Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. mee beh U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY — BULLETIN No. 52. L. O. HOWARD, ENTOMOLOGIST. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGIST. ANNE u se nf Faso? aves Hl tsb Mere A oS le. o= ox: oe O*, (E —— St 1G | ‘ (] Laie rant be iil Sl | CO ‘i ei uN i ile f Cri i ly ba [tye * a WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1905. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Unirep States DeparrTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or ENnromoroey, Washington, D. C., March 20, 1905. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscripts of the Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, which was held at. Philadelphia, Pa., De- cember 29 and 30, 1904. As the papers presented at the meetings of this association are of very considerable economic importance, and as the Department of Agriculture has hitherto published the reports of the secretaries of these meetings as bulletins, I recommend the publication of the present report as bulletin No. 52 of this Bureau. The text figures are necessary for the ilustration of the text. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Hon. James WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. CON TL Je NEES, Page. SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ‘ENTO- MOLOGISTS. Some Present-Day Features of Applied Entomology in America, A. L. Quaintance _- 5 Experiments with Lime-Sulphur Washes _______________-- eel elias 25 Nioresron: Cuban Insects) (abstract)... 222. 232 wiials PS CCOEs 28 Some Observations on the Cotton Boll Weevil (illustrated), E. Dwight Sanderson_- 29 The Fall Webworm Par any Double-brooded in Connecticut, W. Ei. Britton 42 Preliminary Report upon Work against a Destructive Leaf-Hopper (Hmpoasca nals Le :), Gllustrated) ~-_-..22.--2- F, £, Washburn 43 Additions to our Knowledge of the Cabinet Beetle (Anthrenus verbasci errr en ClilS Grate ds) me eae eee i eke ae Henry L. Viereck_- 48 *Spraying Apples against the Plum Curculio__________- S. A. Forbes_- 49 *Value of Copper Sulphate against Mosquito Larve___C. L. Marlatt_- 49 Brief Notes on Ohio Insects for 1904__.________- pene: Herbert Osborn_- 49 Notessorsthe Wear—_New) VOrko uo e0 PN oe Hee elt ea 51 Some Economic Insects for the Year 1904 in Ohio ______ A. F. Burgess_.- 52 Injurious Insects in Minnesota in 1904_____________- F. L. Washburn. - 55 Insects of the Year in Colorado (illustrated) ___________ C. P. Gillette__ 58 Distribution and Migrations of the Mormon Cricket (Anabrus sim- plex Hald.) in Colorado (illustrated) _-__........S. Arthur Johnson_- 62 MiscellaneoussNofes from; Texas. 922 ee A, F. Conradi_.- 66 Insects of the Year 1904 in Georgia__Wilmon Newell and R. I. Smith _- 69 The Present Status of the Predatory Insects introduced into New Jersey, John B. Smith_- 74 Report on the ‘* New Orleans”’ Ant (Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr) (illus- {GLEE REXOL))- eie ay OAc Ua gene re ee Sao IE es ore ue SOLS (Gry ILO KUIS 79 The Cottony Maple Scale: An Unusual Outbreak, and Experiments UAE MITT SS CLTCIC OSs sae Sapa ok Lua ee Ds A Aiea S. Arthur Johnson_- 85 Some Experiences with Pulvinaria __.________- Howard Evarts Weed__ 88 * Laboratory Experiments with Carbon Bisulphid___F. L. Washburn_. 95 Some Notes on the Fumigation of Household Insects and their Eggs WatoMclydrocyamic Acid Gass 2. swale ei ei! Jaw Philips s: 95 * Insects Collected from the Flowers of Tree and Bush Fruits, W. E. Britton and Henry L. Viereck_- 97 *A Destructive Ptinid New to North America____--_-- James Fletcher _- 97 *Injurious Insects of the Year in Canada __________-_- James Fletcher _- 97 *The Amount of Injury from the Cotton Boll Weevil, E. Dwight Sanderson - 97 The Coffee Leaf-Miner (Leucoptera coffeella Stain.) __..Mel. T. Cook_- 97 *Gypsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth Conditions during 1904, Cri Marlate= 3 W000 Bb lackohlw so puGless saan eee eee ST A. Conrady), N00 The Fumigation of a Fruit House for Controlling the Codling Moth, Al. FF, Burgess. 10% The Importation and Breeding of Honey Bees of Various Types Frank Benton.. 108 * Withdrawn for publication elsewhere. (3) Ci) STD OR ow PU rs eae Ouse . Diagram showing normal mean monthly temperature and the mean monthly temperature during 1904 at Victoria, Tex ____.________- Outfit used for spraying young apple trees for Empoasca mali Beeof:Anthrenus VerDOSct 25. le © Oe ae seen oe eee ee Section of radish, showing injury from maggot of Anthomyia sp _- Cross section of radish, showing injury from Anthomyia sp ._----- Map showing territory infested by Anabrus simplex in Colorado __- Persimmons, showing protective covering made by Jridomyrmex LE OO ee ope rs (4) THE SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. MORNING SESSION, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 29, 1904. The Association met in the laboratory of physiology and pathology of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., on December 29 and 30, 1904. The following were in attendance at the several sessions : W. B. Alwood, Blacksburg, Va.; G. M. Bentley, Raleigh, N. C.; Frank Ben- ton, Washington, D. C.; F. C. Bishopp, Washington, D. C.; W. E. Brit- ton, New Haven, Conn.; A. EF. Burgess, Columbus, Ohio; C. E. Chambliss, Clemson College, S. C.; M. T. Cook, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba; E. B. Ungle, Ifarrisburg, Pa.; E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y.; H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass. ; James Fletcher, Ottawa, Canada; S. A. Forbes, Urbana, Ill.; H. Garman, Lex- ington, Ky.; C. P. Gillette, Fort Collins; Colo.; L. O.. Howard, Washington, Dp. C.; W. D. Hunter, Washington, D. C.: William Lochhead, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; A. D. MacGillivray, Ithaca, N. Y.; C. L. Marlatt, Washington, D. C.; G. W. Martin, Nashville, Tenn.; Leslie Martin, Washington, D. C.; Yasushi Nawa, Gifu, Japan; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, Ohio; J. L. Phillips, Blacks- burg, Va.; A. L. Quaintance, Washington, D. C.; W. A. Riley, Ithaca, N. Y.; EK. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H.; William Saunders, London, Ontario, Canada; W. M. Seott, Washington, D. C.; Henry Skinner, Philadelphia, Pa.; M. V. Slingerland, Ithaca, N. Y.; J. B. Smith, New Brunswick N. J.; H. E. Summers, Ames, Iowa; H. A. Surface, Harrisburg, Pa.; HE. S. G. Titus, Washington, D. C.; H. L. Viereck, New Haven, Conn.; F. L. Washburn, St. Anthony Park, Minn.; Fk. M. Webster, Urbana, II1. The meeting was called to order at 10 a. m. by the president, Mr. A. L. Quaintance, who delivered his annual address as follows: SOME PRESENT-DAY FEATURES OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY IN AMERICA By A. L. QUAINTANCE, Washington, D. C. It is one of the present-day beliefs that we are living in a period of unexampled scientific activity. A census of achievement during the past two or three decades would undoubtedly furnish evidence that this belief is well founded. This activity has been as notable in applied as in pure science. Indeed, the tendency toward almost immediate utilization of scientific discoveries in practical affairs has (5) 6 been characteristic of modern times, and to this must be attributed much of the advancement which, as a nation, we have made in agri- culture, in commerce, and in manufacture. Agriculture, especially, has benefited by this activity. Agricul- tural chemistry, plant pathology, horticulture, bacteriology, ento- mology, and other branches of pure and applied science have each made notable contributions. It would be to no purpose to discuss the relative importance of the contributions which these respective sciences have made and are making to agriculture, for they are as the links in a chain and are closely related in theory and in practice; but a prominent place must be conceded to economic entomology, which has, perhaps, been as productive of immediate practical results as any other. Although, in the United States, among the youngest of the sciences concerned with problems relating to agriculture. the results achieved have placed economic entomology in the front rank. In explanation of its phenomenal growth it may be said that one of our necessities, as a rapidly developing country, has been the reduc- tion of insect losses to permit the profitable cultivation of many of our important crops. With the constantly increasing population, new regions have been settled and the lands planted in crops, the more or less isolated farms of former days giving way to practically unbroken areas of corn, wheat, cotton, and other crops, often of many miles in extent, thus furnishing ideal conditions for the development and spread of noxious species. Being preeminently a practical peo- ple, we have devised ways and means as the demand has grown, and at the present time the status of economic entomology is quite in keeping with our agricultural conditions. The rate and magnitude of our agricultural growth and the conse- quent stimulus to apphed entomology may, perhaps, be fairly judged from certain statistics concerning the production of some of our staple crops during the decade covered by the Twelfth Census. The increase in plantings of corn from 1889 to 1899 in the United States was 22,829,159 acres, an increase of 31.7 per cent. In the decade from 1890 to 1900 the area of wheat in the country shows a gain of 56.6 per cent, or-about 19,000,000 acres. The increase in the area of cotton from 1889 to 1899 was 4,099,831 acres, a gain of 20.3 per cent, and it bears on the subject to note that of this total increase Texas, Oklahoma, and Indian Territory: furnished 3,637,398 acres, or 88.7 per cent. The State and Territories mentioned, it will be remem- bered, are at the present time suffering more severely from insect depredations on cotton than is any other part of the cotton belt. The increase in plantings of deciduous fruits has been scarcely less remarkable. At the present time there are numerous orchards, of 7 peach especially, with from 2,000 to 3,000 acres in practically unbroken rows of trees. Orchards of still larger size are planned and are being planted at the present time. In the following table, compiled from che reports of the Twelfth Censns, is indicated the increase in bear- ing trees, during the decade 1890 to 1900, of the more important pomaceous and drupaceous fruits: TaBLE I.—Number of bearing trees in orchards in 1900 as compared with those in 1890. : Bearing trees. Increase Class. SE during dec- 1900. 1890. ade. SENT ay OMS ea he SRS Gas ek ah a 201,749,764 | 120,152, 795 81, 841, 969 IRGaAchesia Nn dene ta rin CS pe sees seen een eae byl ae EL 99, 919, 428 53, 885,597 46, 033, 831 PRCATS er ee cere see yy es aay © Lohans ye nee aed Ne US Cu lh La 17, 716, 184 5, 115, 055 12, 601, 129 Rm Sram dap RUE ese ea eae ye see Me Su ails ee a ee 30, 780, 892 7,078, 191 23,702, 701 ON EROS Fe SS a oe IES ate ee ea aa ee cs Os ts Ee eee 11, 943, 287 5, 638, 759 6, 304, 528 PACD TSI CO LS pe craten sis mapa eer een ape mute es hice ee Dee) vi elie 5,010, 139 1,582, 191 8, 429, 948 eNO ell] eka eqs sien aa I oon) Lee by ool Ne Leen ee Dall Re 367, 164,694 | 193, 452,588 158, 712, 106 The total increase in plantings of fruit trees of this class is thus seen to have been 153,712,106 trees, a number sufficient to plant a solid orchard, with trees 20 by 20 feet apart, of somewhat more than 1,400,000 acres. More recent information indicates a still greater proportionate increase during the present decade. Thus, in the State of Georgia I am informed that the present estimated plantings of peach trees are aproximately 18,000,000, both young and old. Leaving out of account the unreported voung trees of the census of 1900, this shows the enormous gain of about 7,500,000 trees in four years. The increased plantings of apple, notably in Missouri, are also remarkable. In that State alone over 20,000,000 trees are re- ported for 1900 as against 8.000,000 for 1890. These figures, I think, explain one of the principal causes for the rapid development of economic entomology in America. The sudden and wide disturbance of nature’s balance between insects and their food plants by the cultivation of large areas of crops has resulted in insect depredations, both from native and introduced species, of such proportions as to render relief immediately necessary. Our problems have been, therefore, largely of a character to de- mand earnest and instant effort for their solution, and the rapidity with which one problem has succeeded another has utilized to the fullest extent our capacity for work. The results of investigations have been of a character to justify the public in providing for their continuance and extension, and the demand for workers has been greater than the supply. This continued activity has brought about a considerable accumulation of knowledge concerning injurious spe- 8 cies, and our economic hterature to-day is doubtless more extensive than that of any other country. Most fortunately traditions and theories have had but little place in apphed entomology. The accuracy of published statements con- cerning the life and habits of insects and the value of remedial meas- ures proposed have often been at once put to practical test and their soundness or futility determined. Investigations by several different workers over a considerable range of territory have been a most fertile means of rapid accumulation of knowledge concerning the biology of a given species and of the means to be used in reducing its ravages. Much of error, in theory and in practice, which might other- wise have lived for many years with a corresponding baneful infiuence on the standing of the science has thus been quickly eliminated. Our official existence has been strenuous, and, were it not for the considerable number of investigators often engaged on the same problem and the immediate practical test of conclusions, our rate of progress could but mean superficial work. Many of the problems with which economic entomology concerns itself must be worked out from the beginning, and many of our economic workers have been forced to do strictly systematic work as a basis for contemplated work along economic lines. The common observation that applied science does not wait, in its development, on the theoretically neces- sary precedence of the pure science on which it 1s dependent is per- haps nowhere so well illustrated as in the case of apphed entomology. Of necessity many of our workers are systematists, and their accom- plishments in this field are scarcely less than in the domain of practical entomology. In addition to having an acquaintance with the details of insect classification and with fundamental biologic facts, an economic entomologist must be versed in the details of agricultural and horticultural practices, in chemistry, in botany, in forestry, in plant pathology, in animal husbandry, and in business methods. | Under conditions and requirements such as these has applied ento- mology grown to its present condition; and, although young in years, there is probably no branch of the utilitarian sciences which so nearly touches every human interest. There are at the present time some features of applied entomology in the United States which are significant of its increasing scope and importance and which appear to me appropriate for consideration on an occasion of this kind. The very existence of this association, with its present membership of 175, 1s but one of the signs of the times. The writer doubts 1f there are similar scientific bodies which can show a higher average attendance or which are pervaded with a greater degree of professional interest than are the meetings of this g Association. Its influence, directly and indirectly, for the better- inent of applied entomology has been most important and is increas- ing from year to year. The bulletins which contain the proceedings of the 16 annual meetings of the association, and which cover in all 1,541 pages, are a most valuable feature of our literature. It must be a matter of much satisfaction to all entomologists to note the increasing appreciation in which the work of the economic entomologist is held, both by his constituents and the general publi. In the earlier days of the science his work was often far from appre- ciated at its true worth. Experience, however, has been a constant teacher. Certain injurious insects, by their widespread injury to important farm and orchard