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Proceedinas

OF
THE SOUTH LONDON

ENTOMOLOGICAL & NATURAL HISTORY

SOCIETX

1919=20

WITH TWO PLATE5

PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY'S EOOMS

HIBBRNIA CHAMBBBB, LONDON BRIDGE, 8.E.
PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS.

REPORT COMMITTEE:

R. ADKIN, STANLEY EDWARDS, A. E. TONGE, &nd H. J. TURNER,

Hon. Editor.

H. R. AROHER, PRINTER, 35, AVONDALE SQUARE, 8.B.

THE SOUTH LONDON

Entomological & Natural History Society

(Established 1872)

HiBERNiA Chambers, London Bridge, S.E. I.
OFFICERS 81 COUNCIL

1920-21.

K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc, F.E.S.

STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
E. J. BUNNETT, M.A., F.E.S.

©oitncil.

E. ADKIN, F.E.S. T. W. HALL, F.E.S.
R. T. BOWMAN. N. D. RILEY, F.E.S.
L. E. DUNSTER. Dr. G. C. ROBERTSON.

F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. E. STEP, F.L.S.
LACHLAN GIBB, F.E.S.

W. WEST. A. W. DODS.

^on. CBbttov.

H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E. 14.

A. E. TONGE, F.E.S., Aincroft, Grammar School Hill, Reigate.

S. EDWARDS, F.L.S. , F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. (General Sec),

15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S., 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E. 14.

THE SOUTH LONDON

ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

HIBERMA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec-
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each month,
from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Rooms are
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting
Specimens.

SUBSCRIPTION.

Ten Shilliiiija yer Annitvi, with an Entrance Fee of Two Slullings
and Sixpence.

All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary, •

STANLEY EDWAEDS, F.L.S., etc.,

15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.

PAST PRESIDENTS-

1872-4.

J. 11. Weli.man (dec).

1875-6.

A. B. Earn, F.E.S.

1877 .

J. P. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec).

1878 .

J. T. Williams (dec).

1879 .

R. Standen, F.E.S. (dec).

1880 .

. A. FiCKLiN (dec).

1881 .

Y. R. Perkins, F.E.S.

1882 .

T. R. BiLLUPs, F.E.S. (dec).

1883 .

. J. R. Wellman (dec).

1884 .

. W. West, L.D.S. (dec).

1885 .

. R. South, F.E.S.

1886-7.

. R. Adkin, F.E.S.

1888-9.

. T. R. BiLLDPS, F.E.S. (dec).

1890 .

. J. T. Carringion, F.L.S.

(dec.)

1891 .

. W.H.TuGWELL,PH.C.(dec)

1892 .

. C.G.Barrett, F.E.S. (dec)

189.? .

. J. J. WEiR,F.L.S.,etc.(dec.)

1894 .

. E. Step, F.L.S.

1895 . .

T. W. Hall, F.E.S.

1896 . .

R. South, F.E.S.

1897 ..

R. Adkin, F.E.S.

1898 ..

J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec).

1899 ..

A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec).

1900 ..

W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

1901 ..

H. S. Fremlin, F.E.S., etc.

1902 ..

F. NoAD Clark.

1903 ..

E. Step, F.L.S.

1904 ..

A. SicH, F.E.S.

1905 ..

H. Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.

1906-7..

E. Adkin, F.E.S.

1908-9..

A. Sick, F.E.S.

1910-11.

W. J. Kate, F.E.S.

1912-13.

A. E. ToNGE, F.E.S.

1914-15.

B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S.

1916-17.

Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.

1918-19

Stanley Edwards, F.L.S.,

etc.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Chief subjects of Study : — h, Hymenoptera ; o, Orthopteni ; he, Hemiptera;
n, Neuroptera ; c, Coleopteia ; d, Diptera ; Z, Lepidoptera ; ool, Oology ; orn,
Ornithology ; r, Keptilia ; m, Mollusca ; cr, Crustacea ; h. Botany ; mi, Microscopy ;
e, signifies Exotic forms.

Ykar of
Election.
1920 Abbott, S., 110, Inchmary Road, Catford, Kent. I.

1886 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., Trenowith, Hope Park, Bromley,

Kent. I, orn.
1882 Adkin, R., F.E.S., Council, Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne. I.
1901 Adkin, R. A., Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne, vt.
1907 Andrews, H. W., F.E.S., Woodside, Victoria Road, Eltham,

S.E.9. d.
1901 Armstrong, Capt. R. R., B.A., B.C. (Cantab), M.R.C.S.,

F.R.C.P., 55, Granville Park, Lewisham, S.E. 13. e, I.
1919 Ash, D. V., Ashleigh, Hook Road, Surbiton. I.

1895 AsHBY, S. R., F.E.S., 39, Park Lane, Wembley, c, Z.

1888 Atmore, E. a., F.E.S., 48, Higb Street, King's Lynn, Nor-
folk. L

1896 Barnett, T. L., 19, Osmond Gardens, Wallington, Surrey. I.

1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckbam, S.E. 15. I.
1912 Bateson, Dr. W., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., Tbe Manor House,

Merton, Surrey. (Hon. Member.)
1911 Blair, K. G., B.Sc, F.E.S., President, " Claremont,"

120, Sunningfields Road, Hendon, N.W. 4. n, c.
1911 Blenkarn, S. a., F.E.S., Burford Lodge Cottage, West

Humble, Dorking. I, c, odonata.
1898 Bliss, M. F., Capt., M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., P.E.S., 130,

Higb Down Road, Luton, Beds. I.
1909 Bowman, R. T., CokhcH, 68, Mornington Road, Chingford. I.
1919 Box, L. A., Lieut., 80, Nortbampton Road, Croydon, h.
1887 Briggs, T. H., M.A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth,R.S.O.,

N. Devon. I.
1909 Bright, P. M., F.E.S., Cberiton, Porcbester Road, Bourne-

moutb. I.
1900 Browne, G. B., Tborndene, S. Benfleet, Essex, l.
1909 Buckstone, a. A. W., 307a, Kingston Road, Merton Park,

Wimbledon, SW. 19. L

IV

Year of
Election.

1915 BuNNETT, E. J., M.A., Vice-Premlent, 19, Silverdale, Sydenham,

S.E. 26. mi.
1890 BuTLEK, W. E., F.E.S., Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading.
I, c.

1889 Cant, A., F.E.S., 33, Fesfcing Road, Putney, S.W. 15. I, mi.

1910 Cardew, Major P. A., East Hill House, Queenstown, Co.

Cork. l.
1886 Carpenter, J. H., F.E.S., Redcot, Belmont Road, Leather-
head, Surrey. I.
1899 Cakr, F. B., 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. 12. L
1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., M.A., L.Th., The Vicarage, Alvanley,
Nr. Helsby, Cheshire. I, n.

1897 Chapman, T.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S.,Betula, Reigate,

Surrey. I.
1879 Clode, W. {Life viewber.)

1916 Cockayne, E. A.^ M.D., F.E.S., 1 6, Cambridge Square, W. 2. I.
1899 Colthrup, C. W., 103, Woodvvarde Road, E. Duhvich, S.E. 22.

I, ool, orn.
1907 Coote, F. D., 25, Pendle Road, Streatham, S.W. 6. /, h,
1919 Coppeard, B., 12, King's Avenue, Windmill Lane, Southall. l.

1919 Cornish, G. H., 51, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,

S.E. I.e.

1909 GouLSEN, F. J., 17, Birdhurst Road, Colliers Wood, Merton,

S.W. 19. I.
1918 Court, T. H., De Aston Grammar School, Market Rasen,

Lincolnshire. I.
1902 Cowham, F. W., 118, Minard Road, Hither Green, S.E. 13. l.

1920 Cox, F. W., 26, Crown Street, Reading. I.

1911 CoxHEAD, G. W., 36, Linthorpe Road, Stamford Hill, N. 16.

Life ]\Iernber. c.

1899 Crabtree, B. H., F.E.S., Holly Bank, Alderley Edge,

Cheshire. Z.

1918 Craufurd, Clifiord, Home Summer Road, E. Molesey. I.

1920 Crocker, Capt. W\, 41, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.

1898 Crow, E. J., 26, Tindal Street, North Brixton, S.VV\ 9. L

1910 CuRWEN, B. S., 9, Lebanon Park, Twickenham. I.

1888 Dawson, W. G., F.E.S., The Manor House, Upper Wick,
Worcester. [Life member.) I.

1900 Day, F. H., F.E.S., 26, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. I, r.

1912 Dexter, S., 12, Stiles Way, Beckenham.

V
Year of
Election.
1889 Denxis, a. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W. 1.

I, 1)1 i, h.
1918 DixEY, F. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Wadham College, Oxford.

Ho)i. Meiiiher.
1901 DoDs, A. W., Hon. Librarian, 88, Alkham Road, Stamford

Hill, N. 16. l. .
1912 DuNSTKR, L. E., Council, 41, St. John's Wood Terrace, N.W.

3. I.

1886 Edwards, S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Vice-in-emlent, 15, St.

German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3. I, d.

1915 Fag(x, T. a., 55, Mt, Pleasant Road, Lewisham, S.E. 13. I.

1918 Farquhak, L., 10, Gray's Inn Square, W.C. 1. /.

1887 Fletcher, W. H. B., M.A., F.E.S., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,

Sussex. {Life )neiiiber.) I.
1889 Ford, A., South View, 36, Irving Road, West Southbourne,

Bournemouth, Hants. I, r.
1915 Foster, T. B., Parkview Road, Addiscombe, Croydon. L

1907 FouNTAiNE, Miss M. E., F.E.S., 1727, Wilcox Avenue,

Hollywood, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A. L
1912 Freeman, C. N., 54-5, Coleman Street, E.C. 2. L
1886 Fremlin, Major H. S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., " Mark-
inch," Nether Street, N. Finchley.

1919 Frisby, G. E., F.E.S., 31, Darnley Road, Gravesend. hijm.
1912 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., P.E.S., Comiril, "Uplands,"

Thundersley, Rayleigh, Essex. I, or)i.
1915 Fryer, Gordon, L. D. S., 52, London Road, Twickenham. L
1914 Fryer, J. C. F., Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, 4,

Whitehall Place, S.W. 1. l.

1911 Gahan, C. J., D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S., British Museum (Natural
History), South Kensingtpn, S.W. 7. c.

1920 Gamblett, H. L., 45, Hotham Road, Putney, S.W. 15. I.
1920 Garrett, H., 33, Bourne Road, Bexley, Kent. I.

1917 GiBB, E. M., Harebeating Farm, Harebeating Place, Hailsham,

Sussex. L
1884. GiBB, L., F.E.S., Council, 38, Blackheath Park, S.E. 3.

{Life member.) I.
1920 Goodman, H. de B., 210, Goswell Road, E.C. 1. I.
1920 Goodman, 0. R., 210, Goswell Road, E.C. 1. I.

1908 Green, E. D., 17, Manor Park, Lee, S.E. 13. I.

VI

Yeab'of
Election.

1918 Green, E. E., F.E.S., Ways Enrl, Camberley, Surrey. Iiem.
1920 Grosvexor, T. H. L., 8, Gloucester Eoad, Redhill. I.

1888 Ha:,!., a. E., F.E.S., F.R.H.S., Cranfielcl House, Southwell,

Notts, l.
1884 Hall, T. W., F.E.S., rnmiril, 61, West Smithfield, E.G. 1. I.
1891 Hamm, a. H., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. I.
1906 Hammond, L., Letchmere, Alden Lane, Purley. I.
1911 Harris, P. F., 15, Crawford Gardens, Cliftonville, Margate. L
1920 Harvey, S. W., 28, Hillmore Grove, Sydenham, S.E.26. mi.
1903 Hare, E. J., F.E.S., 4, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 2. I.

1918 Haynes, E. B., 17, Denmark Avenue, Wimbledon, S.W. 19. I.

1888 Hillman, T. S., F.E.S., 11, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. I.
1911 Holding, A., 95, Kyverdale Road, Stoke Newington, N. 16. I.

1889 HoRNE, A., F.E.S., "Bonne-na-Coille," Murtle, Aberdeenshire.

1919 Humphreys, J. A., 29, Shirlock Road, Hampstead, N.W. 3. I.

1914 JACKsoN,W.H.,Pengama, 14, Woodcote Valley Road, Purley. L
1886 Jagkr, J., 65, St. Quentin's Avenue, North Kensington,
W. 10. Z.

1918 Johnstone, D. C., Brooklands, Rayleigh, Essex. I.

1898 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.

I, S. American I.
1900 Kemp, S. W., B.A., F.E.S., Indian Museum, Calcutta. I, e.
1910 Kidner, a. R., The Oaks, Station Road, Sidcup, Kent. I.

1914 Leeds, H. A., 2, Pendcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts. I.

1919 Leeson, J. R., M.D., F.L.S., F.E.S., Clifton House, Twicken-

ham, S.W. I.
1919 Leman, G. C, F.E.S., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney
Heath, S.W. 15. c

1919 Leman, G. B. C, F.E.S., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney

Heath, S.W. 15. c.

1920 Lindeman, F., 7, Rua Dereita, Sao Paulo, Brazil. L

1896 Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. Brit. ()., (idnnata, n, )ii, b.

1892 Main, H., B.Sc, F.E.S., Almondale, Buckingham Road, S.

Woodford, Essex. I.
1889 Mansbridge, W., F.E.S., Dunraven, Church Rd., Wavertree,

Liverpool. I, c, etc.

vu
Year ob'
Election.

1916 Mason, G. W., 99, Seaford Road, Ealing, W. 5. I.
1885 Mera, a. W., 5, Park Villas, Loughton, Essex. L
1881 Miles, W. H., F.E.S., Grosvenor House, Calcutta. Post

Box 126. mi, b.
1880 MoNTiERo, A. A. DE C, F.E.S. , 70, Rua do Alecrim, Lisbon.
1889 Moore, H., F.E.S., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E. 16.

I, h, d, e I, e h, e <l, )ni.

1910 MoRFORD, D. R., 16, Spencer Road, Cottenham Park, Wimble-

don, S.W. 19. l.

1911 MoRicE, The Rev. F. D., M. A., F.E.S., Brunswick, Mt. Hermon,

Woking. {Life Member.) h.
1920 MoRRELL, H. A., Heathdene, Wordsworth Road, Wallington. I.

1912 Neave, B. W., Lyndhurst, 95, Queen's Road, Brownswood

Park, N. 4, l.
1906 Newman, L. W., F.E.S., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. L

1918 NiMMEY, S. W., F.E.S., 296, High Holborn, W.C.I. I.

1911 Page, H. E., F.E.S., Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross,

S.E. 14. I.
1915 Pearson, G. B., 5, Upper Bedford Place, Russell Square,

W.C. 1. I.
1908 Pennington, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W. 1. I.
1880 Perkins, V. R., F.E.S., Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire.

I, h, (I.
1887 PoRRiTT, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., Elm Lea, Dalton, Hudders-

field. I, 11.

1912 PouLTON, Prof. E. B., D.Sc, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.E.S.,

Wykeham House, Oxford. (Hon. Member.)
1897 Prest, E. E. B., 1 and 2, Chiswell Street, E.C. 1. I.

1919 Preston, N. C, 32, Danser Road, Fulham, S.W. I.

1903 Priske, R. a. R ., F.E.S., 9, Melbourne Avenue, W. Ealing,
W. 5. I, m.

1919 QuiLTER, H. G., Fir Cottage, Kiln Road, Prestwood, Great

Missenden. I.

1902 Rayward, A. L., F.E.S., 91 & 93, Southwark Street,
S.E. 1. I.

1887 Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham Com-
mon, S.W. 4. orn.

1920 Richardson, A. W., 28, Avenue Road, Southall.

VIU
Year of
Election.
1902 Riley, N. D., Council, 94, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting,

S.W. 17. I.
1919 Roberts, J. G., 1, Segary Villas, Hadley Road, NewBarnett. I.

1910 Robertson, G. S., M.D., Council, St. Anne's, 101, Thurlow

Park Road, Dulwich, S.E. 21. I.
1894 Robinson, Leigh, F.Z.S., 4, Queen's Walk, Ealing, W. 5. I.

1911 Robinson, Lady Maud, F.E.S., Worksop Manor, Notts. I, n.
1887 RoiiTLEDGE, G. B,, F.E.S., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

Z, c.
1904 Rowland-Brown, H., F.E.S., Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald. I.
1890 Rowntree, J. H., Scalby Nabo, Scarborough, Yorks. I.
1898 Russell, A., F.E.S., Wilverley, Dale Road, Parley. I.
1915 Russell, S. G. C, Monkswood, Heathside Park Road,

Woking. I.

1908 StAubyn, J. S., Tregothnan, Endlesham Road, Balham,

S.W. 12. I.
1914 ScHMAssMANN, W., F.E.S., Beulah Lodge, London Road,

Enfield, N. L

1910 Scorer, A. G., F.E.S., Hillcrest, Chilworth, Guildford. I.

1911 Sennett, NoiiL S., Lieut. R.N.V.R., F.E.S., 21, De Vera

Gardens, Kensington, W. 8. c.
1910 Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., Youlgreave, South Croydon. I.
1898 SicH, Alf., F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4. I.
1903 Smallman, R. S., F.E.S., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road,

Beckenham, Kent. I, c.
1908 Smith, B. H., B.A., F.E.S., Frant Court, Frant, nr. Tunbridge

Wells, t.
1920 Smith, S. Gordon, F.E.S., Estyn, Boughton, Chester. I.
1890 Smith, William, 13, St. Mirren Street, Paisley. I.
1917 SoAMEs, Rev. H. A., M.A., F.Z.S., " Hazelcroft," Mason's

Hill, Bromley, Kent. I.
1882 South, R., F.E.S., 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-Hill,

Brondesbury, N.W. 2. I, c.
1908 Sperring, C. W., 8, Eastcorabe Avenue, Charlton, S.E.7. L
1872 Step, E., F.L.S., Council, 158, Dora Road, Wimbledon Park,

S.W. 19. b, m, cr.; Insects, all Orders.
1916 Stewart, H. M., M.A., M.D., 123, Thurlow Park Road,

Dulwich, S.W. 21. I.
1910 Stoneham, Lieut. H. F., F.E.S., Stoneleigh, Reigate. om, I.

IX

Year of
Election.
1913 Storey, Gilbert, Dept. of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt. Rcon.

Knt.
1911 Stowell, E. a. C, B.A.
1920 Swift, R., Cilmory, Knoll Road, Bexley. I.

1916 Syms, E. E., 22, Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, N.E. I.

1894 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., M.A., Fareham, Hants. I, ool.
1913 Tatchell, L., 48, Spratt Hill Road, Wanstead, E. 11. I.

1910 Tautz, p. H., Cranleigh, Nower Hill, Pinner. Z.

1911 Todd, R. G., The Limes, Hadley Green, Barnet. l.

1902 ToNGE, A. E., F.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Aincroft, Grammar

School Hill, Reigate. I.
1887 Turner, H. J., F.E.S., Hon. Editor, 98, Drakefell Road,

New Cross, S.E. 14. I, c, n, he, b.

1889 Wainwright, C. J., F.E.S., 139, Hamstead Road, Hands-
worth, Staffs. I. d.

1911 Wakely, L. D., 34, Lancaster Road, Wimbledon Common,
S.W. 19. I.

1880 Walker, Comm. J. J., M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., " Aorangi,"
Lonsdale Road, Summertown, Oxford. I, c.

1911 Wells, H. 0., Inchiquin, Lynwood Avenue, Epsom. I.

1872 West, W., Hon. Curator, 343, Green Lanes, Finsbury Park,
N. 4. Z, c, lie.

1911 Wheeler, The Rev. G., M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 37, Gloucester

Place, W. 1. Z.

1887 WniyFEN, W. H., Holmwood Lodge, Laton Rd., Hastings. Z.
1914 Williams, B. S., 77, Durham Road, E. Finchley, N. 7. Z.

1912 Williams, C. B., B.A., F.E.S., Department of Agriculture,

Trinidad. Z.
1920 WiTHYBOMBE, C. L., 12, Pi'ospect Hill, Walthamstow,

E.17. l,h.
1918 Wood, H., Albert Villa, Kennington, near Ashford, Kent. Z.

1917 WooLACOTT, H. R., Bedales School, Petersfield, Hants, and

Hightilt Farm, Cranbrook, Kent. I.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.

X.

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OQW

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1919.

THE Council of the South London Entomological and Natural
Histoiy Society, in presenting the fort3'-eighth Annual
Eeport have pleasure in stating that fifteen new Members
have been elected during the year, but the Society has to deplore
the loss by death of six members, viz., Messrs. Ashdown, Wolley-
Dod, A. K. Inge, .J. H. Leslie, Sydney Webb and Lord Walsingham ;
and there have been four resignations, the net increase, therefore,
being five, leaving the present Membership at 3 Hon. Members,
6 Life Members, 21 Country, and 132 Ordinary Members, making
a total of 162.

The strenuous years of war, now happily passed, could not but
have an adverse effect upon the finances of the Society, and in the
early months of the past year, the newly-elected Hon. Treasurer
reported that to fulfil the Society's obligations, not only had current
income been expended, but that the reserves had been drawn upon
almost to the extent of exhaustion, and that it would be impossible
to continue the Society's publications unless further resources were
forthcoming. The matter was taken up by some four of the older
members of the Society, who formed themselves into an unofficial
committee, and after fully considering the financial position decided
as a nucleus for an " Entrance Fee and Life Membership Eestora-
tion and Publication Fund," to subscribe among themselves a sum
of thirty pounds with a promise that if other members of the
Society subscribed a similar amount among them, the committee of
four would double the amount of their original subscription, making
a total of ninety pounds in all. They stipulated that out of this
sum the amount at credit of the Suspense Account (which
represents the accumulated receipts from Entrance Fees and Life
Membership Compositions), should be permanently invested in the
names of the Trustees, as set out in Bye-Law chapter 8, section 7.
On the matter being brought before the Council at its meeting on
October 9th, 1919, the proposal was readily accepted, and on it
being put before the general body of members, at a subsequent

meeting, the amount aimed at was quickly oversubscribed, the
grand total of the amount subscribed being £95 12s. 6d. The
amount at the credit of the Suspense Account is now in course of
investment in 5% War Loan, and as will be seen by the duly
audited Balance Sheet printed on pages x., xi., the finances of the
Society are again in a thoroughly satisfactory condition. The
Council desire to take this opportunity to express their appreciation
of the valuable aid rendered by the unofficial committee of four,
and to the general body of members through Avhose timely
assistance this satisfactory state of affairs has been brought about.

A Special Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera was held
on May 8th with consideraljle success.

The Annual " Exhibition of Varieties and other Objects of
Interest" was held on November 27th, when more ttian a hundred
members and friends were present. Tho aberrations exhibited
were more varied than on the previous occasion, and included
several gynandromorphs and numerous remarkable forms of British
Butterflies.

The Lantern has been used on five occasions during the past
year, and Mr. Dennis has kindly officiated as Honorary Lanternist.

Papers have been read before the Society by Dr. J3oulenger,
F.E.S., and Messrs. F. W. Thorrington, B. W. Adkin, E. J.
Bunnett, F. W. Frohawk, C. W. Sperring, and Hy. J. Turner, and
are printed in full or as resumes in the body of the Proceedings.

During the year a very useful collection of Micro-Lepidoptera
was presented to the Society by Admiral Digby, at the desire of
his late brother, the Rev. C. R. Digby, of Oakley, near Basing-
stoke. The Pyralidae and the greater portion of the Tineina have
already been amalgamated with the Society's series. This donation
was the more welcome as the Tineina have hitherto been poorly
represented in the Society's cabinets, and for such a handsome
donation the Council desires to offer its best thanks.

The Hon. Curator reports that specimens of Coleoptera have
been presented to the Society's collections by Messrs. Ashby, Bunnett,
Quilter, Turner, and himself.

' The Hon. Librarian reports that, despite some temporary
difficulties in obtaining access to parts of the library, the number
of books borrowed by members for study have been approximately
double that of the preceding year.

Field Meetings were held at Box Hill, Effingham, and Ockham

XIV.

Common, Chalfont Road and Wimbledon Common. The Fungus
Foray which Dr. Somerville Hastings was to have led at Oxshott,
unfortunately had to be abandoned owing to the railway strike.
Reports of these meetings will be found in the Proceedings.

Mr. R. Adkin was the Society's delegate at the meeting of the
British Association at Bournemouth in September, and the
President and the late Mr. W. J. Ashdown were delegates at the
meeting of the S.E.U.S.S. held at the Guildhall, London, from
June 11th to I4th ; their reports will be found in the body of the
Proceedings.

The Volume of Proceedmgs for 1918, published during the
past year, consists of xv. and 124 pages with two plates and a
diagram.

The additions to the Library (by Exchange unless otherwise
stated) are :—

Books.

Wood's "Index Entomologicus," 1839, from R. Adkin. " Ap-
tera," by Andrew Murray, from R. Adkin. Rye's " British
Beetles," Stainton's " Manual," Kirby and Spence's "Entomology,"
and Meyrick's " British Lepidoptera," from the late Rev. C. R.
Digby.

Magazines and Periodicals.

"Entomologist," from R. South. " Entomologist's Record,"
from H. E. Page. "Entomologist's Monthly Magazine," by
purchase. " Irish Naturalist," " Entomological News." "Cana-
dian Entomologist." " Entomologisk Tidskrift." " Phillipine
Journal of Science." " Bulletin of the Entomological Society of
France." "Essex Naturalist." " Bollet. R. Scuola d'Agricol.,"
Portici, Italy.

Beports and Transactions of Societies.
Hastings and St. Leonards Soc. ; United States National
Museum : Torquay Natural History Society : Haslemere N.H.S. ;
Meeting of Delegates of the Corr. Socs. to the Brit. Assn. ;
United States Herbarium.

Separata, FainpJdets, etc.

" Fossil Plants," by T. D. A. Cockerell, Smithsonian Institute.

" Natural Gas," Smithsonian Institute. " Bryozoa of the Panama

Canal Zone," U.S.A. Mus. "Fossil Lithothannnicae," U.S.A. Mus.

" Fossil Echinoderms of the Panama Canal Zone," U.S.A. Mus.

XV.

"The Salpidae." "East African Mammals," U.S.A. Mus.
" Economic Resources of the U.S.A.," U.S.A. Mus. " The Panama
Canal Zone," U.S.A. Mus. " Biology of the CharUla (Pan. Can.
Zone)," U.S.A. Mus. "The Ht/dromedus(e. (Pan. Can. Zone),"
U.S.A. Mus. " Phylogenyof the Orthobiente (contind.)," by Prof.
Janet. " 28 Separata dealing with Dorset Lepidoptera," from the
late Rev. C. R. Digby, and from Nelson M. Richardson, B.Sc.
" Sarrothripus revayana," (" Ent."), by W. G. Sheldon, from the
author. "Distribution of British Anophelines," from the British
Mus. " Rats and Mice v. Mankind," from the British Mus.

TREASURER'S REPORT.

I am glad to tell you that the financial position of the Society
has greatly improved during the past year.

The state of affairs when I commenced my stewardship last
January was not encouraging. Subscriptions had dwindled owing
to the War, the reserve funds of the Society had been utilised to
pay for publication ; and as we are all aware, expenses under this
head had enormously increased. Actually the cash balance that
was handed over to me by my predecessor at 31st December, 1918,
was 10s. lid., but in twelve months this has been so far improved,
by the efforts of the kind friends already referred to in the Council's
report and which resulted in a total of £95 12s. 6d. being raised,
that I have been able to carry forward to 1920 the very satisfactory
sum of £77 10s. Id. as representing the cash balance in hand, after
all liabilities have been met.

Our income from current subscriptions for 1919 was £46 18s. 6d.,
an increase of £6 10s. Od. over last year. This is sufficient to meet
the ordinary expenses of the Society, which amounted to
£42 4s. 7d., but not the cost of printing the " Proceedings."

