-President Breck (a distin-
guished botanist and nurseryman) that I might as
well try to tame a North American Indian as the
wild blueberry. .\ few days afterward I visited
the Botanical Garden in Cambridge, and observed
a Inish which was there as a botanical specimen
and labelled, and I went home and concluded that
if they could grow it there I could grow it in my
garden, and I planted the seed and have succeeded
admirably for years, and have had al)undance of
blueberries in my own grounds.

Novelties in Pomology.

BY H. E. VAN DEMAN, WASHINGTON D. C.

Mr. Pre.siilent:

The following notes are leased upon information
received at my office direct from those who have
grown the fruits described and in many cases from
the originators of the varieties.

Lnenv. . From Lacon, Illinois. An apple of
yellowish color, very hardj' and keeps well.

Peffcr. A variety originated by Mr. George P.
Peffer, of Pewaukoe, Wisconsin. This is also a
hardy winter apple of good quality.

Windsor. Originated by Mr. J. C. Plumb, of
Milton, Wisconsin. Very hardy in size, reddish in
color and of good quality.

Garfield. Originated in Illinois, but just whore
is not exactly known. A very handsome, large red
striped apple, something near the size and shape of
Ben Davis, and if it proves hardy in the north as
it is in Northern Illinois, where it has already been

grown to a considerable extent, it will undoubtedly
bo worth an extended trial.

Paragon. . This is the true name of that variety
which originated in Tennessee, and having been
transferred to Arkansas was taken to the New
Orleans Exposition and re named Mammoth Black-
twig. This is simply an improvement upon Wine-
sap, being larger, very much of the quality, perhaps,
not quite so good, but certainly a very desirable
apple.

Arkanans Blacl: This is also nuich like Wine-
sap, but larger and extremely dark red in color, and
very handsome; good keeper.

Hatlcij. A variety originated at Latham, Arkan
sas. A fall apple of very superior quality, red in
color, and of medium size.

KiV/.s. Originated by William Hill of Oden, Ill-
inois. This seems to be of the Ben Davis type
and is about the same in size and general appear-
ance, but is, I think, better in quality than that
variety. The tree is said to be fully equal to Ben
Davis, and it certainly is worthy of trial in the
Central States as a mai'ket api)le.

Hennepin. Originated at Lacon, Illinois, by A.
H. Gaston. It is an apple which Mr. Gaston con-
tends is one of the coming market apples. This is
also as yet very little known.

Morrrn. Originated in the vicinity of New Cas-
tle, Delaware, and introdued by Dr. J. J. Black- it
is a small dessert winter apple, something the size
and shape of Lady, but is very much more bril-
liantly colored, being an exceedingly brilliant scar-
let.

Jnclxon. Originated liy Thomas Jackson of
Wyoming, Delaware. It is a very late keeper, not
attractive in color, but of a dull, brownish red, and
of very good quality.

BrinJiie;/. Another apple that may perhaps have
originated on the Delaware peninsula. Medium
size and of very good quality; a very late keeper.

Smiley. Originated in the vicinity of Hugo, Mis-
souri, and brought to my notice by F. Lionberfrer.
It is a fall apple of very superior quality for des-
sert purposes, somewhat like JefFeris, although I
think not qnite so attractive in appearance.

McMnhon. This has been brought to notice by
Mr. A. L. Hatch of Attica, Wisconsin. It is a large
apple, ripe at this time, and which you may .see in

124

MtSCELLANEOUS TAPERS.

the Exbibition Hall, making the most beautiful
show of any apple there, being about the color of
Maiden's Blush — a beautiful yellow, with a bright
cheek, and of large size and good quality. It is
said to be very hardy, and the people in the North
will do well to give it a fair trial.

Sfini^evK. This has been brought to notice by Mr.
O. L. Watrous of Des Moines, Iowa. It is an apple
which I should like to have Mr. Watrous mention
in particular.

Mr. Watrous: This is an old sort; has been in
cultivation, just near DesMoines, for twenly years
]iast. It is thought very highly of there. It is not
widely disseminated, but is valuable there locally,
and how much further we do not know, because it
has not been disseminated. It is a long-keeping
winter a]i]ile; fine growing tree; of good quality,
and sells well in market.

Whinnery. This has been brought to my notice
by George J. Streator of Garrettsville, Ohio. I do
not know its origin, but sup]iose it is one of the
local apples there. It is of very good quality,
bright red in color, well worthy of trial.

PKARS.

Philopena. This originated from a seed planted
by Reuben Ragan of Indiana, and is a fall pear of
very excellent quality.

Krull. This has been brought to my notice by
Mr. C. T. Mallinckrodt of St. Charles, Missouri. In
size and shape it is very much like Lawrence. Also
a very late keeper. It seems to be a jiear of very
much better quality than Lawrence. I have had it
three different years.

(ia)iK. This is an entirely new pear. A gentle-
man living in the neighljorhood where it originated
says :

"In 1871 Mr. Joseph Gans found it in a woods
near his farm, which is near Cheviot, Ohio, in Ham-
ilton County. He removed the original tree from the
woods to his own farm. When it began to bear the
fruit was found to be very desirable, and Mr. Jack-
son, a nurseryman, showed it at the Cincinnati Hor-
ticultural Society, where it was named Gans. The
old tree is six or seven inches in diameter at this
time, and twenty-five feet in height, of a conical
shape. The twigs are heavy and upright in liabit.
The present owner, a Mr. Harder, says that he sold

five barrels from this tree this year ( 1891 ) at 12.20
l)er barrel, in Cincinnati, when Bartletts were sell-
ing at 11.50."

It certainly is a pear of most excellent quality,
ripening about with Bartlett, and a beautiful yellow
when fully ripe.

Lincoln. This has been brought to notice by W.
E. Jones of Lincoln, Illinois, and there are speci-
mens here on the table now, exhibited by Mr. Jones.
It is of very good quality, and I think well worthy

of a trial.

noAciiEs.

John Haas. Specimens from Charles Wright
of Seaford, Delaware. As that is all on record
here, I presume it will be unnecessary to say more
about it.

Cliiniijiion. Let me here say there are two
Champions, one in Michigan of inferior quality.
The one I here mention is from Mr. I. G. Hubbard
of Nokomis, Illinois. It is a very large, fine Poach
and well worthy of trial.

Gold Dust. Originated in Kansas City, Mis-
souri. Has been grown so far as I know only at
Olden, Missouri. There they have a number of
acres of it in liearing this year. It is a deep yellow
cling, with abundant red to make it attractive, and
is an excellent shipper, and superior in quality.
It is of medium size.

Olden. This originated at Olden, Missouri, and
is grown there on the Olden Fruit Farm only. It
is a large white free stone, rijiens a little after
Crawford's Late, and of very highest quality, and
large in size.

Orange Snioek. By J. W. Kerr of I)enton,
Maryland. Ripening with Smock, and a very
good quality as a market peach.

Chair'x Clioiee. This is now on exhiliition here.
It is a large yellow peach, very desirable for mar-
ket, ripening after Crawford's Late, and well
worthy of trial. I know there are gentlemen here
who have it ))earing.

Croxby. By J. H. Hale, of South Glastonbury,
Connecticut. It is a yellow freestone jieacli, of
very good <|uality, beautifully colored, lieing striped
something bke the Columbia, and it is certainly one
of the most attractive you will find.

NOVELTIES IN POMOLOGY.

125

Tiir. I'l.UM.

tiotav. This is of medinm sizp, that is, among
Japanese plums, being fully as large as the larger
of onr common cultiyatpil plums, (Pniiiiis domcs-
tica). Heart shai)ed, of very good quality and I
think will be hardy over a large part of the coun
try. I have received specimens for several years
from Connecticut, so that I knovy that it is hardy
in that part of the country. Of a greenish red
color.

Oyoii. Is medinm in size, round in shape, clear
yellow in color, and seems to be quite hardy, it
having produced fruit and endured the winters
for ii number of years past, as far north as Connec-
ticut.

Kelse}/. Certainly this is not new to any of you,
I suppose, but the Kelsey is one of the very largest
of the Japanese plums.

It sometimes reaches a diameter of fully three
inches. It is truly heart shaped, is a cling stone
and the stone is very small, having a cavity in
nearly all cases partly around the stone. It is of
very good quality when fully ripe, very firm in flesh,
making an excellent shipper. Now the Kelsey, I
have repeatedly stated in public, has proven tender
in the north. How far north it may yet be found
to succeed is a problem, l)ut the true Kelsey, even
at Baltimore, has proven tender at times, and has
winter-killed nearly to the ground. I saw it in the
grounds of J. T. Lovett, at Little Silver, New Jer-
sey, and the trees were damaged there. I saw it
badly damaged at Denison, Texas, and I am ready
to state here that I believe at this time that it is
scarcely more hardy than the hardier varieties of
the fig. I hope I may be mistaken.

I hope my opinion about this will change. It is
a well known fact that trees will prove tender when
young, and get hardy as they get older. I know if
Mr. Lovett was here he would bear me out in saying
that his trees in the nursery rows were very badly
damaged. Of course that occurs with other fruits
sometimes.

BiirbanJy. This, in my opinion is the best Japa-
nese plum for general cultivation that I have yet
seen. It was first imported by Luther Ijurbank of
Santa Rosa, California. This year I got specimens
from Mr. S. D. Willard of Geneva, New York, that

he had grown at his place, so you see it has proven
11

hardy there. It is medium in size, nearly round,
being slightly heart-shaped, of a most beautiful yel-
low color, nearly colored with scarlet and carmine
making it very attractive.

The Pkesident. 1 fruited Burbank three years
ago. I have had this year magnificent spexiimons
of it. I have had it three years in fruit, ripens !)e-
fore Kelsey.

Mr. Van Deman: CIi/duiii. This originated in
California. It belongs to the Domesii.fti type. It
is of medium size, of a bluish purple color, and
differs from the common varieties of Pnitiiii^ ilami's-
lica, princijially in its ej^treme earliness.

(Jolden Prune. This is very much like Yellow
Egg, originated in Oregon, and I think it distinct
from any of the other plums that are growing there.

Mii. Ueek: I did not hear the Abundance men-
tioned. I would like to ask if it is the same as the
Botan ? I am led to believe it is by seeing the two —
is it the same plum ?

Mr. Van Deman: I think so; and in conversation
with Mr. Lovett, at this meeting, he acknowledges
the same thing.

Mr. Wright: Did you mention Satsuma!

The President: I have fruited that for three years.
It belongs to the red flesh class of plum. It is aii
entirely distinct type.

Mr. Van Deman: Safsuma is as hardy as Botan,
and I think as hardy as Burbank. It is of large
size, being sometimes nearly two inches in diameter,
and nearly round in shape; sometimes heart-shaped.
The stone is very small and the quality excellent,
and it is just as the President has said. It is as red
inside as the reddest cherry you ever saw, clear to
the stone.

Mr. Hale: It grows well in Connecticut, and has
fruited there for the past two seasons. I could have
brought specimens, but I supposed you all knew
about them here. I had specimens picked on the
13th of September, and it seems to me that it is
going to be a hardy variety there and productive,
and, as the Professor says, it is of most excellent
quality. It cuts like a beet — splid flesh.

Mr. Van Deman: Beginning with Missouri, all
the Mississippi Valley, as far north as the Dako-
tas, is filled along the streams with varieties of
Priiims Americana, many of them of very supe-
rior quality. There are thousands of them, dif-

126

Miscellaneous papeks.

fering, some of them very slightly, and many of
them well worthy of cultivation. I might notice
among these some that have proved themselves
worthy, at least, of general trial. The Charles
Downing is one. The Hawkeye, which I think is
one of the largest and very best, and has less bitter
skin than almost any that I have tried.

In my work-shop we cook these difFerent jilnms
and try them, and see how they compare with each
other. The Cheney, Ludloff, (iaylord and Roll
ingstone; the LeDiic, a little plnm but very niie;
Kopp and Rockford, the latter one of the very best
of them, and has been, by the Iowa State Horti
cnltural Society, or by the Fairs at least, awarded
preminms, and is one of the very best of these spe-
cies. In Texas and Indian Territory there are
entirely difFerent species of the wild plnm, and we
may as well say that there is so much confusion as
to the true names of the different species of this
genus that as yet it is hardly safe to venture upon
a name. I will simply give the name of one that
has originated in that region, which Mr. T. V. Mun
son of Denison, Texas,. claims belongs to the species
Prunns Umbellata, as Wayland. This is certainly
a very line plum; large for a wild plum and brilliant
red in color, and very excellent in ((uality.

THE liRAPK.

Delawba. From Dr. L. C. Chisholm of Sjiring
Hill, Tennesse. These are Mr. Chisholm's words:

" A seedling of Delaware and ('atawba. Cluster
moderately compact, cylindrical, tapcu-iiig slightly,
very slightly shouldered. Is like a Catawba that
ripens immediately after Delaware. Color, brown-
ish amber, with light lilac bloom. Skin quite
tough."

We have examined specimens in the otiice, and I
think this is really a red grape of some ]n'omise, and
is certainly worthy of trial. He has combined the
words Catawba and Delatcare, and made it, as you
see, Delmvba. Regarding the next two, I object to
the names; but I will give them just as they are,
and we can perhaps prevail upon the introducer to
change them. But they are of such worth that I
think we ought to give them a trial. The first is
Magnificent, originated by A. F. Rico of Griswokl-
ville, Georgia. The color is dark red, with pur-
plish bloom; of the highest «|uality. The next is

Superb, by the same originator. It is a very good
black grape; of high (juality and well worthy of

trial.

STBAWIJERRV.

Dr. Mnrere. Imported from Orleans, France, by
Jules Fonta, New Orleans, La. Received from him
early in March, IS'II. A large, long conical, rather
light colored berry of high llavor, but too soft for
long shipment.

SIrickldiid (Pistillate). A berry grown to a con-
siderable extent in Tangipahoe Parish, Louisiana.
Highly prized there for market.

Salter. An earlier berry than Strickland, origi-
nating in same locality; more subject to rust than
the [jreceding.

Alice. Received from F. B. Hancock, Casky, Ky.,
May IS, 1<S9I. A very large, conical, light colored
berry, of only medium (piality.

M'eKtbronk (Pistillate). Originating in North
Carolina, and sent out two years ago, is not a sue
cess at Norfolk, where it has been tested to a con-
siderable extent.

Craicford ( Pistillate). Is a handsome, broad,
conical berry, with some gloss and a]^parently a
good ship]ier.

jA-high (Pistillate). Received from W. B. K.
Johnson, Allentown, Pa. Is identical with Cres.
cent in form, size, color and flavor, but is claimed
to be five to seven days later in blooming and in
ripening irxiii.

Banquet. Siistaius the ojiinion expressed in the
Report of Dejiartment for IS'.M), except that it is
more irregular in form than the previous season.

This Banquet is the best strawberry that I have
eaten in the last three years. I do not except any
of the old standards. It is claimed to be- a cross
between the Miner's Prolific and the wild straw-
berry, originating at Mountainville, New York, and
is certainly of most superior excellence for table
purposes, ships remarkably well, is very dark col-
ored, and stands the sun first rate so far as we know.
In size it is medium.

Enhance. Received from Henry Young, Ada,
Ohio. Is exceedingly tine and of good color ; rather
sharp acid till fully ripe, and in the early ripening
specimens exceedingly rough, being furrowed from
calyx to apex with dee[i channels. Late specimens
are smoother and very satisfactory as a marltet berry

NOVELTIES IN rOMOLOCiY.

Perfeclioa. From MiHsouri. lleseinbles Ealiauce,
but is uot o([nal to it iu (juality.

Fairmounl. lleceived from Oakley Apgar, t!ali
foil, N. J. Is a promi.siof;-, medium sized, regular,
long conical berry; bright crimsou with lirm tiesh,
and of fair (juality. Is promising for market.

. Farnswurtk. Is of excoUeut ([uality, and as grown
by Mr. Green, at llochester, is projluctivo. It is
too soft for sliipmeut.

Van Dcmaii (Bisexual). Early; regular iu form
and good (juality.

Australian Crimson. Imported from Australia,
and grown in Los Angeles County, California. Is
highly prized there as a berry for long distance
shipment. Has uot yet been fruited east of the
Eockies. Plants have been procured for testing at
two or three experiment stations.

1U)0SEBE1!U1KS.

Slrubler. Phil Strubler, Naperville, Illinois. A
number of these have been received and examined;
fully one half show no evidence of English parent-
age, and extend from early to late.

Beiniet's Eureka, Cedar Hill and Oreijon Chaiti-
pioii, from Oregon and Washington, are evidently
English. They succeed iu the climate of Wash-
ington.

PuijaUup Maiiiiiiuth. Origin, Washington.

Randolph. " Missouri.

Triniiipti. " Pennsylvania.

Are identical in fruit and are all of the English
type.

KELl ll.\sl'l!HitKlKS.

Ruijul Church. From Koyal Church, Harrison-
ville, Ohio. Is large, of fair flavor and very pro-
ductive, but soft. Apparently more productive
than Cuthbert. Mid- season.

Hiram. Received from W. J. Bradt, North Han-
nibal, N. Y. Very large, sharp conical, core large
and rough; not so fii'm as Cuthbert, but a fair ship-
per; rather sharp acid. Shows traces of Antwerp
pai-entage.

Perfection. Originated by F. W. Loudon, Janes-
ville. Wis. Large, good color and productive; of
good flavor, but also softer than Cuthbert.

BLACK RASPBERRIES.

Kansas. By A. H. Griesa. Is larger than Gregg,
as received from Kansas and Michigan, and of good

ipiality. The bush is exceedingly thorny. Earlier

than Gregg.

I'EUAN. — ( Uicoria Pcrmi.)

The following is a list of some of the valuable
varieties: Biediger's Early (iianl, Idlewild, Stuart,
Van Deman, Gulf Coast, Barrou, Lyles, Wilson,
Turkey Egg, Ribera, Repton, Georgia Melon,
Favorite, Helen Harcourt, Black Jack, Longfel-
lov7, Petite.

CHESTNUT.

Botanists are divided as to whether the Japanese,
the European and the American chestnuts are differ-
ent species, or only different varieties of the same
species. While they are settling this (question
between thorn, pomologists want distinct names
whereby to readily designate such of these nuts as
may enter into cultivation. For purposes of cul-
ture, and for the fruit, it will be conceded there is
marked difference. The European chestnut stands
first in ])oint of time and in amount among cultiva-
ted chestnuts, and is entitled to be classed No. 1, for
purposes of cultivation. It affords a tree medium
in size, l)etween the tall American and the dwarfish
chestnut from Japan. Its fruit is also medimn in
size, between the very large nut from Japan and
the ordinary American nut.

In the 2d class for poiuological purposes, we place
the American Sweet Chestnut ; and designate as the

8d class, the Japanese Chestnut.

4th class, the Chincapin.

It would seem that the names might stand, in
point of history, in point of meaning of words, and
in point of fact:

American Sweet Chestnut, Castanea Americana.

European Chestnut, C. Sativa.

Japanese Chestnut, C. Jupuuica.

Chincapin, C. puniila.

CHE.STNUT.

Castanea vesca.

'Kidgely."

Original tree
is on the farm
of Mr. Edward
Ridgley at Dov-
er, Delaware. In
1822 was Bent as
a sprouted nut
to his father
by Mr. Dupont,
of Wilmington,
Del.

DESCRIPTION.

Is of the European
uhestnut type and prob-
ably of similar parent-
age as the Paiagon ;
from the old gardens of
Philadelphia.

128

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

CHESTNUT.

Castanea vesca. — {Continued)

CHINCAPIN.

Castanea piimila.

NAME.

OKIGIN.

DESOKIPTION.

" Paragon."
" Numbo."'

A nut from one of the
old gardens near Ph la-
delphia was given to
Mr. W. L. SchaiTer,
Pres. of Girard Bank.
Mr. S. planted it, and
when in truiting,deenied
its quality superior to
the ordinary Spanish
chestnut, and at the
request of Mr. Thomas
Meehan grafts were
sent to Mr. H. M.Engle,
of Marietta, Pennsylva-
nia, who introduced it.

Is not an original im-
ported tree nor has it
any Japanese " blood "
in it. It is a seedling
from the European
Chestnut, trees of Vi-hich
had fruited in this coun-
try. Its name is a con-
traction of Maij-nam
Bo-nniii.

CHESTNUT.

Of Japanese Origin.

"EarlyProliBc."

"Advance."

" Early

Reliance."

"Success."
"Japan Giant."

ORIGIN.

Is a selected
Japanese Seed-
ling.

A seedling of
Japan Giant

A seedling of
Japan Giant.

A seedling of
Japan Giant.

DESCRIPTION.

Are very similar in
growth, making an up-
right and at the same
time s]ireading growth.
The Early Reliance,
however, is more dwarf
than the others, making
a close, compact head,
and is said to be enor-
mously produi tive.

CHESTNUT.

Castanea Aiiwrwaiia.

"t lark's Early."
" Broadbent."
" Ligo."
" Watson."

I

(ORIGIN.

Far.Lawrence
Co , Penn.

DESCKIPTION.

A large, early and pro-
ductive variety.

"A productive nut of
large size."

"Of superior quality
and productive."

"A quite large nut
from young tree."

The above shows the disposition now prevalent to
(hvido the chestnut according to varietal Jiffer^noe, and
the application of names.

NAME.

ORIGIN.

DESCRIPTION.

Otto.

Otto, Tenn.

•

"Tree 7 9-12 ft. cir-
cumference 2 ft. above
ground." Nuts '« in.
broad, and generally
produced more than one
in burr.

This and many similiar Chinoapins from various sec-
tions differ pomologically, at leAst, from the ordinary
Chincapin Castanea pamUa as much as from the
chestnut, Casta^tea Americana.

The claim of hybritlity is not proven, but on the con-
trary the facts seem strongest for making these a sep-
erate species.

PERSIAN WALNUT.

Juglans Rcgia.

Owing to the fact that the great bulk of Persian wal-
nuts grown are i)ropagated direct from seedling nuts and
that the variations thus obtained are quite beyond the
control of the propagator, it seems almost a hopeless task
to designate by varietal names. Yet such names obtain
in regions of large plantings, and within the bounds of
careful selection, aided by some grafting and budding,
there is something even in the name of a Persian walnut.

Mr. Peli.x Gillet, of Nevada City, names fourteen vari-
eties as selections he has made for propagation.

" Mayette."
" Franquette "

"Parisenne "

"Cluster."
"Chabert."
Proeparturiens,
"Mission."

'Grand

Noblesse."

'Imi)ioved
Soft Shell."

Are among
those selected
and propagat-
ed by Pelix
"Gillet, Nevada
City, Califor
nia.

DESCRIPTION.

Sent by L. Li.
Bequette, Riv-
era, Cal.

Propagated by
Geo. W. Ford,
Santa Ana, Cal.

One of fine dessert
nuts;" above medium;
sweet.

Named after its orig-
inator early in this cen-
tury; blooms late in
jspring.

Large; excellent ;
jstarts growth late in
spring.

Produces in clusters
of 8 to 15.

Late starting in
spring.

A popular variety that
bears early.

The old Los Angeles
nut; by sorue called
hard-shell and by others
medium.

A very fine nut.

The following are also among the named varieties in
California: "Santa Barbara Soft-shell," " Papatino,"
" French," " Mesange," " Gant," " Barthere," " Meylan,"
" Vonrey,", " Vilmourin," " Weeping," etc.

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

Report of the General Fruit Committee.
To the Preiiident and Members of tlie American

Pomoloyical Society :

Gentlemen: la presenting his report the chair
man begs to surrender to the states all the space
available, rather than occu|iy it with remarks of his
own. He has been compelled to cut out much
valuable matter which would have been printed
had space permitted.

Respectfully submitted,

C L. Watkous, Chairman.

Arizona.

Reported by Wm. A. Hancock, Phoenix, Chair-
man of the State Fruit Committee.

P^ruit growing as a business in Arizona is of
recent date, and yet in the Salt River Valley it is
fast becoming the leading business. The fabulous
profits realized from the j^i'oduction of the Citnxs
and other Tropical fruits in Southern California and
similarity of our soil and climate have stimulated
the planting of large orchards and vineyards within
the last live years. There are now in the Salt
River Valley about four hundred acres in orange
trees and all are doing well. A few trees that were
planted ten years ago are bearing and produce
a seedling of excellent quality. One orchard of
twenty acres planted two years ago with trees two
years from the bud, is now in full liearing, many
trees having one hundered and Hfty oranges.

In no place have I seen orange trees make a bet-
ter or more healthy growth than here. A few lemon
trees have been planted, and their vigorous growth
indicates that they can be raised here successfully.

Figs, both white and brown, are produced in great
perfection. The White Adriatic is very vigorous
and fruitful.

Grapes are produced with great success in many
varieties. Wine and raisin grapes are profitable
productions, and the varieties for table use grow
in great perfection. Pomegranates seem to find
their natural home here and are very large and
prolific.

Peaches were among the earliest fruits planted
here, and are produced in great perfection. Straw-
berries have been raised here but a few years, but
they have proved to be very profitable, the fruit
being in the market nearly the whole year.

Apples and pears are grown successfully, some
varieties giving promise of being very profitable
when the orchards are more extensive and the trees
older. The White Winter Pearmain and Yellow
Bellflower being notably successful in all parts
of the Territory.

The Bartlett and Winter Nellis pears are also
very prolific bearers, and the fi-uit compares favor-
ably with that of other long tried fruit-growing
countries.

Whatever we produce here must be grown by
artificial irrigation, and thus far experiments have
only been made where the means of irrigation are
more easily obtainable.

My information is confined almost exclusively to
Maricopa County, as I have not succeeded in inter-
esting the people in other portions of the Territory
in furnishing information.

The Citrus belt is not supposed to extend north
or east of Pinal, Maricopa and Yuma Counties.

The list here given is furnished by the Hon. H.
R. Patrick, fruit inspector for Maricopa County.
The stars are used as in the catalogue of the
Society.

Species of fruit in the order of value of product:

Deciduous Fruits. — 1, grapes; 2, pears; 3, appri-
cots; 4, figs; 5, apples; 0, pomegranates; 7, quinces:
8, nectarines ; 9, plums; 10, prunes.

Small Fruits. — 1, strawberries; 2, blackberries;

3, mulberries.

Citrus Fruits. — 1, orange; 2, lemon; 3, tangerine.
Miscellaneous. — 1, almonds; 2, olives; 8, dates;

4, guava.

OBSTACLES TO SUCCESSFUL CULTURE.

We do not find any obstacle to the successful cul-
ture of nearly all fruits that have been tried here.
No progress has been made in the cultivation of
the cherry in this county. In the mountains of

(129)

130

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

Gila County one huudred miles east of us, I have
gathered wild cherries that were delicious wheu
fully ripe, and I believe the better varieties may be
cultivated in such localities.

CULTURE AND I'RUNING.

Oiu' methods are for the most part purely exper-
imental. It is pretty generally admitted that we
must cultivate a low, bushy tree, that the top may
protect the body and the roots from the extreme
heat of the sun. Even grajaes are kept low down
close to the ground.

I have no statistics as to the extent of cultivation.
More than 5,000 acres are in all fruits and large
tracts are being prepared for the raisiu grape and
other fruits.

Arkansas.

Reported by S. J. Mathews, Monticello; Chairman
of the State Fruit Committee.

The species of fruits successfully grown in the
State are the apple, apricot, cherry, medlar, mul-
berry, nectarine, peach, pear, pomegranite, plum,
quince, grape, blackberry, currant, gooseberry,
raspberry and strawberry.

Of the peaches, the varieties Amsden, Gov.
Garland, and several others of the extra early
ripening sorts are indistinguishable fi-om the Alex-
ander, and the varieties of grapes, Norton's Virginia
and Cynthiana, seem to be identical.

Of insects, the peach-tree borer is prevalent, and
a malady recently made its appearance which
answers in several particulars the description of
the " yellows." These are the principal obstacles
to the culture of peaches. The ciu'culio continues
to be a formidable enemy to all the smooth-skin
stone fruits except the Chickasaw family of plums.
" Fire blight " in pear and apples has not abated
much, if any. The Le Conte pear is not as exemj)t
from it as some of the older varieties. But the
Keiffer has so far proved to be blight proof. Grape
rot and mildew continues about the same as in the
past.

Thorough culture not continued so late in season
as to induce a luxuriant growth for a while before
frost is of great advantage with young trees. A
good plan is to plant in the spring, or sow broadcast
in the summer the orchard with the Southern Held

or corn pea, and plow under the vines in the eai'ly
fall and sow to rye to be also turned under the
next spring. ' This is a cheap and ra[)id means of
increasing and conserving the fertility of an
orchard.

If the laud is very poor it may be well to use
some mineral manure containing potash and phos-
phate. But the pea vines can be depended upion
for furnishing the needed nitrogen.

Trees should l)e given more distance than has
h(U'etofol'e been the practice. It will not do to
crowd them with the view to have the shade of one
protect the body of another from sun scald. They
should be given good distance — say peaches not
less than twenty-four feet and other sorts in pro-
portion— and then let them branch out within six
inches of the ground, particlarly on the south-west
sides.

There has l)een considerable orchard extension
along the lines of railroads in this state within the
last two years. Elsewh"re very little.

Colorado.

Reported by D. S. Grimes, Denver, Chairman
of the State Fruit Committee.

The condition of all classes of fruit adapted
to this elevated region of country is generally
good.

The possibilities of raising fruit, once believed
to exist only in a few favored localities has
extended over all of the state.

Owing to the large area our state covers, the
peculiar influence the mountains have on climate
in various localities, it would be impossible to
recommend a list of fi'uits for general cultivation ;
and yet, from our early pomological experience, it
is difficult to decide what varieties of the hardy
fruits will not succeed under intelligent manage-
ment.-

The influence of altitude, climate, irrigation and
cultivation axe so peculiar that Eastern pomolog-
ical experience is no advantage. New methods,
adapted to such conditions, must be used. The
excessive use of water in irrigating is practiced to a
great extent, and is injurious. By flooding the
land continuously for days causes the same eft'ect
upon vegetation as excessive rainfalls.

STATE FKUIT REPORTS.

181

Many ]ilanters of orchards have jilant-ed the trees
too closely, ten to twelve feet apart, and the error
is being discovered.

While our ranchmen, as arnle, spread thejnselves
over more land than they properly cultivate, they
are '"close communion " in frtiit tree [ilanting and
" sinch " down their orchards to the smallest possi-
ble space. In this connection we assert there are
more varieties of fruit adapted to the state than
fruit growers adapted to the business.

The twig blight, hitherto but little known in the
state, was very injurious to some orchards this
year, while others in the same neighborhood
escaped with slight injury. Orchards that were
excessively irrigated last year, were the greatest
sufferers from the blight.

Irrigation in fruit culture is a subject we have
long studied and experimented with, and we are
fully convinced that our fruit trees suffer more
from artificial wet weather than those grown in the
rain- favored states.

The benefits of water by irrigation changes when
applied to small fruits. Strawberries, raspberries
and blackberries grow " big "' fruit and lots of it,
under a liberal use of water, but they will not keep.
Strawberries can be shipjied from Southern Illinois
to Denver in good condition, while ours would
spoil in half the distance, (irapes require less
water than any other class of fruit. Ii'rigation
retards the ripening of this fruit often to the loss
of the entire crop for early frost.

Connecticut.

Reported by T. S. Gold, West Cornwall, Chaii-
man of the State Fruit Committee.

Of new native varieties of fruit the Burnham
Sweet Apple has been lately l)rought into notice.
It is a yellow apple of large size, keeping well into
the wimter and of very fine flavor. Is productive.

The Yale Strawberry had its origin here, and
proves to be a very good kite berry, firm, high flav-
ored and high colored, of fair size.

The Middlefield Strawberry also originated in
Connecticut. The seed having been planted by our
late Pomologist, Mr. V. M. Augur. It is but little
tried as yet, but from the fine appearance and
flavor of the berry much is hoi>ed for it.

The Cromwell black cap raspberry originated in
Cromwell in this state and is a worthy berry.

Of new foreign varieties of fruit, some of the Jap-
anese plums are very promising. The Ogon and
Abundance have fruited for three successive sea
sons, yielding fruit that is of fair quality and very
handsome. Their ability to withstand the attacks
of the curculio and also their resistance to rot,
which is so troublesome to ordinary plums, espe
cially commend them.

Idaho.

Reported by .Tno. H. Evans, Lewiston.

It is a difficult matter to report on the adapta
bility of fruits to either the states of Idaho or
Washington for that variety which will prol)Jibly
succeed well in one portion will probably l>e an
entii'e failure a few miles distant. I have seen
apjiles grown here on the river that would not be
recognized as the same variety grown ten miles
distant at an elevation of 2,500 feet. The area of
fruit land on Snake River is quite limited, but is
being rapidly developed and is gaining quite a rep-
utation abroad for the quality of its fruit. A ship-
ment of plums and apricots was made to Chicago a
short time since. Although farther north than
your ]ilacp we grow successfully the European vari
eties of grapes — and as yet the grape has not an
enemy in this country and other fruits lint few.

Illinois.

Reported by A. C. Hammond, Warsaw, Chairman
of the State Fruit Committee.

During the last five or six years there has been
a remarkable increase in fruit growing for commer-
cial purposes. The varieties planted are generally
those that have been well tested and known to be
adapted to the soil and climate.

The Oldenburg, Benoni, Jonathan, Grimes' Gold-
en, Ben Davis and Willow Twig are the most nop
ular apples. Pear growing has been abandond by
the majority of fruit growers on account of the
lilight. But those who have cultivated and pruned
lint little and avoided stimulating manure are now
reaping their rewards as we have had several
successive crops, and but little l^light for several
years.

m

INDIANA.

KeifFer is becoming quite jiopnlar and being
extensively planted. While not absolutely blight-
proof, it may, by proper management, be made
practically so. Although poor in quality it will
always sell on account of its good size and tine
appearance. Seckel, Tyson, Bartlett, Flemish
Beauty, and Clapp's Favorite are the popular vari-
eties. Lincoln is a promising new pear, but not
yet sufficiently tested to recommend.

A member of new apples have originated in our
State during the past few years and those appar-
ently the most valuable are being tested in the
experiment stations. Among these the Akin is
probably the best. From personal observation I
know it to l)e an apple of good size, handsome
appearance superior quality and a good keeper.

The many years of failure discoiiraged peach
growers, and orchards were generally permitted to
run down. But 1889 and 1891 gave a partial crop
in many portions of the state and the present year
a full one wherever trees were found, showing the
folly of neglecting the plant.

The plum is one of our most valuable fruits and
a number of new varieties are passsing the ordeal
of the experiment stations.

My attention has, the past season, been called to a
new gooseberry and currant that originated in Mar-
shall county. They are both remarkably prolific,
the gooseberry large, free from mildew, and of
superior quality. The currant is a vigorous grower
with large, white translucent fruit.

The chief obstacles to fruit growing are insects
and fungoid diseases. Many of our most intelligent
orchardists practice spraying as regularly as the
.season comes around, but we tind in the minds of
some a prejudice against it and it must be admit-
ted that these arsenical applications should be made
with intelligence and care, or very serious injury
may result. Recent experiments, however, prove
that they can be used in such a manner as to
destroy Codling Moth, Canker Worm and other
leaf- eating insects without serious injury, also that
the curculio, if not destroyed may be held in
check.

In regard to the efficacy of fungicides the weight
of testimony is largely in their favor, and it is alto-
gether probable that we shall be able to control
" Scabs, " and peach and ])lum rot by their use.

In the vineyard these copper sohitions have, where
properly and persistently applied, in all instances
proved a partial and in many a perfect remedy for
grape rot.

Indiana.

Reported by A. Furnas, Danville, Chairman of
the State Fruit Committee.

The two last years represent two extremes in the
fruit crops. That of 1890 was one of the poorest
for many years; that of 1S91 one of the best.
Especially is this true of peaches. Apples are very
fine in some localities, while in others the yield is
not so good.

Indiana cannot be called a good fruit growing
state. This certainly is true in the aggregate,
yet some very line results have occasionally been
had with the apples. The north portion bordering
on the lake .shore has produced some very fine
apples, but it now seems as though the south
we.stern portion in the vicinity of Bloomington,
Spencer, and Mitchel produces as fine apples as
any. A few localities directly on the Ohio river,
produce the largest apples in the State.

Some of the old varieties, once so valuable and
popular, are almost entirely rejected. Among these
may be mentioned the Yellow Bellflower, and White
Winter Pearmain. A good substitute, however, for
these is found in the Grimes' Golden.

There is little to encourage the growing of pears,
the blight being'the principal difficulty.

Plum ctilture is receiving more attention than
formerly, — the Wild Goose and Robinson are suc-
ceeding reasonably well, — the latter yielding heavy
and profitable crops where it originated — in Put-
nam County.

The grape, or many varieties of it, continues to
rot if the weather is showery just before ripening.

There is a new grape, in color and size somewhat
resembling the Ives, but of much better quality,
was originated by J. F. Coffin of Westland, Han-
cock county, and named by Mr. Coffin, Mary's
Favorite, after his wife Mary. It is said to be
exempt from rot, mildew or winter killing.

The new strawberry called "Hattie, " which
promises well, originated with Adam Jones, of
Plainfield. It has been grown .side by side with

IOWA.

133

the Crescent, aud with nimilar soil and treat-
ment, doubled its yield. Its flowers are not per-
fect, though by itself, will produce some fruit, but
when supplied with a fertilizer same as the Cres-
cent, it is immensely productive of good- sized
red berries, fair shipping quality and of superior
excellence in flavor.

Obstacles to successful fruit growing in this
State are principally the changeable weather in
the winter season; sometimes cold, with sudden
changes to warm weather, and vice versa. These
sudden changes seem to present an almost insur-
mountable difficulty to the growing of any fruit
that cannot be protected. Such changes are often
productive of incalculable mischief, not only to
the fruit buds, but also the permanent health of
trees. Apples, j)eaches, pears and cherries suffer
most from this cause. The temperature seldom
goes so low as to do mischief if it occurs gradually.
Strawberries can generally be protected against
winter's frost, but in mild winters the plants have
to be uncovered so early that a late frost does
more or less injury. The grape can also be laid
down dui-ing winter and thus carried through
safely, and sacking the bunches is a safeguard
against rot and birds.

Iowa.

Reported liy C. G. Patten, Charles City, Chair-
man of the State Fruit Committee.

Perhaps no state in the Union has entered upon
a larger experimentation with foreign and domestic
fruits, and upon the production of new varieties by
cross-fertilzation than Iowa.

A lack of adaptation in the fruits from other
sections of our country has been the general ex-
perience. And the experiments thus far would seem
to indicate that a like fate awaits the later impor-
tations from Northern Europe.

The apples will be the stepping stones for the
development of a hardier type, by cross-fertiliza-
tion, for the northern half of the State. And the
same will no doubt prove true of the Russian
pears. While it is true that they are more hardy
than any of oui- American sorts, there are none of the
pears that are worthy of general culivation. In

hardiness they stand in the order named: Gakov-
12

ska, Kurskaya, Bessemianka, and another still
more hardy — name unknown, and of no value
except for experimental work. Kurskaya is prob-
ably the most valuable of all for northern Iowa.
So large a part of the whole Russian importation
is in such confusion that no one knows that the
fruit that he has under a given name is the same
as another has of the same number or name. So that
the process of determining their identity and value
is exceedingly difficult and perplexing. R. P.
Spear, of Cedar Falls, who has had the best oppor-
tunities for judging of the value of the Russian
plums and pears, (having been State experimenter
at our Agricultural College, at Ames) recently
informed the writer that he had given up all hope
from these two kinds of fruit. But I have no
doubt that the hardiness of the pears named will
result in great benefit to the northern part of this
State, and to the colder sections of a large part of
our country.

CHERRIES,

Mr. Spear and Professor Budd concur in the opin-
ion that several of the Russian cherries are decidedly
valuable. But two years hence their comparative
merits can be better stated.

PLUMS.