crops, have served to bring prominently before the people the importance of the role which insects play, not only in the matter of crop production, but in influencing the price of staple articles of food and clothing in the markets of the world. The recently established fact of the transmission and carriage of diseases of man by mosquitoes and flies has arrested the attention of people of many classes, and, along with other discoveries of scarcely less importance, has been the means of exciting the interest and attention of many who previously were largely ignorant of the work and aims of the science. The considerable alarm following the announcement of the establishment of the San Jose scale in the East had scarcely begun to wane before the increasing ravages of the — Mexican cotton boll. weevil brought this species into wide notoriety, and probably never in the history of the world has an insect species been more generally the subject of comment than has the latter. The present recognized importance of insect control in its relation to the welfare of our agricultural classes can not be better indicated than by calling attention to the prominent mention given to ento- mological matters by the President in his recent message to the Congress of the United States. The following are his words: The cotton crop of the country is threatened with root rot and with bollworm and the boll weevil. Our pathologists will find immune varieties that will resist the root rot, and the bollworm can be dealt with, but the boll weevil is a serious menace to the cotton crop. It is a Central American insect that has become acclimated in Texas and has done great damage. differ with species. Assuming this hypothesis to be true we can readily determine the date of the appearance of an insect in the spring by keeping record of the accumulated temperature and its departure from the normal with the aid of the formula worked out tor that insect. By considering the degrees of temperature per day as heat units the desired date can be readily computed by mathe- matical formule; or if the temperatures be platted the determina- tion may be made more readily with the aid of a planimeter. If this hypothesis be true, we can readily see that a marked excess of temperature for a week or two after the daily mean had passed 68° F., at which time the first weevils would commence to appear, fol- lowed by a slight deficiency in temperature subsequently until the mean daily temperature had reached 78° F., would result in the date of maximum appearance occurring before the norma! rather than after it, and vice versa, In a case with the opposite conditions. These con- ditions are much more readily appreciable by the study of tem- perature platted in curves. | That the rainfall is also a factor governing the time of emergence is probable, but it will be largely reflected in the temperature. Undoubtedly the proper combination of the departure from normal] of temperature and rainfall reduced to a formula in which both were included in a single “unit of weather” would give us the exact method of computation. I offer this hypothesis merely tentatively. It may be old for aught I know, although I have never seen it apphed to insects. However, in fish hatcheries the time of hatching of the eggs is deter- dp) 1904 curve from the normal after passing the point of first emergence (68° F.) is at D. One month prior to that would be A” on the normal curve and Z on the 1904 curve. The normal temperature accumulated between this date and the normal date of maximum emergence (where the normal curve crosses TS° F.) at B would be the area A’ BC’. Then the date of Maximum emergence in 1904 would be that date on which temperature had been accumulated equivalent to that represented by A’”BC’, which would be determined by an area A” ZXY, in which the position of the line XY must be determined by computa- tion, with mathematical formule; and upon establishing its position so that it confines an area in A” ZNY equal to A’ BC’, the point X will be-the date of maximum emergence for 1904, which in 1904 was X’Y’, or May 12. This may be readily done by the aid of a planimeter. : The curves given are of interest in that prior to the presentation of this paper the date of maximum emergence in 1904 had been determined by the above method as being between May 9 and 12, according to slight variation from above in method of determining. Since then, in January, 1905, the author has received Farmers’ Bulletin 211, in which Mr. W. D. Hunter shows, on page 21, that the maximum emergence of the weevils in 1904 was on May 11, which fact was previously unknown to the writer. The close approxima- tion seems to lend support to the probability of the hypothesis in general, as it has similarly proven correct in at least three other instances. of mined by the amount of accumulated temperature during their development, and, according to a recent report of the Fish Commis- sion, the time of hatching can be predicted or controlled to a con- siderable extent in this way. There can be no doubt that the time of emergence of insects from hibernation and the date upon which they begin oviposition or normal activity 1s dependent upon certain well-defined physical laws which can be determined only by many | careful observations and a judicious interpretation of the data col- lected. It seems to the writer that this offers a promising field for entomological investigation and one which may very possibly be of much practical importance in our warfare against insect pests. Though a much larger number of weevils survive the winter in southern Texas, the hot dry summers lall the larve in the fallen squares so that the rate of increase is slower, and often a good crop is made in spite of them. This shows that the rate of increase and the factors governing the mortality of the summer broods are of importance. In the study of an insect pest we must first secure as accurate and elaborate a knowledge as possible of its fe and habits under labora- tory or insectary conditions. Then, it seems to me, we must go into the field and ascertain what are the conditions; whether or not our artificial environment has changed the life history, rate of reproduc- tion, etc., and what factors influence these phenomena in the open. This is what we have essayed to do in as ‘far as our Lmited means would permit, assuming, for the most part, the correctness of the most excellent and careful laboratory studies of Messrs. Hunter and Hinds at Victoria. Our method in field work has been to make fre- quent counts of large numbers of plants in the same fields through the season, making note of the number of weevils on each plant and the numbers of squares, boils, and blooms, and the percentage of these which are perfect, or injured by the weevil, and the number of squares fallen as a result of weevil injury. Counts were also made of thou- sands of fallen squares at different times to determine the percentage injured by the weevil and the stage of the insects contained. Of course, as the season advanced we were compelled to examine a smaller number of stalks owing to the size of the plants, but always a sufficient number to give several thousand squares from each plot. in this way hundreds of thousands of plants have been carefully counted and the results tabulated, during the last two years. The first three summer broods seem to be fairly well defined, the first occurring during the last half of June, the second about the mid- dle of July, and the third about the second week in August in central Texas. There is an interesting relation between the normal rate of formation of squares on the cotton plant and the increase of the weevil. The rate of formation of squares is so exceedingly variable and dependent upon so many factors that it is difficult to make any generalizations regarding it, but from the many observations made we have drawn the following conclusions: Under the conditions for the last two years at College Station the critical period in the relation between the natural increase of squares and the increase of injury by the weevil is during the first six to eight weeks after squaring com- mences, which usually coincides more or less closely with the time between the second and third broods of weevils. Therefore, if we consider. six weeks as the average time for cotton to square after planting, the bulk of the bolls must be set between eighty-five and ninety days after the time of planting. In other words, to escape injury by the weevil cotton must be grown so that the first bolls will commence to open about one hundred days after planting, and that all the fruit which will probably be secured must be set forty-five days after the squares form. The advantages of early varieties, other things being equal, is therefore apparent. ; But should the weevil increase more rapidly than observed we would have injury even though the cotton were early. The rate of increase of the weevil is therefore most important. Irom the studies of Hunter and Hinds we learn that a female normally lays about 150 eggs in about fifty-four days (average figures), and that nearly half are deposited during the first third of the period. Allowing twenty- four days for development, they estimate the total normal period for a generation to be forty-two days. By counts of thousands of squares at different seasons we have determined the average rate of mortality of weevils in squares to be about 65 per cent. The sexes are prac- tically equal in numbers. . With these facts it is easy to compute that if there be 2 weevils per 100 stalks on June 1—about the number at College Station—on the appearance of the second brood in mid-July there would be 50 weevils, and these would produce by September 1 1.250 adults. In other words, the second brood would be twenty-five times and the third six hundred and twenty-five times the number of the first. But although we have three broods in the field during this time the increase is by no means so great. Were it so no cotton could be raised. The increase of the second brood over the hibernated brood is considerably less than twenty-five times, usually not over fifteen times, and the total increase from June 1 to September 1 is only about fifty times—certainly not over sixty-five times—instead ~ of six hundred and twenty-five times, as it should be theoretically. The reason for this discrepancy is unknown to the writer, but for it the planter may be exceedingiy thankful. It may be that (1) the mortality of the immature stages is greater than determined, which we decidedly doubt: (2) many of the adult weevils die or are de- stroyed before reproducing; or (3) the number of eggs laid and the length of period of oviposition actually occurring in the field are og much less than observed in the laboratory. We are inclined to the view that it is due either to the last two factors or to some other fac- tor which has not been recognized. This discrepancy emphasizes the necessity for accurately observing the actual conditions on a large scale in different fields in different sections of the State, constantly throughout the season, if we are to obtain accurate knowledge of the true habits and rate of increase of the boll weevil and the amount of injury wrought by it; and I doubt not the same principle will apply to the study of many other insects. Regarding remedies there is but little new to say. SSO y | \\/ “ps < | “lh Maly wh ny \ Tie “9 ow 272 zs / f /902 7HAMILTO ey “as vat I\N GODA~ (Rk EN \\ NIK NG e Ly, DUNKLEY wu el all BZ My, 747 / an = ee Be Fig. 6.—Map showing territory infested by Anabrus simpiex in Colorado (original). the past ten years, which would agree within one year with the advent of this brood. In the third great wave we may include the two braode which passed through Hamilton in 1900 and 1902, respectively. They both passed into the Willams River Mountains and were not observed again, so far as we discovered, until the unprecedented migration of the past summer. Some points with regard to this migration must remain in doubt. Whether it was the result of the accumulation of the three broods which passed through Hamilton in 1895, 1900, and 1902, respectively, or two, or only one of these, is uncertain. It would seem as though the last two, at least, must be contributing factors. In any case the individuals of these previous broods succeeded in giving rise to count- less numbers this summer. All of this year’s migrants had their home in the Williams River 69 Mountains. There were at least three great divisions of the migrants. One band went northeast through Hayden, as already recorded. A second took an easterly direction and proceeded as far as Eddy and Dunkley, a branch going northeasterly to within 5 miles of Steam- boat Springs. A third division reached the Williams Fork and fol- lowed its course In a westerly direction as far as Pagoda, at which place they were within 12 miles of the pomt where the former broods crossed the river at Hamilton. At Pagoda the number of insects was enormous. They were piled several inches deep in the road. The cliffs a mile away were seen, with the aid of the telescope, to be black with them. They fell into the ditches until these were almost choked with the dead. Those that crossed entered the oats and alfalfa. The former they ate to the ground and stripped the latter of leaves and tender shoots, leaving nothing but the bare stems standing for a distance of 30 or 40 feet from the margin. The coming of the insects was announced by telephone from 5 miles up the creek. one week before they reached this place, which was about the Fourth of July. It took the brood two weeks to pass a given point. At the time of our visit, August 9, the insects had retired to the hills, where they were found in great numbers in the act of egg-laying. CONCLUSIONS. To recapitulate, the insects are permanently located in the Danforth Hills. From this place immense swarms migrate in different direc- tions at times. The immigration is probably caused by overproduc- tion of the species. The ultimate destination of the swarm is deter- mined in no small measure by the number composing it. If a swarm succeeds in attaining a favorable locality, a brood may be produced which will cause another migration. The Wilhams River Mountains have more than once served as a temporary breeding ground. Each wave 1s followed by the enemies of the insect. These, combined with otherwise unfavorable conditions of the new country, would lead to its ultimate destruction. The insect has been here as far back as our knowledge goes, which is not very far, however. The ranchmen live far apart and the coun- try 1s altogether new. The advent of civilization has probably had httle influence on the destiny of the insect because the percentage of land under cultivation is very small and the localities where there are cultivated fields are only raided during the migratory stage of the insect’s life. Its normal home is not in the river bottoms, but on the dry hills. The only change that civilization has caused there is the substitution of the stock of the ranchman for the droves of elk and 25524—No. 52—05 m———5 66 deer, and the herds of buffalo. This change has not, perhaps, greatly affected the insect’s food supply. Migrations will occur in the future as they have in the past, but we do not anticipate that the insects will become more numerous, and there appears to be little danger that they will become an unbear- able pest in the near future. The migration of last summer was, perhaps, chiefly due to the unusual climatic conditions of the preceding winter. