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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY — BULLETIN No. 52.
L. O. HOWARD, ENTOMOLOGIST.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
OF THE
ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGIST.
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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1905.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Unirep States DeparrTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Bureau or ENnromoroey,
Washington, D. C., March 20, 1905.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscripts of the
Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Association of
Economic Entomologists, which was held at. Philadelphia, Pa., De-
cember 29 and 30, 1904. As the papers presented at the meetings
of this association are of very considerable economic importance,
and as the Department of Agriculture has hitherto published the
reports of the secretaries of these meetings as bulletins, I recommend
the publication of the present report as bulletin No. 52 of this Bureau.
The text figures are necessary for the ilustration of the text.
Respectfully, L. O. Howarp,
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James WILson,
Secretary of Agriculture.
CON TL Je NEES,
Page.
SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ‘ENTO-
MOLOGISTS.
Some Present-Day Features of Applied Entomology in America,
A. L. Quaintance _- 5
Experiments with Lime-Sulphur Washes _______________-- eel elias 25
Nioresron: Cuban Insects) (abstract)... 222. 232 wiials PS CCOEs 28
Some Observations on the Cotton Boll Weevil (illustrated),
E. Dwight Sanderson_- 29
The Fall Webworm Par any Double-brooded in Connecticut,
W. Ei. Britton 42
Preliminary Report upon Work against a Destructive Leaf-Hopper
(Hmpoasca nals Le :), Gllustrated) ~-_-..22.--2- F, £, Washburn 43
Additions to our Knowledge of the Cabinet Beetle (Anthrenus verbasci
errr en ClilS Grate ds) me eae eee i eke ae Henry L. Viereck_- 48
*Spraying Apples against the Plum Curculio__________- S. A. Forbes_- 49
*Value of Copper Sulphate against Mosquito Larve___C. L. Marlatt_- 49
Brief Notes on Ohio Insects for 1904__.________- pene: Herbert Osborn_- 49
Notessorsthe Wear—_New) VOrko uo e0 PN oe Hee elt ea 51
Some Economic Insects for the Year 1904 in Ohio ______ A. F. Burgess_.- 52
Injurious Insects in Minnesota in 1904_____________- F. L. Washburn. - 55
Insects of the Year in Colorado (illustrated) ___________ C. P. Gillette__ 58
Distribution and Migrations of the Mormon Cricket (Anabrus sim-
plex Hald.) in Colorado (illustrated) _-__........S. Arthur Johnson_- 62
MiscellaneoussNofes from; Texas. 922 ee A, F. Conradi_.- 66
Insects of the Year 1904 in Georgia__Wilmon Newell and R. I. Smith _- 69
The Present Status of the Predatory Insects introduced into New Jersey,
John B. Smith_- 74
Report on the ‘* New Orleans”’ Ant (Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr) (illus-
{GLEE REXOL))- eie ay OAc Ua gene re ee Sao IE es ore ue SOLS (Gry ILO KUIS 79
The Cottony Maple Scale: An Unusual Outbreak, and Experiments
UAE MITT SS CLTCIC OSs sae Sapa ok Lua ee Ds A Aiea S. Arthur Johnson_- 85
Some Experiences with Pulvinaria __.________- Howard Evarts Weed__ 88
* Laboratory Experiments with Carbon Bisulphid___F. L. Washburn_. 95
Some Notes on the Fumigation of Household Insects and their Eggs
WatoMclydrocyamic Acid Gass 2. swale ei ei! Jaw Philips s: 95
* Insects Collected from the Flowers of Tree and Bush Fruits,
W. E. Britton and Henry L. Viereck_- 97
*A Destructive Ptinid New to North America____--_-- James Fletcher _- 97
*Injurious Insects of the Year in Canada __________-_- James Fletcher _- 97
*The Amount of Injury from the Cotton Boll Weevil,
E. Dwight Sanderson - 97
The Coffee Leaf-Miner (Leucoptera coffeella Stain.) __..Mel. T. Cook_- 97
*Gypsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth Conditions during 1904,
Cri Marlate= 3 W000
Bb lackohlw so puGless saan eee eee ST A. Conrady), N00
The Fumigation of a Fruit House for Controlling the Codling Moth,
Al. FF, Burgess. 10%
The Importation and Breeding of Honey Bees of Various Types
Frank Benton.. 108
* Withdrawn for publication elsewhere.
(3)
Ci)
STD OR ow
PU rs eae Ouse
. Diagram showing normal mean monthly temperature and the mean
monthly temperature during 1904 at Victoria, Tex ____.________-
Outfit used for spraying young apple trees for Empoasca mali
Beeof:Anthrenus VerDOSct 25. le © Oe ae seen oe eee ee
Section of radish, showing injury from maggot of Anthomyia sp _-
Cross section of radish, showing injury from Anthomyia sp ._-----
Map showing territory infested by Anabrus simplex in Colorado __-
Persimmons, showing protective covering made by Jridomyrmex
LE OO ee ope rs
(4)
THE SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION
OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS.
MORNING SESSION, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 29, 1904.
The Association met in the laboratory of physiology and pathology
of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., on December
29 and 30, 1904. The following were in attendance at the several
sessions :
W. B. Alwood, Blacksburg, Va.; G. M. Bentley, Raleigh, N. C.; Frank Ben-
ton, Washington, D. C.; F. C. Bishopp, Washington, D. C.; W. E. Brit-
ton, New Haven, Conn.; A. EF. Burgess, Columbus, Ohio; C. E. Chambliss,
Clemson College, S. C.; M. T. Cook, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba; E. B. Ungle,
Ifarrisburg, Pa.; E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y.; H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass. ;
James Fletcher, Ottawa, Canada; S. A. Forbes, Urbana, Ill.; H. Garman, Lex-
ington, Ky.; C. P. Gillette, Fort Collins; Colo.; L. O.. Howard, Washington,
Dp. C.; W. D. Hunter, Washington, D. C.: William Lochhead, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada; A. D. MacGillivray, Ithaca, N. Y.; C. L. Marlatt, Washington, D. C.;
G. W. Martin, Nashville, Tenn.; Leslie Martin, Washington, D. C.; Yasushi
Nawa, Gifu, Japan; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, Ohio; J. L. Phillips, Blacks-
burg, Va.; A. L. Quaintance, Washington, D. C.; W. A. Riley, Ithaca, N. Y.;
EK. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H.; William Saunders, London, Ontario, Canada;
W. M. Seott, Washington, D. C.; Henry Skinner, Philadelphia, Pa.; M. V.
Slingerland, Ithaca, N. Y.; J. B. Smith, New Brunswick N. J.; H. E. Summers,
Ames, Iowa; H. A. Surface, Harrisburg, Pa.; HE. S. G. Titus, Washington,
D. C.; H. L. Viereck, New Haven, Conn.; F. L. Washburn, St. Anthony Park,
Minn.; Fk. M. Webster, Urbana, II1.
The meeting was called to order at 10 a. m. by the president, Mr.
A. L. Quaintance, who delivered his annual address as follows:
SOME PRESENT-DAY FEATURES OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY IN
AMERICA
By A. L. QUAINTANCE, Washington, D. C.
It is one of the present-day beliefs that we are living in a period of
unexampled scientific activity. A census of achievement during the
past two or three decades would undoubtedly furnish evidence that
this belief is well founded. This activity has been as notable in
applied as in pure science. Indeed, the tendency toward almost
immediate utilization of scientific discoveries in practical affairs has
(5)
6
been characteristic of modern times, and to this must be attributed
much of the advancement which, as a nation, we have made in agri-
culture, in commerce, and in manufacture.
Agriculture, especially, has benefited by this activity. Agricul-
tural chemistry, plant pathology, horticulture, bacteriology, ento-
mology, and other branches of pure and applied science have each
made notable contributions. It would be to no purpose to discuss the
relative importance of the contributions which these respective
sciences have made and are making to agriculture, for they are as
the links in a chain and are closely related in theory and in practice;
but a prominent place must be conceded to economic entomology,
which has, perhaps, been as productive of immediate practical results
as any other. Although, in the United States, among the youngest
of the sciences concerned with problems relating to agriculture. the
results achieved have placed economic entomology in the front rank.
In explanation of its phenomenal growth it may be said that one
of our necessities, as a rapidly developing country, has been the reduc-
tion of insect losses to permit the profitable cultivation of many of
our important crops. With the constantly increasing population,
new regions have been settled and the lands planted in crops, the
more or less isolated farms of former days giving way to practically
unbroken areas of corn, wheat, cotton, and other crops, often of many
miles in extent, thus furnishing ideal conditions for the development
and spread of noxious species. Being preeminently a practical peo-
ple, we have devised ways and means as the demand has grown, and
at the present time the status of economic entomology is quite in
keeping with our agricultural conditions.
The rate and magnitude of our agricultural growth and the conse-
quent stimulus to apphed entomology may, perhaps, be fairly judged
from certain statistics concerning the production of some of our
staple crops during the decade covered by the Twelfth Census. The
increase in plantings of corn from 1889 to 1899 in the United States
was 22,829,159 acres, an increase of 31.7 per cent. In the decade
from 1890 to 1900 the area of wheat in the country shows a gain of
56.6 per cent, or-about 19,000,000 acres. The increase in the area of
cotton from 1889 to 1899 was 4,099,831 acres, a gain of 20.3 per cent,
and it bears on the subject to note that of this total increase Texas,
Oklahoma, and Indian Territory: furnished 3,637,398 acres, or 88.7
per cent. The State and Territories mentioned, it will be remem-
bered, are at the present time suffering more severely from insect
depredations on cotton than is any other part of the cotton belt.
The increase in plantings of deciduous fruits has been scarcely less
remarkable. At the present time there are numerous orchards, of
7
peach especially, with from 2,000 to 3,000 acres in practically unbroken
rows of trees. Orchards of still larger size are planned and are being
planted at the present time. In the following table, compiled from
che reports of the Twelfth Censns, is indicated the increase in bear-
ing trees, during the decade 1890 to 1900, of the more important
pomaceous and drupaceous fruits:
TaBLE I.—Number of bearing trees in orchards in 1900 as compared with those
in 1890.
: Bearing trees. Increase
Class. SE during dec-
1900. 1890. ade.
SENT ay OMS ea he SRS Gas ek ah a 201,749,764 | 120,152, 795 81, 841, 969
IRGaAchesia Nn dene ta rin CS pe sees seen een eae byl ae EL 99, 919, 428 53, 885,597 46, 033, 831
PRCATS er ee cere see yy es aay © Lohans ye nee aed Ne US Cu lh La 17, 716, 184 5, 115, 055 12, 601, 129
Rm Sram dap RUE ese ea eae ye see Me Su ails ee a ee 30, 780, 892 7,078, 191 23,702, 701
ON EROS Fe SS a oe IES ate ee ea aa ee cs Os ts Ee eee 11, 943, 287 5, 638, 759 6, 304, 528
PACD TSI CO LS pe craten sis mapa eer een ape mute es hice ee Dee) vi elie 5,010, 139 1,582, 191 8, 429, 948
eNO ell] eka eqs sien aa I oon) Lee by ool Ne Leen ee Dall Re 367, 164,694 | 193, 452,588 158, 712, 106
The total increase in plantings of fruit trees of this class is thus
seen to have been 153,712,106 trees, a number sufficient to plant a solid
orchard, with trees 20 by 20 feet apart, of somewhat more than
1,400,000 acres. More recent information indicates a still greater
proportionate increase during the present decade. Thus, in the
State of Georgia I am informed that the present estimated plantings
of peach trees are aproximately 18,000,000, both young and old.
Leaving out of account the unreported voung trees of the census of
1900, this shows the enormous gain of about 7,500,000 trees in four
years. The increased plantings of apple, notably in Missouri, are
also remarkable. In that State alone over 20,000,000 trees are re-
ported for 1900 as against 8.000,000 for 1890.
These figures, I think, explain one of the principal causes for the
rapid development of economic entomology in America. The sudden
and wide disturbance of nature’s balance between insects and their
food plants by the cultivation of large areas of crops has resulted in
insect depredations, both from native and introduced species, of
such proportions as to render relief immediately necessary.
Our problems have been, therefore, largely of a character to de-
mand earnest and instant effort for their solution, and the rapidity
with which one problem has succeeded another has utilized to the
fullest extent our capacity for work. The results of investigations
have been of a character to justify the public in providing for their
continuance and extension, and the demand for workers has been
greater than the supply. This continued activity has brought about
a considerable accumulation of knowledge concerning injurious spe-
8
cies, and our economic hterature to-day is doubtless more extensive
than that of any other country.
Most fortunately traditions and theories have had but little place
in apphed entomology. The accuracy of published statements con-
cerning the life and habits of insects and the value of remedial meas-
ures proposed have often been at once put to practical test and their
soundness or futility determined. Investigations by several different
workers over a considerable range of territory have been a most
fertile means of rapid accumulation of knowledge concerning the
biology of a given species and of the means to be used in reducing its
ravages. Much of error, in theory and in practice, which might other-
wise have lived for many years with a corresponding baneful infiuence
on the standing of the science has thus been quickly eliminated.
Our official existence has been strenuous, and, were it not for the
considerable number of investigators often engaged on the same
problem and the immediate practical test of conclusions, our rate of
progress could but mean superficial work. Many of the problems
with which economic entomology concerns itself must be worked out
from the beginning, and many of our economic workers have been
forced to do strictly systematic work as a basis for contemplated
work along economic lines. The common observation that applied
science does not wait, in its development, on the theoretically neces-
sary precedence of the pure science on which it 1s dependent is per-
haps nowhere so well illustrated as in the case of apphed entomology.
Of necessity many of our workers are systematists, and their accom-
plishments in this field are scarcely less than in the domain of
practical entomology. In addition to having an acquaintance with
the details of insect classification and with fundamental biologic
facts, an economic entomologist must be versed in the details of
agricultural and horticultural practices, in chemistry, in botany, in
forestry, in plant pathology, in animal husbandry, and in business
methods. |
Under conditions and requirements such as these has applied ento-
mology grown to its present condition; and, although young in years,
there is probably no branch of the utilitarian sciences which so nearly
touches every human interest.
There are at the present time some features of applied entomology
in the United States which are significant of its increasing scope and
importance and which appear to me appropriate for consideration
on an occasion of this kind. The very existence of this association,
with its present membership of 175, 1s but one of the signs of the
times. The writer doubts 1f there are similar scientific bodies which
can show a higher average attendance or which are pervaded with a
greater degree of professional interest than are the meetings of this
g
Association. Its influence, directly and indirectly, for the better-
inent of applied entomology has been most important and is increas-
ing from year to year. The bulletins which contain the proceedings
of the 16 annual meetings of the association, and which cover in all
1,541 pages, are a most valuable feature of our literature.
It must be a matter of much satisfaction to all entomologists to
note the increasing appreciation in which the work of the economic
entomologist is held, both by his constituents and the general publi.
In the earlier days of the science his work was often far from appre-
ciated at its true worth. Experience, however, has been a constant
teacher. Certain injurious insects, by their widespread injury to
important farm and orchard crops, have served to bring prominently
before the people the importance of the role which insects play, not
only in the matter of crop production, but in influencing the price of
staple articles of food and clothing in the markets of the world.
The recently established fact of the transmission and carriage of
diseases of man by mosquitoes and flies has arrested the attention of
people of many classes, and, along with other discoveries of scarcely
less importance, has been the means of exciting the interest and
attention of many who previously were largely ignorant of the work
and aims of the science. The considerable alarm following the
announcement of the establishment of the San Jose scale in the East
had scarcely begun to wane before the increasing ravages of the —
Mexican cotton boll. weevil brought this species into wide notoriety,
and probably never in the history of the world has an insect species
been more generally the subject of comment than has the latter.