Publication in 1919 cost us £64 3s. Od. against £40 8s. 7d. in
1918 ; and it is obvious that we have a long way to go in the
matter of increased membership before income from subscriptions
and investments will meet all our needs.

Arrears which were valued in the last balance sheet at £20

produced in cash £14 i!s. Od., which is practically the same as in
1918, and I have valued the arrears at the end of 1919 on a very-
conservative basis at £5 only, a sum which I feel confident will be
easily reached.

Fourteen Entrance fees and 1 Life Membership fee have been
received, and added to the Suspense Account. The balance to the
credit of this account now reaches a total of £57 17s. 6d., and this
sum, as stipulated by the donors to the Publication Fund already
alluded to, will be invested in the name of the Trustees for the
benefit of the Society.

Sales of " Proceedings " show a very gratifying increase, and I
believe constitute a record. The receipts under this head being
£6 3s. 7d. against 5s. 8d. last year.

In conclusion I should like to thank members for the kind way
in which they have assisted me in my new and unfamiliar duties by
paying their subscriptions promptly, and to express the hope that
they will continue to do so. Possibly it has never occurred to some
of them that 75% of a Treasurer's work is due to unpaid subscrip-
tions ; and that it takes up far less of his time to tell a member who
is not quite sure whether he has paid or not, than to go through the
list of members and send out applications to all those who have
not paid. It would also help considerably if members whose
addresses are incorrectly given in the published membership lists
would send in their correct addresses. The audited Balance Sheet
is attached.

Proc. S.L.K. d- N.H. Soc.

PliAtb I.

E.J.B.

Silk track of larva of Coleophora nigricella. x 30.

The Mode of Progression of the Larva of Coleophora
nigricella. {Plate I.)

By E. J. BuNNETT, M.A., F.E.S. Read Febnianj ISth, 1919.

Last sainmer I placed a number of hawthorn leaves, on which
were larvae of this little moth, in a glass-topped box. Sometime
afterwards several of the larvfe, no doubt finding their pabulum
becoming dry and unpalatable, had journeyed to the lid of the box
and could be seen moving along the glass.

Since the greater part of the body of the larva was enclosed in
its " case," and only the anterior portion could possibly come into
contact with the surface of the glass, it was obvious that motion
could not be assisted by means of pro-legs or suction.

In order to discover how they managed to retain a hold or walk
about, hanging downwards from the smooth surface of the glass
while supporting not only their own weight but also that of their
cases, one of them was transferred to a glass slip. This was turned
upside down and placed under a low power objective.

The mode of procedui-e was then apparent.

In order to move along, the larva protrudes its he.ad and the true
legs from its case, making with its mouth a little " blob" or mound
of a viscid secretion, from which it carries a thread as far as it can
reach with its mouth, where another mound is deposited.

The thread connecting two mounds is free, saggmg a little, and
does not adhere to the surface.

The moment this cable is laid it is strong enough to support the
■entire weight, both of the little creature and of its domicile.

The first two pairs of legs are used for clasping this silken rope
and the larva progresses at a surprising rate, always supported by
either the first or second pair of legs ; for while the second pair
continues to hold on to one loop of the cable, the front pair de-
taches itself from it and clasps the next and newest loop, and so on.

The larva does not hang suspended by a thread from the mouth
while in the act of walking in this inverted position, though no
doubt it could and would do so in case it were accidentally com-
pelled to lose its hold of the clasping legs.

A remarkable feature of this curious mode of locomotion is that,
as in the case of spiders, there is, apparently, more than one kmd
of secretion capable of being simultaneously emitted, for the little
mounds are viscid enough to adhere to the surface with sufficient
tenacity to support the successive sections, while on the contrary.

each sectional thread seems not viscid at all, otherwise the thread
would not hang free so as to enable a pair of legs to clasp it.

The accompanying photograph was made through a f inch
objective, from the actual silken trail left on the glass slip (the
magnification being 30 diameters).

By careful measurements from the photograph the average
" stride " or distance between the mounds appears to be about Jjj
inch.

I regret that the rate of " walking " was not determined, but
under the f inch objective the slip had to be moved fairly briskly to
keep the little caterpillar in view, and it would be safe to say that
the time of a " stride " did not usually exceed three or four seconds,
in which case the larva could travel one inch in three or four
minutes.

Acidalia marginepunctata, Qoze.

By Robert Adkin, F.E.S. Read April lOth, 1919.

When we look at lengthy series of the species that we have been
accustomed to include in the genus Acidalia, as arranged in our
cabinets, we at once notice that many of them stand out as abund-
antly distinct, but that some of the others have a strong superficial
resemblance to one another ; and that individuals of the same
species often vary considerably, making their differentiation even
more difficult. It is, therefore, not surprising that there should
have been some confusion in their nomenclature, more particularly
in regard to some of the more variable and possibly less widely
known species. The one under notice is no exception in this respect,
for which I fear, as will be seen later on, some of our British
authors are not entirely blameless.

Although the species was undoubtedly known to some of the
older authors, it was first described by Goze, and named margine-
piinctata by him in 1781 (" Entomologische-Beitrage," iii., 3, p.
385). Borkhausen, 1794, uses Goze's name, maririitepinictata,(inot-
ing that author, and also referring to Roesel's figure, which I shall
have occasion to mention again later. (Bork. "Nat. Europ. Schm.,"
v., p. 250.)

In or about 1800, Hiibner produced a very good figure of this
species, naming it imumtaria (" Sammlung Europaischer Schmet-
terlinge," v., f. 108).

Haworth, in 1810, described it under the name of incanata, quot-
ing Hiibner's fig. 108, but erroneously referring it also to Linnaeus'
incanata, a species which does not occur in Britain (" Lepidoptera
Britannica," p. 350). Stephens, 1828 to 1835, helped further to
complicate the matter by using the name niarf/inepiinctata, n. sp.,
for specimens that he tells us he had seen in the Dale and Haworth
collections (" Cat.," 6709), but this name I have failed to find men-
tioned in Haworth's work. He repeated Haworth's errors under
the name incanata (" Cat.," 6722), while in his " Illustrations" he
gives under the name of niarginepnnctata a description that cannot
possibly apply to that species, and refers to "Cat.," 6709 ("111.
Haust.," vol. iii., p. 310), but omits any mention of incanata.
Wood, 1839, under the name mair/inepunctata figures an insect
which is certainly not that species, but gives a very fair representa-
tion of it as incanata ; he also figures one of the bone-coloured
south coast forms under the name of contifjuaria, and tells us that

it occurred near Dover at the end of June (" Ind. Ent.," figs. 724,
718-719).

In the meantime Treitschke, 1827, had referred to the species as
imunitata, but among his references further complicated the matter
by mentioning Hiibner's figure 105, contii^uaria, a doubtful figure
of that species, but not unlike some pale forms of nian^ineptnictata.
Duponchel, 1830, calls it iinnuitaria, but his figure is not a good one,
although his references sufficiently indicate the species he intended
to portray ("Hist. Nat. Lep.," viii., p. 61, pi. 173, f. 8). Freyer,
1833-6, gives several figures under the name immutata, none of
which are recognisable, but his text indicates the species they are
intended to represent (" Neu. Beit.," i., p. 107, pi. 64, figs. 4 and 5,
ii., p. 186, pi. 180, f. 1). Her rich -Schafl;'er, 1847, gives quite a good
figure, to which be applies the name iiinimtaria (" Schm. Eur.,"
pi. 17, f. 101).

Guenee, 1857, seems to have unearthed Roesel's figure (" Ins.
Bel.," vol. i., class iii., pi. xi., f. 3, 1746)) and applied to it the
name of pronnttata. Roesel's is a fairly good figure, and is, I
believe, the earliest one known of this species. Henry Doubleday,
in the "Zoologist's Synonymic List," 1859, adopted Guenee's name,
and /iroiiiiitata became the generally recognised name for the species
by British entomologists of that period. Snellen, 1867, also uses
this name in his " De Vlinders van Nederland."

Stainton, 1859, still further complicated matters by the use in
the " Manual " of Haworth's name incanata for this species and
))iar(/ine})imctata for some other, apparently straniinata, Tr., and it
was not until the publication of South's " Entomologist " list in
1884, that we in Britain adopted vi an/in e punctata, Goze, as the
correct name for this insect. But even so, Barrett, 1902, was not
content to let matters rest, and in " The Lepidoptera of the British
Islands " reverted to Guenee's name, profimtata, although Meyrick
in his " Handbook," published some years earlier, had apparently
straightened out the matter.

Joannis, 1891, described under the name of pastoraria what
appears to be a pale form of this species from Asia Minor (" Bull.
Soc. Ent. Fr.," 1891, p. 80).

The synonymy of the species therefore appears to be : —

Marffinepunctata, Goze, Bork., South, Meyrick (non Steph, non
Wood, non Sta.).

Iitnniitata, Tr., Freyer (non L.).

Iwmvtaria, Hub., H.-S., Dup.

Incanata, Haw., Step. " Cat.," Wood, Sta. (non L.).

Prowntata, Guenee (Roesel), Dbl., Snell., Barrett.

Pastoiaria, Joannis.

Contiguaria, Hiib. ?, Wood.

The geographical distribution of the species appears to extend
throughout central and southern Europe, Asia Minor and eastward
through Turkestan and Mongolia to the borders of China, and to

embrace some portions of northern Africa. Tn Britain it appears
to be generally more common on the coast than inland, being taken
freely in the Scilly Isles and along the South Coast generally to
Kent on the East Coast, less commonly as one goes north, but it is
met with in Lancashire, Durham, Cumberland, and Northumber-
land. In Scotland it occurs at Ardrossan in the Clyde area, which
is, I believe, its northern limit. In Wales it is not uncommon ;
and in Ireland it has been taken in some numbers about Howth and
Malahide in the Dublin district, Kerry in the West, and Cork in the
South ; also in the Isle of Man and the Scilly Isles.

Variation consists largely in the greater or less amount of the
grey dusting of the wings and the intensity of the clouding between
the sub-terminal transverse line and the margin, some specimens
taken in the Scilly Isles having this character very much intensified.
Also, in the whitish or yellowish (bone-coloured) tint of the
ground colour, and the intensity or otherwise of the transverse
lines. Occasionally aberrational individuals, possessing characters
not included in the above lines of variation, occur : to some of these
I may refer later. Speaking generally, the lighter forms, either by
reason of the whiteness of the ground colour as found in some of
the Devon and Cornish specimens, or the absence of grey scaling,
are found on the south coast, the darker or most heavily powdered
in the north, as at Ardrossan, where some of the darkest forms are
met with, but no hard and fast rule can be laid down, as is testified
by a specimen from Corfe Castle in the Bankes' collection, which
is quite of the bone-coloured, unspeckled form which predominates
on the south-east coast. The Irish, Isle of Man, and Scilly speci-
mens are generally of the darker well speckled form.

Throughout the greater part of its range there appears to be only
one brood in each year, such continental authors as I have been
able to consult giving its time of appearance as May and June or
June and July ; there is only one brood in the more northerly
districts in Britain ; but on our south coasts there are undoubtedly
two fairly well defined emergences, the first appearing in June and
extending to about the middle of July, the second com-
mencing about the middle of August and continuing until well
into September. But although the emergences are fairly distinct,
not so the broods. For example, ova deposited by moths of the
June emergence will hatch in from ten days to a fortnight, and the
larvfe all grow evenly for a time; then some of them will grow
rapidly and make the August emergence, but others, possibly some
25%. of the brood, will grow slowly, hibernate as winter approaches,
and the moths from them will not emerge until the following June ;
so that while a part of this brood become imagines within a couple
of iBonths from the time that the eggs are laid, the other part take
a full year to complete their life cycle. So is it with the brood from
the August emergence ; the larva; all hibernate, and the majority of
them that survive the winter produce imagines in June, but a few

6

usually feed slowly, the moths from them coming out with the August
emergence. It is not a difficult species to rear from the egg, the
larva feeding naturally on a large number of small plants, such as
cinquefoil [Potentilla reptauii), yarrow {Aclnllea tiiillefnlia), and so
forth, while in confinement it takes readily to knotgrass {Polijf/ouinii
aricidare), and for the hibernating larva? a useful adjunct to the
dietary is a common little hawkweed-like plant, Crepis rirena
(See " Proc," 1902, p. 3).

My personal acquaintance with marninepunctata dates from 1866,
when, in July of that year, I found it commonly on the lamps along
the roads at Shanklin, in the Isle of Wight. For many years after
that I saw little of it beyond meeting with an odd specimen or two
at Box Hill, in Surrey, and on the gas lamps around Blackheath,
in Kent ; but in 1887 I came across it in great numbers at East-
bourne, and since that time I have had the species more or less
continually under my notice. The conversion of the herbage-
covered slopes from the clift' to the beach into the western parades
had recently been completed (" Proc," 1896, p. 108), and the rough
stone retaining walls along portions of them were much favoured
by the species as resting places. It was in such situations that the
majority of the specimens were found. For some few years the
numbers met with steadily increased, the greatest abundance occur-
ring round about 1896, in which year I see from a note in my diary,
that on a walk along the half mile or so of the parade between the
" Wish Tower " and Holywell 102 specimens were noted, and it was
during this period, when the insect was at its greatest profusion,
that the most unusual forms were met with.

Here the forms usually occurring vary between a pale bone-
coloured insect, practically without a trace of grey dusting, the usual
transverse lines and the submarginal tooth-marks (clouding) of a
pale greyish colour, so like Wood's figure 719 that one cannot help
believing that he took it from one of these specimens, to a heavily
grey-dusted insect fairly well represented by his figure 718, and
every conceivable intermediate between the two. One would have
expected, on our chalk soil, to have found the ground colour as
white as anywhere, but this is not so, it, as a rule, inclining far
more to a very pale buff. Barrett calls it cream-colour, but I think
the term I have used — bone-colour— more truly expresses it.

Of the aberrations outside the above, perhaps the most remark-
able is one met with in 1896, of which three specimens were taken.
In this form the ground colour appears to be white, but the wings
are so covered with dark brown-grey dusting that the ground colour
is seen only as an irregular submarginal line, in the fringes, and on
the front of the thorax ; it is analogous to the so-called black forms
of Tejilirasia himuUdaria. Barrett's figure (" Lep. Brit. Is.," vol.
viii., pi. 331, f. 41') is taken from one of these specimens, and fairly
well represents it except in the matter of the ground colour, which
is not shown white enough. Another aberration, of which some

half a dozen examples were noted, has a sooty cloud at the base of
the forewings and the submarginal tooth-marks unusually promi-
nent, while the ground colour more nearly approaches white than
in the ordinary pale forms.

These aberrations were all taken some years ago, and since that
time I have seen no specimens calling for special mention ; indeed,
the species, in this locality, has of late years been much less com-
mon than formerly, no doubt owing to the attentions of a small
troop of fossilised gardeners, who spend their time from year's end
to year's end in " cleaning up " the banks, in other words, rooting
up all the little plants that they can find, on which the larvte would
naturally feed. Yet the species still persists ; it may be seen on the
wing at dusk, later in the evening on the road lamps, and by day
one can hardly take a walk along the parades, in its seasons, without
finding an example or two at rest on such portions of the rough
stone walls as are still free from a covering of ivy, if they take the
trouble to look for them.

In the discussion which followed the general concensus of opinion
was that the species was a coast insect and found, as a rule, only
very sparingly inland. Mr. Mera said that he had met with it very
commonly at Ipswich, in Suffolk, but had taken only one specimen
in the London area. Mr. Leeds recorded one example from Bexley,
and another was mentioned as taken at Erith, both in Kent. Mr.
Frohawk also had taken a single specimen atEltham, Kent. Messrs.
Pennington and Bowman both reported it as common at Lewes, in
Sussex, where a pale form occurred. Mr. B. W. Adkin said he had
met with it not uncommonly in the New Forest, and more abun-
dantly in the Scilly Isles ; in the latter locality it was of the well-
speckled grey form. Mr. Tonge reported it as somewhat abundant
at Midhurst, in Sussex.

Some Insects Injurious to Forestry.

By B. W. Adkin, F.S.I., F.E.S.— 7?mr/ Mai/ 22wl, 1919.

Our President, when addressing us last winter, emplaasized the
importance of economic Entomology, and referred to its influence
on Forestry. His address caused me to think that a short paper
upon the subject I have chosen might be welcome to the members
of our society. I propose to say a few words upon Forestry before
dealing with certain of the insects which are injurious thereto.

Forestry is an extensive science. One of its most important
branches is Silviculture, which may be interpreted as the culti-
vation of crops of trees with the object of profit. Silviculture may
be compared with agriculture, or the growing of farm crops for
profit, but, in my opinion, difficult as is the science of agriculture,
that of Silviculture is even more difficult ; for whereas an agricul-
turist may sow and reap a crop in one year, so that in an average
life he is able to study the results of perhaps fifty crops of the
same species of plant which he has sown, the silviculturist will be
lucky if he sees the result of a single crop which he has raised
from seed, for most of our trees take at least 60 or 70 years before
they reach maturity. Again, most of our common farm crops were
grown by the Anglo-Saxons, and have been grown continuously m
Britain ever since ; whereas most of the woodland crops which are
expected to prove most successful from a financial standpoint, con-
sist of trees which have been introduced into Britain but recently.
Further, the method of growing crops of trees in high forest
without underwood is comparatively new, so that there is but little
experience to go upon, while our insular conditions dift'er con-
siderably from those which prevail in continental regions, so that
experience gained upon the continent should be applied here only
with great caution.

Silviculture is likely to be a far more important industry in
Britain than it has been in the past. The war has proved the
necessity of a large stock of growing timber to the welfare of the
nation, and the demands upon such stock as there was have been
met with difficulty. Many millions of cubic feet of timber have
been required, and the coniferous trees have been the chief
nece^^ity ; their destruction has enabled our mines to be worked,
and v.,.-it'T^ lantities of timber have been exported for the use of our
armies in the field. In the past about 95 per cent, of our home-
grown timber has been produced by private enterprise, without
state assistance, and usually at a heavy financial loss ; in the

9

future it is proposed that the State forests of Britain shall be the
mainstay of our native timber supplies, and extensive afforestation
schemes are proposed to be carried out under a new Government
Department. The success of these schemes depends to a large
extent upon immunity from insect and fungoid attack, so that the
importance of my subject is apparent.

The woodland crops of the future are likely to consist chiefly of
coniferous trees, of which our indigenous species are : Pinus
si/lrextris, the Scots Pine ; 'ra.rHs barciita, the Yew : and Jioiiperus
coiininoiig, the Juniper. Of these, FiuKs M//r(^s(//,s is the
only species which can be used for silvicultural purposes. The
exotic conifers which are commonest in this country, and can be
used for silviculture, are Pinns laricio, the Corsican pine, with its
many varieties ; Pinus stiobiis, the Weymouth pine ; Picea e.rcelsa,
the Common Spruce ; Abies jiectinata, the Common Silver Fir ;
and iMri.c eiiropaa, the Common Larch ; these trees have been long
enough in this country to become attacked by many insects and
fungi, and it may be remarked that Pinns strobiis is in danger of
extermination by the rust fungus I'erideiiiiiuiii struhi. None of the
trees above named, except, perhaps, the Larch, are likely to prove
as valuable for silvicultural purposes as some more recent introduc-
tions from the Pacific coast of North America, such as Pseiifiotsiic/a
doiii/lasii, the Douglas Fir; I'irea sitc/ieusis, the Sitka Spruce;
Abies (iraudis, the tall Silver Fir; and Tluda plicata, the Giant
Arborvitje. These trees have not been here long enough to enable
us to form a true opinion of their value or of their possible
enemies.

The insect enemies of Silviculture belong to all orders, their
number is legion. The conifers, to which I propose to confine my
remarks, are host-plants to over two-hundred species of insects in
Britain, though many of such insects do very little harm. Britain
is blessed by the absence ot some of the worst of the pests which
destroy conifers in the forests of Europe, such as I 'endreliiiuts pini,
L., and ThaioKetojioea piti/ocanijxj, Schitf, while others which occur
here, such as Oaierifi dispai-, L., and IJiiaris }iinnacha, L., are not
found in sufficient numbers to do serious injury. We have, how-
ever, plenty of injurious insects, though most of them are far
less showy than those named above.

During my journeys about the woodlands of England in recent
years I have seen many cases where coniferous trees have been
felled, the trunks of the trees, in due course, converted into pit
prqps, railway sleepers, and the like, and the branches, etc., left
lying about for a long time before they were burned. These
branches, logs and bark, form excellent breeding places for "lany
insects. Hi/liiriiits pi}iij)erda, h., the Pine Beetle, finds an aei^i spot
in which to rear large families ; it is far too common an insect for
a collector to trouble about, and probably goes unnoticed until
someone in charge of the woods discovers that the standing Scots

10

pines in the immediate neighbourhood acquire an outline quite
uncharacteristic of such trees, owing to the young shoots having been
bored by the beetles and broken off by the wind, while fine healthy
young trees begin to take the appearance of mis-shapen bushes.
Along with Hi/liin/ns piiiijwida may often be found IJi/lastes jialliatns,
Gyll., whose larvte also feed under the ijark, while the beetles attack
the bark or the stem and crown of standing trees and do a great
deal of damage, in some cases resulting in the death of an already
weakened tree.

On the areas referred to, after the trees have been cut down and
removed the old stumps remain in the ground. These stumps form
favourable breeding places for various species of Coleoptera. If the
stumps are examined a year or two after the trees have been felled,
say in the month of May, fine fat larvfe and a few pup^e oi Hi/lohius
obietis, L., may be found just beneath the bark- not far from the
surface of the ground ; and, under the bark of the smaller roots, in
many cases at several feet distance from the trunk, many smaller
Inrvse may be found which will in due course develop into the
elegant little beetle Hylastes ater, Payk. There is no lack of these
larvte in the stumps. I have taken out over 70 larvse of lii/lohiiis
ohietis from a single stump, and have found innumerable larv;p of
IJi/Uistes (iter in the roots of the same tree. Supposing that the
crop which was felled contained 400 trees per acre, similarly affected,
there might be about 28,000 H>/lohiiis abii'tis and a far larger num-
ber of Hijlastes ater on the one acre alone, and if many acres are
felled it may easily be imagined what a tremendous number of these
insects would be available. In certain forests in Scotland some
entomologists, who have been researching into the ravages of these
insects, have found the larva? of Hylastes ciinicidarius, Er., feeding in
large numbers on the roots of I'icca e.cceha, the small roots at some
distance from the trunk being specially favoured by them. I
mention this as I believe the insect is considered uncommon.

Let us now consider the condition of affairs when a forester plants
young conifers upon the ground which was recently cleared of
coniferous trees. The young plants are just the food which Hjilo-
hius ahietis and Hylastes ater desire. Both beetles are breeding in
thousands in the stumps and roots. On emerging the former
devour the bark on the stem above the ground and frequently
may be found doing so, the latter devour the bark upon
the roots beneath the ground, so that little may be seen
of them ; but the damage they do is great, as may be seen
by the plants I am exhibiting, the bark on the roots of which
has been entirely devoured. The joint attack of the two
species named Avill sometimes result in the complete destruction of
a crop of young trees, and will always cause considerable damage.
The forester usually knows Hylobins abietis, and lays traps for him
with great effect — probably he catches thousands and breeds hundreds
of thousands.

11

As an example of what a forester can do, I would cite two cases
which have come before my notice. One of these, a record from
Shropshire, shows that in thirty-nine daj's, from April 30th to June
6th, 1917, no fewer than 10,386 fJi/labins ahiftiH were captured; in
the other case a forester in D()rsetshire tells me that he captured
10,117 Hi/liibiiis abif'tix on ten acres of woodland from May to Sep-
tember, 1918. The numbers mentioned are far from insignificant,
and assuming that they represent but a small proportion of the
weevils wliich were present, one feels aghast at the possible destruc-
tion which might be wrought by so vast an army.

Neither of the reports mentions Hylaxtea: their more insidious
attack was doubtless unnoticed, in one case their larvte were known
to be abundant, probably in the other case they were equally so.
Possibly they were likel}' to do even greater damage, for a careful
observer who examined one hundred dying plants in a forest in Scot-
land found that the damage was caused in 45 cases by Hijlastes
alone, in 27 cases by Hi/lastes and Hi/lobiiis together, in 15 cases by
HylnbiiiH alone, and the remainder bj'^ bad planting.

In both the cases just mentioned Otiorr/n/nchiis picipex, F., was
captured or seen in numbers even greater than Hi/lohius abietis. I
am unable to say what is the extent of the damage they do, but I
have caught them gnawing the bark on trees, and it is said by Gil-
landers that he found a supposed case of rabbit damage to a quickset
hedge was actually the work of this msect. When they occur in
such vast numbers their activities are certainly worthy of investiga-
tion. Stro/i/idSDiniifi corijli, F., was also plentiful in one case, and
its known liking for the foliage of larch and other trees made its
presence undesirable.

There are many other very common species of Coleoptera which
are highly injurious to forestry, for instance, the genus Pissodes
contains some well known enemies of pine trees and Meloluntha
vulgaris, F., in the larval state will make many bare patches in a
forest nursery. Even recently discovered species which are con-
sidered rare may be of importance. I am told on the best possible
authority that Tetropuini tjabrieli, Weise, which is quite a recent
addition to the British list, appears to be spreading all over the
country, and killing many young larch trees by means of its larvte,
which feed in the soft bast and cambium under the bark. Many
other species of Coleoptera might be referred to and far more detail
could be given did time permit, but some of the other orders deserve
attention.

Among Lepidoptera the species most injurious to young conifers
in Britain belong to the genus Retinia, which will often destroy
leader after leader of Pinns sylrestiis and quite ruin the growth of
the tree ; Culenphora lancella, Hb., which bores the needles of Larix
eiiropaea, weakens the tree and makes it predisposed to disease ; and
Arfjyresthia atnwriella, Bankes, in many cases destroys the leader of
Larix curopaa and thus spoils the growth of the tree.

12

Of Hymenoptera Sessiliventres, Sire.v fjif/as, L., and Sirex noctilio,
F. (often wrongly identified as Si rex juvencm), bore the wood of
conifers, but their attack is probably limited to sickly trees and less
to be dreaded than that of the sawflies, ejj.^ Pteronns pini, L., and
P. sertifcr, Fourc, on Phiiis si/lrestna, and Xematiis erichsoni, Htg.,
and xV. laricis on Lari.r eiiropiea. About ten or twelve years ago
NeniatKs erichsoni caused the death of many trees in the Lake
District.

Of Hymenoptera Petiolata, certain species of the genus Mef/astifi-
)iiiift are very destructive to the seeds of conifers.

Among the Rhynchota there are many destructive insects of the
family Aphidida. Pineiis pini, L., and Pineits strobi, Htg., on Piniis,
Cheniies abietis, Kalt., on Picea, and iltermes viridis, Ratz., on Picea
and Lari.r, are among the commonest and most destructive species.
The continued destruction of the foliage of Lari.v eiirnpoa by Aphides
does much to render that species difficult to grow in Britain,
rendering it so sickly that it easily falls a prey to disease.

In the time available for a short paper it is impossible to do more
than touch lightly upon so large a subject, and I have touched upon
conifers only, but no doubt enough has been said to show the im-
portance of Entomology to Forestry. Bearing in mind the likeli-
hood of immediate afforestation upon a scale hitherto unknown in
Britain, and the unusually awkward conditions which have been
induced by recent fellings, a careful consideration of insect enemies
becomes an urgent problem.

The study of insect pests is largely in the hands of the economic
entomologist, but the onus is upon the collector and the observer to
help him in his work, and to offer their knowledge to his use. The
knowledge of the members of this and other scientific societies may
prove of immense value in combatting insect attack upon trees,
thousands of pounds may be saved and many crops of trees may be
made to flourish which would otherwise be lost. No doubt there
is much to learn, but a good deal is known already, and the know-
ledge already possessed, if willingly communicated, may tend to
great advantage, and will extend as it is utilised. I cannot appeal
too strongly to all collectors and students of Entomology to do all
they can to assist the economic entomologist in waging his diflicult
war against the enemies of forestry.