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES FROM TEXAS. By A. F. Conrapi, College Station, Tez. With the present interest aroused in entomological work in Texas many varied problems confront the entomologist. No attempt will be made here to review the work for the year, as it will be elaborately discussed elsewhere in a short time. Under date of November 20, E'picauta pennsylvanica DeG. was reported to injure onions in southern Texas by eating off the tops near the ground. The injuries this season were not serious, on account of the small numbers of the insect, but they give ground for apprehension in case the pest be numerous another year. Oncideres cingulata Say has attracted considerable attention, es- pecially during November. Its work is well known, although its life history has not been worked out in Texas. Near Independence it attacked pear and rose, doimg serious damage. Experiments with trap lights were made here with apparently good results, for many beetles were thus captured. In this locality it injured apple, peach, and persimmon. Near Manor it injured rosebushes, salt cedar, hackberry, elm, pecan, and cotton. Near Bellville the pear was the chief object of attack. Picking the fallen imbs was a remedy used this season. The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.) is at present definitely known in eight different localities in Texas, representing almost every section of the well-settled portions of the State. With the rapid growth of the State in fruit growing and with no inspec- tion laws, it wili be but a short time before this will become one of the most important of its many insect problems. The sweet-potato weevil (Cylas formicarius Fab.) 1s seriously threatening the sweet-potato industry in several localities. It was first reported in Texas in October, 1890, by T. H. Edwards, Bay View, Harris County. The same year the sweet-potato crops around Buras, La., were reported a failure, owing to this insect. At this writing. it is known in this State from Bee Caves, Hankamer, Pasadena, Cedar 67 Valley, Bay City, Port Lavaca, Austin, and Hamshire, and it prob- ably occurs at Marlin. No doubt other localities which have not yet come to our notice are infested. The females lay their eggs on the lower part of the stalk in cavi-. ties previously made while feeding. They also oviposit on the tubers in the same manner, in shallow-planted potatoes or where the tubers are easily accessible. The number of eggs that one weevil is capable of laying could not be ascertained the past season, but in the insectary the number was very small, which accounted for the slow increase of the pest. The first mating at College Station was May 2. On May 6 mating pairs were common, but the first eggs were found May 20. 'The average time to the hatching of these eggs was twelve days. The life cycle from mating to adult is forty-nine days, allowing fourteen days from time of mating to egg-laying, twelve days for eggs to hatch, sixteen days for larve to develop, and seven days for the pups. The time from emergence to mating varies from a few minutes to several days. Experiments made in breeding the insects on potatoes that had not vet the tubers formed were suc- cessful. The young larve first bored down in the stem, then up- ward, in most cases the pupe being found several inches above the ground in the center of the stalk. On May 20 the first eggs were found in the insectary. On December 7 of the preceding year speci- mens of tubers sent in from Port Lavaca had all larve half grown. As the season of activity is longer at Port Lavaca than at College Station, four to five generations would have ample time to develop. Fumigation in the bin with carbon pisulphid has been thus far the main reliance. At College Station the adults fed voraciously on all parts of the growing plants, giving the plant an appearance some- thing like that given to the tomato by the flea-beetle. These adults were all killed with Paris green and arsenate of lead sprays, the latter insecticide requiring a longer time than the former. Tubers in which all stages of the insect were present in «a healthy condition ° were received at College Station at different times of the year. In- fested sweet potatoes can be shipped long distances, and this is an easy way of disseminating the pest. The old practice of allowing the vines and small tubers to remain in the field is unfortunately still in vogue in many localities. Some growers follow the advice given and destroy the remains of the crops after harvesting. They feed the small tubers to cattle, holding that hogs refuse to eat them. Although the adult insects have wings, their chief mode of migra- tion is on foot. This accounts for the relief obtained by planting carefully selected seed remote from the infested territory. It is important that good seed be thoroughly covered with earth when 68 planted, some successful growers contending that the weevils are more injurious to shallow-planted potatoes on cloddy land than to deep-planted potatoes on sandy land. A note under date of August 1 gives one infested hill among twenty-five, the infested tubers being an early variety and projecting from the seed bed. During the winter careful observations were made on the mos- quitoes infesting College Station and vicinity, especially from a sanitary standpoint. These investigations were stimulated two years ago when yellow fever appeared at San Antonio and seemed to be spreading northward. The country about College Station is low and level, the soil of a loamy nature, underlaid at from 6 to 10 inches with a tough hard clay. The streams are so rapid that they will hold water but a short time aftera rain. It is, therefore, the common prac- tice to put dams across the gulhes and collect the water during a rain- fall. Such tanks will rarely dry out during thesummer. It was found that no mosquitoes bred in such waters on account of the number of minnows present inall cases. The main breeding place near the college was at the mouth of the sewer where it empties into the brook. Here mosquito larve were so numerous that they formed a solid scum on the water. On account of the annoyance dtie to mosquitoes during the early spring months, making life on the campus almost unbearable, relief was sought by treating the cisterns and the sewer. Some relief followed, but it was discovered that the mosquito supply came from another source. Each negro hut scattered over the country has a rain barrel or a water tub at one or two corners, and here the mos- guitoes bred undisturbed through the greater part of the season, the prevailing south wind carrying them for over a mile. The only mosquitoes at College Station are species of Culex, no Stegomyia having been found. A few specimens of Anopheles, blown in by a mild east wind from a pond in the valley of Carter Creek, were taken during July. This is the only breeding ground of Ano- ‘pheles close to College Station, but the supply is blown northward by the prevailing winds. Although mosquitoes breed there all winter and maintain a high percentage of malaria cases in the neighborhood during the summer, they do not affect the college, since nearly all winds from that direction are “ northers,”’ which rarely carry mos- Guitoes. The only other breeding place of Anopheles of any imnport- ance is 17 miles southwest across the Brazos River. Although the mos- auitoes keep malaria alive in that locality they do not affect the college. The few cases of malaria that appeared at College Station originated in other localities, and such cases were not a menace to the community, as there was no agency for carrying the disease. 69 INSECTS OF THE YEAR 1904 IN GEORGIA. By WILMON NEWELL and R. I. SmirH, Atianta, Ga. Continued experiments with the San Jose scale have demonstrated that a line-sulphur wash of 21 pounds of lime and 18 pounds of sul- phur in 50 gallons of water is fully as effectual as washes containing larger amounts of lime and sulphur, and also that the addition of salt to this wash is unnecessary, so far as the scale is concerned. By first mixing the sulphur with boiling water and then adding the unslaked me the boiling can be completed in from thirty to fifty- minutes in an iron kettle over a fire and in from twenty to thirty minutes where a full head of steam is available for boiling. Washes prepared in this way have given fully as good results as the stronger washes, boiled for a much longer time, which were formerly recom- mended. The lme-sulphur-caustic-soda wash has also given good results when properly prepared. For successful preparation of this wash we have found that it 1s necessary to first mix the sulphur with boiling-hot water and then to add slowly the caustic soda until all the sulphur is dissolved and a perfectly clear liquid obtained. By adding the stone hme to this clear liquid and allowing it to slake, a preparation is secured which is in no way distinguishable from the regular lime-sulphur wash. The effects of this wash upon the scale have not thus far been quite as satisfactory as these of the regular boiled wash. Experiments with caustic soda solution alone, which substance was highly indorsed by many agricultural papers during last winter, have demonstrated its utter worthlessness as a remedy for this pest. 7 The Asiatic ladybird (Chilocorus similis Rossi), which in 1903 gave promise of becoming abundant, has proved something of a dis- appointment. In the majority of the orchards where this species was colonized but few individuals could be found during the past season. In the case of an orchard at Marshallville, where ‘literally thousands of the beetles occurred in the summer and fall of 1903, no Specimens were found during 1904. Jn a near-by plum orchard, however, a few individuals survived the winter, and during early summer and midsummer they fed readily upon Pulvinaria amygq- dali Ckll., which species was fairly abundant in the orchard in ques- tion. Their beneficial work in keeping the latter species in check is much more marked than in the case of the San Jose scale, owing to the slower rate of breeding of the Pulvinaria. The plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst.) has proven very injurious in the peach orchards in southern and middle Georgia, in some cases from 15 to 20 per cent of the crop being rendered un- marketable. 70 Among the unusual insects attacking the peach during the year may be mentioned Colaspis favosa Say, which defohated peach trees in one locality in northern Georgia. Hippodamia convergens Guér. and Diabrotica 12-punctata Fab. have both been noticed eating the petals of peach blossoms and also eating into the base of the blooms. Apparently nothing but the relative scarcity of individuals prevented serious damage by these two species. J/thycerus noveboracensis Forst. did considerable injury by girdling apple twigs in Gilmer, one of the mountain counties. Throughout the apple-growing section of northern Georgia, em- bracing practically all of the State north of the thirty-fourth par- allel, Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. is universally distributed. The prevalence of this insect is doubtless largely responsible for the lack of interest taken in commercial apple culture, and but few growers have taken the pains to systematically combat it. Balaninus carye Worn. did serious damage to pecan nuts near Thomasville during 1903. While also doing considerable damage during 1904, this species did not appear to be nearly so abundant as in the vear previous. In a number of localities in extreme southern Georgia Lyphantria textor Harr. occurred in considerable numbers upon pecan trees. From the summer generation of larve adult moths were reared August 31. Sinoxylon basilare Say has been found working in the trunks of young pecan trees in southern Georgia; and at Vinings, in northern Georgia, Chrysochus auratus Fab. did much damage in a small pecan grove by defoliating the trees. | During the latter part of the summer Alabama argillacea Abn. was generally distributed and abundant over that part of the State south of the thirty-second parallel, and destroyed practically all of the “ top crop ” of cotton. Upon late cotton the damage from this insect was very pronounced. The Paris green and lime mixture wherever applied effectually checked the pest. Heliothis obsoleta Fab., while generally distributed, was not as destructive as in 1903. An unusually large amount of injury was done by this species very early in the season, the cotton squares in many fields being liberally punctured during June. Only three or four counties suffered excessively from this insect later in the season. Chalcodermus eneus Boh. was quite destructive to young cotton plants in Randolph and Terrell counties during May. This beetle makes numerous punctures in the tender buds and leaf-stems before the cotton is large enough to commence squaring, these punctures causing the leaves, and frequently the entire plant, to wilt and die. Upon some small areas fully 50 per cent of the cotton plants were killed and an average damage of 25 per cent occurred in a few fields. The first appearance of the beetle in early spring is, so far as has 71 been observed, always upon land which had been in cowpeas the year previous. in the United States the Hessian fly is not more than two-brooded. Plans were made for extensive experiments in sowing wheat in different localities and at different altitudes during the past autumn in order to determine with certainty the dates of egg@ deposition. Owing to an exceptional and prolonged drought during August, September, and October, early-sown wheat remained in the ground without germinating until about November 5, and did not appear above ground until after the periods for the appearance of the adult flies had passed. The only puparia that can be found at present are in volunteer wheat, and the indications are that during 1905 the attacks of the insect will be much less than formerly. The advisability of (7 further decreasing the numbers of the insect, under these peculiar conditions, by destroying as much of the volunteer wheat as possible, is self-evident. In the laboratory flies emerged between October 18 and 30 from infested stubble collected at Halls, Ga. (approximately 34° 20’ north latitude; elevation 790 feet). In a season of normal rainfall we anticipate that the date of emergence will be several days earlier. Diatrea saccharalis Fab., after having remained in the background for several years, came prominently to the front near Hawkinsville during early summer, and did considerable damage to corn over a small area. Ligyrus rugiceps Lec. appeared as a destructive enemy to corn near Canton, in the northern part of the State. Oe WDE obsoletus Germ., known locally as the “ Lincoln bug,” has become a rather serious pest to collards in middle Georgia. Among the interesting cases in which a species rapidly disappears or becomes greatly depleted in numbers we may record the case of Toumeyella turgida Ckll., which in 1900 was so abundant upon J/ag- nolia glauca and fuscata at Thomasville as to thoroughky incrust these trees and kill a considerable number of them. During 1903 and 1904 it has been practically impossible to find even isolated individuals of this scale in that locality. So far as known to the writers no systematic treatment toward eradicating the pest has been undertaken and parasitic insects were not noted in greater numbers than are usually found upon other scale insects. During July Dr. John B. Smith, who was paying an entomological visit to Georgia, found the larve of A’phestia eee Zell. feed- ing in cotton-seed meal. eee tityus Linn. caused considerable annoyance at Washing-. ton, Ga., by its abundance upon ash trees. urine late summer and autumn the larve of Anésota senatoria S. & A. occurred very generally upon oak throughout the northern part of the State. While the damage, both in cities and in the native forests, was not excessive, still a great many trees were partially or totally defoliated. Observations made upon the life history of J/elittia satyriniformis Hiibn. show the supposition made by Professor Quaintance in 1899, that this insect 1s double-brooded in Georgia,¢ to be correct. In cen- tral Georgia the second brood of adults emerged between July 1 and 15, 1904, with a few belated individuals coming out after the latter date. Individuals may be found in the pupal stage during a period of from three to four weeks. Omorgus (Campoplex) frumentarius Rond. has been reared from a@Ga. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 45. 