The present recognized importance of insect control in its relation
to the welfare of our agricultural classes can not be better indicated
than by calling attention to the prominent mention given to ento-
mological matters by the President in his recent message to the
Congress of the United States. The following are his words:
The cotton crop of the country is threatened with root rot and with bollworm
and the boll weevil. Our pathologists will find immune varieties that will resist
the root rot, and the bollworm can be dealt with, but the boll weevil is a serious
menace to the cotton crop. It is a Central American insect that has become
acclimated in Texas and has done great damage.
differ with species. Assuming this hypothesis to be true we can
readily determine the date of the appearance of an insect in the
spring by keeping record of the accumulated temperature and its
departure from the normal with the aid of the formula worked out
tor that insect. By considering the degrees of temperature per day
as heat units the desired date can be readily computed by mathe-
matical formule; or if the temperatures be platted the determina-
tion may be made more readily with the aid of a planimeter.
If this hypothesis be true, we can readily see that a marked excess
of temperature for a week or two after the daily mean had passed
68° F., at which time the first weevils would commence to appear, fol-
lowed by a slight deficiency in temperature subsequently until the
mean daily temperature had reached 78° F., would result in the date of
maximum appearance occurring before the norma! rather than after
it, and vice versa, In a case with the opposite conditions. These con-
ditions are much more readily appreciable by the study of tem-
perature platted in curves. |
That the rainfall is also a factor governing the time of emergence
is probable, but it will be largely reflected in the temperature.
Undoubtedly the proper combination of the departure from normal]
of temperature and rainfall reduced to a formula in which both were
included in a single “unit of weather” would give us the exact
method of computation.
I offer this hypothesis merely tentatively. It may be old for
aught I know, although I have never seen it apphed to insects.
However, in fish hatcheries the time of hatching of the eggs is deter-
dp)
1904 curve from the normal after passing the point of first emergence (68° F.) is
at D. One month prior to that would be A” on the normal curve and Z on the
1904 curve. The normal temperature accumulated between this date and the
normal date of maximum emergence (where the normal curve crosses TS° F.) at
B would be the area A’ BC’. Then the date of Maximum emergence in 1904
would be that date on which temperature had been accumulated equivalent
to that represented by A’”BC’, which would be determined by an area
A” ZXY, in which the position of the line XY must be determined by computa-
tion, with mathematical formule; and upon establishing its position so that
it confines an area in A” ZNY equal to A’ BC’, the point X will be-the date of
maximum emergence for 1904, which in 1904 was X’Y’, or May 12. This may
be readily done by the aid of a planimeter. :
The curves given are of interest in that prior to the presentation of this
paper the date of maximum emergence in 1904 had been determined by the
above method as being between May 9 and 12, according to slight variation
from above in method of determining. Since then, in January, 1905, the
author has received Farmers’ Bulletin 211, in which Mr. W. D. Hunter shows,
on page 21, that the maximum emergence of the weevils in 1904 was on May
11, which fact was previously unknown to the writer. The close approxima-
tion seems to lend support to the probability of the hypothesis in general, as
it has similarly proven correct in at least three other instances.
of
mined by the amount of accumulated temperature during their
development, and, according to a recent report of the Fish Commis-
sion, the time of hatching can be predicted or controlled to a con-
siderable extent in this way. There can be no doubt that the time
of emergence of insects from hibernation and the date upon which
they begin oviposition or normal activity 1s dependent upon certain
well-defined physical laws which can be determined only by many |
careful observations and a judicious interpretation of the data col-
lected. It seems to the writer that this offers a promising field for
entomological investigation and one which may very possibly be of
much practical importance in our warfare against insect pests.
Though a much larger number of weevils survive the winter in
southern Texas, the hot dry summers lall the larve in the fallen
squares so that the rate of increase is slower, and often a good crop
is made in spite of them. This shows that the rate of increase and
the factors governing the mortality of the summer broods are of
importance.
In the study of an insect pest we must first secure as accurate and
elaborate a knowledge as possible of its fe and habits under labora-
tory or insectary conditions. Then, it seems to me, we must go into
the field and ascertain what are the conditions; whether or not our
artificial environment has changed the life history, rate of reproduc-
tion, etc., and what factors influence these phenomena in the open.
This is what we have essayed to do in as ‘far as our Lmited means
would permit, assuming, for the most part, the correctness of the
most excellent and careful laboratory studies of Messrs. Hunter and
Hinds at Victoria. Our method in field work has been to make fre-
quent counts of large numbers of plants in the same fields through
the season, making note of the number of weevils on each plant and
the numbers of squares, boils, and blooms, and the percentage of these
which are perfect, or injured by the weevil, and the number of squares
fallen as a result of weevil injury. Counts were also made of thou-
sands of fallen squares at different times to determine the percentage
injured by the weevil and the stage of the insects contained. Of
course, as the season advanced we were compelled to examine a
smaller number of stalks owing to the size of the plants, but always
a sufficient number to give several thousand squares from each plot.
in this way hundreds of thousands of plants have been carefully
counted and the results tabulated, during the last two years.
The first three summer broods seem to be fairly well defined, the
first occurring during the last half of June, the second about the mid-
dle of July, and the third about the second week in August in central
Texas. There is an interesting relation between the normal rate of
formation of squares on the cotton plant and the increase of the
weevil. The rate of formation of squares is so exceedingly variable
and dependent upon so many factors that it is difficult to make any
generalizations regarding it, but from the many observations made
we have drawn the following conclusions: Under the conditions for
the last two years at College Station the critical period in the relation
between the natural increase of squares and the increase of injury by
the weevil is during the first six to eight weeks after squaring com-
mences, which usually coincides more or less closely with the time
between the second and third broods of weevils. Therefore, if we
consider. six weeks as the average time for cotton to square after
planting, the bulk of the bolls must be set between eighty-five and
ninety days after the time of planting. In other words, to escape
injury by the weevil cotton must be grown so that the first bolls will
commence to open about one hundred days after planting, and that all
the fruit which will probably be secured must be set forty-five days
after the squares form. The advantages of early varieties, other
things being equal, is therefore apparent. ;
But should the weevil increase more rapidly than observed we
would have injury even though the cotton were early. The rate of
increase of the weevil is therefore most important. Irom the studies
of Hunter and Hinds we learn that a female normally lays about 150
eggs in about fifty-four days (average figures), and that nearly half
are deposited during the first third of the period. Allowing twenty-
four days for development, they estimate the total normal period for
a generation to be forty-two days. By counts of thousands of squares
at different seasons we have determined the average rate of mortality
of weevils in squares to be about 65 per cent. The sexes are prac-
tically equal in numbers. . With these facts it is easy to compute that
if there be 2 weevils per 100 stalks on June 1—about the number at
College Station—on the appearance of the second brood in mid-July
there would be 50 weevils, and these would produce by September 1
1.250 adults. In other words, the second brood would be twenty-five
times and the third six hundred and twenty-five times the number of
the first. But although we have three broods in the field during this
time the increase is by no means so great. Were it so no cotton could
be raised. The increase of the second brood over the hibernated
brood is considerably less than twenty-five times, usually not over
fifteen times, and the total increase from June 1 to September 1 is
only about fifty times—certainly not over sixty-five times—instead ~
of six hundred and twenty-five times, as it should be theoretically.
The reason for this discrepancy is unknown to the writer, but for it
the planter may be exceedingiy thankful. It may be that (1) the
mortality of the immature stages is greater than determined, which
we decidedly doubt: (2) many of the adult weevils die or are de-
stroyed before reproducing; or (3) the number of eggs laid and the
length of period of oviposition actually occurring in the field are
og
much less than observed in the laboratory. We are inclined to the
view that it is due either to the last two factors or to some other fac-
tor which has not been recognized. This discrepancy emphasizes the
necessity for accurately observing the actual conditions on a large
scale in different fields in different sections of the State, constantly
throughout the season, if we are to obtain accurate knowledge of the
true habits and rate of increase of the boll weevil and the amount of
injury wrought by it; and I doubt not the same principle will apply
to the study of many other insects.
Regarding remedies there is but little new to say. SSO y | \\/
“ps < | “lh Maly wh ny
\
Tie “9 ow
272 zs / f
/902 7HAMILTO ey “as vat I\N
GODA~ (Rk
EN \\ NIK NG e
Ly, DUNKLEY
wu el all BZ
My, 747 / an = ee Be
Fig. 6.—Map showing territory infested by Anabrus simpiex in Colorado (original).
the past ten years, which would agree within one year with the advent
of this brood.
In the third great wave we may include the two braode which
passed through Hamilton in 1900 and 1902, respectively. They both
passed into the Willams River Mountains and were not observed
again, so far as we discovered, until the unprecedented migration of
the past summer.
Some points with regard to this migration must remain in doubt.
Whether it was the result of the accumulation of the three broods
which passed through Hamilton in 1895, 1900, and 1902, respectively,
or two, or only one of these, is uncertain. It would seem as though
the last two, at least, must be contributing factors. In any case the
individuals of these previous broods succeeded in giving rise to count-
less numbers this summer.
All of this year’s migrants had their home in the Williams River
69
Mountains. There were at least three great divisions of the migrants.
One band went northeast through Hayden, as already recorded. A
second took an easterly direction and proceeded as far as Eddy and
Dunkley, a branch going northeasterly to within 5 miles of Steam-
boat Springs. A third division reached the Williams Fork and fol-
lowed its course In a westerly direction as far as Pagoda, at which
place they were within 12 miles of the pomt where the former broods
crossed the river at Hamilton.
At Pagoda the number of insects was enormous. They were piled
several inches deep in the road. The cliffs a mile away were seen,
with the aid of the telescope, to be black with them. They fell into
the ditches until these were almost choked with the dead. Those that
crossed entered the oats and alfalfa. The former they ate to the
ground and stripped the latter of leaves and tender shoots, leaving
nothing but the bare stems standing for a distance of 30 or 40 feet from
the margin. The coming of the insects was announced by telephone
from 5 miles up the creek. one week before they reached this place,
which was about the Fourth of July. It took the brood two weeks to
pass a given point.
At the time of our visit, August 9, the insects had retired to the
hills, where they were found in great numbers in the act of egg-laying.
CONCLUSIONS.
To recapitulate, the insects are permanently located in the Danforth
Hills. From this place immense swarms migrate in different direc-
tions at times. The immigration is probably caused by overproduc-
tion of the species. The ultimate destination of the swarm is deter-
mined in no small measure by the number composing it. If a swarm
succeeds in attaining a favorable locality, a brood may be produced
which will cause another migration. The Wilhams River Mountains
have more than once served as a temporary breeding ground. Each
wave 1s followed by the enemies of the insect. These, combined with
otherwise unfavorable conditions of the new country, would lead to
its ultimate destruction.
The insect has been here as far back as our knowledge goes, which
is not very far, however. The ranchmen live far apart and the coun-
try 1s altogether new. The advent of civilization has probably had
httle influence on the destiny of the insect because the percentage of
land under cultivation is very small and the localities where there are
cultivated fields are only raided during the migratory stage of the
insect’s life. Its normal home is not in the river bottoms, but on the
dry hills. The only change that civilization has caused there is the
substitution of the stock of the ranchman for the droves of elk and
25524—No. 52—05 m———5
66
deer, and the herds of buffalo. This change has not, perhaps, greatly
affected the insect’s food supply.
Migrations will occur in the future as they have in the past,
but we do not anticipate that the insects will become more numerous,
and there appears to be little danger that they will become an unbear-
able pest in the near future.
The migration of last summer was, perhaps, chiefly due to the
unusual climatic conditions of the preceding winter.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES FROM TEXAS.
By A. F. Conrapi, College Station, Tez.
With the present interest aroused in entomological work in Texas
many varied problems confront the entomologist. No attempt will
be made here to review the work for the year, as it will be elaborately
discussed elsewhere in a short time.
Under date of November 20, E'picauta pennsylvanica DeG. was
reported to injure onions in southern Texas by eating off the tops
near the ground. The injuries this season were not serious, on
account of the small numbers of the insect, but they give ground for
apprehension in case the pest be numerous another year.
Oncideres cingulata Say has attracted considerable attention, es-
pecially during November. Its work is well known, although its
life history has not been worked out in Texas. Near Independence
it attacked pear and rose, doimg serious damage. Experiments
with trap lights were made here with apparently good results, for
many beetles were thus captured. In this locality it injured apple,
peach, and persimmon. Near Manor it injured rosebushes, salt cedar,
hackberry, elm, pecan, and cotton. Near Bellville the pear was the
chief object of attack. Picking the fallen imbs was a remedy used
this season.
The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.) is at present
definitely known in eight different localities in Texas, representing
almost every section of the well-settled portions of the State. With
the rapid growth of the State in fruit growing and with no inspec-
tion laws, it wili be but a short time before this will become one of
the most important of its many insect problems.
The sweet-potato weevil (Cylas formicarius Fab.) 1s seriously
threatening the sweet-potato industry in several localities. It was
first reported in Texas in October, 1890, by T. H. Edwards, Bay View,
Harris County. The same year the sweet-potato crops around Buras,
La., were reported a failure, owing to this insect. At this writing.
it is known in this State from Bee Caves, Hankamer, Pasadena, Cedar
67
Valley, Bay City, Port Lavaca, Austin, and Hamshire, and it prob-
ably occurs at Marlin. No doubt other localities which have not yet
come to our notice are infested.
The females lay their eggs on the lower part of the stalk in cavi-.
ties previously made while feeding. They also oviposit on the
tubers in the same manner, in shallow-planted potatoes or where
the tubers are easily accessible. The number of eggs that one weevil
is capable of laying could not be ascertained the past season, but in
the insectary the number was very small, which accounted for the
slow increase of the pest. The first mating at College Station was
May 2. On May 6 mating pairs were common, but the first eggs
were found May 20. 'The average time to the hatching of these eggs
was twelve days. The life cycle from mating to adult is forty-nine
days, allowing fourteen days from time of mating to egg-laying,
twelve days for eggs to hatch, sixteen days for larve to develop, and
seven days for the pups. The time from emergence to mating varies
from a few minutes to several days. Experiments made in breeding
the insects on potatoes that had not vet the tubers formed were suc-
cessful. The young larve first bored down in the stem, then up-
ward, in most cases the pupe being found several inches above the
ground in the center of the stalk. On May 20 the first eggs were
found in the insectary. On December 7 of the preceding year speci-
mens of tubers sent in from Port Lavaca had all larve half grown.
As the season of activity is longer at Port Lavaca than at College
Station, four to five generations would have ample time to develop.
Fumigation in the bin with carbon pisulphid has been thus far the
main reliance. At College Station the adults fed voraciously on all
parts of the growing plants, giving the plant an appearance some-
thing like that given to the tomato by the flea-beetle. These adults
were all killed with Paris green and arsenate of lead sprays, the
latter insecticide requiring a longer time than the former. Tubers
in which all stages of the insect were present in «a healthy condition °
were received at College Station at different times of the year. In-
fested sweet potatoes can be shipped long distances, and this is an
easy way of disseminating the pest. The old practice of allowing
the vines and small tubers to remain in the field is unfortunately
still in vogue in many localities. Some growers follow the advice
given and destroy the remains of the crops after harvesting. They
feed the small tubers to cattle, holding that hogs refuse to eat them.
Although the adult insects have wings, their chief mode of migra-
tion is on foot. This accounts for the relief obtained by planting
carefully selected seed remote from the infested territory. It is
important that good seed be thoroughly covered with earth when
68
planted, some successful growers contending that the weevils are
more injurious to shallow-planted potatoes on cloddy land than to
deep-planted potatoes on sandy land. A note under date of August
1 gives one infested hill among twenty-five, the infested tubers being
an early variety and projecting from the seed bed.