Our native plums are of such promise that we
have little cause to look elsewhere. The best in
quality are probably Rockford, Wyant, De Soto and
Cheeny, in the order named, now so regarded, I
believe, by Professor Budd.

The Hawkeye, originated by H. A. Ferry, of
Crescent City, is larger than the Lombard. The
Letta, a new plum, found in Buchanan County,
is as large as the Hawkeye, and has a good deal of
promise as a market plum for culinary use. It is
being introduced by J. Wragg & Son of Waukee.

H. W. Lathrop, of Iowa City, refers me to a
seedling apple of that'^county named the Brady,
that he regards as an'aequisition. Also, one from
Traer, exhibited by D. A. Portertield. Both being
winter apples of excellent quality, he regards them
as acquisitions.

The Patten's Greening, originated by the writer
in 1870, judged by its hardiness, good and uniform
size and quality, general appearance and bearing,
stands at the head^of the list of new apples for
late fall and early winter.

131

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

Melindp, a seedling from Vermont, tested for
sixteen years in the northern counties of the State,
is the most hardy all-winter apple ever tried. Size,
medium; form, round conical, similar to Black
GiUiHower, though more enlarged toward the stem ;
green, with dark red in the sun; mild acid, almost
sweet from February through April ; a perfect
keeper, valuable for the north.

Kansas.

Reported by G. C. Brackett, Lawrence, Chair-
man of the State Fruit Committee.

In this report, no attempt will be made to add to
what has been published heretofore, but it will be
confined to circular questions Nos. 3, 7 and 8, and
in the order given.

Question No. 3. " New Native Varieties."
There are quite a number of new varieties which
have orginated in the State, especially of the
blackberry and raspberry, which give promise of
rivaling any yet introduced, in size, color and
quality, and some of the pear, peach, grape and
strawberry, but which are not sufficiently tested
outside of their locality to justify any recommenda-
tion.

Question No. 7. "Obstacles to successful Fruit
Culture." Our climate and soil, generally, are all
that can be desired. Exceptions are not more than
occur in the most favorable states. An occasional
wet season is the main climatic hindrance in which
the " Scab " quite seriously damages crops of fruit,
more especially the apple, but some years the pear
and peaches suffer from rotting.

It is believed by some of our horticulturists, who
have given attention and had some experience, that
such destructive agencies may be controlled largely
by the use of fungicides recommended by some of
the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and which
by way experimentation on a small scale have
proven successful with us.

Insects have been very damaging to the products
of the apple, peach, pear and plum. But within
the past three years the free use of London Purple
and Paris Green by methods of spraying have
largely reduced the number each year, until m
well sprayed orchards it is quite difficult to find a
specimen larvae pf the Codling Moth in the apples

or pear, or of a Plum Curculio in its chosen fruits.

The apple crop has been brought up from '25 per
cent, of a full crop of sound fruit to that of 75 per
cent, by application of insecticides in only two
seasons.

It has become a settled conviction that a spraying
machine is about as important an implement as a
plow, harrow, cultivator, etc., on a fruit farm.

London Purple has been used in the proportion
of one pound to 120 gallons of water, and by three
applications, first as soon as the blossom leaves fall,
and thereafter at intervals of one to two weeks, as
condition of weather would permit.

Paris Green, one pound to 300 gallons of water;
the first application just before the buds break
open, and second and third at intervals of a week
or ten days after the bloom has fallen. This was
used only upon pear, plum and peach trees. But
the solution was found to be too strong for the pear
foliage, or the burning may have resulted from
insufficient agitation while being used.

Statistics: The area has not so generally in-
creased during the last two years. But in a few
localities large plantations have been made. Apple
orchards of 160 acres are becoming common. The
largest in the State is that of the Fairmount
Comjiany, of Leavenworth County. The present
bearing portion contains 438 acres to which dur-
ing the last three years have been added 640
acres, and in 18U2 an additional 160 acres will be
planted.

The product of the bearing portion for 1890 was
nearly 80,000 bushels, and sold for some $59,000;
net proceeds of the crop about $45,000.

Louisiana.

Reported by E. M. Hudson, New Orleans,
Chairman State Fruit Committee.

Mr. C. L. Watrons, Chairman : 111 health has
prevented me from traveling over the State, as I
had wished, to ascertain in person what had been
accompished in the two years past, and there being
no Horticultural or Pomological Society in the
State, I am unable to procure the requisite data.
I have not been able to secure a working State
Fruit Committee this time, and any other I did
not want.

MAINE.

135

From the best information I have been able to
collect, I am satisfied that a generally greater inter-
est in fruit culture has obtained in the past two
years. A noted interest in the cultivation of the
Japanese plums, Kelsey, Botan, Ogon and Satsuma,
is broadly apparent, and a great numV)er of persons
have planted these, or some of these varities, both
for home and commercial purposes, for they are
all promising and, where tried, have been eminently
satisfactory. Also a number of persons have
planted the past spring Idaho pear trees, notwith-
standing their high price, in numbers ranging from
50 to 250 pear trees, of which the best results
seem to be hoped and expected in this climate.
The failure, in great part, of the fruit crops in 1890
and 1891 from spring frosts has rendered the visi-
ble production of Louisiana fruits of almost all
kinds very meagre; but, notwithstanding the culti-
vation and planting of most kinds of fruits suitable
to the State, is continually increasing. The effects
of the undertaking of testing all fruits at oui' two
Experimental Stations has added to the interest in
the subject generally; but these experiments, com-
menced only eighteen months since, are as yet too
recent to afford any tangible results, although much
is expected therefrom in the next two or three
years.

That the cultivation of the best fruits is extend-
ing generally and to a considerable extent yearly
in Louisiana admits, I feel warranted in saying, of
no doubt whatever.

Maine.

Reported by Samuel L. Boardman, of Augusta,
Chairman of the State Fruit Committee.

Maine is especially adapted to the growing of the
hardy varieties of the apple in great excellence,
and the revised list of the Society gives the relative
degree of excellence and profitableness of the
varieties cultivated. Our greatest success is with
the hardy winter varieties which are esteemed for
shipment. During the past six or eight years a
great export trade has grown up for our fine winter
varieties which are shipped direct to London and
Liverpool. The pear is not grown to the extent
it was a few years ago, and the varieties are more
or less injured by the blight. Plums and cherries

are raised only m limited quanties for the local
markets. Peaches are not grown; and the culture
of the grape has no importance in our pomo-
logical or horticultural work, being only grown
in a small way in garden culture as an amateur
crop. The culture of the berries is rapidly extend-
ing and our fruit growers are finding them very
profitable.

Considerable attention has been given in recent
years to the origin and dissemination of new
varieties of apples of promise, some of the most
important of which are the following:

Apples : Board nil I II. — Originated by E. H.
Piu'ington, Farmington, described and figured in
Report of Department of Agriculture for 1886,
page 27'2. An esteemed variety, in season,
December to spring; sub acid. Dudleifs Winter. —
Originated by J. W. Dudley, Castle Hill. Large;
mild, acid; perfectly hardy; a valued sort for the
cold north as it succeeds well in Aroostook County
at a point as far north as Quebec; keeps all winter.
Rolfe. — Originated in Abbott. Beautifully colored ;
tine grained, sub acid ; excellent quality, a decided
acquisition to the fruits of Maine. Is recommended
by the State Pomological Society. Russell. —
Originated by William Russell, of Farmington.
Large ; bright yellow ; fine grained ; sub- acid ;
quality best ; September ; hardy and a regular
bearer.

The greatest obstacles to the growing of choice
apples are the prevalence of the Apple Maggot
throughout the State, and the alarming increase of
the Apple " Scab." The Apple Maggot, ( Trypeta
pomonella), which alwut six or seven years ago
made its appearance in a few varieties of early
apples, has extended its terrible ravages till it is
now found in all our fall .sorts, and even the winter
varieties, are not free from it. It is making terrible
inroads upon our apples and causing almost untold
injury to the crop. The Apple Scab, (Fusicladium
dendriticum), is causing great injury to many
varieties, especially the Fameuse. Under the
direction of Professors Harvey and Munson, of the
State College Experiment Station, experiments are
being carried out on orchards in different parts of
the State with the use of insecticides and
fungicides. Our soil and climate are especially
well adapted to orchard culture.

136

STATE FRUI* REPORTS.

High manuring ; giving tlie ttees plenty of room
in the orchard; mulching in summer, and pruning
and sleeping the trees when young, with constant
care and attention to the trees.

Statistics for the year 1890 gave a total of
287,000 barrels of apples as the crop marketed.
The leading fruit growing county is Kennebec,
yielding for market 60,000 barrels, the larger part
of which are shipped to England. The amount
received for apples sold in 1890, was carefully
computed to be |04y,750.

Massachusetts.

Reported by Robert Manning, Boston, Chairman
of the State Fruit Committee.

I submit for my report the following notes on
new and newly introduced fruits.

The "Bay State" cherry was found twelve years
ago in a garden in Bay Street, Springfield, which
partly accounts for its name. The fruit was sent
to the largest growers in Geneva, Rochester and
Newburyport, to ascertain its true name, but no de-
scription of it in the books could be found, neither
could any grower give it a name. Its many good qual-
ities which at first appeared have been maintained
and those who know it, accord to it as many or
more good points than belong to many other
varieties.

Bay State. — Fruit of the largest size; deep red;
juicy, sweet and of excellent flavor. It ripens with
the May Duke. Very productive. The trees are
healthy, because their leaves are not eaten and
curled as soon as they commence growing, by the
little brown Aphis, which preys upon other sweet
cherry trees.

Mann Aj)plc bears young; tree hardy and fruit
keeps longer than the Baldwin. It resembles the
Greening, and is worthy of dissemination on
account of its late keeping qualities.

Park Apj)le is somewhat like the Baldwin or
more productive. A better keeper and promises
to be a first rate market apple.

The Walter Pease Apple. — We do not remember
of ever seeing trees in bearing. So conspicuous
for their bright colors as these — and when har-
vested it has been sent to the New York market and
sold at full prices, when the supply of other fruit

was superabundant. Fruit extra large; bright red;
mild acid and excellent quality. Ripe in Septem-
ber and may be kept until mid-winter. The most
promising new apple of its season, being in many
respects superior to the Gravenstein, which is the
standard among fall apples in Massachusetts.

Chenango. — This is a long, large, showy, bright
red apple, somewhat of the William's Favorite
class. It ripens in the unfortunate fruit selling
month of September, and, though not as good an
apple in quality as its rival, the Porter, it is, on
account of its color, more saleable.

A letter to a leading fruit grower saying, "there
has been no new and improved variety of apples
introduced for Now England in thirty years," drew
from him 'this reply. "The 'Yellow Transparent'
is an improvement upon any summer apple which
we now have, being earlier than Early Harvest,
larger and more productive." This we find to be
true in part, but it is a full month later in ripening
and stands but little chance of ever displacing the
Astrachan. It is not disposed to rot but its
juices seem to evaporate like a puff ball if left on
the tree too long and it becomes as light and use-
less as an apple of cork.

[Note. — I have not raised the Chenango (Strawberry)
apple, but as I have seen it, it is altogether too delicate
to bear transportation, and therefore of no value as a
market fruit. It is of fine quality and I should think
would be desirable in a private garden. — R. M.]

Springfield Quince. — This new variety was
brought from Europe a dozen years ago, and the
original tree has borne several crops of the finest
quality, color and size. Other Quinces may be as
good, none better, but its chief merit is its thick,
healthy foliage and growth. Its leaves go through
the hot summer months without dropping off.
The trees make as much growth as the best apple
when budded. Fruit extra large, round, smooth
and golden. Very tender when cooked. Keeps
sound until February.

Abundance Plum is quite new and promising, of
fair quality, not large. It appears to be too pro-
ductive except for skilled workmen who understand
the value of thinning.

The "North Star" Cim'ant has some points of
superiority. The j^lants are very rapid growers
and become larger bushes than any other variety.
The fruit is not quite the size of the Cherry currant,

MINNESOTA.

137

aUhough it appears to average as large ia lield cul-
ture and brings the same price in market. It is very
much more productive and of better flavor; indeed
the best of the red currants, and it may be left on
the bushes several weeks after it becomes tit for use.
The Earlij Amber Grape, after a score of years'
trial of the hundred and one varieties of grapes,
has been selected as the one best extra early grape
for family use only, and to that extent worthy of
dissemination.

Note on the Tolman Siveet Ajjple. — My atten-
tion has been called to the origin of the Tolman or
Tolman's Sweet apple, and also to the proper
orthography of the name. Mr. George Tolman,
formerly editor of the New England Farmer,
informed me that the family tradition is that it
originated in Dorchester, where the family settled
in 1635, though there are various statements as to
the precise spot, as we find to be the case when we
come to inquire into the history of other fruits.
Mr. Tolman, who has studied the geneology of the
family, says that the proper spelling is Tolman,
and not Talman, as in Downing's Fruit Trees and
the Catalogue of the American Pomological Society.
The family is of Norman origin and the name was
originally Le Toller. Toulmin is an Irish form of
the name, but it is never spelt with an a. The name
of TaUman is that of a German family and is
entirely distinct from Tolman.

Minnesota.

Reported by S. D. Hillman, Minneapolis, Chair-
man of the State Fruit Committee.

Although possessed of a soil of unsurpassed
fertility, Minnesota cannot boast of an exception-
ally favorable climate for fruit production, at least
without winter protection. It is situated in latitude
43:30" and 4'J:30° north, and longitude 89 :3y° and
97:5° west; extending 380 miles from north to south,
varying in breadth from 180 to 337 miles. It may
be said to be situated on the northernmost limit of
successful fruit culture. Indeed, the difference in
climate is so great between the extreme northern
and the southern counties that it becomes highly
important to carefully discriminate in selection of
varieties of fruit which may be found adpated by
acclimation to the different sections.

For more than a quarter of a century apple
growers have been seeking for varieties of fruit
trees hardy enough to withstand the vicissitudes of
our variable temperature in the more favorable
locations, and the siiccess thus far achieved though
not as marked as many enthusiastic growers could
desire, has been measurably proportionate to labor
and expense involved. And yet large sums of
money have been expended on worthless nursery
stock, worse than wasted on simi -hardy varieties.
Notwithstanding the discouraging features al-
luded to, the fruit industry of the State is mak-
ing not rapid, but steady advancement. This is
specially so with regard to the culture of small
fi-uits, nearly all of which succeed remarkably well.
The percentage of increase for a number of years
past is estimated by careful and conservative
growers at from fifteen to twenty five per cent.,
there being a marked advance in the growth of
grapes, raspberries and blackberries.

The crop of apples produced in the season of
1890 was exceptionally good, being, perhaps, the
largest ever raised in the State. This was the
more marked when short crops were reported in
most of the apple growing sections of the country.
The exhibits made at the State and other fairs were
unusually tine, especially of newer Russian
varieties.

About 75 per cent, of an average yield of small
fruit was reported, including strawberries, rasp-
berries, blackberries, and grapes; plums nearly a
failure. Early frosts and the dry weather late in
the season were the principal causes of shortage.

This year the apple crop is not so good, but is a
fair average one, especially in the southern portion
of the State. New Russian trees while hardy and
vigorous do not seem to be bearing heavily this
season. There is little change to report as to
varieties in public favor from those mentioned in
former reports. Many new orchards have been
planted this year and so brisk has been the call for
trees, especially Russian sorts, that nurserymen
have experienced difficulty in supplying the
demand.

An unusually large crop of small fruits of all
kinds is reported this season, and prices thus far
have been well maintained. The crop of native
or American plums is the best for five years.

138

STATE FKUIT KEPOETS.

Interest in the culture of grapes is on the
increase. The crop this year is excellent.
Varieties most largely grown are Delaware, Con-
cord, Moore's Early, Worden, Brighton and Lady.
The latter for a white grape succeeds better than
Niagara, and though tender bears well. There has
been some rot reported on Concord and Rogers.
Downy mildew has been rather troublesome on the
Delaware but is held in check by the carbonate
solution. This variety grows very large here and
seems almost a new variety, the fruit being so
much larger than that shipped from eastern vine-
yards. It is improved in color and flavor also, said
to be due to our favorable climate and soil.

In strawberries the Crescent is more extensively
grown than any other kind. Warfield, Haverland
and Bubach are gaining in favor. All need
polenizers, and a better variety for that purpose
than either the Wilson, Captain Jack, or Jessie.

Of raspberries the Cuthbert, Marlboro and Tur-
ner take the lead among the red; Gregg, Souhegan,
Ohio and Doolittle, among the black.

Our Experiment Stations are now well equipped
and are testing many new varieties of fruits,
cereals and plants, and propagating from seeds of
our native fruits with a view to ascertaining their
value and susceptibility to improvement under
cultivation.

Mississippi.

Reported by J. J. Colmant, Columbus, Chairman
of the State Fruit Committee.

In 1889 we had the most abundant fruit crop
the State ever produced. Many young pear orchards
bore during that year their first crops. The seasons
were favorable and prices were good. During the
following winter many orchards were planted along
the lines of our railroads, the winter being an
unprecedentedly mild one, Le Conte and other pear
trees of that type did not shed their leaves and
commenced blossoming and set fruit in February,
1890. Peaches and plums were in full bloom and
the buds of apple trees were expanding during
February; also Strawberries were in bloom and
had set fruit up to ripening. Then came the
freeze of March 1, 1890. The thermometer fell to
26° and down to 20° respectively as to location and
all blossoms and fi-uits were killed. Many peach

trees of the Amsden variety were killed, while other
trees did not put forth new leaves until June.
Strawberries made a good late crop; but too late
for obtaining good prices in northern markets.
Le Conte pear trees, which were the most forward,
had their bark, camebium and outer layers of wood
discolored and much blight was the result. Le
Conte and KiefPer especially, and also some other
pear trees blossomed again from adventitious buds
three weeks after the freeze and produced some
fruit, about one twentieth of a crop.

In the year 1891 we had a similar spell of
weather, but the freezes came on the 4th, 5th and
6th of April, when again all blossoms and fruits
were killed with the exception of apples of which
there is an aViundant crop. Grapes bore profusely
during 1889, 1890, 1891. We had again to depend
on the development of adventitious buds of pear
trees for a small crop. To-day, September 2, Le
Conte pears are not yet ripe while in former years
they ripened in July and early in August. In the
northern part of the State, where vegetation was
less forward, the fruit crops of 1S90 and 1891 were
much better. The southern part of the State also
had a small crop. Much blight has been reported
after the freezes of 1890 and 1891. Mr. J. Burgin,
of Mayhew, lost fifty per cent, of his pear trees from
blight last year and this. He only lost three trees
in all the previous years. Notwithstanding the
failures of the last two years, the planting of
orchards, especially pears, continue.

I refer to the reports of Mr. W. H. Cassell of
former years and my report of 1889 in connection
with this report.

Michigan.

Reported by L. R. Taft.

No section of our country is more favorably
located for fruit-growing than is the State of Mich-
igan, and for a number of years its record in this
line has given it high rank among fruit- j)roducing
States.

The " fruit belt," as it is called, extends along
the entire west side of the State for a number of
miles in width. At the south we find thousands of
acres of small fruits grown for the Chicago market,
while the peach crop proves so profitable that in
some townships the greater portion of the land is

NEBRASKA.

139

devoted to thai fruit. In Oceana County the plum
shares the honorH with the peach, and faihires are
almost unknown, while the extensive apple orchards
of the Grand Traverse region has given that sec-
tion a national rejmtation.

In addition to this peculiarly favored belt, where
the winds are tempered by Lake Michigan, the
entire southern and eastern portions of the State
are well adapted to fruit-growing.

In favorable seasons the apple crop ranges at
from 6,000,000 to 10,000,000 bushels, and crops of
half a million bushels of peaches and three million
pounds of grapes are not uncommon.

In April, 1891, the prospect for a full crop of
fruit of all kinds was seldom better, but frosts in
many sections thinned it much.

The crop of winter apples will not exceed 50 per
cent, of a full one and pears and sweet cherries
were even more injured.

The successful orchardists are the ones who give
their trees good care; they have found that fre-
quent cultivation, judicious pruning and the supply
of plant food in proper kind and amount are indis-
ponsible to the best results. The varieties most
commonly grown as market sorts are Northern Spy,
Baldwin and Eed Canada.

SMALL FRUITS.

Perhaps the greatest gain has been made in
small fruits. The acreage has fully doubled, and
(especially in the strawberry) a correspondingly
large gain has been made in the varieties them-
selves.

Instead of the Crescent, Chas. Downing and
Captain Jack, we now have the Haverland, Bubach
and Eureka, while Warfield, Jessie and Parker
Earle have generally proven valuable. Of the
promising new early sorts, Lovett and Van Deman
may be mentioned. A new seedling (Crescent-
Glendale) from Bradford, Vt., bids fair to stand
high as a shipping variety.

As standard varieties of raspberries, none excel
Cuthbert as red, and Gregg and Ohio of the black-
caps. Of the new sorts, Lovett and Crowell are
perhaps slight improvements over the Souhegan.
The Gregg does not prove hardy in all sections of
the State, and there the Nemaha and Ohio are
planted. The latter variety is largely grown for
evaporating purposes.

Except in the southern portion of the State, the
better sorts of blackberries cannot be grown with
success, but the Snyder and Taylor seldom fail.
Wallace, Agawam, Freed and Knox have also
proven valuable.

The Michigan orchardist is alive to the danger
from the attacks of insects and fungi. He has
found that London Purple or Paris Green used at
the rate of one pound to 250 gallons of water
sprayed over the frees and vines will destroy nearly
every insect that eats either leaf or fruit, and that
kerosene emulsion will destroy the sucking insects.
Jarring is however considered surest against plum
curculio. The use of fungicides is also increasing,
and for the various mildews and rots of the grape,
for scab on the apple, for leaf- blight of the pear,
and for nearly all other fungous diseases whose
workings are superficial, the Bordeaux mixture,
eau celeste and copper carbonate are found efPec-
tual.

Nebraska.

Reported by J. H. Masters, Nebraska City, Chair-
man of the State Fruit Committee.

The varieties of apples which succeed best in all
parts of the State are the following: Winesap, Ben
Davis, Minkler, Iowa Blush, Oldenburg, Red Astra-
chan, Jonathan.

The following varieties of pears are the most
successfully grown: Bloodgood, Sheldon, Sickel
Boussock, Kingsessing, Rostiezer. The trees of
all are more or less attacked with blight.

Peaches are not reliable for fruit. In the south-
east portion of the State a crop is borne about once
in three or four years.

Plums of the native sorts succeed throughout
the State, such as the Wild Goose, Miner, Wolf
and De Soto.

Cherries, Early Richmond, English Morello,
Wragg and Ostheim.

Apricots: The Russian varieties are the greatest
humbugs that have been offered to our planters.
The varieties of small fi-uits siiccessfully grown:
Blackberry, Snyder; raspberry, in all parts of the
State, Shaffer, Soiihegan and Gregg; Strawberry,
Crescent, Bubach No. 5, and Jessie are the most
popular. Crops of all classes of fruit were abundant
the present year.

140

STATE FBUIT EEPORTS.

North Carolina.

Reported by J. Van Lindly, Pomona, Chairman
of the State Fruit Committee.

The years 1890 and 1891 have been the most
unsuccessful ones in- my recollection of the State.
We have passed through two extremely warm
winters which caused all the early blooming classes
to open their fruit buds in February, which was
followed by a cold, frosty season in March, killing
all the fruit.

The only peaches I found in 1890 in the State
were grown on the high, sandy lands in Morse
County, where I learn they never fail to fruit.
The present year we have one- fourth a crop and
one-half a crop of Wild Goose plums.

The Blue Ridge range of mountains, which in
Virginia begins to diverge from the Alleghanies, in
North Carolina makes a wide divergence, embrac-
ing thirteen counties with an area of 3,243,959
acres. The river valleys of this plateau are elevated
1,500 to 3,000 feet above the sea. At 2,500 feet
the climate both as to heat and moisture at each
season of the year is almost identical with that of
Geneva, Switzerland. The abundance, variety and
vigor of vegetation is remarkable, the mountains
being clothed with verdure to their tops. This re-
gion was, during his life time, a favorite resort of
the late Professor Asa Gray. The great difPerences
in elevation and exposure causing great diversity
in the flora which especially interest the botanist.
Add to this the fact that the soil is composed of
decomposed granitic rocks abounding in potash,
and it will at once be seen that it offers the best
conditions for the cultivation of fruits of the tem-
perate zone.

Berries and grapes grow in abundance and of
unusually good quality in a wild state. The wild
crab abounds. Seeds of cultivated ajiples falling
by the way and in hedges make a remarkably suc-
cessful struggle for existence. There are apple
trees in orchards planted by the lirat settlers a cen-
tury ago still living and with trunks from eight to
ten feet in circumference. The largest apple at
that time on record was sent from this — Haywood —
County to the Centennial at Philadelphia in 1876,
weighing thirty-two ounces.

General fruit culture is still in its infancy, as
this region was opened up to full development

only within the past few years by the advent of
railroads.

Following is a list of a few of the varieties of
the several classes of fruits that have proven suc-
cessful :

Apples. — Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan,
Carolina June, Early Harvest, Early Joe, American
Summer, Sweet Bough, Horse, Fall Pippin. Buck-
ingham, Grimes' Golden, Bonum, Ben Davis, York
Imperial, Winesap, Camack Sweet, Smith's Cider,
Green and Yellow Newtown Pippin.

Pears. — Bartlett, Bosc, Lucrative, Angonleme,
Seckel, Howell, Keiffer, Flemish Beauty.

Grapes. — Delaware, Catawba, Concord, Worden,
Jefferson, Niagara, Maxatawny, Salem, Lady,
Moore's Early, Massasoit.

Rasjjbemes. — Red, Cuthbert is preferable and
all the blackcap varieties tried succeed.

Straicbei'ries. — Crescent, Chas. Downing, Minor,
Kentucky. The Sharpless and Jessie do well when-
ever they escape injury by late spring frosts, to
which they are liable.

Curra7its. — Only the Red Dutch has been found
in cultivation and succeeds even when neglected.

Gooseberries. — Only the Downing is found suc-
ceeding in favorable locations. The Industry suc-
ceeds in specially favorable places.

New Hampshire.

Reported by James M. Hayes, Chairman of the
State Fruit Committee.

The apple is our leading market fruit, and owing
to the failure of the Baldwin for two seasons
business in the fruit line is much depressed.

There has not been so many fruit trees set of
recent years as formerly. Pears which were
formerly much cultivated do not receive as much
attention. Grapes are about the same. In small
fruits there is an increased attention to strawberries,
more being set each year. Most of the older
varieties have been discarded with the exception of
Crescent which is still much cultivated, more of
this variety being planted than of all. others. The
newer varieties, Bubach's No. 5, Haverland and
perhaps Jessie are growing more and more in favor,
Haverland promising to be a popular and leading
berry. Insects are about the same as in former

KEW JEHSEV. — NEW YOUR.

141

years. Spraying to destroy the Canker Worm and
the Codling Moth has been quite successful. In
regard to statistics I have no means of ascertain-
ing the production at the present time.

New Jersey.

Reported by E. Williams, Mont Clair, Chairman
of the State Fruit Committee.

The fruit interest in New Jersey seems to be on
the increase, and T think it may with truth be said
to be above par in production and as far below in
consumption and profits.

Though the fruit crop of the State, as far as
reported, is but slightly above the average, our
markets are glutted to an extent hitherto unknown,
and in many instances the receipts do not meet the
expenses incurred in even disposing of the crop.

This condition of things has been forseen for
years, but visionary theorists and interested par-
ties have ridiculed the idea of over-production
whenever it has been mentioned. The rav-
ages of insects and fungi have, for the past few
years, proved very detrimental to the fruit growing
interests and tended to reduce the yield to a mini-
mum. But experience with insecticides and fungi-
cides have demonstrated their usefulness, and that
their hindrances can be in a measure controlled.
The present season however has seemed less favor-
able for the development of these scourges than
usual. Trees not treated for insect depredations
have borne fruit quite as fair as treated ones, so that
the effectiveness of the treatment has not been
quite as apparent as heretofore, which is probably
due to some peculiarity of the season. The bene-
ficial effect of fungicides on the grape crop has
however been visible this season as heretofore. It
has now become practically demonstrated that by
the timely use of copper sulphate solutions and
paper bags we can secure perfect immunity for this
crop from Mildew and Black Rot, the most dreaded
and destructive fungi this fruit has to contend with,
and the use of both methods is on the increase.

A new insect enemy of the pear has recently

appeared in this state, that has been pronounced

the Pear Midge, an importation from Europe. It

attacks the young fruit, causing a deformed, uneven

growth, and destroys such as are attacked. The
13

young larva after devouring the inside of the pear,
cause it to drop and leaving it, enter the ground to
await for another season. The period of injury is
of short duration. The insect, wherever noticed,
has seemed to show a preference for the Lawrence,
but is not confined to that variety. No practical
method of eradication has as yet been devised as
far as I know.

A new fungus has also appeared on our pears
within the past year or so, in the form of a brown
rust that chiefiy attacks the base or blossom end,
sometimes irregularly but often very regular and
even, extending for about one and a half inches
from the calyx. The efPect is not only a blemish
but prevents a full development of that portion of
the fruit. It is not confined to any one variety or
locality, and has not yet been studied by our fun-
gologists as far as I know.

The Keitfer pear has, on extended trial, proved
profitable since its true place and value has been
found. The tree has proved to be a strong, healthy
and vigorous grower, an.early and abundant bearer,
well adapted to the light and warm soils of the
central and southern portions of the State. Its
chief merits seem to be in the keeping and canning
qualities, and can be shipped around the world if
necessary to reach a market.

The Le Conte will, it is also thought by some,
prove a profitable pear in the southern part of the
State if properly handled.

The Fay currant has proved a valuable addition
to the class of the small fruit family and is fast
superseding the older varieties.

The Downing gooseberry has, for years, been our
best large gooseberry not subject to mildew, but
the Triumph is larger and equally healthy and
productive. There is room for improvement in
quality, or rather for varieties of improved quality
in many of our fruits. But the Raspberry,
especially among the small fruits, affords as fine a
field for the experimenter as any.

New York.

Reported by Charles A. Green, Rochester,
Chairman of the State Fruit Committee.

The depression in agriculture and the low price
for all agricultural products has stimulated the

142

STATE FKUIT REPORTS.

planting of fruits, it having been found beyond
doubt that while fruit growing does not promise
fabulous wealth it will certainly yield double the
profit of ordinary farming.

The great bugbear of fruit growers has been the
expected glut in the market. Fruit growers gen-
erally have anticipated that a glut would occur,
owing to the extensive planting of vineyards,
orchards and berry fields. Even those best informed
have been pleasantly disappointed by the absence
of any such glut.

The fact seems to be that as varieties of good
quality are offered in the markets at prices at which
the consumer can afford to buy, the demand is
largely increased every year.

Failures are often met with in fruit growing
here, as in every other enterprise; insects and
diseases seem to be more numerous each season,
but as they appear new remedies are introduced
and the intelligent and progressive fruit grower is
rather aided than injured, while the careless and
improvident are driven to the wall.

Our apple crops are not as reliable as in former
years. The plum, cherry and pear seem to be
more reliable than the apple, which was not the
case in past years.

The small fruits perhaps yield more profit than
the large fruits, and when we consider how soon
they come into bearing it may be concluded that
they are the safest to recommend, especially to
those who have little means.

We are making progress in new fruits rapidly,
if we consider the thousands of years it has taken
to bring our fruits to the present state of jjerfection;
slowly, if we consider only the few years that we
can look back upon. The older varieties of straw-
berries are giving way to the newer varieties, which
are larger, better flavored and more productive.
The same may be said of raspberries and black-
berries, progress having been made in hardiness of
varieties as well as other respects; in new grapes
progress has been made.

A few days ago I visited the grounds of John
Charlton, of Rochester, N. Y., who is a careful
cultivator and who also makes crosses of the best
fruits hoping to secure improved varieties. He had
a large number of new and rare gooseberries in
bearing; the bushes were of large size, the branches

being three to five feet in length and all actually
borne down to the ground with loads of fruit.

One of his new gooseberries was discovered
growing in the crotch of a large elm tree. It is
called the Golden Prolific ; it is a remarkable goose-
berry as seen on his grounds ; the most beautiful
golden color, of large size, very productive and at
the same time the best quality of any gooseberry I
have eaten. If one's eyes were closed he might
think he was eating a very ripe apricot when
eating one of those gooseberries.

The fact is that gooseberries can be grown
almost as cheaply as potatoes.

I give below a few coimty statistics as reported
by the County Committees of our Western New
York Horticultural Society. Chautauqua County,
the famous grape district, reports the following
shipment of grapes for 1890:

Brocton 541 car loads.

Portland 292

Westfield 359

Fredonia 279

Ripley 187

Dunkirk 02

Silver Creek 45

State Line 23 "

Prospect Station 11 "

Laona 8 "

Smith's Mills 4 "

Forestville 1

Fractions of carloads omitted above

aggregate 5 "

Used for wine ( estimated ) 20 "

Sold from wagons (estimated) .... 20 "

Total for entire County 1,857 "

of 13 tons— or 24,141 tons; or 48,282,000 pounds,
which, at average price of 2^ cents per pound,
amounts to 11,080,345.

The variety chiefly grown is Concord, but
Niagara, Worden, Moore's Early and Pocklington
are grown to a considerable extent, with a few
Delewares, Brighton, Catawba, Rogers' Hybrids,
Champion, etc. The crop was a very heavy one,
many large vineyards of Concords averaging five
or more tons per acre, and some Niagara vineyards
of over five acres, yielding seven tons per acre,
while one plot of less than two-thirds of an acre of

OHIO.— PENNSYLVANIA.

143

Niagaras produced over six tons, which netted the
owner nearly $1,000, a large part of the fruit being
sold to the Pullman Palace Car Company at 10
cents per pound.

Genesse County reports one Dwarf Duchess pear
orchard, the aggregating sales from which the past
six years, were $3,4()-i.y:^. The product for 1890
was $1,054.80. No cultivation is given the above
orchard, simply mulching each year with manure.
Hon. Eli Taylor sold $1,000 worth of Duchess pears
from 2 J acres in 1890.

Yates County reports 11,000 tons of grapes for
1890.

My rough estimate of the average annual value
of the fruit crop of New York State is 110,000,000,
of which the grape crop of one County alone was
$1,086,815.

Ohio.

[southern portion.]

Reported by M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls,
Chairman of the State Fruit Committee, assisted
by N. Cox, E. H. Cusman, and N. H. Albaugh.

In southern Ohio we grow successfully the apple,
peach, pear, cherry, plum and grape.

Of apples, the Eome Beauty, being a native of
this county, (Lawrence), is our most profitable apf)le,
doing its best on our hills in what we call white
oak land composed of the different clay soils in
color, of moderate fertility. The Ben Davis is our
second apple, doing finely on thin clay soil with a
great many small stones in it, land that will not
produce over twenty bushels of corn per acre with
good cultivation. The Smith Cider, R. Genet,
Crawford's Keeper, Tulpehocken and Lansingburg
do reasonably well. In pears the Bartlett is first,
Angouleme, Buffum, Clarigeau, and Seekel do
reasonably well. Of the peach we grow all the
standard varieties when the frosts don't interfere.
Cherries — The May is the only one grown to any
extent and does well. Plums are only grown on a
small scale, the old Damson taking the lead.

Obstacles to successful fruit culture are: Late
frosts and cold northeast winds, to contend with
which is very disastrous some springs. Insects
prey upon the apples, and we fight them by
spraying with London Purple. Black scab injures
the apple very bad some years. The pear blight

some seasons nearly destroys our orchards of several
years growth. It appeared the past summer but
not so bad as formerly.

Culture and pruning: On our hill land in setting
an apple orchard, dig holes one spade deep and
some two feet across and in planting, till up with
the top soil only, or use ashes, old rotten leaves,
and mulch the tree with leaves, course manure, or
old half-rotten hay, corn stalks or anything that is
suitable. Cultivate the land in corn one or two
years which will give the trees the needed shade
through the hot, dry summer months. Clover the land
one or two years then plow again for a crop and at
the age of 0 or 7 years put the land down in clover
and orchard grass. The pruning should begin
with the first year to form the heads of the trees
and they will not need so much afterwards. Low
heads are decidedly the best on hill land.

Pennsylvania.

Reported by H. M. Eugle, Marietta, Chairman
of the State Fruit Committee, assisted by F.
Jackel, of Blair County.

All the species of fruits common to the Middle
States are successfully grown in this State where a
proper soil and location are chosen and judicious
after-management is followed.

Peach culture has extended rapidly in the central
portion since 1889. Early in the season the peach
crop for Juniata County as estimated would be
400,000 crates. The surrounding counties have
also largely increased their acreage in this fruit.
This industry has been largely and successfully
carried on in the southern portion of the State on
the mountain slopes. Several seedlings have orig-
inated among the peach growers. One by Daniel

, of Lancaster, as large as Crawford's

Late, nearly as early in season as ; color,

yellow; quality unsurpassed by any other yellow
sort; fairly productive. Another by Miss Albright,
of New York City, and for her named the
"Albright," which is of the Mixon type in quality,
fully as large and ripening with the Smock. ^

The most serious obstacles to fruit culture, in
addition to injudicious management, are insects
and fungoid diseases. It is gratifying, however,
that quite an interest is being manifested in the

144

STATE FKUIT BEPORTS.

counteracting of insects, and I will i)redict that
apparatus for their destruction will be in demand
by and by, and similar efforts for the counteracting
of fungoid diseases will necessarily follow.

In 1890 the fruit crop in this State was the
smallest for many years, while this season it is
probably the largest ever grown, especially peaches.

Reported by F. Jackel, Hollidaysburg, Blair
County.

In this part of the State, apples, cherries, pears,
plums and grapes are successfully grown. The
peach and grape will not thrive in unprotected
locations where the altitude exceeds 1,800 feet.
The apple is by far the most valuable class, and in
the order named follow the cherry, pear, plum and
grape. Lately blight has reduced the number of
bearing pear trees quite largely.

VARIETIES OF FKUIT SUCI'EKSFULLV GRtlWN.

Apples. — Baldwin, Grimes' Golden, Wealthy,
Gravenstein, Fameuse, King of Tompkins County,
Maidens' Blush, Oldenburg, Rambo, Blenheim
Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Red Astrachan,
Smokehouse.

Peaj's. — Bartlett, Seckel, Clajjp's Favorite,
Louise Bon de Jersey, Souvenir du Congress,
Angouleme, Anjou, Clairgeau, Superfine, Bose, Vicar,
Kieffer. Idaho seems promising. Le Conte not
fit for this part of the country.

Plums. — Damson, German Prune, Blue and
Yellow Egg, Green Gage. Wild Goose is of little
or no value, so are many other highly recommended
sorts.

Chemes. — Morello's Montmorency Ordinaire.
Napoleon Bigarreau, Ohio Beauty, Black Tartar-
ian.

Peaches. — Crawford's Early and Late. Wher-
ever peaches succeed and the trees are attended to
properly there is little or no difference in the
value of the different varieties.

Grapes. — Concord first, Elvira, Delaware, Moore's
Early, Pocklington, Salem, Riesling and its varie-
iea, Hartford, Prentiss, Lady. August Giant,
Cottage, White Herrman, Agawam, Brighton and
Lady Washington are liable to mildew.

Berries. — Strawberries are generally fine and
pay good prices. Raspberries do well. Black-

berries, generally ripening in August, are of less
value. Currants and quinces are not extensively
raised here but succeed finely.

Culture and pruning: Apples should be pruned
when small, head and branches formed, so that
ever afterwards only ' summer shoots may be
removed and that at any time when the knife is
sharp. After the second year of planting, no crop
whatever should be raised in an orchard, but if
possible the orchard should be kept clean. It also
should receive a fair top dressing of manure annu-
ally. Stable manure is always preferable, but if
that cannot be had, hard wood ashes will do just as
well, and crushed bone and lime may answer.
During fall and winter it is very beneficial to the
trees to receive a liberal supply of liquid manure
from the barn yard. Never apply liquid manure
during the growing season. At least once each year,
spring time preferable, all grass should be cleaned
from around the trees, borers removed and root
suckers cut away. Cherries and pears worked on
"wildlings" are not troubled with borers.