13 the larve of E'phestia kuehniella Zell., and Phanerotoma tibialis Hald. from pecan nuts badly infested with Galaninus caryw Horn. To Dr. L. O. Howard and his assistants the writers are indebted for the determination of a considerable number of the species above mentioned. Mr. Slingerland called attention to the fact that prepared arsenate of lead in wooden buckets dried and caked badly. He thought it was much better to purchase in tin. Various speakers complained of its eating through the tin and con- sequently they preferred the wood, but the members were evidently divided as to which was better. Mr. Quaintance asked what the effect of arsenate of lead was on peach and plum. Mr. Smith said that it could be used two or three times on peach at the rate of 1 pound to 25 gallons without apparent injury. Mr. Slingerland questioned the advisability of the home-made arsenate of lead, because the materials were often adulterated. Messrs. Burgess and Sanderson both believed that the arsenate of soda was often adulterated and unreliable in strength. Mr. Fernald preferred to make his own, but felt it necessary to be very particular from what source the arsenate of soda was obtained. The question of the advisability of using trade names in publica- tion was brought up, and a lively discussion, participated in by almost all of the members, indicated that the general feeling was that the exact truth should be told about materials sold under trade names, referring to them by these names in the publications. In. some cases, however, this was impossible on account of the official censor- ship. Some members, however, believed that trade names should not be used in publication. The question arose as to whether it was desirable to publish the names of people on whose property experiments are made or whose premises are infested with certain insects. Mr. Gillette believed that this should rest in each case with the party concerned. If the owner of the property wished his name mentioned, this should be done, but otherwise not. Mr. Burgess agreed with this view. In Ohio there had been a prejudice against firms who fumigated their trees. A photograph of a fumigating house of one nurseryman was secured, but the owner was consulted as to whether he desired to have his name mentioned before any steps were taken concerning its publication. Mr. Slingerland asked if entomologists should be expected to test all the nostrums that are put on the market. 74 Mr. Gillette felt it a duty to test an insecticide whenever he believed that it was lable to do injury to the people of his own State. Mr. Burgess called attention to the fact that we often knew, before testing, that a remedy would be a failure, and yet, in order to satisfy the people and have them follow our recommendations, it was neces- sary to make an actual test. For instance, there had been introduced a panacea for pear bight and peach yellows, which was to be used by washing the outside of the trees. Although, of course, this could not possibly be efficient, it was necessary actually to test it. Mr. Fernald believed that the testing of proprietary insecticides was a matter for cooperation. Each station can not analyze all of them, yet the people of the country have a meght to know of the existence of good preparations. He believed that in each of the main divisions of the country one station might assume this testing for a | certain period, others taking it up afterwards in rotation. Mr. | Phillips felt that this should be done. In Virginia it appeared to be necessary to give this information to the people to protect them from | fraud, but it was impossible to test everything. Mr. Quaintance | called attention to the fact that the Association of Official Agricul- | tural Chemists has such a system of cooperative tests. Mr. Slinger- | land believed that even after these tests were made many people would not believe in them. They want to find out by their own | experience what the truth is. Mr. Surface dissented from this view to some extent. beheving that part of the people at least do accept | our reports. Mr. Smith said that he received many advertisements of curculio remedies accompanied by the question, ** Do you know anv- thing of this?” Mr. Fernald moved that a committee of three be appointed to con- | sider the question of cooperation in the testing of insecticides and | proprietary preparations, to report at the next annual meeting. The | motion was carried, and the chair appointed as such committee Messrs. H. T. Fernald, H. A. Surface, and A. T. Burgess. The following paper was read: THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE PREDATORY INSECTS INTRO- DUCED INTO NEW JERSEY. By JOHN B. SmitH, New Brunswick, N. J. Ever since the introduction of the San Jose or pernicious scale into New Jersey, the question of securing the assistance of predatory insects to exterminate or at least control it has been more or less continuously before the farmers and fruit growers, and of necessity befere the entomologist as well. The subject is an old one. It has been before various meetings of farmers, fruit growers, and entomolo- gists, and it has been discussed from all sides. That a measure of (3) success, large or small, has been attained in a number of cases is without doubt. The classic case is of course the effect produced by Novius (Vedalia) cardinalis Muls. against the cottony cushion scale (Lcerya purchasi Mask.) in California. I have followed in a very general way the records of the successes attained in foreign eountries, including under that term, for convenience, Hawai. There is no doubt that not only a measure of success has been obtained in many istances, but that the measure has been in a few cases a very satisfactory one, amounting in, the California instance just cited to the almost complete extermination of the pestiferous insect. At first blush there seems to be no reason why what has been done in one section of the country can not be equally well done in another ; and why, if it has been shown that on the Pacific coast a species of eoccinellid is found keeping a scale insect in check, that same species should not do precisely the same work in the State of New Jersey. Vith this idea, I made my first visit to California and the Pacific coast in 1896; in the first place to determine whether, as against the San Jose scale, the coccinellids were really effective, and, second, whether it would be possible to acclimate these insects in New Jersey. A few years ago I would have said that what can be done in Cali- fornia can also be done in New Jersey, and that the results of experi- ments obtained in New Jersey were equally valid in California. The experience of the past few years has modified my opinion on this subject very materially. I am extremely reluctant nowadays to even advise a New York or a Pennsylvania fruit grower to make applica- tions based upon what I have found to be effective in New Jersey. In fact, I have discovered that I can not always duplicate results two years in succession ; that when I find an application almost completely effective one summer, I am as hkely to find it, under apparently similar conditions, absolutely ineffective the year following. Perhaps it does not often occur that such extreme contradictions are noted; but I think every working economic entomologist has seen cases at least similar to the one just suggested. I do not encourage too great hopes from importations made from California into New Jersey. You are probably familiar with the report made by me in 1597 as to the results of my investigation ; how I found that in the more’ southern parts of the State the pernicious scale was really kept in check by a coccinellid not the species which had been credited with the work, but by a common native form, Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls. I found, too, that the species that was most generally credited with being the check to the scale could searcely be found at any time, and that instead of Rhizobius lophante Blaisd., which is an introduced species, Scymnus marginicollis Mann. is really the effective form. Nevertheless I succeeded in making ar- rangements by which I introduced into the State of New Jersey dur- 76 ing the season of 1896 a number of colonies both of Rhizobius and Seymnus. In all, several hundred specimens were brought into the State and distributed in the more southern counties, where the climate is mildest and conditions generally more favorable than in the north, and in each instance where there was an abundance of food for them. The colonies were scattered so that anything happening in one section might not affect the entire experiment. The results were absolute failures. Nothing more was seen of either species at any subsequent period. At the same time I entered into correspondence with Professor Matsumura, of Japan. This resulted in the introduction into New Jersey of a small series of Chilocorus similis Rossi, the Asiatic lady beetle of which we have heard so much during the past year or two. Some eighty specimens were contained in the sending and of these nineteen were alive and in apparently good condition. I placed them out myself under favorable circumstances on May 24, in a locality where food was abundant and where conditions might be supposed to be of the best. For a few days afterwards the insects were seen, some of them were noted as feeding, and there is no doubt that they lived for a short period. ‘There is no doubt, either, that they died off, for nothing was seen of them in that same orchard after midsummer, or at any time since. Nothing more was done in this matter until after Mr. Marlatt had succeeded in securing specimens from China and Japan and had actually established them in Washington, D. C. — During the latter part of 1902 I secured, through the courtesy of the Department of Agriculture, sufficient specimens of Chilocorus similis to colonize on two infested trees in my own garden, where they were under constant observation. These insects multiplied to some extent during the year, hibernated very fairly, and had only one drawback—they became pretty well parasitized before the season’ was over. In 1903, while the parasites were very active, I sueceeded in getting increase enough to send out 15 colonies, and with what was ered from Washington some 400 individuals were distributed in different parts of southern New Jersey. It will be noted that the rate of increase is not especially great. Out of perhaps 30 ladybirds received, only about 360 were actually obtained after a year under the most favorable circumstances. The winter of 1903-4 was an unusually hard one, not that the temperature was lower than usual, because, as a matter of fact. it did not reach the lowest point of the year before; but the cold was con- tinuous and there were several unusually heavy late frosts. Whether on this account or for some other reason which I have not been able to discover, the colonies in all parts of the State were completely exterminated. I have not seen anywhere even a single example of this species. This report is not based altogether upon statements (ti made by the parties to whom the insects were sent. It is made partly upon the results of my own examination and partly upon those of my assistant, Mr. E. L. Dickerson. Nevertheless I have not given up hopes of securing some better results even yet. During the summer of 1904 Mr. Wilmon Newell, State entomologist of Georgia, was good enough to give me a week of his time and to guide me‘through those sections of Georgia where in 1902 this cocci- nellid had occurred in enormous numbers. As to the status of affairs in Georgia, Mr. Newell is the only one competent to speak; but I may say that after a pretty thorough collecting over the various communi- ties where the beetles had been most abundant I succeeded in getting a sufficient quantity to start a new colony in New Jersey. Mr. Newell was good enough to divide with me in order to give New Jersey an even start with Georgia on the new deal. This time all the specimens that were obtained were placed in one orchard, not far from New Brunswick, and this comes about as near to being an ideal place for insects of this kind as could well be imagined. The orchard consists | of apple, peach, pear, and plum trees, several hundred trees in all. Almost every tree is scaly and some trees are dying. Nothing has been done to destroy the scales, and as the estate is in chancery it is very certain that nothing will be done during the current winter. There is plenty of rubbish to serve as hiding places, also plenty of loose bark. Scales occur in abundance, and although Pentilia misella Lec. occurs on these trees by the thousands, it has not succeeded in making any impression upon the scales. All the specimens were introduced during the latter part of July. The orchard was visited from time to time and at all times some specimens were seen feeding upon the scales; and in the latter part of the season larve and pupee were found, indicating that the insects had made themselves at home, to some extent at least. A small number that were kept in the labora- tory and plentifully supphed with food laid eggs in small numbers. Such larve as hatched from these eggs were taken into the orchard to give them normal winter conditions. I can not say that I hope for very much as the result of this last experiment; nevertheless there is a chance that something will be seen of the insects next year, and if they do breed they will have an opportunity to do so under the best possible surroundings. | Some time before 1900 a mantid, Paratenodera sinensis Sauss., intro- duced from China had established itself in the vicinity of Philadel- phia and’ had been doing well, hundreds of egg masses being seen curing the winter, while the insects themselves were not at all uncom- mon during the summer. Mr. Philip Laurent recorded the presence of this insect and figured it in Entomological News. During the winter of 1900-1901 I secured through Mr. Laurent a small lot of specimens, altogether about 100, which I distributed | 18 mostly in southern New Jersey, retaining only a few myself. Adults from these masses were seen during the summer of 1901 at a number of places, and during the following winter I added materially to the supply by further lots of eggs obtained through Mr. Laurent. In addition, Professor Shngerland sent me a number of egg cases of the European species, which had established itself, in northern New York, also the result of an accidental importation. There were thus in New Jersey during the early spring of 1902 a large number of eggs of Paratenodera sinensis Sauss., some of which had been placed there by insects that might be considered native to the State, since they were born and bred there; and an additional lot of eggs of Jlantis religiosa Linn., natives of New York State, and which might have been ex- pected to do fairly well in the somewhat milder climate into which they were introduced. Hatching was pretty general from all the ego masses of the Chinese species; but so far as I could make out none of the European egg cases produced young. During 1902 the adults were seen everywhere that the introduction had been made; but nowhere in any very large numbers. Still they were there, and again, during the early spring of 1903, I added some 350 egg masses, secured from Mr. Laurent, to the previous sendings. The result in 1904 was not in proportion to the work that had been done. Fewer examples were seen in most of the places than ever before. In one locality only was any considerable number of speci- mens noticed. In one place that had received sendings each year, and which was almost a duplicate of the locality near Philadelphia where they had first established themselves, not a specimen could be found. T sent Mr. Dickerson through one of the places that he had seeded down, and where the location of every egg cluster had been mapped, and, while many of the whole clusters were found, the eggs apparently hatched, the net result seems to have been one new egg mass and nothing else. As the result of introductions continued three years in ‘succession there is no one point where I could go at the present time with any reasonable hope of finding even a single egg mass. For some reason New Jersey seems to be a veritable paradise for the injurious species that are introduced; but something very much to the contrary for such beneficial insects, or rather predatory forms, as have been introduced to control them. So far as the records go, they offer very little encouragement to those who are inclined to de- pend upon fighting injurious species with natural enemies. Mr. Washburn asked whether any coccinellid was found working on Lecanium. Mr. Smith said no, but that Lecaniums were rare in New Jersey. Ss, Mr. Marlatt said that this work was very interesting to him because of the care with which the experiments had been carried on. His own course had been to try to allay undue enthusiasm regarding the San Jose scale coccinellid. Its introduction was an experiment that seemed at first promising. In many sections the experiment failed, but frequently this was due to the starvation of the coccinellid, because sulphur-lime wash was used at the same time and destroyed most of the scales. Predaceous insects of general feeding habits should be introduced with care. They may destroy beneficial as well as injurious species. Mantis, for instance, seemed