During the winter careful observations were made on the mos-
quitoes infesting College Station and vicinity, especially from a
sanitary standpoint. These investigations were stimulated two years
ago when yellow fever appeared at San Antonio and seemed to be
spreading northward. The country about College Station is low and
level, the soil of a loamy nature, underlaid at from 6 to 10 inches with
a tough hard clay. The streams are so rapid that they will hold
water but a short time aftera rain. It is, therefore, the common prac-
tice to put dams across the gulhes and collect the water during a rain-
fall. Such tanks will rarely dry out during thesummer. It was found
that no mosquitoes bred in such waters on account of the number of
minnows present inall cases. The main breeding place near the college
was at the mouth of the sewer where it empties into the brook. Here
mosquito larve were so numerous that they formed a solid scum on
the water. On account of the annoyance dtie to mosquitoes during the
early spring months, making life on the campus almost unbearable,
relief was sought by treating the cisterns and the sewer. Some relief
followed, but it was discovered that the mosquito supply came from
another source. Each negro hut scattered over the country has a
rain barrel or a water tub at one or two corners, and here the mos-
guitoes bred undisturbed through the greater part of the season, the
prevailing south wind carrying them for over a mile.
The only mosquitoes at College Station are species of Culex, no
Stegomyia having been found. A few specimens of Anopheles, blown
in by a mild east wind from a pond in the valley of Carter Creek,
were taken during July. This is the only breeding ground of Ano-
‘pheles close to College Station, but the supply is blown northward by
the prevailing winds. Although mosquitoes breed there all winter
and maintain a high percentage of malaria cases in the neighborhood
during the summer, they do not affect the college, since nearly all
winds from that direction are “ northers,”’ which rarely carry mos-
Guitoes. The only other breeding place of Anopheles of any imnport-
ance is 17 miles southwest across the Brazos River. Although the mos-
auitoes keep malaria alive in that locality they do not affect the college.
The few cases of malaria that appeared at College Station originated
in other localities, and such cases were not a menace to the community,
as there was no agency for carrying the disease.
69
INSECTS OF THE YEAR 1904 IN GEORGIA.
By WILMON NEWELL and R. I. SmirH, Atianta, Ga.
Continued experiments with the San Jose scale have demonstrated
that a line-sulphur wash of 21 pounds of lime and 18 pounds of sul-
phur in 50 gallons of water is fully as effectual as washes containing
larger amounts of lime and sulphur, and also that the addition of
salt to this wash is unnecessary, so far as the scale is concerned. By
first mixing the sulphur with boiling water and then adding the
unslaked me the boiling can be completed in from thirty to fifty-
minutes in an iron kettle over a fire and in from twenty to thirty
minutes where a full head of steam is available for boiling. Washes
prepared in this way have given fully as good results as the stronger
washes, boiled for a much longer time, which were formerly recom-
mended. The lme-sulphur-caustic-soda wash has also given good
results when properly prepared. For successful preparation of this
wash we have found that it 1s necessary to first mix the sulphur with
boiling-hot water and then to add slowly the caustic soda until all
the sulphur is dissolved and a perfectly clear liquid obtained. By
adding the stone hme to this clear liquid and allowing it to slake, a
preparation is secured which is in no way distinguishable from the
regular lime-sulphur wash. The effects of this wash upon the scale
have not thus far been quite as satisfactory as these of the regular
boiled wash. Experiments with caustic soda solution alone, which
substance was highly indorsed by many agricultural papers during
last winter, have demonstrated its utter worthlessness as a remedy for
this pest. 7
The Asiatic ladybird (Chilocorus similis Rossi), which in 1903
gave promise of becoming abundant, has proved something of a dis-
appointment. In the majority of the orchards where this species
was colonized but few individuals could be found during the past
season. In the case of an orchard at Marshallville, where ‘literally
thousands of the beetles occurred in the summer and fall of 1903, no
Specimens were found during 1904. Jn a near-by plum orchard,
however, a few individuals survived the winter, and during early
summer and midsummer they fed readily upon Pulvinaria amygq-
dali Ckll., which species was fairly abundant in the orchard in ques-
tion. Their beneficial work in keeping the latter species in check is
much more marked than in the case of the San Jose scale, owing to
the slower rate of breeding of the Pulvinaria.
The plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst.) has proven
very injurious in the peach orchards in southern and middle Georgia,
in some cases from 15 to 20 per cent of the crop being rendered un-
marketable.
70
Among the unusual insects attacking the peach during the year may
be mentioned Colaspis favosa Say, which defohated peach trees in
one locality in northern Georgia. Hippodamia convergens Guér.
and Diabrotica 12-punctata Fab. have both been noticed eating the
petals of peach blossoms and also eating into the base of the blooms.
Apparently nothing but the relative scarcity of individuals prevented
serious damage by these two species. J/thycerus noveboracensis
Forst. did considerable injury by girdling apple twigs in Gilmer, one
of the mountain counties.
Throughout the apple-growing section of northern Georgia, em-
bracing practically all of the State north of the thirty-fourth par-
allel, Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. is universally distributed. The
prevalence of this insect is doubtless largely responsible for the lack
of interest taken in commercial apple culture, and but few growers
have taken the pains to systematically combat it.
Balaninus carye Worn. did serious damage to pecan nuts near
Thomasville during 1903. While also doing considerable damage
during 1904, this species did not appear to be nearly so abundant as
in the vear previous.
In a number of localities in extreme southern Georgia Lyphantria
textor Harr. occurred in considerable numbers upon pecan trees.
From the summer generation of larve adult moths were reared
August 31. Sinoxylon basilare Say has been found working in the
trunks of young pecan trees in southern Georgia; and at Vinings, in
northern Georgia, Chrysochus auratus Fab. did much damage in a
small pecan grove by defoliating the trees. |
During the latter part of the summer Alabama argillacea Abn. was
generally distributed and abundant over that part of the State south
of the thirty-second parallel, and destroyed practically all of the “ top
crop ” of cotton. Upon late cotton the damage from this insect was
very pronounced. The Paris green and lime mixture wherever
applied effectually checked the pest.
Heliothis obsoleta Fab., while generally distributed, was not as
destructive as in 1903. An unusually large amount of injury was
done by this species very early in the season, the cotton squares in
many fields being liberally punctured during June. Only three or
four counties suffered excessively from this insect later in the season.
Chalcodermus eneus Boh. was quite destructive to young cotton
plants in Randolph and Terrell counties during May. This beetle
makes numerous punctures in the tender buds and leaf-stems before
the cotton is large enough to commence squaring, these punctures
causing the leaves, and frequently the entire plant, to wilt and die.
Upon some small areas fully 50 per cent of the cotton plants were
killed and an average damage of 25 per cent occurred in a few fields.
The first appearance of the beetle in early spring is, so far as has
71
been observed, always upon land which had been in cowpeas the year
previous.
in the United States the Hessian fly is not more than two-brooded.
Plans were made for extensive experiments in sowing wheat in
different localities and at different altitudes during the past autumn
in order to determine with certainty the dates of egg@ deposition.
Owing to an exceptional and prolonged drought during August,
September, and October, early-sown wheat remained in the ground
without germinating until about November 5, and did not appear
above ground until after the periods for the appearance of the adult
flies had passed. The only puparia that can be found at present are in
volunteer wheat, and the indications are that during 1905 the attacks
of the insect will be much less than formerly. The advisability of
(7
further decreasing the numbers of the insect, under these peculiar
conditions, by destroying as much of the volunteer wheat as possible,
is self-evident. In the laboratory flies emerged between October 18
and 30 from infested stubble collected at Halls, Ga. (approximately
34° 20’ north latitude; elevation 790 feet). In a season of normal
rainfall we anticipate that the date of emergence will be several
days earlier.
Diatrea saccharalis Fab., after having remained in the background
for several years, came prominently to the front near Hawkinsville
during early summer, and did considerable damage to corn over a
small area. Ligyrus rugiceps Lec. appeared as a destructive enemy
to corn near Canton, in the northern part of the State.
Oe WDE obsoletus Germ., known locally as the “ Lincoln
bug,” has become a rather serious pest to collards in middle Georgia.
Among the interesting cases in which a species rapidly disappears
or becomes greatly depleted in numbers we may record the case of
Toumeyella turgida Ckll., which in 1900 was so abundant upon J/ag-
nolia glauca and fuscata at Thomasville as to thoroughky incrust
these trees and kill a considerable number of them. During 1903
and 1904 it has been practically impossible to find even isolated
individuals of this scale in that locality. So far as known to the
writers no systematic treatment toward eradicating the pest has been
undertaken and parasitic insects were not noted in greater numbers
than are usually found upon other scale insects.
During July Dr. John B. Smith, who was paying an entomological
visit to Georgia, found the larve of A’phestia eee Zell. feed-
ing in cotton-seed meal.
eee tityus Linn. caused considerable annoyance at Washing-.
ton, Ga., by its abundance upon ash trees.
urine late summer and autumn the larve of Anésota senatoria
S. & A. occurred very generally upon oak throughout the northern
part of the State. While the damage, both in cities and in the native
forests, was not excessive, still a great many trees were partially or
totally defoliated.
Observations made upon the life history of J/elittia satyriniformis
Hiibn. show the supposition made by Professor Quaintance in 1899,
that this insect 1s double-brooded in Georgia,¢ to be correct. In cen-
tral Georgia the second brood of adults emerged between July 1 and
15, 1904, with a few belated individuals coming out after the latter
date. Individuals may be found in the pupal stage during a period
of from three to four weeks.
Omorgus (Campoplex) frumentarius Rond. has been reared from
a@Ga. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 45.
13
the larve of E'phestia kuehniella Zell., and Phanerotoma tibialis
Hald. from pecan nuts badly infested with Galaninus caryw Horn.
To Dr. L. O. Howard and his assistants the writers are indebted
for the determination of a considerable number of the species above
mentioned.
Mr. Slingerland called attention to the fact that prepared arsenate
of lead in wooden buckets dried and caked badly. He thought it
was much better to purchase in tin.
Various speakers complained of its eating through the tin and con-
sequently they preferred the wood, but the members were evidently
divided as to which was better.
Mr. Quaintance asked what the effect of arsenate of lead was on
peach and plum.
Mr. Smith said that it could be used two or three times on peach
at the rate of 1 pound to 25 gallons without apparent injury.
Mr. Slingerland questioned the advisability of the home-made
arsenate of lead, because the materials were often adulterated.
Messrs. Burgess and Sanderson both believed that the arsenate of
soda was often adulterated and unreliable in strength. Mr. Fernald
preferred to make his own, but felt it necessary to be very particular
from what source the arsenate of soda was obtained.
The question of the advisability of using trade names in publica-
tion was brought up, and a lively discussion, participated in by almost
all of the members, indicated that the general feeling was that the
exact truth should be told about materials sold under trade names,
referring to them by these names in the publications. In. some
cases, however, this was impossible on account of the official censor-
ship. Some members, however, believed that trade names should not
be used in publication.
The question arose as to whether it was desirable to publish the
names of people on whose property experiments are made or whose
premises are infested with certain insects. Mr. Gillette believed
that this should rest in each case with the party concerned. If the
owner of the property wished his name mentioned, this should be
done, but otherwise not. Mr. Burgess agreed with this view. In
Ohio there had been a prejudice against firms who fumigated their
trees. A photograph of a fumigating house of one nurseryman was
secured, but the owner was consulted as to whether he desired to have
his name mentioned before any steps were taken concerning its
publication.
Mr. Slingerland asked if entomologists should be expected to test
all the nostrums that are put on the market.
74
Mr. Gillette felt it a duty to test an insecticide whenever he
believed that it was lable to do injury to the people of his own State.
Mr. Burgess called attention to the fact that we often knew, before
testing, that a remedy would be a failure, and yet, in order to satisfy
the people and have them follow our recommendations, it was neces-
sary to make an actual test. For instance, there had been introduced
a panacea for pear bight and peach yellows, which was to be used by
washing the outside of the trees. Although, of course, this could not
possibly be efficient, it was necessary actually to test it.
Mr. Fernald believed that the testing of proprietary insecticides
was a matter for cooperation. Each station can not analyze all of
them, yet the people of the country have a meght to know of the
existence of good preparations. He believed that in each of the main
divisions of the country one station might assume this testing for a |
certain period, others taking it up afterwards in rotation. Mr. |
Phillips felt that this should be done. In Virginia it appeared to be
necessary to give this information to the people to protect them from |
fraud, but it was impossible to test everything. Mr. Quaintance |
called attention to the fact that the Association of Official Agricul- |
tural Chemists has such a system of cooperative tests. Mr. Slinger- |
land believed that even after these tests were made many people
would not believe in them. They want to find out by their own |
experience what the truth is. Mr. Surface dissented from this view
to some extent. beheving that part of the people at least do accept |
our reports. Mr. Smith said that he received many advertisements of
curculio remedies accompanied by the question, ** Do you know anv-
thing of this?”
Mr. Fernald moved that a committee of three be appointed to con- |
sider the question of cooperation in the testing of insecticides and |
proprietary preparations, to report at the next annual meeting. The |
motion was carried, and the chair appointed as such committee
Messrs. H. T. Fernald, H. A. Surface, and A. T. Burgess.
The following paper was read:
THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE PREDATORY INSECTS INTRO-
DUCED INTO NEW JERSEY.
By JOHN B. SmitH, New Brunswick, N. J.
Ever since the introduction of the San Jose or pernicious scale
into New Jersey, the question of securing the assistance of predatory
insects to exterminate or at least control it has been more or less
continuously before the farmers and fruit growers, and of necessity
befere the entomologist as well. The subject is an old one. It has
been before various meetings of farmers, fruit growers, and entomolo-
gists, and it has been discussed from all sides. That a measure of
(3)
success, large or small, has been attained in a number of cases is
without doubt. The classic case is of course the effect produced
by Novius (Vedalia) cardinalis Muls. against the cottony cushion
scale (Lcerya purchasi Mask.) in California. I have followed in a
very general way the records of the successes attained in foreign
eountries, including under that term, for convenience, Hawai. There
is no doubt that not only a measure of success has been obtained in
many istances, but that the measure has been in a few cases a very
satisfactory one, amounting in, the California instance just cited to
the almost complete extermination of the pestiferous insect.
At first blush there seems to be no reason why what has been done
in one section of the country can not be equally well done in another ;
and why, if it has been shown that on the Pacific coast a species of
eoccinellid is found keeping a scale insect in check, that same species
should not do precisely the same work in the State of New Jersey.
Vith this idea, I made my first visit to California and the Pacific
coast in 1896; in the first place to determine whether, as against the
San Jose scale, the coccinellids were really effective, and, second,
whether it would be possible to acclimate these insects in New Jersey.
A few years ago I would have said that what can be done in Cali-
fornia can also be done in New Jersey, and that the results of experi-
ments obtained in New Jersey were equally valid in California. The
experience of the past few years has modified my opinion on this
subject very materially. I am extremely reluctant nowadays to even
advise a New York or a Pennsylvania fruit grower to make applica-
tions based upon what I have found to be effective in New Jersey.
In fact, I have discovered that I can not always duplicate results two
years in succession ; that when I find an application almost completely
effective one summer, I am as hkely to find it, under apparently
similar conditions, absolutely ineffective the year following. Perhaps
it does not often occur that such extreme contradictions are noted;
but I think every working economic entomologist has seen cases at
least similar to the one just suggested.
I do not encourage too great hopes from importations made from
California into New Jersey. You are probably familiar with the
report made by me in 1597 as to the results of my investigation ; how
I found that in the more’ southern parts of the State the pernicious
scale was really kept in check by a coccinellid not the species which
had been credited with the work, but by a common native form,
Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls. I found, too, that the species that was
most generally credited with being the check to the scale could
searcely be found at any time, and that instead of Rhizobius lophante
Blaisd., which is an introduced species, Scymnus marginicollis Mann.
is really the effective form. Nevertheless I succeeded in making ar-
rangements by which I introduced into the State of New Jersey dur-
76
ing the season of 1896 a number of colonies both of Rhizobius and
Seymnus. In all, several hundred specimens were brought into the
State and distributed in the more southern counties, where the
climate is mildest and conditions generally more favorable than in
the north, and in each instance where there was an abundance of food
for them. The colonies were scattered so that anything happening
in one section might not affect the entire experiment. The results
were absolute failures. Nothing more was seen of either species at
any subsequent period.