13

British Fern Varieties.

By F, W. Thorrington. — Read Septe»iber llth, 1919.

A glance through the latest edition of Hayward's " Botanist's
Pocket Book " shews that within the limits of our Fern flora are 15
genera of rolypodiacea:, the order comprising the great mass of our
modern ferns, in a geologic sense. In addition to these there are
two genera of HynieiiophyUacete, the " filmy ferns," two of Ophin-
glossace(E, and one genus of the Osiinindacecr, leaving on one side the
question of the " fern allies," as having no relevance to this subject.
" Hay ward " has been especially quoted as being the oracle of the
" splitters," and therefore not likely to underestimate our resources,
and his estimate of the above divides it roughly into 43 species.

A total of only 48 species, it is true, looks very poor in compari-
son with some of the tropical islands of similar area to ours ; where
we frequently find several hundreds of species represented. Strangely
enough, however, we find this paucity of species more than counter-
balanced by a varietal capacity that, so far, is beyond that of any
other part of the globe. In fact, it might almost be stated that a
thoroughly up-to-date collection of our varieties, including both
wild forms and the strains raised from them, would have nothing
to fear as regards beauty of form and texture from the massed
battalions of the whole of exotic ferns.

The main types of variation may be enumerated thus : — (1)
" cresting," including all forms from merely " bifid " tips, through
" furcate," " digitate," " polydactylous," " multifurcate," and
" corymbiferous " ends to pinnae and frond tip, until the process
culminates in " grandiceps " with huge balls of cresting ; (2) dis-
section of fronds, commencing with variously cut and " incised "
pinnje, and passing through a series of "bipinnate," " tripinnate,"
" divisilobe," " multilobe," "decomposite," etc., until we reach the
gems of the fern world in the " plumosums," where the division is
often such that the whole surface of the frond appears covered with
a mossy " pile " of hair-like segments. (3) In addition to these two
main groups there are a number of subsidiary variants, such as
" congesta," with dense, closely packed fronds ; branched forms ;
" tailed " fronds or pinnae; " revolvens," with the fronds almost
rolled into a tube ; " cornutum " and " truncatum," similar in
origin, but "horned" when the midrib projects beyond the square-
ended " truncatum " ; variegated and " proliferous " or " bulbiferous "
types. The two latter are frequently found conjoined with many

14

of the other variations, bulbils being especially common in the
" divisilobe" shield-ferns.

The principal book giving an up-to-date selection of these varieties
is " British Ferns," by the late Mr. C. T. Druery. Taking our
genera and species alphabetically, we find here of Maidenhair
(AiliantiDii) about a dozen variants ; and of Allosonis, the Parsley
Fern, only a tasselled form mentioned, afterwards lost. Then come
the Asjileniiom or " Spleenworts." The best of the Black Maiden-
haii' spleenwoit are aciitinn, (irandirepa, and microilon : cetetadi has
several; A. inarimini, plumose and branched forms ; but little but
the normal in the "Wall-rue," A. rnta-inuyaria, or in A. rirUle,
fontanuiii, nennanivuiii, lanceolatum, and septentno)iale. The Maiden-
hair Spleen wort, As^p. tnchoinanes, requires separate mention, as here
we have many beautifully crested, branched, and plumose forms.

Next is the Lady Fern, Atlnjrinm tiUx-f\r\iiina, whose hundreds of
varieties would easil}' make a noteworthy collection by themselves.
The '• Moonwort " {hutrj/chiitni), has several " incised" forms and
one tripartite; the Hard Fern (i)Z<?o//»(/»(), has some dozens. The
various species of (.'//■'<?''/'f^''s, or " Bladder-ferns," with the exception
of frof/iiis, give little change, nor do the Hi/inendp/ii/lliiiii or
GyriniuyraDiiiui.

The Lastraeae, or Nep/irodiinn, give us a fine selection. First may
be mentioned the troad Buckler Fern, X. dilatatum (I confess I
hardly like its more "correct" name, according to Hayward, of
Dri/opteria aristota), which is majestic in its normal form when we
have a damp glade, with its glorious shoulder-high fronds as decora-
tion. There are many crested and ramose varieties, and " grandi-
ceps " with heavy bunch terminals. They are also fertile in the
extreme.

The " Male Fern " has been divided into three sub-species by Mr.
G. B. WoUaston ; the first, A'. ;ili.v-t)iaii, so common in our suburban
gardens, is partially deciduous only ; propincjua is a quite deciduous
lowland form ; while pseudo-mas is sub-evergreen, and a very grand
plant. The chart of these differences, from a copy of the " British
Fern Gazette," was drawn up by Mr. Wollaston many years ago.
(Chart exhibited.) Of the many fine "Male Fern" finds, quite
unique is X. jisendo-iuas var. aistata, the "King of the Male Ferns,"
found near St. Austell, evidently before 1850, as the plant was at
Kew in that year. Skilled culture of this lovely fern under glass
has sometimes resulted in a tree-fern with a two-foot stem uplifting
its great cluster of splendidly crested fronds. Lastraea montana has
given a wealth of beauty, its most noted form, however, being
barnesli, with its side divisions set on to the midrib at right angles,
like the steps of a ladder. There is not much variation in the other
LaHtra-a:, interesting as they are in the Marsh Fern, L. thelypteris, in
L. ceiiiida, ri(/ida, cyistata (so curiously named), with its connecting
sub-species with dilatata, known as spinulosa and ulifiinosa, and the
puzzling fern known as L. rcmota.

15

The finest of the Royal Fern group is Osnnmda refialu var. ciistata,
brought unsuspectingly to a Fulham nursery in winter-time, over
50 years ago, by a hawker, who had gathered a batch of common
ones. The nurseryman did not realise what treasure he. possessed
when its fronds appeared in the spring, but Mr. G. B. Wollaston
saw it thpre and promptly offered £25 for the plant. His ofter was
refused, the nursery owner scenting a bargain ; but the plant has
been freely propagated since, and no garden need lack a specimen
now. It is easily grown in a damp hollow, or an earthenware pan
can be sunk in the soil to create a miniature bog for it ; the same
treatment also ujakes the Marsh Fern happy.

Pdli/pniliiiiii calcareinii, or robertianion, the Limestone Polypody,,
and the Beech Fern, P. phe(fopteris, have little variation ; but the
Oak P'ern, P. dnjopteris, has in quite recent times given a wonderful
plumose beauty found in the Lake District, on Whitbarrow Scar,
by an elderly fern-lover known as " Owd Tom Christopherson,"
locally. The many crested and plumose types of the common Poly-
pody, P. Dihjare, make this fine evergreen group of great importance
to gardeners. To botanists perhaps its most interesting form is the
Welsh Polypody, P. v. coiiibriciiiii, which was classed as a species by
LinnfBus, although we now know it to be a quite barren plumose
fern. A great many of the beautiful " (v/^/rt;r" sports have been
found wild.

It would be hopeless to attempt a description, in a short lecture,
of the multitude of fine " Shield Ferns," Aspidium ouf/nlaie being
responsible for most of these. Fern fanciers rapidly tend to
specialise on these lovely evergreen gems. Asp. acideatmii, though
its number of " sports " or " mutations " is less, is almost as note-
worthy in its results. The " Holly Fern," A. loncliitis, has little
variation.

Psei(datfn/riii)ii alpestre, the Mountain Lady Fern, must be re-
corded, with its two or three wild finds, and then we reach the
Brackens, which have given us seven or eight good forms. Tricho-
vuDU's radicans, the " Killarney " filmy-fern, has several ; the
Woodsiac of our mountains have none.

I have left the " Harts-tongue " (Scolopendriiim vtd(jare) to the last,
as it has been credited with anywhere up to six hundred distinct
variations. Many are of great beauty and interest, but the few
fronds exhibited must suffice in lieu of an endless descriptive
account.

Many phases of the propagation of our ferns are of great botanical
im,portance. It should, therefore, be expected that observant horti-
culturists would occasionally make discoveries that the research
worker proper had missed. This happened when Mr. C. T. Druery
first noted the phenomenon known as " Apospory," or the produc-
tion of prothalli directly on the frond of a fern, instead of from a
spore. The paper on this subject was read at a meeting of the
Linntean Society on June 19th, 1884, and can be found in the

16

^' Linnfean Society's Journal— Botany," vol. xxi. Further notes
are in vols. xxii. and xxix.-xxx. These observations were carried
on by Prof. T. 0. Bower (" Annals of Botany," vol. i., p. 300, etc.),
and the natural result has been that, in many scientific circles he is
credited with the discovery of Apospory. He carefully gives the
credit to Mr. Druery, however, as may be seen in several places,
particularly in his " Origin of a Land Flora," a book of overwhelm-
ing interest to the fern -lover.

Sometimes we find the normal archegonia and antheridia absent
from the underside of the fern prothallus, and the " fern-plant "
produced thereon from asexu3,l buds, a sort of parthenogenesis, in
fact. This is called " Apogamy," and is of great interest in culture
for several reasons, but especially when attempts at " crossing " are
being made. To find a pure crop of both species where hybrids are
reasonably expected is extremely puzzling until it is realised that
one or both of the attempted " parents " are apogamous.
This is the case with Nephrodiidn psei(do-)iiaft and its
varieties, and so, although the " King of the Male Ferns," is quite
easy to raise from spores, we are unable to blend its unique beauty
with other forms. (As the subject of hybridization has been raised,
it may be stated at once that there are several well-authenticated
examples of crossing of fern varieties and even species. A specimen
is shown of a cross between two forms of the common Polypody,
viz., P. rahiare var. cornubiense, a finely dissected plant x P. nihiare
var, )itiiltifidiiiii, a crested variety. The hybrid has the undoubted
characters of both parents. A beautiful fern of horticultural origin
is Pohjpodinni Schneider ianiiiii, derived from crossing the same variety
of our P. vuli/are (cor nub ie use) with the great exotic P. aureinii, and
there are a number of other proved instances, as well as many
suspected hybrids of wild origin.) To finish with the question of
" apogamy," it may occasionally be found actually combined with
" apospory," in fact the amount of research opened up by this one
phase of our fern life is wonderful. Further information may be
found in "Linn. Trans.," vol. ii., part xiv. (Prof. Bower); ".Jour.
Linn. Soc," vol. xxxiv., no. 227, p. 262-7, a paper by Dr. F. W.
Stansfield ; and also in " Phil. Trans. Royal Society," vol. 190
(1898), pp. 187-228 (W. H. Lang, M.B., B.Sc).

In addition to the usual propagation by spores, and these two
aberrant processes, we find buds or "bulbils" produced freely on the
fronds of many ferns, which are easily raised asexually in this
manner. Offsets from the main plant afford another method of
increase, including cases of creeping rootstocks. Some prothalli,
notably those of Osiintnda rei/alis, creep about like a Liverwort, and
may cover the surface of a pot with young plants. Finally, a very
interesting process is adopted, of especial use when barren plumose
varieties are concerned, i.e., by " induced bulbils." In the Harts-
tongue, frond bases are carefully pulled away, washed, and laid on
clean damp sand in a covered glass jar, away from direct sunlight.

17

Small white growths finally appear over the surface of the frond-
base, and these develop under close culture into young ferns. Shield
ferns are similarly raised from old pieces of caudex ; the Lady Fern
from axils of frond-bases joined to a piece of old caudex ; the Sweet
Mountain Fern very plentifully from caudex portions ; and lastly,
the occurrence of dormant frond-base buds in the Male Fern is of
very ancient mention in plant-lore.

Several lovely wild variants appear to have a great capacity in the
way of mutation, and special " strains" have been developed under
culture. Probably the three best instances are (1) AtJujiium var.
pliiiiioHitm-axminHtereaHc, found by Mr. J. Trott, in 1860, near
Axminster. This was the parent of Parsons' '' plnniosiiiti-elefians,"
which in its turn gave rise to the unique " plumose" and " super-
bum " types raised by Mr. Druery. (2) Aspidimn annulare var.
ilecomposituiii ab. s/deiKleiin, discovered in 1875 in S'. Devon, by Mr.
Moly, originated the extraordinary series of " plumosums " asso-
ciated with the na ■ es of Col. Jones and Mr. Fox. (3) A farm
labourer named Bevis, in 1876, found in a hedge the fern known
as Asjiidiidii aculeatniii var. /ndcherriiiiuni, and gave it to Dr. Wills.
Until the last few years ^' piilv/ierriiinini " was considered to be quite
barren, and slowly propagated by offsets only. The quite recent
discovery of solitary sporangia, with no indusial covering, gave
Messrs. Druery and Green the chance of more rapidly propagating
the fern, and in time a sensation was created by the exhibition at
the Royal Horticultural Society's shows of a new group of this
species, the glorious " graiillimums " and "plumosums." From
these three main groups of " mutants," and from a multitude of
lesser examples the student of British fern variation must neces-
sarily believe in the possibility of sudden great advance in Nature,
as well as in the slow move forward by innumerable small accretions
of " character " ; probably, indeed, will tend to be a confirmed
" mutationist " lor preference.

Many of these ''varieties" of our ferns might almost lay claim
to be called true " species," so readily can they be bred "true" in
quantity, as the trade lists of our fern nurseries easily ohow. To
this may be opposed the question; " Do they maintain themselves
in a wild state ?" and here, it must be admitted, few instances can
be quoted. One telling example is that of a long-tailed form of the
Black Maidenhair Spleenwort {Aspleniiuit adiantum-mgrum var.
caudifoliiiin). This was found by Mr. Druery, in 1888, so well
established on a stretch of stone dyke on Dartmoor as to have quite
displaced the normals, which only survived at either end of the
dyke. Its permanence was attested when the British Pteridological
Society held its annual meeting at Totnes, in August, 1913, a visit
to the moor enabling the members to re-identify this fern " in pro-
fusion." Near Faygate, in Sussex, grew many acres of a heavily
crested bracken, and similar great masses of named varieties of
Pteris aquilina have been recorded from the Lake District and else-

18

where. Will it be seriously asserted that every recognised " species "
possesses as good a case ?

It has been suggested that the great variety of British ferns is
largely due to the sustained searching and propagation carried on
here by enthusiasts ever since the " fern-fever " period of about the
" sixties " of last century. This is difficult to decide upon, but one
piece of evidence for the theory is the case of the so-called " Boston
Ferns." These fine forms of ?\'ep/irolepis exaltata, the exotic "Sword
Fern," arose in cultivation in the United States, became very popular
there, and were afterwards extensively developed in this country, as
well as other species of the same genus. The many crested types
of Pteris cretica also create the suspicion that demand caused by
popularity, resulting in assiduous search for new^ beauties, may in
time do for many exotics what has been so well noted in British
ferns.

In concluding, apology must be made for the inevitable monotony
of the long list of names, with the hope that the few fronds exhibited
will lend life-interest to the matter. If anyone is desirous of fiu-ther
following up this fascinating chapter in biology, one can confidently
recommend joining the British Pteridological Society, the annual
subscription of 5s. carrying the issues of the "British Fern Gazette"
with it. Each addition to our membership helps to safeguard our
native fern flora by concentrating eflbrt in the culture of the splendid
varietal forms, instead of, as in the case of the " unattached " fern-
lover, merely helping the " vandal with sack and trowel" to rob our
countryside of its beauty.

[Note. — The lecture was " punctuated " by a number of fronds
being exhibited, and especial interest was manifested in the "divi-
sible" and "plumose" Shield-ferns, as is usually the case. A
number of questions was raised, such as (1) the problem of " plumose "
barren forms being cases of diverted spore-formation energy ; (2)
why varieties, easily cultivated under glass, die out in Nature ; (3)
the " economic " uses of ferns. It was replied that many cases of
freely-fertile " plumosums " are also known ; (2) that the ravages
of minute creatures, such as Fodura, may have much to do in
destroying fallen spores, or prothalli also ; and much of the varia-
tion means less robust "leafage," so that the normals prevail by
smothering the new-comer ; (b) a few details such as the production
of " capillaire " from fern fronds ; the eating of fern rhizomas or
of young fronds such as bracken, in times of famine ; the uses of
the fronds as packing material or as litter were instanced, and
reference made to the many old beliefs in medicinal virtues of
ferns.]

19

Migration of Birds.

By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.^.S.—Read October 2th. 1919,

The phenomena of Bird Migration constitutes the greatest mystery
pertaining to the whole animal kingdom, an enigma which attracted
the attention of the ancients, yet to a great extent the mysterious
sense by which birds find their way hither and thither from one land
to another, over vast stretches of ocean, is a problem which modern
scientists are as incapable of explaining as were the earliest writers.

The old superstitions and beliefs rogarding the disappearance of
several birds in the autumn, such as the swallow, cuckoo, and
nightingale, that it was due to hibernation were mere myths. It is
not such a great while ago that such ideas pi'evailed, when it was
thought swallows retired to the bottoms of ponds or hid in crevices
of rocks to pass the winter months in a state of torpor, and cuckoos
turned into hawks. It was also at a remote time believed that the
larger birds conveyed the smaller kinds from one country to another,
but there is no more truth in such notions than there is in the idea
that Bernicle geese were hatched from barnacles, the Cirriped {Lepas
anatifera). From the careful observations and study given to
migration during recent years, much knowledge has been acquired
on some points, especially on the routes taken and the destinations
of certain species.

The migratory birds may be classed in three groups : —

1. Birds which arrive on our shores in the spring and remain to
breed, and depart again in the autumn to their winter resorts further
south.

2. Those which arrive here in the autumn, having bred in the
northern regions, and spend their winter with us.

8. Birds-of-Passage are those which breed in the arctic, and winter
far south ; are only met with in this country for a short time in the
spring, and again in the autumn on their long journeys north
and south.

The chief cause of migration is undoubtedly that of food supply.
Therefore, considering the difficulty which all animals are subjected
to at times in finding sufficient sustenance, it is not so surprising
that birds, possessing such perfect powers of locomotion, should
avail themselves of the facilities afforded them for securing food
where it can be more easily obtained ; but whether this is the
principal cause of the northern migration which takes place in the
spring appears doubtful ; possibly the amount of food would fall
short in supplying both parents and young of such a vast assemblage
of birds if all remained in the southern hemisphere.

20

The regions lying north of the British Isles throughout Europe
and Asia, including the Arctic, form the breeding grounds of large
numbers of migratory species, many of which winter with us ;
but in the Antarctic regions there are no suitable breeding grounds,
except for Penguins and Petrels, consequently South Africa receives
no migrants from the far south as it does from the northern
countries. Many of our summer migrants, when they leave this
country in the autumn on their southward journey, cross the tropics
to winter in South Africa, where insect food is freely obtainable,

There are certain facts regarding migration which are both
remarkable and perplexing to our minds. What sense is it which
guides birds so unerringly for such distances ? Many species travel
for several thousands of miles, while some of the waders, such as
the knot and sanderling, migrate so far south from their northern
breeding haunts in the arctic that the journeys undertaken by these
birds extend for eight, nine, or even ten thousand miles. The
autumnal migratory period for each species occupies about a month.
Astonishing as it may appear, it is a well recognised fact that, as a
rule, it is the young birds — or birds of the year — which are the
first to migrate (but there are exceptions to this rule, such as the
cuckoo). After a few days the adult males, having completed their
autumnal moult, take their departure, and the adult females follow.
In the return spring migration the order is somewhat reversed.
The first to arrive are adult males, followed by the adult females,
and the birds of the year arrive last. At each season the stragglers
eti mute are found to be crippled birds, which arrive last of all.

That many birds lose their way, or, rather, are driven out of
their course by violent storms, there can be no doubt, for, from
time to time, at a certain season, both American and Asiatic species
arrive on the British shores ; these are classed as accidental visitors.
As regards the ' North American birds which occasionally arrive
here, there are those which breed in the Arctic, and, passing on
south to winter quarters, meet with westerly gales and are driven
across the north Atlantic, and usually reach the Norwegian coast,
wheia they then make their way southward, and arrive on the
eastern shores of Britain, and, following the seaboard, reach the
southern and south-western limits of England.

When migrating there is little doubt that birds are capable of
flying, and do fly, at a much greater elevation than is generally
supposed. There are many authentic instances placed on record.
For example : An observer (Mr. J. Tennant) states that at Eoorkee,
on September 23rd, 1875, while looking at the sun through a
telescope, he frequently saw birds, apparently kites, pass over its
face, some of which were in focus with the sun itself, and therefore
must have been several miles high, while the nearest must have
been quite a mile above the earth's surface; but these birds were
only soaring on the lookout for prey, and not migrating. A still
more interesting observation is that recorded by Mr. W. E. D.

21

Scott, for on the night of October 19th, 1880, he saw through an
astronomical telescope at Princeton, New Jersey, great numbers of
birds passing across the face of the moon, mostly the smaller land
birds. Several were plainly recognised, such as Finches, Warblers,
Woodpeckers and Blackbirds, which were on their autumnal
migration. It was estimated these birds must have been travelling
at heights varying from one to two miles. Again, on April 16th,
1881, he made further observations at the same place, where he saw
swallows passing on their journey northward, which were flying
comparatively low. They were few in numbers : only thirteen
passed in 45 mmutes, whereas on the former occasion the birds
averaged 4-5 per minute. Mr. F. M. Chapman, in New Jersey, on
the evening of September 3rd, 1887, while watching for nearly
three hours, saw 262 birds cross the moon's face. Of these, 233
were computed to be flying at a height of from 1,500 to 15,000 feet,
but the lowest birds were flying upward as if they had risen from
the immediate neighbourhood, and were making for the right
elevation at which to continue their flight. Among the birds were
five Carolina Rails, of which three were computed at an elevation
between 1,900 and 10,200 feet, one between 2,000 and 11,000, and
one between 2,600 and 13,500 feet.

Respecting the speed attained by birds during their migratory
flight there appears to be some doubt, but there is every reason to
believe that they then travel at their fastest, and the rate accom-
plished by a large number of species, especially the waders (Plovers,
Snipes, Sandpipers], is very great, and the ordinary speed of such
birds as Godwits, Golden Plovers, and other allied species, is
astonishing. For instance, a Whimbrel, which was timed while
leisurely flying along the seashore, travelled at 70 miles an hour.
The writer shot a Bar-tailed Godwit while it was flying at a
tremendous speed, which was carefully estimated (the conditions
being very suitable for the purpose), and found to be just 150
miles an hour. But the most amazing speed recorded is an obser-
vation made by Herr Gatke regarding Curlews, Godwits, and
Plovers, which he watched through glasses crossing from the main-
land of Heligoland to .an oyster-bed to the eastward, a distance of
22,000 ft., or rather more than four miles, which they accomplished
in one minute, or at the rate of 240 miles an hour. Knowing the
accuracy and care of such an experienced observer, we have no
reason to doubt his statement. On several occasions Teal have
been timed during flight, which has proved to be at the speed of
150 miles an hour, when simply flying from one island to another
just One mile apart. Therefore, taking all into account, there is
cause for belief that during migration many birds fly at an extra-
ordinary velocity.

There are many routes taken by migratory birds, and many
places where observations have been made, but there is no place in
Europe where so much has been seen and recorded relating to

22

migration as the island of Heligoland, which is little more than
a bare rock of some 200 acres in extent, and rises about 150 feet
above the sea. The sides are perpendicular, and the fiat surface is
treeless ; it is situated about 20 miles off the German coast. About
one mile away is Sandy Isle, composed of sandhills and beach at
low water, then exposing about 50 acres, which at high water is
reduced to about half. This, combined with Heligoland, is the
resting-place of myriads of migratory birds, in fact, more species
have been recorded from this place than from any other in the
whole world. To the celebrated and venerable Herr Gatke ornitho-
logists owe much for the enormous amount of information he
amassed during a period of over 50 years' observation on the bird
life of Heligoland. The following few brief notes from his diary
will convey some idea of the number of migrants tbat pass across
the island : —

October, 1870 : Thousands of Great Tits. February, 1876 :
Tens of thousands of Skylarks. January, 1878 : Countless
numbers of Fieldfares. December, 1879 : Millions of Red-throated
Divers. September, 1880: Thousands of Siskins. November,
1880 : Thousands of Shore-larks. September, 1881 : Immense
flights of common Buzzards. October, 1881 : Thousands of Snow-
buntings. October, 1882 : Countless numbers of Hedge Sparrows,
thousands of Jays, myriads of Goldcrests. September, 1883 :
Enormous numbers of Redstarts. On November 8th, 1868, the
islanders caught 15,000 Skylarks. Herr Giitke also records : From
10 o'clock on the night of October 28th, 1882, to the next morning,
Goldcrests eddied thick as flakes in a heavy snow-fall round the
lighthouse, and on the follov/ing day they literally swarmed on
every square foot of the island, and in October of the following
5'ear myriads of Skylarks thronged in the brilliant beams of light
for four nights in succession, accompanied by Starlings in almost
equal numbers. It has long been known that many birds migrate
at night, but not on clear, bright nights as might be supposed ;
they select for the purpose dark misty nights, especially those when
fine rain is falling. It is during such conditions of weather that
multitudes of birds swarm round lighthouses and pass on to their
destinations.

23

British Batrachians.

By G. A. BouLENGER, LL.D., D.Sc, F.E.S.
EemI December 12f//, 1919.

I have been asked to tell you something to-night about our
Batrachians, a class of Vertebrates connecting the Fishes with the
Reptiles. They are poorly represented with us, but the few species
have always found favour in the aquarium and the terrarium, and
they lend themselves particularly well to observations on the life-
histories. Their breeding habits and their metamorphoses can be
easily observed in captivity and in a comparatively short time, thus
affording an excellent introduction to the study of Natural History,
whilst some of them are of constant use in the laboratory for
the first exercises in anatomy, as well as for experiments in
physiology.

They are popularly known as Newts, Frogs, and Toads.

The first of these belong to the order Caudata, or Urodeles, in
which the tail persists throughout life, and in which the meta-
morphoses are more gradual and far less striking than in the order
Ecaiidata, or Anures, embracing the two other types, which are
tailless in the perfect state, after having passed through the tadpole
condition, which is known to all of you.

There are three species of Newts {Mohje or Triton) in the British
Isles, elegant creatures when in the water, which is their element
during the breeding season, lasting through spring and early
summer. The males then assume ornamental appendages in the
form of dorsal and caudal crests, or of membranes bordering the
toes, and with them m that condition it is very easy to distinguish
the species ; the females lack these appendages, and differ much
from the males in form, and sometimes also in coloration.

The largest is the Crested Newt [Mohje cristata), growing to six
inches, of a dark grey or brown, often blackish colour above and
bright yellow or orange beneath, spotted or marbled with black.
The male's crest is very high, deeply serrated, and interrupted over
the lumbar region, and a silvery band adorns the side of the tail;
the female is distinguished by the absence of these characters and
by the presence of a yellow or orange streak along the lower edge
of the tail.

Next comes the Common Newt {M. vnh/aris), up to four inches
long, of a paler brown, with dark brown or black markings, and
dark streaks along the head, the lateral of which passes through
the golden iris of the eye. The male's crest is also high, but unin-

24

terrupted and festooned instead of serrated, and other sexual and
nuptial characters reside in the presence of lobes bordering the toes
and of a beautiful pale blue band with black bais on the lower part
of the tail ; the belly is orange or vermilion red in the middle, with
round black spots.

The third, and smallest species, hardly exceeding three inches in
length, the Palmated Newt {M. pahnata), is very near the preceding,
but the male m nuptial attire is easily distinguished by the sub-
quadrangular shape of the body, each side limited above by a low
dermal fold, by the feebly developed dorsal crest with entire edge, by
the presence of a filament at the abruptly truncate extremity of the
tail, and by the black web between the toes, the foot being com-
parable to a duck's, whilst that of the Common Newt resembles a
coot's. The belly, in both sexes, is paler than usual in the
Common Newt, yellow or pale orange in the middle, never'red, and
the black spots are smaller, or even absent. .