to take a special delight in destroying the aphid-eating coccinellid. The following paper was presented : REPORT ON THE “NEW ORLEANS” ANT (IRIDOMYRMEX HUMILIS Mayr). By E. S. G. Tirus, Washington, D. C. In July of 1904 the Bureau of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture received a letter from Prof. H. A. Morgan, of Louisi- ana, inclosing a letter from Mr. I. Baker, superintendent of Audubon Park, New Orleans, La. Mr. Baker’s letter gave an account of an ant that occurred in enormous numbers in that city and was causing serious trouble. Under instructions from the Entomologist, Dr. L. O. Howard, I reached New Orleans from New Iberia, La., October 15, and pro- ceeded to the sugar experiment station in Audubon Park. Mr. R. E. Blouin, vice-director of the station, and Mr. E. Baker gave me such information regarding the presence, distribution, manner of spread- ing, and ravages of the ant as they had collected during the past few years. Mr. Baker first noticed the ants in 1896, at which time he moved into Carrollton, near the Southport docks. They then extended over but a small area, reaching approximately from Southport docks to Carrollton avenue and from the river back to Poplar street. At that date the residents in that section had been troubled with them but -a short time. I could find no one who could positively remember noticing them before 1895. In 1899 the ants were first noticed in Audubon Park, and by the next summer had become quite numerous. They are now practically all over the park, the nests mere commonly occurring at the bases of trees. On the experiment-station grounds the ants’ nests are very common around and beneath buildings, in flower beds and cultivated Nelds, beneath sidewalks, and even on the lawns. In wet weather, Mr. Baker stated, the ants deserted their ground nests and carried pupe, larvyee, and eggs into the trees, Here they constructed nests by 80 bringing dirt from the ground. I found several inhabited nests as high as 15 to 20 feet above the ground in the forks of live-oak trees. These nests appeared to be entirely independent of the nests at the foot of the tree. The ants were noticed aiding in the distribution of the following insects on the grounds of the station and in other parts of the park: Aphides on fig, citrus trees, sycamore, hve-oak, cedar, arbor-vite, Duranta plumieri, and ornamental plants in greenhouses, and on the grounds. , ? Ceroplastes floridensis Comst., occurring on fig, persimmon, orange, lemon, and on many plants in the horticultural greenhouses. Fic. 7.—Persimmon showing protective covering made by Iridomyrmex humilis (original). Pseudococcus citri Risso, occurring on all citrus-fruit trees, fig, persimmon, plum, sycamore, live-oak, willow, and other trees, palms and ornamental shrubbery of almost all kinds, chrysanthemums, | dahlias, golden-rod, and various plants in the greenhouses, including |" ferns, palms, coral-tree, coffee-tree, and a species of Hibiscus. Scale-lice of several other species are being taken care of by these ants. They occur in such great numbers that they have apparently become care-takers for all kinds of scale and plant-lice present in the regions they infest. Where possible to do so, they build a covering, composed of dead lice, cast skins, dead ant remains, and dirt over the insects for which they are caring. On fruit this is first built near the base of the stem and gradually extended outward as the colony 81 grows. This was especially noticeable on persimmons and oranges. At the stem end, or wherever two specimens of fruit touched, the pro- jecting covering had been extended for a considerable distance. On twigs of arbor-vite the ants were able to build a covering for the plant-lice by extending it outward onto the rough, flat leaves of the plant, and in one instance they had built on both aye upper and lower sides of the leaves. The entrance to these shelters over colonies on fruit was always near the stems, but ants could usually be seen at some place on the outer edge repairing or extending the covering or removing young scales to new territory. The mealy-bugs infesting citrus trees and other fruits and on the palms appear to be the same species as the one commonly found in the greenhouses in the city—Pseudococeus citri Risso. The mealy-bug affecting the sugar-cane on the sugar experiment station grounds is, so far as I can ascertain, the same species. Care- ful comparison has been made with mounted specimens of Psewdo- coccus caleolarie Mask. on sugar-cane from Florida, P. adonidum Targ. and P. citri Risso. This sugar-cane mealy-bug has increased very rapidly in the last two years, and this year a large percentage of the cane was affected. The woolly secretions were present in the greatest numbers in the leaf- sheaths, but occurred on the stalks from the base up to from 3 to 6 feet above the ground, and often far out on the leaves, where two or more leaves were touching or rested against a cane stalk. Very few vere found in the ground among the roots, but the older specimens could often be seen traveling over the rough dirt from stalk to stalk. The ants were everywhere present among them and were several times seen establishing new colonies on cane. Ants were found, also, with mealy-bugs on several weeds in the cane fields, on grasses, and rarely on ramie. I found the ants in boxes of crackers and candies sent directly from New Orleans, and while in that city noticed them being packed up with several kinds of groceries for shipment to outlying towns. A Louisville and Nashville construction-department cooking car was visited in New Orleans. This car was in daily use and had been for several days located at the point where I saw it. The cook told me the ants worried him nearly to death. ‘ Why, they are so thick that I don’t get rid of them till I’ve been out on the road two or three days.” Their present distribution is probably limited by the distance that -wholesale goods are shipped locally from New Orleans. While as a vet they do not extend all over the city, 1t is a matter of only a few Ge at the outside, when the entire residence district will be infested. 5524_No. 5205 m——6 | PR, Ic cS -_ eee — = The ant is now known to occur in the following localities outside of the city of New Orleans: Across the river in Algiers and adjoining small settlements; at West End, Spanish Fort, and Milneburg, sum- mer resorts on Lake Pontchartrain; Bay St. Louis, Miss., a summer resort between New Orleans and Mobile; along the Texas and Pacifie Railroad at Donaldsonville, Cheneyville, and Alexandria; along -the Southern Pacific at Thibodaux, Schriever, Houma, Berwick, Morgan City, Franklin, New Iberia, and Lafayette; and at Opelousas. It will be neticed that these points are all, excepting Opelousas and the three first-named summer resorts, on main lines of the railroads leading out of New Orleans. They doubtless occur at many other smaller places along these lines and in localities on other railroads leading into Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. Their distribu- tion to summer resorts occurs through baggage and clothing as well as in supplies sent from New Orleans to these points. In the lower part of the city one woman told me that the ants appeared in her house late in June, 1904. Her baby was taken sick soon afterwards and they had a great deal of trouble keeping the ants away from him. The ants seemed especially attracted to the child, perhaps from some odor of the sick room, and would cross coal-oil bands on the bed and on chair legs in order to reach the baby. After the child’s death they were even more persistent in their efforts to reach him. The coffin was set on a stool the legs of which were placed in dishes of water with a coal-oil film. This would deter the ants for only a short time, when some would get on the oil and, others follow- ing, there would soon be a bridge of dead ants. Several instances were related where ants dropped from the ceiling in order to reach food or other substances they desired. An experi- ment was tried with some sugar sirups on a table which stood against the wall. The ants came up the wall to reach the table. When it was removed from the wall they came up the legs. Next morning the legs were wrapped with cloths soaked in coal oil and the table removed some distance from the wall. That day the ants were persistent in their efforts to reach the food, constantly chmbing up and down the legs, but only-a few attempted to cross the oiled bandages and these J" were not successful. The following morning the table was well covered with ants. They had gone up the wall over the first trail and passed on up to the ceiling, then over that diagonally until they were over the table, when they dropped down onto it. Very few ants were J" noticed returning from the ceiling, but a constant stream of them was going up. At the point where the table had formerly touched the wall quite a number of ants were clustered, evidently at a loss to know where to go. The ants, in leaving the table, usually went down one of the legs and were crossing the coal-oil bandages with apparently 83 little or no injury to themselves. Some dropped directly from the table top to the floor. One large colony of ants, on the outsiirts of a portion of the in- fested area on Carrollton avenue, had paths running in several direc- tions; over these paths thousands of ants were hurryimg all day long. A willow tree standing alone in a very bare piece of hard ground over 200 feet from the colony was thoroughly infested. The path- way from the colony was about 2 inches wide, going fairly straight through a weed patch, then directly across the barren ground to the tree. The outgoing ants from the colony were usually not laden; a few were noticed carrying ant pupe, and these were followed to the tree, where they entered a hollow in the trunk. Almost all the re- turning ants had distended abdomens, evidently being filled with the excretions from the plant lice. A few were seen carrying young lepidopterous larvee that were dead at the time I found them. To this same nest was traced one large foraging party that was destroy- ing a nest of other ants. Not only at New Orleans, but at several other towns in the State, I heard complaints of the destruction of flowers by the ants. The caly- ces and bases of the petals of several kinds of composite ornamental flowers were found to have been so thoroughly destroyed that a sheht jar would cause the petals to fall. Lemon blossoms on trees of B. M. Young, at Morgan City, La., were eaten so badly that the trees failed to set fruit. I heard accounts, also, of their establishing colonies of plant lice on the flower buds of shrubs in yards to such an extent that no flowers opened. I found them attending colonies of the “black aphis of chrysanthemum ” at Doctor Stubbs’s resi- dence, in Audubon Park, and in other yards to such an extent as to dwarf or deform almost half the flowers. Hard unripened pears left in barrels on a house porch were found several days later to be honeycombed by these ants, almost all the interior being eaten. Lunch-counter, soda-fountain, candy-store, and fruit-stand pro- prietors are kept continually on the watch to prevent their stock in trade from being ruined. A grocer in the lower part of the city told me that when the ants first appeared they seemed to come in by thou- sands in a single day. He stated that he threw away over half a barrel of sugar and several boxes of evaporated fruits. These ants have driven or killed out all other ants in the regions infested by them. I witnessed two battles between them and other ants on the outskirts of the infested area. The new ant, although much smaller, overcame the other by sheer force of numbers, column after column of them arriving on the scene of battle, while long files were carrving away dead ants, pupe, and larve. They are extremely active; the residents of New Orleans have christened them “the crazy ant.” since when a column is disturbed it breaks up, the ants running aimlessly about in every direction. Professor Wheeler, of the American Museum of Natural History, has very kindly examined specimens of the workers and states that they appear to be identical with Zridomyrmex humilis Mayr. This species has been hitherto reported only from tropical regions. The genus is quite closely related to Tapinoma, but this species can be separated by the presence of a distinct, erect, sharp-edged scale and by the fact that the abdomen does not project forward, nor in any way conceal this scale. The workers are from 2% to 2.50 mm. in jength, pale brown in color, head and thorax rugose, abdomen shin- ing, but shghtly pubescent. | The New Orleans tradesmen early took advantage of the annoy- ances caused by the ant, and now every grocery and drug store in the infested area has for sale one or more “ant killers,” “ ant poisons,” “ant preventives,” etc. These consist of tapes saturated with cor- rosive sublimate; corrosive sublimate solutions to be painted on walls and legs of tables and chairs; hydrocyanic-acid preparations; coal-oil mixtures; and others having trade names, the compositions of which are kept secret by the manufacturers. The use of corrosive-sublimate tapes and of cloths saturated with coal oi! appears to be the most successful means of keeping the ants away. The use of carbon bisulphid to destroy the nests will be futile unless it can be taken up by the whole community. A nest will be reoccupied in a few days after having been dosed with carbon bisul- phid, and cleaning out the ants in any section will be a waste of time and money unless all other surrounding sections are immediately treated. Mr. Sanderson said that he could corroborate the statements in the paper as to the severity of the attacks. In Morgan City they were at times simply unbearabie. : Mr. Surface-asked how these ants are disseminated by the methods described, which would presumably apply only to the workers. If the queens were not present they could not become established in the new locality unless the workers reproduce parthenogencetically. Mr. Titus said that the life history had been little studied and that many of these points were still not clear, but it might bea fact that in this group queens were not always necessary to establish colonies. In the absence of the author, the following paper was read by Mr. Gillette: 89 THE COTTONY MAPLE SCALE: AN UNUSUAL OUTBREAK, AND EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTICIDES. By S. ARTHUR JCHNSON, Fort Collins, Colo. Contrary to general experience the cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria énnumerabilis Rathv.) has done serious injury in Denver for several vears past and gives promise of renewed ravages during the coming summer. The scale is widely distributed over the city on the soft maple (Acer saccharinum) shade trees in the parks and streets. In a number of localities the permanent injury has been severe. ‘Two winters ago the time of one man was employed for.two weeks cutting out and removing the dead limbs from a park covering one block. In this same park last winter the under surfaces of many limbs on the soft maples and black locusts (7ebsnia pseudacacia) were literally coated with the scale. Here the Colorado Agricultural College, in conjunction with the superintendent of parks, conducted a number of experiments for the purpose of discovering an effective winter treat- ment. So far as the writer is aware very little therough work has been done in this hne. The advantages of a winter treatment are indicated both by the condition of the trees and by the life history of the insect. The 1m- mense numbers of the pest would make it necessary to spray thor- oughly both surfaces of the leaves in summer, which is a_prac- tical impossibility with trees of dense foliage which are often 30 or more feet in height. Moreover, it would seem that the life history of the insect would necessitate more than one application of the spray. Doctor Howard,¢ in giving the jife history, says: The young hatch early in summer, usually in the month of June, but occasion- ally at least as early as May 22. ‘The hatching period usually extends on into le early July, but may last until August. * * * In the course of a month they undergo a molt and begin to secrete a certain amount of wax from the dorsal surface of the body. It thus appears quite possible that some of the first-hatched insects may molt and become protected with scales before the last cf the eggs have hatched. Professor Gillette ° has expressed the opinion that after the wax is formed sprays of greater strength will be necessary. The leaves of the soft maple appear to be quite sensitive to the greater strengths of contact imsecticides. EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTICIDES. Shortly after I came to this station a quantity of badly infested maple twigs were received from Colorado Springs. At that time, under the direction of Professor Gillette, J made a number of experi- Eiken Sin Ole nite wOas. oepts, Acric pp. «16: 6 Bul. 47, Colo. Exp. Sta., p. 33. 