The ground should be loosened each year near
the body of the tree, and dressed with manure.
They require little or no pruning except to remove
dead branches. Plum and pear trees thrive best
on a sandy clay loam, made rich with manure, and
given clean cultivation. Dwarf pear trees must be
judiciously pruned, and the peach a thorough
pruning.

Statistics: I cannot give any exact figures, only
know that the extent and progress of fruit culture
in this part of the country has been very great, and
we may easily say without fear of contradiction
that on an average every family in this state con-
sumes $50 worth of fruit, either raised by them-
selves or pui'chased — per annum — which would
give to every individual about $10 worth of fruit
per year.

Rhode Island.

Reported by James H. Bourn, Providence, Chair-
man of the State Fruit Committee.

The present year is one of the few which promise
a plentiful fruit harvest; apples are the exception,
but will yield moderately on trees which were not
defoliated by caterpillars last year. Healthy trees

VERMONT.

146

which bear inferior fruit are profitably grafted
with good varieties, And those which have been
neglected, if not too old, are made profitably fruitful
by removing the soil from off one half of the roots
iu autumn of one year, and the other half the next,
carefully lifting the roots and relaying them near
the surface, re[)lenishing the exhausted soil with a
fresh compost containing wood ashes, soot and
bonedust — an excellent stimulant.

Long-keeping varieties should be picked late in
autumn, as they will improve in color and
maturition.

The Palmer is one of the best early winter
varieties; Fameuse and Jonathan are favorite table
sorts, Garfield, Bowen, and Shepardson are local,
and their planting is extending. Pear trees are
healthy and promise an abundant crop. The most
protitable pear trees are those under high cultiva-
tion planted ia the midst of a vegetable garden.
Varieties most profitable are: Bartlett, Sheldon.
Anjou, Bosc, Louisa Bonne de Jersey, Winter
Nelis, Dana's Hovey.

The main hindrance to peach culture is our clim-
ate. Standard market sorts are Alexander, Stump
the World, Old Mixon Free, Yellow Rareripe,
Crawford's Early, Large Early York.

Grapes. — The Niagara has grown in favor, being
hardy and easy to ripen. Empire State, Ulster,
Goethe, Hayes and Herbert, uncertain.

Cherries thrive the best; blackberries, currants
and raspberries yield generously.

Plums. — The crop has been cut short by late
spring frosts the last two seasons. The Bradshaw,
McLaughlin, Lombard, Smith's Orleans, Imperial
Gage, are good market sorts.

Straivberries. — The brown rust on the leaves
makes their culture unsatisfactory, only such
varieties as possess the strongest resistant qualities
of this fungus can be safely used, and the acreage
I think is diminishing.

Young plantations invariably yield the finest
_ product. A very promising seedling originated by
Jeremiah Briggs four years ago at Providence, and
named the Briggs. It has many characteristics of
the Charles Downing but is an improvement of
that sort.

Healthy, vigorous orchards of long standing are
rare in the State.

The extermination of insect pests is of primary
importance. The use of arsenical compounds
should be practiced under the strictest regulations,
for injury is liable to occur to the blossoms and
foliage.

Vermont.

Reported by T. H. Hoskins, Newport, Chairman
of the State Fruit Committee.

In the report of the Society for 1883 I made a
completely detailed statement regarding the pomol-
ogy of this State, and since that time there has
developed very little to be added, excepting as
regards the progress of " Ironclad" fruit culture in
the northwestern and most elevated portion, which
has been rapid in the planting of orchards of Rus-
sian and native ironclad sorts of apples, so that the
counties of Orleans, Essex and Orleans, Caledonia,
will cease to import and will soon become exporting
centers of orchard products. Several car-loads
(mostly of Wealthy and Scott's Winter) were
shipped from this station last fall to Massachusetts;
but this was later nearly balanced by importations
of Ben Davis from Kansas — an unprecedented
occurrence.

All the Russian apples do finely here. The
varieties most planted have been Oldenbirrgh,
Alexander and Tetofsky, but the list is being
rapidly increased by the addition of longer-keeping
sorts — Switzer, Longfield, Anis, Bogdanoff, Anton-
ovka, Babuschkino, Autumn Streaked, Golden
White (White Russet), several kinds of the
"Cross" apples, etc. Newer fall sorts — Prolific
Sweeting, Zolotoreff, Titus, etc. — do well and are
meeting with favor.

Among American and Canadian ironclads.
Bethel, Winter St. Lawrence and Canadian Bald-
win are in considerable favor.

The Russian and other tree fruits of northeastern
Europe other than apples have been under trial,
and quite a number of the plums and cherries have
fruited. They seem, so far, to be well adapted to
the localities where they have been tried. None of
the old standard sorts are of much value here.
Russian pears show themselves much hardier than
the old sorts and grow vigorously. Some trees
of the Bessemianka — the first variety received —

14G

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

are bearing this season. Within the next four
or five years we shall probably have nearly all
of them in fruit and be able to report more
fully.

Of new native varieties of this locality, the only
noteworthy recent addition is the " Newport Winter
Sweet," which is a good substitute for the Tolman
Sweet when that variety fails from lack of hardi-
ness. It is of about the same size, superior for eating
fresh, but not quite so good for baking. The tree

is a free grower and very productive. The western
native plums, especially the De Soto, prove vel-y
acceptable. For this part of the State the Wealthy
and Scott's Winter should have two stars, also
Yellow Transparent, Prolific Sweeting. Shiawassee
Beauty, which seems quite ironclad and does not
spot, is likely to supplant the popular Fameuse,
which is very tender and very subject to spot. The
Canada Baldwin, an excellent variety for clay soil,
is likely to bark blight on light soil.

DISCUSSION ON CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.

Mr. Grarlield was invited to read from the cata-
logue taking first the list of apples.
Allerson's Early.

Mr. Beackett: It is only known in Iowa.
Mil. Watrods moved that it be stricken off, and
there being no objection this was done.

Aromatic Carol-inn.

On motion of Mr. Watrous it was stricken from
the catalogue.

Mb. Lippincott: That apple grows in our sec-
tion in New Jersey. It is not largely cultivated,
but about every other year it seems to do remark-
ably well. It grows finely, is a very saleable apple,
has many good qualities, and I certainly should
object, so far as our section is concerned, to having
it stricken from the list.

Bonum.

Me. Blackwell : I think that Bonum should be
stricken off, so far as New Jersey is concerned, at
any rate.

Mb. Saul: It is one of the best apples we have
in the District of Columbia.

Me. Van Lendley: I will move that it be given
two stars for North Carolina.

Buncomh.

The President: It is strange that apple is not
rated. It is one of the best early fall apples
all throughout the Middle States and the South.

Mr. Garfield: It is identical with Red Winter

Pearmain. That is why it appears here without a

rating.

Clayton.

Mr. Brackett: The Clayton is an excellent
apple. We cannot strike that off. It is one of the

best.

Dominie.

Me. Lyman: Dominie should be advanced one
star for Virginia.

Mr. Manning: Dominie ought to have one star
for Massachusetts. I see them on exhibition, and
they look well.

Eiirly Margaret.
The President: It is by all means one of the
best of summer apples.

Edward's Winter.

Mr. Van Lendley: Edward's winter is a fine
winter apple in North Carolina; one of the best
keepers in the middle of North Carolina.
Gano.

Mr. Garfield: That is an apple that has come
to the front in Missouri.

Me. Lyons : It is a comparatively new apple.

Mr. Racan: Personally I am not acquainted
with this apple by having grown it, but I know it is
a very popular apple and is grown largely in
Western Misiouri. I think it is a seedling of the
Ben Davis — of that type. It is said to be better in
quality and to have other characteristics that recom-
mend it in that region. It is not thoroughly tried

in our section.

Granite Beauty.

Mr. Manning: That should have two stars for
New Hampshire and deserves one for Massachusetts.

Me. Beackett: It is a famous apple in the State
of Maine where it originated.

Hewes Crab.

Mr Goff : I would like to ask if that is the Vir-
ginia Crab of the Northwest ?

Mr. Brackett : It is not the same at all.

Me. Lyons: Is there any good reason for retain-
ing the word Crab ? It is not a crab in ordinary
sense, and we have so many crabs now to which
that name is properly attached, that it strikes me
it would be well to leave it off in all such cases
as this.

I move that the word " Crab" be eliminated from
the name of this fruit; it not being one of the class
usually recognized as crabs.

Me. Garfield: I heartily support the motion.

And on ballot the motion prevailed.
Hoover.

Mr. Van Lendley: In Western North Carolina
that is a fine apple and does well.

(147)

148

DISCUSSION ON CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.

Me. Gaefield: The Iowa Blush is not even
described.

Mr. Wateous: It is a good winter apple in
parts of Iowa. It should not be stricken off. It
is a very hardy tree.

Kentucky.

Me. Beackett: It is starred in only one State.
I move it be stricken out, and was so ordered.
Key's Fall.

Me. Gaefield: It is starred only for Tennessee.
I move it be stricken off, and was so orderded.
Klaprdth.

On motion of Mr. Engle, it was stricken off.
Longficld.

Mr. Harris: The Longtield is coming into favor
up in Wisconsin and in portions of Minnesota. I
should think it was worthy of one star for Southern
Minnesota, and probably two for Wisconsin.

Me. Goff: I would give it one star for Wis-
consin.

Me. Haeeis: It is a profuse bearer and a very

fair fruit.

Lawver.

The President: Is it not the same as Delaware
Winter ?

Mr. Brackett: That was settled four years ago,
but it did not stay settled.

Mr. Lovett: I think it should be added as a
synonym of Lawver.

Me. Ragan: Did I understand there is any
doubt as to the origin of this variety — the Lawver
of Southern Illinois? It is a seedling, as I under-
stand, of McAfee, a western apple which is very
popular. Later it appeared in Delaware under a
different name. Are we to pass from the original
and give a subsequent name to the apple in a sec-
tion far remote from its origin ?

Mr. Strong: I move that the question be
referred to the Standing Committee.

Me. Blackwell : I think the two apples are the
same, and not of any value in New Jersey at all.

Mr. Gaefield: The next is NeverfaU.

Me. Lyons: I strongly suspect that is Rawle's
Genet. I ask to have that question determined if
someone can do it.

Mr. Brackett: It is a synonym, and I move it
be stricken off.

Mr. Garfield: The next is Red June. Is that
Red June or Carolina Red June ?

Me. Lyons: That is a question that ought to be
decided here now. Mr. Brackett, I know, is sure
that it is Carolina June, and upon the strength of
his assurance I ventured in revising to strike out
Carolina June and leave this. If that meets the
approval of the meeting, well and good.

Me. Hendricks: I would like to ask for two
stars for Summer Pippin on the Hudson River.

Me. Lyons: Champlain and Nyack are the
synonyms.

Me. Lovett: It is known as the Nyack Pippin
in New Jersey. It is called by that name more
than by the name Summer Pippin. It is one of
our best apples.

Mr. Lyons: Cannot some of our Northwest
people tell us whether Wolfe River is distinct from
Alexander ?

Me. Wateods: It is a very different tree; the
fruit is very much the same but the tree is hardier.

CRAB apples.
Early Strawberry.

Me. Lyons: I wish to bring up a point in regard
to Early Strawberry and one or two others. It
seems to be supposed that because it is a crab, we
can assume the same name with the apple of the
other class. It is almost certain to create more or
less confusion. Cannot we in some way escape
that danger, and can't we venture to change these
names of crabs where they are identical with
others ?

Me. Beackett: I move to strike out early and
leave it simply " Strawberry."

The motion prevailed.

Glover's Early.

Mr. Gaefield: I move that the word Early be
stricken out.

It was so ordered.

The President: This ends the list of apples.
Now any new apples that you desire to bring before
the Society are in order.

Mb. Stronc; : I now mention the Murphy apple
described by the elder Manning as originated near
Salem, having been known in Massachusetts a
great many years, but not having come into general

DISCUSSION ON CATALOGUE OF FUUITS.

149

cultivation. It \» tho most beautiful largo vviuter
applo ou the catalogue.

Mr. Babcock: I would like to add the Fourth
of July. We have nothing superior iu the State of
Virginia. It is absolutely perfect. In growth of
tree, perfection of fruit, table and market qualities,
we have nothing better. It is an apj)le long
neglected. Charles Downing sent it into the South
seven years ago. I have fruited it constantly. It
is good when young, and better when old, if you
can understand such descriptive language.

Al'KICOTS.

Mk. Gaufield: Apricots are the next fruits to
be considered.

Mk. Lyons: May I interrupt the speaker to
request that inasmuch as it has fallen to me to do
something in the way of revising this catalogue,
there are a few rules which I laid down for myself
in that revision, and a good deal of the work that
will be done here to-night even may depend upon
the same principles. I would ask the privilege of
reading a few lines, prescribed rules that I have
carried out in that revision, in the hope that. we
will both be working in the same direction. The
revision itself is too great a matter to ask this
Society to consider in full in meeting, but I will
read what I had proposed to add to the j)lan of
the catalogue, and ask this meeting to consider
and determine whether it shall be changed or not.
You are all acquainted with the catalogue and
know what the plan is as it has been heretofore
prescribed, and I will read only the addition I
would propose to it. That addition is as follows :

Prefixes, suffixes, apostrophic termination and
secondary words, together with words whose signi-
fications are expressed iu the descriptive columns
of the catalogue, are eliminated fi'om the names of
fruits, save iu a few cases in which they may be
needful to insui-e the identity of a variety, and in a
few time-honored names.

The anglicizing of foreign names is resorted to
only in the interest of brevity or pronounceability.

In questionable cases subsidiary words are re-
tained in parentheses.

The President: I have no doubt these sugges-
tions will meet with the approbation of the Society,

as they are the result of a great deal of thought on
14

the revision of the catalogue which has been in the
hands of Mr. Lyons for so many years past. If
any objections are to be offered now is the time;
if not, they will so stand, and wo will proceed with
the reading of the catalogue.

Mr. Garfield read the list of apricots, \mi no
changes were made.

blackbkrries
xigatiHim,.
Mr. Manning; Very fruitful in Conneticut.

Ancient.
Mr. Watrous: Good in the Northwest.

Brantori's Early.
On motion of Mr. Lyon it was stricken off.

Dorchester.
Mr. Manning: It sould be retained in Massa-
chusetts. It is double starred there now.

Mr. Lyons: The Dorchester was one of the
very first introduced. It was at one time consid-
ered very desirable, but there are so many so much
better that I mpre than suspect that even at its
original home it is not valued now as compared

with others.

Early Harvest.

Mr. Ubee : A very fine berry in Virginia.

Mr. Wright: One of the best berries we plant
in Delaware for market, and we make more money
out of it than any other berry in Delaware. It is
far superior to any other in the market.
Erie.

Mr. Lyons: The Erie is assuming quite a prom-
inent and valued position, so that it should remain
upon the list.

Mr. Hale: In Connecticut it is extremely hardy
and quite productive. The berries are very large
and handsome and showy.

Lucretia Dewberry.

Mk. Lovett: I would recommend a star for it

for New Jersey. Grown to stakes it is not bad to

pick.

Minnewaska.

Mr. Hale: The Minnewaska is not as strong a
grower as the Erie, it is more branchy, but is a pro-
fuse bearer and enormous cropper, of almost as
large size as the Erie and much the ■ same form.
It is bright in color, a clear glossy black, and of

150

DISCUSSION ON CATALOGUE OF FliUITS.

considerable better quality tliau the Erie, aud is a
valuable berry either as a market or family berry,
and so far in the past four years seems hardy. It
is a valuable berry with us most certainly.

Mr. Hendricks: It is not very hardy on the
Hiidson Kiver, but very productive and of good
quality.

Mr. Garfield: I suppose when anybody speaks
of a blackberry being hardy, he means productive
in the North.

Mr. Lyons: I do not know of a hardy black-
berry hardly anywhere. Perhaps I should qualify
that by saying the blackberry may be hardy in a
large portion of the country in its particular locality,
that is as an undergrowth; but in an open exposure
anywhere, in my long acquaintance, the most hardy
ones, sometimes so called, are injured by the
winter.

The President: I will have to say something
about the blackberry culture of the South. In
Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, and South Carolina,
where blackberries are cultivated to a large extent,
they are cultivated in open lields, and the only
objection and trouble met with is that they will
sometimes get attacted by rust, that is the only
drawback to successful blackberry culture, and the
Kittatinny is perhaps one that takes the rust easier
than any other. But so far as hardiness is con-
cerned, we have no trouble.

Mr. Lyons: I do not mean there is danger of
losing the jilants, but we all know that the habit of
the plants is such that if the tips of the twigs are
injured by winter, the crop is lost.
Stone's Hardy.

Mr. Goff: It is successful in Wisconsin. I
would give it one star for that state.

Mr. Lyons: Its chief fault is it is too small.
Wilson Junior.

Mr. Hendricks: I move that the " Junior " be
stricken off the list, and it was so ordered.

CHERRIES.

Butner's Yelloiv.

On motion of Mr. Lyon it was stricken oft' the

the list.

Governor Wood.

Mr. Wright: Give that a star for Delaware.
Mr. Lines: Two stars for Connecticut.

KnitjhVs Early.

Mr. Babcock: In Norfolk it is an acquisition; I
would recommend it to every farmer.

CURRANTS.

Victoria.

Mr. Hale : The Victoria currant with us in Con-
neticrt, and I think through New England, is one
of the most valuable and reliable of the older cur-
rants. It is a strong, vigorous grower, and an
abundant bearer of good long l)unches of moderate
sized berries, which have a happy faculty of
remaining on the vines a long time after they are
ripe, and keeping in perfect condition. The ladies
can leave their jelly making for a week, and cannot
with others. It is valuable as a market and
family berry. It will hold its foliage and fruit.

Mr. Lyons: This is the only variety we have
that is really exempt from the borer. It also holds
its foliage unusually well.

Mr. Smith. It continues a month or six weeks
after the others in Massachusetts.

Mr. Harris: It is one of our most valuable cur-
rants in Minnesota.

Mr. Wateous: It is one of the best in Iowa, if
not the best.

Mk. Goff: It is one of the best in Wisconsin.

Mr. Faensworth: One of the most profitable in
Ohio.

CiRATES.

Madeira.

Mr. Campbell: I move it be stricken from the
list, and it was so ordered.

Moore's Early.

Mr. Babcock: I would give it two stars for Vir

ginia.

Frentias.

Mr. Campbell : Some years ago I had a Pren-
tiss vine growing on the side of the wall, and it
ripens well so; but on the open trellis I can do
nothing with it. I do not think it is fitted for gen-
eral culture at all, but only for special localities.

A motion to strke it ofP was lost.

Woodruff Red.

Mr. Beackett: Why not strike ofl" the "Red."
On motion of Mr. Van Deman, the word "Red "
was stricken from the name of this grajie.

DISCUSSION ON CATALOGQE OF FliUITS.

lijl

Mr. Garfield: How about tho word "Red" in
the name of the next one — Wyoming BedV

On motion the word "Red" was stricken from
the name.

Mr. Campbell: I would move that the grape
Brilliant, originated by Munson, of Texas, be put
upon the list as very promising and of great
value.

Mb. Van Deman seconded the motion, which was
agreed to.

Mk. Hale: I would move that the Green Moun-
tain grape be added to the list.

The President: I would ask is not the Green
Mountain grape held under restriction as to its
.sale? By resolution passed at Philadelphia, it was
ordered that no fruit under restriction can be eata
logued.

Me. Wateods: It is said that the name Green
Mountain is copyrighted, and although you may
buy vines and pay your money, you may not prop-
agate them and sell them and attach to your vines
the name Green MountMn.

Mr. Campbell: There is another difficulty in
regard to this grape, which is that it is claimed
positively by Ellwanger and Barry that they have
been selling the same grape for years, under the
name Winchell, and they are identical. We might,
therefore, pass the grape by and not have it put on.

Mr. Garfield: I move that the matter be
referred to the Committee on Catalogue.

The names of the varieties which were stricken
from the catalogue are here given, without record-
ing the discussion for lack of space:

Albert, Alexander Cling, Amsden, Ashby's Early,
Beatrice, Bordeaux, Briggs, May, Conner's Cling,
Counts, Crawford's Yellow, Crocket's Late, Haine's
Early, Indian Blood, Indian Cling, Jacques, La
Grange, Large White Cling, Lemon Cling, Malta,
Masicot, Morris White, Nugent's June, Prince of
Wales, Troths Early, Waterloo, Yellow St. John.

DISCUSSION RESUMED.

Elherta.

The President: In our catalogue, Elberta tias
no description, and there are more Elbertas planted
to-day everywhere, even by Hale and others, than
perhaps all the other varieties of peaches together.

Me. Van Deman: I have just been down to the
Olden Fruit Farm in Southern Missouri, next to
Arkansas, and there it is the finest thing they have.

Mr. Campbell : From all accounts it seems to be
the most valuable market peach planted.

Mr. Caey: I move that the committee be in-
structed to describe this peach, and have it appear in
the catalogue, and recommended as good generally.
I do not believe locality has anything to do with it.
During the past year they attained extraordinary
size; I think the largest I ever saw. They were on
exhibiton at our State Horticultural meeting. Some
weighed twenty ounces. Being Fish Commissioner,
they say I am good at fish stories, but that is true.

PEARS.

A few varieties were stricken from the list but no
other changes of importance were made.

PLUM.S.

.S7/ rnpuldre Damson.

The President: I should like to hear something
about that. Who fruits it? *

Me. Lyman: It does well with us, but our old
Virginia Damson beats it because it sells so well.

Mr. Braokett: I move that the Rockford be
added to the list. It is a plum lately introduced in
our State, and it is admitted by every one there now
that it stands at the head of the list in quality
among our native plums.

The President: It belongs to the Chickasaw
type, does it not?

Mr. Beackett: Yes, sir.

There is another one that comes from your part
of the State, I believe — Pottawatomie.

Me. Brackett: I move that Pottawatomie be
added. Also the Hawkeye.

Mr. Lyman: We are growing Pottawatomie very
successfully.

The President: It is a wonderful plum.

Me. Watrous: Hawkeye certainly should be
added. It is very valuable in Iowa.

The President: There is another of the same
type, known for 20 or 27 years in our section — the
South Cumberlanil. It is a golden-yellow plum,
qiiality very good, and just as heavy a cropper as
Pottawatomie.

Mr. Ragan: A plum exceedingly popular in our
State that is not on the list, I think, is well enough
known to be placed there. It belongs to this Chick-
asaw type — the Robinson. It originated in my
native county from seed brought from North Caro-
lina. It is enormously productive, and good in
quality.

The President : It is not as good as Pottawatomie
side bv side.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES.

On Scale of Points for Judging Citrus
Fruits.

To the President and Members of the American
Pomological Society:

Gentlemen: Speaking for your committee, we
beg to say : A correspondence has been carried on
between California and Florida (aggregating some
15,000 words) and the positions of these States on
the subject are now clearly defined before the com-
mittee, and an approximate basis for agreement has
been reached. A final decision, however, involves
considerable further discussion. Before transmit-
ting their conclusions the members of your com-
mittee desire to submit the same for approval to
the Horticultural Societies of their respective
States. Therefore, your Committee reports pro-
gress and asks further time.

Your Committee would suggest, as it is import-
ant to have an established National Scale for the
Columbian Exposition competitions, which will
occur before the next meeting of the Society, that
a commission be appointed to receive and act upon
the report of this Committee when ready for sub-
mittal.

(Signed) A. H. Manville,

For the Committee.

On Review of Scale for Judging Citrus
Fruits.

Mr. President and Members American Pamolonical
Society :
Such a "Scale" must be one of practical values.
This word "practical''' must be taken in a very
broad sense, covering, in the first part, whatever^
possible element can give pleasiire to vision or
scent or taste, and, in the second, the shipping and
keeping qualities that commerce requires. The
member of this Committee from the State of
Florida, in an article recently published by him in
the Florida Agriciiltnrist, asks: "Who has the
courage to propose a commercial standard for
judging citrus fruits at future competitive exhib-
its? A standard that will place durability lirst in

(1

the list of desirable characteristics, giving equal
importance to size, appearance and weight?" To
this signal admission that the oflicial scale of the
Florida Horticultural Society is not a " commercial
standard," California now ofFers the considered
and tangiable answer of a new one, with rules
formulated with market requirements steadily in
view; and she asks your favorable judgment upon
it as the only one covering all points and present-
ing them with approximation to just balance.

With such I ofFer Mr. Manville's request for
further time, but do not feel at liberty to concur
with it, owing to the readiness of my State for
present judgment, and to the large increase of
demand for time and money that such delay must
entail, for California is a round trip of 6,000 miles
from Washington. I had hope to the last for Mr.
Manville's attendance, and for the agreement which
a very pleasant correspondence with him had led
me to believe possible upon a personal interview;
.so pleasant, indeed, that I am exceedingly pained
that a sense of duty prevents compliance with his
desire.

With his request, and with the scale here offered,
I also join a transcript, verbatim, from a pajier of
Mr. Manville's, of the Florirla Scale, that your hon-
oraV)le Society may be enaliled to consider the
subject advisedly.

Permit me now to offer certain arguments which
may throw light upon the California idea.

In classification with regard to season, a wide
range is necessary. Florida is perhaj>s two months
earlier in maturing her fruit than is California,
and Jamaica is doubtless in advance of Florida.
Hence the need of much latitude for inter-state and
world competitions. J'urther, it is obvious that
varieties which differ in size must, in certain
structural characteristics, be judged by different
standards.

Through all the literature of the suliject runs

the desire of our Florida friends for an "Analytical

Scale." In this I concur with them, but premise

that where analysis is, there clear cut division of

52)

ON UEVIKW OP SCALE [''OP. JUDTNG CITRUS FRUITS.

153

elemonts and exact nomenclature is needed.
Florida makes the component parts of her scale as
follows, to wit: "Size, appearance, juciness,
thickness of peel, absence of seed, absence of tissue,
acidity, sweetness, bouquet." California covers the
ground with this analysis, as follows: ".Size, form,
color, weight, peel, fiber, grain, seed, taste," and
under these general heads groups related elements,
so that " color " includes the consideration, by dis-
tinct valuation of "bloom," "color of peel," and
" Color of Flesh." Also "Peel " is subdivided into
"finish," and "protective quality," while " taste "
covers "sweetness," " citrous quality," and "aroma."
Florida regards " appearance " as a whole, while
California sees " form, bloom, color of peel and
finish," all of them points which are best seperately
considered.

In the literature of the subject our Florida
friends invariably make the two general divisions
" physical characteristics " and " juice character-
istics." As a substitute for the first of these I sub-
mit the term "structural characteristics " inasnmch
as even "juice characteristics" are "physical."

The two states agree upon the number 10() as a
maximum summary of points, but vary in assign-
ment of division values. Florida makes all these
equal, (ten points) except two of ( fifteen each). Cali-
fornia holds that nature does not adjust her parts
that way. There is no good reason why " absence
of tissue " should count equal with " appearance."
"Appearance" sells the fruit, for beauty will have
her way. Florida grants her but a tenth of the
scale, while California lays doulile that tribute
upon her shrine, in form 5 and color 15, and holds
that it should be still increased rather than dimin-
ished.

Certain remarkable differences of the two scales
exist which are best treated in order.

The California scale allows to "weight" (juci-
ness) a certain amount of buoyancy in the water
test, for, if the orange is to sink in water, then the
commercial (shipping and keeping) quality is to be
sacrificed. Oranges fresh from the tree do not
sink in water, and few ever reach that stage, even
after undue " curing." The thin peel of such is
not sufficient for marketing purposes. Surely that
is not a fit standard of excellence which involves the
destruction of the shipping quality.

In the consideration of " peel " Florida, in
further contravention of " commer'cial standards "
makes thinness her desideratum (3-32 inch only
allowable), while California regards the subject
chiefly from the standpoint of " protective quality."
What is the peel for anyhow? It is of the writer's
personal observation that, given, two specimens of
like variety, and of equal texture and maturity, the
one with the thicker peel will keep the longer time.
No market objects to 18 to 3- 10 inch, and the
keeping values demand that such should be
allowed without discount. It must be here
observed that in certain seasons and conditions no
thickness of peel will avail for good shipping.

For " fiber" I have allowed but eight points, and
for " grain " but four. I do not feel certain that
the first of these, possibly also the second, might
not be still somewhat further reduced in favor of
the more important elements of "color" and
" taste."

The question of " rudiments " in " seed " I treat
from the view that, whenever any growth is found
in such, they then are equally nuisances with fully
developed seed.

Finally in the all-important subject " taste " the
term " citrous quality " is used in preference to
acidity, as being more expressive of the thing
desired. Men eat the orange for this quality.
They can get sweetness more cheaply from other
sources, but it is citric acid that makes the orange,
and the sugars, gi-ape and cane, are there sim)ily
to temper this element.

In the preparation of my work I have been very
much indebted to the many experienced and intel-
ligent orange farmers, who have responded to the
drafts I have made upon them for their idea?, and
whose approval, without dissent, enables me to
offer this " scale," as embodying the judgment of
my state. I especially desire to acknowledge the
assistance of Mr. G. W. Garcelon, of Eiverside, for
his most valuable aid in the preparation of the
" lemon scale." I do not deem it necessary to
review the latter, and am glad that it is so, for it
provides for lemonade without sugar which I do
not like!

In leaving this delicious subject, I cannot refrain
from telling you all how glad I am that I am a
fruit farmer, and not something else — an entomol-

154

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES.

ogist perhaps, searching the south seas for the bug
that will eat the'bug that eats the trees, that grow
in the groves in — well — Mexico!

Most respectfully,

(Signed) J. E. Cutter,
Member of Committee on " Scale for Judging
Citrus Fruits."

Scale for Judging Citrus Fruits.

Submitted by J. E. Cutter, Riverside, California,
Member of committee for formulatinar " scale."

Preliminary Classification (dual).

( Early — December to April 1st.
Season:-/ Middle — February " July 1st.

( Late — June " December 1st.

i Large.
Medium.
Small.

Managing Committee from each competing state
or section to nominate varieties to any or all of
above classes, with mouths and, when practicable,
dates for tests of its own fruit in the same.

Fruit to be judged only by standards of its class.

So far as practicable no committee to judge fruit
of more than one size (as per above classification).

Scale.

Divisions — Size, Form, Color, Weight, Peel,
Fiber, Grain, vSeed, Taste — to be considered in
order named.

Counts (credits — points) to be by units and
tenths thereof, e.xpressed decimally. Possible total
of same to equal 100.

1. Size— 0 to 10, (Counts).

Large, " 126's" — 3J ins. diameter.
Medium, " 1 76's "— 2| " "

Small, "22G's"— 2| " »

Mandarins and Tangerines 2J ins. dia.

Three eighths inch excess of standards allowed
(without discount) to "mediiim" and "small"
fruit; i inch ditto to "large."

One unit discount for each i; inch deficiency in
any size,

2. Form— 0 to 5.

Round.

Oval.
j Ovate.
I Pyriform.

Standards: -

Standards :

Discounts for lack of symmetry and for form
blemishes. Navel marks not to be discounted
except when of abnormal size or of bad form.

C Bloom, 0 to ?.

3. Color- 0 to 15: ] Of Peel, D to 10.

( Of Flesh, 0 to 3.

Standards. Bloom to be perceptible and to be
discounted according to degree of deficiency, or of
injury thereto.

Peel to be of rich, deep orange color, in nat-
ural condition, and to be discounted according
to degree of deviation therefrom — one or more
points. Rust, scale and smut to be discounted
five to ten points, and fruit that gives visible, evi-
dence of having been cleaned of the same to be
subject to equal penalty. Also peel that has been
rubbed or " polished," giving a gloss at expense
of breaking or pressing the oil cells, to suffer same
discount.

Flesh to be rich, clear and uniform in any of the
shades common to fine fruit.

(Omit consideration of "flesh color'' until after
concluding division 5, — "peel.")

4. Weight— 0 to 10.

Standard: Specific Gravity 1, (equal to that of
water) with buoyancy of 'I oz., allowed to "large"
fruit; ^ oz. ditto to "medium"; and \ oz. ditto to
"small," — all without discount.

One point to be discounted for first i oz. of
buoyancy in excess of allowance, and thereafter two
points for each additional i oz.

(Note. — Buoyancy may be easily determined by

clasping apothecaries' weights to fruit with light

rubber elastics and then placing in water. )

\ Finish, 0 to 3.

( Protective Quality, 0 to 7.

Standards: Of finish, smoothness and uniformity
of surface and pleasant touch.

Of protective quality, firm and elastic texture,
abundant, compact and unbroken oil cells, and ^ to
3-16 inch thickneiss.

Discount one point for fir,st 1-32 inch above maxi-
mum or below minimum, and two points for second
ditto,— provided that to long-picked and fully
' 'cured " oranges the minimum .shall be lowered to
3-32 inch; and that to "large " fresh-picked and to
" large " slightly " cured " fruit the maximum shalj
be raised to \ inch.

5. Peel— 0 to 10:

SCALE FOK JUDGING CITliUS FRUITS.

155

Breakiu<r of oil cells, abrasions of |)eel aud dry-
ing of same, to be subject to one to live discounts
according to degree.

(Here consider ''color of flesh," — See division 8.)

6. Fiber— 0 to 8.

Standards: Septa delicate aud translucent.
Maximum diameter of core 8-16 inch in "large"
fruit and ^ ditto in other.

7. Grain — 0 to 4.

Standards: Fiiieness, Firmness, Compactness.

8. Seed— 0, to 8.
Standards: Absence of.

Discount one point for each of lirst three seeds;
ditto thereafter one half point for each addi-
tional.

Each rudiment considered as a seed if any
growth has been developed, otherwise allowed
without discount.

( Sweetness, 0 to 10.

9. Taste— U to 80: • Citrous quality, 0 to 10.

( Aroma, 0 to 10.

Standards: Clear&ess and definability of ele-
ments; sweetness rich, delicate rather than heavy;
citrus quality pronounced, showing abundant
citric acid, but free from acerbity; aroma pervasive
and agreeable.

Deficiency or absence to be cause for discounts
against any- element, and excess to be like cai;se
against sweetness, and against acid in citrus
quality.

Staleness and flavors of age or of decay to be
discounted from the aggregate of points in this
division.

LEMONS.

Scale.

Divisions — Size, Form, Color, Weight, Peel,
Fiber, Grain, Seed, Taste.

Rules of counts and discounts as in scale for
oranges.

Total of possible counts (points) — 100.
1. Size— 0 to 7.

•250's'

Standards :

Large, "250's"2|
Medium, " 300's " 2^
"324's"'2

ins. diameter.

l^ Sm_all,

■ 360'i

All sizes between " 250'8 " and " 360's " allowed.

Larger fruit to be discounted one point for each

4 inch excess. Smaller to be discounted one point

for "400's," (I'l inches; and four points for
"450's," (IJ inches.)

2. Form— 0 to 3.

Standard: Oblong, with allowance of well-
formed points at stem and tip. Symmetry
required.

3. Color— 0 to 10.

Standard: Bright, clear lemon.

Discounts according to degree for green splashes,
dashes of bronze or orange, deep shades or sun-
bxirn.

Rust, scale and smiit, with fruit that gives evi-
dence of having been cleaned of the same, to be
discounted live to ten counts. Rubbing or dusting,
if heavy enough to press oil from the cells, to be
causes for discount.

4. Weight— 0 to 10.

Standard: Sjjecific Gravity 1, (equal to that of
water), with buoyancy of- A oz. allowed to "large"
lemons and \ oz. to "medium" and "small,'' all
without discount.

One point to be discounted for first ^ oz. excess
of allowance and two for each J oz. thereafter.

5 Peel— 0 to 10- -* finish, 0 to 3.

( Protective quality, 0 to 7.

Standard for protective quality to be strong,
elastic, and reasonably firm texture; abundant, com-
pact and unbroken oil cells, and thickness of 3 32
to 3-16 inch.

To be discounted two counts for first 1-32 inch
below minimum and five counts for second ditto;
and one count for first 1-82 above maximum and
two for each succeeding ditto.

Fresh picked lemons not allowed.

6. Fiber— 0 to 8.

Standard : Septa delicate and translucent. Core
not to exceed 316 inch in "large" and J- inch in
"medium" and "small" fruit.

7. Grain— 0 to 4.

Standards: Fineness, firmness and compact-
ness.

To be water colored, shading to blue rather than
to gray.

8. Seed— 0 to 8.
Standard: Absence of.

One point to be discounted for each of first
three seeds, and one-half point thereafter for each
additional.

156

KErOKTS 01'' COMMITTEES.

Rudiments to be considered as seed if any

growth has been developed; otherwise allowed

without discount.

( Acidity, 0 to 20.

9. Taste— 0 to 40: • Aroma, 0 to 10.

( Absence of bitterness, 0 to 10.

In inter- state competitions the standard of
acidity shall be the highest per cent, of strength of
acid found in any fruit, determined by chemical
test. In other competitions such tests may be
applied as committees or competitors may require.

Aroma shall be full and of clear quality.

Bitterness to be determined by slicing the fruit
( including peel) thin, covering with hot water, and
cooling slowly; to stand 24 hours when practicable.
(No sugar to be used. ) Should a trace of bitter-
ness appear to the taste, discount one point; should
the bitterness be fairly defined, discount two points ;
if proJioH/icerf, discount five points; and if stronij,
ten points.

On Semi-Tropical Fruits.

BY A. H. MANVILLE, CHAIRMAN.

[A complete classification of, and report upon, the
fruits of the Gulf Coast Division of the Semi-tropi-
cal region of the United States was prepaired for the
biennial session of the society by A. H. Manville,
Chairman of the Semi tropical Committee, with
the assistance of Dr. G. Devron and E. L. St.
Ceran, of Louisana, also of the committee; and
Geo. L. Taber, R. D. Hoyt, E. N. Reasoner, E. H.
Hart, E. S. Hubbard, Jas. H. White, John B.
Beach and W. S. Hart, of Florida, and Gilbert
Onderdonk, of Texas. An outline of this compre-
hensive report is given in the following condensa-
tion. It is to be regretted that the spare limits of
this volume precludes its publication entire.]

This report, like the one submitted at the last
session, includes that portion of the country which
lies within one hundred and fifty miles of the Gulf
of Mexico and embraces Florida, the southern por-
tions of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisi-
ana and coastwise and Southern Texas.

At the Ocala meeting (session of 1889) the Semi-
tropical Committee made its first report, a full
report, and, accompanied as it was by a series of
articles on the several fruits grown, prepared under

its auspices by competent persons, treated fruit
culture in the Giilf District with considerable
thoroughness. In the revision of the Society's
catalogue for the present session the fruits of
Florida and the Gulf region have received careful
attention. The matter submitted below is based
upon the Ocala report and is merely supplemental
thereto and in amplification of the catalogue lists
for this territory.

For convenience the fruits of this region have
been grouped under three heads, namely : " Hardy,"
" Citrus," and " Tropical." Tropical fruits are
confined to the Florida Keys and a narrow strip
along the coast from Merritt's Island on the east to
Pinellas Peninsula on the west, including some
favorably located spots in the interior. By arti-
ficial protection some of these fruits (pine apples
foi instance) are grown well up in the orange dis-
trict. Citrus fruits are grown in Central Florida
(the upper half of the peninsula), near the mouth
of the Mississippi and to some extent in extreme
Southern Texas. Most of the fruits classed as
" hardy " are grown throughout the South and
many of them farther north, but the varieties
which succeed in the upper part of the Coast Belt,
and to some extent are to be found well down in
the Citrus region, are entirely distinct and peculiar.

1. HARDY FRUITS.

Peaches, pears, plums, kaki, grapes, strawberries,
pecans, olives, figs, lo([uats, pomegranates, mul-
berries, quinces, dewberries, blackberries, chestnuts,
apricots and apples comprise the list of " hardy "
fruits, named, as nearly as possible in the order of
their importance. The first six are of commercial
importance; they are largely grown for shij^ment
to outside markets, and the area planted, already
extensive, is being rapidly increased.