Although the males of these two Newts are so strikingly different in
their water costume, the females at all times, and the males also when
the breeding season is over, are not so easy to distinguish froni the
common species, and it requires a close examination, in which the
skull may have to be resorted to, before one can be quite certain of
the determination ; this close examination will usually reveal in the
female a mere rudivnent of the filament at the end of the tail,
passed on in a reduced form from the other sex like so many secondary
sexual characters in the animal kingdom. There is, however, a far
safer criterion to resort to in order never to make a mistake, what-
ever the sex or state of the specimen, and which is very striking in
fresh examples: whereas the throat of the Common Newt is always of
an opaque white or yellow, very rarely without black spots or dots,
that of the Paln:(ated Newt is absolutely devoid of pigment, flesh-
coloured and immaculate. I have examined hundreds, perhaps
thousands, of specimens without ever finding an exception to this
character, until last spring, when, catching Palmated Newts at
Han-sur-Lesse, in Belgium, in company with my friend M. G. F. de
Witte, I was greatly surprised at finding one, a male, with the
throat dotted over with black specks. The specimen is now pre-
served in the Natural History Museum, and I doubt whether
another such will soon be found again. This shows that hardly
any single character is ever absolutely constant ; exceptions will
turn up whenever very large numbers of specimens are carefully
examined and that is why extensive series are required in order to
properly understand specific chai'acters, or, rather, combinations of
characters, any single one of which may fail. All zoologists know
this — the days of the Noah's Ark collection of " species " are over —
and yet I am often surprised and shocked when reading systematic
descriptions or diagnoses, to find how individual variation is over-
looked or deliberately ignored, with the object evidently of
emphasising distinctions.

25

I have been very careful to note individual exceptions in my
writings, and I have subjected large series of many species to a close
scrutiny. I have now in the press a Monograph of the Lizards, in
which the record of such details is carried to a point that has not,
I think, been reached before in the case of any large group ; in thus
dealing with the subject I am encouraged by the opinion of a great
French biologist (Alfred Giard), that the detailed and conscientious
observations of facts, apparently futile, must lead to conceptions of
a high philosophical bearing. I would advise all who have the
taste and the leisure to minutely compare large series of specimens
of common forms, whether animals or plants, with the latest and
best descriptions they can get hold of ; they will be surprised to
find how many little discoveries they will make.

To return to the Newts : after this digression, a few words as to
their distril)ution, a subject which I also recommend to your atten-
tion, as it is desirable to obtain further records of localities for a more
exact m;ipping out of their range in Britain.

The Crested Newt is found in England only as far west as Devon-
shire, where it appears to be very local and .scarce, and in Scotland
as far north as Perthshire ; it is absent in the west. The Common
Mewt has apparently the same distribution here, as on the continent;
it is quite a mistake to think that it is generally distributed, for, on
the contrary, the Paluiated Newt, which is local in the south-east of
England, occupies a far more extensive territory, being the only
species found over the whole of England, Wales, and Scotland.
On the continent the Common Newt is more an eastern species, the
Palmated Newt being the reverse ; it is the same in England. How
verjr curious then to find that, passing over to Ireland, the Common
Newt is the only one occurring there. Had I been asked to predict
I should have had no hesitation in suggesting the Palmated Newt
as the representative of the genus in that island.

I have one more recommendation to make to collectors of Newts.
There is a remarkable phenomenon, known as iieot^nn. the abnormal
prolongation of the larval state, or the retention of certain attributes
of that state, of which we have a classical example in the Axolotl
of Mexico, which is the permanent, sexually mature, branchiate,
larval form of a Salamander [Auibbjstovio ti(/riniiiii). Only some
individuals assume the perfect form under certain conditions, and
you may see an example of this Salamander at the Zoological
Gardens in Kegent's Park, the only survivor of a number reared by
my son a few years ago. It is less known that there are some
localities in the Alps of Italy which possess in comparative abund-
ance Axolotl forms of Mohje alpestris : elsewhere, branchiate adults
of M. ctistata and j\]. vidj/aris have been found as isolated indi-
viduals only. Twenty years ago I made an appeal to those who
might be so lucky as to come across specimens of any of our Newts
in that condition, to preserve them alive and, considering the facility
with which these creatures breed in captivity, to attempt to raise a

26

race of permanent gill -breathers, which would prove an interesting
addition to our list of aquarium animals. I now renew the appeal.

Passing on to our Tailless Batrachians (FJcaitdata), we have four
to deal with, one of which is doubtfully indigenous.

The two Toads, the Common [Bufo vnlnaris), and the Natterjack
{B. calamita) are easily distinguished in form, in coloration, and in
gait as well as in habits. The second differs from the first, which
is too familiar to need definition, in the shorter hind limbs, so short
that the toad is unable to hop and progresses, when pursued, by
running, the body raised from the ground, but stopping every few
seconds, )iniris uistar as expressed by its discoverer, the illustrious
Rosel von Eosenhof ; in the presence of a large porous gland on the
calf ; in the greenish-yellow colour of the eye, instead of reddish-
golden or copper colour ; in the presence of a yellow line along the
spine, never absent in any of the British specimens ; and in the
large vocal sac of the male, the throat swelling to the size of a
walnut in the act of croaking, in which this creature rivals the
green Tree-frog, the Common Toad, on the other hand, being
deprived of a vocal sac and uttering only a feeble note.

The Common Toad is found all over England and Scotland, but
is absent from Ireland ; it has never existed on that island, as
otherwise its remains would certainly have been found with the
bones of so many small animals collected in great numbers in the
Pleistocene later deposits and studied with much care. The
Natterjack, on the other hand, is local in England, has only been
found at one place in Scotland, on the Moray Firth, but occurs
plentifully in Ireland around Castlemaine and Valentia harbours,
Co. Kerry. Colonies of Natterjacks are usually found in sandy
localities only, and come and go in a mysterious fashion. In
Thomas Bell's time this Toad occurred in abundance in Gilbert
White's garden at Selborne, but, and this is most surprismg when
we think of its remarkably garrulous nature, it appears to
have entirely escaped the notice of the great naturalist, which can
only be explained by supposing that it did not exist at or near
Selborne in those days. In his edition of White's " Selborne," Bell
remarks that the Natterjack, once so common, had abandoned his
garden, without any cause ever having ever suggested itself for its
disappearance. A similar mstance is known from Dorsetshire,
where the toad is stated by the Rev. 0. P. Cambridge to have been
very plentiful on Bloxworth Heath some 70 years ago, whilst it
does not appear to have been seen or heard in that vicinity for many
years past.

The Common Frog {Rana temporaria) is distributed over the
whole of the British Isles, though more local in Ireland ; it reaches
the extreme north of Scotland, where remarkably large specimens
(up to nearly four inches without the limbs) are found. Its scien-
tific name, temporaria, is due to the dark brown or black spot cover-
ing the temple, a character which is, however, not to be trusted, as

27

■it may be absent in some specimens, whilst, on the other hand, it
may be present in the othei' species, the Edible Frog {B. escidenta).
This second frog used to be common in the Cambridgeshire Fens,
and is still found in a few localities in Norfolk ; it has certainly
been in existence in these places for a great number of years, but
whether it is indigenous or introduced from the continent, no one
can say. Such as it occurs in this country (var. lessoncr) it is easily
distinguished from the Common Frog by the presence of a yellow
or green stripe along the back, the bright yellow and black marblings
on the groin and buttocks, the large, hard, compressed tubercle at
the base of the inner toe, and the presence in the male sex of an
•external vocal sac on each side of the head, protruding, when in-
flated, through a slit below the ear ; this bladder-like vesicle is of
the size of a small cherry in full-grown individuals. The croak is
very loud, but quite different from that of the Natterjack, consisting
of a variety of notes, and, unlike the toad's, is produced in the day-
time as well as at night.

The eggs of the Common Frog are very conspicuous in late winter
or early spring as large masses of jelly enclosing small black spheres
(the ovum proper) in countless numbers, floating on the surface of
'the water; those of the Edible Frog are never seen, as they sink to
ihe bottom, and they are not laid until June. The eggs of toads are
very different, forming long strings, comparable, rigidity apart, to
glass tubes, containing small black beads in single or double file. A
few years ago, on the occasion of a communication on distant
orientation in Batrachians by that highly promising young zoologist,
B. F. Cummings, whose recent loss we deplore, I made some remarks
on the habits of our Frogs and Toads, which I will here reproduce
from the Zoological Society's " Proceedings," by permission of the
Society.

" There is great diversity among Tailless Batrachians in the pos-
session, lack, or degree of instinctive foresight in selecting places
for the deposition of their eggs. Leaving out the thoroughly
aquatic Edible Frog, which has only doubtful claims to be regarded
as British, two of our species, the Common Frog and the Natterjack
Toad, belong to the category of the least gifted in this respect,
whilst the third, the Common Toad, behaves differently, and is
besides possessed of an instinct for orientation which appears to be
highly developed. The fact that, after the perfect condition is
attained. Tailless Batrachians, unlike the Tailed, do not regenerate
lost parts, would render the Common Toad further suitable for
experiments on migrations, after the amputation of a finger or toe,
as a distinctive mark. The Natterjack is, with us, a very local
species, but the Common Toad and the Common Frog are ubiquitous
and, as young or outside the breeding-season, are often found far
from water, to which they have, of course, to resort for oviposition.
How the three species behave in connexion with this function I will
tell briefly from my own observations.

28

"The Common Frog exercises little discrimination in the choice of
water in which to deposit its ego's, provided it be not brackish, often
spawning in temporary winter pools which are sure to dry up before
the time at which the larvcis have completed their metamorphosis,
or on the edge of a pond where, the level of the water falling after
dry weather, the egg-clumps remain stranded. No doubt the frogs
are attracted to the shallow, slanting borders in preference to the
deeper parts with abrupt banks by the comparative warmth of the
water under the sun-rays of late winter or early spring, with the
unfortunate result which may be witnessed almost year after year
in some places, when, following a spell of dry weather, the borders
of ponds are covered with the stranded jelly-like masses of frog-
spawn drying away in the sun before the liberation of the larvse.
On my country rambles in the end of March or the beginning of
April, I have often rescued the progeny of many frogs by removing
such doomed egg-masses from these fatal beaches to deeper water
close by, which the mother would have chosen had she been gifted
with the instinct possessed by the Common Toad.

" The migrations of the Common Frog towards the water must
take place, to a great extent, in the autumn, as many, perhaps the
majority of individuals, hibernate bui'ied deep in the mud at the
bottom of ponds, sluggish but not dormant as in some higher
animals. Some years ago, just before Christmas, after a period of
severe frost, which had lasted more than a week, I was walking on
the ice of a small and shallow pond in Belgium, when my attention
was drawn to a bright red creature, first taken for a gold-fish,
moving under the ice, which very nearly extended to the bottom of
the pond ; this was a Common Frog, and on looking closer, I dis-
covered hundreds of others, less conspicuous owing to their yellowish,
brown, or olive colour. Some were very handsome specimens,
which I wished' to secure. A pick-axe was fetched from a neigh-
bouring farm and a hole made in the ice, through which I could
introduce my arm and reach the bottom ; but the frogs were so
active that they swam away and not one could be caught. I decided
to return to the pond after the thaw, which I did, but no more frogs
were to be seen ; they had evidently retired to their hibernating-
qaarters in the mud and in holes under water. The reason why
they came out when the pond was frozen nearly to the bottom,
must be attributed to the reduced oxygen in the water, which made
the frogs, breathing as they do under such conditions chiefly by the
skin, feel uncomfortable and desire to escape.

"The Counnon Frog is the earliest breeder among European
Batrachians, spawning taking place in the South of England from
between the end of January and the end of March, the date depend-
ing almost entirely on the temperature and therefore varying
considerably from year to year. Should the winter be a mild one,
the breeding may be over by the middle of February ; recurrence of
cold weather after the frogs have begun spawning may cause them

29

to return to their winter-quarters, with the result that the breeding-
season is broken up into two or three periods within a couple of
months. When the first appearance of mild weather is much
retarded, the spawning takes place for all individuals within a very-
few days, with an enseiiMe which is not customary for the species in
our uncertain climate.

" The Natterjack Toad does not undertake lengthy migrations for
the purpose of depositing its eggs. It usually lives in colonies in
sandy localitie.'s, such as dunes on the sea-coast, sand-quarries,
heath-land, etc., which must be in close proximity to at least some
sort of shallow pool, even of an intermittent kind. This toad shows
not the slightest discrimination in the choice of water, and will not
move any distance in search of better conditions if only it can find
close b)' a little water in side ditches or even in cart-ruts of a road,
whilst an excellent pond may be available a hundred yards oft'. The
development of the eggs and larvae, it is true, is much more rapid
than that of earlier breeders like the Common Frog and the Common
Toad, but nevertheless, in some places, a great many broods are
destroyed through want of foresight on the part of the mother.
Should, however, the pools or ponds in which the Natterjack is
accustomed to breed, and around which it has settled, disappear for
good, by the agency of man or otherwise, the whole colony will
move off after a time to a more suitable locality. This I have
observed in sand-quarries in Belgium and France, some of which
are provided with stagnant water whilst others are not ; those which
have no water or from which the water has disappeared for a year
or two, are without Natterjacks at all times of the year, thus show-
ing that this gregarious Batrachian only settles down in such places
as will afibrd a site for spawning within a few yards, whilst half a
mile's journey is nothing to a Common Toad. It may also be
mentioned that the Natterjack, in common with the Palmated
Newt, has no objection to brackish water and is therefore often
found in great abundance in close proximity to the sea. The
greatest number I have ever seen was on the little He de Bast,
opposite Roscoff, on which, for the reason that the pools are
brackish, neither frogs nor the common toad exist.

" The Natterjack has no such restricted breeding-season as our
other Tailless Batrachians. The females do not go to the water
until ready to spawn, and the time at which the ova descend into
the oviducts varies according to individuals, from between the
middle of April to the beginning of July, sometimes even later.

',' The Common Toad, on the other hand, is remarkable for the
fixity in the time at which it seeks the water for the purpose of
reproduction and for the shortness of the period within which all
the females get rid of their eggs. Exceptions of later breeders,
which have been observed, are so rare they may well be said to
confirm the rule. The same may be said of isolated pairs occasionally
found in places to which toads are not in the habit of resorting to
breed.

30

" The breeding-season in the South of England, the North of
France, and Belgium, falls within the last days of March and the-
first days of April, and, with the exception of severe frosty weather,
which rarely occurs at that season, irrespective of the temperature.
Then certain ponds or deep flooded quarries will be found alive with
hundreds or thousands of toads which have congregated from the
neighbourhood, often from a radius of half a mile or more. Thither
all the toads have travelled with remarkable directness, passing
other ponds or ditches of which they might avail themselves were it
not for the instinct which leads them to select a place offering all
guarantees for the successful rearing of their progeny. If a male
meets a female en route, he vigorously clasps her under the axils
and accomplishes the rest of the journey on her back. Much of the-
travelling takes place at night, but individuals are also met with in
the daytime, hopping along towards the meeting-place. If a high
road should run not far from the pond which is the rendezvous,
numbers of crushed corpses of toads, run over by motor-cars or
other vehicles, will be found for a distance of perhaps two or three
hundred yards, the crushed toads being more and more numerous
as the road nears the pond.

" It pairing toads are taken from the place selected by them for
spawning, and removed to a neighbouring garden with a small
artificial pond in which, we should think, they might comfortably
conclude their breeding-operations, they will often leave and start
oft" in the direction whence they were brought. It does not matter
to them whether this be up or down hill.

" Some years ago I made an experiment on the instinct of orienta-
tion in this toad. I took a number of pairing individuals out of a
pond frequented by the species, which was only a short distance
from another in which frogs spawn but to which toads never resort.
I turned them loose on a monticule midway between the two ponds,
from which neither could be seen, and watched their movements.
All, after a little hesitation or after a few hops in the opposite
direction, took the right orientation and made their way straight
towards the pond whence they had been taken. I experimented on
single individuals, on pairs, and groups of individuals, with the
same result. In this case, it was evident that the toads were not
influenced by hygroscopic sensations, since there was water in both
directions. Whether the sounds uttered by their fellows in the
pond were a guidance to them, seems to me doubtful, considering
the very feeble voice of the Common Toad, the males of which as is
well known, are devoid of vocal sacs ; if so, it would denote a very
acute sense of hearing in toads. I am, however, convinced, from
other observations, that even at a greater distance, from which no
such sounds could be heard, the toads would have taken the right
direction."

In addition to the four members of the order Ecamlata witl>-
which I have dealt, two more must be mentioned as having

81

thoroughly established themselves in this country : the green Tree-
frog {H>/la arborea) and the Midwife Toad {Abjtea obfitetricaus'j both
from the other side of the Channel.

The Tree-frog, remarkable for its bright green colour and climb-
ing habits, has been introduced from France in some parts of the
Isle of Wight, where it has multiplied to such an extent as to be a
nuisance to many people, who, however much they may admire its
graceful shape and attractive coloration, are disturbed at night by
its very loud croaking from April to July.

The Midwife Toad, a small nocturnal Batrachian with large eye
and cat-like erect pupil, unquestionably the most interesting
European representative of the whole class, has established itself,
no one knows how, in a former nursery garden in Bedford ; it has
been there for many years, and a friend of mine found it still in
plenty last summer. Its presence is revealed by its whistling note,
which suggests the sound'of a small bell, or a chime when uttered,
as is usually the case, by a number of individuals, and is produced
chiefly in the evening and at night. This so-called Toad, a member
of the very distinct family Di^coi/loxsidae, furnishes an interesting
example of parental solicitude, the male taking charge of the eggs,
which are large and few and strung together like a rosary, im-
mediately after oviposition on land, not in the water as in most
other Batrachians. After extraordinary contortions, which it has
been my good fortune to witness on several occasions, the male
fastens the string of eggs round its hind limbs and carries them for
a period of about six weeks, when he betakes himself to the water
for the purpose of releasing his progeny, which escapes from the
egg-capsules in the tadpole condition.

32

Note on the Pupation of Aglais urticae and Vanessa io.

(Plate II.)

By E. J. BuNNETT, M.A., F.E.^.—Read Jannanj 8tli, 1920.

In the summer of 1901 I came across a single brood of larvje of
1'. io, about five days old, on the summit of a nettle.

Of this brood I bred through 124 imagines, making notes and
photographs during the successive stages. The larvae being all of
the same brood, their transformations vi^ere nearly contemporaneous.
My notes on this occasion state that, wheij it is all but free from its
larval skin, " the pupa hangs on to the larval slough merely by
pinching it between its own posterior segments." A few yeai's later
I was able to supplement the notes referred to by an observation on
the final act in the pupation of Af/lois nrticce.

At the anal extremity of the pupa of the Nymphalids ma\' be seen
a pair of finger-like organs, having their ends more or less curved
towards one another. fPl. ii., Figs. 8, 4).

In the empty pupa case, or in a live pupa shortly after pupation
is complete, these " fingers " lie flat upon, and, to some extent,
embedded in the last one or two anal segments.

But in the act of pupation, and in the supremel}^ critical moment
when the chrysalis body is dependent from the larval skin, these
finger-like processes are free and can be erected or lowered at will.

They act as a kind of ratchet. The creature raises the " fingers,"
thrusts them into or upon the crumpled larval integument, and
then the act of closing them down again is sufficient to raise the
chrysalis body.

A short succession of such movements produces the desired effect
of enabling the anal extremity (cremaster) of the chrysalis to reach
the silken mat on the leaf-stem, or other support, to which the
anal claspers of the larva are already hooked.

The mystery of the complete withdrawal of the pupal body from
the suspended larval envelope is thus explained. The fact of the
complete withdrawal is demonstrated in two of the subjoined
photographs (of io pupa) (PL ii., figs. 1-2.), which were taken by
nie in 1901, as well as by frequent observations of the phenomenal
manoeuvre, but it was not, as I have said, until later that I
witnessed the use made of the external processes.

The two actions, the pinching of the larval skin between the
pupal segments and the ratchet motion of the finger-like processes,
are performed simultaneously.

This final act of the process of pupation evidently requires
prodigious effort and the straining of every muscle in the pupal

Proc. S.L.E. d- N.H. Soc.

Plate II.

1 and 2. ¥vvm of Vanessa io. 5 minutes after commencement of pupation.
Photo. E.J.B.

3 and 4. Anal segments of Pup^ of Vanessa io.
(Ventral surface and side view.)

Frovi a Drawing.

33

body. It is "neck or nothing" at this moment, and not infre-
quently the insect's strength gives out before the cremastral hooks
have caught hold of the silken strands, and down it falls, a little
mangled heap of creamy jelly with all the life crushed out of it.

Exhausted though the pupa must be, it has yet one further task
to perform, and that is to detach the now useless larval skin from
its connection with the silken mat.

The soft and sensitive body of the immature pupa finds contact
with the larval skin extremely irritating.

It whirls round first in one direction, then in the other, violently
contorting its body, and all the time, little by little, it breaks the
silken threads that hold the offending skin, and at last succeeds in
causing it to fall to the ground. This process frequently occupies
several hours, and when, as on some occasions, I have removed
with my forceps the offending empty skin, the pupa immediately
ceased its gyrations, and was at last able to enjoy well-earned and
much needed repose.

A short exposure to the air of the moist surface of the newly
transformed pupa is sufficient to harden the gluey surface ; the
finger-like processes now lie flatly pressed upon the body and on
drying become soldered to it, the gluey exterior hardening into the
pupal integument from which the imago subsequently emerges.

34

ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS

OF THE

South ITonbon (Entomological unti |laturul f istori|

Sntktg.

Read January 22th, 1920,
By Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., FZ.S., F.E.S.

LADIES and GENTLEMEN, the Reports of the Hon. Treasurer
and the Council, that have been read, have given you, I
think, all necessary information respecting the present status
of the Society. I will, therefore, proceed to matters not included
in those reports.

Unfortunately, we have suffered heavy losses of personnel during
the past year, owing to deaths : —

Lord Walsingham, who had been an Honorary Member since
1886, was born in 1843. He specialized in the Micro-lepidoptera,
of which he amassed a fine collection, Avhich was presented to the
Natural History Museum in 1910, together with his library. The
majority of the specimens had been collected by himself, but these
were reinforced by those of Zeller, Hofmann, and Christoph. He
was one of the Trustees of the British Museum, and High Steward
of Cambridge University. He contributed numerous papers on the
Tineina to the " Trans. Entom. Soc," London ; and wrote on the
Pterophoriihr of California and the North American Toitricidae.
With Col. Swinhoe he was joint-author of the catalogue of Eastern
and Australian Heterocera. His fine collection of larvae on their
natural food plants was also presented to the nation. He died of
pleurisy.

W. J. Ashdown, who joined the Society in 1895, was born in
1855. Though collecting Coleoptera chiefly, he was interested in
most of the other Orders, as shown by the collections bequeathed to

35

the Society. Until the outbreak of war, he had been in the habit
of spending several weeks abroad each year, so that a large number
of Swiss and French insects are included. His extensive library
reflected the wide range of his interests ; he generously left the
natural history portion of it to the Society. At the date of his
decease, in November, he was a member of the Council and Recorder
of Attendances.

Lieut. W. F. Wolley Dod, who had joined the Society but recently,
died of enteric, in Macedonia. At the beginning of the war he come to
England from Canada, where he was an authority upon the
indigenous Xoctuida'..

E. K. Inge's membership was even more brief: he had been
elected only a month when he contracted double-pneumonia and
died three days later. He was a lepidopterist.

Sydney Webb, who died in his 83rd year, became a member in
1888, and continued to take great interest in the Society, although
age and distance had prevented him attending our meetings in
recent years. Unlike the majority of entomologists, he began his
study of insects with the Tineina. Ultimately, there was probably
no finer private collection of British Lepidoptera than his, which
contained magnificent series of varieties and aberrations, and
included the collections of Bond and Gregson.

T. R. Billups, though not a member at the time of his death,
was a past-president, having filled the chair in 1882 and again in
the years 1888 and 1889. He joined the Society in 1877, and was
for many years one of its most active members, frequently serving
on the Council. He was a keen collector of Coleoptera, the parasitic
Hymenoptera, and Tenthredinida .

Death has also claimed some notable entomologists outside our
Society whose work will be greatly missed by all.

A few of the year's contributions to biological knowledge may be
noted : —

Mr. W. R. McConnell, in the " American Journal of Economic
Entomology," reports the discovery of another parasite of the
Hessian Fly, viz., Miris (or Eupehninus) saltator, a hymenopteron
of the family Rncyrtidw, which attacks both larval and pupal
stages of its host.

Our new President, Mr. K. G. Blair, describes a beetle {Abax
parallelus) new to Britain. It is closely allied to Abax ater, and was
found on St. Mary's Island, Scilly, in .July, 1913.

Mr. F. V. Theobald (" Entom.," July, 1919) describes several

36

Aphides new to Bi-ifcain : Myzus yei, from Hythe, Kent ; M. tnercu-
rialis, from Ventnor, I.W. ; M. f/aliifoliuin, from Stouting and Wye,
Kent, and Yarmouth, I.W. ; and Aphis abrutaniella, from Great
Salkield, Cumberland.

The Rev. F. D. Morice (" Ent. Mo. Mag.," March, 1919) has
described a new British Sawfly, Allantits perkinsi, from Devonshire,
Surrey, and Lancashire; no doubt previously confused with A.
arcnatus.

Mr. F. W. Edwards ("Ent. Mo. Mag.," 1919) reports a
new British Heteropezine fly, Leptomjna setipennis, from Letchworth;
and G)iophoiin/ia triptidians, from Mildenhall, Suffolk.

Mr. J. W. Alien announces a beetle, Epttraea distincta, as new to
Britain, from Oxwich Bay, Glamorgan.

Mr. F. Laing reports as new to Britain the Aphis trifolii, which
Mr. K. G. Blair found on Aster tripoliiun at Shoeburyness.

Mr. R. A. Cooley (" Journ. Economic Entom.") estimates the
damage to animal and vegetable products by insect pests, in the
United States, at 1,400 million dollars a year. Writers on this
subject agree that these losses represent 10 per cent, of the total
value of the crops ; and Mr. Cooley asks whether, by special
emergency efforts and organisation, this huge waste cannot be
materially reduced ?

Mr. E. W. Sanford, in " The Journal of Experimental Zoology,"
writes on the physiology of digestion in Blattidae, the results of
observations on more than 600 cockroaches. To the same journal
Messrs. C. R. Stockard and G. N. Papanicolaou contribute further
studies on modification of the germ-cells in mammals, and on the
effects of alcohol on treated guinea-pigs and their descendants.

In the " Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology " there
are interesting articles on " Tsetse-Flies and Fly-belts," " Malaria
associated Oedema," and the " Treatment of Leprosy in Nigeria."

Mr. F. W. Edwards has a note in the " Annals and Mag. of Nat.
Hist." on the egg-burster of Encephalous Fly-larv£B, in which he
says that the young larva of Bolitophila pseiido-hybrida has been
observed moving its head up and down, cutting or scratching a
slit in the eggshell.

Mr. G. J. Arrow describes a remarkable new ball-rolling beetle,
Mne)natum cancer, possibly from the Bihe district of Angola,
collected by the late B. G. Nevinson. The insect is a striking
example of specialisation by successive atrophy of its members. The

37

front tarsi have disappeared from all the ball-rolling Scarabmida ;
the wings also have gone in Mneniatunt, which seems to be
advancing towards a reduction in the legs from six to four.

Mr. Stanley Hirst describes two parasitic mites new to science :
Myocoptex hintoni, from the squirrel, and Psoroptes natalensis, found
on cattle at Richmond, Natal.

In an article on the selection of Helix nemoralis by the song-
thrush, Miss Maud D. Haviland says there seems to be no ground
for supposing that the banded shells were taken less frequently
than the unhanded.

Messrs. Eltringham and Kaye have pointed out that, amongst
the Heliconine butterflies, several that were formerly regarded as
distinct species, now turn out to be local races of Heliconius mel-
pomene. Probably many other forms which we now call species
will be found to be of lower rank. I should imagine that similar
results will be discovered with a number of the South American
Papilios.