At the same time I entered into correspondence with Professor
Matsumura, of Japan. This resulted in the introduction into New
Jersey of a small series of Chilocorus similis Rossi, the Asiatic lady
beetle of which we have heard so much during the past year or two.
Some eighty specimens were contained in the sending and of these
nineteen were alive and in apparently good condition. I placed them
out myself under favorable circumstances on May 24, in a locality
where food was abundant and where conditions might be supposed to
be of the best. For a few days afterwards the insects were seen, some
of them were noted as feeding, and there is no doubt that they lived
for a short period. ‘There is no doubt, either, that they died off, for
nothing was seen of them in that same orchard after midsummer, or
at any time since. Nothing more was done in this matter until after
Mr. Marlatt had succeeded in securing specimens from China and
Japan and had actually established them in Washington, D. C. —
During the latter part of 1902 I secured, through the courtesy of
the Department of Agriculture, sufficient specimens of Chilocorus
similis to colonize on two infested trees in my own garden, where they
were under constant observation. These insects multiplied to some
extent during the year, hibernated very fairly, and had only one
drawback—they became pretty well parasitized before the season’ was
over. In 1903, while the parasites were very active, I sueceeded in
getting increase enough to send out 15 colonies, and with what was
ered from Washington some 400 individuals were distributed in
different parts of southern New Jersey. It will be noted that the rate
of increase is not especially great. Out of perhaps 30 ladybirds
received, only about 360 were actually obtained after a year under
the most favorable circumstances.
The winter of 1903-4 was an unusually hard one, not that the
temperature was lower than usual, because, as a matter of fact. it did
not reach the lowest point of the year before; but the cold was con-
tinuous and there were several unusually heavy late frosts. Whether
on this account or for some other reason which I have not been able
to discover, the colonies in all parts of the State were completely
exterminated. I have not seen anywhere even a single example of
this species. This report is not based altogether upon statements
(ti
made by the parties to whom the insects were sent. It is made partly
upon the results of my own examination and partly upon those of my
assistant, Mr. E. L. Dickerson. Nevertheless I have not given up
hopes of securing some better results even yet.
During the summer of 1904 Mr. Wilmon Newell, State entomologist
of Georgia, was good enough to give me a week of his time and to
guide me‘through those sections of Georgia where in 1902 this cocci-
nellid had occurred in enormous numbers. As to the status of affairs
in Georgia, Mr. Newell is the only one competent to speak; but I may
say that after a pretty thorough collecting over the various communi-
ties where the beetles had been most abundant I succeeded in getting
a sufficient quantity to start a new colony in New Jersey. Mr. Newell
was good enough to divide with me in order to give New Jersey an
even start with Georgia on the new deal. This time all the specimens
that were obtained were placed in one orchard, not far from New
Brunswick, and this comes about as near to being an ideal place for
insects of this kind as could well be imagined. The orchard consists |
of apple, peach, pear, and plum trees, several hundred trees in all.
Almost every tree is scaly and some trees are dying. Nothing has
been done to destroy the scales, and as the estate is in chancery it is
very certain that nothing will be done during the current winter.
There is plenty of rubbish to serve as hiding places, also plenty of
loose bark. Scales occur in abundance, and although Pentilia misella
Lec. occurs on these trees by the thousands, it has not succeeded in
making any impression upon the scales. All the specimens were
introduced during the latter part of July. The orchard was visited
from time to time and at all times some specimens were seen feeding
upon the scales; and in the latter part of the season larve and pupee
were found, indicating that the insects had made themselves at home,
to some extent at least. A small number that were kept in the labora-
tory and plentifully supphed with food laid eggs in small numbers.
Such larve as hatched from these eggs were taken into the orchard to
give them normal winter conditions. I can not say that I hope for
very much as the result of this last experiment; nevertheless there is
a chance that something will be seen of the insects next year, and if
they do breed they will have an opportunity to do so under the best
possible surroundings. |
Some time before 1900 a mantid, Paratenodera sinensis Sauss., intro-
duced from China had established itself in the vicinity of Philadel-
phia and’ had been doing well, hundreds of egg masses being seen
curing the winter, while the insects themselves were not at all uncom-
mon during the summer. Mr. Philip Laurent recorded the presence
of this insect and figured it in Entomological News.
During the winter of 1900-1901 I secured through Mr. Laurent a
small lot of specimens, altogether about 100, which I distributed |
18
mostly in southern New Jersey, retaining only a few myself. Adults
from these masses were seen during the summer of 1901 at a number
of places, and during the following winter I added materially to the
supply by further lots of eggs obtained through Mr. Laurent. In
addition, Professor Shngerland sent me a number of egg cases of the
European species, which had established itself, in northern New York,
also the result of an accidental importation. There were thus in New
Jersey during the early spring of 1902 a large number of eggs of
Paratenodera sinensis Sauss., some of which had been placed there by
insects that might be considered native to the State, since they were
born and bred there; and an additional lot of eggs of Jlantis religiosa
Linn., natives of New York State, and which might have been ex-
pected to do fairly well in the somewhat milder climate into which
they were introduced. Hatching was pretty general from all the
ego masses of the Chinese species; but so far as I could make out
none of the European egg cases produced young.
During 1902 the adults were seen everywhere that the introduction
had been made; but nowhere in any very large numbers. Still they
were there, and again, during the early spring of 1903, I added some
350 egg masses, secured from Mr. Laurent, to the previous sendings.
The result in 1904 was not in proportion to the work that had been
done. Fewer examples were seen in most of the places than ever
before. In one locality only was any considerable number of speci-
mens noticed. In one place that had received sendings each year, and
which was almost a duplicate of the locality near Philadelphia where
they had first established themselves, not a specimen could be found.
T sent Mr. Dickerson through one of the places that he had seeded
down, and where the location of every egg cluster had been mapped,
and, while many of the whole clusters were found, the eggs apparently
hatched, the net result seems to have been one new egg mass and
nothing else. As the result of introductions continued three years in
‘succession there is no one point where I could go at the present time
with any reasonable hope of finding even a single egg mass.
For some reason New Jersey seems to be a veritable paradise for
the injurious species that are introduced; but something very much
to the contrary for such beneficial insects, or rather predatory forms,
as have been introduced to control them. So far as the records go,
they offer very little encouragement to those who are inclined to de-
pend upon fighting injurious species with natural enemies.
Mr. Washburn asked whether any coccinellid was found working
on Lecanium.
Mr. Smith said no, but that Lecaniums were rare in New Jersey.
Ss,
Mr. Marlatt said that this work was very interesting to him
because of the care with which the experiments had been carried on.
His own course had been to try to allay undue enthusiasm regarding
the San Jose scale coccinellid. Its introduction was an experiment
that seemed at first promising. In many sections the experiment
failed, but frequently this was due to the starvation of the coccinellid,
because sulphur-lime wash was used at the same time and destroyed
most of the scales. Predaceous insects of general feeding habits
should be introduced with care. They may destroy beneficial as well
as injurious species. Mantis, for instance, seemed to take a special
delight in destroying the aphid-eating coccinellid.
The following paper was presented :
REPORT ON THE “NEW ORLEANS” ANT (IRIDOMYRMEX HUMILIS
Mayr).
By E. S. G. Tirus, Washington, D. C.
In July of 1904 the Bureau of Entomology of the Department of
Agriculture received a letter from Prof. H. A. Morgan, of Louisi-
ana, inclosing a letter from Mr. I. Baker, superintendent of Audubon
Park, New Orleans, La. Mr. Baker’s letter gave an account of an
ant that occurred in enormous numbers in that city and was causing
serious trouble.
Under instructions from the Entomologist, Dr. L. O. Howard, I
reached New Orleans from New Iberia, La., October 15, and pro-
ceeded to the sugar experiment station in Audubon Park. Mr. R. E.
Blouin, vice-director of the station, and Mr. E. Baker gave me such
information regarding the presence, distribution, manner of spread-
ing, and ravages of the ant as they had collected during the past
few years.
Mr. Baker first noticed the ants in 1896, at which time he moved
into Carrollton, near the Southport docks. They then extended over
but a small area, reaching approximately from Southport docks to
Carrollton avenue and from the river back to Poplar street. At that
date the residents in that section had been troubled with them but
-a short time. I could find no one who could positively remember
noticing them before 1895.
In 1899 the ants were first noticed in Audubon Park, and by the
next summer had become quite numerous. They are now practically
all over the park, the nests mere commonly occurring at the bases of
trees. On the experiment-station grounds the ants’ nests are very
common around and beneath buildings, in flower beds and cultivated
Nelds, beneath sidewalks, and even on the lawns. In wet weather,
Mr. Baker stated, the ants deserted their ground nests and carried
pupe, larvyee, and eggs into the trees, Here they constructed nests by
80
bringing dirt from the ground. I found several inhabited nests as
high as 15 to 20 feet above the ground in the forks of live-oak trees.
These nests appeared to be entirely independent of the nests at the
foot of the tree.
The ants were noticed aiding in the distribution of the following
insects on the grounds of the station and in other parts of the park:
Aphides on fig, citrus trees, sycamore, hve-oak, cedar, arbor-vite,
Duranta plumieri, and ornamental plants in greenhouses, and on the
grounds. , ?
Ceroplastes floridensis Comst., occurring on fig, persimmon, orange,
lemon, and on many plants in the horticultural greenhouses.
Fic. 7.—Persimmon showing protective covering made by Iridomyrmex humilis (original).
Pseudococcus citri Risso, occurring on all citrus-fruit trees, fig,
persimmon, plum, sycamore, live-oak, willow, and other trees, palms
and ornamental shrubbery of almost all kinds, chrysanthemums, |
dahlias, golden-rod, and various plants in the greenhouses, including |"
ferns, palms, coral-tree, coffee-tree, and a species of Hibiscus.
Scale-lice of several other species are being taken care of by these
ants. They occur in such great numbers that they have apparently
become care-takers for all kinds of scale and plant-lice present in the
regions they infest. Where possible to do so, they build a covering,
composed of dead lice, cast skins, dead ant remains, and dirt over
the insects for which they are caring. On fruit this is first built near
the base of the stem and gradually extended outward as the colony
81
grows. This was especially noticeable on persimmons and oranges.
At the stem end, or wherever two specimens of fruit touched, the pro-
jecting covering had been extended for a considerable distance.
On twigs of arbor-vite the ants were able to build a covering for
the plant-lice by extending it outward onto the rough, flat leaves of
the plant, and in one instance they had built on both aye upper and
lower sides of the leaves.
The entrance to these shelters over colonies on fruit was always
near the stems, but ants could usually be seen at some place on the
outer edge repairing or extending the covering or removing young
scales to new territory.
The mealy-bugs infesting citrus trees and other fruits and on the
palms appear to be the same species as the one commonly found in
the greenhouses in the city—Pseudococeus citri Risso.
The mealy-bug affecting the sugar-cane on the sugar experiment
station grounds is, so far as I can ascertain, the same species. Care-
ful comparison has been made with mounted specimens of Psewdo-
coccus caleolarie Mask. on sugar-cane from Florida, P. adonidum
Targ. and P. citri Risso.
This sugar-cane mealy-bug has increased very rapidly in the last
two years, and this year a large percentage of the cane was affected.
The woolly secretions were present in the greatest numbers in the leaf-
sheaths, but occurred on the stalks from the base up to from 3 to 6
feet above the ground, and often far out on the leaves, where two or
more leaves were touching or rested against a cane stalk. Very few
vere found in the ground among the roots, but the older specimens
could often be seen traveling over the rough dirt from stalk to stalk.
The ants were everywhere present among them and were several times
seen establishing new colonies on cane.
Ants were found, also, with mealy-bugs on several weeds in the cane
fields, on grasses, and rarely on ramie.
I found the ants in boxes of crackers and candies sent directly from
New Orleans, and while in that city noticed them being packed up
with several kinds of groceries for shipment to outlying towns.
A Louisville and Nashville construction-department cooking car
was visited in New Orleans. This car was in daily use and had been
for several days located at the point where I saw it. The cook told
me the ants worried him nearly to death. ‘ Why, they are so thick
that I don’t get rid of them till I’ve been out on the road two or three
days.”
Their present distribution is probably limited by the distance that
-wholesale goods are shipped locally from New Orleans. While as
a vet they do not extend all over the city, 1t is a matter of only a few
Ge at the outside, when the entire residence district will be infested.
5524_No. 5205 m——6 |
PR, Ic cS -_ eee — =
The ant is now known to occur in the following localities outside of
the city of New Orleans: Across the river in Algiers and adjoining
small settlements; at West End, Spanish Fort, and Milneburg, sum-
mer resorts on Lake Pontchartrain; Bay St. Louis, Miss., a summer
resort between New Orleans and Mobile; along the Texas and Pacifie
Railroad at Donaldsonville, Cheneyville, and Alexandria; along -the
Southern Pacific at Thibodaux, Schriever, Houma, Berwick, Morgan
City, Franklin, New Iberia, and Lafayette; and at Opelousas.
It will be neticed that these points are all, excepting Opelousas and
the three first-named summer resorts, on main lines of the railroads
leading out of New Orleans. They doubtless occur at many other
smaller places along these lines and in localities on other railroads
leading into Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. Their distribu-
tion to summer resorts occurs through baggage and clothing as well as
in supplies sent from New Orleans to these points.
In the lower part of the city one woman told me that the ants
appeared in her house late in June, 1904. Her baby was taken sick
soon afterwards and they had a great deal of trouble keeping the ants
away from him. The ants seemed especially attracted to the child,
perhaps from some odor of the sick room, and would cross coal-oil
bands on the bed and on chair legs in order to reach the baby. After
the child’s death they were even more persistent in their efforts to
reach him. The coffin was set on a stool the legs of which were placed
in dishes of water with a coal-oil film. This would deter the ants for
only a short time, when some would get on the oil and, others follow-
ing, there would soon be a bridge of dead ants.
Several instances were related where ants dropped from the ceiling
in order to reach food or other substances they desired. An experi-
ment was tried with some sugar sirups on a table which stood against
the wall. The ants came up the wall to reach the table. When it was
removed from the wall they came up the legs. Next morning the legs
were wrapped with cloths soaked in coal oil and the table removed
some distance from the wall. That day the ants were persistent in
their efforts to reach the food, constantly chmbing up and down the
legs, but only-a few attempted to cross the oiled bandages and these J"
were not successful. The following morning the table was well covered
with ants. They had gone up the wall over the first trail and passed
on up to the ceiling, then over that diagonally until they were over the
table, when they dropped down onto it. Very few ants were J"
noticed returning from the ceiling, but a constant stream of them was
going up. At the point where the table had formerly touched the wall
quite a number of ants were clustered, evidently at a loss to know
where to go. The ants, in leaving the table, usually went down one
of the legs and were crossing the coal-oil bandages with apparently
83
little or no injury to themselves. Some dropped directly from the
table top to the floor.
One large colony of ants, on the outsiirts of a portion of the in-
fested area on Carrollton avenue, had paths running in several direc-
tions; over these paths thousands of ants were hurryimg all day long.
A willow tree standing alone in a very bare piece of hard ground
over 200 feet from the colony was thoroughly infested. The path-
way from the colony was about 2 inches wide, going fairly straight
through a weed patch, then directly across the barren ground to the
tree. The outgoing ants from the colony were usually not laden; a
few were noticed carrying ant pupe, and these were followed to the
tree, where they entered a hollow in the trunk. Almost all the re-
turning ants had distended abdomens, evidently being filled with the
excretions from the plant lice. A few were seen carrying young
lepidopterous larvee that were dead at the time I found them. To
this same nest was traced one large foraging party that was destroy-
ing a nest of other ants.