86 ments for the purpose of determining the effect of insecticides on the insect. The notes I have tabulated below. The results obtained from these experiments indicated the lines of attack which were fol- lowed out a year later in Curtis Park, Denver. Preliminary laboratory experiment in 1903 for determining the effect of different insecticides on the cottony maple scale. [Treated January 17, 1903; examined January 23, 1903.] Insecticide. Strength. | Alive. | Dead. |P oreo Remarks. Lime-sulphur-salt (Hl- | Full _..-_....--.--...- 69 67 | 49 inois formula). | | | OD) OMe ee ere a aso QOne*halive So sees 38 | 89 | 70 | 1D Go ae eae ee Ne | Two-thirds. 2. 26ses 10 | 2A | 71 | DO mass oe a a capa ee One:sixthe= === at | BG) | 61 Kerosene emulsion __-_-_- 50 per cent kerosene_ 10 | 43 | 90 Possibly all dead. DD) Ope ne Sone a 25 per cent kerosene- a igh} 92 Those in protected | places alive; others | dead. Dn Re ee eee cee eee 12: per cent kerosene 44 | 67 | 60 | Whale-oil soap (hard)-__| 1 pound to 1 gallon __ 12 140 | 92 All dead, except occa- | sional protected ones. DO eee nes Rees Ee 1 pound to 2 gallons - 53 23 | 30 | 1D oye 2 Seeeeeaere Spey Os ipound to4 gallons! 22s |-s a [ ere ene aa | Little, or no effect. IDO) es ee SOC eee 1 pound to 6 gallons - 12 60 83 | CHeCkeEe sel ee) Ae ee a eer eee eS ae 62 5D | 47 Results of a second experiment in 1903. [Treated January 31, 1903; examined February 10, 1903.] Insecticide. Strength. | Remarks. meoposene emulsion =_22 52 __.-| 50 per cent kerosene _| Seems to have killed all. Ree eat eres ee Rh ee | 25 per cent kerosene_| Seems to have killed about all. Whale- OUSOR is i ee ee eas ee | 1 pound to 1 gallon __| Seems not to have killed any, but there may be different results later. Lime-sulphur-salt (Illinois | Full _______._._______- | Seems not to have killed any. formula). | | It will be seen by consulting the tables that the mortality of the untreated scale during the winter reaches probably 50 per cent. This is indicated by the counts on the check branches and those on which the treatments were so weak as to have had little or no effect. ‘The numbers counted in the laboratory experiments were too small to have positive values except where the percentage of dead was very high, because the difference in mortality on different twigs is a conspicuous feature on looking over the hibernating insects. The only effective remedies appeared to be kerosene emulsion, 25 per cent or more in strength, and whale-oil soap at the rate of 1 pound to the gallon. The laboratory experiments indicated that further tests with kerosene emulsion, varying in strength from 10 to 50 per cent, and the stronger solutions of whale-soap should be made to ascertain more accurately the location of the “dead line.” 87 Results of applications of insecticides made in Curtis Park, Denver, for the cot- tony map’e scale. [Treated November 238, 1903; examined February 27, 1904. ] mo. e8 Insecticide. Strength. Alive. | Dead. Percent Remarks. 2 Kerosene emulsion.___} 50 per cent oil _______| None. | - All. 100 Sill eee Gost as ere eee 20 per cent oil __-----| None INU 100 Ab Noe ee dose ee 12# per cent oil __--.- He 98 Syl es lea LON mcrae ala taal 10iperlicentoleses22 85 213 88 6) |} Robaccorstems|22.25222 1 pound to 1 gallon _- 217 89 29 (lod teens COs ee pounditosreallonsys |e ss2s nee are |e ae A No benefit. TG Nietevenisto) 0) eee eee eee ZA POUNGSktom ee allo mys | eee se | epee he eee Seales all dead and shriveled. 1G Sas. COs ere lkpoundstoei gallons) |e see see eee ae 60; About two- thirds dead. (UAE YON sc eres eee, Dans Hel APS Sa SU ga a sc ke ae a eet S| 25 | One-fourth dead. Results of later applications in Curtis Park. [Treated February 19, 1904; examined March 1, 1904.1] Insecticide. Strength. Alive. | Dead. Pep cent Remarks. Lime-sulphur-salt (Illinois for | Full ____...-....-_-.-- 87 192 70 mula). Kerosene emulsion __....-.--..---- pOperwicent sess Lee 0 404 100 EID) eS ee TN = al fa aul eh CMe BO DeCRICe Tt ee ae 0 310 100 ATE) Gye ae NE EDs yl Ties ape Aas aia ADIpeTICent eee aan 5 274 98 EL) Spy eT ee Se le pe Cente sees ft 153 99 TB Yc Ys Stoo ot a aren arty St Sc IZpericent a =a asanen! 14 229 94 1B) @ ape ee Pay oO crt OE Paves A LO percent 555422 2-— 299 688 69 Whale-oil soap (hard)-____....----- 1 pound to 1 gallon -- 3 171 98 1D YO Ses cee ee ee ne ae Re es 1 pound to 2 gallons - Manes 563 84 1D Yo) aS SoS apa eau a DS Te pene er 1 pound to 8 gallons - 26 81 76 TB) Ee Ss sre ene er ge ay eae i ee 1 pound to 4 gallons - 128 154 55 DD) Oa es pe eae eee oer 1 pound to 8 gallons - 118 154 7 s OEE FES a la 2 oem ee ei | GR NAD ta ea 256 421 62 PREPARATION OF INSECTICIDES. The kerosene emulsion was emulsified with whale-oil soap. The tobacco stems were very dry when weighed and were boiled one hour in enough water to cover them, after which the concoction was diluted to the strengths given. The tree soap employed was used in the first series of experiments and hard whale-oil soap, purchased at a drug store, in the second. The lime-sulphur-salt wash was _ pre- pared according to the Uhinois formula and boiled three hours. APPLICATION OF THE INSECTICIDES. Both seneca and vermorel nozzles were used. The latter did good work and is rather to be preferred on account of economy of material. _Only the lower branches of the trees were sprayed and in some cases two applications were made on different parts of the same tree. With the lime-sulphur-salt wash two entire trees were treated. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. A glance at the percentage column shows that the effective rem- edies stand out prominently. They are kerosene emulsion in strengths of over 10 per cent and whale-oil soap at the rate of 1 pound to the gallon. Tobacco-stem decoction and lime-sulphur- salt wash appeared to be ineffective. The lime-sulphur-salt wash was especially disappointing. After several weeks the scales under it appeared bright and healthy, and it almost seemed as if they enjoyed the protection of an extra covering during the cold weather. The insects take little or no nourishment during the winter and might thus be able to withstand for a time an application which deprived them of their food supply. As a result of these experiments kerosene emulsion in strengths of 1 to 6 or 1 to 8 was recommended. Applications were made by the park authorities on April 16. The trees were examined on May 13 by Professor Gillette, who made the following note: Where Mr. Smith applied Kerosene emulsion that was one-sixth kerosene the scales appeared to be all dead over the greater portion of the trees. Some limbs have scattering living scales and oceasionally limbs were found where the scaies were quite abundant. From the fact that the lice are all dead in places where they were very abundant, it seems evident to me that the living lice were those that were not well treated. Mr. Smith was also of the same Opinion. The entire park was not sprayed last winter, and as a result the infested trees have deluged the whole grove with the scale. Treat- ment is being made at this writing with kerosene emulsion in the streneth of one-sixth kerosene. Judging from twigs sent to the laboratory, the application is all that could be desired, the scales all being killed. Some scales will doubtless be missed by the spray, but these can be trimmed out as soon as the wax becomes conspicuous in the spring and before the eggs have hatched. In the absence of the author, the following paper was read by the secretary : SOME EXPERIENCES WITH PULVINARIA. By Howarp Evarts WEED, Chicago, Ill. The entomological literature regarding Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv. contains so many misleading statements that it is certainly time for attention to be called to them. The two principal misstate- 89 ments are: (1) That ‘ the insect is rarely injurious in two consecutive years,” * and (2) that the remedy consists in a “summer spraying with a dilute kerosene-soap emulsion.” ’ These, or similar statements, have appeared in every article heretofore written on this subject, and during the past summer I have been shown a score of letters from entomologists making these statements. Early in June of this vear I received a note from the chairman of the North Shore Park Commission stating that a committee of the Rogers Park Improvement Association had been appointed to devise means. for the elimination of the cottony maple scale. This com- mittee asked me to investigate the subject and undertake the work of spraying in the territory of Rogers Park—a Chicago suburb, but. within the city lmits. Upon investigation I found the soft or silver-leafed maple (Acer dasycarpum) to be the principal shade tree here, and every tree was covered with the white egg masses of the Pulvinaria. ‘These insects have been present in this territory in large numbers each year since 1886 at least. In 1897 a large number of the trees were: severely pruned, the supposition being that this would eliminate the scale, and the beauty of the trees was thus largely spoiled... The insects have been so numerous that they have cestroyed the lower and smaller branches and killed hundreds of trees out- right. The work of the Pulvinaria, together with the pruning in an effort to get rid of it, has caused the trees to look anything but beau- tiful. This same condition exists at other places around Chicago, especially at Evanston and Irving Park. No soft maples are now being planted in this territory on account of the ravages of the insect. During the past summer the eggs were slow in hatching, as the season was very backward. Up to June 25 practically no eggs were hatched. Two quite warm days occurred about July 10, and this served to bring them out. At this time the larger limbs and branches were fairly alive with the young going from the egg masses to the leaves. Persons pruning the trees at this time would get the insects in the hair and upon the person and clothes in the same manner as chicken mites. The insects were scattered to surrounding shrubs and flowers in varlous ways, especially by the falling of the weakened leaves, so that during August they were to be found on practicaily every shrub. The list of plants upon which I have found the Pulvinaria is con- siderably larger than heretofore given. Of course a distinction should be made as to what constitutes the normal food plants, or those upon which it occurs in both summer and winter forms and the food plants upon which it may have drifted for the summer. My own observation gives the following as the normal food plants of the @ Bul. 22, Div. of Enut., U. S. Dept: Agric., p. 16. b Loe. cit. _ Se Wes = species, those most affected being mentioned first in the lst and those least affected last: Soft or silver-leafed maple (Acer dasycarpum), box elder (Acer negundo), linden (Tila), Virginia creeper (Ampe- lopsis quinguefolia), bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), sumae (Rhus), grape (Vitis), and willow (Salix). The summer food plants observed have been Spirwa Van Houtteii, S. arguta, and 8. pruni- folia; Philadelphus grandifiorus and P. coronarius; Cornus mascula, C. siberica, C. stolonifera, and C. paniculata; Ribes aureum and R. sanguineum,; Hydrangea: Rudbeckia; Symphoricarpus racemosus and S. vulgaris; Syringa, several varieties; Viburnum, several varie- ties. Ihave not found it upon either the sugar maple (Acer sacchari- num) or the Norway maple (4. platanoides), even where these trees were surrounded by the soft maples, except in such small numbers as to be very inconspicuous. The work of spraying began the middle of July and continued until September 1. The work was done under my constant super- vision by some senior students of the Michigan Agricultural College. Two outfits on wheels with hand pumps were used, these being the most convenient in getting around from tree to tree. Both the vermorel and bordeaux nozzles were used. The trees sprayed were mostly quite large, requiring a 60-foot hose to reach the top. The operators wore fireman’s oiled suits and began the spraying at the top by climbing the tree, finishing at the bottom limbs. ‘The work was thoroughly done, so far as possible every leaf being covered. When I first took hold cf this work I had expected to Inll the in- sects readily “ with a weak kerosene emulsion.” All the entomolo- gists said this was the remedy, and my own fourteen years’ experience in practical spraying work told me the same thing. I began with an S per cent kerosene emulsion, which was increased within a few days to 10 per cent, then to 124, and finally to 15 per cent. Practically none of the insects were killed with either the 8 or 10 per cent emul- sions. An examination at Professor Forbes’s office of leaves sprayed }j with 124 per cent, some days after, showed that something over 50 _ per cent were killed, but the death of some of these was doubtless from natural causes. The 15 per cent emulsion killed the greater portion cf the Pulvinaria, but as this strength took practically all the leaves off the box elders, all from the lindens, and fully one-half from the maples, the remedy was at least equal to the disease. A 10 per cent emulsion is all that can with safety be applied to the linden cr box elder, while a 124 per cent is all that can safely be applied to the maple. In this. connection some experience in the making of the emulsion may be of interest. With 2,500 large trees to spray, scattered over a large territory, the matter of making the emulsion was of consider- able importance. But, as “necessity is the mother of invention,” it wal so happened that a sample of soft soap containing 50 per cent of naphtha was sent me for trial. sae eee 101-103 By-laws, Association of Economic Entomologists, amendments____—___-__ 3 Cabinet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci, additions to our knowledge, paper by Eleniny: evil ere Chaya a ne ES cag lid ea i Nl 48-49 Cankerworm, spring, Ohio report, 1904 Se Ee ne eye ee eee oh ee pe da Carbon bisulphid, use against/ants; note = 22> a eae 84 sweet potato. weevil 22 7 oe See 67 eit Page. CVaciniloOlanm Dees Chl ira ClCTISGICSHe ss ne eh ee ee) ee 105 Carpocapsa pomonella. See Codling moth. Carpophilus dimidiatus, Georgia report for 1904______ of 20 ahs Be ec i 71 Caterpillar, tent, Ohio report, 1904 s PSTN ae ie es hi NS a 53 Caucasian bees, CHAM CHETES ll GS pea ee eae Spy Ei iney tanta aeys _~ 105-106 Caustic soda solution, experimental use against San Jose SGaAle naa es ae ZOO Cecidomyia spp. See Gall makers. Cecidomyiidz, member of family as enemy of grape____-_ fe DN a Mass decay Oe Panes Be Ny een) Ceresa bubalus, New York report, 1904______________ Bf BAUD Ales Caine od a ae eee 51 Ceroplastes flommdensis, distribution and care py ants. 20355 oe ee ee SO Chalcodermus ceneus, Georgia report for 19G::, injury to cotton___________ 70-71 Cherry aphis, black, Colorado report for 1904______ c SE ae Se Mayer em STS, 58 scale, Colorado, 1904, report of first appearance__________________ 59 Chicago, work against cottony maple scale____ ee ee a TAS oe A eee OE On Chrilocorus bivulnerus, check on San Jose seale____ ed Ps et Leste 75 similis. See Ladybird. Chinch bugs, Minnesota, report for 1904_______ i gp Gal On np peel pu 56 OHIOH PEW OT CUO a aa ee foe ere ey ie EOE ci Oy dee aie a ND a 50 Chionaspis furfura, proposed cyanide fumigation__/_______ Rare eal S geet 96 Chrysochus auratus, Georgia report for 1904_____ AORN EAI ee MANE on 70 Chrysomyia macellaria, occurrence in Ohio in 1904 2-2-2 ee 50 Gi CAC OMT OME TO Tater tO Teel Ay a Nae es Le ee ce cle eased al Le Tia 54 Citrus trees, infestation by mealy bugs under care of ants_______________ 81 Climate, relation to cotton boll weevil control______________ Bean OG sce ey Climatic conditions, importance in cotton boll weevil control ___ ere ee 41 Clinocoris tectularia, destruction by hydrocyanic-acid fumes_____-_______ 95-96 Coal oil, use against ant, Jridomyrmex humilis (see also Kerosene) __——__ 2, 84 COG Ss (Cpl ae ia eT ao a is NA Te ne AS De pera ahold asl ee tala ate SA eye 29 Coccinellid, Minnesota report for 1904 (see also Ladybird) ______________ D7 Codling moth, Colorado report for 1904__-___________ ELA iS Ink we ey Ses ane 58 MIMIiAvON Ot arwit House: for controle:= 2u 2 ese sen Sie TOI NOs SF COLSM ARLE DOI LO Teal GA EN Ne CR RAN Lhe DN why ea es etl NY op sage 70 Ohio: report. 