Peaches. — The comjsaratively recent impetus
given peach culture is the direct result of the discov-
ery and dissemination of valuable varieties perfectly
and peculiarly adapted to this region. Compared
with other parts of the country the climatic condi-
tions of this southern south are unique, even differing
radically from that of contiguous territory in the
south. Almost without exception varieties of
peaches which thrive farther north are worthless
here. A few years ago, as the result of experi-

ON SEMI-TUOri(^AL FKUITS.

157

ments with varieties of Forsiaii (Northern) type,
peaches were pronounced a failure. Now a very
large and rapidly extending area ia in cultivation
and the Gulf Coast region promises in the near
future to become one of the heaviest peach pro
ducing districts in the country.

The varieties grown are grouped into classes or
types as follows: "Peen to," "Honey," "Span-
ish," " Northern Chinese " and " Oriental Bloods."
The Peen-to and Honey groups, each comprising
the parent from which Ihe type takes its name and
numerous seedlings and crosses, and the Oriental
Bloods, which promise a new line of varieties, with
a few exceptions of the Honey class, all liolong
exclusively to the Gulf region. The Chinese
Cling and its decendents (Northern Chinese type)
have a more northern range, but some varieties
succeed in the upper Gulf region.

The adaptedness of the Peeu-to to semi-tropic
conditions awakened a new interest in peach cul
ture, and led, after the introduction, to experiments
in entirely new lines. Attention was turned to
natives. It was found that a distinct race of
peaches exist in the extreme South from Florida to
Mexico, including a wide range of varieties which
time immemorial, had propagated themselves from
the seed, and which in quality equaled those grown
farther north. Indeed many were so like well-known
kinds as to suggest their being prototypes or anti-
types of their Persian cousins.

Florida and the Gulf region has the first month
of the peach market at the North to itself and for
another month is able to compete with the peaches
of Georgia and the South. In addition to these is
a good local market throughout the season, which
a succession of varieties extends from May until
October.

Pears, Plums and Kaki. — Ihe introduction
of the so-called Oriental pears was another
era- marking event in Gulf horticulture. The
cultivation of the Le Conte for shipping, dry-
ing and canning, as well as for home market and
consumption, has already become a large industry,
and is rapidly increasing. While a poor fruit by
comparrison it is the first in market and yields a
good profit. How far south it will succeed, and
consequently how early it can be ripened, remains
to be seen. It promises well throughout the orange
15

bolt. The Keifter, a large, handsome fruit, supe-
rior to the California Bartlett and a really good
desert pear, is being extensively planted. It is
probable that from the foregoing and other varie-
ties of the same class new varieties of superior
excellence will be developed.

Native plums, including some Chickasaw varieties,
thrive and afford an abundance of fairly good fruit
for home consumption. Here again the " Orien-
tals "come in — mostly from Japan and of recent
introduction. They are at home here, some every
where, others in particular locations. No great
quantity of fruit has yet lieen produced, but there
is every reason to believe they will enable us to
place superior plums beside our peaches and pears
in market.

The Kaki (to which the name Japan persimmon
still clings) is no longer an experiment. This fruit
succeeds without reservation or qi;alification
throughout the Semi tropical and Semi temperate
sections of this region.

Grapes and Strawberries. — Many varieties of
grapes are now successfully grown and • the
list is increasing. Great interest is taken in
viticulture, especially in Florida. We hear
a good deal about the " grape boom " that has
struck the state, and hundreds of acres are
being planted in vineyar.ls annually. The first
grapes in market, black, red and white, are from
Florida, and the quantity will increase enormously
within the next ten years. Ives, Delaware and
Niagara are the leading sorts in each color. The
latter seems especially adapted to the country and
has been largely planted. Viniferas of the Chas-
sellas class thrive, bear well and are profitable for
early shipment.

The above refers to table grapes. Wine grapes
are not receiving as much attention but do as well.
Connoisseurs declare Florida clarets, hocks, sau
ternes and wines of this class to be unequaled by
any native (American) production.

The strawberry industry increases from year to
year as the facilities for transportation ( in refriger-
ation) are improved and extended.

II. CITRUS FRUITS.

At the Ocala meeting the varieties and culture of
citrus fruits was discussed at length, carefully pre-
pared papers being read by such eminent special-

158

KEPORTS OF COMMITTEES.

ists in this field as Messrs. Hart, Moore, Bielby
and Kedney. But little can be added under this
head to the report of that session.

At that time the citrus groves of Florida had just
recovered from the effects of the big freeze of 1886,
the most severe up to that time in the history of
orange growing in this state, which reaches back
to 1835. The year after the Ocala meeting (1890)
a "bigger freeze" visited the state; it came in
March, the damage resulting being due to the
lateness of the season rather than the degree of
cold. The oaks, hickories and other fore.st trees
suffered in common with the orange trees, all being
in lush growth. The injury to the trees was
everywhere felt and some young groves and groves
still sufFering from the cold of '8<') succumbed
entirely. No diminution iu the annual production
was felt, however, the crop of the state having
increased steadily and in unchanging ratio for the
past six years.

The planting of lemons has greatly increased in
the southern portion of the orange region during
the past two years, and pomelos, (or grape fruit)
are being extensively set out, some going as far as
to rebud bearing orange groves with this fruit.
The demand at good prices for lemons is practically
unlimited and pomelos are most sought, the supply
being insufficient.

It will be noted that a number of species and
varieties have been added to the catalogue.

III. TROPICAI, FRUITS.

The tropical fruit interest has been steadily
expanding, an occasional cold snap cutting ofF a
tender growth, or materially shortening a crop, has
proved a blessing in disguise, discouraging wild
.speculation, and helping to keep the industry upon
a fine economic basis.

All along the lower Indian river and two hun-
dred miles of Reef Keys, which border the
southern coast of this peninsula, the pineapple is
a permanently profitaV)le crop. At the present
time several of the largest growers own and run
their own sail vessels to New York, but this method
of transportation is not to be recommended as
delays, which are sometimes unavoidable, often
result in loss of entire cargoes. The inland trans-
portation is improving every year and before half

the available land can be brought into cultivation,
fancy ripe fruit can be laid down in the eastern
market in from forty-two to sixty hours.

The Pineapple. — The development of the pine-
apple industry in the last few years has been phe-
nomenal, is but a feeble expression as compared with
the facts. On Indian River alone there are (1891 )
about 500 acres planted, one-half of which in partial
fruitage has produced this year not less than one
million "pines." The crop from a single plantation
(that of Captain Thomas E. Richards at Eden, com-
prising forty acres) sellimj on the plants for
$18,000.

The limit of successful cultivation on the main
land of the east coast is about the 28th parallel of
north latitude, and on Merritt's Island it extends
about half a degree further north. Within this
limit the acreage is being extended with great
rapidity, in some places it has more than quad-
rupled the past year. In fact the only limit has
been the supply of plants.

About 500 acres have been prepared for planting
this year along the east coast, but owing to scarcity
of slips not over two-thirds of this area will be set
this season. Schooners are kept cruising through
the Bahamas picking up slips but find it difiBcult to
obtain cargoes even there.

The Cocoanut. — Second in importance only to the
pineapple, the cocoanut is taking a prominent place,
and on the coast from Lake Worth to Charlotte Har-
bor its lofty plume blue crown may be seen in an
almost unbroken line, growing and fruiting abun-
dantly even down to the sifting sands of the seashore-
Its profitableness as a market fruit has yet to be
determined. The crop is too bulky to be handled
cheaply, and at the present price of labor and trans-
portation, new methods of handling and getting it
to market must be devised if it is to bo sold at a
profit.

The Guava and Mango. — Quavas are planted to
a considerable extent, and the establishment of
factories to work up the product into jellies, mar-
malades, etc., is doing much to stimulate the in-
dustry.

The Mango, next to the Guava, is of most import
ance of tropical fruits. Unlike the latter it can be
safely shipped a long distance. Mr. White, of
Indian River, says: "From our 'island home'

ON NEW FKUITS.

159

we shipped Mangoes this season to New York,
where they sokl for $8.50 per (vegetable) crate.
These were the lirst shipped to a distant market
from this [)art of the state."

On New Fruits.

To the President and Members of the American
Pomolotjical Society.
Your Committee on New Fruits report ou the
new fruits exhibited during this session as fol-
lows:

APPLES.

Palouse. — Large and very handsome; round-
ish, oblate, and deeply ribbed or scalloped; color,
bright yellow with broad red stripes, or blush;
stalk, long and slender; cavity very deep; calyx
closed, set in a deep basin; seed capsules very
Jarge; flesh, tender, mildly sub acid. It appears
to be a good keeper, and the tree is reported as
a most prolific bearer. Specimens received from
George Ruedy, Whitman County, Washington,
grown from mixed seed sent from Illinois.

Globe. — Exhibited by Rev. Joseph A. Buck, Rock
Creek, D. C. Size, good medium; roundish,
slightly conical; color, dull red, striped darker,
yellowish towards the calyx; quality, good; season,
winter.

Dudley's Winter. — Exhibited by J. W. Dudley,
Castle Hill, Me. Large; roundish; color, light
yellow with reddish cheek; quality, good; hardy in
the North. Three other seedling apples shown by
the same exhibiter.

Lehigh Valley Greening. — Exhibited by W. B.
K. Johnson, Allentown, Pennsylvania. Resem-
bles the Rhode Island Greening, but is rather
more oblong, and has less blush. A promising
winter variety.

Paragon, Kinnard, Cove, Gilbert. — Exhibited by
W. L. Moores, Cyruston, Tenn. All seedlings of
Winesap, improved in size.

Lincoln. — Exhibited by W. E. Jones, Lincoln,
Illinois. Size, medium; form, pyriform, obtuse;
color, yellow, slight blush; quality, good; use,
family and market; season, late summer. Free,
strong grower, prolific, perfectly hardy in Illinois.

QUINCES.

Unnamed fSeedlitig. — Exhibited liy W. B. K.
Johnson, Allentown, Pa. Resembles the orange;
claimed to be more prolific.

PEACHES.

Albright. — Exhibited by H. M. Engle, Marietta,
Pa. White, splashed and shaded with carmine;
very large, nearly round, with distinct sutures;
flesh, white, very juicy, rich and vinous; melting
red at stone which is large and deeply corrugated ;
perfectly free; very promising.

Seedling (unnamed). — Exhibited by Miss Ro-
bena Taylor, Washington, D. C A peach of the
Smock type, large, globular with faint suture and
depressed apex. Dull yellow, with deep carmine
next the sun; flesh, yellow, firm, quite dry, but
fairly good quality, bright red at stone. Stone,
large pointed and deeply corrugated, very free,
worthy of further trial.

Excelsior [noiv named Crosby). — Exhibited by
J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Conn. Medium
size; generally of a globular form with indistinct
suture; color, brilliant orange, largely overspread
with carmine deepening into a dark crimson; flesh,
yellow, firm, sweet, rich and pleasant, deep red at
stone which is small; parts from stone free and
dry ; quality, good. Notes aecompaning the exhibit
state that it is an annual, heavy bearer; owing to
hardiness of trees and blossoms it is very prom-
ising.

Seedling. — Exhibited by F. Chain & Co., Balti-
more, Md. Very late; cling; worthy of further
trial.

Taylor. — Exhibited by H. James Kintz, Alexan-
dria, Va. Originated from seed in the yard of
Mrs. Kate TJ. Taylor. It is reported as a hardy
grower and prolific bearer; has a deep red flush
color; free stone; never splits at the pit; good
flavor, and very much represents the Early Craw-
ford; ripens about the 12th of September; hangs
well on the tree, and has its full color two weeks
before ripening; grows of a uniform size fully as
large as a Crawford.

GRAPES

Brilliant. — Exhibited by E. Williams, Montelair,
N. J., and G. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio. A
cross between Lindley and Delaware raised by T.

100

EEPORTS OF COMMITTEES.

V. Muason, Texas. Berry, medium, large, rouud;
loni^ bunch, compact; color, reddish purple with
bloom; quality, very good; season, medium, follow-
ing Concord.

Colerain. — Exhibited by the Coleraiu Grape Co.,
Colerain, Ohio. Size, above medium; bunch,
medium, loose; color, green to yellow; translucent
when ripe; quality, very good; season, early.

Uiinaine<l Sccdlhig. — Exhibited by Geo. W.
Campbell, Delaware, Ohio. Size, medium; shape,
slightly oblong; bunch, short, medium ; color, black;
quality, crisp, best; season, medium.

SMALL. FRUITS.

Hdi-rison {Black Cap.) — Exhibited by 11. Li.
Chase & Co., Geneva, N. Y. Size, medium to
large; nither dry, lirm; black, with leas bloom than
Gregg; good, promising for market.

NIOW FKUIT.S KKPURTKU SINCK THE LAST SKS.SION.

President P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia,
reports :

APPLES.

Queen of Haywood. — 4 by 2^ inches; olilate;
skin, pale yellow, nearly covered with light crimson
and a darker carmine cheek, darker stripes and
large grey dots; calyx closed in a very shallow
basin; stalk in a deep narrow cavity; tlesh, white,
brittle, sub acid; quality, good; tree, very healthy
and vigorous; seedling of Hoover — originated by
H. Inman, Haywood Co., N. C. A very showy,
valuable market apple. Maturity, October to
November.

Hargrove. — 3| by '3\ inches; nearly round; skin,
golden yellow, often with a bright crimson cheek, a
few faint stripes at base, and some russet; skin,
very smooth; calyx protuberant and open, sur-
rounded with corrugations; stalk, short, in a shal-
low cavity; flesh, crisp, brittle, white, Pearmain
flavor, sub-acid; best maturity, November to Janu-
ary; a very showy fruit; origin, in orchard of W.
Campbell, on head waters of Jonathan Creek, Hay-
wood Co., North Carolina.; introduced by W. H.
Hargrove.

Pine Stump. — SJ by 3^; slightly conical; deep
orange with a dark brown crimson cheek on the
sunny side and a little lighter in the shade,
streaked, with numerous white dots; calyx open

and in a shallow corrugated basin; stalk, short, in
a narrow cavity ; fle.sh, yellow, crisp, sugary and of
a moderate flavor; quality, good; maturity, middle
of September; a very showy fruit and excellent
market apple ; origin, Granville County, N. C. ; tree
spreading, thrifty and very productive.

PEACHES.

Siieed. — Origin, Centerville, Miss., large (9 inches),
globular; skin, creamy white with carmine pencil-
ing like the Chinese flesh melting, very juicy,
sprightly, subacid; quality, best; free stone.
Matures ten to twelve days before Alexander, an
extra tine early fruit.

J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Conn., reports:
Fewer new fruits have been brought out within the
past two years than in any like period for the last
twenty years.

BLACKBERRIES.

Erie and Minneioaska. — Neither of them have
been introduced during the past two years, still, it
is only within that time that they have been tested
thoroughly enough to speak of their merits. Erie
is a strong, stocky growing plant with us here and
does not branch very freely; so far it has proved
perfectly hardy; extremely productive of very large
berries, and more globular than any other black-
berry 1 know of. Our crop this season has been
about two hundred and fifty bushels to the acre,
and the berries have averaged an inch and a quar-
ter, largest diameter, by an inch, cross diameter.
They are a jet, glossy black, with very little hard
core in the center; a very productive and profitable
market berry but not of first-class quality for table
use. Minnewaska has a well-branching habit of
growth, somewhat similar to the old Wilson's
Early, although rather more branching and with
not so stout canes. This is also very productive,
and the fruit very round, similar .to the Erie;
although not quite so large it is of better quality,
and while fully as valuable for market purposes, I
think will give more satisfaction in the family
garden; the plant appears to be perfectly hardy.

STRAWBERRIES.

Gaudy, while very large, fine, and late to
ripen, is rather unproductive and I doubt if
it will long hold its place among the standard
sorts.

ON NEW FKUITS.

161

M iddlejield, on light lands is a failure, but, ou
a deep, moist soil, it is a wonderfully productive
variety of large, liigli colored berries of fairly good
flavor.

Yale is vigorous in [)laut, productive, of large
size, very cjark, dull colored berries, somewhat sim-
ilar to the old Seth Boyden, ouly without its greeu
tip; the quality is very tine, and, as it ripens
extremely late, will prove a valuable sort, at least,
for the family garden.

Biibach and Haverland are "rough and ready"
berries, somewhat of the Crescent style of growth
and productiveness, and being of large size and
very productive, they are profitable market sorts,
but neither of them good enough for the family
garden.

Michac.rs Early is a tremendovis grower and
an early, perfect bloomer, making it valuable as a
pollenizer to the early pistillate varieties; it also
matures its fruit among the very earliest, is of fair
size and quality, and, all in all, is the most valuable
perfect flowering strawberry I know of, especially
for light lands.

Parker Earl is vigorous in plant but sets
more fruit than it is usually possible to bring to
perfection; otherwise, it is a valuable sort.

Beeder Wood is a very strong, growing plant
and productive, of large size, fine colored and tine
flavored berries; one of the best of the new sorts.

General Putnam is somewhat after the Cum-
berland in plant growth and in the form and color
of the berry; just about perfect in form, like the
small end of a hen's egg; each berry looks as if it
might have been run through a mould; the average
size is rather above that of the Cumberland, and,
while the fruit is somewhat soft, it is of a tine
flavor and gives promise of being one of the very
best family varieties.

Swindle is another new variety; in plant
growth and appearance of the berry very similar
to the Gandy but is fully four times as productive
as that variety, and of better quality; it ripens
extremely late and has a pistillate blossom, as has
also the General Putnam.

PEACHES.

The Excelsior {now named Crosby), vyhich
originated in Northern Worcester County, Mass.,
promises to be one of the very best sorts for a

cold climate, as the fruit buds are so extremely
hardy as not to cause a failure in that section and
in Southern New Hampshire for ten years past,
where there were only two moderate crops of the
other standard varieties. The fruit is somewhat
similar to the Lato Crawford, except not (juite so
dark colored and has a somewhat smaller pit.

OUKKANTS.

The North Star I have seen in Minnesota
where it promises well; jilants put out there last
spring are making even stronger growth than the
Victoria, which in the past has been our most vig-
orous variety.

T. H. Hoskins, Newport, Vt., reports: Regard-
ing the new fruits, I have a large number of the
Budd-Gibb Russian apples, pears, plums, and
cherries growing finely in my orchards. They all
seem to be sufliciently hardy for this climate, and
the fruit so far as we have got any, is encouraging
in its appearance, size and quality.

The Bessemiunka Pear is bearing this year
for the first time. I have had just a few specimens
of plums and cherries, the trees of which winter
well and grow thriftily. Among the apples are
some long keepers of good size, color, and quality;
but regarding all these experiences teaches me that
it is much better to take time before expressing
decided judgment in points. Wo have but little
fruit of any kind this year, having had our trees
overladen last year. If I am spared, I hope to be
able to furnish notes upon a good many varieties
which will be a better showing than before what
their true value may be. With regard to older
sorts, I may say that among apples Yellow Trans-
parent, Prolific Sweeting, Oldenburgh, Wealthy,
and Scott's Winter are best adapted for commer-
cial planting in Northeastern Vermont.

Chas. A. Green, Rochester, N. Y., reports: The
new fruits worthy of note are :

Strawbei-ries. — Parker, Earle, Farnsworth, and
Lovett's Early.

Pears. — Idaho, Wilder, Early, and Vermont
Beauty.

Peaches. — Elbe rta.

Plums. — Botan and Saratoga.

Orapes. — Major, Eaton, and Diamond.

Currants. — Moore's New Seedling (not named).

162

REPOKTS OF COMMITTEES.

Raspberries. — Gladstone, New Seedling by F. W.
Loudon, Janesville, Wis. (not named).

J. S. Harris, La Crescent, Minn., ref)orts: None
of the varieties of the domestic plums are suffici-
ently hardy to withstand the severity of the climate
of the Northwest; we must, therefore, turn our
attention to the native species to find substitutes.
The De Soto, a variety found on the Mississippi
river in Illinois, nearly opposite Lan.sing, Iowa,
was about the first variety brought to notice, and
has been more extensively propagated and dissem-
inated than any of the kinds which have been
introduced from time to time. The newer candi-
dates for favor are the Rolling Stone, which was
found at Minnesota City, Minn., and the Cheney,
found in Vernon County, Wis.

The Cheyiey is a large, round, red plum, begin-
ning to ripen about August 15th, and ranks among
the very best for canning and cooking.

The Rolling Stone is a round plum from
medium to large; nearly free stone; pulp, meaty
and sweet; color, red and purple; quality, dessert
and eating from the hand the very best.

Newer varieties not yet disseminated are:

Kniedsen^s Peach. — Large, red, round; skin,
thin; pulp, meaty; free stone; flavor sweet and
rich.

Riper^s Peach. — Large, round; color, light red.

Ocheeda. — Large, yellow, blotched, with deep
red on sun side; flesh, orange yellow, meaty; sweet
apricot flavor; pit, small, oval, thick, nearly free
stone.

Gay lord. — Large, yellow clouded pinkish red;
very good.

In addition to these there are a few seedlings at
New Ulm, Minn., of very large size and fine appear-
ance.

The most promising varieties of apples that have
originated in the Northwest and recently come into
notice are the Peerless, Okobena, and Patten's
Greening, also Catharine. The Peerless is believed
to be a seedling of the Oldenburgh and originated
with Geo. Miller, of Rice County, Minn., about
twenty-four years since. It is a red striped apple
of Medium size, sub-acid flavor, good quality; sea-
son, January to March. Okobena originated in
Nolles County, Minn., original tree is about
eighteen years old; fruit, medium; size, form and

color much like the Duchess; flavor sub-acid, good;
season, October to December. Patten's Greening
is a seedling of the Oldenburgh; about twenty
years old; originated in Floyd County, Iowa; size,
medium to large; color, greenish yellow with blush
cheek; flavor, pleasant acid; season, early winter.

Catherine — Originated in Houston County, Minn.,
from a seed brought from Canada and planted in
1857; fruit, medium to large, very fair; color,
greenish yellow, and brownish red on sun side;
flavor, sub-acid; good; season, late autumn.

Wm. Watson, Brenham, Texas, reports: I have
no new fruits of any special merit to report except
the Japan plums. All the sorts we have tried are
very promising and will be valuable here; I will
name Kelsey, Ogon, Botan, Burbank, Satsuma,
Hattankio, Chabot, and Batankio. We have
fruited them long enough to recommend them.
We have a number of new peaches and grapes but
our lists are long enough now and unless we find
some extra fine, I would not recommend them.

It is gratifying to note an increasing tendency
among nurserymen, as well as fruit growers, to dis-
courage the naming and introduction of new fruits
which do not possess points of decided superiority,
not already found in older varieties.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

F. M. Hexamee,
Chairman, Committee on Native Fruits.

On Fruits Exhibited.
To the President and members of the American
Pomological Society :
Your Committee on Fruits Exhibited report the
following awards:

WILDER MEDALS — SILVER.

Tirginia State Board of Agriculture, represented
by Henry L. Lyman, Charlottesville, Va., for 335
plates of apples, 27 plates of pears, 78 varieties of
grapes, 5 plates of plums.

P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga., for 8 varieties of
Japanese persimmons, 1 plate Limonium trifolia-
tum, 2 plates of Kiefi^er pears, 1 plate of Hawaii
pears, 1 plate Juglans praeparhiriens, 4 varieties
Pyrus Japonica, 3 varieties of figs.

Rev. Lyman Phelps, Sanford, Fla., for 8 varie-
ties of lemons, 5 varieties of limes, 4 varieties of

UN FUUITS EXHIBITED.

163

Japanese persimmons, 1 plate pomelos, and a
highly instructive collection of citrus hybrids and
crosses.

Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., for 112
varieties of pears.

BRONZE MEDAI.S.

Chas. H. Hedges, Charlottesville, Va., for 78
plates of grapes.

Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Cal., for a collec-
of seedling quinces.

J. S. Harris, La Crescent, Minn., for 2.S varieties
of apples.

Wisconsin Horticultural Society, Madison, Wis.,
for 39 varieties of apples.

Jewell Nursery Company, Lake City, Minn., for
a collection of 26 seedling apples.

P. S. Dinsmore, Riverside, Cal., for 29 plates of
apples.

J. W. Porter, Piedmont, Va., for 52 varieties of
apples.

J. L. Babcock, , Va., for 130 plates of

apples.

SPECIAL MENTION.

H. S. Williams, Rock Ledge, Fla., for exhibit of
pineapples from Indian River.

S. A. Birch, Covesville, Va., for 4 plates of super-
ior market apples.

A. M. Lybrook, Stuartburg, Va., for S varieties
of notable excellence.

T. V. Munson, Dennison, Texas, for 17 plates of
apples, and 1 plate of Keiffer pears.

R. A. Wickersham, Clearbrook, Va., exhibit of
notably vyell-growii peaches, comprising Heath,
Garey, and Smock.

OTHEK FRUITS EXHIBITED.

I. J. Blackvpell, Titusville, N. J., 8 plates seedling
apples, 1 plate peaches.

A. N. Brown, Wyoming Del., 7 plates apples.

Prof. J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa., 2 specimens
Japanese pear, 2 specimens Chinese Snow pear.

A. J. Curtis, Bennings, D. C, 2 plates apples, 1
plate Kieffer pear.

P. S. Dinsmore, Riverside, Cal., 2 plates oranges.

H. M. Engle & Son, Marietta, Pa., 2 plates par-
agon chestnuts, 2 plates poaches.

W. W. Farnsworth, Waterville, Ohio., 2 plates
apples, 2 plates pears.

Fitzwater Pear Co., Himrods, N. Y.. 1 plate
Fitzwater pears, 1 plate Lawrence pears.

G-. W. Garcelon, Riverside, Cal., 2 plates Lisbon
lemons.

A. L. Hatch, Ithaca, Wis., 1 large plate of Mc-
Mahan's white apples ; 4 varieties pears.

W. R. Lippincott, Fellowship, N. J., 1 plate
apples.

J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, N. J., 1 plate Fuller
quinces.

H. E. McKay, , Miss., 3 plates apples.

Seth Lewellyn, Milwaukee, Oregon, 1 plate Coe's
Golden Drop plums.

W. M. Munson, Orono, Me., 8 varieties apples.

G. T. Raub, Four Mile Run, Ga., 2 varieties
pears, 10 varieties apples.

Chas. H. Tunnel, Georgetown, D. C, 1 plate
Pyrus Japonica.

C. A. Uber, Falls Church, Va., Wild Vine Mus-
cadine grape.

Chas. Wright, Seaford, Del., 11 varieties apples.

E. Williams, Montclair, N. J., Munson's new
grape Brilliant, a plate of Lindley, Niagara, and
Brighton ; also two plates of apples and one of pears.
Respectfully submitted,

P. M. Hexameii,
W. C. Strong,
D. W. Arams,
W. A. Taylor.

On Credentials.
Mr. Strong: Mr. President, the Committee on
Credentials report that there are 104 delegates who
have presented their credentials. The number of
States, we regret to say, and the boards from which
these delegates have come, have not been presented
to the committee. Perhaps it was the fault of the
chairman of the committee that we did not require
the certificates. We can only report that there are
six delegates from Florida, two from New Jersey,
and eight from Massachusetts, and that the report
as to the other States is incomplete.

On Resolutions.

I!V CHARLES WRIGHT, OP DELAWARE:

Resolved, By the American Pomologioal Society in
twenty-third biennial session assembled, that our
thanks, and an expression of our appreciation are due

164

REPORTS OP COMMITTEES.

to Hon. Robert P. Porter, Superintendent of the Census,
for the recognition he has given to Horticulture, and
especially to provide in the Eleventh Census, through
the division in charge of one of our aiembers, Mortimer
Whitehead, of New Jersey, for an enumeration of our
orchards and vineyards and their products. The facts
and figures already made public are of inestimable
value, forming as they do the basis of our rirst national
census of the interests represented by this Society.

Resolved, That it is the sense of this Society that the
work so well begun under Mr. Whitehead's direction
and so efficiently aided by special agents, J. H. Hale, H.
Gardner and A. N. Brown, in the investigations covering
Viticulture, Nurseries, Florists, Seed and Truck Farms,
Tropic and Semi-Tropic Fruits and Nuts, and Peaches,
and also the unfinished work upon the apple, pear
plum, cherry and other orchard fruits and small fruit
crops, be carried on to completion, and that the results
be printed and publi-hed in a regular census volume of
Horticulture, as already announced by the Superin-
tendent, to the end that the large amount of work
already prepared shall be of the greatest practical value
to an industry that represents an investment of capital
in our country of over one thousand millions of dollars.

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

Wherea.s, The United States Department of Agricul-
ture, which is doing so much to advance the general
condition of the industry it has under its care, and
especially through its efficient Division of Pomology to
foster the fruit-growing interests of our country, now
of such national importance, has through its honored
head, the Secretary of Agriculture, invited this Society
to hold ils twenty-third biennial session in the city of
Washington; and

Whereas, In accepting this invitation, this Society
has received the kind attentions of the Department of
Agriculture from the Honorable Secretary, from the
Assistant Secretary and from the various Divisions;
therefore.

Resolved, Tliat the thanks of the American Pomolog-
ical Society in the closing hours of its twenty-third
bienn al session are gratefully due and are hereby ten-
dered to the Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture,
to Hon. Edwin Willits, Assistant Secretary, to Prof. H
E. VanDeman and his able assistants of the Division of
Pomology, to Prof. J. T. Galloway, Erwin F. Smith and
C. V. Riley, for their provisions for our comfort and
convenience in the use of rooms for meetings and the
exhibition of fruits, for their words of welcome, their
valuable papers and untiring efforts to add to the
pleasures and profits of our gathering and to all other
attaches of the Department for their kindly assistance.

Resolved, That we hereby record our appreciation of
the great work now being wrought by the Department
of Agriculture in all itsvarions divisions, our confidence
in its management and to pledge our individual anil

united support and to express our sentiments in favor
of more liberal appropriations by Congress, in order
that the Department may still move forward and
extend its grand and useful work.

Resolved, That we will carry to our homes only the
most pleasant memories of our sessions in the capital
city of our country.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be deliv-
ered to the Honorable Secretary of Agriculture.

BY ERWIN F. smith:

Whereas, 'l"he pomological statistics of the Tenth
Census remained unpublished, and after collection and
tabulation found their way into the waste basket on
account of lack of funds; ami

Whereas, The work on the pomological statistics of
the Eleventh Census has been suspended for the same
reason.

Resolved, That as fruit growers representing every
section of the United States, we earnestly protest
against this unjust treatment and request that consid-
eration due to a business involving millions of invested
capital and representing thousands of votes; and

Resolved, That copies of this resolution be presented
to the Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of
each House of Congress, and also to the Chairman of
Census Committee of each House, with the request that
the next Congress make suitable appropriations for the
completion and publication of these statistics, and we
hereby pledge ourselves as members of this Society to
use our best endeavors with members of Congress to
secure this end.

BY CHAS. W. GARFIELD:

Resolved, As the sense of this meeting, that the most
entertaining and instructive feature of our biennial
conventions is the free discussion of pomological topics
of the day, in which members from all parts of the
country give their observations and express their opin-
ions concisely and freely.

Resolved, That, while we appreciate iho desirability
of publication in our transactions of valuable treatises
upon pomological topic-, we wish to emphasize the idea
that it is a great compliment to be invited to present a
carefully prepared essay for the transactions, which is
in no wise diminished if it is simply furnished for pub-
lication and not read before the convention.

Resolved, That the officers of the Society be and hereby
are urged in future programmes lo give prominence
to methods of securing sharp, lively discussions for the
sessions and well prepared papers for publication.

BY T. T. lyon:

Whereas, It has become a somewhat frequent prac-
tice on the part of originators or introducers of now
fruits to put forth such novelties under their own names
with numbers appended; and,

Wherea.s, Such practice has already grown to be a

INVITATIONS FOR NEXT iMEETING.

165

source of great inconvenience as well as of error and
consequent confusion; therefore,

Resolved, That this Society will require, as a condi-
tion precedent to the discussion of such fruits, that they
receive names in accordance with its rules in such case
provided.

Resolved, That upon the request of the Chairman of
the Committee on Revision of Catalogue, it shall be the
duty of the chairman of each State Fruit Committee to
supply such information respecting the varieties of
fruits recommended or to be recommended for his State
as sha 1 be found needful for the perfecting of such
revision so far as such State may be concerned.

Invitations for Next Meeting.

Mr. Samuels, who had been present during the
entire session read the following telegram:

"Chicago, Illinois, September 22, 1891.
"J. M. Samuele,

Chief Department of Horticulture,
Ebbitt House, Washington, D. C.

" Please extend invitation of World's Fair Man-
agement to American Pomological Society to meet
in Chicago in 1893. "

" George R. Davis,

''Director General."

Mr. Samuels: It certainly affords me a great
deal of pleasure to extend this invitation to one of
the oldest and most influential horticultural societies
in our country, and it is especially gratifying at this
time, as I will need your advice and aid until the close
of the World's Columbian Exposition. In all matters
pertaining to pomology you will be consulted, and I
will take it as a great favor if you will express your
opinions freely in regard to the needs of the Horti-
cultural Department. We may not always agree in
our views, but we will try to work harmoniously
and come as near together as we can. I would
suggest that this Society appoint a committee such
as they may wish to select to confer with the Horti-
cultural Department of the World's Fair.

•Mk. Watrous: There are a great many here
who would be glad to see the great pomological
show at Chicago, but who feel some degree of
anxiety to know who shall be the Chief of the
Bureau of Pomology there, and would be glad to
know what is the feeling of the management of
the fair, so far as known to Mr. Samuels, in regard

to tilling that place. Of course it goes without
saying that the head of that department would be
the one that the members of this Society would
have especially to do with, and therefore they have
a right to feel a particular and personal interest in
that oflice that they would not feel in any other
one.

Mr. Samuels: I will state that I have consulted
the Director General and the Board of Local Di-
rectors before coming here, and they were all in
favor of this Society indicating the man that will
be Chief of the Bureau of Pomology.

Mk. Adams; When Mr. Samuels was on the
floor he gave this Society the first real recognition
it has ever had. Ho has invited us to appoint a
committee to act in conjunction with him and his
department of the World's Fair for the promo-
tion of the objects of our Society, and I would
move that we accept his invitation and have a
committee of suitable number appointed for that
purpose.

The motion was carried.

Mr. Samuels; I will further state that it will be
necessary for this committee to come to Chicago
on several occasions. The management has been
liberal in the past, and I would state that the
expenses and compensation of Ibis committee will
be provided for.

After due consideration the following persons
were apjwinted on said committee : C. L. Watrous,
of Iowa; Charles W. Garfield, of Michigan; D. W.
Adams, of Florida; Frank Kimball, of California.
William C. Barry, of New York.

On motion of Mr. Hexamer, the President of the
Society was added to the committee and made its
chairman.

Mk. Garfield: Do I understand that this whole
matter of deciding upon the place of our next
meeting is referred to this committee V

Mr. Watrous: That was the order yesterday.

Mk. Garfield; In order that this committee
may have something more to do than has been
referred to already, I wish, as representing the
Michigan State Agricultural Society, believing that
possibly there may be a contingency arise in which
it may be desirable to meet somewhere not far
from Chicago, to extend an invitation from the
State of Michigan for the Society to hold its meet-

166

REP0KT8 or COMMITTEES.

ing in 1893 within our State, and move that the
invitation be referred to this committee.
The motion was carried.

CLOSING KEMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT.

It has been my pleasure and privilege to have
been a member of this Society for nearly forty
years. Never have I seen a more enthusiastic
meeting, where scientific problems were better
understood and explained than we have had at this
meeting. And further, the attendance has been

such — you have been so interested — that instead of
the house thinning out at about 4 o'clock, as has
been usual, you have all stayed here until the time
of adjournment. For that, gentlemen, I am more
than obliged to you. And now, in my own behalf,
I thank you most heartily for the condescension
with which you have borne my shortcomings. If
my parliamentary knowledge is deficient, my will
to do good for this Society you know is yours.

I now pronounce this Society adjourned until
the call of the Executive Committee.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS

LETTER OF SUBMITTAL.

South Haven, Mich., December 23, 1891.
To the President of the American Pomological Society:

Sir. — In submitting the following report, the Chairman of the Committee on Revision takes
occasion to remark that, having, at your suggestion, completed and submitted the usual revision of the
Society Catalogue (excepting that on Semi-Tropical Fruits) in advance of the meeting of the Society in
September last, the action taken at that meeting rendered such revision almost whoUj nugatory,
necessitating an entire re-revision.

The revision of the Tropical. Semi-Tropical and Sub-Tropical lists had been committed to Mr.
A. H. Manville, of Florida, Chairman of the Committee on Semi-Tropical Fruits, who, obviously with
great care and labor, very kindly supplied a mass of highly valuable information in aid of the revisory
work. This material was received after the iirst revision had been submitted.

In the present revision, therefore, this material (which, in form, proved to be but partially adapted
to the form of catalogue adopted by the Society) has been extensively interwoven into the appropriate
sections, together with various items of value derived from other sources.

In the course of these revisions, the following, among other particulars, have impressed themselves
upon the consideration of the re visor:

1. That the lists probably contain varieties as well as starrings which may fairly be supposed no
longer to properly represent present preferences, but for the changing or retiring of which we have no
adequate provision.

2. That the eliminating and adding of varieties in open session is liable to be too unwisely and
hastily done, and therefore not to fully or properly express the matured convictions of those whose
wishes may be supposed to be represented.

3. That a more trustworthy result may, perhaps, be secured by means of reports from local
societies or from capable committees so far in advance of meetings of the Society that revisions may be
prepared in advance, submitted to the criticism or approval of the Society at such meeting prior to
acceptance.

4. That the customary review of the Catalogue in open session, with the liability to change upon
the instance of transient and possibly even illy-informed attendants, may, and probably should be
omitted, and matters developed during the sessions bearing upon its revision or modification be treated
as being referred to the revisory committee, to be used at their discretion, subject, of course, to the tiual
action of the Society in its acceptance or adoption of such committee's report.

5. That it is desirable to provide against hasty change of the Catalogue, resulting from a possibly

preponderating local attendance from a single locality.

All of which is respectfullv submitted.

T. T. LYON,

Chairman of Committee on Revision of Catalogue.

(iii)

PLAN OF CATALOGUE.

The arrangement of the names of varieties in the Catalogue is alphabetical and according to the
nomenclature adopted by the Society. The synonyms given are appended to the adopted names in
italics.

The columns are arranged thus: In the lirst column the names of varieties, in the next seven
columns the description, and in the remaining columns the States or Districts.

The State or District columns are not placed in alphabetical order, as in the octavo editions, but are
grouped in Divisions somewhat similar in climate, and other characters affecting fruit culture. Thus:
1. — Northern Division — between 42° and 49°. 2. — Central Division— between 35° and 42°. 3. — South-
ern Division — between 28° and 35°.

The State or District in which a fruit is recommended for cultivation is designated by a star (*)
and if the variety is of great superiority and value, two stars (**); if new or recently introduced and
promising, by a dagger (f). A minus sign ( — ) shows that the variety has been tried and found,
undesirable in the State or District indicated.

Prefixes, suffixes, apostrophe terminations and secondary words, together with words whose signifi-
cations are expressed in the descriptive columns of the catalogue, are eliminated from the names of
fruits, save in a few cases in which they may be needful to insure the identity of a variety, and in a few
time honored names.

The Anglicising of foreign names is resorted to only in the interest of brevity or pronounceability

In questionable cases, subsidiary words are retained in parentheses.

(V)

CATALOGUE

Section I. — Anonas.

Abbreviations for this Section.

COLOR.

FORM.

ORIGIN.

b-brown, r-red,
g-green, w-white,
p-pink, y-yellow.

c-conical, ob-oblong,
k-kidney shape, p-pear shape,
o-ovate or oval, r-round.

Usual abbreviations
for countries, etc.

NAME.