Not only at New Orleans, but at several other towns in the State, I
heard complaints of the destruction of flowers by the ants. The caly-
ces and bases of the petals of several kinds of composite ornamental
flowers were found to have been so thoroughly destroyed that a
sheht jar would cause the petals to fall. Lemon blossoms on trees
of B. M. Young, at Morgan City, La., were eaten so badly that the
trees failed to set fruit. I heard accounts, also, of their establishing
colonies of plant lice on the flower buds of shrubs in yards to such
an extent that no flowers opened. I found them attending colonies
of the “black aphis of chrysanthemum ” at Doctor Stubbs’s resi-
dence, in Audubon Park, and in other yards to such an extent as to
dwarf or deform almost half the flowers.
Hard unripened pears left in barrels on a house porch were found
several days later to be honeycombed by these ants, almost all the
interior being eaten.
Lunch-counter, soda-fountain, candy-store, and fruit-stand pro-
prietors are kept continually on the watch to prevent their stock in
trade from being ruined. A grocer in the lower part of the city told
me that when the ants first appeared they seemed to come in by thou-
sands in a single day. He stated that he threw away over half a
barrel of sugar and several boxes of evaporated fruits.
These ants have driven or killed out all other ants in the regions
infested by them. I witnessed two battles between them and other
ants on the outskirts of the infested area. The new ant, although
much smaller, overcame the other by sheer force of numbers, column
after column of them arriving on the scene of battle, while long files
were carrving away dead ants, pupe, and larve.
They are extremely active; the residents of New Orleans have
christened them “the crazy ant.” since when a column is disturbed
it breaks up, the ants running aimlessly about in every direction.
Professor Wheeler, of the American Museum of Natural History,
has very kindly examined specimens of the workers and states that
they appear to be identical with Zridomyrmex humilis Mayr. This
species has been hitherto reported only from tropical regions. The
genus is quite closely related to Tapinoma, but this species can be
separated by the presence of a distinct, erect, sharp-edged scale and
by the fact that the abdomen does not project forward, nor in any
way conceal this scale. The workers are from 2% to 2.50 mm. in
jength, pale brown in color, head and thorax rugose, abdomen shin-
ing, but shghtly pubescent. |
The New Orleans tradesmen early took advantage of the annoy-
ances caused by the ant, and now every grocery and drug store in the
infested area has for sale one or more “ant killers,” “ ant poisons,”
“ant preventives,” etc. These consist of tapes saturated with cor-
rosive sublimate; corrosive sublimate solutions to be painted on
walls and legs of tables and chairs; hydrocyanic-acid preparations;
coal-oil mixtures; and others having trade names, the compositions
of which are kept secret by the manufacturers.
The use of corrosive-sublimate tapes and of cloths saturated with
coal oi! appears to be the most successful means of keeping the ants
away. The use of carbon bisulphid to destroy the nests will be futile
unless it can be taken up by the whole community. A nest will be
reoccupied in a few days after having been dosed with carbon bisul-
phid, and cleaning out the ants in any section will be a waste of time
and money unless all other surrounding sections are immediately
treated.
Mr. Sanderson said that he could corroborate the statements in
the paper as to the severity of the attacks. In Morgan City they
were at times simply unbearabie. :
Mr. Surface-asked how these ants are disseminated by the methods
described, which would presumably apply only to the workers. If
the queens were not present they could not become established in the
new locality unless the workers reproduce parthenogencetically.
Mr. Titus said that the life history had been little studied and
that many of these points were still not clear, but it might bea fact that
in this group queens were not always necessary to establish colonies.
In the absence of the author, the following paper was read by Mr.
Gillette:
89
THE COTTONY MAPLE SCALE: AN UNUSUAL OUTBREAK, AND
EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTICIDES.
By S. ARTHUR JCHNSON, Fort Collins, Colo.
Contrary to general experience the cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria
énnumerabilis Rathv.) has done serious injury in Denver for several
vears past and gives promise of renewed ravages during the coming
summer. The scale is widely distributed over the city on the soft
maple (Acer saccharinum) shade trees in the parks and streets. In
a number of localities the permanent injury has been severe. ‘Two
winters ago the time of one man was employed for.two weeks cutting
out and removing the dead limbs from a park covering one block.
In this same park last winter the under surfaces of many limbs on the
soft maples and black locusts (7ebsnia pseudacacia) were literally
coated with the scale. Here the Colorado Agricultural College, in
conjunction with the superintendent of parks, conducted a number of
experiments for the purpose of discovering an effective winter treat-
ment. So far as the writer is aware very little therough work has
been done in this hne.
The advantages of a winter treatment are indicated both by the
condition of the trees and by the life history of the insect. The 1m-
mense numbers of the pest would make it necessary to spray thor-
oughly both surfaces of the leaves in summer, which is a_prac-
tical impossibility with trees of dense foliage which are often 30
or more feet in height. Moreover, it would seem that the life
history of the insect would necessitate more than one application of
the spray. Doctor Howard,¢ in giving the jife history, says:
The young hatch early in summer, usually in the month of June, but occasion-
ally at least as early as May 22. ‘The hatching period usually extends on into
le
early July, but may last until August. * * * In the course of a month they
undergo a molt and begin to secrete a certain amount of wax from the dorsal
surface of the body.
It thus appears quite possible that some of the first-hatched insects
may molt and become protected with scales before the last cf the
eggs have hatched. Professor Gillette ° has expressed the opinion that
after the wax is formed sprays of greater strength will be necessary.
The leaves of the soft maple appear to be quite sensitive to the greater
strengths of contact imsecticides.
EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTICIDES.
Shortly after I came to this station a quantity of badly infested
maple twigs were received from Colorado Springs. At that time,
under the direction of Professor Gillette, J made a number of experi-
Eiken Sin Ole nite wOas. oepts, Acric pp. «16:
6 Bul. 47, Colo. Exp. Sta., p. 33.
86
ments for the purpose of determining the effect of insecticides on the
insect. The notes I have tabulated below. The results obtained
from these experiments indicated the lines of attack which were fol-
lowed out a year later in Curtis Park, Denver.
Preliminary laboratory experiment in 1903 for determining the effect of different
insecticides on the cottony maple scale.
[Treated January 17, 1903; examined January 23, 1903.]
Insecticide. Strength. | Alive. | Dead. |P oreo Remarks.
Lime-sulphur-salt (Hl- | Full _..-_....--.--...- 69 67 | 49
inois formula). | | |
OD) OMe ee ere a aso QOne*halive So sees 38 | 89 | 70 |
1D Go ae eae ee Ne | Two-thirds. 2. 26ses 10 | 2A | 71 |
DO mass oe a a capa ee One:sixthe= === at | BG) | 61
Kerosene emulsion __-_-_- 50 per cent kerosene_ 10 | 43 | 90 Possibly all dead.
DD) Ope ne Sone a 25 per cent kerosene- a igh} 92 Those in protected
| places alive; others
| dead.
Dn Re ee eee cee eee 12: per cent kerosene 44 | 67 | 60 |
Whale-oil soap (hard)-__| 1 pound to 1 gallon __ 12 140 | 92 All dead, except occa-
| sional protected ones.
DO eee nes Rees Ee 1 pound to 2 gallons - 53 23 | 30 |
1D oye 2 Seeeeeaere Spey Os ipound to4 gallons! 22s |-s a [ ere ene aa | Little, or no effect.
IDO) es ee SOC eee 1 pound to 6 gallons - 12 60 83 |
CHeCkeEe sel ee) Ae ee a eer eee eS ae 62 5D | 47
Results of a second experiment in 1903.
[Treated January 31, 1903; examined February 10, 1903.]
Insecticide. Strength. | Remarks.
meoposene emulsion =_22 52 __.-| 50 per cent kerosene _| Seems to have killed all.
Ree eat eres ee Rh ee | 25 per cent kerosene_| Seems to have killed about all.
Whale- OUSOR is i ee ee eas ee | 1 pound to 1 gallon __| Seems not to have killed any, but there
may be different results later.
Lime-sulphur-salt (Illinois | Full _______._._______- | Seems not to have killed any.
formula). | |
It will be seen by consulting the tables that the mortality of the
untreated scale during the winter reaches probably 50 per cent.
This is indicated by the counts on the check branches and those on
which the treatments were so weak as to have had little or no effect.
‘The numbers counted in the laboratory experiments were too small
to have positive values except where the percentage of dead was very
high, because the difference in mortality on different twigs is a
conspicuous feature on looking over the hibernating insects.
The only effective remedies appeared to be kerosene emulsion, 25
per cent or more in strength, and whale-oil soap at the rate of 1
pound to the gallon. The laboratory experiments indicated that
further tests with kerosene emulsion, varying in strength from 10
to 50 per cent, and the stronger solutions of whale-soap should
be made to ascertain more accurately the location of the “dead line.”
87
Results of applications of insecticides made in Curtis Park, Denver, for the cot-
tony map’e scale.
[Treated November 238, 1903; examined February 27, 1904. ]
mo. e8 Insecticide. Strength. Alive. | Dead. Percent Remarks.
2 Kerosene emulsion.___} 50 per cent oil _______| None. | - All. 100
Sill eee Gost as ere eee 20 per cent oil __-----| None INU 100
Ab Noe ee dose ee 12# per cent oil __--.- He 98
Syl es lea LON mcrae ala taal 10iperlicentoleses22 85 213 88
6) |} Robaccorstems|22.25222 1 pound to 1 gallon _- 217 89 29
(lod teens COs ee pounditosreallonsys |e ss2s nee are |e ae A No benefit.
TG Nietevenisto) 0) eee eee eee ZA POUNGSktom ee allo mys | eee se | epee he eee Seales all dead
and shriveled.
1G Sas. COs ere lkpoundstoei gallons) |e see see eee ae 60; About two-
thirds dead.
(UAE YON sc eres eee, Dans Hel APS Sa SU ga a sc ke ae a eet S| 25 | One-fourth dead.
Results of later applications in Curtis Park.
[Treated February 19, 1904; examined March 1, 1904.1]
Insecticide. Strength. Alive. | Dead. Pep cent Remarks.
Lime-sulphur-salt (Illinois for | Full ____...-....-_-.-- 87 192 70
mula).
Kerosene emulsion __....-.--..---- pOperwicent sess Lee 0 404 100
EID) eS ee TN = al fa aul eh CMe BO DeCRICe Tt ee ae 0 310 100
ATE) Gye ae NE EDs yl Ties ape Aas aia ADIpeTICent eee aan 5 274 98
EL) Spy eT ee Se le pe Cente sees ft 153 99
TB Yc Ys Stoo ot a aren arty St Sc IZpericent a =a asanen! 14 229 94
1B) @ ape ee Pay oO crt OE Paves A LO percent 555422 2-— 299 688 69
Whale-oil soap (hard)-____....----- 1 pound to 1 gallon -- 3 171 98
1D YO Ses cee ee ee ne ae Re es 1 pound to 2 gallons - Manes 563 84
1D Yo) aS SoS apa eau a DS Te pene er 1 pound to 8 gallons - 26 81 76
TB) Ee Ss sre ene er ge ay eae i ee 1 pound to 4 gallons - 128 154 55
DD) Oa es pe eae eee oer 1 pound to 8 gallons - 118 154 7 s
OEE FES a la 2 oem ee ei | GR NAD ta ea 256 421 62
PREPARATION OF INSECTICIDES.
The kerosene emulsion was emulsified with whale-oil soap. The
tobacco stems were very dry when weighed and were boiled one hour
in enough water to cover them, after which the concoction was
diluted to the strengths given. The tree soap employed was used in
the first series of experiments and hard whale-oil soap, purchased at
a drug store, in the second. The lime-sulphur-salt wash was _ pre-
pared according to the Uhinois formula and boiled three hours.
APPLICATION OF THE INSECTICIDES.
Both seneca and vermorel nozzles were used. The latter did
good work and is rather to be preferred on account of economy of
material. _Only the lower branches of the trees were sprayed and in
some cases two applications were made on different parts of the same
tree. With the lime-sulphur-salt wash two entire trees were treated.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.
A glance at the percentage column shows that the effective rem-
edies stand out prominently. They are kerosene emulsion in
strengths of over 10 per cent and whale-oil soap at the rate of 1
pound to the gallon. Tobacco-stem decoction and lime-sulphur-
salt wash appeared to be ineffective. The lime-sulphur-salt wash
was especially disappointing. After several weeks the scales under
it appeared bright and healthy, and it almost seemed as if they
enjoyed the protection of an extra covering during the cold weather.
The insects take little or no nourishment during the winter and
might thus be able to withstand for a time an application which
deprived them of their food supply.
As a result of these experiments kerosene emulsion in strengths of
1 to 6 or 1 to 8 was recommended. Applications were made by the
park authorities on April 16. The trees were examined on May 13
by Professor Gillette, who made the following note:
Where Mr. Smith applied Kerosene emulsion that was one-sixth kerosene
the scales appeared to be all dead over the greater portion of the trees. Some
limbs have scattering living scales and oceasionally limbs were found where
the scaies were quite abundant. From the fact that the lice are all dead in
places where they were very abundant, it seems evident to me that the living
lice were those that were not well treated. Mr. Smith was also of the same
Opinion.
The entire park was not sprayed last winter, and as a result the
infested trees have deluged the whole grove with the scale. Treat-
ment is being made at this writing with kerosene emulsion in the
streneth of one-sixth kerosene. Judging from twigs sent to the
laboratory, the application is all that could be desired, the scales all
being killed.
Some scales will doubtless be missed by the spray, but these can
be trimmed out as soon as the wax becomes conspicuous in the spring
and before the eggs have hatched.
In the absence of the author, the following paper was read by the
secretary :
SOME EXPERIENCES WITH PULVINARIA.
By Howarp Evarts WEED, Chicago, Ill.
The entomological literature regarding Pulvinaria innumerabilis
Rathv. contains so many misleading statements that it is certainly
time for attention to be called to them. The two principal misstate-
89
ments are: (1) That ‘ the insect is rarely injurious in two consecutive
years,” * and (2) that the remedy consists in a “summer spraying
with a dilute kerosene-soap emulsion.” ’ These, or similar statements,
have appeared in every article heretofore written on this subject, and
during the past summer I have been shown a score of letters from
entomologists making these statements.
Early in June of this vear I received a note from the chairman of
the North Shore Park Commission stating that a committee of the
Rogers Park Improvement Association had been appointed to devise
means. for the elimination of the cottony maple scale. This com-
mittee asked me to investigate the subject and undertake the work of
spraying in the territory of Rogers Park—a Chicago suburb, but.
within the city lmits. Upon investigation I found the soft or
silver-leafed maple (Acer dasycarpum) to be the principal shade
tree here, and every tree was covered with the white egg masses of the
Pulvinaria. ‘These insects have been present in this territory in large
numbers each year since 1886 at least. In 1897 a large number of
the trees were: severely pruned, the supposition being that this would
eliminate the scale, and the beauty of the trees was thus largely
spoiled... The insects have been so numerous that they have cestroyed
the lower and smaller branches and killed hundreds of trees out-
right. The work of the Pulvinaria, together with the pruning in an
effort to get rid of it, has caused the trees to look anything but beau-
tiful. This same condition exists at other places around Chicago,
especially at Evanston and Irving Park. No soft maples are now
being planted in this territory on account of the ravages of the insect.
During the past summer the eggs were slow in hatching, as the
season was very backward. Up to June 25 practically no eggs were
hatched. Two quite warm days occurred about July 10, and this
served to bring them out. At this time the larger limbs and branches
were fairly alive with the young going from the egg masses to the
leaves. Persons pruning the trees at this time would get the insects
in the hair and upon the person and clothes in the same manner as
chicken mites. The insects were scattered to surrounding shrubs and
flowers in varlous ways, especially by the falling of the weakened
leaves, so that during August they were to be found on practicaily
every shrub.