19042202 eNO pecs ae Ve Hil os Coffee leaf-miner, remark; discussion (see also Leaf- miner) _ ss DME eee 28, 97-95 tees); POLO icOs.intestation with leat-mimers2se ee ae Pee 97-98 COGS DISMiCVOS BGeorsia srepoki tor 190222 a. a ea eee 70 Coleoptera, genera subject to legislation_____ aM lh cl Meee te cay ea Oh0y 07 et Sth Ma 20 Coleopterous insects, Cuba, note________ Geile 7s iced aE ene SAE ON ee, eros 29 College Station, Tex., observations on cotton boll weevil__________ 30, 31, 32738 sweet-potato weevil and mosqui- LOX SS i Be ss TU Eg et de mee Noah lao 67, 68 Colleges, agricultural, economic entomology, teaching, note______________ ‘lel Colorado, insects of the year, 1904, paper by C. P. Gillette-______________ 58-61 Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex), distribution and migra- CLOMS Sa) CLO Ve See Nok MUTT a AIO ENTS @ Tae whe ee ony Nic WN bee 62-66 Committees, association, appointment _____ OS Aig I Teen eal Rae Lees Peres me set 25, 74, 94 TCE OO) HS hg Mr ee Ue OR A a Oe ae Rem 92, 93, 94, 95 Connecticut, broods of fall web-worm, discussion aR SRI i RS a 42-48 Conotrachelus nenuphar. See Curculio, plum. ~CONRADI, A. F., paper on “ Black-fly studies” _____ Bile. a oN mE EL 8 100-101 “Miscellaneous notes [on insects] from Texas’”___ 66-68 COOK Mini Ap ApeMON Le NOLESmOn GubalMilNSCehS 7 ee i 28-29 “The coffee leaf-miner (Leucoptera coffeella)”____ 97-99 Corn iMseck imjuGTies) in, Georgia im) 1904 2a ae es la OY nie SEAR ST alg a (22 LOOt WOM” Olio cep ort ies GOA cee See ie ey elie IS A te Pill Corrosive sublimate, failure as remedy for powder post beetle IGE ir Pie eopsiphaeaa D4 ~ Cotton boll weevil. See Boll weevil. eultural methods as remedy for boll weevil..._._._._2-_____-___ 39—40 earliness of maturity as factor against boll weevil__._______-____ 38 SrowiIne Methods for. controlok boll, weevil. = 228s eae 14-17 insect injuries in Georgia in 1904________ Bs as WME es it 140) (2 planting, changes of practices enforcement proposed__.. 20 price, relation of boll weevil, note_ Beas OES AR CALI Wee Mp euc yls 41 Squaring, time of boll weevil attack_____-_ Me po aa ee s Be Stalks, destruction as method of weevil control__________________ 31, 40 Cotton-seed- meal, ‘insect’ depred aciom, =e ee ie, Cottonywoods; insect injury im (Colonado: ing moe ee ee 59 Cowpeas, relation to injury of cotton by Chalcodermus cneus___________ rp val “ Crazy ant.” -See Ant “ New Orleans.” Creosote, failure as remedy for powder post beetle___________--_§_-§_§_ = 54 Crepidodera rufipes; injury to peach orchard: in’ Ohi0s5 =e ae 53 Cricket, Mormon (Anabrus SE distribution and migrations in Colo- Fado; PAVEr Dyes Ss CAT: CUE sO TIS OTe eee nian eae 62-66 conclusions from study of migrations and distribution__ 65-66 or Tdaho; Coloradorrepoete tor al 904 eae shee ete ee 61 Crop areas, increases as shown by Twelfth Census___.=--—____-=___\___ 6 srowing methods for MSeEECU Combe a ee eee 14 Crops, farm, insect enemies in Colorado, 1904______ SNL ign BA cs aa, eee 60 losses by insects and savings by economic entomology_____________ 12 GroSS-Dreeding bees; securing of desirables trate] = 2 eee 106 Croton bug, fumigation with hydrocyanic-acids Sasmee= =. a eee eee 96-97 Cryptocephalus obsoletus, Georgia report for 1904____-__-_== == = 02 Cryptorhynchus lapathi. See Curculio and Willow weevil. Cuban experiment station, coffee leaf-miner___________ INSECES, MNOLES, paper Dyn NUS SCO se ea ae eee Cwicidze; mosquitoes, publications, 22202 Sees Sie ees ee ee ee eee Curculio, imported willow, Minnesota report for 1904 Eye EMO ER Pye oe plumsinjury sto. peaches: in’ Georgian 19042232 eee Minnesota ‘report: for: AGO2e = 2 Se at Se ee A ee Ohio. report; GOL 2s es a ae a ee eee Currants, insect attacks im Coloradovin 1904, notes] 2 es eee Cyanide. See Potassium cyanide. “ Cylas formicarius. See Weevil, sweet-potato. Cyprian and other Hastern bees; Characteristiesi22 22s) at he ee ee Cyprio-Carniolan’ bees, desirable traits 222 oa ee eee Diabrotica 12-punctata, Georgia report for 1904 longicornis, ‘OHTO-rEepor ts OO Aa te ee nee See aegtee Diaiw@da saccharalis. Georgia report tor 1904 a ee ee Dust spray, experiment in Minnesota against leaf-hoppers______________ Dynastes tityus, Georgia report for 1904 Wek SS Nl RI SAE a Pgs ee Hgegs, bedbug, destruction by use of hydrocyanic-acid gas________________ fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea), color, ete., remarks__________ - Mormon -ericket (Anabrus simple.),. NOUGS = ee eee sweet-potato weevil, notes from Texas for 1904____________ a Hilm leaf-beetle, appearance at Dayton, Ohio=2 == 22 ee eee Elms, infestation with leaf-beetle in Ohio in 1904____________ Reerirag outs Hmphytus canadensis, New York report, 1904-2) 222" ee Empoasca mali. See Leaf hopper. Entomological events, most important in recent years, note____-_________ investigation, promising field _________ Sg Ae eee News, proposal as semiofficial organ of association, com- SINT tee 4 t= ee eae 2 eee pee Te eee ee Entomologists, attendance on association meetings, list-of Names=s aes increase in number of workers on economic subjects______ Entomology, applied. present-day features in America, address of presi- dent, Ac“? Quaintan ces 2223 ae 2 6 ee eee ees economic, factors in awakening interest2=*s 2 sss growth and benefit to-agriculhiTres= sae eee literature, extent, character, and plan for résumé_ problems, conditions, and requirements___________ Savings! on crops, tables] 220s ae 2a ne eee Ephestia kuehniella. See Flour moth. Epicauta pennsylvanica, Nexas report fora Q04 ss eee ee ee Epitrixc cucumeris, Colorado report tor 190422 ee Hpochra canadensis, Colorado report for 19042209) Se Eriocampoides limacina,.injury to cherry trees in Ohio__________________ Hriophyes populi, gall maker, Colorado report for 1904___/___-_____-__+_ Experiment station, economic entomology investigations, note ___________ iby ; Page Experiment Stations, Office, bibliography of economic entomology, sug- CESS ESM UE NSY © tye eS Re 8 eS Set ac 95 Eyxperumentaletarms tor conton bolleweevil: control 22-25 essen ts ss ee 5 Fall web-worm, Ohio report, 1904 (see also Webworm, ee RE: COM fC aa 50-51 Farm crops, insect enemies, Colorado report for 1904 _ eae neue 60 production, losses by insects and savings by economic entomology __ 12 Farmer, preference for Paris green and other remedies, note_____________ 39 Rarmine methods for contrel of cotton’ bollvweevilz=-)* = 0 ee 14-17 Farms, experimental, cotton boll weevil control ________ Ue pie a 15-16 FELT, E. P., paper on “Experiments with lime-sulphur vy rashes’ Seif toa eed al 25-28 “Notes for the year—New York’________________~_ 51-52 DER MAEDS Ele nODIMLOM aSetOn testing mnsechicidesas= 220) kbar sy ae 74 Mdg vlicida. Ohio and New Nork reports, 1904220 52.0 2 ee he eae 52, 54 Flea-beetle, potato, Colorado report of heavy loss in 1904________________ 61 red-legged, injury to peach orchard in Ohio___________-_!___ Be leas nimi savions yen ehydrocyanic- acids Sas nOtesn =e lei Ue See eee 97 Hlood- Brazos. destruction: of cotton bolliweevil sees 2s a2 Ce aa BH Flour moth, Mediterranean, Georgia report for 1904_____ OSE Kees (ie Minnesota report for 1904 EP EN Wee ep ahs 56 | O21 ES USD Ur en a te Si a Sti ae ee Oe bean Us Mer kg wep 73 Flowers, destruction by ant, Jridomyrmesx humilis ate si Bei 83 Fly. See Frit and Hessian. Formule, lime-sulphur wash and method of GA aan ie ORE SEO Ny ees OR 25-26 Frit-fly, Minnesota report for 1904___________ Gate. 0 Ana 56 Frosts, killing, in Texas, occurrence and effect on . boll weevil Beso ees ae Ne 30 Druiiety, cooseberry, Colorado report: for 19042. eas eS i 59 Fruit-house fumigation, control of codling moth__~_____ Peed Jus Oi 103 Fruit-moth, grape, Ohio report, 1904_____ S sh TURAN cat ea LB ta nat 54 Fruit-worm, gooseberry, Colorado report for 1904 ee Ree eS eee 59 Fruits, deciduous, increase in plantings, 1889-1899______________________ 6-7 infestation with mealy bugs, note___________ aie 81 Fumigation, fruit-house, for controlling codling moth, paper by A. a “Bur- OSS poe a a Ne i ee A yee Tei Ad Sh a ghana as) EAS ma 101-108 household insects and their eggs with hy drocyanic- acid gas, some notes, paper by J. L. Phillips hp Be eR Lee Reh tg rg ee DE Shs ~ 95-97 Galerucella luteola, appearance at Dayton, Ohio________ Mees ba faced SOME Dea 50 Gall makers, Minnesota report for 1904__ z Bip fc, oe EC OT RMU NS 5 Gall-producing insects, Cuba, note______________ Bae EA ferwt soa sees Se 29 Garden vegetables, insect injuries, Colorado report for 1904__ Dee coe pe Shee a 59-60 Gas. See Hydrocyanic-acid gas. Georgia, insects for the year 1904, paper by Wilmon Newell and R. I... PSHLTOW GE Olj:. Sp ks Maes ae eept is Se LS PS 1 SE alee oleae Pil soya a rine ines _ 69-74 GILLETTE, C. P., paper on “ Insects of the year in 1 Colorado ” rap ot arated a he) 58-61 Gooseberries, insect AEA CK Silla CO] OAC O Me 1 OA se aes a ea arth fee eg ed al 59 Gooseberry. See Fruit-fly and Fruit worm Government, National, relation to cotton boll weevil control-____________ 41 Clapeatnuiiemo th O Mio kenomt 04 eis Cal ee ee 54 aoe Cesena e ONavi cya kanye ake) 04 ie Se A ah OE Ses i ee ena PEN mea 55) new enemy, member of Cecidomyiide, appearance________________ 54-55 Grapevine, protection from leaf-hopper, use of spray___________ as = AZ rootworm, Ohio and New York reports for 1904__~________ ~ 5204 Grasshoppers) Colorado. reports fOr AOOAe aes Bee eee 61 CMUSTAIMO UNO LONLeMyOlMm COMLLO] MOLE Smears s aenis bien yl a See 40, 41 FRCOUNISEGUSOLCLE RG COLrela LepoOni for O04 ee Sa eA TO Elemiptera, genera subject to legislation___________ A leno ate ails barat tine ae 1) Hessian fly, avoidance by delay in wheat planting_______ Sh LLM A opened 14 < diminution of numbers by destroying volunteer wheat Lee te A G2 CG CORA ECT O filapl OTs lO eer wees ee Se eh Ne 71-72 IMI CLEA SS siti OO ny oO Aree eae oe ee SETAE es eet 50 Minnesota and Ohio reports for 1904______________ LOTS 5D Enibernation: cotton boll, weeyil, remarks] 04) 2222. 2 ee 15529305 Hippodamia convergens, Georgia report for 1904__._.--___-____-__ 70 Page Honey, and bee: iNGUSErY,: DT a INCH CS ees ae oe va eer ea cp epee eS 103 bees. See Bees. : Eoppertree) buffalo, New) VOrk=report, OO k wae eee es Pane Se eae 2 ara 51 Household insects. See Insects, household. Hydrated lime emulsion, insecticide use, note__________________________ 91 Hydrocyanic-acid gas, fumigation of household insects and their eggs SOME MIOTES. APE Diy Vie a LDL eae a ee 95-97 USE against Cod lime ro telnet eee ee 101-103 Eby MmMenopterous. insects: Cuban, suSebuline Scie ee ee ene 29 TEU PECLASDUS Sp-,, MinMeSOta ep Ort Ore OAs ey ee eee 57 Hyphantria cunea. See Web worm, fall. lextOr sGeorela: TEPOLes TO TOO Ae eee pa ieee ite 70 Icerya purchasi, destruction by Novius (Vedalia) cardinalis____________- 75D Idaho cricket. See Cricket. Insect control, importance, remarks (see also Insects) —-- == 8 9 ‘ planting cand venltivatvions sce laiti@ mae eee eens seep pena 14 MOMAS:) FTO PO Sell] Bases ae we a er GU isa 20-21 depredations losses in farms O Gi Ct Wasco 12 relation to increase of crops and orchards___________ ‘i EMEFZENCE) LAIN Fall Vas Cae CO ae ah aN eNO Se Tae 36 Legsislatiro mia MAM TEE OES Ceres uaa Ti ea Ty yee ee ee ee 19-20 ESE, SUUIGI. SUB AOS EONS ae ae a eRe Oe enc eh Corte ae art probiems, suggestions OL“ VEMECCTCS ese ee a Ae eee 24 Insecticide, sweet-potato weevil, use of arsenates (see also (CRORES) SES 7 Insecticides and parasites for insect pests, variableness of results_______-_ 75 experiments for cottony maple scale____ zs EEE SS Kinds! FOr USEs AL ADAS CAMS Se oe EP ee ae ee a ea a 84 maple scale, preparation and, applications 222s 87 MOre LMpPoOr tats MOTE bse be ees TE ee Ey aerate 2 oe ee en 13 PEOPLE tATyy, CES N ess, We Ae Kas ees ae SE eRe ie eek eee 74 testing, committee on cooperation, names___________________ 74 Insects, codling moth and other; remedies, MOteS ie ost acre re Sa ee eae epnet 23 Cuban; paperbyer Mel eC OO kee ae ee eaten eee EL READ MEI A Sean economic; of the year 1904, in Ohio, paper by A. F. Burgess______= 52-53 - Georgia, for year 1904, paper by Wilmon Newell and R. I. Smith__ 69-74 hibernating as adults, hypothesis for fixing date of maximum CMMErS ONCE” eS Ee Ne DTN 8 2) a0 00 Pape eevee eee Ee 34-37 household, and their eggs, fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas, paper bya): Phillips Deis ICAO pees eet doe apt De S| Na 95-97 injurious, in Minnesota in 1904, paper by me Washburn papa ae eg 55-57 instances of widespread damage!) 252) 2 27 ee 9 lite: history, “Studies; remark S ke ere ae Bene panel parte (nn ae _ 18-19 names recommended for exclusive use, list_______________-______ 93-94 notes for the: year: New Work... 222 es ee eee gee 51-52 of the year [1904] in Colorado, paper by ©. P. Gillette___________ 58-61 Ohio, brief notes for 1904, paper by Herbert Osborn_________-__~_ 49-51 (pests), shade tree, Colorado report for 1904________________=_- 59 predatory,—introduced into New Jersey, present status, paper by H (Co) OU AVIA eee CU 0 WMaRtOR Rete Ua Ea sel ry MRE EN Alga AU NERA RL LS Ure cee OS 74-79 temperature ‘relation: o.oo a2 ee er IE Ss Pa ee 19 Texas, miscellaneous notes, paper by A. F. Conradi BATS IR pra 66-68 Iridomyrmex humilis. See Ant. italian “bees, characteris ties. 22 ee ole aie ae et ie ole cn melee te tr oe ee eee 105 Ithycerus noveboracensis, Georgia report for 1904_____________________- 70 JOHNSON, JEFFERSON, statement regarding $50,000 prize for boll weevil COTE ie a ee SEL, CS eee eats eae ag 16-17 S. ARTHUR, paper on ‘Distribution and migrations of the Mor- mon cricket (Anabrus simplex) in Colo- NEKO (0 Se ashe ie pM ec Cea Vane RR ga esl Ne 62-66 “The cottony maple scale; an unusual out- break and experiments with insecticides” 85-88 j IN) Page. Kerosene. See Coal oil. emulsion, insecticide, experiment against maple scale_______ 86, 87, 88 use against coffee leaf-miner_____________ 99 cottony, maple scale 2222222222 90-91 SpE? WeCAMiINIM | SPEClese tas 2 ana ee OU a ee 57 use against leaf- hopper AU VEIT CS OC est eee fee ae 45, 46 Kero-water, spraying Lecanium species f havi INU eake bots Merlo a a ah DT use against leaf-hopper in Minnesota sah gc, AACR Bu a het Ae Ll 46, 47 Klinophilos lectularia. See Clinocoris lectularia. Lady beetle. See Ladybird. WadvbindvASiatie mMISelacaiMsSt Scale inseectse ws. kot ha ee 69, 79 (Chilocorus similis) introduction into New Jersey____-__--___ 76-77 (lady beetle) Chinese, New York report, 1904_________________ 51-52 OMiosTeport Or OOL Ms mee ene, Ae ee LA 52-53 Ladybug. See Ladybird. Laurent, Philip, work with Paratenodera sinensis, note__________________ TS Lead, arsenate. See Arsenate of lead. Leaf worm, cotton, value in control of cotton boll weevil, note___________ 3 Leaf- beetleselimvappeakancerate Dayton wOlioe 220 osc yi Sa ee 50 INS WoO aah e PONG OE ee EAS ie Ne ai a Se a RA Dik OMLO PRED OL CYROT LOO As eee is eae ad EE Sagal ee aa 5D Leaf-hopper, destructive, work for control, preliminary report, paper by Suheus eg NV CAS OO UIIET peel re aeeTe Us WC Na mem Na Hoty eh ACA a AN IE LL Neg 43-47 Hmpoasca mali, life history, remarks Sea ig A at re eR ee Th ated ON 44 SEAPEVINE wOLOLECHON MISC! Ole Spay. oot, Wil a Sn AT MiIMMESOLA Se POG: TOT MOO is uae ele AS Nn nce 56 S [OTE AVA STO Tag COMMUTE teste ea Se ae Sy Li ee EA ele 46-47 Mearminersbeeu Colorado reponiitor 19042 422 seo ee ee ee ee 61 coieeMinportancerin, @ubae syn ss ee a a ee ee 28 life history and treatment—_____-_~_ ela oles ty a0 Ss caine 98-99 JOSH) OXST eH nr N's (Coo haved REC ayo) Lape as oA AnD, ea ns Aap aa a ey a 97-99 picking of coffee leaves in spraying__.________________ 99 Wecamilm=> Species Minnesotaaneport, for d904ie ee eae ee ae 57 uegislation, insect, statement for United States._-=2 5 =~ 322 = 2 19-20 DrOposalyrocecontrolsor boll weeviles eee is ee ee ea 40 1EENIOMMCLECS Mju, yank, nidomyurimer MwmnitS=.