Mr. E. A. Butler describes a Capsid Hemipteron, Megacoehnn
beckeri, as new to Britain ; it was captured at Wey bridge and
Oxshott by Mr. Donisthorpe.

Mr. F. G. Whittle, at Camaughran, near Rannoch, obtained a
Tortrix [Ancylis tineana) new to Britain.

Messrs. R. E. Turner and James Waterston have described a new
parasite {Prola;liis //Zoxn/juf), bred from Glossina inorsitans, in
Nyasaland.

Mr. F. W. Edwards (in " Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.") has
recorded several fresh instances of Parthenogenesis in the dipterous
genera Tnni/tarsus and L'orynoncura. In the same periodical, Mr.
W. H. Leigh- Sharpe reports the discovery of the gregarine parasite
Fleiirocy^tis citenoti (diploid stage) in the worm Helcdrilus [Allolo-
bopJinra) hmf/ns.

Larvae of Caradrina cubicidaris, hitherto found only on wheat
stacks and pea-haulm, have been found feeding on flax at Silver-
burn, near Leven, Scotland.

The Pink Bollworm [Gelechia yossypidla) has been introduced to
Egypt from India in badly-ginned cotton lint.

At several of our meetings during the year one has been struck
by the remarkable varieties of Dryas paphia and Linienitis sibilla,
obtained in the New Forest. Those who worked the Forest in the
" eighties " did not obtain the varieties and gynandromorphs that
now fall to the fortunate collectors ; and one is inclined to ask : Is

38

this a sudden departure from normal conditions, or has develop-
ment been going on gradually for years, culminating in the fine
forms now shown ?

Now that the war is well ended, one wonders what effect its
lessons will have upon our governments ; will they realise the
necessity for helping Science by more liberally endowing colleges
and institutions for research ? There has been some talk of
appointing an Economic Entomologist in each county to deal with
both noxious and beneficial insects ; improving our knowledge of
their life-histories, and their effect on agriculture and fruit-growing.
These things are as important in this country as in those other
parts of the Empire where local governments have already made
advances in this direction.

The war has taught us much with regard to the external parasites
of man and their influence in the spread of disease, and numerous
books have already appeared, embodying the knowledge gained in
the war hospitals. When our troops were occupying Thasos, one
of the ^gean islands, the Anopheline gnats were very troublesome,
as the Greeks*, instead of trying to combat them, accepted the
malarial conditions, with consequent lowering of their vitality.
Aerodromes had to be built in low-lying, flat country, and the sick
rate was very high. In one case a military guard of 84 men was,
in a few weeks, reduced to 14 ; but by draining the marsh and
clearing the bushes from around the camp, the place was rendered
more habitable. In such a place the presence of olive trees has a
marked influence on malaria, the flowers attracting the mosquitoes and
aftbrding them food they would otherwise seek from human victims-
Mr. L. M. Morris considers that two years of Government activity
would eradicate malaria from Thasos.

In not a few instances the control of disease is determined by the
solution of the insect problem, and this is notably true of bubonic
plague and fleas, typhus and lice, yellow-fever and malaria and
mosquitos. The intimate relation between insects and disease,
though known to be very real, is less evident in the case of flies and
such affections as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, and probably
tuberculosis, for we know that insects may be carriers of all these
diseases.

It has always been somewhat of a puzzle to know what becomes

• The degenerate character of the Greek is said to be largely due to
repeated attacks of malaria, which lower the mental, moral and physical con-
ditions of the people.

39

of the house-fly in winter. Does it hibernate ? Dr. Gahan thinks
the larvas feed on snails in the winter ; but this cannot be true of
all districts, as there are some where flies are plentiful, but there
are no snails, so that this theory is limited to certain localities. I
should rather suppose that the larvse spend the winter in the refuse
heaps which are found in most gardens.

The very rapid spread of the Gipsy-moth in the United States
has somewhat puzzled the naturalists of that country, but probably
some light has been cast on it by the experiments of two Austrian
investigators, Messrs. Wachtl and Kornauth, who have described
some peculiar hairs found on the larvre of Psilura moiiacha in their
first stage. Similar hairs, they state, are present on the first stage
larvfe of Li/mantria [Portltetria) liispar. Such hairs are furnished
with globular enlargements near their base, supposed to be dis-
tended by air or gas. These hairs are distinguished as " prostatic
hairs," and the globules as " ferophores." Experiments conducted in
the Austrian forests showed that P. )iioiiacha larvae were carried
long distances by the wind, and by analogy it was assumed that L.
(lispar larvfe, being similarly endowed, would also take aerial voyages.
Microscopical examination of a first-stage larva revealed two kinds
of hairs arising from each of the tubercles which are found along
the body. A few of these hairs are slender, and nearly half the
length of the larva, whilst a considerable number of shorter hairs
are furnished with globular swellings near their base. Whether
these aerophores assist the young larvfe in their distribution by
making them more buoyant is not actually known, but experiments
in America show that the larvfe can be carried by the wind for a
third of a mile, from a point less than six feet above the ground,
and that the most favourable time for the dispersion is when the
temperature is above 65°, and the wind velocity is over fifteen miles
an hour. These experiments appear to offer an explanation of the
otherwise unaccountable spread of L. ilispar to new territory. The
larvje have been known to be carried in this manner to a maximum
distance of twenty-six miles.

In connection with the above, it may be recalled that in 1906
the Tachinid fly Compsilura concinnata was imported into the United
States with a view to controlling the ravages of L. dhpar and
Nyijinia ph(Borrhea, those of the brown-tail moth ; the introduction
was attended by great success.

It was reported in the press, a short time since, that a Dutch
queen bee, considered to be immune from the attacks of the " Isle

40

of Wight disease," was about to be imported. If this introduction
should prove successful it would be a great boon to bee-keepers.
The disease is supposed to be carried by a parasite, Nosima apis :
but there appears to be some uncertainty whether Nosiuia is always
the agent. More accurate observation is needed as to the effects
caused by unsuitable winter feeding, such as the use of variously
adulterated syrups and sugars. May not the artificial methods of
modern apiculture have some effects in lowering the vitality of the
stocks, thus rendering the bees more susceptible to the disease ? May
not the artificial syrups lack a vitamme that may be peculiar to pure
honey ?

As the result of observations upon the effect of destructive
bacteria and muscardine fungi on the larvae of Cnethocampo pitijo-
campa, the most virulent attacks were found to have been made by
species of Beaitveria. After contact with the culture spores, the
larvjB of C. vityocampa and the adults and eggs of Melolontlia vid-
(/aris were mummified in a few days, but the larvae of Cunsus-
lifiniperda remained alive for three weeks.

The number of insects that have served, and are serving, as food
or medicine for the human race is surprising. The Israelites were
enjoined by Moses to eat locusts. John the Baptist for a time lived
on them and wild honey ; and locusts are still esteemed highly in
Africa and Persia, where they are bought and sold as an everyday
article of commerce. The Parthians and Nasamones are said ta
have relished locusts as food ; whilst, when fried in butter, they
form a staple and favourite dish amongst the modern Moors. Many
of the N. American Indians ate large numbers of the Eocky Moun-
tain locust, an insect of considerable economic importance. When
the red-man was at his zenith, this locust was innocuous ; since his
subjugation it has increased and spread to such an extent that it has
become a serious pest.

Bushmen eat quantities of the Bugong-moth, Agrutia infum.
According to Kunze, the bodies of these moths abound in oil and
taste like nuts. When first eaten they produce violent vomiting,
but this effect soon passes, and the eaters thrive on them. The
larvjB of Kiiploea hiiwata also are a favourite food. Dr. Howard and
Prof. Riley experimented with these insects as food, making a thick
milk stew of them ; but although it had no unpleasant flavour, it
lacked substance. When fried in butter, the larvas reminded them
of shrimps ; but they are not likely to be considered a delicacy.
Such examples of insects as food might be multiplied.

41

Ladybirds were formerly in repute as a remedy for colic and
measles ; and a squashed ladybird inserted in the cavit}' of a decayed
and aching tooth is stated by old authorities to give instant relief,
Pliny recommends a decoction of skipjack beetles for ulcers and
malignant growths ; and Lawiii/ris nnctiliica is said to be an efficient
remedy for stone. The medicinal virtues attributed to the dung-
beetles are many and varied ; and, according to Schroeder, a prepara-
tion of B;/rr/nts pilula is an efficient remedy for haemorrhoids and
certain diseases of the eye. Crickets, in ancient days were ad-
ministered in disorders of the ears and throat, and in more recent
times the ashes of (rnjllKs ilo)iiesticiis have been used in the cure of
weak sight and enlarged tonsils. In Sweden, Tettii/onia rernicinyra
is much prized by peasants who suffer from warts, the insects being
encouraged to bite the excrescence, a black fluid from the insect's
mouth during the operation being considered to burn away the wart.
The exuvife of a grasshopper are used in medicine in China and
Japan.

Both Dioscorides H.nd Galen recommended roasted cicadas for
bladder troubles, whilst for colic the latter writer advised from five
to seven cicadas to be eaten with pepper. The Apldthc are used by
homceopathists, a tincture being prepared from Aphis chennpodii and
A. (ilaiici, both found on goosefoot.

Females of the Scale-insects {(Joccidcti) have been used from the
earliest times, in medicine and art. Kerines ilicis, from the ever-
green oak, when acted upon by mordants of tin and other salts,
furnishes a blood-red dye. The Arabs received it from Armenia and
Persia as Kernies or Alkermes, and the Greeks knew it as Coccus.
At a later date this dye was supplanted by another, prepared from
Dactylopius coccuii, found on the prickly pear. Cochineal, as this
dye is called, once formed a staple article of commerce. Pliny says
the bed-bug is a neutraliser of the venom of serpents, and that the
heads of flies applied fresh to bare places is a remedy for baldness.
Another authority says the same end is reached by rubbing the
naked head with gnats.

Scale-insects as a family are regarded with great disfavour by
economic entomologists ; but one species at least, by its general
utility does much to retrieve the reputation of its relations. This is
the Lac-insect {Tachardia larca), which in a single year has been
exported from India to the value of 33,000,000 rupees. Commercial
lac is the resinous secretion of the insect. Pelavvax is an important
commodity produced by another Scale-insect, Ericentf: pela. Accord-

42

ing to ancient Chinese records, its use dates back to the 13th
century; for about that time Chinese candles were first made of
pela-wax. A remari^ably accurate native description of the insect
appeared in 1610. It feeds on Froxinns c/unensis, LignstrniH tflab-
niiii, L. Incidioii, and Hibiscus syriaciis. Richthofen estimates the
value of a j^ear's harvest of pela-wax in Sze-tchouen at 11,000,000
francs.

In the words of a celebrated American entomologist : — " Man is but
one of the forms of life struggling for existence, at continued war-
fare with surrounding forces, but by virtue of his surpi-ising intelli-
gence he has over-run the earth, has accommodated himself to the
most unnatural environments ; he has dominated all other species,
he has turned to his own uses and encouraged or hastened the
evolution of species useful to him or of useful qualities in such
species ; he has wiped out of existence certain inimical forms, and
is gaining the control of others. He is the dominant type, and
types whose existence or methods of life are opposed to his interests
are being pushed to the wall. It is the culmination of a history
which has many times repeated itself in past ages. The struggle of
other forms of life to accommodate themselves to the conditions
brought about by the rapid development of the dominant type is one
of the interesting fields of study open to the biologist to-day. It
would seem as if, in man's effort to make the face of the earth his
own, all the complicated elements of life were arrayed against him,
and the great and ultimate result of the labour of the biologist in
his study of the relations of the different forms of life, and the laws
which govern their development, will be to bring about the absolute
control of all other life by man. Thus, it is not only the economic
worker who looks for results of a practical kind from his labour —
the scientific agriculturist, the horticulturist, the economic zoologist,
the medical bacteriologist, who should command the respect of even
the practical-minded man — but the biologist in whatever field,
whether he is working towards the understanding of broad principles
and general laws, or in some narrow corner of research he is accu-
mulating material which will help ultimately to lead to wider
understandings — all are working helpfully and practically towards
the perfect well-being of the human race."

I should say that for many of the facts included above I am in-
debted to that admirable book by C. A. Ealand, " Insects and
Man."

In conclusion, I desire to thank the Council and Members of the

43

Society, for the kind way in which they have treated me during my
two years as President, and especially Mr. H. J. Turner, my co-
secretary, who has helped me on many occasions. In your choice
of my successor, Mr. K. G. Blair, you have chosen a Coleopterist
who is well knoAvn, and I believe he is the first Coleopterist-President
in the annals of the Society. I am sure the Society will prosper
under his Qfuidance.

44

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

FEBRUARY, Uth, 1919.
The President in the chair.

Mr, Ashdown exhibited some of the Coleoptera referred to iu the
" Ent. Record," December, 1918, namely, Mordella aciileata and
AijriluH sinuatus, both new to the Surrey County List. Also the
streaked ab. hebrcm of Anatis ocellata from Oxshott, apparently the
second recorded British specimen.

Mr. Tatchell exhibited an aberration of Vanessa io, in which the
ocelli on hindwings were replaced by tiny spots, and the black
markings on costa coalescent. Bred from a larva taken in the New
Forest, July, 1912. Also a specimen of the Fossorial Hymenopteron
Mutilla enroiHva, taken in the New Forest in 1912 ; the species is
supposed to be parasitic, and is frequently found in the nests of
Boiubus.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a long series of Loueia {Chnjsophaniis)
alciphron from various continental localities, including (1) the type
form from Buda Pesth, in which the beautiful violet gloss was
present over the dark suffusion of all the wings in the male ; this
occurs throughout Central Europe from the Baltic to the Alps ;
further east the violet gloss is still more developed in brilliancy,
making the species one of the most brilliantly beautiful insects
known : (2) race (jordius, the form common in the Alps and further
south, in which there is but little suffusion and gloss on the upper
side of the male ; the two sexes approximate in depth of ground
colour on all wings ; the specimens were larger than the type form
in both sexes ; (3) race (jranadensis from Spain, smaller than the
type in both sexes ; (4) ab. inteyniedia, forms which were between
the typical form and (jordiiis occurring in many places ; those
exhibited were from Bologna, Italy ; (5) ab. vidnata, examples in
which there was a paucity of markings on the upper surface, not as
in the type, where the markings are only obscured by the suffusion ;
(6) race ineliboens from S.E. Europe, in which the ground colour is
less pure and rich than in tjordius : it is less in size ; (7) ab. sub-

45

fasciata, in which the spots of the submarginal row are emphasised
sufficiently to join together into an irregular band; (8) ab. infnlvata,
a form of female occurring in Germany and the Alps, in which the
whole of the wings are suffused with a black-brown coloration,
only showing the spots somewhat darker, and a few light marginal
markings, or none at all. An aberration of the male from Vernayez
was exhibited in which all the spots on the underside are con-
siderably enlarged.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited captured and bred specimens of
Dioryctria abietella from Forres. He said that although this was a
very generally distributed species wherever the Scots pine {Finns
sylvestris) grew, our knowledge of its complete life-history was very
imperfect. This was no doubt largely due to confusion between
this species and its near ally D. splendidella. In 1886 Duponchel
published a very full account of a larva under the name of D.
abietella, but it is quite evident that his larva was that of the other
species. D. abietella has frequently been bred from second year
'twigs or ripe cones of P. sijlcestris, frequently those that have been
tenanted by some other larva, such as Retinia resinella or R. buo-
liana, and there appears to be good reason to believe that it is only
in the spring of the year in which the imago emerges that the larva
takes to such positions. It is known that it completes its feeding
in them, apparently eating the inner bark, but it is unlikely that its
earlier life is passed there, and from such evidence as is available it
appears probable that the first part of its existence is passed in the
green cones of the pine. There is also some evidence that it leaves
them in autumn and hibernates in a cocoon on the ground or
among rubbish. He appealed to those who may be working among
the Scots pines in the autumn to collect any branches that may
have green cones that appear to contain larvte in them in the hope
of settling this much vexed question.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited a long series of Vanesm io, bred
from larvfe taken near Reigate, Surrey in .lune last. With one
exception, all the two hundred or so butterflies which resulted from
these larvae are of the form in which the blue of the " eyes " on the
forewings is more or less broken up into spots and lines, and rather
inclines to purple, as compared with the greenish blue of specimens
from other localities.

The majority have an extra blue spot on each hindwing=::£'^arto-
stista. Many of the remainder approach cyanostista to the extent of
possessing the dark patches of scales on which the extra blue spots
are seated, but the spots themselves are wanting.

46

It was noticed that many of these Reigate specimens have
dark spots immediately within the outer marginal border of the
forewings, but which do not form part of this border, as they appear
to do when viewed by the naked eye ; for when examined under a
lens they are found to be composed of scales similar to those which
form the black blotches on the costa, and differ distinctly from the
metallic brown scales of the marginal border.

Mr. Buckstone also exhibited drawings by the Rev. C. R. N.
Burrows of the genitalia of the dwarf race of Agriades coridon, and
of the larger race found at the base of the Downs upon which the
former race occurs, and read the following note received regarding-
them : —

" I have examined your coridon, and enclose drawings thereof, to
which I have added a drawing, all exactly the same scale, of the
ordinary J coridon of the Kentish hills. (See " Ent. Rec," 1919,
pi. iv., p. 89.)

" You will at once recognise the difference in size. To me it is a
revelation. I thought I had heard that whatever the size of the
imago, the genital organs were always the same size. It is, it
appears, not so by any manner of means.

" I have added in figures the nearest measurement I can arrive
at of the butterflies themselves. You see the hill-top race is just
over half the size of the normal insect. It appears to be much the
same with the genitalia.

" Of course, the drawings are but rough, but I think they are
worth publication, accompanied by photos of the butterflies them-
selves. There is just the possibility that you have dropped upon a
different species, as yet unknown, but I do not think the genitalia
support this idea, nor does there appear to be a Pal^arctic species
other than coridon." (See "Ent. Rec," 1919, p. 89, pi. iv.)

Mr. Bunnett exhibited details of the life-history of Coleophora
nigricdla, and read a short paper on the mode of progression of the
larva bearing its case. He showed photographs of the " tracks "'
made by the larva on a glass microscopic slide. (See page 32.)

FEBRUARY 27th, 1919.

Mr. Bowman exhibited a specimen of the black form of Hibernia
leucopluearia in which the fringes were conspicuously white. It
was taken in Epping Forest in 1909.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a series of Ca»iptograt)viia hilineata
from the Island of Cyprus, including the form ab. testaceolata^

47

Stgi'., in which the wings are brownish suffused. The ground
colour was nowhere of the yellow of the type, but of a rich orange
yellow, especially on the lower wings. In all the specimens the
duplicated lines were much emphasised into narrow irregular trans-
verse bands differing in number in different specimens, from the
greater or lesser suppression of the rippled lines. The fine trans-
verse lines themselves were frequently very dark brown, almost
black. For comparison were shown ordinary typical forms from
the French Alps, with a set of somewhat dark London forms and
examples of (?) ab. infuscata, Gump., in which the central trans-
verse band is margined with fuscous more or less uniting to a
complete dark band in some specimens, which last form is figured in
South's "Moths of Brit. Isles," Ser. 2, pi. 85, fig. 6.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner also exhibited a short series of Pontia chloridice
from the Island of Cyprus, where it had been rediscovered by his
valued correspondent Mr. G. T. Wilson, after not being met with for
many years. They were taken in July, 1918, a late date for the
species, hence their imperfect condition. The species is distributed
from Bulgaria, Turkey, S.E. Russia, Asia Minor, Persia, S. Siberia,
and Central Asia. For comparison the two other species of the
genus Pontia were exhibited, viz., P. dajdidice and P.collidice. The
specimens of P. daplidice were from the same island. This is a
generally distributed species throughout the Palaearctic Region,
except in the extreme north and in the British Isles. P. callidice
is the Alpine species found in the high mountains of the region
from the Pyrenees, Alps, to the Western Himalayas, Altai, Pamir,
and Thian Chan. The specimens shown were taken in the
Engadine by our late member Mr. A. E. Gibbs. These species
have always been closely associated together by our authorities, but,
strange to say, in Seitz' " Palaearctic Butterflies " they are distri-
buted in three different genera.

The remainder of the evening was devoted to au exhibition of
lantern slides, the following members showing : — Messrs. W. J.
Lucas, A. E. Tonge, A. W. Dennis, and E. J. Bunnett.

• . MAECR 13th, 1919.

The decease of Mr. A. K. Ing was announced.

Mr. Ashdown exhibited a very rare book, Borelli's " De Motu
Animalium," dated 1685, with some curious plates showing the
mechanical principles involved in the flight of birds and the founda-

48

tion of modern aviation. He said it was one of the oldest works
dealing with the subject.

Capt. B. S. Curwen exhibited short series or examples of Coscinia
striata and ab. inelanoptera in which the hindwing has the cilia only
orange; Coficinia cribnini and ab. Candida, in which theforewings have
only a few spots, both forms from Switzerland; Utetheixa pnlchella,
from Gibraltar; Pat asetnia jilantaginis with ab. hospita, with ground
colour of hindwings white, and ab. niatronalis, with hindwings
black, and orange markings confined to the terminal area ; and
Orodeinnias (Apantesis) quemelii, from Zermatt.

Mr. Sperring exhibited an example of Pieris napi, in which the
underside of the hindwings had unusually pale markings for a
British specimen.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a series of Melanatt/ia pheiKsa from
near Palermo, Sicily, including several specimens of the rare ab,
plesaura, in which eye-spots on both upper and undersides of the
hindwings were either completely wanting, or only represented by
very slight traces, together with a short series of the closely-allied
M. syllins from Hyeres, of which some authors considered M.
pherusa to be only a local race. Although the two are very similar,
the distinctions seem to be definite. In 3/. pherasa the discoidal
cell of the forewings is divided by a black tongue-shaped
blotch, which in M. syllins was nearer the discoidal spot.
The eye-spots (upperside) were always less expressed in the hind-
wings of J/, pherusa, and in the male unpupilled. The outer
margin of the hindwings was always distinctly less marked with
black. On the underside of the forewing the discoidal spot is a
circle with a tail like a capital Q in J\L pherusa. The buff colour
of the veining is much paler, and much narrower, and not divided
by a narrow thread line of light ground, which is almost invariably
present in M. syllins. The female of 2f. pherusa has larger eye-
spots, often pupilled. It will be remembered that the late Mr. J.
Piatt Barrett on several occasions sought M. pherusa, but with scant
success. He agreed with M. Oberthiir's opinion that there was only
one species. As to their genitalia he knew nothing.

Mr. Turner also exhibited a few species of butterflies sent to him
in a letter from Palestme by our member Mr. H. W. Andrews. It
included Colias editsa and Anthocharis helemia from near Jaft'a, and
from the Jordan valley ; Teracolus fausta, with its ab. imuiaculata, a
non-European Pierid of a genus whose dominance is in Africa ;
Zizera yalba, a very small Lycaenid abundant in many parts of the
near east; Polyommatus icarus (?), Chrysophanus thersatiion, a

49

"copper" very widely spread in the east; and the "skipper"
Oeiienes nostrodmn its.

At the time Mr. Andrews wrote he was " in the Jordan valley in
a broken chaos of limestone hills very glaring in the sun." He
went on to say, " I have been right down to the Jordan, which is
bordered by a narrow belt of vegetation for about half a mile on
either side, with tamarisks, bamboo-like reeds, and some big trees,
poplars, and a kind of larch and shrubs unknown to me. It was
in that belt I took the two or three specimens labelled ' Jordan
Valley ' ; the yellow butterfly {'IWacolus fausta) was common. I
also saw a lot in the Jordan Hills we crossed, but I saw none in
the Jaffa district." He further says, " As far as my experience
goes, Palestine is not prolific in butterflies. Hymenoptera are most
abundant, also Orthoptera, and in the neighbourhood of water,
Neuroptera. Certain groups of Diptera are also abundant, but
Hymenoptera are easily first ; bees, wasps, and ants."

Ahuphila aescidaria was reported common at AVest Wickham, but
only a few had been seen in Epping Forest, where Apochehna
hispidan'a had been fairly common.

Mr. Frohawk asked if the rose-beetle, Cetonia aiirota, and the
musk-beetle, Aro)nia nionchata, had been observed of late years in
the suburbs of London, where some twenty -five years ago they were
much in evidence. It appeared from the remarks of various
members that these beetles had very largely disappeared from that
neighbourhood, although occasionally observed in a few areas.

MARCH 21 til, 1919.

Mr. D. V. Ash, of Surbiton, was elected a member.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited a long and varied series of
Lycia hirtaria bred by the late Mr. L. H. Archer from a female
taken at Wimbledon. The upper wings of many of the males were
deep black, and but slightly relieved by yellow markings. The
larvffi fed up rapidly, being kept in a hothouse. Last year Mr.
Buckstone bred ten examples of this species, which had spent three
winters in the pupal state.

Mi'. Hy. J. Turner exhibited (1) a series of the beautiful Zi/(/aena
rhadamanthua from Hyeres, S. France, including the ab. ciin/idata,
in which the abdomen has a red girdle ; (2) a series of Abraxas
fiantaria, a species closely resembling the British A. sylvata [uhnata),
also from Hyeres.

50

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited Badhamia ntricnlaris (Mtjcetozoa), from
Epping Forest, where he had met with it on decaying sticks.

Mr. ]>ownian exhibited a fine melanic specimen of Hihernia
defnliaria from Epping Forest, with the ciUa pure white.

Mr. Barnett exhibited a bred example of Heniaris fucifonnis
from Horsley with all the wings much narrower than in normal
specimens, the marginal borders much wider and somewhat trans-
parent, except on the inner side, which was quite black ; the costa
of the forewings was more widely dark, the antennas had the club
less developed, and the disc of the wings was covered with scales.

Mr. Priske exhibited shells of Helix Iwrtensis, showing the range
of marking, and including unhanded white examples.

Mr. Tatchell exhibited an example of Vijraineis atalanta with a
large blue patch on the disc of the left hindwing above, and a
gynandromorphous specimen of Poli/onniiatns n'a;/(.s taken near
Shrewsbury in 1916; the R side was male and the L side female.

Lieut. L. A. Box exhibited various species of Hymenoptera, and
contributed the following note : —

" 1. Cerceris arenaria, L., and a Dipteron found in association
with it having striking structural and chromatic resemblance,

"2. A female and a male of IVx/^a norrenica, Fab.

" 3. A series of Crabro capito.sus, Shuck., reared from ash twigs,
as described by me in the " Ent. Mo. Mag." for January last, and
which I have since discovered to be of frequent occurrence in Surrey,
Kent, and Sussex.

" 4. Specimens of Mellinus arvenais, L., with Dipterous prey.

" 5. The Chalcid Syntomaspu cyanea, reared from galls of iJnjo-
phanta divima from Co. Kerry. This is a new record for Ireland, and
possibly for the British Isles. Also, for comparison, Sijntoniaspis
littoralis, common in oak-apple galls from Hayes Common.

" 6. The Chalcid, Diomorus armatus, Sch., reared from cocoons of
Crabro clavipes, L., in bramble sticks. The economy of this species
has hitherto been unknown, but the two other Continental species
of the genus D. kollari and L>. calcaratus have been bred from
bramble sticks containing respectively the wasps Crabro rubricola
and iSti(/iiiiis pendnlus."

Poli/ploca jiavicornu was reported as abundant at Wimbledon on
March 11th, and Apochebna hispidaria was also reported as being in
numbers. In Tyrone the larvae of Melitaa anrinia were only just
awakening from hibernation on the hill slopes, while those on the
lower ground were still quiescent.

51

APRIL 10th, 1919.

Mr. Leeds exhibited an example of L'olias ednm from Heme Bay,
showing a curious discoloration of the apex of the forewing.

The remainder of the exhibits were of Acidalia manjinepunctata,
brought by members in anticipation of the paper to be read by Mr.
R. Adkin.

Mr. Buckstone showed the species from Paignton and East-
bourne.

Mr. Tonge exhibited short series from Sussex, taken at Midhurst,
Uckfield, Chichester, Bolney, Eastbourne, Lewes, and Brighton,
and single examples from Kent — Deal; Suffolk — Southwold; Hants.
— Sandown, I. of W.