The list of plants upon which I have found the Pulvinaria is con-
siderably larger than heretofore given. Of course a distinction
should be made as to what constitutes the normal food plants, or those
upon which it occurs in both summer and winter forms and the food
plants upon which it may have drifted for the summer. My own
observation gives the following as the normal food plants of the
@ Bul. 22, Div. of Enut., U. S. Dept: Agric., p. 16. b Loe. cit.
_ Se Wes =
species, those most affected being mentioned first in the lst and those
least affected last: Soft or silver-leafed maple (Acer dasycarpum),
box elder (Acer negundo), linden (Tila), Virginia creeper (Ampe-
lopsis quinguefolia), bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), sumae (Rhus),
grape (Vitis), and willow (Salix). The summer food plants
observed have been Spirwa Van Houtteii, S. arguta, and 8. pruni-
folia; Philadelphus grandifiorus and P. coronarius; Cornus mascula,
C. siberica, C. stolonifera, and C. paniculata; Ribes aureum and R.
sanguineum,; Hydrangea: Rudbeckia; Symphoricarpus racemosus
and S. vulgaris; Syringa, several varieties; Viburnum, several varie-
ties. Ihave not found it upon either the sugar maple (Acer sacchari-
num) or the Norway maple (4. platanoides), even where these trees
were surrounded by the soft maples, except in such small numbers as
to be very inconspicuous.
The work of spraying began the middle of July and continued
until September 1. The work was done under my constant super-
vision by some senior students of the Michigan Agricultural College.
Two outfits on wheels with hand pumps were used, these being the
most convenient in getting around from tree to tree. Both the
vermorel and bordeaux nozzles were used. The trees sprayed were
mostly quite large, requiring a 60-foot hose to reach the top. The
operators wore fireman’s oiled suits and began the spraying at the
top by climbing the tree, finishing at the bottom limbs. ‘The work
was thoroughly done, so far as possible every leaf being covered.
When I first took hold cf this work I had expected to Inll the in-
sects readily “ with a weak kerosene emulsion.” All the entomolo-
gists said this was the remedy, and my own fourteen years’ experience
in practical spraying work told me the same thing. I began with an
S per cent kerosene emulsion, which was increased within a few days
to 10 per cent, then to 124, and finally to 15 per cent. Practically
none of the insects were killed with either the 8 or 10 per cent emul-
sions. An examination at Professor Forbes’s office of leaves sprayed }j
with 124 per cent, some days after, showed that something over 50 _
per cent were killed, but the death of some of these was doubtless
from natural causes. The 15 per cent emulsion killed the greater
portion cf the Pulvinaria, but as this strength took practically all
the leaves off the box elders, all from the lindens, and fully one-half
from the maples, the remedy was at least equal to the disease. A 10
per cent emulsion is all that can with safety be applied to the linden
cr box elder, while a 124 per cent is all that can safely be applied to
the maple.
In this. connection some experience in the making of the emulsion
may be of interest. With 2,500 large trees to spray, scattered over a
large territory, the matter of making the emulsion was of consider-
able importance. But, as “necessity is the mother of invention,” it
wal
so happened that a sample of soft soap containing 50 per cent of
naphtha was sent me for trial. sae eee 101-103
By-laws, Association of Economic Entomologists, amendments____—___-__ 3
Cabinet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci, additions to our knowledge, paper by
Eleniny: evil ere Chaya a ne ES cag lid ea i Nl 48-49
Cankerworm, spring, Ohio report, 1904 Se Ee ne eye ee eee oh ee pe da
Carbon bisulphid, use against/ants; note = 22> a eae 84
sweet potato. weevil 22 7 oe See 67
eit
Page.
CVaciniloOlanm Dees Chl ira ClCTISGICSHe ss ne eh ee ee) ee 105
Carpocapsa pomonella. See Codling moth.
Carpophilus dimidiatus, Georgia report for 1904______ of 20 ahs Be ec i 71
Caterpillar, tent, Ohio report, 1904 s PSTN ae ie es hi NS a 53
Caucasian bees, CHAM CHETES ll GS pea ee eae Spy Ei iney tanta aeys _~ 105-106
Caustic soda solution, experimental use against San Jose SGaAle naa es ae ZOO
Cecidomyia spp. See Gall makers.
Cecidomyiidz, member of family as enemy of grape____-_ fe DN a Mass decay Oe Panes Be Ny een)
Ceresa bubalus, New York report, 1904______________ Bf BAUD Ales Caine od a ae eee 51
Ceroplastes flommdensis, distribution and care py ants. 20355 oe ee ee SO
Chalcodermus ceneus, Georgia report for 19G::, injury to cotton___________ 70-71
Cherry aphis, black, Colorado report for 1904______ c SE ae Se Mayer em STS, 58
scale, Colorado, 1904, report of first appearance__________________ 59
Chicago, work against cottony maple scale____ ee ee a TAS oe A eee OE On
Chrilocorus bivulnerus, check on San Jose seale____ ed Ps et Leste 75
similis. See Ladybird.
Chinch bugs, Minnesota, report for 1904_______ i gp Gal On np peel pu 56
OHIOH PEW OT CUO a aa ee foe ere ey ie EOE ci Oy dee aie a ND a 50
Chionaspis furfura, proposed cyanide fumigation__/_______ Rare eal S geet 96
Chrysochus auratus, Georgia report for 1904_____ AORN EAI ee MANE on 70
Chrysomyia macellaria, occurrence in Ohio in 1904 2-2-2 ee 50
Gi CAC OMT OME TO Tater tO Teel Ay a Nae es Le ee ce cle eased al Le Tia 54
Citrus trees, infestation by mealy bugs under care of ants_______________ 81
Climate, relation to cotton boll weevil control______________ Bean OG sce ey
Climatic conditions, importance in cotton boll weevil control ___ ere ee 41
Clinocoris tectularia, destruction by hydrocyanic-acid fumes_____-_______ 95-96
Coal oil, use against ant, Jridomyrmex humilis (see also Kerosene) __——__ 2, 84
COG Ss (Cpl ae ia eT ao a is NA Te ne AS De pera ahold asl ee tala ate SA eye 29
Coccinellid, Minnesota report for 1904 (see also Ladybird) ______________ D7
Codling moth, Colorado report for 1904__-___________ ELA iS Ink we ey Ses ane 58
MIMIiAvON Ot arwit House: for controle:= 2u 2 ese sen Sie TOI NOs
SF COLSM ARLE DOI LO Teal GA EN Ne CR RAN Lhe DN why ea es etl NY op sage 70
Ohio: report. 19042202 eNO pecs ae Ve Hil os
Coffee leaf-miner, remark; discussion (see also Leaf- miner) _ ss DME eee 28, 97-95
tees); POLO icOs.intestation with leat-mimers2se ee ae Pee 97-98
COGS DISMiCVOS BGeorsia srepoki tor 190222 a. a ea eee 70
Coleoptera, genera subject to legislation_____ aM lh cl Meee te cay ea Oh0y 07 et Sth Ma 20
Coleopterous insects, Cuba, note________ Geile 7s iced aE ene SAE ON ee, eros 29
College Station, Tex., observations on cotton boll weevil__________ 30, 31, 32738
sweet-potato weevil and mosqui-
LOX SS i Be ss TU Eg et de mee Noah lao 67, 68
Colleges, agricultural, economic entomology, teaching, note______________ ‘lel
Colorado, insects of the year, 1904, paper by C. P. Gillette-______________ 58-61
Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex), distribution and migra-
CLOMS Sa) CLO Ve See Nok MUTT a AIO ENTS @ Tae whe ee ony Nic WN bee 62-66
Committees, association, appointment _____ OS Aig I Teen eal Rae Lees Peres me set 25, 74, 94
TCE OO) HS hg Mr ee Ue OR A a Oe ae Rem 92, 93, 94, 95
Connecticut, broods of fall web-worm, discussion aR SRI i RS a 42-48
Conotrachelus nenuphar. See Curculio, plum.
~CONRADI, A. F., paper on “ Black-fly studies” _____ Bile. a oN mE EL 8 100-101
“Miscellaneous notes [on insects] from Texas’”___ 66-68
COOK Mini Ap ApeMON Le NOLESmOn GubalMilNSCehS 7 ee i 28-29
“The coffee leaf-miner (Leucoptera coffeella)”____ 97-99
Corn iMseck imjuGTies) in, Georgia im) 1904 2a ae es la OY nie SEAR ST alg a (22
LOOt WOM” Olio cep ort ies GOA cee See ie ey elie IS A te Pill
Corrosive sublimate, failure as remedy for powder post beetle IGE ir Pie eopsiphaeaa D4
~ Cotton boll weevil. See Boll weevil.
eultural methods as remedy for boll weevil..._._._._2-_____-___ 39—40
earliness of maturity as factor against boll weevil__._______-____ 38
SrowiIne Methods for. controlok boll, weevil. = 228s eae 14-17
insect injuries in Georgia in 1904________ Bs as WME es it 140) (2
planting, changes of practices enforcement proposed__.. 20
price, relation of boll weevil, note_ Beas OES AR CALI Wee Mp euc yls 41
Squaring, time of boll weevil attack_____-_ Me po aa ee s Be
Stalks, destruction as method of weevil control__________________ 31, 40
Cotton-seed- meal, ‘insect’ depred aciom, =e ee ie,
Cottonywoods; insect injury im (Colonado: ing moe ee ee 59
Cowpeas, relation to injury of cotton by Chalcodermus cneus___________ rp val
“ Crazy ant.” -See Ant “ New Orleans.”
Creosote, failure as remedy for powder post beetle___________--_§_-§_§_ = 54
Crepidodera rufipes; injury to peach orchard: in’ Ohi0s5 =e ae 53
Cricket, Mormon (Anabrus SE distribution and migrations in Colo-
Fado; PAVEr Dyes Ss CAT: CUE sO TIS OTe eee nian eae 62-66
conclusions from study of migrations and distribution__ 65-66
or Tdaho; Coloradorrepoete tor al 904 eae shee ete ee 61
Crop areas, increases as shown by Twelfth Census___.=--—____-=___\___ 6
srowing methods for MSeEECU Combe a ee eee 14
Crops, farm, insect enemies in Colorado, 1904______ SNL ign BA cs aa, eee 60
losses by insects and savings by economic entomology_____________ 12
GroSS-Dreeding bees; securing of desirables trate] = 2 eee 106
Croton bug, fumigation with hydrocyanic-acids Sasmee= =. a eee eee 96-97
Cryptocephalus obsoletus, Georgia report for 1904____-__-_== == = 02
Cryptorhynchus lapathi. See Curculio and Willow weevil.
Cuban experiment station, coffee leaf-miner___________
INSECES, MNOLES, paper Dyn NUS SCO se ea ae eee
Cwicidze; mosquitoes, publications, 22202 Sees Sie ees ee ee ee eee
Curculio, imported willow, Minnesota report for 1904 Eye EMO ER Pye oe
plumsinjury sto. peaches: in’ Georgian 19042232 eee
Minnesota ‘report: for: AGO2e = 2 Se at Se ee A ee
Ohio. report; GOL 2s es a ae a ee eee
Currants, insect attacks im Coloradovin 1904, notes] 2 es eee
Cyanide. See Potassium cyanide. “
Cylas formicarius. See Weevil, sweet-potato.
Cyprian and other Hastern bees; Characteristiesi22 22s) at he ee ee
Cyprio-Carniolan’ bees, desirable traits 222 oa ee eee
Diabrotica 12-punctata, Georgia report for 1904
longicornis, ‘OHTO-rEepor ts OO Aa te ee nee See aegtee
Diaiw@da saccharalis. Georgia report tor 1904 a ee ee
Dust spray, experiment in Minnesota against leaf-hoppers______________
Dynastes tityus, Georgia report for 1904 Wek SS Nl RI SAE a Pgs ee
Hgegs, bedbug, destruction by use of hydrocyanic-acid gas________________
fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea), color, ete., remarks__________ -
Mormon -ericket (Anabrus simple.),. NOUGS = ee eee
sweet-potato weevil, notes from Texas for 1904____________ a
Hilm leaf-beetle, appearance at Dayton, Ohio=2 == 22 ee eee
Elms, infestation with leaf-beetle in Ohio in 1904____________ Reerirag outs
Hmphytus canadensis, New York report, 1904-2) 222" ee
Empoasca mali. See Leaf hopper.
Entomological events, most important in recent years, note____-_________
investigation, promising field _________ Sg Ae eee
News, proposal as semiofficial organ of association, com-
SINT tee 4 t= ee eae 2 eee pee Te eee ee
Entomologists, attendance on association meetings, list-of Names=s aes
increase in number of workers on economic subjects______
Entomology, applied. present-day features in America, address of presi-
dent, Ac“? Quaintan ces 2223 ae 2 6 ee eee ees
economic, factors in awakening interest2=*s 2 sss
growth and benefit to-agriculhiTres= sae eee
literature, extent, character, and plan for résumé_
problems, conditions, and requirements___________
Savings! on crops, tables] 220s ae 2a ne eee
Ephestia kuehniella. See Flour moth.
Epicauta pennsylvanica, Nexas report fora Q04 ss eee ee ee
Epitrixc cucumeris, Colorado report tor 190422 ee
Hpochra canadensis, Colorado report for 19042209) Se
Eriocampoides limacina,.injury to cherry trees in Ohio__________________
Hriophyes populi, gall maker, Colorado report for 1904___/___-_____-__+_
Experiment station, economic entomology investigations, note ___________
iby
; Page
Experiment Stations, Office, bibliography of economic entomology, sug-
CESS ESM UE NSY © tye eS Re 8 eS Set ac 95
Eyxperumentaletarms tor conton bolleweevil: control 22-25 essen ts ss ee 5
Fall web-worm, Ohio report, 1904 (see also Webworm, ee RE: COM fC aa 50-51
Farm crops, insect enemies, Colorado report for 1904 _ eae neue 60
production, losses by insects and savings by economic entomology __ 12
Farmer, preference for Paris green and other remedies, note_____________ 39
Rarmine methods for contrel of cotton’ bollvweevilz=-)* = 0 ee 14-17
Farms, experimental, cotton boll weevil control ________ Ue pie a 15-16
FELT, E. P., paper on “Experiments with lime-sulphur vy rashes’ Seif toa eed al 25-28
“Notes for the year—New York’________________~_ 51-52
DER MAEDS Ele nODIMLOM aSetOn testing mnsechicidesas= 220) kbar sy ae 74
Mdg vlicida. Ohio and New Nork reports, 1904220 52.0 2 ee he eae 52, 54
Flea-beetle, potato, Colorado report of heavy loss in 1904________________ 61
red-legged, injury to peach orchard in Ohio___________-_!___ Be
leas nimi savions yen ehydrocyanic- acids Sas nOtesn =e lei Ue See eee 97
Hlood- Brazos. destruction: of cotton bolliweevil sees 2s a2 Ce aa BH
Flour moth, Mediterranean, Georgia report for 1904_____ OSE Kees (ie
Minnesota report for 1904 EP EN Wee ep ahs 56
| O21 ES USD Ur en a te Si a Sti ae ee Oe bean Us Mer kg wep 73
Flowers, destruction by ant, Jridomyrmesx humilis ate si Bei 83
Fly. See Frit and Hessian.