•

DESRIPTION.

9

o

s

K
^

C

i

•<

02

IB

>•
<

1

Beriba. (A^ Beriba)

S Am

0

ChtTiiiUjya. {A, Clu'ritnolid)

S. Am.
W. I.
W.I.
W. I.

S

g-

c.

s,

s.
s.f.

1.
.........

m.

g-

g-
g-

d. ni.

4

.■i

S(.)ur Sill). (.'1. 7uui'iC(it(i)

g-
g-

c.
c.

d. m.

6

Sugar Apple. (-1. Sfjuftmosa)

d. ni.

Section II.— Apples (Piims mulus).

Abbreviations.

SIZE.

FORM.

COLOR.

Marge,

in-niediuiii,

s-small.

r. c-roundish conical,
r. ob-roundish oblate,
r-rdundish. *

y. r-yellow and red,

r. s-red striped,

g. y-greenish yellow,

rus-russeted,

y. rus-yellow and russet.

(vi)

OF FRUITS.

Section I. Anonas.
Abbreviations for this Section.

SEASON.

SIZE.

ql'Al.nv.

rsK.

s-sunimer,

f-fall.

Marge, s-sniall,
ni-incdiuiii, v-very.

b-best,
g-good ,
v-very.

ni-near market,

c-cooking, s-shipping,
d -dessert.

STATES.

w

a

P
'A

Florida.

Georgia.

Alabama.

■Mississippi.

Louisiana.

Texas.

New Mexico

Arizona.

California

1

**

*

*
*
*

*

*

')

*

3

*

4

5

t

0

t

Section II. Apples (I'l/ms mala.t).
Abbreviations.

QUALITY.

USE.

SEASON.

OIUOIN.

g-good,

V. g-vcry good ,

b-best.

F-faniily use,

K. M-kitchen and market.

F. M-t'amily and market.

S-Hummer,

K. A-early autumn,

L. .\-late"autumn,

W-winter.

Usual abbreviations
for names of countries.

(vii)

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS

-APPLES. — CONTINUED.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Diy.

a5

o

o
O

<

D

H

3

<
s
a:

s

c

o
o
x

>
c

o

i

C

i

ffl"
c
'S

ic

so

p.
E

oi

s

»

a
o
a
v.

>

0)

i

m

«

a

S.

X

1— t

—

O

1

Alexander

1.
1.

1.

r. c.
r.ob.
r.ob.

r. s.

y-r.
g-y-

g-

v.g.
v-g-

K. M.
P.M.
F.M.

E.A.
AA'.
AV.

Rus.
Am.
Am.
Rus.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*

**

*

»

2

American Bea u ty

3

4

American Golden. American Golden Pippin
Anisovka

5

Arnold Beauty

m.

1.

m.

m.

fl.

fl.
r. c.
r.ob.

y-r.
y-r.
g-y-
g-y-

v.g.
v-g
v-g-
v.g-

F.
F.
F.
F.

SV.

A.
E.A.
L.A.

6

Aromatic Carolina

Autumn Bough

#

8

Autumn Swaar

9

Babbit

10

Bailey Sweet

1.

1.

1.
m.

1.

1.
m.

1.

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.
m.

"}:
1.
1.-

r. c.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. c.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. c.
r. c.
r. c.
r.ob.
r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.
fl. c.
fl.
r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.

r. s.

y-r.

r. g-

r-y-
y-

r. s.

y-

y-r-
y-r-
y-r-
g-y-

r. s.

y-r.

d. r.

y-r.

r.

y-r.

v.g.
v.g-
v-g-

V g-

g-
g-

v.g-
v-g-

\'-

g-
g-

v.g.

g-

v-g-

F.M.
K. M.
F.M.
F.M.
F.M.
K. M.

F.
F.M.
K. M.
F.M.
F.M.

F.
F. M.

F.

F.
F.M.

M.

M.

L.A.

vr.

AV.

AV.

A.
L.A.

AV.

\V.

AV.

S.

AV.
E. AV.

AV.

S.

AV.

AV.

AV.
L.A.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Eng.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Eng.

Am.
Rus.
Ger.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

**
*

**
*

»

*
*

**
**

*
**

*
**

«
»

**
*

*
*

»

11

Baker

*

12

Baldwin

»*

13
14

Baltimore. Cnble's GilUflower. Mahaska...
Baltzby .'

15

Beauty of Kent

*

16

17

Belmont

18

Ben Davis. iVeui York Pippin

19

Benoni

»

20

Bentley Sweet

21

Berkshire (Spy)

22

Bet hi emite

23

Bevan. Sevan's Favorite

24

Black (Jersey)

25

Blenheim (Pippin)

26

Blue Pearmam

27

Bonum

28

Borovi tzky

29

Bourassa

m.
m.
1.
m.
m.

r. c.

r.ob.

fl.

r.

r. c.

y-r.

r.

y-r.
y-r.
g-y-

g-
g-

v.g.

g-

v-g.

M.
M.

F.M.

M.

F.M.

L.A.
A.
AV.

L.A.
L.A.

30

t

31

IJower Non pareil

32

Bowlina: Sweet

33

34

35

Brittle Sweet

m.
1.
1.

1.

1.
m.

s.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.
m
m.

1>
m.
m.

1.
m.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.

1.
m.
m.
m.

r. c.

fl.

r. s.
r. s.

v.g-
v.g-

F.
F.M.

E.A.
L.A.

S.

E.AV.

AV.

S

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

S.
E.A.

S.

AV.
E.A.

AV.

AV.

AV.
L.A.

AV.

A.

AV

Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

N. S.

Am.

Am.

Can.

F.

A.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.

»

*

!. .

«

*

*
#

»

*
*

*

«
*

*

**

36

Brown Nottimjham Brown

37

Bruce (Summer)

38

Buckingham. Fall Queen of Kentucky,
BarJtetorj Ei^ninelely

r.ob.
r.ob.

fl.
r. c.
r.ob.
fl. c,
r ob.
r ob.
r. c.
r.ob.
r.ob.
ob.
r. c.
r. c.
fl. c.
r.ob.

r.

fl.
ob.c.
r.ob.

c.
r. c.
r.ob.
r. c.

r.
r. ob.

y-r.

y-r-

y-

y. rus.

y-r.
y-r.

y-

y-
y-r.

y-

g-r.
r.

g-y-

r. s.

g- y- r.

g-r-

y-
y-

g-r.

y-
y-r.

g-r-

g-y-

y-r.

y-

y- r.

v.g-

g-
g-

b.

g-
v-g-

g-
v.g.

g-
g-
g-

v-g.
v-g-
v-g.

g-

v.g-

g-
g-

v-g.
v.g.

g-
g-
g-
g-

ft*

b.

F.M.

F.

F.

F. M,
F. M.
F.M.
K. M.

F.M.
F.M.
M.K.

39

Bufl'

40

Buffinglon

41
42

Bullock (Pippin). American Golden Rnssett.

*

43

Burlington. Burlington Pippin

44

Cadwallader. Cadivallader's Golden

45

Calef vSweet

46

Calkin. Calkin's Pippin

47

Camack Sweet

48

Campfield ,

49

50

Canada Keinette

F.M

F.

M.
F.M.

F.

M.
F.M.

M.
F.M
F.M.

M.

M.

M.
F.M.

51

Cannon Pearniaiu

52

CaroHna Watson

53

Carter Blue

54

Cane Creek Sweet

es

Chattahoochee

56
57

Chenango (Strawberry). .Slierwood Fnvorili
Clark Pearmain

#

58

Clayton

59

Clyde (Beauty)

60

Cooner

61

Cooper Market

62

Coo per Early

63

Cogswell

#

1. Moderate bearer; showy; hardy.
12. In Verniiint adapted only to the Southern and AVestern part of the State south of Burlington.

CATALOGUE OF P'RUITS. — APPLES. — CONTINUED.

Between 42° and 49°.

II. — Ckntral Division. — Between 35° and 42°.

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&35°

pi

n
S

i

c
c
o

c

>■
&

*
*
*

*

**

*

**

*

*

**

*

t
"t

*

*

*

*

*
*

*

**
*
*

O
a

C
*

*

*

■ •
**

■;

*
*

*

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*
*
*

t

*

*

*

#
*

...

*
*

*

*
*

*

C
'x

7.

?

**

*

*

*

I

••

a'

^

2

6
"5

13

C

.£

X

*

*

a
1

O

*
**

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'a
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X
C

*
*

*

**

*
*

*
*

*

*

*

0)

**
*

*
*

*

6

*

**
*

*

*

*
*

'J
a

5
•6

*

*
*

*
*

*
*

**

C3

•£
'£t

>
*

ii

*

ii
*

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i

ii
*

"i

s
C

't
03

o

ii
ii

*
*

*

i
i

6

o

*

'i
*

*

i
*

**
**
**
*+

*

*

*
*

*
*

*

ii
i

c

*

**

**

**

*

*

**

*
*

'i
*

i

*

c
>

X

a,
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'i
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3
S

ii

**
**

ii

X

a
c
S

**
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»*
"i

x

'o
n

*

*

i

*

*
**

'i

"i

*

*

5

O

*♦

*

ii
**

*
i

*

"i
*

*

X

_x

*

'i

i

t
*

*

**

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*
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i
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**

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O

-*

"t

*

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. .
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ii

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o

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**
*

*
**

ii

i
i

*
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*

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*

i

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i
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ii

X

g
C

<

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*

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i

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**
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'x

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*

t

i

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4

3

X

*

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ii
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5

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**

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d

3

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

U

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

''2

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38
30
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

't

**

't

*

>
't

13. A hardy tree; very productive.

15. A coarse, showy fruit.

17. Fine for table; too tender for shipping.

18. Valuable shipping sort. 48. Valued for stock and cider.

20. Fine winter variety. -53. Valued at the South.

22. Resembles Newtown Spitzenburgh.

l^ATALOUUE OF FRUITS. — APPLES. CONTINUED.

cs
e

a
s

^

64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
9S
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127

NAMES.

Cole Quince

Colvert

Cornell

Cox Orange, (Pippin)

Cracking

Creek

Cross

Cullasaga

Curtis Sweet

Danvers Sweet. Danrers Winter Sweet. ■■

Detroit Red

Disliaroon

Dominie

Drap d'Or

Dutch Mignonne

Dyer. Pommt' Roynl

Early Harvest

Early Margaret. Early Red Margaret

Early Joe."

Early Pennock

Early Strawberry Red Juneating

Earl J- Kipe

Edgar Red Streak. Walbridge

Edward Early

Edward Winter

English Russett. Poughkeepsie Rufsett...

Esopus Spitzenburg

Etowah. Cooper's Red

Eustis

Eutaw

Evening Party

Ewalt

Excel

Fallawater. Formvalder, Tulpehocken...

Fall Harvey.

Fall .Jenneting

Fall Orange..."

Fall Pippin. Holland Pippin, [erroneously)

Fall Queen. Haas, Gross Pommier

Fall Wine

Fameuse. Pomme de Neige, Snow Apple

Family

Fanny

Faust (AVinter)

Ferdinand

Ferris

Fink

Fourth of July

Foundling

Fulton

Gabriel

Uano

Garden Royal

Garret tson

Gideon

Gilpin. Carthouse, Little Romanite

Golden Ball

Golden Russett of Western Kew York..

Golden Sweet

Granite (Beauty)

Gravenstein

Green Cheese

Green Sweet

Grimes Golden

DESCRIPTION.

c

r. ob.
r. ob.
ob.
ob.
r. ob.
fl. c.
r. ob.
r. c.
r. c.
r. ob.
r. ob.
r. c.
r. ob.
r. ob.
r. oh.

r.
r. ob.

r.

fl.
r. c.

r.
r. ob.
r. ob.

r. c.

ob.

ob. c.

r. ob.

fl.

r.
ob.c.
r. c.
r. ob.

fl.

r.
r. ob.
ob.c.
r. ob.
r. ob.
fl. c.

fl.

r.

fl.
r. fl.

fl.
r. ob.
r. ob.

fl.
r. ob.

o

s-y-

y. r.

y-r.

y. r.

y-

y-r.

r. s.

y.s.
y-r-
g-y-

r.

g-

g-r-

y-

r. s.

g-y-
g-y-

r. s.

y-r.

g-
r. s.

y-

r. s.

y. rus.

y-r.
y-r.

r. s.

r. ob.
r. c.

r. c.

r.
r. ob.

r.
r. ob.
r.oh.

fl.
r.ob.
r. oh.

r.
r.

y-

y-
y-

r.

g-y-
y-r-
r-y-

r. 8.

y-r-

r. s.

y-r.

o. y.

y-r.
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r. s.

y-r.
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ry-

&

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g-
g-

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g-

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V. g.

g-
g-

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g

v-g.
V. g.

g-

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V. g.
v-g.

b.

g.

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g-

v-g

v-g.
b.

v-g

V. g.

g-
v-g-

g-

g-

g-

g-
v-g

g-

b.

v.g.
v-g
v-g

g-

g-

g-

g-

g-

g-

g-

g-

y-r.
y-

y r.
y-

y. rus,

g-y
y-r.
y-r.
g-y-
g- y-
g-y-

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

K.
F. M
F. M

M.

K.
F. M.
F. M
F. M
F. M.

F.

M.

F.
F. M
F. M

F.

M.

F.

F.

F.

F. M
F. M

F.

<;

CO

W.

L.A.

L.A.

E. A.

L.A.

W.

S.

w.

L.A.

W.
E.W

A.

W.

s.
w.

E. A.

S.

s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
w.
s.

O

Am.
Am.
Am.
Eng.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

I.— N. Div.

g

g

V. g-
v.g.

g-

v-g.
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g-

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F. M

M.
F. M.

M.

M.

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K.M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.
F. M

M.
F. M.

F. M
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.

F.
K.

M.

F.
F. M
F. M
F. M.
F. M
F. M.
K.M.

F.

W.
W.

w.

E. W
A.
W.

w.
w.
w.

L.A.
E. A.
L.A.
L.A.

A.

L. A.

W.

S.

S.

w.
w.
w.

L.W

s.

A.

W.

L.A.

S.
A.

W.

E A.

W.

s
w.

L.A.
W.
W.
W.

Ger.
Ger.

F.
Am.
Ger.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Eng.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
F.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
(ier.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Ger.
Am.
Am.
Am.

; -a

o

■a

**

7ri. Productive and hardy.

79. Valued for dessert.

SO. Succeeds best on strong soils.

82. A delicious table sort; tree of small growth.

83. Popular market sort.

84. Continues a long time after ripening.

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS. — AI'l'LES.— CONTINUED.

Between 42° and 49°.

'11. —Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°

III.— iJ.Div.— Bet.28°&35°

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66

67
68
69
70
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72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
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Si
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
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92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

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101
102

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J 04
105
106
lu7
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109

110

111
112
113
11-1
Mb
116
117
118
119
120
121
12J
123
124
125
126
127

*
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.Cj£

,£.t

.i.C

1U4. .\ hardy tree; one of the best for

110, Valuable as a very late keeper an

111. Very hardy tree and handsome fr

the Xorth and AVest.

d for cider.

uit.

116. Of a delicious pear flavor.
124. Ripens early and keeps late.
125. One of the best south.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS

-APPLES. — CONTINUED.

128
129
130
131
132
133
13t
135
136
137
lf.8
139
HO
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154

155
1.56
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
ISl
182

183
184
185
186
187
188
189

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

o

Hall

Hamilton

Haskell Sweet

Hawthornden

Hartford Sweet

Hewes Crab. Henes' Virginia Crab

Higby Sweet

High Top Sweet. Sweet June

Hockett Sweet

Holland Pippin

Hoover. Black Coal

Horn

Horse. Haas

Hubbardston. Huhhardslons Nonsuch

Hunt Russet

Huntsman. Huntsman's Favorite

Hurlbut

Iowa Blush

Irish Pippin

Jefferson County

Jett'eris

Jersey Sweet

Jewett Red. Jewett's Fine Bed

.Jonathan

Julian

Junaluskee

Kentucky Red. Kentucky Med Streak. Brad

ford's Best

Keswick

Kinnaird. Kinnaird's Choice

Kirkbridge. Kirkhridge White

Lady

Lady Sweet

Lansingburg

Late Strawberry. Autumn Strawberry

Lawver

Limber Twig

Little

Longtield. Langerfeldskfe

Long Island Russet

Lome. Marquis of Lome

Loudon

Lowell. Orange, Tallow Pippin, Queen Anne

Ly scorn

Maiden Blush

Major

Mangum. Gully

Mann

Manomet

Mary Woniae

Mason Orange

Mason Stranger

Mattamuskeet

Maverack Sweet

Ma.xy

M,c.\fee. McAfee's Nonsuch, Large Striped

Pearmain

Mcintosh

^McLellan

!McMahon

Mellinger

!Me!on

Mexico

^lilam

m.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.

m.
ni.
m.
m.
m.
m.
ni.
m.

m.
m.
m.
m.

8.
1.

m.

m.

1.

in.

m.
m.

1.

1.

1.

I.
111.

1.
ni.
m.
m.

1.
V. 1

m.

g,

m.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.
m.
m.
m.
m.

fi.

r.

H.
r. ob.
r. ob.

r.
r. c.

r.
r. ob.

r.

r.

ti.

r.

r. c.

r. ob.

ob.

r. ob.

r.
r.ob.
r. ob.

r.
r.ob.
r. c.
fl. c.
r.ob.

r. c.
r. c.

fl.
ob.

fl.

r.
r. fl.

r.
r.ob.
r.ob.

r.ob.

r.

r. fl.

fl.

r. c.

r.

r.

r. fl.

r.ob.

r.ob.

r.ob.

r. fl.

ob.

fl.

fl.

r.ob.

r. c.

r.ob.
r.ob.
r. ob.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. ob.
r.ob.
r

o

O

y-r.
y-r-
g-y-
g-y-

r. 8.

y-r-
y-r-
g-y-
y-r-
g-y-
y-r-

g-r-

y-r.
y-r-

y. rus.

y-
y-r-

v-g-

g-

v-g-

g-
g-
g-

v-g-

V g-

g-
g-

v-g-

v-g

g-

v-g-
v-g
V. g

g-

r. 8.

y-r-
y-r.
y-r.

r.

y-r.

w. r.
g-

g.y.dr

g-y-
y-r.
g-y-
y-r.
y-r.
y-r-
y- r.
y-r.
y- r.

y-r.

rus.

g-r.
y- r.
g-y-
g-y-
g-y-

g-r-

y-r.
y-r-
y-r.

J'-r.

y-

y-r-
y-r-

y. r.
g-r.

y-r-
y-r-
y-r.

y. w.

r. s.
y- s.

r. s.
r. 8.

F.
F.M

F.
K. M

iM.
Cider

F.
F.M

K.
K. M.
F.M
F.M
K. M.
F.M
F.M
F.M
F. M.

v-g-
g-

v-g-
v-g-

g-

v-g.

g-

v-g-

g-
g-

v-g
v-g

g-

v-g
v-g.

g-

g-

v-g

g-

V. g

g-
g-

V. g

v-g.
v-g
v-g.
v-g.

g-

v-g.

g-

v-g-

g-

v-g.
v-g-
V. g.

g-

v-g

b.

v-g

g-

F.M,
F.M,
F.M.
F.M,
F.M
F.M

K.
F.M

F.M
K.M
F.M
K.M
F. M,
F.M

.M.
F.M
F. M

M.

K.M

K.
F.M

M.
F. M
F.M
K. M
F.M
F,M
F.M
F. M
V. M,
F.M,
F. M,
F. .M

U.
F. M,

F M
F. M
F. M
K. M
F M.
F.M.
F.M
K.M.

X

W.

A.
E. A.
E. A.

W.
L.A.
L.A.

S.

w.

L.A.
VV.

L.W

S.

w.

w.

AV.
L.A.

E.W
W.

E. A.

E. A.
W.
W.

s.
w.

A.
E.A.

\V.
E.A.

A7.

W.

AV.
L.A.

\V.

W.

L.A.

AV.

AV.

AV.
E.A.
E.A.
E.A.

AV.

AV.

AV.
E.A.

VV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.

AV.
AV.
AV.
A.
E. W.
AV.
A.
\V.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Eng.
Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Rus.

Rus.

Am.

N. S.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am

I.— N. Div.

. -3

; c

z; ;

**

131. One of the most proHtable of market sorts.

134. A delicious dessert apple.

176. A seedling from Rambo, which it resembles.

187. One of the most delicious apples; tree a poor grower.

1.33. A'alned only for cider.
171. A profitable market sort.
17."). A valued sweet apple.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — APPLES. — CONTINUED.

Between 42° and 49°.

II. — Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°.

III.— S.Div.— Bet. 28°&35°

O
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a

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128
129
130
131
132
133
134
1.35
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153

154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181

182
183

184

185
186
187
188
189

*

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142.

A hardy tree and tine fruit. Supposed
with Golden Russet of Mass., but not

lo be identical
fully decided.

149.
163.

Very valuable for market or stock'
Hardy and productive Southwest.

XIV

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — APPLES. — CONTINUED.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.

a
S
m

s

8

H

■<
c?

o
<

s

o

03
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CO

o

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c
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190

Milden or Milding

1.
1.

n.

Ob.

y-r.

r. s.

v-g

g-

F.M
K. M

E.W
L.A.

Am.
Am.

«*

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191

Minister

192

Minkler

193

Missouri Pippin. Missouri Keeper

1.

1.
m.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.
m.

r.ob.

fl.
r.ob.
r. c.

n.

r.ob.

r.ob.
r.ob.

r.

r. c.

fl.

r.ob.

Ob.

r. ob.

r.ob.

r.ob.

Ob.

y-r.
y-r-

r.

y-r.
y-g-

r. 8.

g-y-

r. s.

y-g-
y-r-

r. 8.

y-r-

y-

y-r.
y-r-
y-r-

y-

g-

v-g-

g-

b.

g-
v-g-

v.g-
g-

v-g-
v-g

g-
v-g-

g-

g-
v-g.

M.
F.M

K.
F.M
K. M
F.M

F.M.
F.M.
F.M.
F.M.

F.

F.

W.
W.
W.
W.
L.A.
W.

AV.

W.

W.

W.
E.W.

W.

A.
L.A.

W.

s.

A.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Eng.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Rus.
Am.

*
«

»
**

*

t
**

**

**

**

**

*
**

■*

*»
*i

*

*
*

194

Monmouth. Red Cheek Pippin

195

Moore Sweet

*

196

Mother

*-

197

Munson Sweet. Orangt Sweet

198
199

Nansemond. Nansemond Beauty

Kewtown Pippin. Albemarle Pippin,Brooke's

200

Nickaiack

201

Nonpareil Russett

202

Northern Spy

«-

203

Northampton.....

204
205

Oakland. Oakland County Seek-no-further..
Oconee Greening

206

Ohio Nonpareil

F.M.

2U7

Ohio Pippm. Shannon

208
209

Oldenburg. Duchess of Oldenburg

Orange Pippin

M.
F.M.

**

210

Orange Wmter

211
212

Ortley. White Bellflower, Woolman's Long..
Otoe." Otoe Red Streak

m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.
m.

s.

1.
m.

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.

m.

1.

s.

Ob
r.ob.
r. c.

fl.

r.
r. c.

fl.
r.ob.
r.ob.
r.ob.

fl.
r. ob.
r. c.
r.ob.

ob.
r. c.
r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.

c.
r.ob.

r. obi.

r.ob.

ob.

fl.

r. c.

r.

r.ob.

r. c.

r.

g-y-
y-r.

y. s.
r. 8.

g-y-

ru8.
r. s.
r. s.

r-y-

g-y-r.

g-y-

g-y-

g- y- r.

y. rus.

g-y-

y-

y-
g-y-

y-

y-r.
y-r-

y-

r. s.

y-r.
y- r.
y-r.
y-r.

y-r.
y-r-

r.

v-g-
v-g-
v.g-
v-g-
v-g-

g-
g-

v-g-

g-

v-g-
v-g.
v-g.

b!

v-g.

&■
b.

g-

g-

v-g-

g-
v-g-

g-

V. g-

v-g.

g-

b.
g-

F.M.
F.M.
F.M.

F.
F. M.
F.M.
F. M.
F.M.

F.
F.M.
F.M.
F.M
K. M.

F.
F. M.
F.M.

F.

F.
F.M.
F.M.
F.M

K.M.
F.M.
K.M.
F.M.
F.M
K.M.

F.M

F.M.

Cider.

W.
W.
A.
A.
W.
W.
W\
W.
W.
W.
W.

w.

A.

W.

A.
E.W.

A.
E.A.

W.
L. W.

W.

E.W.

W.
L.A.
L.A.

W.

s.
w.

L.A.
L.A.

Am.

Am.

P.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

"t

"i

*
*

"i

■f

**

*
*

't
*

«

*

**

'i
*»

*

ii
*

213

Peaoii (of Montreal)

214

Peach Pond Sweet

215

Peck Pleasant

**

216

Perry Russet

217

Pewaukee

218

Phillips Sweet

219

Pickard. Pickard^s Reserve

220

Pilot

09[

Pittshurg. Pittsburg Pippin

222
2^3

Pleasant Valley. Pleasant Valley Pipjnn...
Plumb Cider '

224

Pouime Gris

225

Porter

*

226

Pi'emium

227

President

228

Primate

*

229

Progress

230

Prother

231

Pryor Red

232

Pumpkin Sweet. Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet,

Am.
Am.

Am.
........

Am.
Am.

**

*
**

*
*

i*
**

"«
*

*
*

233

Pyle Winter. Pyle's Red Winter

234

Ramsdell Sweet

235

Rambo

236

Balls Genet. Neverfail

237

Red Astrachan

**

238
239

Red Canada. Old Nonsuch, Richfield Non-

■mch, Steele'.^ Red Winter, of some

Red Cathead

240

Red Crab

241

Red .June. Carolina June

242

Red Ranee

m.
m.

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.

r.ob.
ob.c.
r.ob.
r.ob.

r.
r.ob.
r. c.

r. 8.

y-r.
g-y-
y-r.
y-r.

r. s.
y. ru8.

v-g.
g-

v-g-

g-

v-g-

V. g-

g-
g-

g.

F.M.
K.M.
F.M.

F.
F.M.
F. M.

M.
F.M.
F M

E. W.

S.

w^

s.
w^

E.A.

w^

A.
L.A.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Eng.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*

'*
«

**
«

**

**
"«

»*

243

Red Stripe

244

Rhode Island Greening

**

245

Rhode Orange

246

Ribston. Ribston Pippin

247

Richard Graft

248

Ridge Pippin

249

Robinson Robinson's Superb

250

Robertson White

r.ob.

R-y-

196. Esteemed where known. 240.

200. Known in South and West by over forty difterent names. 241.

233. Valued chieflj' for its keeping qualities. 248.

Best of all for cider.
Esteemed South and West.
A long keeper.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — APPLES. — CONTINUED.

Between 42° and 49°.

II. — Central Division. — Between 36° and 42°. |

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&.35°

a
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03
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190

191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198

199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
■228
229
230
231

232
233
234
235
236
237

238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
2.59
250

*

*

*
*

*

*
»

**

*

*

*

**

*

*
*

*
**

*

*
*

*

**

*

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*
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*

*
'*

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*

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*

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..

206. Esteemed where known. 217. Very hardy. An old variety; extensively planted

208. One of the most hardy varieties. at tlie West 25 or more years s-ince.

212. A new variety; originated in Nebraslva. 224. Tree of small grovvtli; succeeds well at the North.

XVI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — APPLES. — CONTINUED.

a
S

251
252

253
•254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271

272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313

NAMES.

Rock Rock Pippin, Lemon

Rockport Sweet

Romanite (of tl\e South)

Roman Stem

Rome Beauty

Roxbury Russet

Sain t La wrence

Sarah

Saxton. Fall Stripe

Sheppard Sweet

Sheriti-

Shiawassee (Beauty)

Shockley

Simmons Red Red Everlasting

Smith Cider

Smokehouse

Somerset (of Maine)

Somerset (of New York)

Sops of Wine. Hominy

Spice Russet

Spitzenburg. Newtown Spitzenbiirg, Vande-

rere of New York

Stansill

Stark

Striped Anis

Stevenson Winter

Summer Bellefleur

Summer Hagloe

Summer King

Summer Pearmain. American Summer

Summer Pound Royal

Summer Pippin. Champlain Ayack

Summer Queen

Summer Rose

Summer Seek-no-further

Suniiner Paradise

Susan Spice

Sutton. Sutton Beauty

Striped (Pippin)

Swaar

Sweet Belle et Bonne

Sweet Bough. Large Yellow Bough

Sweet Pear

Sweet Winesap

vSwitzer

Taunton

Tetofsky

Tinmouth

Talman Sweet

Tompkins King. King of Tompkins County

To wnsend . Hocking

Trenton Early

Twenty Ounce. Cayuga Red Streak

Utter

Vandevere

Victuals and Drink

Virginia Greening

Wagener

Wartield

Washington (Strawberry)

Washington Roj'al

Water

Waugh Crab

Wealthy

DESCRIPTION.

m.

m.

1.

m.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.
m.

1.

s.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.

I.
m.
m.

1^

O

C.

r. ob.
r. c.

r.

r.
r.ob.

fl.

fl.
r.ob.
r. c.

y-

g-y-
y-r-

y. rus.

y-r.

y. rus.

y-r-

r. s.

y-r.

r. s.

fl.
r. c.

ob.
r. ob.
r.ob.

fl.
r. c.

r.
fl. c.

r.ob.
r.ob.
r. c.

r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.

fl.

ob.
r. c.
ob.c.
r. c.

r.
ob.c.

r.

fl.
r. ob.
r.ob.
r.ob.
r.ob.

ob.
r. c.

fl.

r. c.
fl. c.

fl.

r.

r.
r. ob.

r.

r.
r.ob.

fl.
ob.

fl.
r.ob.

fl.
r. c.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. c.
r. ob.

o

I-!
O

o

r. y-
y-r.

y-1

y--
y--

r. i
y. rus.

y-r.

y. rus

y-r.
g-y-
y-r.

y-
y-

r. s.

y-r.
yr.

y. rus.

y-r.

y-r.

y-r.

y-

g-y-
y-r.

r. 8.

r. 8.

g-y-

y. rus.

g-y

y-

r. s.

y-r.
y-r.
y-r.
g-y-
y-r.

r. s.

y-

r. 8.
r. s.

y-r.

y rus

g-y-

y-r.

y-

y-r.

g-y-

y.r.

r.-s.

r.

V. g
V. g.
v.g

g-

V. g.
V. g.
v-g'

g-

g-

V. g.

g-
v-g.

g-

g-

V. g

v-g.

g-

v-g.

b.
g-
g-

g-
g-

V. g.
g-
b.

g-

g-

g-

b.
V. g.
v.g.

g-

V. g.
V. g.

b.
V. g.
V. g.
V. g.
V. g.

g-
g-

V. g.
v-g.
v-g.

g-
g-

V. g

g-
g-
g-
g-

b.
g-

v-g.
g-

v-g.

g-

v-g.

M.

F.

P.M.
F. M.

M.
F. M

M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F. M.
F. M.

F.M
K.M.

F.

F.
K.M

F.

F.M
F.
F.

F.
F.M
K.M
F.M

F.

M.
K.M
K.M,

F.
F. M

F.

F.
F.M
F.M
F.M

F.
F.M.

F.

M.

F.M.

K.

F.
K.M
F.M.

M.

F.

F.M.
F. K.

M.

F.

M.

F.
F. M
F. M

M.

F.

Cider.

F. M.

aa

W.
W.

w.
w.

L.A.

W.

A.
E. A.

A.
L.A.

W.
W.

s.
w.
w.

S.
E.A.
E. A.

W.

w.
w.
w.

w.

A.

s.
s.
s.

E.A.
L.S.

S.

s.
s.

E.A.

A.
E. W,
E.W,

^Y.

E.W.

s.

A.
W.

A.

S

w.
w.
w.

s.
s.

L.A.

A.

W.

W.

W.

W.

A.
E.A.

W.
E.W,

W.

w.

Am.
Am.
Am
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Eng.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Rus.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am
Am.
Am.
Am.
Rus.
Am.
Rus.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

I.— N. Div.

; -d

1 "^
I o

*

*

**
*

* .

* .
*

**
*

*i

2.53. Entirely distinct from Gilpin or Shockley.

279. Slender grower but healthy.

€AT.\XOGUE OF FRUITS. — APPLES. — C(.)NTINL"ED.

Between 42° and 49°.

S?;

251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
•2b9
260
261
252
263
264
265
266
267
2(iS
269
270

271

272

373

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297
298

299

300
301

302

303

304

305

306

807

308

309

310

311

312

313

C I ^ d

X %

n.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°.j|ni.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&.3o°

g> «

-. -= <5 ?;

o

0) -=

■^\<>

..

** S|I *****

» * *
*

rATALOtiUE OF FRUITS. — APPLES. — COXTIXUED.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N. Div.

n
a

NAMES.

a-

1

8.

;3

o

3
H
o

'2

m

a
5

ii

a

S
«

o

■■
**

B
c

>

' *
**

i

**

-3

a
"5

-a

314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339 '

Webb

»;•

r.
r.ob.
r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.

r.
r. fl.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. ob.
r. c.

r.
r. c.

r.

r.
r.ob.
r.ob.

y-
g-y-

r. s.

y-r.
g-y-
g-y-
y.r.

.g-y-
y-r.
g-y-

y. r.
y.r.
y.r.
y.r.

y-r-.
g-y-

r.

g.
g-

V-

g-
g-
g-

V. g.
v.g-

g-

g-
V. g.

g-
v-g.

V ff

F.

M.
K. M.
F. M.
K.M.
F. M.

M.

F. M.
F. M.

M.

M.
K M

w.
w.

s.

A.

s.
w.
w.
w.

L A.

Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.
Am.
Am.

A m

*
*

Wellford i Yellow)

Western Bennty.Grosh, Summer, Rambo, Etc
Westtield (Seek-no-fiirther)

1.

1.

1.

s.
m.

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.
m.

1.
m.

1.

1.

*

White Doctor

White Juneatiug. May, Early May, Etc....

■•

White I'ippin :

White Winter Pearmain

Whit e KaniVio

-•

Williams i Favorite)

S. Am.

<^ /Vm

**

Willis Sweet . .

Willow Twig. James River

K M 1 W i Am'

Wine. Hay's Wine, Pennsylranih Red Streak
Winesap

F. M.
V Mi

W. Am.
W. Am.

W. Am

*

Win ter Farad ise

V g- T^

Wolf River

g-

F. M.

W.

Am.

Woodmansee

Wvthe

m.

8.
1.

m.

m.

1.

1.
1

fl.

fl.

ob.
r.ob.
r.ob.

fl.
r. c.

fl.

r. 8.

y-r.
g-y

y-

y-
y-r.

y-

V. g.

g-

v.g.

g.
g-
g-

F.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

W.

w.
w.

s.

E.S.

w.

A

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Rus.
Am.

Am

**

'"
1"

*

i

*

*

'*

Yates

Yellow Bellefieur

*

Y'ellow .Tune Santalialee

Yellow Transparent

York Imperial

F. M.

Y'opp (Fa vori te )

Zacharv (Pippin i

V. e. F Af

E W. Am

326. Valuable for late keeping.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — APPLES. — CONTINUED.

XIX

Between 42° and 49°.

il.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°.

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&35°

a
m

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314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
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323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
• 334
335
336
337
338
339

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XX

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — APPLES — f'OXTINUED. — APRICOTS.

Sub-Section I.— Apples. -Crabs. Pyrug hacaia{f)

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— X. Div.

Pi
fa

a
S

rS

-9
O

<

C

a:

•=1

z

c

<

5

>

X

>

.i

J

>

Z,

^

>-

3C

1

1

1

Beech er Sweet

m.

1.

s.
m.
m.

r.

r.
r y.

y. r.
r.

r. s.

v-g-

g-

V. g.

g-

F. M-
F. M-

K.
F. M.

F.

E.A.
A.
A.

L.A.

S.

Am.

4*

'*

*

2

Briar Sweet (Wisconsin)

Cherry

Conical

Am li .

3

4
5

r.
c.

r.

F.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Eng.

F.
Am
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am,

i .

i'*

i. .

1 •
{ ■ .

*

6

C-llovfr Earlv •■

7

1.

1.

1.

1.
V. 1.

1.
in.

1.
m.

r.
r. ob.

r

r. fi.

ob.

r.ob.

r.

ob.
r.

r.
r. y.

y-r.

y. r.

y-r.

0.

r. s.
r.

g-

v-g.
V. g.

g-

v-g-

g-
g-
g-
g-

F. M.

A.
L.A.

W.

W.
L.A.

A.
L. A.
L A.

A.

g

F. M

w

9

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. K.
F.M.
F. M.

10

11

12

Minnesota

Montreal Beauty

13

14
15
16

Orion '

Red Siberian

Spitzenburg ,

17

Sweet Russett

1.
1.
1.

1.
m.

r. c.
r. fl.
r.ob.
r. fl.
r.

y. riis.

yr-

y-r.

r.

V.

h.

g-

g-

V. g-

g-

F.
F. M.
F.M.

M.
F. M.

E A.
A.
A.
S.
A.

18

19

*

20

Whitnev

21

Yellow Siberian

F.

Section III.— Apricots. Armemaca rulgaris.

The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., roundish; r. f.,
roundish flattened; r. o., roundish oval; ob. c, oblong compressed. Color— y. o., yellow, shaded to deep
orange in rhe sun; o. r., orange, with a red cheek; o., orange. Qu.^lity- g., good; v. g., very good; b., best.
Use— All apricots being valued for the desert, the letter F. will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and
F. M. that It is valued for the dessert and at the same time profitable for market. Season— E, early; M.,
medium: L. late in season of ripening. Origin— F., foreign; Am., American.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

NAMES.

Breda

Earlj' Golden

Hemskirke (Douming)

Large Early

Large Red

Moorpark

Museli Musch

Orange

Peach

Red Masculine

Royal

St. Ambrose

Turkey

DESCRIPTION

I.

— N.

Di

V.

Jt

a

.

0^

'5

-

t

i

"^ 1 C i

p.

.«•

a

OD

>-

w S ■

S^

c

s:

taH

s

i

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<

Pd

S5

g

3

o

■§

s

o

X

K

O a|«

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J3

OQ

Ph

O

^

P

ac

o

^

Z

a

Z<

>

S

X

m.

r.

0.

V- g.

F. M.

E.

F.

1

4

r. 0.

0.

V. g.

F.M.

E.

F.

1.

r. f.

0. r.

b.

F. M.

M.

Am

m.

ob.c.

0. r.

b.

F.

E.

F.

*

1.
1.

r. 0.
r.

0. r.
y. 0.

b.
b.

F.
F. M.

M.
L.

F.

F.

s.

r.

y.

g.

F.

E.

F.

m.

r.

0. r.

g.

F.

M.

F.

1.

r. f.

y. o.

5.

E. M.

L.

F.

S

r.

y. 0.

V. g.

F. M.

M.

F.

1.

r. 0.

y r-

V. g.

F.M.

M.

F.

1.

r. f.

y. o.

b.

F.

M.

F.

m.

r.

y. 0.

V. g.

F.M.

L.

F.

CATAL()(;UE OF FRUITS. — APPLES — CONTINUED. — APRICOTS.

Sub-Section I.— Apples.— Crabs. Pyrm hacala (?)

Between 42° and 49°.

II. —Central Division. — Between 85° and 42°.|

III.— S.Di v.— Bet. 28 ° & 35 °

p

3
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13
14
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16
17
18
19
20
21

*

*

*
*

*
♦

*

*
*

*

*

*

*
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--

**

Section III.— Apricots. Anneniaca vulgaris.

The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — r., roundish; r. f.,
roundish flattened; r. o., roundish oval; ob. c., oblong compressed. Color— y. o., yellow, shaded to deep
orange in rhe sun; o. r., orange, with a red cheek; o., branger. CJuality— g., good; v. g., very good; b., best.
Use— All apricots being valued for the desert, the letter F. will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and
F. M. that it is valued'for the dessert and at the same time profitable for market. Season — E, early; M.,
medium; L. late in -season of ripening. Origin— F., foreign; Am., Amefican.