Mr. Ashdown exhibited a Swiss specimen (Jura) for comparison.

Mr. Mera exhibited his series, including specimens from many
localities on the coast from Suffolk to Cornwall.

Mr. Bowman referred to the Lewes examples in his series as
having noticeably paler ground colour.

Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited a large number of specimens, includ-
ing a long series from the Scilly Isles, among them being some very
beautifully marked forms and several melanic examples ; others had
a dark basal mark.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited long series from the Sussex coast,
with specimens from the Isle of Man and other localities, and read
a short paper on the synonymy, life-history, and variation of the
species. (See page 3.)

Several members remarked on the season. It was considered to
be late, although some species were quite up to their usual period of
emergence. Anticlea badiata, Pac/iys strataria {prodromaria), and
Tephrosia histortata had been met with. Celastrina aryiolns was out,
and at the end of March Vanessa io, Aylais urtica, and Gonepteryx
rhamni were out of hibernation. Brephos parthenias had been abun-
dant at Wimbledon Common at the end of March, and G. rhamni
was abundant m places. Mr. Frohawk said that frogs were still in
their winter quarters, and that larvfe had not yet begun to move.
He called attention to a peculiar habit of the green woodpecker
which during a shower had attached itself to a tree-trunk, but when
the drops of rain came on it, it slipped down the bark and subse-
quently changed its position by springing off and on again repeatedly.
Mr. Step said that vegetation generally was very backward.

52
APRIL 2ith, 1919.

Mr. Newman exhibited a living female of Xijlomiges conqncillaris
bred from a Worcester larva, and also an example of Cassida viridis
(Col.) found on sorrel.

Mr. Buckstone reported that he had met with a number of females
of Tephrosia hintortata at Horsley, on trunks of pine and beech, all
practically dead with their ovipositors extended ; this was on a day
following a very cold night. He stated that the ova of this species
were only slightly attached and appeared to be largely kept in
position by the down.

Numerous remarks on the season were made by members. Mr,
Leeds said that both Vanessa io and Gonepteryx rhamni were
numerous at Horning, where in two evenings the sallows only pro-
duced six imagines. The Bittern was again in the Fen. Mr.
Newman said that spring larvaB were scarce generally, but Arctia
caja larvae were abundant. Of Noctuid larvae he had found about a
dozen, those of Cosmotriche potatoria were abundant. Arctia villica,
Eutricha quercifolia, and Lasiocampa querciis larvae were all scarce.
In one wood not a larva was to be found, but a dusty hedge near
produced numerous caterpillars. Mr. Buckstone had seen a number
of EiKjonia polychloros in Surrey, as well as Acjlais urtica, and T'. io.
Mr. B. S. Williams had found Lycia hirtaria very sparingly, and
larvae generally scarce. The cuckoo was reported on the 19th at
Leith Hill.

MAY 8th, 1919.
Lieut. F. H. Wolley Dod, F.E.S., was elected a member.
Annual Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera.

Mr. Frisby exhibited a specimen of Vesi)a dorylloides, Sauss. This
particular specimen was from N. China, but it also occurs in India,
Burma, Sumatra, and Java. The peculiarity of its habits is that it
is nocturnal in its flight, being much distressed when disturbed by
daylight, flying awkwardly and colliding with different objects. It
lives in dense forest, and comes to light at night. The nest is con-
structed in a hollow tree and consists of about half a dozen circular
tiers of papery material, connected by pillars of the same substance.
It stings severely.

Mr. Frisby also exhibited two workers of PolyrhacJa's striata,

53

Mayr. The genus of ants to which this species belongs is con-
spicuously armed with spines, sometimes having them very long and
curved. These two specimens have also a growth from the top of
the head, which appears to be of a fungoid nature. The
species is distributed from India to Java and Borneo.

Mr. Ashdown exhibited a large number of Diptera, set to show
the wing-markings, and pointed out that the pattern of these mark-
ings frequently showed no connection with the lines of the venation.
He also showed Cassida nobilis from Oxshott.

Dr. Chapman exhibited living bred specimens of Pliymatocera
aterriina, the Solomon Seal Sawfly, referred to by the Eev. F. D.
Morice in his presidential address to the Entomological Society in
1911, and by the exhibitor in the " Ent. Mo. Mag.," 1915 and
1917.

It makes a fairly solid cocoon under ground, from which it
escapes by gnawing away a portion to make an opening, not by cutting
off a lid.

Also a bred living example of Hoplocampa testudinea, the apple
boring sawfly, which must be fairly common, in view of the apples
it destroys whilst they are still small, but is apparently rarely seen.
To breed it, the apple must be found as soon as it falls and before
the larva leaves it. To escape from its underground cocoon it cuts
off a lid.

Mr. Dods exhibited a specimen of the " false scorpion," Chelifer
cancroides, found among books in a tobacco warehouse.

Mr. R. South exhibited a selection of insects belonging to orders
other than Lepidoptera, met with in the New Forest during the
month of June, from 1914-1918.

CoLEOPTERA. — Aseiiiniii .striatum, L., two specimens, 1917. Calli-
diiiiii variabile, L., a number of specimens in 1915. Lepttira
scittellata, F., common on an old beech tree, 1918. Clytns niysticus,
L., one or two from hawthorn blossom each year. Pachyta .scj;-
maculata, L., two only in 1917. Anophulera sexi/iittata, F., one or
two each year, 1916-1918. Grainnioptera analis, Panz., one only,
1916. (t. praeuxfa, F., one in 1915 and two in 1916. Hhayimii.
bifasciatioii, F., common each year, variable. Elater scou/iiinolejitus,
Sch.; common each year, a few yellow forms. E. ponionae, Stephens,
two specimens in 1918. Corynibites tessellatus, L., one or two each
year. Lytta vesicatoria, L., one on Hants coast, 1918. Pyroc/iroa
cocanea, L., one on a beechlog, 1918. Iscluwmera xanynmicoUis, F.,
1916 and 1917, one each year. Antha.via nitidula, L., one beaten

64

from oak, 1918. P/ii/llopertha horticola, L., a black var., 1916, on
heather. To»>o.ria bitjuttata, Gyll., one on beechlog, 1918. Cleonns
nebidosns, L., one in 1918. Caiabus nitcus, L., a specimen or two
on heath at Matley each year.

Neuroptera. — (hniylus chrysops, L., a few seen each year, com-
mon in 1918. Sialis fidiyinosa, Pict., several each year. iSotlio-
chrysa fidviceps, Steph., one at Stanhope, Durham, 1917. N,
capitata, F., 1916, '17, and '18, one each year. Hemerobins coiicinnus,
Steph., sometimes common. H. (jiiadrifasciatiis, Rent., 1916, one
only.

Odonata. — Gomphns viili/atifisiiiia, L., several seen, only one netted,
1915.

Hymenoptera. — MtitiUa europim, L., six specimens in the five
years.

Dii^TKRA.—EchinoDiyia ynissa, L., one specimen in August, 1914.
Tijndidd, six species unnamed.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited the original edition of Gerarde's
" Herbal or General History of Plants," " imprinted in London by
John Norton, 1597." He said these old Herbals, published some
centuries ago, of which the one exhibited was a very good
example, were of great interest, and appeared to have been written
as much for the benefit of the physicians as the botanists. Not
only was each species figured, described, and given both an English
and a Latin name, many of these same names being in general use
at the present day, but a great deal of further information was given.
Thus, under "The place " we are told of situations where the plant
would be likely to be found ; under " The time," the months of the
year when it would be in blossom ; " The names " by which it was
known to earlier authors and in other countries ; " The tempera-
ture " apparently referring to the sensation caused when tasted ;
and finally, under " The virtues," we are given a list of its medi-
cinal properties, some of them no doubt fantastic, yet we shall all
agree that mustard " is mixed with good success with drawing
plaisters," even to the present day.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a number of large species of
Exotic Coleoptera, Orthoptera (Mantids and Phasmids), Bees, with
Pseudoscorpions, and the curious Spider Gasterocantha species.

Mr. L. A. Box exhibited the following species of Hymenoptera.
Nomacia roberjectiana, a rare bee from Leicestershire. Nomada
lathhuriana _ local, from Warwickshire. Crabro intemiptits, a rare
wasp from Leicestershire. Pempkredon wurio, also rare, from

55

Leicestershire. Elampns (ineiis, an uncommon species of Ttibtili-
fera bred from bramble stem, from Leicestershire. Ehi/asa persua-
soria, the largest British Ichneumon, a parasite of Sirex iiigas;
local and rather rare. This specimen was caught in June last year
at Hook Hill, Surrey, boring into the posts of a verandah. Andrena
darh-i'Ila, showing the rare pale variety. Dug up in the mature state
in October last year, the pale var. occurring as a single example
with a number of the type. Andrena cin<nilata, a midsummer bee,
but the whole series was dug out of the ground in Warwickshire, in
October, last year. As Andrenas are supposed to hibernate in the
larval state this is particularly interesting.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited several large species of exotic Centipedes,
including Sculopendra fiubapinijies and Foh/deainiis; sp. from Victoria
Island, Burmah ; also Pidi/dcsnius ciniinlata from Sicily, taken by
the late J. Platt-Barrett.

Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited portions of oak branches showing the
ravages of the bark beetle, Sccdi/t.ns intricatnu. He also showed the
"small stag beetle," Dorcns iiarallelopipidnH, which he had found
hibernating in large numbers in damaged ash trees.

Mr. West exhibited four drawers of Hemiptera, including the
local and rare Pi/i/olanipin hidentata : also the following Hymen-
o^tevd^-Andrtna fnlra from Box Hill, where it was common on
April 12th, 1912. Osmia .ranthonwlas, from Darenth Wood. Encera
lomjicornis, taken at By fleet in 190G, and various species of
ClirysididiT.

Mr. Leeds exhibited .Eaclina ci/anea, taken on April 27th, at
Letchworth.

I\Ir. Priske exhibited a very variable series of the shells of the
mollusc, Helix aspersn, including two of the rare white form, e.ralhida,
from the inland Downs, near Eastbourne.

i\lr. Tonge exhibited the predaceous fly, Adlna crabroniforwis,
taken in Cornwall ; also a specimen of the bee, AnthopJiora acerro-
rim, from Deal, and remarked upon its habit of cl^asing other bees.

Mr. Buckstone exhibited a curious chain made of the vertebrte of
rattlesnakes from America.

Mr. Bunnelt exhibited an example of the Queen Bee with workers
for comparison.

56

MAY 22nd, 1919.

Mr. Ashdown exhibited the beetle, Ptinus sexpinictatus, which he
occasionally found on his windows ; also Attagenus pdlio, with sup-
plementary spots, and two specimens of Hijlobiiia abietis, showing
difference in size, which was not necessarily sexual.

Dr. Chapman exhibited two living female specimens of Tnjpo-
dendron domesticum, taken on 21st inst., at Netley Heath. They
were burrowing perpendicularly for oviposition, into a large branch
of ash from six to twelve inches through, that had fallen last
winter. The females alone burrow. Most of them had gone not
only through the bark, but some distance into the wood, and in the
absence of proper weapons were out of reach. Those shown had
only reached the wood, and so were captured more easily. The
species is reputed to be found in rotten W'Ood, but like practically all
these Scuhjtiihv they really live on wood still containing sap, or more
likely on the fungus material it supports ; and so there is no rotten
wood until the young beetles have left.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited the nut weevils Balanin-.is vennsHu, B.
turbatns, and grey varieties of both species, from Keston. Also
jSlegatoma undata, a rather rare beetle, from Catford.

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited a female specimen of Culias ediisa,
from Cyprus, in which there were at the base of each forewing two
blob-like dusky patches extending about one-third along the wing.
He also showed undersides of Pontia daplidice. 1. Having wholly
green markings on the hindwing, Catania, March. 2. Green mark-
ings edged with yellow, Catania, May. Ji. Very yellow markings,
Cyprus, May. 4. Markings faint and obsolescent towards inner
margin and base, Cyprus, June. 5. Markings green, yellow, and
rich orange.

Messrs. R. Adkin and W. West exhibited a number of the insects
mentioned in Mr. B. W. Adkin's paper as being injurious to trees.

Mr. Edwards exhibited a large diagram illustrating the structure
and life-history of the beetle Hi/lesimts piniperda.

Mr. Main exhibited lantern slides showing details of various
insects destructive to timber, including Prionns coriarius, Liuanns
cervKS, Aroniia )iioschata, XeinatKs ericlisoni, etc.

Mr. B. W. Adkin then read his paper on " Insects Injurious to
Forestry." (See page 8.)

In the discussion which took place several members referred to
the gross negligence of the authorities, during the recent extensive

57

felling of timber for war purposes, in allowing such enormous
masses of debris to lie rotting on the ground, thus forming a con-
venient harbour for most of those insects which cause the greatest
amount of damage to forest trees ; and to the absence of any
beginning to reafforestation.

MAY 3\st, 1919.

Field Meeting — Box Hill,.

Conducted by (the late) W. J. Ashdown and Hy. J. Turner.

The meeting was a whole day one and only a small contingent
of the twenty-five members and friends who attended came for the
afternoon. The day was fine and very pleasant, and although
nothing unusual at this date was reported, most of those present
obtained useful specimens or made notes of spots for future visits.
Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone took a specimen of the delavierensu form of
Tephrosia cri'piiscidaria from a tree-trunk alongside the Roman Road,
and found the larvae of Triphosa dnhitata and Scotosia rhaiiniata
common on buckthorn. The females of Brenthis enpJirosyne were
plentiful, and a few Paranje iiwi/era were seen. Probably the com-
monest species noted was Venilia tiiacularia. The members were
pleased to note that the felling of tvees in the neighbourhood was
by no means extensive. Tea at the Fort house was much enjoyed
after the day's ramble, and most of those present descended the
southern face of the hill to the new path recently opened through
the luxuriant growth along the escarpment above the Mole, and
thence to the station for London. Owing to the much regretted
decease of my colleague, who had intended to report this meeting,
I have nothing to add as to the Coleoptera and other orders.
Mr. W. .J, Lucas has contributed the following notes: —
" Owing perhaps to the continuous fine weather flowers were a
little disappointing. The hawthorn was well out and so were the
strawberries; but the dominant flowers seemed to be the bugle
[AjiKja reptaus, Linn.), usually of a brilliant blue colour, though
pink' spikes were found occasionally, and in one place in Juniper
Bottom there was a patch of plants of Forget-me-not ; the Ger-
mander Speedwell (Veronica chanupdri/s, Linn.), the Deadly Night-
shade [Atropa belladonna, Linn.), several times seen, and sometimes
commencing to flower; the orchids, (Jephalanthera pollens, Rich.,

58

Q^ndAci'iaaant/tidixijiliora, Br.; Rock-rose {Heliantlieiiiiiin cIiaDmecistiis,
Mill.), commencing to flower ; the Greater Celandine {('Iwli (Ionium
viajiis, Linn.), and tbe wood Sanicle {Saiiicida eitropua, Linn.).

"Insects, however, were more in demand, and of these the
following were noted : —

" (hthoptera. — A large female Tetri.r bipnnctatiifi, Linn., was taken
— dark, with some whitish markings on the hind femora. A con-
siderable number of Fnr/iciila aiiricidaria, Linn., were obtained by
sweeping or beating. They were chiefly females, but there were at
least two male-! ; no doubt all had hibernated. Of some the wing-
tips bore a small pale spot, so distinctive a mark of var. consi'icua,
here. 1 saw one young nymph.

" K])l(eiiiernjitera. — Specimens of the large May-fly, Kiheniera
danica, Miill., were very numerous, their pale abdomens showing up
conspicuously as they flew.

" 'hloiiota. — Two specimens only were seen — Aiirion piiella, Linn.,
female, and Kncdlanma (■i/atliii/cniiii, Charp., female, the latter quite
teneral. Both were taken in Juniper Bottom.

" Xi'itrojitera. — Both sexes of the Alder-fly {Sialis lutaria, Linn.)
were taken at the Mill Pond, Leatherhead, while we were waiting
for the train conveying the rest of the party. The Snake-fly
{lia]dndia inacidiroUis, Steph.), male and female, were obtained by
beating on Box Hill. One Hfinerobiiis oroti/inis, Walleng., was
captured, and two Hemerobiid cocoons were found on Box Hill ;
both produced imagines later. In each case the active pupa left the
cocoon before disclosing the imago. One cocoon was elliptical in
shape, about 5mm. long and 2-5mm. wide, and was constructed in
the axil of a twig on a small branch of dead wood. The material
was a very thin lace-work, within a still flner lace-like web. The
pupa escaped from one end, and the imago was disclosed about June
Gth. The species turned out to be Heiin'i-dbimi huiindi, Linn. ' The
other cocoon, though made of a somewhat open lace-work of
yellowish silk, was not so transparent as that of H. huiindi. It was
also elliptical, about 7mm. long and 3-5mm. wide, and was spun on
a needle of a conifer, probably the Scotch-fir. The imago in this
case appeared about June 8th, and promised to be our largest species
of the genus — Hemerabiiis co)ici)i)n(s, Steph. The blue-green Lace-
wing, Chnjsojia perla, Linn., was taken, and the Scorpion-fly
[PiuiDrfia ijeruianica, Linn.) — a male and a female, the latter being
teneral.

" Lepidoptera.- — Butterflies noticed were : Whites (species not

59

ascertained) ; Gonejitenjx rhamni, Linn.; Kitchlae car<lai)ii}ies, Linn,
(many males, no females noticed for certain) ; BrentJiis enphrosyne,
Linn, (fairly numerous) ; C(f)ti)m/iii/i/ia fiampliilus, Linn.; Celastrina
ariiioliiH, Linn. ; perhaps ( 'hri/xophnnuti /ilihras, Linn. ; Callophrijs
rtibi, Linn. ; Hespen'o iiialcd'., Linn. ; Xisuniailes tatjes, Linn. One
narrow- bordered Bee-hawk Moth (Macroi/lossa bu>iibijlifuriiiis) was
taken at Bugle flowers in Juniper Bottom."

JUNE 12th, 1919.

Mr. J. A. Humphreys, of Hampstead, was elected a member.

Mr. A. W. Mera exhibited a series of melanic Hibernia defoliaria
with black females, from Epping Forest, bred in 1918-1919, from a
melanic female taken in 1917 ; and living larvfe of Tephrosia biun-
didaria ^ crossed with T. creptiscidaria $ , with larvae of T. biiin-
dularia for comparison.

Mr. W. West exhibited the rare beetles Anthijcrninm tenniuatiisand
Geon/ssiis pijffiiK/iis, both from Wicken Fen ; also a female Mef/atoma
undata.

Mr. Ashdown exhibited Monlellistena abdomiiialis J , and several
specimens of Tetrojntim gabrieli, all taken on the occasion of the
Society's Field Meeting at Box Hill, on May 31st.

Mr. Tatchell exhibited several hrBdi> Melitaa ci)ixia, one specimen
having the central area of the forewing quite destitute of markings,
which were concentrated into two parallel transverse lines near the
base, and two close to and parallel with the hind margin ; also a
very white Papilio machaon.

Mr. Gadge exhibited a large plant of Solaiunn didcanuira, the
"Woody Nightshade, grown in a pot in the open. Leaves pale green
bordered with cream, or all golden, smaller than normal form. It
had been grown in a pot for the last five years, and it flowers and
fruits regularly. He also exhibited an abnormal form of a cabbage
leaf in which there was an inverted cone about an inch in diameter,
on a three to four inch stalk growing from the midrib of the leaf.
Subsequently it was found to be a not infrequent occurrence.

Mr', Edwards exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Dods, a fasciated stem
of asparagus from Christchurch.

Mr. Sperring exhibited a series of Parari/e af/eria race eiien'dcK, from
Peterborough, and pointed out the unusual development of a large
blotch of colour in the usually vacant space in the marginal chain

60

of blotches a little below the apex. No one had seen this form
before, and it was stated that no continental race had this
peculiarity.

In the remarks on the season it was generally noted that the male
of Euchliii' raidaiinnes was very abundant in the London District,
but that few or no females had been observed. Mr. West, however,
said the female was quite abundant at Wicken. The devastation of
the oak by Toitrix viridana was everywhere very noticeable.
Callophrys rubi had been very common this spring. Several mem-
bers remarked that both BrentJiis eiiphrosyne and B. selene were now
gaining ground in outer London.

JUNE 2Ut, 1919.

Field Meeting — Effingham and Ockham Common.

Conducted by (the late) W. J. Ashdown and Stanley Edwards.

This was also a whole day meeting. The weather was somewhat
showery, and only about ten members were present. The morning
party tried Hook Wood, near the station, but with little success. It
was a somewhat early date for the BnjopJiila perla, which was taken.
Tea was obtained quite reasonably at the " Hut " Hotel, Wisley.
Mr. W. J. Lucas has supplied the following notes : —

" After Friday's rain the country was very fresh and pleasant,
and, with the exception of one or two short showers in the morning,
the weather was- fine and rather bright. Some Epinephele jitrtina,
Linn., were on the wing, bat butterflies were remarkably few; nor,
except Tortri.r riridana, Linn., were moths at all plentiful. Larvae
of Gonepten/.v r/iainni, Linn., were found of various ages, as well as
the cocoons of the ichneumon Anilasta placiila, which are
parasites of them. Dragonflies, on the other hand, were numerous,
those noted including at least — Libelhda qnaihimacidata, Linn., with
a nice var. }>r(r,niihila, Newm.; Cordidia anea, Linn.; Anax iinperatnr,
Leach; one very teneral fjestfs spnnsa, Hans.; Pi/rrhoftnma )i!/uip/um,
Sulz. ; Apioii puella, Linn. ; and Enallaipiia ci/athiijenon, Charp.
Of the Nemoptera the two common scorpion-flies, Panorpa cmn-
munis, Linn., and P. ijernianica, Linn., were taken. Amongst the
Orthoptera a male Chorthippitu parallelns, Zett., and a very small
dark male Tetrix bipimctati^s, Linn., were captured mature, while
very young nymphs of Mecnnema t/talassiniiui, T)e Geer, were beaten

61

by Mr. Can- from rhododendrons. Many grasshopper nymphs were
jumping about on the ground. Contrary to what was the case at
Box Hill, on May 31st, no earwigs seem to have been taken at all.
Honeysuckle appeared to be the dominant flower. The white Rosa
arrensiti, Huds., was coming into bloom, while the Enchanter's
Nightshade and the Gout-weed [.H^gojiodinm podagraria, Linn.),
were noticed in blossom. Some ripe strawberries were gathered.
At the head of the smaller " Hut-pond " was a bed of Ragged Robin
and Spotted Orchid, the blooms of the latter being some of the
finest I have seen. Calla paliistris, Wild., was abundant and
luxuriant in one corner of Boldermere, but scarcely any blossoms
could be seen."

JUNE 26i/i, 1919.
Exhibition of Living Objects of Natural History.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited living specimens of Chrysomela distin-
guenda, a beetle found with ova and young hairy larv?e on toadflax,
on May oth. On behalf of Mr. Campbell Smith he exhibited
Cetonia aitrata, taken in roses at Swallowfield, Berks, on June
22nd, and on behalf of Mr. G. Wright, Lgtta vesicatoria, taken on
June 16th, at Feltwell, Norfolk. He stated that the life- history of
this last is somewhat similar to that of Melo'e. The young larvae
burrow in the earth and seek the nests of bees, generally CoUetes.
They do not attack the larvae and eggs first, but eat the pollen food.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited the beetle Necrophonis vespillo and
larvae of the same just hatched, the ova were deposited by the
female in the earth below a dead cat in a flowerpot full of earth
about a week before, not in or on the carcass.

He also showed a batch of 24 ova deposited by 2IelolontJta nilgaris.
The female buried herself about six inches below the surface of the
ground. The eggs were found separated from each other by loose
earth in a small cavity in the hard soil.

Mr. W. J. Ashdown exhibited a living specimen of Hylo}i]iUa
bicolorana, found on oak in Surrey ; also larvae of Diaphora mendica,
and a- larva of Drepana binaria (haiinda), both species from Surrey.

Mr. Barnett, on behalf of Mr. Coppeard, exhibited Si living Viper
{Vipera berus), from Lincolnshire.

He also showed larvae of Cerura furctda, from Limpsfield, and a
lizard {Zootoca vivipara).

62

Mr. Prisk exhibited a large specimen of the Slug, Lima.v flavus,
from Ealing, and the spider F^peira nmbratica.

Mr. Step exhibited larvae of Goneptenjx rhamni from Wisley, and
two cocoons of a Dipterous parasite of the species, and pointed out
that the pupa of the parasite was enclosed by the skin of the rhamni
larva.

Mr. Dennis reported from Llanberis that BrentliU selene was very
abundant " when the sun shines," an 1 that he had seen one each of
Aiijijnnis cijdippe (^adippe), Callophri/s rnbi, and Ccenonyinpha pant-
philits. Of the moths (Jdezia atrata (ch(erophi/llata) was verv com-
mon Hying in the sunshine, one Plusia (lainnia, one Sjiilosonia
lubiicipeda and sundry small Geometers were all he identified.
Dragonflies were plentiful, and he noticed on more than one
occasion a curious habit, in one large species, of clinging to the
wet overhanging rocks, their wings being wet with the dripping
water. The only beetle he had noticed was Phyllopertha horticola in
abundance. Of Diptera, the " cleg " was much too obtrusive.

JULY lOth, 1919.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a specimen of Pijrameh atalanta taken at
Dunedin, Florida, U.S.A., lacking the end white spot of the sub-
marginal series before the orange band of the forewing.

Mr. Sperring exhibited a short series of BrentJds enphrosyne from
Lincolnshire, which were heavily suffused by the spots running
together transversely. One male specimen had a square pale
yellowish discal spot on the forewings.

He also showed a fine bred series of MUnaa tilice from Blackheath,
including ab. centripimcta (eight specimens), ab. su^usa, which he
stated always had green forewings, one specimen left wing ab.
obsoleta and right wing ab. centripunctata, the spot being minute,
one asymmetrical in marking, and one asymmetrical in colour.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a male example of Pieris rapn with
■the apical blotch obsolete, and another male wanting the discal spot.
He also showed a male of the spring brood exactly agreeing with a
normal male of the second brood.

Mr. Humphreys exhibited living larvae of Lymantria dispar from
Holland, and the larva of the sawfly of the Solomon's Seal, Phyma-
tucera aterrinia, from Hampstead. He also showed an aberration
of Aylais uiticie in which the orange coloration was quite suppressed,

63

it was bred from a found chrysalis; and a Vanesfia in of a dull leaden
greasy coloration.

Dr. Robertson exhibited the following species of New Forest
EupitJtecia taken or bred : — E. valerianata, E. albi punctata, E.
pimpinellata, E. venosata, E. jasioneata, E. toi/ata, and E. irriiiiiata,
with a fine series of Cleora juhata (glabraria), bred from New Forest
larvfe, and pointed out a striking aberration in which the discal and
costal markings were completely wanting. This example was bred
from the aberrant larva exhibited at the meeting June 22nd, 1916,
a larva that was practically devoid of light markings and appeared
wholly black.

In the remarks on the season it was generally remarked that there
was a scarcity of butterflies.

JULY 12th, 1919.
Field Meeting — Chalfont.
Conductor, Mr. F. B. Cark.

On rising in the morning I found a steady refreshing rain falling
with every appearance of continuing for some time, and I felt
doubtful whether anyone but our indefatigable President would turn
up at Marylebone for the early train. However, five of us went
down by it, and arrived at Chalfont about 11. It continued to rain
till mid-day, after which the weather was delightful, and Mrs.
Robertson was able to take some good snap-shots of some of the
party. Other members joined the party in the afternoon. The
object of the visit was to take Abraxas sijlvata (ubnata) and Asthena
blonieri. The former was nearly over, but blomeri was abundant
and in good condition, and everyone took a good series. A few
Pararc/e (Kjeria were taken, and Mesoleuca albicillata was fairly
common on the tree trunks.