Formule, lime-sulphur wash and method of GA aan ie ORE SEO Ny ees OR 25-26
Frit-fly, Minnesota report for 1904___________ Gate. 0 Ana 56
Frosts, killing, in Texas, occurrence and effect on . boll weevil Beso ees ae Ne 30
Druiiety, cooseberry, Colorado report: for 19042. eas eS i 59
Fruit-house fumigation, control of codling moth__~_____ Peed Jus Oi 103
Fruit-moth, grape, Ohio report, 1904_____ S sh TURAN cat ea LB ta nat 54
Fruit-worm, gooseberry, Colorado report for 1904 ee Ree eS eee 59
Fruits, deciduous, increase in plantings, 1889-1899______________________ 6-7
infestation with mealy bugs, note___________ aie 81
Fumigation, fruit-house, for controlling codling moth, paper by A. a “Bur-
OSS poe a a Ne i ee A yee Tei Ad Sh a ghana as) EAS ma 101-108
household insects and their eggs with hy drocyanic- acid gas,
some notes, paper by J. L. Phillips hp Be eR Lee Reh tg rg ee DE Shs ~ 95-97
Galerucella luteola, appearance at Dayton, Ohio________ Mees ba faced SOME Dea 50
Gall makers, Minnesota report for 1904__ z Bip fc, oe EC OT RMU NS 5
Gall-producing insects, Cuba, note______________ Bae EA ferwt soa sees Se 29
Garden vegetables, insect injuries, Colorado report for 1904__ Dee coe pe Shee a 59-60
Gas. See Hydrocyanic-acid gas.
Georgia, insects for the year 1904, paper by Wilmon Newell and R. I...
PSHLTOW GE Olj:. Sp ks Maes ae eept is Se LS PS 1 SE alee oleae Pil soya a rine ines _ 69-74
GILLETTE, C. P., paper on “ Insects of the year in 1 Colorado ” rap ot arated a he) 58-61
Gooseberries, insect AEA CK Silla CO] OAC O Me 1 OA se aes a ea arth fee eg ed al 59
Gooseberry. See Fruit-fly and Fruit worm
Government, National, relation to cotton boll weevil control-____________ 41
Clapeatnuiiemo th O Mio kenomt 04 eis Cal ee ee 54
aoe Cesena e ONavi cya kanye ake) 04 ie Se A ah OE Ses i ee ena PEN mea 55)
new enemy, member of Cecidomyiide, appearance________________ 54-55
Grapevine, protection from leaf-hopper, use of spray___________ as = AZ
rootworm, Ohio and New York reports for 1904__~________ ~ 5204
Grasshoppers) Colorado. reports fOr AOOAe aes Bee eee 61
CMUSTAIMO UNO LONLeMyOlMm COMLLO] MOLE Smears s aenis bien yl a See 40, 41
FRCOUNISEGUSOLCLE RG COLrela LepoOni for O04 ee Sa eA TO
Elemiptera, genera subject to legislation___________ A leno ate ails barat tine ae 1)
Hessian fly, avoidance by delay in wheat planting_______ Sh LLM A opened 14
< diminution of numbers by destroying volunteer wheat Lee te A G2
CG CORA ECT O filapl OTs lO eer wees ee Se eh Ne 71-72
IMI CLEA SS siti OO ny oO Aree eae oe ee SETAE es eet 50
Minnesota and Ohio reports for 1904______________ LOTS 5D
Enibernation: cotton boll, weeyil, remarks] 04) 2222. 2 ee 15529305
Hippodamia convergens, Georgia report for 1904__._.--___-____-__ 70
Page
Honey, and bee: iNGUSErY,: DT a INCH CS ees ae oe va eer ea cp epee eS 103
bees. See Bees. :
Eoppertree) buffalo, New) VOrk=report, OO k wae eee es Pane Se eae 2 ara 51
Household insects. See Insects, household.
Hydrated lime emulsion, insecticide use, note__________________________ 91
Hydrocyanic-acid gas, fumigation of household insects and their eggs
SOME MIOTES. APE Diy Vie a LDL eae a ee 95-97
USE against Cod lime ro telnet eee ee 101-103
Eby MmMenopterous. insects: Cuban, suSebuline Scie ee ee ene 29
TEU PECLASDUS Sp-,, MinMeSOta ep Ort Ore OAs ey ee eee 57
Hyphantria cunea. See Web worm, fall.
lextOr sGeorela: TEPOLes TO TOO Ae eee pa ieee ite 70
Icerya purchasi, destruction by Novius (Vedalia) cardinalis____________- 75D
Idaho cricket. See Cricket.
Insect control, importance, remarks (see also Insects) —-- == 8 9
‘ planting cand venltivatvions sce laiti@ mae eee eens seep pena 14
MOMAS:) FTO PO Sell] Bases ae we a er GU isa 20-21
depredations losses in farms O Gi Ct Wasco 12
relation to increase of crops and orchards___________ ‘i
EMEFZENCE) LAIN Fall Vas Cae CO ae ah aN eNO Se Tae 36
Legsislatiro mia MAM TEE OES Ceres uaa Ti ea Ty yee ee ee ee 19-20
ESE, SUUIGI. SUB AOS EONS ae ae a eRe Oe enc eh Corte ae art
probiems, suggestions OL“ VEMECCTCS ese ee a Ae eee 24
Insecticide, sweet-potato weevil, use of arsenates (see also (CRORES) SES 7
Insecticides and parasites for insect pests, variableness of results_______-_ 75
experiments for cottony maple scale____ zs EEE SS
Kinds! FOr USEs AL ADAS CAMS Se oe EP ee ae ee a ea a 84
maple scale, preparation and, applications 222s 87
MOre LMpPoOr tats MOTE bse be ees TE ee Ey aerate 2 oe ee en 13
PEOPLE tATyy, CES N ess, We Ae Kas ees ae SE eRe ie eek eee 74
testing, committee on cooperation, names___________________ 74
Insects, codling moth and other; remedies, MOteS ie ost acre re Sa ee eae epnet 23
Cuban; paperbyer Mel eC OO kee ae ee eaten eee EL READ MEI A Sean
economic; of the year 1904, in Ohio, paper by A. F. Burgess______= 52-53
- Georgia, for year 1904, paper by Wilmon Newell and R. I. Smith__ 69-74
hibernating as adults, hypothesis for fixing date of maximum
CMMErS ONCE” eS Ee Ne DTN 8 2) a0 00 Pape eevee eee Ee 34-37
household, and their eggs, fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas,
paper bya): Phillips Deis ICAO pees eet doe apt De S| Na 95-97
injurious, in Minnesota in 1904, paper by me Washburn papa ae eg 55-57
instances of widespread damage!) 252) 2 27 ee 9
lite: history, “Studies; remark S ke ere ae Bene panel parte (nn ae _ 18-19
names recommended for exclusive use, list_______________-______ 93-94
notes for the: year: New Work... 222 es ee eee gee 51-52
of the year [1904] in Colorado, paper by ©. P. Gillette___________ 58-61
Ohio, brief notes for 1904, paper by Herbert Osborn_________-__~_ 49-51
(pests), shade tree, Colorado report for 1904________________=_- 59
predatory,—introduced into New Jersey, present status, paper by
H (Co) OU AVIA eee CU 0 WMaRtOR Rete Ua Ea sel ry MRE EN Alga AU NERA RL LS Ure cee OS 74-79
temperature ‘relation: o.oo a2 ee er IE Ss Pa ee 19
Texas, miscellaneous notes, paper by A. F. Conradi BATS IR pra 66-68
Iridomyrmex humilis. See Ant.
italian “bees, characteris ties. 22 ee ole aie ae et ie ole cn melee te tr oe ee eee 105
Ithycerus noveboracensis, Georgia report for 1904_____________________- 70
JOHNSON, JEFFERSON, statement regarding $50,000 prize for boll weevil
COTE ie a ee SEL, CS eee eats eae ag 16-17
S. ARTHUR, paper on ‘Distribution and migrations of the Mor-
mon cricket (Anabrus simplex) in Colo-
NEKO (0 Se ashe ie pM ec Cea Vane RR ga esl Ne 62-66
“The cottony maple scale; an unusual out-
break and experiments with insecticides” 85-88
j
IN)
Page.
Kerosene. See Coal oil.
emulsion, insecticide, experiment against maple scale_______ 86, 87, 88
use against coffee leaf-miner_____________ 99
cottony, maple scale 2222222222 90-91
SpE? WeCAMiINIM | SPEClese tas 2 ana ee OU a ee 57
use against leaf- hopper AU VEIT CS OC est eee fee ae 45, 46
Kero-water, spraying Lecanium species f havi INU eake bots Merlo a a ah DT
use against leaf-hopper in Minnesota sah gc, AACR Bu a het Ae Ll 46, 47
Klinophilos lectularia. See Clinocoris lectularia.
Lady beetle. See Ladybird.
WadvbindvASiatie mMISelacaiMsSt Scale inseectse ws. kot ha ee 69, 79
(Chilocorus similis) introduction into New Jersey____-__--___ 76-77
(lady beetle) Chinese, New York report, 1904_________________ 51-52
OMiosTeport Or OOL Ms mee ene, Ae ee LA 52-53
Ladybug. See Ladybird.
Laurent, Philip, work with Paratenodera sinensis, note__________________ TS
Lead, arsenate. See Arsenate of lead.
Leaf worm, cotton, value in control of cotton boll weevil, note___________ 3
Leaf- beetleselimvappeakancerate Dayton wOlioe 220 osc yi Sa ee 50
INS WoO aah e PONG OE ee EAS ie Ne ai a Se a RA Dik
OMLO PRED OL CYROT LOO As eee is eae ad EE Sagal ee aa 5D
Leaf-hopper, destructive, work for control, preliminary report, paper by
Suheus eg NV CAS OO UIIET peel re aeeTe Us WC Na mem Na Hoty eh ACA a AN IE LL Neg 43-47
Hmpoasca mali, life history, remarks Sea ig A at re eR ee Th ated ON 44
SEAPEVINE wOLOLECHON MISC! Ole Spay. oot, Wil a Sn AT
MiIMMESOLA Se POG: TOT MOO is uae ele AS Nn nce 56
S [OTE AVA STO Tag COMMUTE teste ea Se ae Sy Li ee EA ele 46-47
Mearminersbeeu Colorado reponiitor 19042 422 seo ee ee ee ee 61
coieeMinportancerin, @ubae syn ss ee a a ee ee 28
life history and treatment—_____-_~_ ela oles ty a0 Ss caine 98-99
JOSH) OXST eH nr N's (Coo haved REC ayo) Lape as oA AnD, ea ns Aap aa a ey a 97-99
picking of coffee leaves in spraying__.________________ 99
Wecamilm=> Species Minnesotaaneport, for d904ie ee eae ee ae 57
uegislation, insect, statement for United States._-=2 5 =~ 322 = 2 19-20
DrOposalyrocecontrolsor boll weeviles eee is ee ee ea 40
1EENIOMMCLECS Mju, yank, nidomyurimer MwmnitS=.= soe. De ee ee ee 83
lreprdopteras. Cubans pUupaLlOn woOeCGiOdSs sea ole Tae ewes ee ae 28
genera subject to legislation______ NSS ee SN i EP 20
Leucopter a coffeella. See Leaf-miner, coffee.
Lice, plant. See Plant lice.
WC OURUS UGICEDS uO COLSa sre pores tora OO04u es pene es ee ee eee (Ps
Lime and Paris green mixture, use against Alabama argillacea__________ 70
hydrated, use as insecticide, TO Ce See RON ML Menon eh CALM 91
salt, and sulphur wash, usefulness, notes______-~_____ pli as DR Pay,
sulphur, and salt wash, usefulness in eastern United States Lied pane 13
Lime-sulphur-salt insecticide, experiment on maple seale ____________ 86, 87, 88
WAS new. LORMUlAraAnGdopLepAratlOM se went eta 26
DOO ISUCCESS HIM INE Wr JeLSe yes Se ee Os ee ath
use against San Jose scale in Georgia__-_______- s) 69
washes, experiments, paper by E. P. Felt...) = 25-28
“Lincoln bug.’ See Cryptocephalus obsoletus.
iverOals,ODSEEVaAllONOkcamt MeEStS: MOL m a kee a i a 80
Mocs mplack= Inhestatone byselea=)eetle=tssss aah ON ee 53
IOKES CA uLOTE Ww alta alll =m AlGES wom Oem ume sne ese aoe ih by a a oT
seventeen-year, Ohio report for DIRS 0) 72 be 2k ie oh aaa apa are TANSRES Raet S 54
Locusts, black, infestation with cottony maple scale, note_______________ $5
Louisiana, distribution of ant Iridomyrmex hwmilis________ ESET te SEES,
INe wa O Glens ciMlay pes ta sep Or, bee weds sO. Fan La eee 79-84
Loxostege sticticalis. See Webworm.
LE LCOMS. SAPRUCIUIS LATO RU CY WO) CEMKEXGA EAE) CCP) SIE ws a ee 53-04
Waco map len ONO me pOtiteLOOAs ems yk ew huts Se ee 51
EACISM MO OlLOLAGCOMeCD Oba LO In OOA os eas ce a 59-60
WINE Ai-SteMe Minne Sotaerenont, fOr pl GO4eee ee Les eu 56
120
Page
Measnolias iImsect Injuries In= Georgia ied GOA eee ee eee eee a2
Maltacosoma,americana, Ohio report tor: 1902 ee eee 53
Malaria, spread by mosquitoes, Texas observation______________________ 68
Mantid, Paratenodera sinensis, introduction into New Jersey____________ 77-78
Mantis danger to aphid-eatine. coccinellid= notes =a as ae eee 7
Manis TeltgiOsa, introducvon into IN@w eis Cys 2 7S
Map Mormon, Crickets territory, COLO Ox ee see eee ee ee 64
Maple, infestation with cottony maple scale, note _______________________ Hf
Scale cottony. Colorado report hor OOS eee ee 59
LOO: PLANES VIShSSe soe ee eS ee ee 90
lite history and: Sprayins, rememkse = oes eee oa eee 85
Minnesotas report tor 19042 see a eee aT
unusual outbreak and insecticide experiments, paper
by: -Ss'Arthur; Johnson! 222 Sa ee eee 85-S8
work for destruction at Chicaeoss = 2a. 89-91
Sort, infestation with eottony, maple Scale= == 92.5 see 85-91
fall-makers! “note 222) SS ea ee teen DT
Mayetiola destructor. See Hessian fly.
Mealy bugs, infestation of sugar cane and citrus fruits__________________ SO, 81
Mediterranean flour-moth. See Flour moth.
Megapis dorsata and MW. zonata. See Bees, giant.
MMeltanoplus spp.,-Coloradorrepont for 19042332 ee eee 61
Melittia satyriniformis, Georgia report, broods, etc., for 1904 _.__________ 72
Melon aphis, Colorado report for 1904______ es si Bates aE Re Ee 60
Members, Association of Economic Entomologists, list. eee 109-112
Meraporus sp: Cecidomylid parasites 2) =. es ee ee eee aT
Meromyea americana, Minnesota report for 1904-222 _*=— 252 2) eS 56
Migration, sweet-potato. weevil, remarks... 2 eee ee 67-68
Migrations, Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex) in Colorado in 1904______ 62-66
Minnesota, injurious insects in 1904, paper by F. L. Washburn___________ 55-97
nurseries, destructive leaf-hopper, note_=+ = -_- 7s 2 ee 43
Nite phytoptus, ‘Colorado report: tor 29042" 2 See 59
Mormon cricket. See Cricket.
Mosquitoes; Texas observations Inel90422 3.2 2 Se ee ee eer 68
transmission of disease, study and publications_____________ 22-28
Moth. See Codling moth, Flour moth, Gypsy moth, and Webworm.