Between 42° and 49°.

II. — Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°.

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&35°

0

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1

2
3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

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*

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — BANANAS AND PLANTAIN.

Section IV.— Bananas and Plantain, Musas.

Abbreviations.

b-browii,
g-green,
p-pink,

r-red,
w-white,
y- yellow.

l-large,
m-niedium,

s-small,
v-very.

m
m
s
a

NAME.

DESCRIPTION.

o

o
O

■<
p

1 Cavendish. {M. Cavendishii)

2 Hart's Choice, (ilf. Orientum Bull)

3 Large Fig •.

4 Magnifica. (M. Magnifica Bull)...

5 Orinoco. (M. Paradisia.cn vas. sapienlnin)..

6 Plantain. (3/. Paradinaca)

7 Red Baracoa

Tahiti

m.

8.

m.

b.

b.

g-

g-

g-

v.g.
V. g.
v-g-

d. 8.
d. m.

d. s.
d.c.m.

c. m.

d. 8.

CATALOfiUE OF FKUXTS. — BANANAS AND PLANTAIN.

Section IV.— Bananas and Plantain, .'ifusas.

Abbreviations.

QUALITY.

USE.

b-best,

g-good,

v-very.

c-cooking, m-marliet,
d-dessert, s-shipping.

STATES.

m
S

Florida.

Georgia.

Alabama.

Mississippi.

Louisiana.

Texas.

New Mexico

Arizona.

Califor-
nia.

1

**

*
**
**
**

**

*
*

*

t

t
t

*

2

*

3

t

t

*

4

6

6

;:

7

8

t

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. BLACKBERRIES. — DEWBERRIES.

Section V. — Blackberries. Rubus rillosus.

Tlie columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; n\., medium; s., small. Form — ob. c, oblong conic;
r. c, roundish conical or oval; ob. ov., oblong oval. CoIjOr — b., black. Quality — g.,good; v.g., very good;
b., best. Use— F. M., t'amil}' and market; M., market. Season — M., medium; E., early; L, late. Origin —
Am., American; F., foreign.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N. Div.

n
S

1
o

o

o
o

<

t3

i

!5

2
o

o

o
OD

o3
>
O

o

a
1

iz;

6
a
'5

a.

O

^^

X

33

GC

OS

c

(a

-a
o

1

Agawam

2

Ancient Briton

1.
1.

m.
m.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.

ob. ov.
ob.ov.

b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.

V. g.

v.g.

t

g-
g-

b.
g-
g-

F. M.
F.M.
F.M.

M.
F.M.
F.M.
F.M

M.

M.

M.

M.
V. E.

M.
V. E.

M.

M.
■ L.

M.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

«
»

*

*

*

*

«

*
*

**

. .
#
*

*
*

3

Barnard

4

Brunfon. Brunton's Early

5

Dorchester

ob.c.

ov.

ob.ov.

r. c.

ov.

ov.

*

6

Early Harvest

7

Erie

8

Kittatinny

*

9

Lawton. New Rochelle

*

10

Minnewaski

11

Sable Queen

12

Rny d er

m.

1.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.

r. ov.
ob.

b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.

v.g.
g-
g-

V. g-

g-

v-g.
v.g.

F.M.

F.
F.M.
F.M.
F.M.

M.

M.

E.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am

«

'*

13

Stone (Hardy)

14

Taylor. Taylor's Prolific

15

Wachusett

ob.ov.

M.

t

16

Western Triumph

17

Wilson (Early)

ob. ov.
ob. ov.

E.

E

«

18

Wilson Junior

• '

5. Of fine flavor. 8. Rusts badly in many places. 16. Almost thornless, and valued on that account.

Sub-Section III.— Dewberries. R. Canadensis.

DESCRIPTION.

1 I.-N. Div.

K

<D

o

T1

oj

^

GO

&

4J
01

g

NAMES.

o

e

r:

+j

3

00

»

>>

o

ii

c

J^

' '

H

o

C/J

o
S

o

p

o

p

X

e:

o

a;

a;

OJ

tz;

OD

Ph

o

O"

P

CO

O

^

12;

s

K

K>

*

K

1

Lucretia ;

1.

ob.ov.

b.

V.g.

F.M.

V. E.

Am.

CATALOGUE <IF FRUITS. — BLACKBKRKrES. — I)K WUKKKI KS.

Section V.— Blackberries. Rulas Mlosas.

The columns explain as follows: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — ob. c, oblong conic;
r. c, roundish conical or oval; ob. ov., oblong oval. Color— b., black. Quality — g.,good; v. g., very good;
b., best. Use— F. M., family and market; M., market. Sea.son — M., medium; E., early; L., late. Origin—
Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 42° and 49°.

11. — Centeat, Division. — Between 35° and 42".

I II.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&35°

s

p

4.3

S
o
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*

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*
*

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4

5

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7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Su b-Section I. — Dewberries. Rubus Canadensu.

m

a
p

Between 42° and 49°

be

c

S
o
ci

^2

II.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°

O

03

GO

03
u

■"11'

«

III.— S.DIV.— Bet. 28 ° & 35

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — CHERRIES.

Section VI.— Cherries! (Cerasus Avium) J^icholson.

Sub-Section I. Hearts and Bigarreaus.

The columsexplaiu as follows: Size — 1., large; in., medium; s., small. Form — ob.hr, obtuse heart shape;
r. ob. h., roundish obtuse heart shape; r. h., roundish heart shape; r., roundish or round. Color — l.r., lively
bright red; d. r., dark red, almost black; a. m., amber mottleci with red; y. r., yellow ground shaded and
marbled with red. Use— F., family, for dessert; F. M., Family or market; K. M., for cooking or market;
M., market. Se.vson—E., early; M", medium; L., late. Origin— F., foreign; Am., American.

NAMES.

•

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.

- H

m
S
P
!zi

si
o

pi

s

o

i

o

BQ

<:

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»— 1

-a
o

JS

1

Belle d'Orleans

m.

1.

1.

1.

1.
m.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

m.
1.

r. h.
Ob. h.
Ob. h.

r.h.

r.h.

r-

r.
r.h.
r.h.
r.h.

h.

r.h.

r.h.

Ob. h.

r.h.

Ob. h.
r.ob.h.

r. h.
Ob. h.
Ob. h.
Ob. h.
r.ob.h.
Ob. h.

r.h.

y-r.

d.r.
d.r.
d.r.

y-

a. m.
d. r.

y-r.
y-r.
y-r.

d r.
b.

d.r.

Vr.
Vr

yr.

a. m.
d.r.
d.r.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
K. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F.M.

F.M.
F.M.
F. M.
F.M.
F.M.
F.M.
F.M.

M.

M.

E.
M.
M.

M.

M.

L.

M.

L. -

E.

M.

L.

M.

M.

E.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.

F.

F.

Am.
Am.

F.
Am.

F.

F.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

**

*
*

*

*

*

*

2

Bigarreau. Graffiun, Yellow Spanish

3

Black Eagle '.

*

4

Black Heart

*

5

B 1 ii c k Tar t ar i a n

*

6

Buttner's Yellow

7

Coe's Transparent

*

s

Downer's Late

»

9

Early Purple. Early Purple Guiqne

«

10

Elton

*

11

Florence

12

Governor Wood

*

13

Hovey

14

Knight's Early. KniqhVn Early Black

- '

15

Luelling. Black Republican

16

Mezel. Begarreau of Mezel, Monstreuse Mezel,
Bigarreau Gaiihalis

M.
M
M.
M.
M.
L.
E.
L.
L.

17
18

Napoleon Royal Ann (in Cal. and Oregon)

Osceola

*

19

Ohio. Ohio Beauty

20

Pontiac

21

Red .Jacket

22

Kockport

*

23

Tecumseh

24

Windsor

■■4

4. A fine old variety, but by many supposed toTae superseded,

C:ATAI,0(JUE of fruits, -cherries. CONTINUED.

xxvu

Section VI. Cherries- (C6Tasi(s ^4 wim) Nicholson.

Suh-Section I. Hearts and Bigarreaus.

The cohimns explain as follows: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— ob. h., obtuse heart
• shape; r. ob. h., roundish obtuse heart shape; r. h., roundish heart shape; r., roundish or round. Coi,or--1.

r lively briglit red; d.r., darlc red, almost black; a. m., amber mottled with red; y.r., yellow ground shaded
and marbled with red. Use— F., family for dessert; F. M., family or market; K. M., for cookmg or market;
M., market. Season— E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin— P., foreign; Am., American.

Between 42° and 49°.

IL— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°.

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&B5°

pi

3

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22
28
24

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21. The latest ripening large sweet cherry.

IXVlll

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — CHERRIES— CONTINUED. — CURRANTS.

Sub-Section II.— Duke and IWorella Cherries. (C. Caproniana) Nicholson.

IS

m
S

P

|2i

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

NAMES.

Arch Duke

Carnation

Choisy

Donna Maria

Early Eichmond

Eugenie. Empress Eugenie

Hortense

Late Duke

Late Kentish

Louis Phillippe

Magnitiuue

May Duke

Montmorency, Large

Morello, English MoreUo, Large Morello

Olivet

Plumstone Morello

Royal Duke

DESCRIPTION. 1

I.— N. Div.

M

a

Is

L2

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P.

a:

01

o c

£ -^^

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d c

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1.

m.
m.

Ob. h.
r.
r.

d.r.
a. m.
a. m.

K. M.

K. M.
F.

L.
L.
M.

F.
F.
F.

*

*

*

*

m.

s.

r.
r.

d.r.
1. r.

K. M.
K. M.

L.

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F.
F.

*

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m.
I.
1.

r.ob.h.
Ob. ii.

d.r.
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d.r.

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K. .M

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m.
1.

1.

r.

r.

r. h.

r.

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K.
K. M.
K. M.

M.

L.
L.

F.
F.
F.

*

*

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1.

r.ob.h.

d.r.

K.M.

E.

F.

*

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**

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1.
1.

r
r. h.

d.r.
d.r.

K. M.
K. M.

M.

L.

F.
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*

*

**

1.

r.

r.
d.r.
dr.

F.
K.M.
K. M.

M.
L.
M.

F.

F.
F.

1. r.
1. r.

4. Very hardy and productive.

5. Believed by many to be identical with Early May of the west; not fully settled.

Section VII. Currants. Ribes ruhrum and nigrum.

The columns explam: Size--1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— with reference to form of bunch

1., long; V. 1., very long; s., short; m., medium. Color— r., red; b., black; w., wliite. Qu-^lity— a., acid;

m. a., moderatele acid; v. a., very acid. Use— K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market; M.,
market. Season— E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin- Am., American; F., foreign.

R

p

1

2
3
4
•5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15

NAMES.

Angers. Fertile d' Angers

Black Naples. R. nigrum

Cherry

Common Black. Black English. R. nigrum..

Fay. Fay's Prolific

Knight Red. Knight's Large Red

Lee. Lee's Prolific. R. nigrum

Palluau. Fertile d' Palluau

Prince Albert

Red Dutch

Red Grape

Versaillaise. La Versaillaise

Victoria. Raby Castle

White Dutch

White Grape

DESCRIPTION.

O

s.

1.

m.

1.

1.

1.
m.
m.

8.

v. 1.

1.

I.

P

m. a.
m. a.
v. a.
m. a.
m. a.
m. a.
m. a.

a.
m. a.
m. a.
m. a.

a.

a.
m. a.
m. a.

F.M
KM

M.
K.M
F.M.

F.
K.M
F.M

M.
F.M
F.M.

M.
F.M
F.M.
F. M.

F.
F.
F.
F.

Am.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.

I.— N. Div.

CATAr.OCi: E Ol- FRUITS. CHERRIES — CURRANTS CONTINUED.

XXIX

Sub-Section II.— Duke and Morello Cherries. (C. caproiiima) Nicholson.

Between 42° and 49°.

II. — Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°.

1 1 1.— S. Di v.— Bet. 28°& 35°

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11

12

13

14

15

16

17

■•

10. An excellent old sort; little known.

Section VII. Currants. Rxhes ruhrum and nir/rum.

Tlie columns explain: Size--!., large; m., medium: s., small. Form— with reference to form of bunch
—1., long; V. 1., very long; s., short; m., medium. Color— r., red; b., black; w., white. (Quality- a., acid;
m. a., moderately acid; v. a., very acid. Use— K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market; M.,
market. Season— E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin— Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 42° and 49°.

II.— Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°.|

III.— S.Div.- Bet.28°&35°

o
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(A TAI.OdllO OF l-Ki:iTS. — FICi8. — GOOSEBERRIES.

Section VIII-— Figs. Ficus carica.

The columns explain as follows: Size--s., small; m., medium; 1., large; v. 1., very large. Color — b.,
black; br., brown; bl., blue; d. r., deep red; g., green; p. v., pale violet; p., purple; v., violet; w., white; y.,
yellow. Quality — b., best; v. g., very good; g., good. Season — K., early; M., medium; L., late.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

STATES.

^

s

"^

^

w

N

m.

s.

m

m.

m.

V. 1.

s.
m.
m.

o
O

o

z"

g

■A

■a
"w

o

s

*

**

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**

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'So

c

0;
-3

**
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a

*»
**

'Si-
ft

"%

**

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C

s

*x-

**
**

3C

X

Qi

**
**

6

o

'S

%

I
2;

o

SI

n
p

1

Alicante

br.

y-

b.
bl.
br.

V.

p.v.
g-

y-

b.

b.
b.
b.
b.

M.

E.
M.
E.
M.
E.
E.
E.
E.

2

Angelique. Jaune Hatipe..

3

Black Ischia

4

Blue Genoa

5

Brown Smyrna. .

6

Brunswick. Constant hiopte. Mudonnn

Celestial ,

8

Green Ischia. Whitf lochia Gvem Itiilian

9

Lemon

Section IX.— Gooseberries. R\hei.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — r., round; o., oval; r. o., roundish
oval. Color— r., reddish, when fully ripe; g., greenish yellow, when fully ripe. Quality — g., good; v. g.,
very good; b.,best. Use — K., kitchen; M., Market. Season— E., early; M .medium; M. L., medium late
Origin— Am., American; F., foreign.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N. Div.

<u

S

■d

OS

&^

QO

%

C

NAMES.

n

c

R

X'

*aQ

a

.

o

3

y

n

JU

^

IS

8

<

■Jt

<

si
>

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5

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s

X

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O

o

o

^

m

Ed

p;

o

ffl

3

OJ

aj

a

S

la

w

f»

cj •

C?

D

OQ

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=^

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z

*
*

**

Oh

1

1.
m.

o. ■
r. 0.

r.
g-

V. g.
v.g.

g-
v-g-

g-

V- g-

K.M.
K.

M.
M. L.

F.

Am.

2

Downing •.

*

8

Houghton

«

K. M.

E.

*

**

*

*

*

4'

Industry

1

r 0

r

K

M.

F

5

Orange

m.

r

y-

r.

K. M.

E.

Am

6

Pale Red. Cluster, American Seedling

ni.

r. o.

K. M.

E.

Am.

T

Roaring Lion

1

K. M.

M.

F.

*

♦

8

Smith. Smithes Improved

1.
1.

o.

0.

g-
g-

V. g.
V. g.

K. M.
K. M.

M.

M.

Am.
F.

*

*

»

**

*

9

Whitesmith

A little liable to sunburn or blister.

An old sort entirely free from mildew — more upright than Houghton.

(■ATALO(irE OF FEUrT.S. — FIGS. — GOOSEBERRIES — CONTINUED.

XXXI

Section VIII. — Figs. Ficus carica.

The columns explain as follows: Size — s., small; m., medium; 1., large; v. 1., very large. Color — b.,
black; br., brown; bl., blue; d. r., deep red; g., green; p. v., pale voilet; p., purple; v., voilet; w., white, y.,
yellow. (iuALiTY — b., best; v. g., very good; g., good. Skason — K., early; M., medium; L., late.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTIOX.

STATES.

«
»

B
g
P
^

K

o
hi
o

<

i5

O

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m
w

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o

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<

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10

Nerii

S.

s.
m.

1.

1.
m.

1.

1.
m.

w.

L

br.

V.
V.

w.
w.
w.

b.
b.
b.

b
b.

v.g-

v.g.

v.g.

v.g.

L.
M.
L.
E.&L.
M.
M.

"mV"

M.

11

Pregussata. . . ..

12

Superfine de la Sausaye

13

Turkey. Brown Tiirtcei/

14

V io le tLong ."

15

Violet Round

.16

White Adriatic

17

18

White Marseilles

Section IX.— Gooseberries. Rihet

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Fobm — r., round; c, oval; r. o., roundish
oval. Color — r., reddish, when fully ripe; g., greenish yellow, when fully ripe. Quality. — g.,good; v.g.,
very good; b., best. Use— K., kitchen; M., market. Season — E., early; M., medium; M. L., medium late.
Okigin — Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 42° and 49°.

II. — Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°.

III.-S.Div.-Bet.28°&35°

K
FQ
U

2;

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8. Best of the American varieties in size and quality, but lacks vigor of plant.

9. One of the best of all the foreign large sorts in its immunity from mildew.

xxxu

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — GRAPES.

Section X.— Grapes. VUin.
Sub-Section I. Native Grapes.

The columns explain as follows: Size— with reference to the berry, I., large; m., medium; s . small. Form— with reference to
hunch and berry, s. r., short bunch, round berry; 1. r., large and round; ni. r c medium liunch, roundish oval berry; ni. r , medium
bunch, round berry. Color— b., black, or nearly so when fully ripe; r., reddish or coppery-brownish red; g., jireonisb white or
yellowish. Quality- g., good; v. g, very good; b , best. Use— T., table; M., market; W., wiue. Season— E., early; M., medium;
ij , late. Origin— See next page.

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
67
58
59
60
61
62

NAMES.

1.5..

Agawani, Rogers' iVo.

Barry, Rogers' No. 43

Berckmans

Brigh t on

Brilliant

Catawha

Champion. Tallman's Seedling.

Clinton

Concord

Cottaee

Creveling

Cynthiana ;

Delaware

Diana

Draent Amber

Duchess

Early Victor

Elvira

Empire State

Essex, Rogers' No. 41

Eunielan

Flowers

Goethe. Rogers' No. 1

Hartford. Hartford Prolific

Hayes '.

Herbemont. M'arren, etc (f)

Herbert, Rogers' No. 44

lona

Isabella

Ives

Janesville

Jefferson

Lady

Lady Washington

Lenoir

Lindley, Rogers' No. 9

Massasoit, Rogers' No. ,?

Martha

Maxatawney

Merrimac, Rogers' No. 19

Missouri Keisling

Moore's Early

Niagara

Noah

Norton's Virginia

Perkins

Peter Wylie

Pocklington

Prentiss

Salem, Rogers' No. 52

Scup])ernong

Telegraph. Christine

Tenderpulp

Thomas

Triumph

Ulster

Vergennes

Walter

Wilder, Rogers' No. 4

Worden

Woodruif Red

Wyoming Red

DESCRIPTION.

3. r. o

r.

r.

r.

r.
m.r.o

r.
m. r.
1. r.

r.
m.r.o,

r.

s. r.

s. r. o,

r.
m. r.
m. r.

r.

r.

r.

r.

r.
1. r. o.
m.r.o.

o

m. r.
1. r.
m.r.o.
m.r.o.
m.r.o.

r.
m. r.

r.
1. r. o.

m.r.o.
m. r.

s. r.
m.r.o.

8. r.

r.

r.

r.
m. r.

r.

r.

1. r.
m. r.

r.

r.
m.r.o.

1. r.

1. r.

s. r.

1. r.

r.

r.

b.

r.
d.p

r.

r.

b.

b.

b.

b.

b.

b.

r.

r.

r.
w.

b.
w.
w.

b.

b.

b.

g-
b.

g-
g-
b.
V. g
g-
b.

g'

g-

g-

'■g.

v-g
b.

v-g.

g-
vg-

■g-
v-g.
v-g-

g-

V. g.

v.g-

v-g-

T. M.
T. M.
T. M.

T.

T. M.

T.M.W

M
T.W.

r.M.w

T. M.

T.

W.

T.M.W

T. M.

M.

T.
T. M.

W.
T. M.
T. M.

T.

T. ^v.

T.W.
M.

v-g

v-g.

b.

g-

g-
g-
g-
vg-

g-
g-
g-
g-
g-
vg

g-

vg

g-
g-

v-g

v-g

v-g
b.

v-g
g-

M.

M.

M.

E.

M.

L.

E.

L.

M.

E.

E.

M.

M.

L.
V. E

M.
V. E

L.

M.

M.

M.
V. L,

L.

E.

T. W.
T. M.
T.M.W
T. M.
M. W.
T. M.
T. M.
T. M.
T. M.

T. M.
T. M.
M. W.

T.

M.

T. M.
T. M.

W.

W.
T. M.

T.
T. M.
T. M.

M.

W.
T. M.

T. M.

T.M.W

T. M.

T. M.

L.
M.
L.
L.
M.
V. E,
M.
E.
M.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

V. E,
M.
L.
L.
E.

M.
M.
M.
M.

E.

E.
M.
M.
E.

Hyb.
Hyb.
Hyb.
Hyb.
Hyb.
Lab.
Lab.
Rip.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
.Est.
?x.
Lab.
Lab.
Hyb.
Lab.
Rip.x.
Hyb.
Hyb.
Lab.

I.-N. Div.

Hyb.
Lab

.Est.
Hyb.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Hyb.
Lab.
Hyb.

Hvb.
Hyb.
Lab.
Lab.
Hyb.

Lab.
Lab. ,!
Rip.x.i
-Est.
Lab. ;]
Hyb.
Lab. '
Lab.
Hyb. I] *

Lab.

Hyb.

Lab.
Lab.
Hyb.
Lab.

§11

. **
* *

*

6. Suited only to clayey loams and certain localities. 7. Valued for earliiiess and luirdiness but of a very poor iiu;Uity.

8. Hardy everywliere. Nos. 22, .51, 53, M, Holundifolla type; adapted to the South only.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — GRAPES.

xxxiu

Section X.— Grapes. Vitis.
Sub-Section I. Native Grapes.

This list contains such grapes only as are of American origin; they are either cultivated varieties of one of the followlnp;
American species of native wild grapes: Vlti!^ ri/jaHa, Vitis a'stivalis^ Vitis Lnbrusco, Vitis vulpina, or crosses between varieties of
these species, or iiyl)rids between these and the Vitis vinifera (foreign grapes). In the column for origin the species to which each
variety belongs is designated as follows: Lab., La&rusca; .Est , (rstivaUs; Rip , Riparia; Vulp.. Vuipina. An x after one of the
species denotes a cross with a variety of some other species. Hyb., Iiylirid, between a foreign variety and one of the native species.

Between 42° and 49°.

II. — Centrai- Divi.sion. — Between 35° and 42°.

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&35''

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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
60
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

13. Wants rich soil and high culture. 33.
28. Unreliable except in a tew locations. 36.

Valuable for earliness and hardiness. 60. Very like Concord, but earlier and better
One of the most valuable of this class.

xxxiv

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. GRAPES, FOREIGN. — GUAVAS.

Sub-Section II.— Grapes, Foreign. VUis linifera.

As the Foreign Grapes are for cultivation under glass, they are not subject to those variations induced
by climate or soil, and therefore they may be regarded as equally adapted to all localities. Very few of
the local committees have made any report in reference to these Grapes. The list below contains such as
have been already adopted by the Society, with a few others very generally esteemed. In California, Utah
and sections of the Southern States, they require no artificial protection or heat; it has, therefore, been
thought unnecessary to tabulate the States and Territories relative to them; but taking the old catalogue,
and simply adding to it a column relative to variety as adapted to a cold house, or its want of fire heat, irt
our Northern States, the old form is continued.

The columns explain: 1st — The Color of the fruit; 2d — Flavor; 3d — Season of maturity; -Ith — Cold
for a variety that does well without fire heat; Hot for a variety wanting fire heat. In flavor, the only dis-
tinction given is between those that are simply sweet, as the Chasselas or Hamburgs, and those having a
distinct musky aroma, as the Muscats.

o

12;

1

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11
12

NAMES.

Color.

Flavor.

Black

Sweet

Black

Sweet

Black

Sweet

Black

Muscat

Black

Sweet

Black

Sweet

Black

Sweet

M^hite

Muscat

White

Sweet

White

Sweet

White

Muscat

White

Muscat

Season.

Vinery.

Barbarossa. Prince Albert, Brizola

Black Champion

Black Damascus

Black Frontignan

Black Hamburg

Black Prince

Black July

Bowood Muscat

Buckland Sweetwater

Calabrian. Calabrian Raisin, Raisin de Calabre

Canon Hall Muscat

Chasselas Mvisque, or Joslin's St. Albans. Muscat
hlanc hative (?)

Very late,

Early

Late

Late

Medium..
Medium..

Early

Medium..
Medium..

Late

Late

Early

Hot...
Cold..
Cold..
Cold..
Cold..
Cold..
Cold..
Hot...
Cold..
Hot...
Hot...

Hot...

Section XI.— Guavas. Psidium.
Abbreviations.

COLOR.

roRM.

origin.

b-brown, r-red,
g-green, w-white,
p-pink, y-yellow.

c-conical, ob-oblong,
k-kidney shape, p-pear shape,
o-oval or ovate, r-round.

Usual abbreviations
for names of countries.

n

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

o

o

o

o
fa

o

O)

Apple, Psidium Quava '.

Chinese or yellow (Mexican) P. Chinensis or P. Lucidum,

Common Red or Strawberry, P. Catheyanum

Large White, P. Guava

White Winter, P. Guava

Yellow, P. Guava

V. g.

y-

r.

V. g.
g-

y-

r.
r.
r.
o.

P-
o.

W. L

S. A.
W. I.
W.I.
W. I.

g-
b.

g-
g-

S. A.
S. A.

S. A.
S.
A.

S.

m.

!. m.

s.

1.

ni.
ni.

d.c.m.
d.c.m.
d.c.m.
d.c.m.
d.c.m.
d.c.m.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — GKAPES, FOREIGN. — GUAVAS.

XXXV

Sub-Section II.— Grapes, Foreign. VUis vinifem.

o

NAMES.

Color.

Elavor.

Season.

13

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

31
32
33

Duke of Magenta

Golden Hamburg, tilockwood G. Hamburg

Golden Champion

Grizzly Frontignan. Red Prontignan, Red Constantia.

Gros Colman

Lady Downes. Lady Downes' Seedling

Muscat of Alexandria

Muscat of Hamburg

Mrs. Pince's Muscat. Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat

Queen of Nice

Red Chasselas. Rose Chasselas

Red Lombardy

Rio Virgin

Royal Muscadine

Silver Frontignan. Early Silver Frontignan

White Nice

West St. Peter's

Wilmot's Hamburg. Dutch Hamburg, Wilmofs Black

Hamburg

White Sweetwater. Dutch Sweetwater, etc

White Frontignan. White Contantia, Muscat blanc...
Zinflndal

Black

White

Amber

Red & Yel.

Purple

Black

White

Black

Black

White

Red

Red

Sweet....
Sweet....
Sweet....
Muscat..
Sweet ...
Sweet....
Muscat..
Muscat..
Muscat.,

Early

Late

Medium...
Medium...

Late

Very late..

Late

Medium...
Late

Sweet..
Sweet..

Medium.
Medium.

White..
Wliite..
White..
Black..

Black..
White..
White..
Black..

vSweet....

Muscat.,
Sweet....
Sweet....

Sweet....
Sweet....
Muscat..
Sweet...

Early

Snarly

Late

Very late.

Medium...

Early

Medium...
Medium...

Hot..,
Hot..,
Hot..,
Hot..
Cold.
Hot..
Hot..
Hot..
Hot..

Hot..
Hot..

Cold.,
Hot...
Hot...
Hot...

Hot...

Cold..
Hot...
Hot...

No. 5, 29 and 32, with several not tabulated, are highly recommended for central Florida; to be grown
in the open air.

Section XI.— Cuavas. Psidmm.
Abbreviations.

QUALITY.

SEASON.

SIZE.

USE.

b-best,
g-good,

v-very.

A-autumn,
S-summer,
W-winter.

1-large, v-very.
m-medium,
s-small ,

c-cooking, m-market,
d-dessert, s-shipping.

STATES.

B
«

Florida.

S. Carolina.

Georgia.

Alabama.

Mississippi.

Louisiana

Texas.

New Mexico

Arizona.

Califor-
nia.

1

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t

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4

+

5

t

6

t

'

XXXVl

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — KAKI. — LOQUAT. — MANGOES.

Section XII.— Kaki. (Japan Persimmon). Diospyros Kaki.
Abbreviations as in Guavas.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

a

o

8

O

3
S
o

<

a"

O

<

03

H

^
D

1

r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.

f.

Ob.
r. c.
Ob.

Jap.
Jap.

g-
g-
b.
b.
f.g.

V-

b.
m.

a.
a.

1.

s.

1.
1.

1.

m.
1.
1.
m.

9.

2

CostRta. Tftipcvicil

3

4

.5

6

Yedo-ichi

r.
r. c

f.
l.p.

r.

Tane-Xashi

8

9

Tsuru

10

Zengi

Many of the Kakis are found to succeed in California; but, in the absence of reports, starring is omitted

Section XIII. — Loquats. Eryobotrya Japonica.
Abbreviations, Descriptions and States, as for Guavas.

DESCRIPTION.

NAMES.

«

>•

O

3

15

»

^

O

«

p

s

rt}

fe

O

fe

o

05

02

t3

1

Giant

Section XIV. — Mangoes. Mangifera Tndica.
Abbreviations as for Guavas.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

PS

>H

n

ce

z

12

o

g

1^

a

a

w

H

H

^

o

o

O

&

!»

■X

1

Apricot

y-g-

k

W I

\^-

2

Bombay

k

E I.

3

D'or .'....

k.
k

W.I.
W I

4

Freycinet

5

.Tube

k.
k.

W. I.
E. I.

6

Malda

i).

CATA1>0GUE OF FRUITS. — K.iKI. — LOQUAT. — MANGOES.

XXXVll

Section XII.— Kaki. (Japan Persimmon). Diospyros Kaki.

Abbreviations as in Cuavas.

States. — Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°.

S. Div.— Bet.28°&35°

S

P

.2

"3

>

a

c

03

d

03

'S
>

o

25

6

o

03
0

hH

s

'So

3

8

B
0

03

'o

c3
O

3
O

X

03
u

Oj

i

c

6

1

o

"3
o

03
C

"o

O
1

'So

o

O

*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*

s
%

<
*

*
*
*
«
*

*
*
*

■A

'C

o

s

**
**
**
**

**

**
**
**
**
**

H

a

C

1— (

00

03
cc
3

M

<

'5.

ft

1

03

3

'so

O
1-1

*
*
»
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

m
03

to

CH

**
**
*»
**
»»
**
**
**
**
*«

d

03
3
O

'u

1

?

3

4

5

a

7

8

q

10

Section XIII.— LoquatS. EryolxAnja Japonica.
Abbreviations, Descriptions and States, as for Guavas.

STATES.

:3

1

:3

o

O

o

cj

se

?^ ' S

>:

.s

4

O

^

S

^

03

S

3

•£

.3

o

.§
^

"x

_x

X

03

^

o

a

O

03

(^

•A

fe

c«

O

<!

s

■-

H

15

<

o

1

*

Section XIV.— Mangoes. Manglfcra Indira.
Abbreviations as for Cuavas.

STATES.

i

03

a

03

Soutli Carolina

Sc

§

■J

2
<

X

'x

X

'x

X

p

o3
3

O

California.

1

*
*
*
*

*
*

1

9

3

4

5

fi

XXXVlll

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. MULBERRIES. — NECTARINES. OLIVES.

Section XV.— Mulberries. Morus Nigra.
Abbreviations and States as for Apricots.
States grouped and arranged as for Apricots.

DESCRIPTION

I.— N. Div.

^

(U

o

n

4S

-d

NAMES.

to

g

13

05

s

i^

,

o

3

.c

l-H

H

X

7;

o

pa

s

a

2

<

m

o

W
&

c

6:

S

00

-d
o

p

cs:

o

o

p

m

pq

«

o

0)

OJ

<D

53

Si

!?;

cc

fe

O

c

&

OD

O

2;

2;

S

2;

>

s

35

1

Downing

Hicks

m.

ni

V. 1.

Ob.

ob.

• Ob.

b.

b.
b.

b.

E.

E. L.

M.

t

t

9

3

Slubbs

1. Lacks hardiness at the north. Best in quality.

Section XVI.— Nectarines. Persica vulgaris, var Ixvis.
Explanation same as for Apricots.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N. Div.

o

H
N

w

O

s

o

1—'

o

GO

3
o

o
o

3D

s

.g

'3

0)
CO

ft
E

0

s

a

'oO

a>

•a
o

s

1

1.
1.
1.
1.

m.
1.

r. 0.
r. 0.
r. 0.
r.
r. o.
r. o.

0. r.
o. r.
0. r.
0. r.
0. r.
0. r.

v.g.
V. g.

Y-
V. g.

s-

F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.

M.
E.
E.
E.
L.
L.

Am.
F.

Am.
F.
F.
F.

2

Down ton

- 3

Early Newington

4

Early Violet

Elruge

6

Stanwick

Section XVI. Olives. Olea Europea.
Abbreviations as for Guavas.

DESCRIPTION.

NAMES.

IS

>■

pa

o

S

g

1-^

5

P

o

o

5

!^

N

|2i

^

fe

o

X

X

t^

1

Richoline

1. Varieties are numerous, nomenclature confused. All do well.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — MULBERRIES. — NECTARINES — OLIVES.

XXXIX

Section XV.— Mulberries. Morus Nigra.
Abbreviations and States as for Apricots.

States grouped and arranged as for Apricots.

Between 42° and 49°.

II.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°.

III.— S.Div.— Bet. 28°& 35'

(6

4J

o
o

CD

a

g

o
><

*

6

0

o

1

d
*

a

'5?

o

a:

o

c

o
2

si)

c

S

o

d
o

c

.X

1

d

o

0)

o

t

"a

>

a
c

0;

a.

*

OS

*

a

03
*

"a
*

oi
g

1
oj

o
Z;

*

o

o
*

'■5
*

'3
'Sc

>

-t-3
X

*

O
'~i
-g

s

*

6
c

a;
H

73
O

c

oj

o

g
*

OS

CO

1

CD

03

X

C
03

*

O
-a
03

O

o

1

-a
t

T3

03
25
1

.2
'H

"3
*

03

.9
"o

o

o
x

*
*

o3

■&

O

*

*

**

s

oi
oj

*
**

o3
"2

O

*
**
**

H
C

.3
■3
n

*

02

i

c

.a

*
*

'a
g.

GO

2

*
*

cS
C

.S

'qo

'5

O

*
*

OJ

*

6
g
P.

a
S

1
2
3

*

■ •

2. Bears three months.

Section XVI. — Nectarines. Persica imlgaris, var. Ixvis.
Explanation same as for Apricots.

Between 42° and 49°.

II.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°.

III.- S.Div.— Bet.28°&35"

12;

o

o

c
c
o

o

6

d
3d

2

"x

C
O

o

CO

i

O

X

o

oi

S

o
2

bio

.s

o
>>

2
"5

■3

l-H

d

.s

X

C

o

H

oj
>

X

s

CM
■ ■

*

CD

CD

1^

6

Q

I
*

*

.2

'c

'So

oj

.s

"o

C3

+S
^.

o

*
*

6

o

l-H

*
*

'S
'5j

CO

a;

o
3

a

6

a>

OD

tJG
<P

a
a

H

**

00

'o

1

o

'C

o

i

2

a}
oj

w

d

•a

oj

O

p

>

25

p

a

O

s
o

30

'So
o

5

o

s

00
OJ
X

'a

2

5'
3

'co

O

03

1

2
zs

n
S

<

1
2
3
4
5
6

*
*
*
*
*
*

*

*
*
*
*
*

■■

*
'*

*
*

Section XVII.— Olives. Olea Europea.
Abbreviations as for Guavas.

STATES.

tS

a

^

O

o

o

P5

3

OJ

O

3

03
S

"cc

00

00

2

ci

8
U

^

-.J

O

o3

00
CD

g=

N

o

t-

'^

fe

OD

O

^

2

F-;

H

)^

<

a

1

**

*

*

*

*

*

xl

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — CITRUS FRUITS.

Section XVIIU— Citrus Fruits. Citms aurantium.

Sub-Section I. Oranges.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— ov., oval; r., round: fl., flattened^
obi., oblong. Quality— f., fair; g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Season— E., early; M., medium; L., late;
Origin- F., foreign; N., native. Color— d., dark; 1., light; o., orange; y., yellow.

n

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

NAMES.

Acapulco

Acis

Atwood Navel

Bell

Botelha

Buttercourt

Centennial

Charley Brown

Double (Imperial) Navel

Dulcissima

Du Roi

Du Roi Blood

Early Oblong

Egg-.-:

Excelsior

Exquisite

Hart Late. Tardive Brown

Homosassa

Imperial Blood

Jaffa

Jaffa Blood

Long

Magnum Bonum

Majorca

Maltese Blood

Maltese Egg

Maltese Oval

Mediterranean Sweet

Melitencis Navel

Nonpariel

Old Vini

Paper Rind. St. Michael

Prata

Prolific -

Queen

St. Michaels

St. Michael Blood

St. ilichael Egg

Star Calyx

Sustain

Sweet Blood

Sweet Seville

Thorpe Trophy

Washington Navel. Parsons Navel..
White

DESCRIPTION.

III.— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & So"

m.

1.

m.

s.

m.

m.

m.

m.

m.

TO.

m.
m.
m.
m.

o
fa

r.

ob'l.

ov.

r.

r.

fl.
obi.

r.

r.

r.
obi.
ov.

r.

r.
ov.

r.

r.

r.
ov.

m.
m.

1.

1.

1.
m.

8.

m.
1.

1.

r.

r.
ov.
obi.
obi.
ov.
r. ov.

r.

r.

r.
r.

r.

r.
ov.

r.

r.
r. fl.
ov.

r.
r. ov,

v.g.

g-
v-g
V. g.

g-
vg.

g-

g-
v-g
vg
V. g

b.
v-g
vg-

b

b.
V. g.
v-g
V. g.
V. g
v-g.
vg

b.
V. g.

S3
O
a?
<

GO

M.

L.
M.
M.
M.

E.M.

M.

M.

E.

M.

M.
V. E,

E.

L.

M.

L.

M.

M.

M.

M.

g-
V. g

g-
b.
f.
g-
g-
v-g
v-g

g-

b.

g-

M.
M.
M.
M.
L.
L.
E.
E.
M.

M.
M.

M.

M.

E.

M.

M.

E.

E.
V. E.
E.M

O

F.
F.
P.
F.

F.

F.

N.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

N.

N.

F.

N.

F.

N.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

N.

N.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

N.

F.

F.

F.

N.

F.

F.

O

a
o -

12. Always ribbed.

The following are American varieties, resembling each other, of good quality, and with a local reputa-
tion; also Arcadia, Beach 3, Dixon, Dummitt, Higgins, Osceola, Parson Brown, Peerless and Spratt Harmon.

CATAl.OCJUE OP FRUITS. CITROUS. KUMQUAT. LKMONS.

xli

Sub-Section II.— Citrous. Citrus Medica.
For Abbreviations, see Oranges.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

III.-S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35°

M

N
CD

o

H
<

a::

o

o

c

2

03

O

'be

1

OS

o3

-a
1

**
*
*

u
a)

C

.2

2
'3
3

03

03
H

8

K
(D

&

iz;

O

1

Lyman

m.
1.

s.

1.
1.

r.

1

F.
F.
F.

2

Medica (?) {lemon)

3

Tuberosa (?) {orange)

Sub-Section III.— Kumquat. (Kinkaus). Citrus Japonica.
For Abbreviations, see Oranges.

XAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

III.— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35°

m

H

PS

H

M

hi

Is
o

eft

3

n

03

c

03

'&

o

s

rf.

IS

i

H
C

.s

00

'5-

IS

CO

03

6

.s

'R

03"

a

s

O

E4

Hh

n1

^

£^

o

^J

iz;

OQ

fe

c?

03

o

O

CO

*

*

h

*

*

*

*

<

1

Naganie

8.
S.

Ob.

r.

1

F.
F.

2

Marunie

1.

*

*

*

*

*

*

Both succeed throughout the Gulf region, on hardy stocks.

Sub-Section IV.— Lemons. C. Limonum.
Abbreviation and State Columns, as for Oranges.

a
s

10
11
12
13

NAMES.

Belair

Bijou

Eureka

Everbearing ....

French

Genoa

Imperial

Lamb

Messma

Neapolitan

Sicily

Villa Franca....
Willow Leaved

IS]

m.

s.

m.
1. m.
1. ni.

m.

m.
1. m.

m.

m.

m.

m.

m.

DESCRIPTION.

S

OS

o

ob.

13
<y

b.
g-

f.
f.

g-
g-

f.
b.

f.
b.
b.

o

CO

g

3
«
o

F.
F.
F.
F.
N.
F.
F.
N.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.

III.— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35°

be

O

xli

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — LIMES. MANDARINS. — MINOR CITRUS.

Sub-Section V.— Limes. C. Hmetia.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— ov., oval; r., round; fl., flattened;
obi., oblong. Quality— f., fair; g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Season— E., early; M., medium; L., late;
Okigin— F., foreign, N., native. Color— d., dark; 1., light; c, orange; y., yellow.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

III.— S. Div.— Bet. 25° & 35°

U

Si

o

i
►J
<

o
en

03

3
o

§

'3

u

p

53

C

o

3
O

o

^

S
<

*

**

*

i

-a

x

X

x

X

*
*
*
*

X

*
*
*
*

x'

1

3

1

Dulcis

1.

m. 1.

1.
1.
1.
1.

g.

v-g-

1.

1.
1.
1.

F.
F.
F.
F.

*

2

Mexican

3

Persian

4

Tahiti

1.

vg-

Sub-Section VI.— IVIandarins. C. nobiUs.
Abbreviations as for Oranges and Limes.

NAMES.

China

Cleopatra (spice orange)

Dancy Tangerine

K:ing

Moragues Tangerine....

Satsuma

St. Michaels (?)

DESCRIPTION.

m.

8.

m.
1. m.
ni.
m.

05
o

fl.

fi.
fl.
fi.
fl.
fl.
fl.

v-g.

V. g.
V. g-
V. g.
V. g.

o

CO

S
03

E. M.

L. M.
L.
M.

E. M.

O

F.
F.
N.

F.
F.
F.

o

o. y.

r.

r.

r.

do. y.

o. y.

III.— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35°

■a.

a

o

Fx

OS

d

■a

^

G

K

o aj-^-
XJ 3 < li,

Sub-Section VII.— Minor Citrus.
Abbreviations as for Oranges and Limes.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

III.— S. Div.— Bet 28° & 35°

Si.

K

'A

o

•«;
p

fi

o

CO

<

32

o

si

o

o

.2

'S

C

■B
1

o
7;

'5:

in

p

1

*

H

a

■5
a

□0
03

C
S3

'p.

.£•

'tK
i

is

*

C3
C
g
"at

O
-J

*

03
*

03

i

<

1

Bergamot (orange) C.bergamium...

m.

8.

S.

1.
1.
fl.

f.
f.

F.
F.
F.

, ,

3

Shaddock (orange) C. decumann

. ,

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — ORANGES, BITTER. — POMELO. — SHADDOCKS.

xliii

Sub-Section VIII.— Oranges, Bitter. C. Bigaradia.
Abbreviations as for Oranges.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

III.— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35°

S

o

&

'i,

o

-»*
W

a:

3
o

3

o

.2

O

Is
o

S3

.s
1

OS

o

0

o
■Jl

cS

s

O

s

<

03

T3

■§

*
*

*

*

**

*

03

s
s

*

*
*
*
*
*

2"

os'

rl

'02

3
O

Oj
03

.i

01

2
3

1

Bitter Sweet

1.
1.

r. fl.
r. fl.

s. p.
s. p.

8. p.

s. p.
s. p.
s.p.

F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.

d.o.y.
d.o.y.

d.o y.
d.o.y.

*

*
*
*

*

*
*
*

*

9

Dwarf

3

Italian Sour

4

Navel

1.
1.
1.

Phillips Bitter Sweet

r. fl.
r. fl.

6

Sub-Section IX.— Pomelo. (Grape Fruit). C.panelanus.
Abbreviations as for Oranges.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION

III.— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35°

S

o

o

3
S
o

O
O

o

'S

in

"3

03
g

1

3

'3-.

6

s

»«

**

*«

*

2

v:

7

c3
9

71

d
o

c
o

1

Aurant iuni

l.m.

s. m.

r.

r.
r.
r.

g-

V. g.

V. g-

g-

1.
1.
1.
1.

N.

N.
N.
N.

p-y-
py-
p-y-
p-y-

2

Hart

3

Triumph

4

Walter

1 m

- *

Sub-Section X.— Shaddocks. C. decumana.
Abbreviations as for Oranges.

•

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

III.— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35°

pi

w
a
S

<

o

■<

m

3
1

PS
o
►J

c

03
O

2

"o

03
O

jS
+.>
3

5

03

■&
O

03

a

03

oS'

■a
'g

*

*
*

QJ

a

cS

a

a:

X

C
03

■ft
g,

CO
QQ

'3

o

03
X

6
'x

03

fl
O

'u

1

Blood

1.

r.

f.

1.

F.
F.
F.

V o.y.
0. y.

9

" Forbidden Fruit "

3

Mammoth (or orange)

1.

r.

f.

1.

2. The name commonly applied to the entire species.

xliv

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — PEACHES.

Section XIX.— Peaches. Persica vulgaris.

The columns explain; Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Class— F., freestone; C. clinkstone. Color- relative to the
flesh, w., white or pale color; y., yellow or yellowish; g., greenish white, red at stone. Quality-— j. v., juicy vinous; m. j. r.,
melting, juicy, rich; s. j.. sweet, juicy; s. j. h., sweet, juicy and high flavored. Glands — s., serrated, without glands; g.,
glands, globose; r., glands, reniform. Season— the season of maturity, as Early. Medium or Late; those designated as Early
ripen in latitude 43" previous to or about September 1st: Medium, those ripening from 1st to 15th of September; and Late,
those after that period; a few of the very early and very late are so designated— E., early; M., medium; L.. late; V. E.. very
early; V. L., very late. Origin— Am. American: F., foreign; P-to, Peen-to; S., Spanish type; N. C. Northern Chinese type;
Per., Persian type; N. O. B., New Oriental Bloods.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.

K

X'

o

H

02

o

•A

■<

►J

o

!5

<
H
OS

3
o

o

03
>
O

C

aa
&

6

c
S

h

P.

s

c
o

B

>

S

"3

X

a
o

1

AllpTi OrtohPT*

L.
V. E.

M.

E.

E.

L.

L.

E.

L.

M.

M.
V. E.

E.

M.

M.

M.

Am.
Am.
F.
Am.
P-to.
Am.
Am.

o

m.

1.
1.
1.

1.

1.
m.

1.

I.

m.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.

F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
P.
F.
F.
F.
C.
C.

c.
c.
c.

w.
w.
w.

s.j.
m. \. V.
m. 1. r.

g-
g-

r.

r.
r.
g-

g-
r.

r.

t

3

4

5

Aneel

w. b.

6

w.
w.

y-
y-
g-

y-

w.

w.

purple.

w.

y-g-

i- V.

\- m.

j. V.

]- V-

8.j.
]■ V.

g-
V. g.

g-

g-

i-r-

7

8

KflrnflTfi

9

Am.

F.

Am.
P-to.
P-to.

S.

s.

Am.
Md.

*

10

11

Rprcrfn YpIIow . . ..

12

Bid well Early

13

Bidwell Late

U

15

16

Catharine

17

Chair Choice

18

Chinese Clin?

1.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.

c.

F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
C.

g-
w.

y. w.

w.

y-

w.
w.
w.

y-
y-
y-
g-
y-

w.
w.
w.

g-

w.

y-
y-
y-

]-v.
g-

v-.g.
m. j. r.

^■•\

s. j. h.

m. j. V.
g-

•i-v-

3-v.

]-r.

m. \. r.

m'.j-
m j.

g-
m. j. V.

j- V.

m. j. r.

8. J.

m. J. r.
i-r.

r.

g-
r.

g-

g-
g-

g-

g-

g-
g-

9.

r.

M.

M.

E.
V. E.

M.

M.

L.

M.

M.

L.

L.
V. L.

E.

M.

M.

E.

E.
V. E.

L.

M.

E.

19

N. C.

H.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

S.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

F.
N. C.

F.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

**

*
*

20

Climax . .

21

Cole. {Early Red)

22

23

24

Cook Late. Cook's Late White

25

Countess

26

**

27

*

28
29

Deming (Orange). Deming's Sept

Druid Hill

30

Duff

31

32

Early Cream. {Kites Honey)

33

Early Grosse Mignonne

34

35

Early York

36

Eaton (Golden)

37

Elherta

38

39

40

Foster

1.

1.

F.
F.

y-
y-

^b"

g-

L.
M.

Am.

S.

#

t

41

42

Fox.

43

44

George the Fourth

m.

1.
m.

1.
m.

1.
ni.
m.

F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
F.

y-

w.
w. y.
w.
w.
g-

y-

y-

m. j.r.
g-

S.J

s. j. h.
m. j. r.
8. j. h.

g-

g-
g-
r.

M.

L.

M.

M.
V. E.
V. L.

L.

E.

Am.

s.

Am.
F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

China

«

*
«

*

45

46

Globe

47
48

Grosse Mignonne. Royal Kensington

Hale

*
»

49

50

Hill Chili

51

Hone}'^

s.j.

52

53

Hvslon

I.

1.

1.

1.

s.

1.

1.
m.
ni.

1.
V. 1.

C.
C.
F.
C.

w.

y-
y-

w.

m. j. r.

j.v.
j.v.
m. ].

.g-
]-v.
m. J.

s.:!.h.

s. J. h.
m. h.

r.

r.

r.

r.
r.
r.
g-
g-
g-

V. L.

L.

L.

L.

L.

L.
V. L.
V. L.
V. E.

M.

M.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

s.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
F.

54

Indian Blood Cling

55

Indian Blood Free

56

Incomparable

57

Katie

58

Kenrick's Heath. Heath Freestone

F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.

g-

w. r.

g-
w.
w.

y-g-

59

Kevport Wliite

t

60

Lad J' Parhani

61

Large Early York

t

62

Late Red Rareripe

4

63
64

Late Admirable

Lemon

•2. Amsileii i- iii';iiiv identical with this, though of distinct origin.
4. Tliis iirij:iii;[<(d m Smiili Carolina and dilTers from tlie Missouri Ameli;i.
IS. Mr. Ifvrliinuns iliinlis it isthe same as Shanghae.

28. Resembles Lemon Cling.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — PEACHES.

xlv

Section XIX.— Peaches. Persica vulgaris.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Cr,Ass-F., freestone; C. clingstone. Color— relative to tlie
flesli, w., wliite or pale color; y., yellow or yellowisli ; g.. greenish wliile. red at stone. Quai,iti-— J. v.. juicy vinous- m j r
melting, lulcy, rich; s. j., sweet, juicy; s. j. h., sweet, juicy and liifili Havorfd. Glands — s., serratecl, without glands- g.,
glands, globose; r., glands, reniform. Season— the season of maturity, as Early, Medium or Late; those designated as Early
ripeu in latitude i'i' previous to or .alxnit Septemlier 1st; Medium, tliosi- liiM-iiiiis; from 1st to 1.5th of September- and Late
those after that period; a few of the very early and very late are so ilisifiriitti-d — R., larlv; M., medium- L late- V E very
early; v., L., very late. OiiioiN-Am. American: F., foreign; P-to, I'c-eii-lc; y, .^paiii>li type; N. C. Northern Chinese 'type;
Per., Persian type; N. O. B., New Oriental BlooQs. ji ■

Between 42° and 49°.

II. — Central Division. — Between 35° and 42".

HI.— S.DIV.— Bet.28°&3o°

pa
P

o
o

a
a
o
'J

**
**

**
**

»*

o

25

**
*

*

*

*

**

*

**
**

*

*

*
**

*

*

*

*
*
*

*

*

*

*

1

G
O

*

*

*
»

C
03
M

*

*#

*
*

*
*
*

*
*

*
*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*
*

a

'CTJ

a

o

5'
o

Ml

B
C

i

i

o

5

03

a

O

a

S
o

>

d

"3

-a

a

o

be

a

CO

03

5

'S

03
>

a
a

a,
*

**
*

*

**
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*
*

*

»
*

*

*

>.

'*

*

*
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**
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

6
^

03
&
_g

"3
:3

**

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**
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*

*
**

**
*
*

*

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'J

■c
a

03

■6

**

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*

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i*
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**

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t

*

*

ii
**

*

*

*

*
*

**

B
03

:;'
*=>

;-,
O

h;

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*

*

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*

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**
*

*
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*
*

**

*
*

6
*

*

*

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i*
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't

*

'*
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*
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*
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03

B
S

■5
c

*
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*

*

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'a

1
>

CD

**

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6

0)

B
C

*
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i*

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i*
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f*
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*i
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3J

o
a

*
*

*
*
*

*
*

*

*
*

*

*

**
**

*
*

o

-H
*

*

*
*

**

*

*
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*

*
'*

*

*

*

**
*

*

*
**

*

s'

03

&
0)

*

*
»

**
*

*
*

or'

o3

CO

s

**

*

*
*

*

*

't

*

*

*
*

**

*

*
»

O

■a

03
O

0

*
*

*

*

*

*
*

*

03

-o

>

2
'b

=2

03
i*

- *

**

*l

*i

*,

*
**

*

33

g

03
CJ

O

-/;

*

*

*
*

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**

*

*

*

**

**

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*

**

*
*

**
**
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*
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**
**

#
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=3

'Sc

o

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**
*
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**
*

'*
**
**

»*

*

**

**

**

*

*

*

**

*

*

**

*

*

**

*
**

**
*

*

*

**

*

*

B

OS

*

*«

*

**

*
**
**

i*
»
*

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**

**

*

*

**

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**

**

*

**

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*

**
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03

-a
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o

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**
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a
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**
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53
CD

a
<;
**

i*
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'p.
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OD

**

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*

33

B
.21

'oD

3

O

-I

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03

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d
o

0)

o3

a

O

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
■49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64

xlvi

CATATOCirE OF FRUITS. — PEACHES — CONTINUED.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.

s
cq

X

<

3

o

O

Eh

-<!
P

i

<

S5
O
en

<

02

s

o

o
■J}

>

O

'5

s

o

m
-*^

■A

X'

%

■a

c

a>

T3

o
2S

65

1.

m.
V. 1.

1.

1.

1.
ni.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.'

1.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.

!.

1.

1.
ni.

1.

1.
m.

1.

1.
ni.

F.
F.

F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
C.

w.

j- V-

ni.j.

T.

r.

M.

E.

F.

Eng.

66

T^oiiisf Knvhi l^oui^p.

67

68

Al i I c hell Mitchell's Ma m »* oth

g. w.

w.
w. r.

w.

w.

g-
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.

y-

w.

w.

w. r.

m.j.

S.].

m.j.

8, J

S.J. h.

m. j. r.

b.

g-.

m.j.

m j. V.

m. j. V.

s.j.

m. J. r.

m. j. V.

m. j.

r.
r.
g-
g-
g-
g-

r.
r.

r.

g-
g-

s.

L.
L.
L.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
E.
L.
L.
V. E.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

F.

Am.
Am.

S.

H

F.

Am.

China

Am.

Am.

F
Am.

'■

•■

't

**

*

*

69

70

71

t

72
73

Noblesse

Oldniixon Free

74

75

76

Pallas

77

Pavie de PoniDOne

78

79
80

Peen-to

81

82

Princess of Wales

83

84

Hjivmoiid Clint!'

85

ppfl Chpek Melot'oton

w.

p-y-

w.
w.

y-
y-r.

y-

m.j.
m.j.
m. r.

i- V.

m. J. r.
s.j.
m.j.

g-
g-
r.
r.
r.

8.
g-

r.

M.

M.

M.

E.

L.

E.
V. E.

M.
V.L.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Eng.
Am.
F.
Am.
Am.

»

86

j^gpvgj^' Favorite

87

Kichmoiid

88

89
911

Rodman's Cling

*

91
92
fl3

Saint John. YeUov St. Joh)i

8alway

94

Shoolclf*v's Karlv . . ..

95
96

tSmock..'

1.

m.
m.

F.
F.
F.

y-

w.

y-

j-y.

S.J.

m.j.

r
r.

r.

L.
M.
M.

Am.
Am.
Am.

97

Snow's Oran*^e

98

sifpvfn's Karprinf

99

1.

ni.
m.

1.

1.

1.

F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.

w.

y-

w.

y-

w.

g-
y-

8. j. h.
s. j . h.
m. h.

S. j. V.

m. J. r.
m. j. r.

j- V.

g-
g-
r.

g-

s.
r.

h.
M.
M.
M.
E
V. E.
L.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

i

*

100

Kil

fetrawberrv

10'>

Susquehanna

]0:i
11 14

Thurber

*

105

106

107
108

Van Zandt. Vayi ZamiVs Superb

Waldo

m.
111.

I.
m.

1.

s.
m.

1.

F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
F.

w.

y. w.

w.

y-r-

y-

w. r.
w.

y-

m. j r.

.r j.s.

m.j.
8. j. h.

m.j.
m. j. r.

g-

r.
r.
r.

g-
g-

M.
V. E.

L.

L.

M.
V. E.

E.

E.

Am.
P-to.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*

109

Ward's Late WnriVn Lntc FvfC

t

llii

Washinsrton ('line".

111

Wheatland

112

li3

114

Yel low Rarer nine

68.
79.

Resembles Heath Cling, but later
Suitable for east and Middle Florida and

110 One of the earliest,
ithern Texas.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — UEACHF-S — CONTINUED.

xlvii

Between 42° and 49°.

II.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°.

1 1 1.— S. Di v.— Bet. 28° & .35.

3

.2

q;

a
a
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it

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*

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*
*

*

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*

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O

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*

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*

d
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*

*

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*

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*

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+4

*
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ac

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53

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33
C

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83

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86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

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101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

xlviii

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. PEAKS.

Section XX. — Pears. Lyrus communis.

The columns explain as follows: Size— s., small; 1, large; m., medium. Fobm— p., pyritorm; r. o. p., roundish obtuse
pyrlform; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform; ob. p., obtuse pyriform; ob. o. p.. oblong obtuse pyritorm; r., roundish; r. ob.,
roundish obtuse. Color— y.g., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet red cheelj; y. r.. yellow and russet; y., when
mostly yellow or yellowish. QuAiiTY- g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use— F., valuable lamily dessert: K. M.. kitchen
and market; F. M.. family and market. Season— S.. summer; L. S., late summer; A., autumn; E. A., early autumn; L. A.,
late autumn; W., winter. ORioiN—Eng., English; Am., American; F., French; Fl.. Flemish; B., Belgium; H.. Holland.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.

o

P4

s

o
O

<

K

2

■i.

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o
■n

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■a

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1

Abbott

m.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.
m.

1.
m.

1.
m.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.

1.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

8.
1.
1.

m.

1.

I.
m.

1.

m.

1.
m.

s.
m.

s.

1.
m.

1.

1.
ni.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.
m.

s.

1.

1.
m.

ob. p.

r. 0. p.

P-

0. b.o. p.

ob. p.

ob. n.
o.b. op.

r. a. p.
p. y. r.

ob. p.

P-
r.

r.

P-

r. 0. p.

r. ob.

ob. p.

r. ob.

ob. p.
r. o. p.

ob. p.
r. a. p.

ob. p.

P-

0. b. o.p.

r. o. p.

r. o. p.

ob. p.

r. ob. p.

r. ob. p.

ob. p.

r. p.

p. y.r.

r. ob. p.

ob. p.

ob. p.

r. 0. p.
r. ob. p.
r. a. p.

ob. p.
r. ob. p.

r. ob.
r. 0. p.

P-

ob. p.

ob. p.

ob. r.
r.

ob. p.
0. b. o.p.
r. o. p.
r. ob. p.

r. ob.

r. p.
r. ob.

y-r.
y-g-
y-g-
y-g

y-

y-g-
y-r

y-

y-r-
y-g-
y-r.

y-

y-r-
y-r.
y-r.
y-r-
y-g-
y-r-

y-

y-r-
y-g-
y-r.

y-

y-
y. r.

y-g-

y-

y-g-
y-g-
y-g-
y-r.

y-

y-r.
y-g-
y-r.

y.r.

y.r.

y-

y-g-
y-r-
y-r.

y-

y-r-
y-r.
y.g-

y-

y-g-
y-g-
y.r.
y-g-
y.r.

g-

v-g-
V. g.
v-g.

v-g
v-g.

g-
g-

v-g-
v-g-

g

b.
v-g-
v-g-

V. g

v-g.
v-g-

g-

v-g-

g-
g-
g-

v-g.

l:

v-g-
b.

\'-
v.g.

g-

v.g-

v.g.
v.g.

\'-

b.
v.g

g-
v.g.

g-
v.g.

g-

b.

v.g.
v.g.

F.

M.
F. M.

F.
F. iM.
F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.
F. M.

M.
F. M.
K. M.
F. M.

iM.
F. M.
M. K.
F. M.
F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.

F.

r. M.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.
P.M.
F. M.

E. A.
E. A.
E. A.
E. A.

A.
L. A.
L. S.
L. S.
E. A.
E. A.

S.
E. A.

8.

\V.

L. A.

E. A.

S.

A.
E. A.

A.
E. A.

\V.

VV.

s.

L. A.

s

W.
L. A.
L. A.

W.
L. A.
L. A.

W.
E. A.

W.
E. A.
L. A.

L. A.
E. A.

A.
E. A.
E. A.

A.
V. L.

S.
L. A.

A.
L. S.
L A.
E. A.
E. A.
E. A.
E. A.

S.
E. A.

W.

w.
w.
w.

s.

A.
E. A.
E. A.

Am.

B.

H.

Am.

F.

F.

F.

Eng.

B.

Am.

F.

*

2

Amanlis. Beurre d' Amanlis

3

Ananas d'Ete

4

Andrews

5
6

Angouleme. Duchesse d' Angouleme

Anjou. BeurrB rf' Atnou...

**

7

Ansault. Bonne du Puii.i Ansault

8

Bartlett

*»

9

Baronne de Mello

10

Bergen

11

Beurre Precoee

12

Bilboa. Golden Beurre of Bilboa

13

Bloodgood

Am.

F.

B.

B.

Am.

B.

*

14

Bordeaux. Duchesse de Bordeaux

15

Bosc. Beurre Bosc

*

16

Boussock. Doyenne Boxtssock

*

17

Brandy wine

18

Brialniont

19

Brignais. Beurre de Brignais, Des Nonnes.
British Queen

*

20

Eng.

Am,

F.

F.

Am

F.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

B.

Am.

*
»

*

*

*
*«

**
*

*

*

*

*

*

21

Butt'uni

«-

22

Caen de France

23

Catillac

24

Chambers

25

Clairgeau. Beurre Clairgeau

*

26
27

Clapp Favorite...

Cohimbia

*
*

28

Cornice. Doyenne du Ccmice

**

29

Dallas

30

Dana Hovey

»»

31

Diel. Beurre Diet

32

Dix

33

Doyenne d' Alencon

34

Duchess Precoee

F.
B.

Am.
B.

«

35

Easter Beurre

36

Eastern Belle

37

Emile d'Heyst

38

Epine Dumas. Bell Epine Dumas, Due de
Bordeau

t

39

Flemish Beauty

B.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

F.

*

*

*
*

**

*

40

41

Fontenay. Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee...
Foster Seckel

42

Frederick Clapp

r

43

Fulton

44

Garber

45

Gitfard. Beurre Giffard

**

46

Cilout Morceau .'

47

Goodale

F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.

M.
F. M.
F. M.

Am.

F.

F.

**

*

*
«

t

*
**

48

Goubaldt. Beurre Goubaldt

49

Gray Doyenne

50

Hardy. Beurre Hardy

i*

51

Harris

Am.

F.

B.

Am.

Am.

52

Helen Gregoire

53

Henkel

t

54

Hosenschenk. Moore's Pound

y-

y-g-
y. r.

g-

V. g-

g-

V. g-

g.

v.g.

g.
g-
g-

v.g-

55

Howell

*

56

Jaminette

57

John Williams

Am.
Am.
F.

Am.
Am.
Am.

■•f

't

't

*

«
*

58

Jonah. Winter Jonah

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
K. M.
F. M.
F. M.

59

Josephine of Malines

r. ob. p.
r. ob.
r. 0. p.
ob. p.
r. ob.

y-r-

y-
y.r-

y-
y-r.

t

60

Julienne

61

Kiefl'er

62

Ki ngsessing

*

63

KirUand

35. Requires very high cultivation.

4^i. A liardy, productive tree.

50. An old variety; very healthy and productive.

57. SiTpp<ised to be Columbia.

5:>. The finest lale winter pear, where it succeeds.

til. Valuable for the South.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. PEARS.

xlix

Section XX. — Pears. Pyrua communis.

Thi> columns explain as follows: Size— s., small: 1., large; m., medium. Form— p.. pyriform: r o p., roundish obtuse

orm; r. a. p., rouudish acute pyriform; ob. p . oljtuse pyriform; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse pyriform; r, roundish; r ob.

roundish obtuse. Color- y. k., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet red cheel<; y. r.. yellow and russet- y,. when

pyriform; r. a. p., rouudish acute pyriform; ob. p . obtuse pyriform; ob. o. p., oblong "obtuse pyriform; r! roundish; r ob
roundish obtuse. Color- y. k., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet red cheel<; y. r.. yellow and russet- y,. whei
mostly yellow or yellowish. Ouality— g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use— F., valuable family dessert; K. .\I., I<it(;lien

and market; F. M., family and marlcet. Season— S', summer; L S .' late summer;' A, autumtiTE. A., eariy'autum'n- L.'a"
late autumn; W., winter. Origin— Eng., English; Am., American; F., French: Fl., Flemish; B., Belgium; U., Holland,

Between 42° and 49°.

jll. — Obntral Division. — Between 35° and 42°-

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&35'

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27

28

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29
30
31

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32

33

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34
35

* . . . .

*:•■-

36
37

38

39
40
41
42
43
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ii

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45

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46

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47
48
49

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' " * *

** . '. '. .

50

*
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51
52
53

54

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**

ifif,
ii

*

l=i
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»

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* . .

i=*

56
57
58
59

60
61

*

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l=i** *

62

*
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* .

■ * ■ * •

63

* * . .

46. Unreliable at the North. 49. Fails in Eastern States.

CATATOGUE OF FRUITS. — PEARS — CONTINUED.

a
n

s
i^

64
65
66
67
68
<i9
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
S7
88

89
90
91
92

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

lOG

107

108

109

110

111

112

li3

114

115

116

117

NAMES.

Knight. Knight's Seedling

Laiigelier. Beurre Langelier..

Lawrence

Le L'onte

Lindley. Dr. Lindley

Louise Bonne of .Jersey

Lucrative. Belle Lucralive

Madeleine

Madame Andre Leroy

Madame Eliza

Madame Treyve

Manning Elizabeth

Marie Louise

Margaret. Petite Marguerite...

McLaughlin

Merriam

Mount Vernon

Napoleon

Onondaga. Siran's Orange....

Osband Summer

Ott

DESCRIPTION.

S
a.
o

Paradise of Autunni. Paradia \l Autoiinie

Passe C'olniar

Pinneo or Boston

Pound. Belle Angeviite, Winter Bell, Uve-

dale's iSt. Germain

Pratt

Quimper. Supreme de Quimper

Keading

Reeder. Dr. Reeder

Rostiezer.

Rutter

Sand

St. Ghislain

St. Michael Archange

Seckel

Sheldon

Smith

Souvenir du Congres

Sterling

Stevens Genesee

Summer Doyenne. Doyenne d' Ete

Superlin. Beurre Supcrjin

Theresa -•Vppert

Triumph of Jodoigne. Triomphe de Jodoigne

Tyson

Upper Crust (local)

Urbaniste

Vicar. Vicar of IVinkfield, Le Care

Washington

White Duj'enne. Virgalieu

Wilbur

Willermoz

Winter Nelis

Windsor. Summer Bell

r. ob.
ob. p.
r. o. p.
ob. p.
r. ob.
ob. p.
ob. r.

P-

o. b.o. p.

r. a. p.

r. o.p.

ob. p.

P-

ob. p.

ob. n.

r. ob.
r. o. p.
ob. p.
ob. p.

r. p.

r.

r. a. p.

r. o. p.

r. ob.

P-

ob. p.

r. p.

ob. p.

r. o. p.

P

r. ob.

y-r.

P-

r. p.

r.

r.

ob. p.

p. y. r.

r.

r.

r. o. p.

r. p.

ob. o. p

ob. p.

r. a. p.

r.

P

P-

ob. o. p.

ob. p.

r.

ob. p.

ob p.

P-

g-
r.

y-

v-g.

y-

y-r.
y-g-
y-r-
y-r.
y-g-
y-g

g'
v-g.

v-g.

g-

v-g
v.g

b.
v-g
v-g
v-g
v-g
v-g
v-g

b
V. g

g
V. g

g-
v-g
v-g

g-
v-g.

g-
g-

g-
g-

V. g

g-

b.

b.

V. g.

y-

g-

y-g-

g-

y-g-

b.

y-g-

V. g-

g-

g-

y-g-

v.g.

y-g-

v-g-

y-

v.g.

y-g-

V. g.

y-r-

V. g-

y-r.

v-g-

.y-g-

v.g.

y-g-

b.

S.ruh

poor

y-g-

v.g-

y-

g-

y-

V. g-

y-g-

b.

y-r-

g-

y. r.

g-

y-r.

b.

g-

g-

M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.

F.
F. M.

F.
F. M.

F.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.

M.

K. M.

M.

F.
F. M.

F.

F.
F. M.

r. M.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.
F. M.

F.

F. M.
K. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

M.
F. M.

M.

O
<

CO

A.
W.
W.

S.
E. A.
E. A.
E. A.

S.
E. A.

A.
L. S.

S.

A.

S.

w.

A.
L. A.

A.
L. A.

S.

S.

E. A.

W.

s.
w.

E. A.

S.

w.

L. A.
S.
A.

E. A
A.

A.

A.
V. E.

S.
E. A
E. A.

S.

A.
L. S.

A.

S.

S.

A.

W.
E. A.

A.
E. A.

W.

W.

S.

3
o

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

F.

F.

Fl.

F.

F.

B.

F.

B.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

B.

Am.

Am

Am.

B.

B.

Am.

Am.
B.
Am.
Am.

Am.

B.

F.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

B.

F.

F.

B.

Am.

Am.

B.

F.

Am.

F.

Am.

B.

B.

-N. Div.

■ -d

! 03

*

**

*
**

*

*

»*

*

*

t-.

* .
*

s****

*! *

*| *
* *

66. A hardy tree; valuable.

67. Valuable for the South.

69. Very productive and profitable.

70. Not profitable for market.

76. A capital pear but unreliable.

77. Superior to Sunniier Doyenne.
79. Valuable for market.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — TKARS — CONTINUED.

Between 42

and 49°.

II

.—

Central

Divi

SION

—

Between 35°

and 42'-

III.-

-S.Div.

—66^28°

&3

5°

p

4^

3
c

o

D

C
O

**

*

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*
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**

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65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87

88

89

90

91

92

9:i

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

92. Delicious, but too small to meet the present market wants.

101. One of the largest and most beautiful melting pears.

108. A hardy tree.

113. One of the best, Inn varialile in the Eastern and lliddle States.

116. Of rare expellence; recjuires age ere profitable.

117. Poor (luality; profitable for market in some places.

lii

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. PINEAPPLES.

Section XXI.— Pineapple. Ananas sativa.
Abbreviations.

SIZE.

FORM.

■

COLOR.

1-large,
ni-niediuni,
s-small,
v-very.

c-conical, ob-oblong.
k-kidney shape, p-pear shape,
o-oval, r-round.

b-brown, r-red,
g-green, w-\vhite,
p-pink, y-yellow.

a
S

p

1
2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

NAMES.

Abachi (Abakka)

Bird's Eye

Black Antiqua

Black .Jamaica

Black Prince

Blood

Charlotte Rothschild-
Crown Prince

Lady Beatrice

Lord Carrington

Mammoth Kew

Porto Rico

Prince .\lbert

Queen

Red Spanish

Ripley Queen ,

Smooth Cayenne

Sugar Loaf

Trinidad

White Antiqua

DESCRIPTION.

o

OS

S
o

>

CO

o

02

3
o

m.

s.

1.

1.

1.

m.
m.

1.

1.

1.
V. 1.

m.
m.
m.

1.
m.

ob.
ob.
Ob.
ob.
c.

b.

g-
b.
b.
b.

K-
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.

g-
b.
b.
f.
b.

g-
b.

D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
U. K. S.
D. K. S
D. K. S.
D. K. H.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K. S.
D. K.H.

S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.

s.

c.
c.
c.
c.

r.
o.
c.
r.
c.

0.

c.
c.
ob.

1-5. Is most extensively grown.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — PINEAPPLES.

Section XXI,— Pineapples. Ananas sativa.
Abbreviations.

QUALITY.

USE.

SEASON.

ORIGIN.

b-best,
f-fair,
g-good,
v-very.

D-dessert,
H-Local-niarket,
K-cooking,
S-sliipping.

S-summer,
F-fall.

The usual abbreviations
for countries.

Between 42° and 49°.

11.— Cbntral Division.— Between 35° and 42°.

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&35'

a

g

'o

C

c
o
o

o
'A

o
c

"3

d

'•X

8

X

03

O

Xi

a>
g

=5

o

c

c

c

S

6

d
o
+j

C

X

oi

d

&

>

c
c

>1

1-

■-5
1)

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0)

• •

'S

^-
■ ■

■

oj

n
"p
S

o

6
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a

S
'Si;

>

X

o
C

X
0)

a
a

X

O

o

l-H

■ *

i

oi

CO

.a

02

c

a

o
"o

1

c3

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a

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73

C

c

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HI

fe .::; <;

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* . . . .
** " "

**■■■•
t....

* . . . .
* . .

*

* . .

** '. . . .

** . .
** . .
*

:::::;:::::::::::;:: Mississippi.
::;:::::::;:::;::::: 1 New Mexico.

33

a
g

<

1
2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

■■

liv

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. PLUMS.

Section XXII.- Plums. Prunus.
Abbreviations.

SIZE.

FORM.

COLOR.

l-large.

m-medium,

s-small.

0-oral,

ob-obovate,

r-roundish.

g-greenish, r-reddish,
p-purplish, y-yellow.

Sub-Section I. P- Americana.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTIOX.

I.— N. Div.

s

p

m

S

m.

i

s5
§

■<

<

o
2

c

■1

o

>

i. .

1

J4

o

3

'S
2

a)

si

OD

a

i

■*3
c

o

S

;..
>

1

OD
Si

a
3

-a
o

J3

a5

1

2
3
4
5

0.

r. 0.
r.

r.

y.r.

r.

g-

V. g

V. g.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

V. L.
M.
E.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Dp Soto

m.
m.

T<^orp**t (Tardpn

Minpr

m.

Ob.

r.

g-

F. M.

M.

6
7

8

T?npkfnr,H

m.
' m.

flat,
o.

r.

y.r.

g-

g-

F. M.
F. M.

M.
M.

Wolf

^

Cheney has a * for Wisconsin; and Forest Rose one * for Mo.

Sub-Section II. P. Chicasa.

DESCRIPTIOX.

I.-N. Div.

^

01

.

d

ft

1

■a

c

NAMES.

>

O

c

3

H

S

s

o
1^

-<

s

5
<

s

"i

aj

5

C

X

X

£)

o

^

T.

a:

o

V

o

0/

ji;

^

X

py

o

O"

h^

oc

o

z;

z;

s

Z

>

:s

1

2
3

y-
y-

r.

g-
g-

g.

F. M.

L.

Am.

1

F. M.

L.

Tex.

Indian Chief

1.

F. M.

L.

Am.

4

5

m.

0.

r.

g-
g-

F. M.

E.

Am.

Pottawattamie

m.

r.

r.

M.

M.

Am.

Caddo Chief also has ** for Louisiana.

CATAI.OOUE OF FRUITS. — PLUMS.

Section XXII.— Plumn. Prumm.
Abbreviations.

QUALITY.

USE.

SEASON.

ORIGIN.

b-best,

g-goad,

v-very.

F-family,
M-market.

E-early,

L-late,

M-mediuin.

Am-.American,
F-Foreign.

Sub-Section I. P.Americana.

Between 42° and 49°. |

II. — Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°. |

III.— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35°

OS
cq

3
O

S
dj
C
C

o

1

1

'3.

't

d

1
'is

*

&

D
C
C

S

**
**

C
B

O
2

2

3

X

3:

O

'a

>

0)

■J

■d
c

.5

'S

a

U

J-

;.5

2
3

33

s

'Sd

>

3D

is

o

S

a

c

H
**

CD

o

B

o

«»

*

**

*

**
*

t

<d

CD

OS

*
«

CD
C

*

6
1

u
o

"o

**
**

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*

1

03

T3
33

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o
5

03

a

33

1

it'
*

<
*

in

in

CD
o3

CD
<

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E.
i

a

X

O
-I

3j

d
o

'S

a

z;

33*

3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Sub-Section II. P. Chicasa.

Between 42° and 49°.

II. — Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°.'

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28° &35°

a
Z;

c

c
o

o

2;

d

33

C

3d
3

o

O

c

i

o

03

:3

33'

C

G
O

a

o
>>

6

33

-a

d
o

3)
c

03

2:

a

O
be

>

a
a

>>

-0

z;

33

-3
C
oi

•d

c3

Si;

>

C

O

z;

d

a

1

>

■t-3

O
3

3

■ '
*

CO

C

a
1

a3

O
g

o

— <

*

d
o

CD

CD

*

M

CD
33

0.)

CD

03

3t}

a

33

_d

1
_o

o

1
3

-o

>

Zi

p

c

::)

3

o

**

S:

t
*

*

s

*

E
o

»

IS

5
a

CD

33

X

c

33

<

'B.

'x

X

'^

X

s

"x
0

CD
03
X
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i*

«*

*

6

.2

z;

a

1
2 ■

4
5

''

Ivi

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PLUMS. — CONTINUED.

Sub-Section III.— P. domesHca.

P3
IS

S

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ifi
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
30
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46.
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

NAMES.

Havay. Bavay's Green Gage

Kel^ian Purple

Uleeker Gage

liluo Iniperatrice

I'xuldaert. Boddaeri Green Gage

Bradshaw

Hryanstone. Bryanstone Gage

Coe Late Red

Coe Golden Drop

Columbia

Copper

Cruger Scarlet

Damson

De Caradeae

De Montfort

Denniston. Denniston •'iuperh

Domine Dull

Drap d'Or

Duane Purple

Early Favorite

German Prune

General Hand

Green Gage

Hudson Gage

Heeling. Heeling Superb

Imperial Gage

Imperial Ottoman

Italian Prune. FeUemburg

Jetterson

July Green Gage

Kirke

Lawrence. Lawrence Favorite

Lombard

Long Scarlet. Scarlet Gage

Mariana

MacLaugblin

Monroe

Moore Arctic

Nota Bene. Corse

Orleans. Red Damask

OuUin Golden

Peach

Pond. FimthiU

Prince Engelbert

Prince Yellow Gage

Prune of Agen

Purple (4age

Purple P"avorite

Reagle Gage

Richland

Quackenboss

Roj'ale native

Royale de Tours

Schenectady Catharine

Shropshire Damson

Smith Orleans

St. Catharine

St. Martin, St. Martin Quetsche

Sharp Emperor

Transparent. Transparent Gage

Wangenheim

Washington

Yellow Egg. White Magnum Bonum..