Larvae taken were Demas coryli and Ennovios quercinaria. About
five o'clock we started to walk through the woods to the oldfashioned
village of Chenies, and thence through the pleasant lanes and fields
to Chorley Wood, where we were sumptuously entertained by Mr.
T. W. Hall, our late Hon. Treasurer, and Mrs. Hall, and thus
ended a most enjoyable outing.

64

JULY 2ith, 1919.

Mr. N. C. Preston of Fulham was elected a Member.

Mr. Sperring exhibited aberrations of the following species : —

1. Brenthis eiiphroayne. — A remarkable assymetrical variety cap-
tured in Lincoln, June, 1919, in which the spots had coalesced and
formed solid transverse lines.

2. Pararge cE<jeria. — Two underside varieties, bred April, 1919
(Peterborough), one with primrose markings and extended central
blotch, similar to those exhibited on June 12th, and with cinereous
ground colour, the other an exceedingly dark suffused specimen.

3. Pararge niegera. — Two, captured Lincoln, June, 1919, with
extra large ocelli.

4. Smerinthus populi. — An exceedingly dark unicolorous speci-
men, almost melanic, bred May, 1919, from Bradford, Yorks. Also
a series bred, S.E. London, 1917-1918, covering a wide range of
variation in coloration and banding.

Mr. W. West exhibited specimens of the beetle OnthophajiuA tauriis
from Malta and Gibraltar, with Onthophagus nutans from Epping
Forest, and pointed out that the former had two frontal horns, the
latter having only one. The O. to urns is very rare in this country,
probably an introduced species.

Mr. Main exhibited living specimens of the glowworm from
Delamere and the Isle of Wight, and pointed out that the former
were only half the size of the latter. He also showed bred examples
from the latter locality.

Mr. Ash exhibited a specimen of Sirex gigas taken in the Strand.

Mr. Carr exhibited the pupa cases of Chattendenia ir-album
on the undersides of the leaves of the Wych Elm, from Chalfont
Road.

AUGUST Uth, 1919.

The death of a member, Lieut. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of enteric,
fever, at Lharnak, in the Dardanelles, on July 24th, was announced.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a series of Epinephele juttina race
hispidla, taken in May, on the plains of Catania, Sicily. All were
much larger than the ordinary British forms. The males had from
two to five intercellular spots on the underside of the hindwings, the
third interspace being invariably vacant, and the second and fifth
spots being always the more emphasised and the last to disappear.

65

The females were extremely rich in coloration both on the upper
and undersides. The spots on the underside of the hindwings were
only faintly present in two examples. The apical spot of the fore-
wings was bipupillate in two uppersides and in three undersides.
In one of the latter on that side only.

He also showed a long series of Adscifa f/eri/on, from the neigh-
bourhood of Tring, where it had been exceedingly common this
year.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited two specimens of a black aberration of
Ct'tonia aurata, from St. Mary's, Scilly, where it had been met with
on thrift, blackberry, wild carrot, etc. The males were noted as
being- very scarce, while the females were abundant. He was
unaware of the species being recorded previously from Scilly.

Mr. A. W. Butcher exhibited Aclopmx flava {thainnas), dark female,
taken freshly emerged at BoxHill, August 18th, 1918 and Aphantopus
Inijicrantus, undersides showing considerable variation in ground
colour and spots. They were from Oxshott, Hythe, Clandon, Byfleet
and Hayton Moss, and included ab. arete and intermediates. He
remarked that in July last he had 41 pup^e of Cosi/nthia [Flplujra)
jiendularia. Thirty-five emerged, the remaining pupfe, which are
alive, showed no signs of the moth developing, and will probably
not do so until next spring. Also that of ten pupse of Tephroda
luridata, three moths emerged last June, the remainder showing no
signs of emergence, though they were ascertained to be alive. He
had not heard of this species going over a second winter in pupa.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited specimens of Acronicta leporina and Hijlo-
pliila prasinana (bred), from Chiselhurat.

In a discussion on the present season it was stated that Xoctiuc
were very scarce, that sugaring in the New Forest was a failure, and
el sewhero had produced little result, that the quantity of honeydew
was detrimental to larvte, most of them dying of constipation, that
cuckoo-spit was also a cause of death to larvte. In many parts the
white butterflies had been very scarce, and there had also been a
scarcity of Pubjoiinnatus icarus. Mr. Buckstone stated that Af/riades
coridon had been extremely scarce ; no doubt the sharp frost, which
occurred in early July, had been very destructive to insects ; by the
end of July but few had emerged. Mr. B. S. Williams reported
taking A. coridon in a salt-marsh among rushes, near Hengistbury
Head, Hants.

66

AUGUST 25th, 1919.

The decease of a member, Mr. J. H. Leslie, of Tooting, was
announced.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited severalseries of yi/i^T/r/rt mari/inaria
{itnxjeiiDiiaria), including type forms and the var. fiiscata (from
Finchley and St. Anne's-on-Sea), with intermediate forms of which
one specimen had no transverse line on the hindwing.

Mr. Newman exhibited a fine bred specimen of ab. walkeri of
Sinlosouia menthastri, from Bexley.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a long series of Hijdmecia cri)iane)tsis
received from Mr. T. Greer, Co. Tyrone, Ireland. They were
captured at honeydew on thistles, Cniciis paliistris, no Iris pseiidaconis
being found in the locality ; none frequented the ragwort growing
with the thistles. He also showed a fine pair of the ab. addenda of
Epinephele jurtina, from the same place, where this aberration tends
to form a local race in an old cut-out bog.

Mr. Ashdown exhibited the rare beetle, (ii)ilo mollis .- also Gracilia
minitta, and stated that one of the specimens was the smallest
Longicorn he had ever seen. All were from Surrey, 1919.

Mr. JSperring exhibited Boarmia repandata, five beautiful, soft
grey specimens from Oyne, Scotland, July, 1919. Agriades coridon.
— Two males (Cuxton, August, 1919) considerably suffused with
black scaling and with extremely heavy dark margins. A male
underside (Cuxton, August, 1919) ; forewings striated, hindwings
near ab. nbwleta. Aijlais nrticct. — Fifteen bred specimens from
Paisley (July; 1919), showing much variation in depth of colouring
and size of markings.

Mr. Johnston exhibited the following aberrations he had taken in
the New Forest during a short holiday this season : — 1. Limenitis
sibilla, several specimens with the white markings of the upperside
reduced to small irregular blotches, and in two specimens to mere
traces, with undersides in which the markings were very divergent
from the normal, with much suppression of the white markings.
2. Dnjas papliia, showing irregular xanthic markings, others show-
ing considerable coalescence and elongation of the usual markings
on the upper surface.

Mr. Bennett exhibited a larva of Acnmicta leporina feeding on
oak, from West Wickham.

Mr. Edwards exhibited the following species of S. American
Papilios : — P. protodavias {liyperion), from Brazil ; P. phaon ab.

67

iilopos (Brazil), in which the white markings are represented by
mere indications ; P philenor ab. acauda (Mexico), in which the
tails are wanting.

Mr. Newman reported that Agriadea coridon, in its usual habitat
on the Chiltern Hills, was this year practically extinct, and that
although collectors in abundance had frequented the locality in
recent seasons, he did not consider the scarcity was due to over-
collecting. In his opinion this was due to the attacks of ichneu-
mons, for out of a large number of larvae of A. coridon collected in
the spring more than 90% were attacked. His experience of Koyston
had been much the same ; he scarcely saw 50 in the course of a
mile. In some parts of the district, however, the species was more
abundant than he had ever seen it ; quite a hundred pairs could be
counted at a time. He remarked that in Kent there had been an
abnormal scarcity of Polyommatns icanis in both broods, whereas
Plebeiiis (.egon, which last year had been abnormally common, this
year had been absolutely abundant ; Agriades thetis was now abun-
dant, but the earlier brood had been scarce ; Argynnis aglaia was in
great abundance. All the Puiralidic [Thedida) had been abundant
also, especially Strymon pruni. The sawfly of the " black " poplar,
which last year had practically stripped his trees of leaves, was this
year curiously conspicuous by its complete absence.

Mr. Barnett said that P. icariis had been very scarce in Surrey.

Mr. F. M. B. Carr reported that larvte were very scarce this year.

Mr. Sperring's experience had been contrary to that of many
members, he having met with hundreds of Pieris since the Jast
meeting.

SEPTEMBER Qth, 1919.

Field Meeting — Wimbledon.

Conductor, Mr. E. Step, F.L.S.

The route taken lay between Cjesar's Camp and Farm Bog to
Warren Farm, thence through the woods to Beverley Plain, and by
Stag Ride and Queensmere to Windmill Road.

Beating did not yield anything like so good results as on the
previous visit, which was a month later in the year. .Lists of
captures have not yet come in, but the insects obtained included
larvae of Snierinthus ocellatus on sallow, Dasychira pndibunda and
Cabera pnsaria.

68

A few flowers were still in evidence, among them Purple Loose-
strife {Lythrum salicaria), Sneezewort {Achillea ptarmica), Heather
{Calluna vulgaris), and Devil's-bit Scabious {Scabiosa succisa). The
early fungi noted were Amanita virosa, Amanitopsis fulva, Psaliota
campestris, Russula citrina, Psathyra data, and Scleroderma
verrucosinu.

Tea, to which thirteen sat down, was served at Boilings in the
old village.

SEPTEMBER Uth, 1919.

Mr. F. W. Thorrington gave a lecture on " Variation in the
British Ferns," and exhibited a large number of aberrant fronds.
(See p. 13.)

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited drawings of the very local orchid, the
Summer Ladies-tresses, and read the following note : —

" Spirant/ies astivaUs, Eich., from the New Forest. There seems
to be some 40 plants in the two localities I know (possibly there is
one other). If the species has disappeared from Wyre Forest, and
the numbers are decreasing in the New Forest (as appears to be the
case), it seems clear that this orchid is on the highway to extinction
as a British plant."

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a fine female specimen of the clear
lemon-coloured aberration of Colias edusa known as ab. helicina,
from Cyprus ; also three bred specimens of the local and rare
Noctuid Glottula (Brithi/s) encaustm, from Catania, in Sicily. His
correspondent had written him as to finding a black larva covered
with large white spots, feeding on a plant only growing in the sea-
side marshes a short distance north of Catania. From Spuler's book
(" Schm. Eur.," vol. i., p. 166, and supp. pi. 3, fig. 3), the larva was
suspected to be that of Glnttitla pancratii, a species attached to the
liliaceous plant. Pancratium maritimum , which grows only on the
shores of the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and down the E. African
coast. In due course the larvae pupated, and his correspondent
forwarded the ten resulting pupse. Their emergence was not ex-
pected until April or May of 1920, but strange to say on July 18th
a specimen emerged not of the expected G. pancratii, but of the
very rare G. encaustus. Two others emerged on the 21st and 24th
respectively, both of the same species. Whether G. encaustus be
only a constant local form of G. pancratii remains to be proved. It
has only been taken in Sicily, Corsica, and the Italian Riviera. The

69

remaining pup^e are apparently going over. The species is not
known to be double-brooded, and these three specimens are probably
" precocious " individuals of the normal brood due in April and May
next.

SEPTEMBER 25th, 1919.

Mr. H. J. Quilter, of Wood Green Road, was elected a member.

Exhibition of Lantern Slides.

Mr. Lucas exhibited slides showing the Yeast plant, the fungus
of the holly leaf, species of the Myxomycetes, and various fungi
found at Oxshott and in the New Forest.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited slides of the parasitic plants, Orohanche
sps., and Lathrfa ; the henbane, Baplenrum, Centanrea calcitrapa,
Plii/teniiia spicata (Coulsdon), and Veronica spicata.

Mr. Dennis exhibited slides of Peltigera canina, Hymennphi/llitm
unilaterale, Lycopodiiun selagu, and L.clavatum : Veronica buxbaumii,
Sedimi ani/licuin, etc.

Mr. Step, for Mr. W. H. Miles, exhibited the large Atlas Moth
{Attacus edwardsi), from Arcuttipore, Cachar.

Mr. Turner exhibited several species of Hesperiida sent to him
from Cordoba, in the Argentine, including Hesperia americana,
together with specimens of Colias lesbia var. heliceoides, and
Meaanostotna ccBsonia, the " dog-face " butterfly from the same
place.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a short series of Boarmia repandata,
bred from wild larvte taken at Finchley, showing strong melanic
tendency, one male being exceptionally dark.

OCTOBER dth, 1919.

Mr. J. R. Leeson, M.D., J. P., F.L.S., of Twickenham, was elected
a member.

Mr. Cornish exhibited a weasel which had been found dead in an
empty rabbit-hutch at Plumstead.

Mr. B. S. Curwen exhibited the following species of Zyi/cena from
South Italy : Z. ruhicundus, Z, eri/thrns, Z. stcechadis, with ab.
dtd)ia, and Z. oxytropis : two aberrations of Z. /ilipendala from Deal
cocoons, one of which shows curious yellow scaling on the black

70

background, with the red spots run into splashes ; a specimen of Z.
trifolii ab. minoides, from Swinley Woods ; and a cocoon of Z.
meliloti from the New Forest.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a beetle, Monoluninnus tittilator, taken in
Eotherhithe, probably an immigrant from a ship in the Surrey
Docks.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a short series of the Nymphalid
Dione vanillm var. maculom, the larva of which feeds upon various
species of Passiflora in the Neotropical Eegion ; the species ranges
from the Southern States to Argentina ; also the " skipper," Cal-
podes etJdiits, a robust species occurring commonly over the same
area ; the larva feeds upon (Janna : a pair of the large and beauti-
ful moth, Badlona imjierialis, whose caterpillar is one of the
" horned devils." All three species were taken in the neighbour-
hood of Cordoba, Argentina.

The President read a Paper he had received from Mr. F. W.
Frohawk, " The Migration of Birds." (See page 10.)

OCTOBER 23rd, 1919.

The President introduced the discussion on the " Variation shown
in Ai/lais urtictc," stating that in Seitz' " Gross-schm. " at least 24
names of various forms are used, and that its area of distribution
is very extensive, reaching Japan, where a most remarkable form
known as connexa occurs, and India, where it is met with up to an
elevation of 14,000 ft. He pointed out that Hiibner, " Yerz.,"
placed it in the genus Kiir/onia, but that, as pointed out by Scudder,
" Sys. Eevision Gen. of Am. Butt.," Dalman, " Vet. Ac. Hand.,"
xxxvii., 56, 64, had previously, 1818, established the genus Ai/lais
for this species alone.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner then read the following: —

Notes on the " Variation in Aglais urtic^."

Placing an ordinary specimen of A(/lai>t urtuuc before us, what are
the elementary features which are available for circumstances to
work upon ? and what are the lines which the variation takes ?
These appear to me to be (1) the ground colour, which may become
darker or lighter; (2) the development of melanism, either by a
general darkening of all the component colours of the coloration, or
by an extension of the area of the darker markings ; (3) joining up

71

of the spots and blotches, either along the costa or transversely to
the wing ; (4) reduction in size of spots and blotches ; (5) absence
of discal spots; (6) variation in size, colour, shape, and presence of
marginal spots ; (7) size ; (8) shape.

Taking these groups in detail as thus outlined, I have made- an
attempt to fit in the various named forms, so far as I have been able
to trace them. This, however, is somewhat of a difficulty, as time
has not permitted me to trace the names to their original descrip-
tion, and the characteristic features of some of the forms in different
authors do not agree.

Ground Colour. — The intensity of the orange red varies in
depth and richness, and by the diminution of the yellow clouding
to absence causes it to become more effective as a colour, ab.
(lismlor, Heine, has ochreous yellow ground ; ab. herrmanni, Herrm.,
has pale ochreous yellow ground ; ab. einbryonalis, Solow., has
greyish yellow ground ; ab. conKentanea, Jachont., has a lighter
greyish yellow ground ; race iclmusa, Stgr., has a deep red ground ;
ab. turcica, Stgr., has a uniform bright red, as also has the dwarf
tiircicoides, Stgr. ; ab. mlmonicolor, Rayn., has a salmon-coloured
ground ; ab. alba, Rayn., has a white, or very pale ground. ; ab.
ioformis, Reuss, io-coloured ; ab. hrunneo-violacea, Rayn., brown-
violet ; ab. darinifa, Rayn., bright rufous ; ab. fulva, Rayn., reddish
fulvous; ab. ii/iiea, Rayn., fiery red; ah. latericolor, Hayn., hv'ick-
coloured; ab. Intea, Rayn., buff; ab. riibmchrea, Rayn., reddish-
ochreous ; ab. ohsciira, Rayn., dull, dusky red ; ab. jiolijcJdnn'den,
Rayn., colour of pob/chloros ; ab. teatudlnea, Rayn., deep rich
tortoishell.

Fore-wings. — Ab. flarotessellata, Rayn., pale yellow central area,
extending from costa to inner margin ; ab. radiatata, Rayn., with
veins in central reddish area much blackened ; ab. fitrii/ata, Rayn.,
with black horizontal streak between 2nd costal spot and inner
marginal spot ; ab. caertdapicata, Rayn., with pale chalky-blue
apex ; ab. ftdvoinanjinata, Rayn., outer margins edged with fulvous ;
ab. ;irinei)iiiart/inata, Rayn., outer margins edged with grey ; ab.
fasciato, Reuss, a light band across the wing.

Melanic Forms. — These may be produced either by a general
darkening of the whole colour scheme, or by an increase of the
area covered by the black markings. (1) Of the first : ab. .teli/sii,
Donck., has all markings dulled, no yellow tints, hindwing shaded
black ; ab. infnscata, Rayn., with all the dark markings much
intensified. (2) Of the second : ah. urncttii, Corcelle ; ah. polaris,

72

Stgr., has deeper, enlarged markings, partly united ; ab. ladalwmis,
Moore, is a mountain dark form from the Himalayas ; ab. )iiaiini-
])t(ncta, Rayn., enlarged discal spots ; ab. xKKjninntata, Rayn., with
large inner marginal spot; ab. trijmnctata, Rayn., three discal
spots.

Union or Spots. — These unions are either longitudinal along
the costa, or transverse across the discal area. (1) Ab. atrehatenstN,
Bdv., has enlarged costal spots, 2nd and 3rd united ; ab. ni;iricaria,
Hav., has enlarged costal spots, two outer united; ab. nii/rita, Fick.,
is similar, but more advanced, two discal spots and costal united ;
ab. conjnncta, Neubg., has all three costal spots united ; ab. oahorni,
Donck., has two or three costal spots united and edged yellow ochre ;
ab. ichnutioides, Selys., 2nd and 3rd united ; ab. niijricostata, with
narrow black margin to costa. (2) Ab. connexa, Btlr., has the
costal and inner marginal spots united by a wide black band ;
&h. ja/xtnica, Fisch., and ab. jessoensix, Weism., are similar ; ab.
polaris, Stgr., has them partly united ; ab. nubilata, Rayn., has them
with black, cloudy area between ; ab. punctijuncta, Rayn., two
discal spots united.

Reduction of Spots. — This may be either in number or in size.
Ab. turcica, Stgr., has the discal spots very small, or even absent;
ab. turcicoides, Stgr., is similar in this respect ; ab. embii/onalis,
Solow., has costal spots reduced ; ab. comentanea, Jachont., is
similar in this respect ; ab. pari-ij>nncta, Rayn., small spots ; ab.
imipuncta, Rayn., one spot ; ab. jiarvinotata, Rayn., with small
inner marginal spot; ab. nigridoisaia, Rayn., with black streak
running from inner marginal spot to anal anal.

Absence of Discal Spots.— This takes place in ab. ichnusa,
Stgr., ab. seh/sii, Donck. ; ab. embyyonalis, Solow. ; ab. otrebatensis,
Bdv. ; ab. nigricaria, Haw. ; and icJuiKsoidi's, Selys. ; ab. ioproto-
foriiiis, Reuss, has discal and inner marginal spots absent.

Marginal Spots. — Ab. riolesreufi, Slev., has a violet sheen on the
blue marginal lunules ; ab. cunsentanea, Jachont., has the blue spots
enlarged ; ab. holandii, Lamb., has the blue markings extended to
streaks ; ab. dannenbergi, Neubg., has straw-coloured marginal
spots; ab. niva, Gr.-Gr., has the blue spots obsolescent, with a
broad black margin ; ab. atrebutends, Bdv., has the blue spots
wanting ; ab. nigricaria, Hav., marginal blue spots completely
absent; oh. parrilHnulata,'Rd.yx\., hindwing small black spots ; ab.
magnilumdata, Rayn., hindwing large blue spots; ab. luna, Reuss,
ocalescence of blue crescents at anal angle to form a large blue

73

crescent ; ab. cKueatii/uttata, Eaya., with wedgeshaped blue lunules ;
ab. ichnusa, Stgr., ab. caschviirensis, Kill., and ab. ladakensis, are
also devoid of blue spots, the latter yellow margins ; ab. chinemis,
Leach, and ab. thibetana, Aust., have these spots much enlarged ;
ab. lutcoynarf/inata, Larabl., has yellow margins, not black ; ab,
panir/iitta, Eayn., with small lunules ; ab. Diai/iiii/uttata, Rayn.,
with large lunules.

Size. — Ab. m-ticoide!<, F. d. Wald. and ab. pi/i/maea, Heyne, are
both dwarf ; ab. turcicoides, Stgr., is a dwarf of ab. turcica, Stgr. ;
ab. chinemis. Leach, and ab. thibetana, Aust., are both large forms.

Shape. — Ab. ladakensis, Moore, a mountain form, is less angular.

Seasonal Forms. — Ab. nixa, Gr.-Gr., is a dry season form, with
very dark undersides ; ab. rizana, Moore, is a wet season form, with
sharply defined markings.

The Mountain Forms. — Ab. ladakensis, Moore, and ab. cash'
mirensix, both with ill-defined markings.

HiNDwiNGs. — Ab. nif/vicaria, Hav., black, yellow marginal
traces : ab. nixa, Grmm., broad outer margins ; ab. atrebatensis,
Bdv., entirely fuscous ; ab. osbnnii, Donck., brown ; ab. adiiinbrata,
Eayn., black cloud at top of band; ab. infraradiata, ^a,yn.,' \eins
much blackened; ab, ani/nstibalteata, Eayn., narrow band; ab.
latibalteata, Eayn., wide band.

Underside. — Ab. snbtns-lactea, Eayn., pale area creamy ; ab.
s((6?/(.s-r(//rt, Eayn., pale area rufous; ah. ichnusoides, Eayn., more
dusky than usual ; ab. dannenbergi, Eayn., unicolorous black.

Less Frequent Forms, not Included in this Scheme. — (1)
With the discal spots coalescent. (2) Smoky or greasy-looking
forms, said to be produced by feeding on withered leaves. (3)
With the hindwings blue-rayed. (4) Short band in hindwing. (5)
With edges of the markings " woolly " in outline. (6) Dark
chocolate suffusion over the ground. (7) Orange ground colour.
(8) All colours subdued as if washed out.

Unique or Extremely Rare Aberrations. — (1) Outer half of
forewings white. (2) Streaks on disc of forewing. (3) Uniform
golden brown. (4) Broad black apex to forewing. (5) Forewings
blue-rayed. (6) Black rays in hindwing iviii. (7) Eed streaks
on hindwing in place of band. (8) Black markings except on costa
and apex of forewing nearly obsolete. (9) Buff rays on hindwings.
(10) Suppression of black band, blue wedges surrounded by black
rim only. (11) Twin discal spot removed to touch the margin.
(12) Dark chocolate ground. (13) Various extraordinary forma

74

produced in the temperatui'e experiments of Standfuss, Merritield,
and others.

Refekknces to Original Descriptions. — Pajiilio iirticif, L.,
" Sys. N.," X. ed., 477 (1758). — Var. ichmisa, Bon., "Mem, Ac.
Tor.," p. 3, 2 (1824) ; ab. iclmus^nides, Selys. L., " Cat. Lep. Belg.,"
18 (1837) ; var. caxrhnn'rensifi, KolL, " Hagl. Kaschm.," 442, pi. 9,
3-4 (1848) ; var. nrticnides, F. de W., " Ent. Imp. Ross.," v., 123
(1851) ; var. turcica, Stgr., " Cat.," ii. ed., lb (1871) ; var. /'idaris,
Stgr., "Cat.," ii., 16 (1871) ; ab. unietii, Corcelle., " Feuille. jeim.
Nat.," ii., 99 (1871); var. rizmia, Moore, " Proc. Zool. S.," 559
(1872) ; ab. atrchafcnsis, Bdv., " Rev. and Mg. Zool.." 409, pi. 17,
1 (1873) ; var. la<lakensi.s, Moore, " Ann. and Mag. N.H." (5), i., 227,
(1878); ab. .s<v.s/, Donck., "Feuille jn. Nat., xi., 33 (1880); ab.
osbitnii, Donck., " Feuille. jeun. Nat.," xi., 33 (1880) ; var. cmnie.ra,
Btlr., "Proc. Zool. S.," 851 (1881); ab. nixa, Gr. Gr., "Mem.
Rom.," iv., 426 (1890); var. nrticoiile^, Alph., "Iris.," vii., 303
(1892) ; var. chinensU, Leech., " Butt. Chin.," 258, pi. 25, 1 (1892);
ab. discolor, Heyne., " Ins. Borse.," xi., 131 (1894) ; ab. Jicminnini,
Herrm.; ab. pi/nnuea, Heyne. (Ruhl), 778 (1895); oh. pallida, Mosley,
" Nat. Jrn.," Sup., p. 14(1896); yav. thibetana, Aust., " Natur.,"
201 (1898); vav. tnrcicoides, 8tgv., "Cat.," iii. ed., 25 (1901) ; ab.
ri(dcscens, Slev., " Hor. Ross.," xxxiv., 530(1901); var. ja/'oiiica,
Fisch., "Bed. ent. Z.," S.-B., 6 (1902) ; var. ,;V.s.s()(?».s/.s, Weism.; ab.
fentoni ; ab. ni(/ricaria, Hav., " Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.," xlviii., 186
(1904) ; ab. nii/rita, Fick ; ab. dannenbenji, Neuberg., " Soc. Ent.,"
xix., 170(1904); ab. eonjimcta, Neuberg., "Soc. Ent.," xix. 170
(1904); ah. endji'ijoitaUs, Solowjew., " Hor. Ross.," xxxviii., 143 (1905);
ab. saliiiojiic(dor, Rayn., " Ent. Rec," 298 (1906) ; ab. con^entanea,
Jacbontow., "Rev. Russ. d'Ent.," vi., 10 (1906); ab. hiten-
warginata, Lambln., "Rev. Men. Namur.," p. 47 (1906) ; ab. cnrn-
lajdcata, Rayn., "Ent. Rec," p. 298 (1906) ; ab. bolandii. Lamb.,
"Rev. Mens. Namur.," vii., 42 (1907); ab. alba, Rayn., "Ent
Rec," 7 (1909) ; ab. hma, Reuss, "Ent. Rec," p. 211 (1909).

The following two papers in the "Ent. Rec" are useful as
summarising much of the variation : — Raynor, vol. xxi., p. 7, etc. ;
Reuss, vol. xxi. p. 83., etc.

Mr. Sperring exhibited a large number of Ai/lais urticir, and read
the following notes :

" The insects which I am exhibiting were mainly bred from
larvffi collected in a number of localities, i.e., S.E. London,
Cambridge, Essex, Lincoln, Tyrone, Inverness, Kincardine, Paisley

75

and AiTan, and show a very considerable difference in coloration.

In the first place, I would like to call attention to the manner
in which this insect will vary, even from the same locality. The
first two columns of insects shown from S.E. London were bred
from larvae taken from the same spot in the years 1912 and
1917. There is not only an entire difference in coloration, but
also in the shape of the wings; those of the 1917 series are
perfectly normal, but the 1912 specimens are much more elongate.
In one case you have the insect with a red brick coloration, in
the other it is strongly suffused with yellow.