Myzus cerasi, cherry aphis, Colorado report for 1904____-=_ == 2 Se 58
Naphthalin; effect-on eges of cabinet Deetlel== 25-252 =. ee a 48
Nectarophora pisi, pea aphis, Colorado report for 1904_____________=____ 60
Newelneland; -black-fly as: pest== 2" 222 a ee eee 100
Hampshire, black-fly, annoyance and means of extermination_____ 100-101
Jersey, insects injurious and beneficial, discouraging condition_____ ri 78
lime-sulphur wash, poor SUCCeSsee eas ae ee eee 27
present status of predatory insects introduced, paper by
John. Be \Smitl se es ee ae A re ee ek eee eee 74-79
Orleans, occurrence of pest of ant Jridomyrmex humilis, paper by
Wyse Se Gis, VCS so Se ee 79-84
York, insect notes for the year [1904]. paper by E. P. Felt__________ 51-52
spraying grapevines for control of leaf-hopper_______________ AT
NEWELL, WILMON, aid in introduction of ladybird into New Jersey_______ 17
and R. I. SMITH, paper on “ Insects of the year 1904 in
GreOroial? «Sohne. ec he Ss Sa ee ae oe 69-74
Nomenclature, committee’ recommendations] = 22) ee 93
Novius (Vedalia) cardenalis, California work, note___--__=- = re)
Nurseries; control of San Jose:scale, nole2 2 = eee Dal
injuries by leaf-hopper (Empoasca mali), notes___________-___ 43, 44
Oak, insect injury in Georgia iin 19042298 = 2 Pe ee a eee (e4
Officers, Association of, Economic Entomologists, nomination and election. 91—92
Ohio, economic insects of 1904, paper by A. F’. Burgess______-________-____ 52-55
insects, brief notes for 1904, paper by Herbert Osborn_______-______ 49-51
Oil. See Coal oil.
Omorgus (Campopler) frwmentarius. Georgia report for 1904___________ (5
Oncoideres cingulata, Texas report for 1904 3 =] ee eee G6
Onions, insect, Injury in Texas.22- 6332 eee 66
IAL
Page
Orehardvenemies;, Colorado) report fomsl9042 2 2 28 Pee es 58-59
Orchards, increase in trees in United States, 1890-1900__________________ a
Orthoprera,crasshoppersssubyjectstollesislations 22222. ae ee ee 19
Osborn, HERBERT, paper on “ Brief notes on Ohio insects for 1904 ”’?_______ 49—51
Oscinis soror, Minnesota report for 1904_____________-_- Bos ktes See Ee 56
Oviposition, date, hypothesis for insects hibernating as adults ca NE cae a By By
Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex), notes___ EE Se pee abit OYA, (B28
SWEECL-DOEAIOMWEe VI remnant Sis e|S we ee See 67
Hacoda, Colorado snumibers of \iormon cricketso2=52 wi ae 65
ONEECTUCG, VCENGCE nO MO; Fe WOT OO Ae eee i ee a ie ee Ee D8
Palms, infestation with mealy bugs, notes_________ Mia eee Deir ane mee sk Os) IL
Papaipema nitela, New York report, 1904_____________ ge a ch SPL ES uae 51
Parasites and insecticides for insect pests, variableness of results________ 75
Paratenodera sinensis, introduction into New Jersey_ ESL 9 St Tt-18
Paris green and lime mixture, use against Aletia argillacea_____________- 70
opposing views as to use against boll weevil_________________ 42
use and failure as boll weevil remedy________-________+_____ 39
Reaxaphis .Coloradomreport, for 190452522 seen Uiaes ia se Mina 60
Beacheaphnissplack.Colorado TeportitorelG04 -ae se ee eee eee 59
HOLE SMTA Der Seine Ol sel OA ten tees ee Ce a 5O
orchard, injury by red-legged flea-beetle in Ohio___________________ 53
orchards, injury by plum curculio__ ig eke Ate Ak oem wes Ae a 69
trees and blossoms, injuries by insects in “Georgia EERE ie. JOUL, Wel Seabiers Ws 70
RearanlichtansectsrasemeansrOl SpreaGew etek au hee ae ae a es 108
Rsv lameNews, MOnmeirep Ort, hol O04: Mein Aiwa Vi telson Cue CNN 51
Shwe iM UEyelOrcherry.eLeesinimne OO se tense ie oe Ge en oes te tea) 49
Bears GestnuchOnsDyad Ml hieCOmMUnnlee UNITS == i were se ee ee 85
RecaneainyunysOveainsects in Georgia imW 904 ea lk ewe a eee es 70
REGOMUG UIiCiINnd, .«COlOLadO TeDOn 1 GOAS ee =e es ee ee ee ee 61
Eennsylvaniawuseror siime-sulp inure wash =a Se eee 28
Renna misella occurrence in New, Jersey, notes 2222 eet oe eee reas
Pests. See Insects.
ON CROLOMOUALIOULLIS-GeOLSance DOLE tOr il GOL acetone 73
PHILLIes, J. L., paper on “Some notes on the fumigation of household
INSECtSmyaithehyvaroOcy aAnic=ACl Cer AS gs ce fee eS Le eee eee 95-97
Ehinotas ols use against black tiyes eens Soy Oe ee ee eee 100
Phy Lopidz Senusrsib eEchstomecislation ee ees ke eee Ses Ss ME ae 19
Ehytopuis mite: Colorado.eport for 190422 ee ee ee 59
JE VAS Ae OU ESSE HI yay, Nit) a) EEK Cry Ta Te IL a AI I ye MR Dil
Plant lice; Colorado: report. torsl904 i(sce, also Aphis) 2225-20 ae ee ee 58-59
GUS creilutromccin dina Caos a tS assem ee oe ee Te igs Us eae 80, 81
ING ya COTO CD OTs mG O Zot ee ere a ee Se Me I Fs | SNe ee 51
Rinmeaphnis, creen- Colorado “reports kor 19042 oo) See ae oe ee 5S
eurculio, Georgia report for 1904___________ Yah AED RG) EL, a PS aN 69
Miinmesotaere Orme red O04 Sew Ei ye ee ene Ree) i cal 56
ODL aUKG)S sees OKC NES EO catia AS LO PE ae Ea ee SS ee ae ene Renee 51
OVICITOSUS UIbCEnG. Ohio Lepore LornslO04 i yaw Gh ee ee D+
Boplar, infestation with oak borer-in Colorado; notes 2 2) 59
EODlars auldCkaOhewlllowe weevil al Olee sts eee ere Se ane i se 51
INE Stahlonawikhy willow CurecMliO2 =a. 2s es ENS Tiptree ee 56
INSeCehm Uy Colorado ine! O04 notes vis was ya ee 59
Porto Rico, coffee trees, infestation with leaf miner_ Ey Spies, Cle 97
Potassium cyanide, use in fumigation against codling moth ives fone a at pa 102
i incccticide RUMAH O Mp aM sed Coen vie Dei ie 95
Potato flea-beetle, Colorado report for 1904 VE ING a ADEM ae a my ee eee 6
EOE AtOCS TIGNES ULM ULE Va VR WC Wills eee ning AN eae epee ot Ne a OT
Powder post beetle, injury to electric cars______________ SI ATS ths Uy a te NeR TAAL
President, United States, remarks on protection against insects__________ Q
MONOLYSLUSUBOOLILIE:, COlOrAdO report, for 1904222222. 59
Proprietary insecticides, testing, remarks________ +m Spiel 7 cry Sy aeaiy Uso 74.
PSE UCOCOCCUS Cli CiStrbutiOn andecanre bya ants 22 ts 80
Psylla pyri, New York report, 1904____ ta sh Sig LN a MiP BAS Sg Sia al aul
HUMIC HONS. econonic, entomology. character 2-82 a -18
use of trade names, names of persons, ete he
122
Page
Pulvinaria amygdali, destruction by Asiatic ladybird, note_______________ 69
innumerabilis. See also Maple scale, cottony.
THE SS Get COTM GTN TG Sak se 1 eng oe le 89
some experiences, paper by Howard Evarts
Weed = 22:2 25 eu ae Se ee a a ee 88-91
QUAINTANCE, A. L., address on “ Some present-day features of applied en-
OMTOLO SY AND, ATIC Cea? iy Ue ee Nea pee te 5-25
Ouwarantine, insect, ineffectiveness, N@te= S222. os sa eee eee 41
Radish mazeot, ‘Colorado report or TOO As se ae eee er eel eee eae eee 59
Rainfall, destruction of hibernating brood of boll weevil______________~_ 33
relation (toinsSeetaemenrs GriGew ase ee eee ee a eg ee ee 36
variation in weevil-infested region of cotton growing___________ 15
Red-legged flea-beetle, injury to peach in Ohio______________-___ 4 3
“ Remedies,” boll weevil, improbability of discovery -~2-2 2 222%). =e 39
mnagoletis pomonella, Ohio report, 19045252 soe ia ee a ee eee 51
Rhizobius lophante, introduction into New Jersey, result___.___________- 75-76
Koot-worm, corn, Ohio report, 1904 (see alsoiGrape) = eee ak
grapevine, work in New York in 190422) ee eee 52
Rotation, cotton with cowpeas; relation to Chalcodermus eneus___----~. se (a
Salt, lime, sulphur wash. See Lime.
San Jose scale, coccinellid, introduction, necessity of care________________ 79
Golorado ‘report fort 2O0420 es A Net 59
Gistribucionsy ana Tests] a tO ee ia ea ere poe ZONDE
Georgia. Teport sor, TOOL. See ee ee See ae iy ae er Ee pee 69
New: York reports 190A 2s ee ee ee ee eee Bill
parasites, failures in introduction “into New Jersey_____-_ 75-17
predatory-inseets: for control; problema 222 as ee 74-75
Pexas Teport fOr LOOL es ea ea a eee 66
SANDERSON, E. DWIGHT, paper on “ Some observations on the cotton boll
TEENA On eae ia 1 ae pL peda eM Se PE el ae NY a AA ee ES Te 29-41
NOMMILOlled. CLitiosad, Mumberssn: Ohio<19042.255 Se eee 50
pawtly, violet, New York report; 1904.02) 2 eee ee eee sa
Scale insects, kinds subject of legislation (see also Cherry, Maple, San
Jose; and Toumeyellatungid a) 22 ee eee
Scurty,, proposed; cyanide fumigation=— 22s. Sis se eS eee
echizoneura lanigera, Colorado report for 19042225 ae eee
Scientific activity, present era, remarks_____ em ma ae tra ONE so OT ee
Screw. WOLM, Occurrence’ in -Ohios 1m TOOL es ee ee
Scymnus marginicollis, introduction into New Jersey, result______________
Shade tree pests, Colorado report fori904)22 S65 a ee
trees, infestation with cottony maple seale_____-_____-___=___ == =~
Silke production, American, preliminary work! 52) ee ee
Simuliium venustum. See Black fly.
sSmorylon basilare, Georgia report fOr DIOLS See ee oe eee
Slug, pear;-injury- to: cherry: trees In OhiOs 2s Se ee ae eee ee
SMITH, JOHN B., paper on * The present status of predatory insects intro-
duced ‘imto New Jersey ”_______ ties pape en Com naee Nerbrdeens ACS | OE
R. I. and WILMON NEWELL, paper on “ Insects of the year 1904 in
GeOreiar ge 2 eee eno uae Beet ie 8 ee eee
Soap, soft, 50 per cent naphtha, use in n kerosene emulSion2 . 4.2 See tehe eee
Soda arsenate insecticide Use, NOle 282s Soe kee a eS oe ee eee
caustic and sal, use in lime-sulphur wash (see also Caustic soda) ___
Sorghum, Shelter for cottons boll weevil] See ee eee ee eee
Spray, dust, experiments against leaf-hoppers in Minnesota____________-
kerosene emulsion and kero-water, use ane leaf-hoppers_____-_
Spraying, codling moth, Colorado report for 190422. > ssi) Sf tee eee
cottony maple Seale; SUSFeSEONS 0. ee ai Be ee
machine, for leaf-hopper, details of construction ______________
maple seale, use of kerosene emuUlSio ms 2 Sees
use of lime- sulphur and other washes= 3225 =
Squash bug, Ohio report, 1904___ LEG ul 2 2 TE Se ag te ae Sa ee
Stalk borer, New: York report; W904 02" * 2 ae ee Se ee eee
Stalks, cotton, destruction as means of weevil control___________________
Sugar cane, infestation by mealy bugss2..2_ S223 2) 42) er
123
Sugar-beet webworm. See Webworm
Sulphur, lime, salt wash. See Lime.
Sulphuric acid, use in making hydrocyanic-acid gas for fumigation____~_ 95, 102
Summers, heat and dryness, relation to boll weevil increase______+_---___ 37
Sweet-potato weevil. See Weevil. :
NUSECHUAULONAG GeoLreia repoite tom LOO4s se ee eee 71
Temperature, effect on cotton boll weevil, remarks ___________-____=+=______ 29
MMM MON? O fol SCCOLOCSUG his as ee Ae ee eee 19
relation to,emerzence of boll) weevile 22-28 a2 eee 33, 34-37
Tent caterpillar, OMLOSGe pO lO Aste eee Ee os Rite Ee Se a ee 53
ests. proprietary, msecticides, remarks; and committee =-—*— 2 922 22 2es T-
REUZGSHLCHUSESD: HOeCClGOmylidY parasites e222 oe ee eee ia
Mexasscliinavicwvariation, relation to boll weevil 23 so. 2500 Ne eee Slee
cotton boll weevil problem, $50,000 reward for control, results of
FO) IE 2) tars Dem Bie aS OR oa eR TN pee Py eee ol fh Da ced Se Con CW 16
insect control proposed, “remarks SE EEE AS RETR alt cs BG mee ena ee PE 20-21
miscellaneous notes [insects], paper by A. F. Conradi_____________ 66-68
southern, climatic conditions, as cause of loss of cotton by weevil__ 382, 33
ihuyraopteryac epremereronmnis Ohio report, 1904 —— 2 es ee 5O
Tibicen septendecim, cicada, Ohio report for 1904______ eyes: pal el 54
Titus, H. S. G., paper on “ New Orleans ant, [ridomyrmex humilis” ______ 79-84
Tobacco stems, insecticide, experiment against cottony maple scale_______ 87, 88
Uselacainstowoollys applesaphis;) notes2- 2.30. sn ee ee 58
TRoumevyeue turgida, Georcia report for 190422 ee [2
Trade names, use in publications, discussion____ EY ee) Scent eu peas | 7/2?
MTrApLeCLop-.COWDeaAs MO CALCOCErNIUS
cultural methods for control of boll weevil________ 39-40
Webworm, fall, broods in Connecticut, paper by W. HE. Britton_____-_____ 42-43
OOP EWOT ALS OA aes aeeicnr ele Tonk kA Ce aera i 50-51
ligar-peet, Colorado: reportrton N90E 2 ee ee 60-61.
WEED, HowArkp EvartTs, paper on “‘ Some experiences with Pulvinaria ’”’__ 88-91
Weevil, cotton boll. See Boll weevil, cotton.
SLCC UO LALO wale LEM ShOIVAp NOLES i Serine majo Ure ts ee Wee aN 67
MOXACHEED Oli pO Imrie Ose aon musiee SAREE LAR Ain ee ey tae te bio U 66-68
ALON RS [OIC Aha MIN | ONO mane aoe ae Seto Me Ree enn Ch eu 49—50
Whale-oil soap insecticide, experiment against maple scale___________ 86, 87, 88
Vilteate less aie iyenCaliiae emi GC COLS lata a ebony 2 els ae i eee 71
Wheat-stem maggot, Minnesota report for 1904_._____________~___=__ 56
Williams Iver Mountains, Colorado, breeding ground of Mormon cricket_ 62,
63, 64, 65
Willow aunculie: imported: Minnesota, report tor 1904 ees ee a 56-57
tree, New Orleans, infestation with ant, Jridomyrmex hwmnilis___ 83
SOLENT els Sy On SPATS | MAW aT OM MV ICG) eae ko eR NT aa eel rer 49-50
nNOS ralchaCknOls WAllOWanvieeVEl MOLGr as ye lea his ee pe a Sie ee 50
Miner elcome tO. COLLOM DOlk WweeviIlcontrol et! 8 SFr ed eis be a5)
Mmocdlandwshelter torscotton boll wieeyiles Vet eo ore Ne BI
KMvOni screw. vocceuErence In» Ohioczin WO042 23 222 ee ey 50
ZOplLoolnorossulane, Colorado report, tor 19042225 59
O