= soe. De ee ee ee 83 lreprdopteras. Cubans pUupaLlOn woOeCGiOdSs sea ole Tae ewes ee ae 28 genera subject to legislation______ NSS ee SN i EP 20 Leucopter a coffeella. See Leaf-miner, coffee. Lice, plant. See Plant lice. WC OURUS UGICEDS uO COLSa sre pores tora OO04u es pene es ee ee eee (Ps Lime and Paris green mixture, use against Alabama argillacea__________ 70 hydrated, use as insecticide, TO Ce See RON ML Menon eh CALM 91 salt, and sulphur wash, usefulness, notes______-~_____ pli as DR Pay, sulphur, and salt wash, usefulness in eastern United States Lied pane 13 Lime-sulphur-salt insecticide, experiment on maple seale ____________ 86, 87, 88 WAS new. LORMUlAraAnGdopLepAratlOM se went eta 26 DOO ISUCCESS HIM INE Wr JeLSe yes Se ee Os ee ath use against San Jose scale in Georgia__-_______- s) 69 washes, experiments, paper by E. P. Felt...) = 25-28 “Lincoln bug.’ See Cryptocephalus obsoletus. iverOals,ODSEEVaAllONOkcamt MeEStS: MOL m a kee a i a 80 Mocs mplack= Inhestatone byselea=)eetle=tssss aah ON ee 53 IOKES CA uLOTE Ww alta alll =m AlGES wom Oem ume sne ese aoe ih by a a oT seventeen-year, Ohio report for DIRS 0) 72 be 2k ie oh aaa apa are TANSRES Raet S 54 Locusts, black, infestation with cottony maple scale, note_______________ $5 Louisiana, distribution of ant Iridomyrmex hwmilis________ ESET te SEES, INe wa O Glens ciMlay pes ta sep Or, bee weds sO. Fan La eee 79-84 Loxostege sticticalis. See Webworm. LE LCOMS. SAPRUCIUIS LATO RU CY WO) CEMKEXGA EAE) CCP) SIE ws a ee 53-04 Waco map len ONO me pOtiteLOOAs ems yk ew huts Se ee 51 EACISM MO OlLOLAGCOMeCD Oba LO In OOA os eas ce a 59-60 WINE Ai-SteMe Minne Sotaerenont, fOr pl GO4eee ee Les eu 56 120 Page Measnolias iImsect Injuries In= Georgia ied GOA eee ee eee eee a2 Maltacosoma,americana, Ohio report tor: 1902 ee eee 53 Malaria, spread by mosquitoes, Texas observation______________________ 68 Mantid, Paratenodera sinensis, introduction into New Jersey____________ 77-78 Mantis danger to aphid-eatine. coccinellid= notes =a as ae eee 7 Manis TeltgiOsa, introducvon into IN@w eis Cys 2 7S Map Mormon, Crickets territory, COLO Ox ee see eee ee ee 64 Maple, infestation with cottony maple scale, note _______________________ Hf Scale cottony. Colorado report hor OOS eee ee 59 LOO: PLANES VIShSSe soe ee eS ee ee 90 lite history and: Sprayins, rememkse = oes eee oa eee 85 Minnesotas report tor 19042 see a eee aT unusual outbreak and insecticide experiments, paper by: -Ss'Arthur; Johnson! 222 Sa ee eee 85-S8 work for destruction at Chicaeoss = 2a. 89-91 Sort, infestation with eottony, maple Scale= == 92.5 see 85-91 fall-makers! “note 222) SS ea ee teen DT Mayetiola destructor. See Hessian fly. Mealy bugs, infestation of sugar cane and citrus fruits__________________ SO, 81 Mediterranean flour-moth. See Flour moth. Megapis dorsata and MW. zonata. See Bees, giant. MMeltanoplus spp.,-Coloradorrepont for 19042332 ee eee 61 Melittia satyriniformis, Georgia report, broods, etc., for 1904 _.__________ 72 Melon aphis, Colorado report for 1904______ es si Bates aE Re Ee 60 Members, Association of Economic Entomologists, list. eee 109-112 Meraporus sp: Cecidomylid parasites 2) =. es ee ee eee aT Meromyea americana, Minnesota report for 1904-222 _*=— 252 2) eS 56 Migration, sweet-potato. weevil, remarks... 2 eee ee 67-68 Migrations, Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex) in Colorado in 1904______ 62-66 Minnesota, injurious insects in 1904, paper by F. L. Washburn___________ 55-97 nurseries, destructive leaf-hopper, note_=+ = -_- 7s 2 ee 43 Nite phytoptus, ‘Colorado report: tor 29042" 2 See 59 Mormon cricket. See Cricket. Mosquitoes; Texas observations Inel90422 3.2 2 Se ee ee eer 68 transmission of disease, study and publications_____________ 22-28 Moth. See Codling moth, Flour moth, Gypsy moth, and Webworm. Myzus cerasi, cherry aphis, Colorado report for 1904____-=_ == 2 Se 58 Naphthalin; effect-on eges of cabinet Deetlel== 25-252 =. ee a 48 Nectarophora pisi, pea aphis, Colorado report for 1904_____________=____ 60 Newelneland; -black-fly as: pest== 2" 222 a ee eee 100 Hampshire, black-fly, annoyance and means of extermination_____ 100-101 Jersey, insects injurious and beneficial, discouraging condition_____ ri 78 lime-sulphur wash, poor SUCCeSsee eas ae ee eee 27 present status of predatory insects introduced, paper by John. Be \Smitl se es ee ae A re ee ek eee eee 74-79 Orleans, occurrence of pest of ant Jridomyrmex humilis, paper by Wyse Se Gis, VCS so Se ee 79-84 York, insect notes for the year [1904]. paper by E. P. Felt__________ 51-52 spraying grapevines for control of leaf-hopper_______________ AT NEWELL, WILMON, aid in introduction of ladybird into New Jersey_______ 17 and R. I. SMITH, paper on “ Insects of the year 1904 in GreOroial? «Sohne. ec he Ss Sa ee ae oe 69-74 Nomenclature, committee’ recommendations] = 22) ee 93 Novius (Vedalia) cardenalis, California work, note___--__=- = re) Nurseries; control of San Jose:scale, nole2 2 = eee Dal injuries by leaf-hopper (Empoasca mali), notes___________-___ 43, 44 Oak, insect injury in Georgia iin 19042298 = 2 Pe ee a eee (e4 Officers, Association of, Economic Entomologists, nomination and election. 91—92 Ohio, economic insects of 1904, paper by A. F’. Burgess______-________-____ 52-55 insects, brief notes for 1904, paper by Herbert Osborn_______-______ 49-51 Oil. See Coal oil. Omorgus (Campopler) frwmentarius. Georgia report for 1904___________ (5 Oncoideres cingulata, Texas report for 1904 3 =] ee eee G6 Onions, insect, Injury in Texas.22- 6332 eee 66 IAL Page Orehardvenemies;, Colorado) report fomsl9042 2 2 28 Pee es 58-59 Orchards, increase in trees in United States, 1890-1900__________________ a Orthoprera,crasshoppersssubyjectstollesislations 22222. ae ee ee 19 Osborn, HERBERT, paper on “ Brief notes on Ohio insects for 1904 ”’?_______ 49—51 Oscinis soror, Minnesota report for 1904_____________-_- Bos ktes See Ee 56 Oviposition, date, hypothesis for insects hibernating as adults ca NE cae a By By Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex), notes___ EE Se pee abit OYA, (B28 SWEECL-DOEAIOMWEe VI remnant Sis e|S we ee See 67 Hacoda, Colorado snumibers of \iormon cricketso2=52 wi ae 65 ONEECTUCG, VCENGCE nO MO; Fe WOT OO Ae eee i ee a ie ee Ee D8 Palms, infestation with mealy bugs, notes_________ Mia eee Deir ane mee sk Os) IL Papaipema nitela, New York report, 1904_____________ ge a ch SPL ES uae 51 Parasites and insecticides for insect pests, variableness of results________ 75 Paratenodera sinensis, introduction into New Jersey_ ESL 9 St Tt-18 Paris green and lime mixture, use against Aletia argillacea_____________- 70 opposing views as to use against boll weevil_________________ 42 use and failure as boll weevil remedy________-________+_____ 39 Reaxaphis .Coloradomreport, for 190452522 seen Uiaes ia se Mina 60 Beacheaphnissplack.Colorado TeportitorelG04 -ae se ee eee eee 59 HOLE SMTA Der Seine Ol sel OA ten tees ee Ce a 5O orchard, injury by red-legged flea-beetle in Ohio___________________ 53 orchards, injury by plum curculio__ ig eke Ate Ak oem wes Ae a 69 trees and blossoms, injuries by insects in “Georgia EERE ie. JOUL, Wel Seabiers Ws 70 RearanlichtansectsrasemeansrOl SpreaGew etek au hee ae ae a es 108 Rsv lameNews, MOnmeirep Ort, hol O04: Mein Aiwa Vi telson Cue CNN 51 Shwe iM UEyelOrcherry.eLeesinimne OO se tense ie oe Ge en oes te tea) 49 Bears GestnuchOnsDyad Ml hieCOmMUnnlee UNITS == i were se ee ee 85 RecaneainyunysOveainsects in Georgia imW 904 ea lk ewe a eee es 70 REGOMUG UIiCiINnd, .«COlOLadO TeDOn 1 GOAS ee =e es ee ee ee ee 61 Eennsylvaniawuseror siime-sulp inure wash =a Se eee 28 Renna misella occurrence in New, Jersey, notes 2222 eet oe eee reas Pests. See Insects. ON CROLOMOUALIOULLIS-GeOLSance DOLE tOr il GOL acetone 73 PHILLIes, J. L., paper on “Some notes on the fumigation of household INSECtSmyaithehyvaroOcy aAnic=ACl Cer AS gs ce fee eS Le eee eee 95-97 Ehinotas ols use against black tiyes eens Soy Oe ee ee eee 100 Phy Lopidz Senusrsib eEchstomecislation ee ees ke eee Ses Ss ME ae 19 Ehytopuis mite: Colorado.eport for 190422 ee ee ee 59 JE VAS Ae OU ESSE HI yay, Nit) a) EEK Cry Ta Te IL a AI I ye MR Dil Plant lice; Colorado: report. torsl904 i(sce, also Aphis) 2225-20 ae ee ee 58-59 GUS creilutromccin dina Caos a tS assem ee oe ee Te igs Us eae 80, 81 ING ya COTO CD OTs mG O Zot ee ere a ee Se Me I Fs | SNe ee 51 Rinmeaphnis, creen- Colorado “reports kor 19042 oo) See ae oe ee 5S eurculio, Georgia report for 1904___________ Yah AED RG) EL, a PS aN 69 Miinmesotaere Orme red O04 Sew Ei ye ee ene Ree) i cal 56 ODL aUKG)S sees OKC NES EO catia AS LO PE ae Ea ee SS ee ae ene Renee 51 OVICITOSUS UIbCEnG. Ohio Lepore LornslO04 i yaw Gh ee ee D+ Boplar, infestation with oak borer-in Colorado; notes 2 2) 59 EODlars auldCkaOhewlllowe weevil al Olee sts eee ere Se ane i se 51 INE Stahlonawikhy willow CurecMliO2 =a. 2s es ENS Tiptree ee 56 INSeCehm Uy Colorado ine! O04 notes vis was ya ee 59 Porto Rico, coffee trees, infestation with leaf miner_ Ey Spies, Cle 97 Potassium cyanide, use in fumigation against codling moth ives fone a at pa 102 i incccticide RUMAH O Mp aM sed Coen vie Dei ie 95 Potato flea-beetle, Colorado report for 1904 VE ING a ADEM ae a my ee eee 6 EOE AtOCS TIGNES ULM ULE Va VR WC Wills eee ning AN eae epee ot Ne a OT Powder post beetle, injury to electric cars______________ SI ATS ths Uy a te NeR TAAL President, United States, remarks on protection against insects__________ Q MONOLYSLUSUBOOLILIE:, COlOrAdO report, for 1904222222. 59 Proprietary insecticides, testing, remarks________ +m Spiel 7 cry Sy aeaiy Uso 74. PSE UCOCOCCUS Cli CiStrbutiOn andecanre bya ants 22 ts 80 Psylla pyri, New York report, 1904____ ta sh Sig LN a MiP BAS Sg Sia al aul HUMIC HONS. econonic, entomology. character 2-82 a -18 use of trade names, names of persons, ete he 122 Page Pulvinaria amygdali, destruction by Asiatic ladybird, note_______________ 69 innumerabilis. See also Maple scale, cottony. THE SS Get COTM GTN TG Sak se 1 eng oe le 89 some experiences, paper by Howard Evarts Weed = 22:2 25 eu ae Se ee a a ee 88-91 QUAINTANCE, A. L., address on “ Some present-day features of applied en- OMTOLO SY AND, ATIC Cea? iy Ue ee Nea pee te 5-25 Ouwarantine, insect, ineffectiveness, N@te= S222. os sa eee eee 41 Radish mazeot, ‘Colorado report or TOO As se ae eee er eel eee eae eee 59 Rainfall, destruction of hibernating brood of boll weevil______________~_ 33 relation (toinsSeetaemenrs GriGew ase ee eee ee a eg ee ee 36 variation in weevil-infested region of cotton growing___________ 15 Red-legged flea-beetle, injury to peach in Ohio______________-___ 4 3 “ Remedies,” boll weevil, improbability of discovery -~2-2 2 222%). =e 39 mnagoletis pomonella, Ohio report, 19045252 soe ia ee a ee eee 51 Rhizobius lophante, introduction into New Jersey, result___.___________- 75-76 Koot-worm, corn, Ohio report, 1904 (see alsoiGrape) = eee ak grapevine, work in New York in 190422) ee eee 52 Rotation, cotton with cowpeas; relation to Chalcodermus eneus___----~. se (a Salt, lime, sulphur wash. See Lime. San Jose scale, coccinellid, introduction, necessity of care________________ 79 Golorado ‘report fort 2O0420 es A Net 59 Gistribucionsy ana Tests] a tO ee ia ea ere poe ZONDE Georgia. Teport sor, TOOL. See ee ee See ae iy ae er Ee pee 69 New: York reports 190A 2s ee ee ee ee eee Bill parasites, failures in introduction “into New Jersey_____-_ 75-17 predatory-inseets: for control; problema 222 as ee 74-75 Pexas Teport fOr LOOL es ea ea a eee 66 SANDERSON, E. DWIGHT, paper on “ Some observations on the cotton boll TEENA On eae ia 1 ae pL peda eM Se PE el ae NY a AA ee ES Te 29-41 NOMMILOlled. CLitiosad, Mumberssn: Ohio<19042.255 Se eee 50 pawtly, violet, New York report; 1904.02) 2 eee ee eee sa Scale insects, kinds subject of legislation (see also Cherry, Maple, San Jose; and Toumeyellatungid a) 22 ee eee Scurty,, proposed; cyanide fumigation=— 22s. Sis se eS eee echizoneura lanigera, Colorado report for 19042225 ae eee Scientific activity, present era, remarks_____ em ma ae tra ONE so OT ee Screw. WOLM, Occurrence’ in -Ohios 1m TOOL es ee ee Scymnus marginicollis, introduction into New Jersey, result______________ Shade tree pests, Colorado report fori904)22 S65 a ee trees, infestation with cottony maple seale_____-_____-___=___ == =~ Silke production, American, preliminary work! 52) ee ee Simuliium venustum. See Black fly. sSmorylon basilare, Georgia report fOr DIOLS See ee oe eee Slug, pear;-injury- to: cherry: trees In OhiOs 2s Se ee ae eee ee SMITH, JOHN B., paper on * The present status of predatory insects intro- duced ‘imto New Jersey ”_______ ties pape en Com naee Nerbrdeens ACS | OE R. I. and WILMON NEWELL, paper on “ Insects of the year 1904 in GeOreiar ge 2 eee eno uae Beet ie 8 ee eee Soap, soft, 50 per cent naphtha, use in n kerosene emulSion2 . 4.2 See tehe eee Soda arsenate insecticide Use, NOle 282s Soe kee a eS oe ee eee caustic and sal, use in lime-sulphur wash (see also Caustic soda) ___ Sorghum, Shelter for cottons boll weevil] See ee eee ee eee Spray, dust, experiments against leaf-hoppers in Minnesota____________- kerosene emulsion and kero-water, use ane leaf-hoppers_____-_ Spraying, codling moth, Colorado report for 190422. > ssi) Sf tee eee cottony maple Seale; SUSFeSEONS 0. ee ai Be ee machine, for leaf-hopper, details of construction ______________ maple seale, use of kerosene emuUlSio ms 2 Sees use of lime- sulphur and other washes= 3225 = Squash bug, Ohio report, 1904___ LEG ul 2 2 TE Se ag te ae Sa ee Stalk borer, New: York report; W904 02" * 2 ae ee Se ee eee Stalks, cotton, destruction as means of weevil control___________________ Sugar cane, infestation by mealy bugss2..2_ S223 2) 42) er 123 Sugar-beet webworm. See Webworm Sulphur, lime, salt wash. See Lime. Sulphuric acid, use in making hydrocyanic-acid gas for fumigation____~_ 95, 102 Summers, heat and dryness, relation to boll weevil increase______+_---___ 37 Sweet-potato weevil. See Weevil. : NUSECHUAULONAG GeoLreia repoite tom LOO4s se ee eee 71 Temperature, effect on cotton boll weevil, remarks ___________-____=+=______ 29 MMM MON? O fol SCCOLOCSUG his as ee Ae ee eee 19 relation to,emerzence of boll) weevile 22-28 a2 eee 33, 34-37 Tent caterpillar, OMLOSGe pO lO Aste eee Ee os Rite Ee Se a ee 53 ests. proprietary, msecticides, remarks; and committee =-—*— 2 922 22 2es T- REUZGSHLCHUSESD: HOeCClGOmylidY parasites e222 oe ee eee ia Mexasscliinavicwvariation, relation to boll weevil 23 so. 2500 Ne eee Slee cotton boll weevil problem, $50,000 reward for control, results of FO) IE 2) tars Dem Bie aS OR oa eR TN pee Py eee ol fh Da ced Se Con CW 16 insect control proposed, “remarks SE EEE AS RETR alt cs BG mee ena ee PE 20-21 miscellaneous notes [insects], paper by A. F. Conradi_____________ 66-68 southern, climatic conditions, as cause of loss of cotton by weevil__ 382, 33 ihuyraopteryac epremereronmnis Ohio report, 1904 —— 2 es ee 5O Tibicen septendecim, cicada, Ohio report for 1904______ eyes: pal el 54 Titus, H. S. G., paper on “ New Orleans ant, [ridomyrmex humilis” ______ 79-84 Tobacco stems, insecticide, experiment against cottony maple scale_______ 87, 88 Uselacainstowoollys applesaphis;) notes2- 2.30. sn ee ee 58 TRoumevyeue turgida, Georcia report for 190422 ee [2 Trade names, use in publications, discussion____ EY ee) Scent eu peas | 7/2? MTrApLeCLop-.COWDeaAs MO CALCOCErNIUS cultural methods for control of boll weevil________ 39-40 Webworm, fall, broods in Connecticut, paper by W. HE. Britton_____-_____ 42-43 OOP EWOT ALS OA aes aeeicnr ele Tonk kA Ce aera i 50-51 ligar-peet, Colorado: reportrton N90E 2 ee ee 60-61. WEED, HowArkp EvartTs, paper on “‘ Some experiences with Pulvinaria ’”’__ 88-91 Weevil, cotton boll. See Boll weevil, cotton. SLCC UO LALO wale LEM ShOIVAp NOLES i Serine majo Ure ts ee Wee aN 67 MOXACHEED Oli pO Imrie Ose aon musiee SAREE LAR Ain ee ey tae te bio U 66-68 ALON RS [OIC Aha MIN | ONO mane aoe ae Seto Me Ree enn Ch eu 49—50 Whale-oil soap insecticide, experiment against maple scale___________ 86, 87, 88 Vilteate less aie iyenCaliiae emi GC COLS lata a ebony 2 els ae i eee 71 Wheat-stem maggot, Minnesota report for 1904_._____________~___=__ 56 Williams Iver Mountains, Colorado, breeding ground of Mormon cricket_ 62, 63, 64, 65 Willow aunculie: imported: Minnesota, report tor 1904 ees ee a 56-57 tree, New Orleans, infestation with ant, Jridomyrmex hwmnilis___ 83 SOLENT els Sy On SPATS | MAW aT OM MV ICG) eae ko eR NT aa eel rer 49-50 nNOS ralchaCknOls WAllOWanvieeVEl MOLGr as ye lea his ee pe a Sie ee 50 Miner elcome tO. COLLOM DOlk WweeviIlcontrol et! 8 SFr ed eis be a5) Mmocdlandwshelter torscotton boll wieeyiles Vet eo ore Ne BI KMvOni screw. vocceuErence In» Ohioczin WO042 23 222 ee ey 50 ZOplLoolnorossulane, Colorado report, tor 19042225 59 O