DESCRIPTION.

-N. Div.

m.

m.

1.

m.

1.
1

m.
m.
ni.
m.
m.
m.

1.
m.

1.
ni.

8.
1.

m.
m.
1.
m.
m.

o

r.

r. o.

r. o.

o. ob.

r.
o. ob.

o.
^r.

o.

r.

o.
r. o.

o.

r.

r.

r.

o.

r.

o.
r. o.

o.
r. o.

r.

r.
r. o.

o.

r.

o.

o.

r.
r. o.

r.

r. o.
r. ob.

r.

o.
r. o.

r.

r.
r. o.

r.

o.

o.

o.

o.

r
r. ob.

r.

o.

r.

r.

r.
r. o.

o.

o.
ob.

o.
r. o.
r. ob.

o.
r. o.

o.

g-y-
b.p

y-
p-

g-r
r. p.

y-r

p-
y-1''

p-

p-

r.
P-

y-r

P-

g-y^
p-

V.

r. p.
P-
P-

g-y-
g-y-
g-y-
g-y
g-y-

y-

p-

y-r.
y-r.

p-
g-y-

r. p.
r.

b
v-g-
v-g
V- g
v-g

g-
v-g
V- g-
v-g-

g-

g-

g-

g-

g-
v-g-
v-g-

g-
g-
g-
g-
g-
g-

b.

v-g-

g-

b.
g-
g-
b.

v-g-

g-
b.

g-
g-

y-r.

g-y-
p-

r. g

r.

g-

g-y-

V. g

p-

g-

y-r-

g-

p-

V. g

y-

v-g

p-

b.

p-

v-g

p

b.

g-y-

V. g

p-

g-

p-

g-

p-

v-g

r.

g-

r.

g-

P-

g-

r. p.

V. g

g-y-

v.g

g-y-

g-

y-r-

g-

g-y-

v-g

p-

g-

g-y-

v.g

y-

g-

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.

F.
F. M.
P.M.

M.
F.M.

F.

M.
F.M.
F. M.
F.M.

M.

F.
F. M.

F.
F.M.
F.M.

F.
F.M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.
F.M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.

M

F.

F.M

M.
F.M.

F.

F.
F.M

M.

M.
F. M
F.M.

F
F.M
F.M
F.M
F.M

M.
F.M,

M.

F.
F. M,
F.M,

M.

M.

M.

F.

M.
F. M.
F.M.

Zi
o

<

L.
M.
M.
L.
M.
M.
L.
L.
L.
M.
M.
M.
L.
E.
L.
M.
M.
E.
E.
E.
M.
M.
M.
E.
M.
M.
E.
M.
M.
E.
M.
M.
M.
M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

E.

M.

M.

E.

M.

M.

E.

M.

M.

M.

E.

E.

M.

L.

M.

L.

L.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

F.

F.
Am.

F.

F.
AnL

F.

F.

F.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.

Am.
Am.

F.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.

F.
Am
Am.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.

F.

F.

Am.
Am.

F.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.
Am.

F.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

F.

F.

Am.
Eng.
Am.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.
Am.

c

■a

o

3

t

*
**

CATALOGUE OF rUUITS — I'LUMS — fXJNTINUED.

Ivii

Sub-Section III. -P. (lomestica.

Between 42° anc

49°.

n

—

f EXTRAL

Division

—

Between ao

' and 42°.

III.-

-S.Div.

—

Bet. 28° & 35°

3

a

u

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10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
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19
■20
21
2:i
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
50
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

Iviii CATALOGUE OF FKIIT:?. PLVMS- -COXIINUED. — POMEGRANATES. QUISCES.

Sub-Section 111. P. Hatian.

XAMEvS.

DESCKIPTIOX

I.

-N

Div.

i

Zi

■7i

s
3

5

o

>

<

X

5

<
a

V.

c c

Z i5

S

"x

2;

>

X

X

-6

"x

1

m.

m.

m.

m.

1.

m.
V. 1.
m.l.

TO.

m.

r. 0.

r. 0.

r.

Ob

Ob.

Ob.

cordatp

r.

r.

r.

p

r.p.
p..

P-

y-
y-

y. r.

y-

r.
d.p

g-
g-
g-
g-

vg-
g-
g-
g-
g-
g-

F. M
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M
F. M.
F.M
F. M.
F. -M.

\\.

M.

M.

M.
V. E.

M.

E.
V. E.

E.

M.

Jan
Jap.
Jap.
Jap
Jap
Jap.
Jap.
Jap.
For.
Jap

2

Botan 1 White)

3

Biirbank

4

Chabot

5
6

Hattankio Xo. 1

Hattankio "Vo. *^

7

8

9

10

Kelsey

Ogon."

Pissard

Satsuma

Botan. Kelsey. Ogon, Pissard and Simon (not in list) have been recommended for trial in the South.
Of these, Botan, Simon and Pissard are found promising in the Middle States and .perhaps even farther
north.

Section XXIII.- Pomegranates. Punica Franatum.

DE.SCKIPriOX.

r.-X. Div.

a

i

XA.MES.

s
a
p

o
o

<

a

<
a

5 1

>

X

>
i5

S

"x

5;

>

i

X

X
X

C

X

1
2
3
4

\cid 1 V. 1

r. d.r.
r, T.

f. "!"".:.!!.!!!.!

Dwarf

8.
1.

V. b.

i

■■

T.
T.

r.

V.

b.
b.

F.
F.

Violet

1

!

Section XXIV.— Quinces. Cydonia rulgaris.
Abbreviations.

SIZE. 1 FORM.

COLOR.

1-large, s-small. o-oblate. p-pyriform.
m-medium, v-very. ob-obtuse. r-roundish.

g-greenish.
j'-yellowisli.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.

je

(V

.

o

^

-a

rt

>

a>

C-

X

s

XAMKS.

O

c

c

^^

~

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,

,

c;

3

"1

c

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—

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t-

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•^

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m

a

o

a

3

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g

<

a

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X

X

X

r.

X

CJ

c

L>

a;

C

\e.

i5

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*^

>5

1

.\ngers

V. 1.

ob. p.

V.

t.

M. K

E.L.

F.

*

■>

.Apple or Orange.

1

r

y-

Y-

h t.

M K

E L

*

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3

thanipion

v. i.

ob. p.

t.

M. K.

L.

Am.

4

Chinese. Cy. Clnnensia

v. 1.

ob.

V-

h. t

M.

L.

F.

•5

I'ear

1.

P-

v-

t.

M. K.

1..

.Am.

*

. -

6

Portugal

V. 1.

ob. p.

v-

t.

U. K.

E.

F.

7

Kea

1.

r.ob.p.

y-

h. t.

M. K.

E.

Am.

3. Rather late for the .Xortli.

4. Large and valuable at the South in strong soils.

CATALOGUE OF FKUIT.S. — I'lA MS — COXTINTED. — lOMEGRANATKS. — tiUiNCES. lix

Sub-Section III. 1\ ll'iUon.

Between 42° and 49°.

II

—

Central

Division.

—

Between 3.5'

and 42°.

III.-

-S.Div.

-Bet. 28°

&3.5'

a
(5
S

D

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c

o

21

3:

X

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0

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5

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if.

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(i
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8
9
10

Section XXIil. — Pomegranates. Punica granalum.

Between 42'

and 49°.

1

II

—

Central Division.

Between 35°

and 42°.'

III.-

_S.

Div.-

-Bet. 28°

&35°

i

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0

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3

1
2
3
4

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I*:K **

^ ** **

" »* **

Section XXIV. — Quince . Ci/douia ndgaris
Abbreviations.

QVALITY. USE.

SEASON.

ORIGIN.

H-half tender, F-kitchen,
T-tender. M-market.

K- early,
L-late,

Am- American,
F-Foreign.

Between 42° and 49°. |

II. — Central Divi-ton. — Between 35° and 42°. |

III.— S. Div.— Bet. 28° &35»

a

s

>^

.2

o

c
c

o
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1

c

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c

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6
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Ix

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — RASPBERRIES.

Section XXV.— Raspberries. Rnhus.

Abbreviations.

SIZK.

FORM.

COLOR.

1-large, g-small,
m-medium, v-very.

c-conical,
o-obtuse,
r-roundish.

b-black, r-reddish,
p-purplish, y-yellow.

Sub Section I. R. Ida-us.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.

s

3

a

o
<

3

3

=5

o
o
X

>

o

'A

*

*
*

M
o

a

a
'5

*
*

£

*

*-•
a
o

*

*
*

B

s:

oj

*

**
«

*
*

*

c

—

o

1

Clarke

m.
1.
1.

1.
1.
m.
1.
1

1-
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

r.

r. c.
c.

r. c.
r. c.

r.
ob. c.

c.

c.
ob. c.

c.

c.

c. •

r.

r.
r.

r.

r.

P-
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.

y-

r

y-

r.

v-g-

g-

v.g.
v-g.
v.g.
v.g.
v.g.

b.

b.

b.
v.g.

g-
v.g.

F. M.
F.
F.

F.
F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

r.

F.
F M.

E.
M.
L.

L.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am.
F.
F.

F.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.
Am.

F.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.

■-f

2

Fastolf

3

Fontenay i?f//f da FifYitenciy

4

5
6
7
S
(1
10

Four Seasons Red. Merveille de Quatre Saisons,

October Red

Fr a n CO n ia

Fren 'h

Herstine

Hornet

Hudson lliver Antwerp

Knevett

**
*

11

12

Orange. Brinckie'n

Palluau

*

13

14

Souchetti

Superb

■f

14. Superb is placed in this class in compliance with high authority, though its propriety may be open
to doubt.

Sub-Section

R. necjleclus.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

r.— N. Div.

■A

N

o

o

<

§

a:
<

05

s

o

■i

O

o

03

>
O

2

1

c
'S

*

c3

I!

S5

o

I

*^
a>

X

o

03

■x

X

03

*

T3
C

0)

O

1

Caroline

m.

1.

m.

m.

1.

V 1

V. 0

r.
r.
r.

r. o.
r.

y.
P-
P-
P
r.

P-

g.
V.g.

g-
g-
g-
g-

F.

F.

M.

M.
F.M.
F. M.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

2

Montclair

Pliiladerphia

*

4

5

Keliance

6

Shaffer

. •

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. — RASPBERRIES.

Section XXV.— Raspberries. Rubua.

Abbreviations.

QUALITY.

USE.

SEASON.

ORIGIN.

b-best,

g-good,

v-very.

M-market,

F-fainily.

E-early,

L-late,

M-medium.

Am-American,

F-foreign.

Sub-Section I. li. Idxus.

Between 42° and 49°. ]

II.— Centrai, Division.— Between 35° and 42°. |

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&35°

IS
B
S

s
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o

CD

c
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c

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in

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0)

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*

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1— H
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1

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

n

12
13
14

13. Valued for family use. Must have protection in winter.

Sub-Section II. R. veglirlu^.

Between 42" and 49°. ' |

II. — Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°.

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28°&35°

3

o

o

0)

C

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1

2
3

4
5
6

CATATOGUE OF FRUITS. — RASPBERRIES— CONTINUED.

Sub-Section III.— i?. occidentalis.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.

S

m

cs
o

o

<
&

t3

'Jl

i,

M

O

i.

o
o

VD

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z;

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P.

S

s
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g
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oi

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c

00

2
S

I

s.

r.

b.

g-

M.

M.

Am.

*

9

Kjirhnrt

3

v.l.

r.

b.

g-

F. M.

M.

Am.

*

t

4
5
6

7
g

m.
m.

ob. c.
r.

b.
b.

V. g.
g-

F. M.
F. M.

L.

M.

Am.
Am.

**

*

*

*

9
10

Ohio

m.

m.

v.l.

m.

m.

r.
c.
r.
r.
r.

b.
h.
b.
b.
b.

g-
g-
g-
g-
v.g.

F. M.
F.M.
F. M.

F.
F.M.

M.
L.
M.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am^.
Am.

*

**

11

Ohio E verhearinsr

12

13

t

14

Tyler

E.

_jt

2. Valued for bearing late berries on shoots of the current season.

Sub-Section IV.— iJ. Slrigosus.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION. t

I.— N. Div.

PS

w
a
s
p

t4

CO

o

IS

s

o
O

•i

M

o

M

O

o

>

C

o

X

c

S:

g
3

0)
j3

X

ft

3
z;

o

a

*

X

K

c^
OS

X
X
OS

*

■d

13

O
3

1

2

Erandywine. Susquec.o

Cuthbert. Queen of the Market

m.

1.

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.

r. c.
r. 0.
r. c.
r. c.
r. 0. c.

r.
r. c.

r.

r.

r.
r.

y-

r.
r.
r.
r.
p. r.
r.

g-
g-

v.g.
v-g.

g-

b.
g-
g-
g-

F. M.
F. M.
F.M
F. M.
F.M.
F.M
F.M.
F. M.
F.M.

M.
M.
M.
V. E.
E.
M.
M.
M
E.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am,
Am.
Am.
Am.

*

Golden (:2ueen

*

4

Hansel!

t

.3

Highland

6

Iniperia 1 Red

Marlboro

*

8

Thwack

*

9

Turner

»

CATALOGUE OF FRUrTS. — RASPBERRIES — CONTINUED.

Sub-Section III. — R. occidentalis.

Between 42° and ■I'J'

II. — Centrai, Division. — Between 35° and 42°.

III.-S. Div.-Bet. 28° & 35°

w
e

^,

I
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14

o
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o
n
c

3
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&

0)

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*

*

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tS.

1

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*

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9. As late and hardier than Gregg, which it resembles.

Sub-Section IV.— JR-. StHgosus.

Between 42° and 49°

II.— Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°|

III.-S. Div.-Bet. 28° &35°

SS

p

1

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Ixiv

CATALOGUE OP FRUITS. STRAWBERRIES.

Section XXVI.— Strawberries. Fragaria.

The columns explain": Size — 1., large; .s., small; m., mediam. .Sex — B., bisexual; P., pistillate; P. B.,
nearly pistillate. Color — d. c, deep crimson; d. s., deep scarlet; b. s., bright scarlet; w. t., whitish tinted
with red; 1. c, light crimson. Form— r. c, roundish conical; o. c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form: c,
conical; r., roundish; r. o. c, roundish obtuse conical. Flesh — s., soft; f., firm; m., medium. Season —
E., early; M., medium; L., late; E. L., early to late. Origin — Am., American; F., foreign.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.

p

H
N

CO

o

o

o
<

05

3
o

O
-/.

$

o

*
*
*

*

»

*

*

.a
o

'i

c

3

'5

*

• •

*

x:

O.

S

&

a

*
t

ft
*

t
*

't
't

*

1
1

*

**

*

i

m

X

'r.

*«
*

*

*

*

*
*

■d

a

3

o

1

Alpha

m.

V. 1.
1.

B.
B.
B,
P.
B.
P.
B.
P.
B.
P.
B.
B.
B.
B.
P.
B.
B.
B.
P.
B.
P.
B.
P.
B.
P.
B.
P.
B.
B.
B.
B.

d. c.
b. s.
d.r.

e.

c.

r. 0. c.

m.

f.
f.

V. E.
M.
M.

Ont.

Am.

Am

Am

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.
Ohio.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.
Ohio.

Am.
Ohio.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.
F.

Am.

Am.

2
3

Bid well

Black Defiance

4

Bubach No '^.

5
6

Captain .Jack

'Champion. Windsor Chief.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

V. 1.

m.l.

1.

m.

1.
1.
m.

d. r.
d. c.
d. s.
b. s.
b. 0.
b. s.
b. s.
b. s.
b. r.
b. r.
b. r.

s.
b. c.
b. r.
b. r.
d.r.

c.

c.

r. s. c.

b. s.

b. s.

c.
b. s.
b. 8.
b s.
b. 8.

r.

r. c.

r.

c.
0. c.
0. c.
r. c.
r. c.
r. c.
r. 0.
r. c.

r.

r.
r. c.

c.

c.
r. c.

r.
0. c.
0. c.

r.
r. c.
r. c.
r. c.
0. c.
r. c.

r.

f.

m.

f.

f.

m.

m.

s.

s.

f.

s.

m.

f.

f.

f.

f.

f.

f

f.

m.

f.

f.

m.

f.

m.

f.

f.

f.

L.
L.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
E.
E.
E.
M.
M.
M. L.

*

7

Charles Downing

*

8

9

Cra wf ord

10

Crescent

*

11
12
13

Cumberland. Cumberland Triumph

Downer. Doumex's Prolific

Duchess

t

*

14

Duncan

t

15

Eureka

16

Finch

17

18

Florence

Gandy

19

Glendale

1.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.

1.
m.
V. 1.
V. 1.

1.

1.

1.

L.

M.

M.

E.

M.

M.

M.

M.

L.

M.

L.

L.

M.

20

Great American

21

22

23

H a verland

24

H er vey Da vis

**

25

Hovey. TTorey's Seedling

26

James Tick

27
28
29

Jersey (Jueen

Jessie

*
*

30

Kentucky

31

Logan... ....

32

33

Mancliester

1.
m.l.

V. 1.
V. 1.
V. 1.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

m.

1.

1.
m.

1.

1.

1.

V. 1.

V. 1.

ni.

1.

1.

P.
P. B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
P.
P.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
H. .
B.
H.

8.

d. 8.

c.

b. r.

b. c.

1 8.

b. c.

1. s.

s.
b. r.
b. r.
d. r.

c.

c.

8.

c.
d.c.

r.
b. r.
b. c.

r.
I.e.
d.c.

0. c.
0. c.
r. c,
r. 0. c.
r. c.
r. 0. c.
r. c.

c.
0. c.
0. e.
I.e.
0. c.

r.
r. c.

c.

r.

c.
0. c.
0. c.

c.

c.
0. c.

c.

f.

f.

m.

f.

m.

m.

m.

f

f.

f.

f.

f.

m.

f.

f.

f.

m.

f.

f.

f.

m.

f.

f.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

L.

M.'

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

E.

L.

L.

L.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

Am.

Minn.

Am.

Am.

*

34
35
36

37

Martha

Miner. Miner's Great Proline

Monarch. Monarch of the West

Moore

Mount Vernon

ii

38

Am.
Ohio.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Tex.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
F.
Am.

»

*

't
*

*
*

*
«

*
*»

4f

*

30

Mrs Cleveland

40
41

Neunan. Neunan's Prolific, Charleston

Old Iron Clad. Phelps^ Seedling

42

43

Parker Earle

44

Pearl

45

Pioneer

4

46

47

Primo

48

Russell's Advance

49

Seneca Queen

t
*

50

51
52
53

Sharpless. Ontario

Shirts

Sucker State

*

54

55

Trii)le Crown

56

Triumj)li

57

Truitt's .Surprise

1.

m.

H.
P.

d.r.
d. r.

0. c.
c

f.
f.

M.
M.

Am.
111.

58

Warlield

59

Warrior

60

Wilder. President Wilder

1.
1.

II.
H.

d. s.
d.c.

r. 0. c.
r. c.

f.
f.

M.

E. L.

Am.
Am.

**

#
*

'*

**

*

t

61

Wilson Wilson^ s Albaiiy

6 Valuable late sort.
20. Needs good soil and high cultivation.
23. An old and highly valued sort.

37. A Michigan Seedling, much like Jessie, Hoffman, Cloud,
Michael Fnimlat and Federal Point, are also reported suc-
cessful in Florida and several of the Gulf States.

CATAI-OCil'K or I-RUITS. — STKAWniORHIES. IxV

Section XXVI.— Strawberries. Fragarla.

The columns explain: Sizp: — 1., large; s., small; m., meiliiim. Sex— B., bisexual; P., pistillate; P. B.,
nearly pistillate, ('oi.or — d. c, deep crimson; d. s., deep scarlet: b. s., bright scarlet; w. t., whitish tinted
with red; 1. c, liglit crimson. FiiRji-r. c, roundish conical; o. c, obtiise conical or coxcomb form; c,
conical; r., roundish; r. o. c, roundish obtuse conical. Flesh — s., soft; f., firm; m., medium. Season —
K., early; M., medium; L., late; E. L., early to late. Oiugin — Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 42° and 49°. i

II. — Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°.

III.-S.Div.-Bet.28°&35<'

2

S'

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0)

c

c

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*

*

*

't
*

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O

*

*

*

*
**

*
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*

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*
*
*

*
*
*

*

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*

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*

*
*

d

.2

a;

03
C
O

<

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
i)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2j
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3S
39
40
41
42
43
• 41
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
a5
56
57
58
59
60
61

40. Chiefly grown for market at
51. Has made a first rate record
61. Unrivaled as a market sort i

Charleston and other points South. Quality medium to poor,
over a large portion of the country.
n most parts of the country. Quality poor, until fully ripe.

Ixvi

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS.

Section XXVII.
OATALaOGUEI

Native and Introdueed Species of Fruits and Nuts,

IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, NOT INCLUDED IN THE FOREGOINCi TABULATIONS.

KoTE. — The following Catalogue is intended to include all species ol: native and introduced FrnHs and
Nuts growing or cultivated in the open air in any part of the United States or the Dominion of Canada, that
have pro\'e<i to be or promise to be of value to the grower.

The " starring " of this table has necessarily been done with insufficient data, and any information that
will help to perfect it or make additions to the'list itself will be thankfully received.

a

D

1

2
3

4

5

6

7

8

9
10
11
12
l.S
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

NAMES.

BOTANICAL.

Achras Sapota

Adansonia digitata

Aegle JIarmelos

Amelanchier Canadensis..

Antedisma Brenine

Anacardiuni occidentales..

Asimina triloba

Averrhoa carambola

Berberis vulgaris

Cactus (Opuntia)

Calodendron capensis

Carica Papaya

Caiissa acuminata

Carissa Arduina

Carissa Carandas

Castanea Americana

Castanea pumila

Castanea sativa

Chrj'sophyllum Cainito

Chrysophyllum cainito

Cicca disticha

Cocos nucifera

Cory 1 us Americana

Cory 1 us A vel lana

Corjdus rostrata

Diospj'ros Te.xana

Diospyros Virginiana

Durio Zibetliinus

Eugenia braciHensis

Eugenia Michelli

Eugenia Jambos

Fagus ferruginea

Feronia elephantum

Ficus glonierata

Fragaria Chilensis

Fragaria vesca

Garcinia Mangostana

Gaylussacia frondosa

Gaylussaeia resinosa

Grias cauliHora

Hibiscus sabdiriffa

Hicloria alba

Hicloria pecan

Hicloria sulcata

Jujlans cinerea

J u glan s nigra

■luglans regia

COMMON.

Sapodilla Plum ,

Baobab

Bengal Quince..
Service Berry

Cashew Nut-
Pawpaw

liarberry

Indian Fig

Cape Chestnut .
Melon Papaw...

American Chestnut

Chinquapin

European Chestnut

Star Apple

Star .\pple, var

Otaheite Gooseberry

Cocoa Nut

American Hazel

Filbert

Beaked Hazel Nut

Black Persinnnon

Persimmon

Durion

Brazil Cherry

Surinam Cherry

Rose Apple

Beech

Elephant Apple

Cluster Fig

South American Strawberry.

English Wild Strawberry

Mangosteen

Dangleberry

Black Huckleberry

Anchovy Pear

J amaicii Sorrel

Shell Bark Hickory

Pecan

Large Shell Bark Hickory

Butternut

Black Walnut

European Walnut

I.-N. Div.

O

Afr.

N.

Java.

N.

Ind.

S. Af.

S. Am.

S. Af.

A us.

N.
N.

W.
\V.
W.

N.

N.

N.

N.

E. L

S. Am.

S. Am.

E. I.

N.
E.I.
A us.

N.

N.
E. I.

N.

N.
W, I.

5- I 0^

c

55

N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
Persia.

o

r.\TAI,0(:UE OF FKUITS AND NUTS.

Section XXVll.
GATALaOQUB.

Ixvii

Native and latrodueed Species of FFuits and Nuts,

IN THE UNITED .STATES AND CANADA, NOT INCLUDED IN THE FOREUOINCi TABULATIONS.

NoTF —The following Catalogue is inteuded to iiu-lude all species of native and nitrodiiced Fruits and
N,d.« growing or cultivated in the open air in any part of the United States or the Dominion ot ( anada,
that have oroved to he or promised to be of value to the grower. .• .u ^

The -8tarri„„'' of this table has necessarily been done with insufficient data, and any information that
will help to perfect it or to make additions to the list itself will be thankfully received.

Rptween 42° and 49°. Illl.— Central Divisiok.— Between 35° and 42°. IIL— S.Div.—

Bet. 28° ASS-

Number.

Connecticut.

New York.

Ontario.

Michigan.

Wisconsin.

Minnesota.

Dakota.

Montana.

Wyoming

Idaho.

Washington.
1 Oregon.

Pennsylvania.
1 New Jersey.
1 Delaware.
1 Md. and D. C.

. Virginia.

North Carolina
1 Ohio.
1 Indiana.
1 West Virginia.
1 Kentucky.
1 Tennessee.
1 Illinois.

Iowa.

Missouri.
1 Nebraska.
1 Kansas.
I Colorado

Utah.

Nevada.

California.
1 South Carolina
1 Georgia.

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Ixviii

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS — COXriNUEl).

PS
M
«

a
p

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
6>
(>K
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85

NAMES.

BOTANICAL.

COMMON.

Juglans Seiboldi

Liicuiiia niRnimosa

Lueama rivicosa var Angustifolia....

Maiiiniea Americana

Mespilus fiermanica

Monstera delieio8a..t

Moras alba

Morus nigra

iloras rubra

Musa Paradisiaca

Myrtus tonientosa

Neplielinni Litchi

Opuntia Tuna

Opuntia Ficus Indica

Passi flora edulis

PassiHora qnadrangularis

Per.sea gratissinia

Plueni.x dactylifera

Phyllanthus emiblica

Platonia insignis

Podophyllum pel tat um

Aniygdalus communis

Prunus maritima

Prunus pumila

Pyrus coronaria

Py rus riv u 1 uris

Shepherdia argentea

Spondias lutea

Tamarind us indica

Terminalia (a tap pa

Vaceinium Canadensis

Vaccinium eorymliosum

Vaceinium macrocarpon

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum

Vaccinium virgatuni, var.. tenellum.

^'aregueria edulis

Ximenia Americana

Ziz_vpluis .Jujuba

.Japan "Walnut....
Mammee Sapota..

Egg Fruit

Mammee .\pple...

.Medlar

Ceriman

White Mulberry..
lUack Mulberry...

Red Mulberry

Plantain

Downy Myrtle

Chinese Leech ee.

Granadilla .

Avocadoor .\lligator Pear..
Date Palm

P.acury

May .\pple

.VImond

ISeach Plum

Dwarf or Sand Cherry..

American Crab

< )regon Crab

Butt'alo Berry

Hog Plum

Tamarind

Tropical .Mmond

Canada lUueberry

.Swamp Blueberry

American Cranberry....
Dwarf P^arlj- Blueberr\-

Southern Blueberry

Von Vanga.

I.— N. Div.

IS

o

IS'-^

c ■■J s " ~

o

Jan.

Mex.

N.

China.
China.

W. I.

Mex.

W. I.
Cen.Am

Afr.

E.I.

S. Am.

J uj ube .

X.
N
N.

N.
N.

w. r.

Afr.
E.I.

N.

N.

N.

N.

N.
Mada.
India.
India.

CATALOGUK OF FRUITS AND NUTS — CONTINUED.

Between 42° and 49°.

II. — Centrai, Division.— Between 35° and 42°.

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28° &35°

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*

RULES FOR EXHIBITING AND NAMING FRUITS.

SECTION I.

NAMING AND DESCKIBING NEW FRUITS.

Rule 1. — The originator or iatroducer (in the
order named) has the prior right to bestow a name
upon a new or unnamed frait.

Ruh 2. — The Society reserves the right, in case
of long, inappropriate, or otherwise objectionable
names, to shorten, modify, or wholly change the
same, when they shall occur in its discussions or
reports; and also to recommend such changes for
general adoption.

Rule 3. — The name of a fruit should, preferably,
express, as far as practicable by a single word, a
characteristic of the variety, the name of the orig-
inator, or the place of its origin. Under no ordi-
nary circumstances should more than a single word
be employed.

Rule 4, — Should the question of priority arise
between different names for the same variety of
fruit, other circumstances being equal, the name
first publicly bestowed will be given precedence.

Rule 5. — To entitle a new fruit to the award or
commendation of the Society, it must possess ( at
least for the locality for which it is recommended)
some valuable or desirable quality or combination
of qualities, in a higher degree than any previously
known variety of its class and season.

Rule (]. — A variety of fruit, having been once
exhibited, examined and reported upon, as a new
fruit, by a committee of the Society, will not
thereafter be recognized as such, so far as subse-
quent reports are concerned.

SECTION II.

COMPETITIVE IXHIBITS OF FRUITS.

Rule 1. — A plate of fruit must contain six speci-
mens, no more, no less, except in the case of single
varieties, not included in collections.

Rule 2. — To insure examination by the proper
committees, all fruits must be correctly and dis-
tinctly labeled, and placed upon the tables during
the first day of the exhibition.

Rule 3. — The duplication of varieties in a collec.
tion will not be permitted.

Rule 4. — In all cases of fruits intended to be
examined and reported by committees, the name of
the exhibitor, together with a complete list of the
varieties exhibited by him, must be delivered to the
Secretary of the Society on or before the first day
of the exhibition.

Clx

Rule 5. — The exhil)itor will receive from the
Secretary an entry card, which must be placed with
the exhibit, when arranged for exhibition, for the
guidance of committees.

Rule 6. — All articles placed upon the tables for
exhibition must remain in charge of the Society till
the close of the exhibition, to be removed sooner
only upon express permission of the person or per-
sons in charge.

Rule 7. — Fruits or other articles intended for
testing, or to be given away to visitors, spectators,
or others, will be assigned a separate hall, room or
tent, in which they may be dispensed at the pleas-
ure of the exhibitor, who will not, however, be .
permitted to sell and deliver articles therein, nor
to call attention to them in a boisterous or dis-
orderly manner.

SECTION III.

COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE.

Rule 1. — It shall be the duty of the President,
at the first session of the Society, on the first day
of an exhibition of fruits, to appoint a committee
of five expert [lomologists, whose duty it shall be
to supervise the nomenclature of the fruits on
exhibition, and in case of error to correct the
same.

Rule 2. — In making the necessary corrections
they shall, for the convenience of the examining
and awarding committees, do the same at as early
a period as practicable, and in making such correc-
tions they shall use cards readily distinguishable
from those used as labels by exhibitors, appending
a mark of doubtfulness in case of uncertainty.

SECTION IV.

EXAMINING AND AWARDING COMMITTEES.

Rule 1. — In estimating the comparative values
of collections of fruits, committees are instructed
to base such estimates strictly upon the varieties in
such collections which shall have been correctly
named by the exhibitor, prior to action thereon by
the committee on nomenclature.

Rule 2. — In instituting such comparison of
values, committees are instructed to consider: 1st,
the values of the varieties for the purposes to
which they may be adapted; 2d, the color, size,
and evenness of the specimens; 3d, their freedom
from the marks of insects, and other blemishes;
4th, the apparent carefulness in handling, and the
taste displayed in the arrangement of the exhibit,

X)

INDEX.

PAGE

Adams, D. W., Pniiiin),', Paper on 11^

Addre s, of Welcome ]'2

Address, T'resident's 14

Apple Maggot, The 40

A pple Orcharding commercially considered. Paper on 72

Pruning ; 72

Bneraie 73

Gathering the Priiit ; 73

Sorting and Packing 74

Selling the Fruit 75

Arsenites in the Orchard 33

Bessey, Charles E., On the Portilizalion, Crossing

and Hybridization of Plants 20

Berckmans, L. A.. ( orrected Nomenclature of Jap-
anese Fruits 104

Berckmans, President, Address 14

Berry Culture, Profits and Failures in Georgia,

Paper on Sf)

Brackett, G C, General Fruit-Growing: Notes and

Suggestions 97

Budd, J. L , Sections vs. Whole Roots in Propagat-
ing the Apple 70

Burrill, T. J. What are the Possibilities of Originat-
ing a Class of Pears E.vempt from Blight?... (Ti

Canadian Fruit Notes, Paper on 90

Chemistry of Peach Yellows, Paper on 21

Chemical Analysis 22

Field Work 23

Discussion 25

Citrus Fruits, Scale for Judging 1.54

Committee for the Washington Meeting 7

Committees, Standing-

On Award of Wilder Medals 7

On Columbian E.\po.sition and Place of Next

Meeting 7

On Credentials 7

On Finance 0

On Foreign Fruits 6

On Judging Citrus Fruits 7

On Native Fruits G

On Nomenclature and Rejected Fruits 7

On Nomination of Officers 7

On President's Address 7

On Resolutions 7

On Semi-Tropical Fruits 6

Reports of (See Reports).
Cross-Fertilization as Affecting Quality and Com-
mercial Value of Citrus Fruits, Paper on... 54

Discussion 54

Crossing and Hybridization 29

(Ix

Disc-ussion on Apples 147

<rabA|]ples 14S

.\pricot,s 149

Blackberries 149

(Unraiits 150

Grapes 1.50

Peairhes 1.51

Pe.irs 1.")]

Plums r l.-,i

Diseases of Poniaconus Fruits, Recent Progre.ss in

the Treatment of. Paper on 43

niscnssion 4.5

Fertilization, Cro.ssing and Hybridization of Plants,

Paper on 2G

Fluted Scale, The 3G

Fruit Districts Geographically Considered, Paper on 58

Discussion : 01

Fruits of Western North Carolina, Paper on 88

Galloway, B. T., Recent Progress in the Treatment

Of the Diseases of Pomaceous Fruits 43

Garfield, Charles W., Some Local Pomological Prob-
lems G5

Gas Treatment, The 35

General Fruit Committee G

General Fruit-Growing: Notes and Suggestions,

Paper 97

Gotf , E. S., Fruit Districts Geographically Consid-
ered 5.S

Grimsby, L. Woolverton, Canadian Fruit Notes 99

Hale, J. H., How to Make Small Fruit Culture Pay, 78
Hape, Samuel, Berry Culture, Profits and Failures

in Georgia 85

Heredity and Environment in Originating New

Fruits, Paper on 48

Discussion .51

Insecticides, Does it Pay to Spray Orchards with?

Paper on Ill

Time of Spraying Ill

Method of Spraying 112

Conditions of Treatment 112

Insecticides and Fungicides 34

Invitations for Next .Meeting 165

Japanese Peach Fruit- worm 40

Kimball, Frank A., Olive Growing and Manufacture

of Olive Oil lOG

Leighton, G. F. B., Pear Blight and Climatic In-
fluences... 4G

List of Members, Life 8

Bien n ial 10

Lovett, T. J., New and Promising Small Fruits 82

xi)

Ixxii

INDEX.

Page
Lyon, T. T., Results of Recent Experiments with

Small Fruits 118

Massey, W F., The Pomological Resources of North

Carolina 1*^1

Meehan, Thomas, Heredity and Environment in

Originating New Fruits 48

New Fruts Reported since the last Meeting 160

New Insect Pests ^°

Newman, Rev. S. M., Opening Prayer 12

Ne.xt Meeting, Invitations for 165

Nomenclature of Japanese Fruits, Corrected, Paper.. 104

Novelties in Pomology, Paper on 123

Apples ]'^

Pears

Peaches

The Plum.

124
124
125

The Grape 1^6

Strawberry..

12(5

107

Gooseberries '■''

Red Raspberries l"'

Black Raspberries 12'?

Pecan.-. 1^7

Chestnut ^27

Chincapin ^-^

Persian Walnut l--^

Officers of the Society ^

Olive Growing and Manufacture of Olive Oil,

Paper on 1^6

Propagating "^'^

Planting '"'^

Timber 10^

As a Food 1*'*^

Expressing the Oil 1'*^

Crushing Mill H*^

Reasons for Universal Consumption 110

Opening Session '-

Originating a Class of Pears exempt fmiii HIiglit,

What are the Possibilities of? Paper C>C,

Peach Ceratitis, The 40

Peach Growing, Commercial, Paper on 75

Location '"

Preparation of Ground 7G

Planting "

Cultivation '^'

Fertilizing the Soil 77

Insect Enemies.... ' '

Diseases of the Fruit 77

Markets "'^

Pear Blight and Clin^atic Influences, Paper on 4G

Discussion on ^'

Phelps, Rev. Lyman, Immediate Effect of Cross-
Fertilization as Affecting Quality and Com-
mercial Value of Citrus Fruits 54

Plum Curculio, Notes on 32

Pomological Problems, Paper on 05

Pomological Resources of Nortli Carnlinji, l'ii|>i>r <>n. MH

Page

Pomology in the Eleventh Census, Paper on 91

Prefatory Note 11

President's Address 14

Duties of our Vice-Presidents 15

Scientific Pomology a Necessary Adjunct to

Commercial Fruit Growing 15

Decline in the Prices of Fruits 10

Catalogue and its Revision 16

Synonymy 17

Politics in Pomology 17

Finances 17

In Memoriani 18

President, Closing-Remarks of 166

Pruning, Paper on 113

Discussion 116

Pruning, Physiological Effects of. Paper on 62

Recent Advances in dealing with Insects Affecting

Fruits, Paper on 32

Discussion 42

Recent Experiments with Small Fruits, Results of,

Paper on 118

The Raspberry 119

Currants 119

Gooseberries 120

Service Berry 120

Whortleberry or Huckleberry. 120

Commercial Influences 120

Discussion 121

Report of General Fruit Committee 129

Arizona 129

Arkansas 130

Colorado 130

Connecticut 131

Idaho 131

Illinois 131

Indiana 132

Iowa 133

Kansas , 134

Lou is i an a 134

Maine 135

Massachu setts 136

Minnesota 137

Mississippi 138

Michigan 138

Nebraska 139

New Hampshire 140

New Jersey 141

New York 141

North Carolina 140

Ohio 143

Pennsylvania 143

Rhode Island 144

Vermont 145

Report of C{mimilteeB, on Credentials 163

On Fruits Exhibited 162

On New Kruits 159

JNDKX.

h

Page

Report of Committees, on Resolutions 103

On Review of Scale for Juflfting Citrus Fruits 152
On Scale ot Points fur Jiidf^'ing Citrus Fruits... 152

On Semi-Tro|>ioal Fruits 15G

Report of Treasurer 10

Resi n Washes 36

Riley, C. V., Recent Advances in Dealing with In-
sects Affecting Fruits 32

Rusk, Secretary, Remarks by 20

Scale for Judging Citrus Fruits 15-1

Sections vs. Whole Roots in Propagating the .\liiiK',

Paper on 70

Discussion 71

Small Fruit Culture, How to Make it Pay, Paper on 78

Discussion 82

Small Fruit Growing in Eastern and Middle North

Carolina, Paper on 90

Small Fruit, New and Promising, Paper on 82

Strawberries 82

Raspberries 83

Blackberries 84

Currants 8-1

Pace
Smith, Erwin F., the Chemistry ot Peach Yel-
lows..., 21

Standing Committees 6

Taft, L. R., Physiological Effects of Pruning G2

Taylor, J. F., Commercial Peach Growing 75

Treasurer's Report 19

Van Deman, H. E., Novelties in Pomology 123

Van Lindley, J., Small Fruit Growing in Eastern

and Middle North Carolina it()

Watrous, Hon. C. L., Response to Address of Wel-
come 13

Weed, Clarence M., Does it Pay to Spray Orchards

with Insecticides? Ill

Wellhouse, F., Apple Orcharding Commercially

Considered 72

Whitehead, iMortimer, Pomology in the Eleventh

Census 91

Wilder Medals W2

Williams, H. S., Fruits of Western North Carolina.. 88
Willitts, Hon. Edwin, Address of Welcome 12

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