The specimens from Cambridge follow very closely the S.E.
London specimens, as likewise *do those from Essex, the climatic
conditions at these distances apart not being of sufficient variation
to affect the insects.

The Lincoln specimens call for no particular comment. The
series is not sufficiently long to enable one to say much about
them, more particularly as they are captured specimens, and the
ground colour is likely to have been somewhat affected.

The series of Irish specimens from Tyrone are best looked at
in comparison with those from Scotland. They are of a richer
coloration, and the first specimen is very similar to the first
specimen from Scotland, inclining more to the salmon yellow
ground.

The richest coloration is undoubtedly found in the Scottish
specimens, which at the same time are much darker, doubtless
due to the colder climatic conditions and moisture.

You will note how closely the specimens from Kincardine and
Paisley follow in ground colour the salmon-yellow of the specimens
from Inverness, which were taken by our late member, Mr.
McArthur.

Referring to the underside of the insect, I show three series of
these, i.e., from S.E. London, from Arran, and from Paisley
respectively.

All the specimens from S.E. London are exclusively light, with
a greater or lesser amount of cream ground colour in the hind-
wings, between the basal patch and the outer margin.

Specimens from Arran are perfectly uniform in regard to the
space referred to, showing no cream ground whatsoever, the whole
space being filled up with light chocolate coloui.

The Paisley specimens, again, are entirely dissimilar, showing
extremely black scaling (several cases are of the variety pularia),

76

but varying in regard to the marginal band to a considerable
extent.

One would have expected that inasmuch as Arran and Paisley
are so nearly in the same latitude, that specimens from the two
localities in question would have been practically identical. Such,
however, is not the case.

Apart from variation due to climatic conditions, i.e., Scotch, as
compared, for instance, with southern specimens, etc., there is also
another phase to be considered, i.e., recurrent variations which
crop up, no matter from what locality the insects are obtained,
such as, for instance, ab. sahiionicolur, of distinct pink coloration,
and various ab. discolor, i.e., darkochreous yellow.

Apart from these, the insect runs through a whole gamut of
coloration, from white to deep rich tortoiseshell, represented by ab.
alba at one end and ab. testiidinea at the other. The latter form
appears to be more commonly found amongst the Scottish specimens
than in the south.

I would like to refer particularly to variety ic/ninsa. While this
does occasionally occur from insects bred under normal conditions
from wild larvae, it appears to be, like ab. ichnusoides, largely the
result of temperature experiments. As showing what can be done
in the latter direction, it is on record by T. Reuss that in experi-
menting with some 100 larvfe from two wild broods, he obtained 65
aberrations, of which 39 are amongst those named by Raynor, as
mentioned previously, and which were largely the result of exposing
the pupae to the direct and intensified sun's rays.

As showing to what a considerable extent heat will affect this
insect (prior to emergence), I was examining some specimens in
the Bond collection this week, in which there were two short series
of iirtiar from the same brood, one lot showing emergence before a
thunderstorm and the other after it. One takes it that this
difference in coloration, i.e., one series being considerably lighter in
colour than the other, would be due to the considerable difference
in the temperature in the period before and after the thunder-
storm in question.

Chemical Action. — On September 13th, 1917, I exhibited a
specimen of this insect suffused with a dull plum colour. This
specimen was given me as having been taken wild of the particular
coloration in question, and at that time I had no doubt as to its
ho7id-jides. At a later date, however, I had an opportunity of
examining a very considerable collection of Vanessa nrticcr, taken

at the same time, which showed a most remarkable variety of
coloration, and elicited the fact that they had been killed with lump
ammonia, and that some of the insects had remained in the killing
chamber for varying periods. As a result, I have endeavoured to
obtain the same coloration, in which I have been successful. The
original specimen exhibited is marked " A," and underneath it you
will see three more specimens which have been subjected to pure
ammonia by removing the pins and letting the insects float on the
ammonia without the wings coming into contact with the liquid.

I thought that it might also be of interest to ascertain what is
the result of prolonged exposure to cyanide of potassium ; and now
show some ten specimens in exhibit marked " B," which have been
placed in cyanide for thirty-one days. Except where the wings
were pushed into the damp mixture of plaster and cyanide, there is
no extreme change of coloration, only a slight dimming of the
same."

Mr. A. W. Mera exhibited a bred series of A. Hrticw from various
English and Scotch counties, those from Eastbourne being some-
what lighter, otherwise there were no striking aberrations, except
in the undersides, which showed a wide range of coloration.

Mr. B. S. Curwen exhibited three ab. polarU from Bossekop, a
dark dwarf from Dover, two showing the discal spots on a cream
ground from Colchester ; three icJaiusa forms from Colchester and
Dover, one brown specimen bred from Newport, one suffused under-
side from Swinley Woods, etc.

Messrs. Tonge, C. H. Williams, Barnett, and Nicholson also
exhibited various forms, races, and aberrations of this species.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited long series from many parts of Great
Britain and Ireland, including examples of many of the forms
referred to by Messrs. Turner and Sperring, and one from Coventry
with pale straw ground colour. He agreed in the main with the
latter gentleman's remarks as to the generally richer ground colour
of the Scotch as compared with the South English examples.

Mr. H. B. Williams exhibited Af^lais urtica : four specimens of a
pale ground colour, part of a brood bred from Haslemere larvfe in
1915 ; four specimens with 2nd costal blotch extended to a point
reaching the 3rd blotch, part of a brood from Norwich bred in
1913 ; four specimens from Warminster, Salisbury Plain, 1917,
including ab. ichnnsa and a specimen with traces of a dark band
across the forewings involving the twin spots; ab. pan-inotata, Rayn.,
from Finchley ; two specimens from the " Webb " coll., one having

78

no " twin spots," but dark hindwings and very large cuneate blue
lunules on all wings ; ab. cinieatii/iittata, Rayn., from Chalfont, 1912;
ah. atrebati'iisis (crippled), from Holniwood, 1907; ab. ni(iii(i(>rsata,
Rayn. ; and six specimens from N. Ireland, 1918, in one of which the
yellow markings are largely replaced by the ground colour. Also
photographs of the life history.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited a photograph of the chrysalis of A. iirticte
just previous to the act of attaching itself to the silken pad, after
withdrawal from the larval skin, which was still being held by a
fold of the pupal integuments.

Mr. Riches exhibited a form from Aberdeen which was so strongly
marked a polaris form as to be practically the Japaese connexa form;
a very light red-ochreous form of ab. pan-ipnncta, bred in a hot-
house ; and two series bred in hothouse conditions, one near East-
bourne, where the whole brood was uniform in ground colour and
dark, the other near London, where the whole brood was markedly
variegated with more light areas.

Mr. Kaye exhibited several pathological specimens.

Mr. B. H, Curwen exhibited a specimen of Sirex (jii/as, found on
a lady's skirt, much to her alarm, in Twickenham, in July last.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a series of Charceas (iraminis, from
Finchley, 1919, showing ground colour grey, dark grey, rufous,
light grey, and an aberration in which the longitudinal markings
were coalesced into one pale streak.

Mr. Tonge exhibited a series of Oporabia autiDiinaria, from Preston
and Langridge Fell, including a strongly melanic specimen.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited a living larva of Nona(/ria t ijph a; v/hich
was still small, although it had been feeding fourteen months.
From the New Forest, this year, he exhibited a series of aberrant
Lititenitis sibilla : (1) the first step towards ab. nitjrina, (2) a more
suffused specimen, (3 and 4) still further obliteration, and (5) com-
plete ab. n'Kjrina, (6) ab. nujrina, underside asymmetrical, left wing
with a plain band, right wing with the band nearly obliterated ;
Drijas pap/iia with hindwing partly radiated with several elongated
and united spots in both male and female, and two specimens with
much suffusion of both fore- and hindwings from the enlargement
of and union of some of the black spots ; and Anjynnis ci/dippe
(adippe), a series showing gradation in the extension of the spotting,
and one with only three spots in the submarginal row of the
hindwino-.

79

NOVEMBER IZth, 1919.

The decease of Mr. W. J. Ashdown (1895), a member of the
Council, was announced.

On behalf of the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, the Secretary presented
a series of larval cases of various species of British Psychides.

Series of Noctiia xantJuxiyaiiha were exhibited by Messrs. R. Adkin,.
A. E. Tonge, B. S. Williams, Hy. J. Turner, etc., and a discussion
took place after the following summary of the variation had been
submitted by the last named.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited short series of NoctKci .nuithotirapha^
from Brockley, Shirley, Strood, Scotland, etc., and gave a list of the
named forms with short diagnoses, as follows :—

Nuctiia xanthoiirapha, Schiff., " Verz.," 83 (1776), dark greyish
iw'&wii = tetraguyia, Haw., " Lep. Brit.," 205 (1809); ab. bndfiisis,
Frr., "Neu. Beitr.," pi. 282 (1889), very aberrant and confused
markings ; var. cnhasa, H.-S., " Sys. Bearb.," ii., 209, figs. 95-7
(1815), pale grey ; var. elatior, Alph., " Rom. Mem.," v., 129, pi. 6,
3 (1889), larger, forewing cinnamon or yellow-grey ; var. riifescen!<,
Tutt, '• Br, Noct.," ii., 126 (1892), pale reddish-grey or pale reddish;
var. nifa, Tutt, I.e., bright red ; ab. dbsuleta-rnfa, Tutt, I.e., mark-
ings obsolete ; var. ubscura, Tutt, I.e., dark reddish-black ; ab.
obsoleta-ubscura, Tutt, I.e., markings obsolete; var. nii/ra, Tutt, I.e.,
blackish-grey; ab. obsoleta-nvira, Tutt, I.e., markings obsolete; var.
palastinemis, Kalschb., "Iris.," x., 168 (1897), paler, all markings
on the hindwing more distinct.

He then noted that Guenee stated (" Noetuelles," v., 337) with
regard to the variation that " all the varieties are linked together,
and are not able to be separated into races." The characters which
were available for the action of variation seemed to be the ground,
the stigmata, the transverse markings, and the scale textures. The
ground is either grey, brown, red, or nearly black with all inter-
mediate shades and combinations. The stigmata were either
distinct, obscured or obsolescent, one or both. The transverse lines
were also distinct, obscured or obsolescent, including the sub-
marginal dots. The texture of the scaling was said to be coarse in
one or two continental races. The space between the stigmata was
sometimes emphasised in distinctive coloration.

Mr. R. Adkin's long series contained many local sets, including
very dark from northern areas, Scotland, etc., some very red forms,
and representatives from the Seilly and Scottish Islands. It was
noted that some specimens had much emphasised venation.

80

Mr. Tonge on one occasion, at Deal, counted over seventy A'.
.vaut/toi/rajiha on one sugar patch, in company with a solitary
Leiiconia alhipuncta, and stated that larvae that he had had fed on
from April to June.

Mr. Newman said that his larvae had all gone down by February.

Mr. Curwen remarked on the extremely large numbers he had met
with on sugar at Merton on one occasion. There were quite 80 or
90 on each of some 30 trees sugared, and nothing else.

Mr. Newman exhibited a large example of Cirrhccdia xeraDijielina,
from Sligo, having a very dark band ; and males of Ennomos aivjn-
laria, from Regent's Park, with much contrast between the darker
outer marginal area and the lighter transverse band.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited the egg-cocoons of the spider Af/rceca
brminea, both freshly made and as subsequently daubed with mud.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the larval cases of the following
species of the Psychides which the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows was
presenting to the Society.

Xan/cia monilifera, Mucking; Viplodoma herniuiata, Wellington;
3 sps. of Solenobia, Mucking, Barnes Common, and Wellington ;
Solenobia lu-henella C?), Wellington ; Solenobia triqiietrella (?), Muck-
ing, 4 joints to tarsi ; S. triquetrella (?), Mucking, 5 joints to tarsi ;
Solenobia sp. ?, Rannoch ; Taleporia tubulosa, Wellington; Lii[fia
lapidella, Guernsey ; L. ferchaidtella, Mucking ; Fuiiiea casta ?,
Mucking ; and Kpichnopterix pulla, Mucking ; and stated that very
little was known of this family, some species, so called, may be
several such as F. casta, S. triquetrella, etc., of some no males were
known, of others, although their habitats were quite different, yet
so far no points of distinction had been made out. It was thought
that the forelegs might offer some characters which would be avail-
able for differentiating the species.

NOVEMBER 29th, 1919.
Annual Exhibition of Varieties.

Mr. S. G. Castle Russell exhibited the following aberrations of
British Lepidoptera : —

Dryas papJiia. — New Forest. Rayed and suffused females and rayed
male ; a series of var. valesina forms, including an intermediate between
typical paphia and valesina, an exceptionally well marked underside,
the silver marking being accentuated, and an almost completely

81

spotless black form, the underside being of black, green, and silver
colouring ; bleached forms of D. paphia, including a rare type with
three-quarters of the upper wings white ; a female with patches of
valesina colouring on the hindwings ; an underside in which the
ordinary green shade" is partly replaced by bright blue ; and another
from which the green coloration is entirely absent.

Limenitis sibilla. — Underside of the black form, ab. nigrina.

Euchlo'e cardaiaines. — A yellow tipped specimen, Hants.

Leptosia sinapu. — With all the black coloration replaced by light
brown, Hereford.

Brenthis eiiphrosyne. — Nine aberrations, including a cream
coloured and a rayed example.

B. selene. — ^Four aberrations, including a rayed underside, Sussex
and Hants.

C(enony)iipha pauipJdUis. — Four light coloured examples, Hants
and Surrey.

Aphantopus InjperantKs. — From Hants, etc. Twenty-five male and
female examples of ab. lanceolata, also very large spotted and other
aberrations, including a rare form in which the spots on the upper
wings are reversed in size to the usual formation, the first spot
being the smallest.

C. tiphon. — Thirty-eight aberrations from Scotland, Wales,
Cheshire, and Shropshire, including pale specimens, extra large
spotted, and nine examples of ab. lanceolata.

Celastrina arpinlns. — A series of six colour aberrations, including
a perfect gynandromorph taken at Bury St. Edmunds.

Agriades coridon. — Six aberrations, including striata and obsoleta
undersides, a very light female with one hindwing shot with blue,
two forms of ab. ayngrapJia showing extreme colour variations, and
a perfect gynandromorph from Blandford.

Plebeius agon. — From Surrey, Hants, Cheshire, and Lanes.
Eighty aberrations, including various shades of blue males and
females, striata and obs(deta, and other undersides, and several
heavily marked red and yellow margined females. Also forty
gynandromorphs, each with one wing shot with blue male colora-
tion, several being almost completely blue, but undersides in all
cases being female in form. In each instance the wing with male
coloration is considerably smaller than the wing entirely of female
coloration.

The whole of the insects exhibited, with the exception of the
gynandromorph of C. argiohis, were taken or bred by the exhibitor
or his wife during the last two or three seasons.

82

Mr. Frohawk called attention to a few of the most noteworthy
specimens in this exhibit, including the aberrations of D. paphia;
(1) the specimen with the basal half white, which he thought was
unique ; (2) the extremel}- rare, if not unique, intermediate between
typical form and ab. ralesina ; and (3) the black vales.i)ia, which was
the blackest he had ever seen.

Mr. T. H. GroSiVenor exhibited male and female Attaciis edwardd,
from the Khasia Hills, and a large number of Scorpions taken by
himself in Bangalore, on the Afghan Border, Waziristan, the
Punjaub, the N.W. Frontier Provinces, and the Murree Hills.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a series of Loinaspilis viariiinata,
from Finchley, showing a good range of variations, including one
with white fringes and another with yellowish-cream ground
colour.

Mr. E. E. Green exhibited the Japanese Swallow-tail {Pa/)ilio
hianur), caught in his garden at Camberley, on September 17th last.
Many of these fine butterflies have been seen in the neighbourhood,
resulting from the breeding experiments of Mr. Cecil Floorsheim at
Bagshot. It seems possible that they may become established in
this country, to a certain extent. Mr. Green has been informed by
Messrs. Waterer and Sons, of Bagshot, that the larvae have been
found on Skhinnia bushes in their nursery gardens.

A series of Parascotia [Boletobia) fnlu/inaria, a rare Hypenid,
caught at light, in Mr. Green's house at Camberley. The larvs are
said to feed upon certain fungus growths in cellars and old wooden
buildings. Though extremely scarce in the British Isles, the species
is widely distributed in Europe.

Ai/rotis (?) saKcia var. Diarrfaritosa, taken at sugar, at Camberley,
with the apex of the forewings markedly rounded.

Typical Luperina testacea, from Camberley, with a smaller, more
unicolorous form from the south of Scotland.

A form of Hniiera pennaria, with orange veins on the forewings,
and the area between them covered with plumbeous scales.

The Rhododendron Tingid {Stejikaniti>< rluxindendri), a,n introduced
pest of Rhododendrons. Its presence may be detected by a rusty-
brown tinge on the upper surface of the leaves. The insects rest
and feed on the undersurface.

Four examples of ('orizini inacidatHs, beaten from birch. The
species described by Saunders (" Hemipt. Heteropt. of the British
Islands," p. 57) as " very rare."

Mr. Green also showed a convenient contrivance for covering

83

circular breeding-cages — such as glass cylinders or flower pots. The
cover consists of an iron ring with muslin or netting stretched over
it and sewn in place. The weight of the ring — which should be
larger than the cylinder for which it is intended — keeps the cover
firmly in place and ensures a close fit. Lead piping, bent to shape,
may be substituted for the iron ring.

Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited an aberration of Amor/iha pnpHli, bred
from Reigate ova in June, 1919. It was almost entirely devoid of
markings, the wings being plain greyish all over, and the usual red
blotch was reduced to a very small area. He also showed the very
rare Noctuid Cloantha polyodon (^perspicillaris), taken on palings at
Worthing, May 15th, 1919.

Mr. Leonard Tatchell exhibited two aberrant forms oiArctia caja,
bred from fullgrown larvae collected near Bedford, one showing
great encroachment of the dark on to the light in fore wings, with
confluent spots, and the red tone replaced with pinkish-orange in
hindwings. The other was a remarkable melanic specimen with
almost all traces of the cream ground colour obliterated in fore-

84

■ wings ; spots of smoky hue coalesced and much extended, and
showing a slight amount of red underneath in hindwings ; body
segments distinctly darker,

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited series of the British species of the
Nolida, including Kola fentonalis, from Deal, both captured and
bred specimens, the latter being considerably the larger ; the varia-
tion in the whole series ranging from a pure white insect to dark,
heavily banded forms, and in one specimen the central fascia is
much constricted on the inner margin, y. albtdalis, from both its
Kent and Surrey localities, the latter producing several very white
specimens, in which the usual dark central cloud is reduced to a
narrow stripe. Also N. cucuUatella, N. strinula, and N. confusalis
from various localities.

He also exhibited species of Nycteolida, including Sarrotkripus
revayana {undulanxs), chiefly from the New Forest, including many
well-marked forms ; Earias chlorana, from Eastbourne, where some
years ago it was very common, and from Wicken ; Hylophila bicolo-
rana and H. jjrasinana, the latter series including a second brood
specimen in which only the two inner of the three transverse lines
appeared, and these much less strongly marked than in the normal
form.

Mr. L. A. Box exhibited a few specimens of Chalcids, in the hope
that a little interest may some day be aroused in this fascinating
family. These included Snticra sispes, a parasite of Stratiomys ;
Perilampus itolictts and P. mgricornis, external parasites of Tachinid
and Ichneinnonid parasites of various moths, and having an active
initial larval state, like Melo'e ; Carato7iu(s meyacephalus ; Monodonto-
mevHs nitidiis, a parasite of Anthophora bees ; Torymus hede(juaris,
the common parasite of Ehodites roste, which causes the bedeguar
gall ; Orymns punctiyer, parasite of 'Aidax papaveris, which galls
poppy heads ; Syntomaspis littoralis, the common parasite of Tcras
terininalis, which causes the oak apple.

Mr. C. W. Sperring exhibited asymmetrical Brenthis euphrosyne,
from Lines. Pararye ayeria, var., from Peterborough. Ayrindes
coridon, underside var. from Cuxton, Kent, with forewings striated ;
hindwings, near obsoleta. Plebeiiis agon, male of brilliant blue ; and
an underside male var. with outer margin of forewings heavily
clouded, the orange lunules of hindwings greatly enlarged, and the
whole of the underside black spotting greatly reduced ; both taken
at Oxshott, July, 1919.

Mr. Percy M. Bright exhibited (1) Brenthis euphrosyne aberrations,

85

including many extreme melanic and several silvery forms ; (2) B.
selene aberrations, including a superb black variet}' ; (3) Chryso-
phaniis dispor, including one with a partly xanthic right forewing;
and (4) Runiicia p/tloias, with many remarkable aberrations, includ-
ing the very rare ab. alba.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited the black form ab. }ii<jra of Cetonia
aurata, the rosechafer, from Scilly. Though not uncommon on the
continent (Corsica, Tuscany, Armenia, etc.) this form does not seem
to have been detected hitherto in Britain. (" Ent. Mo. Mag.,"
September, 1919.)

Mr. H. A. Leeds exhibited aberrations of British Lepidoptera, all
captured during 1919, and including Aphantopus hyperantiis. 1.
Very dark with strong silky sheen ; ocelli on hindwings only, and
indistinct, one on left and two on right side. 3 upperside. 2. Paler
than type, some spots elongated. J underside. 3. Bright brown
ground, black rings of ocellated spots narrow. 5 underside. All
Chiltern Hills, July.

Epinejihele jiirtina [iaiiira). 1. Fulvous patch on forewings
similar to female, black spot large but without white centre on each
forewing. S' upperside. Monks Wood, Hunts, July 7th. 2. Some-
what paler ground, and speckled with small darker dots on fore-
wings. 2 upperside. Chiltern Hills, July 20th.

Hesperia tualca'. Dark ground enhancing white markings. ?
underside. Monks Wood, Hunts, May 18th.

L'linioinjinplia pamphihis. Very pale and much suffused with straw
colour. (J upperside. Chiltern Hills, August 4th.

I'olyoniniatiis icartis. Silky sufiused silver-grey ground colour,
lunules of all wings golden olive-green instead of orange, g under-
side. Monks Wood, Hunts, June 7th.

Aricia medon {astrarche). Small and deep black-brown colour =
ab. alpina, and white circled black spot within centre of border, and
touching orange lunules on the left forewing. $ upperside. Herts,
September 4th.

Aijnades coridon from the Chiltern Hills, including ab. fnwleri, ab.
obsiileta, and many other interesting forms.

Stryntun prnni. 1. Band and ground colour paler and appearance
very smooth. J underside. 2. Very dark brown ground with bright
red band. S' underside. 3. Fulvous patches united and crossing
all wings divided only by nervures = ab. ptursas. J upperside.
All Monks Wood, Hunts, June last.

Mr. R. South exhibited the following aberrations of British Lepi-
doptera : —

86

Brentim selene, New Forest, June 1919. Male with lower marks
of forewing confluent ; female with central third thinly powdered
with black. Ca'iinni/niiilia painphilus. a. Forewings with pale
splashes between veins, Middlesex, b. Underside of bindwings un-
usually pale, Surrey, c. Forewings with pale splashes between
veins, Surrey, d. Underside of hindwing unusually dark, Essex,
e. Forewings pale clouds above dorsum and tornus, Surrey.
Caccecia (Tortrix) crattrijana, with silvery-grey ground colour, Hants.
C. (T.) xylosteana, a dark suffused form, Hants.

Captain B. S. Curwen exhibited a collection of Zygaenids, made
by Signor Querci, chiefly in Italy, including Zi/i/aena eri/thius, Z.
rubicundu^t, Z. punctuiii, Z. achille(C, Z. stoechadis, Z. transalpina, Z.
ephialtes, Z. lonicerce, Z. oxi/troph, and Z. carniolicn. There were
varietal and intermediate forms and local races of considerable
interest.

Mr. Cliftbrd Craufurd exhibited two Limeuitis sibilla ab. semi-
ni(irina, and a male aberration of Dnjas papJiia, from New Forest,
July nth, 1919.

Mr. W, Bateson exhibited drawings of flowers borne by plants
produced as root-cuttings, which differed from those of the parent
plants from which they had been raised. The first case, a Bnurardia,
was published in " Jour. Genetics," vi., and subsequently two
examples in Pelargonium had been found. These occurrences can
be interpreted as shewing that the parent plants are really composed
of an outer periclinal layer of one variety covering over an inner
core of a different variety. In illustration a wholly green plant of
Hoya carnosa was shown still attached to the petiole of a white-
skinned variegated leaf from which it had been raised. Whether
formed on roots, petioles, or elsewhere, an adventitious bud may
thus bring up to the surface the characters borne by the inner core
of the plant. It was remarkable that of the few plants which had
as yet been tested successfully, three should have given root-cuttings
unlike the parent plants.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited the various forms of Danais chyi/sippns,
Lin., and Hypolbmias nimippuH, Lin., and contributed the following
notes : —

" The association of these two species is well known to every
entomologist, but perhaps there may be others here to whom an
explanation would be acceptable. />. chrysippus is considered the
commonest butterfly in the world : the sexes are alike, tawny to
deep reddish-brown, with black tips to the forewings, crossed by a

87

row of white spots. It is distasteful, and birds and lizards do not
eat it. It is found throughout the greater part of Asia and Africa.

" H. uiisippus, male, is black with large white spots, and totally
unlike its mate, which very closely resembles D. chnjsii)fius in colour
and markings, and in whose company it usually flies. Being edible
H. )iiui/ijiHs thereby escapes its natural enemies. The male, being
a fast flier, can take care of itself. Its range is more extensive than
D. chn/sippus, and includes America — but only in its type forms.

"Elsewhere both species, 1). chri/aippim, males and females, and
H. uiisipjiiis females vary along parallel lines, (1) the black tips with
white spots disappear and produce the ilorippiis form of chri/xiiipns,
and the inaria form of iiiisippus. (2) The hindwings become white
and produce the alcippiix form of ehrysippus and the aleijipoides form
of iiiisippii<t. Intermediate forms also occur.

" Of course, to complete the theory of protective resemblance the
several forms of each should accompany one another ; generally
speaking this does not appear to happen. In a large collection from
W. Africa (Ashanti), where all the c/iri/sij>pi(s were of the alriji/ias
form, the few females of misijipiiK were all typical, while the only
specimen I have of the alcippoides form of uiisipjHis was found in a
collection from E. Africa (Nairobi), where all the chryaippus were of
the (lorippits form.

■' The inaria form of niisippus I show are (1) from N. Nigeria,
where the form of chrysijipas was alcippiis, and (2) from S. Africa,
where chiysippKs is usually darker in colouring than anywhere else."

Mr. A. W. Mera exhibited (1) a short series Tephrosia crcpiiticn-
laiia, bred during March and April, 1919, from a female taken at
Cranley Down, Essex, July 6th, 1918.

(2) A varied series of T. biundidaria, bred during April and May,
1919, from a somewhat melanic female taken in Epping Forest,
May, 1918. A large number of the specimens showed a decided
melanic tendency, which as far as he knew is of quite recent
development in the Epping Forest district.

(8) Hybrids from a melanic male T. biundidaria, and a typical
female T. crepuscnlaria. One or two of them emerged early in July,
a few more in August and September, increasing in numbers in
October and November, the last date being the 23rd of this month,
so that probably there are still more to come. The striking feature
is that most of them are more melanic than the male parent, and
that the later emergences are larger and darker than the earlier
ones.

Mr. A. A. W, Biickstone exhibited Colias ediisa, with the gi'ound
colour of a very dark yellow ; another with the ground very pale,
inclining to greenish, and the border of the forewings slightly
diffused. Both were males taken at Dorking, August, 1895.

Pien's napi, with all four wings rounded, from Horsley, Surrey,
May, 1918.

Calloji/injfi riibi, with all the wings blotched with yellow, from
Horsley, May, 1919.

P/Vr/.s hrassictt', with green lines on all wings, Clandon, August,
1919.

Tri/i/ucna fhiibria, bred from full-fed larvje taken at Wimbledon,
including one with mahogany forewings, two with the yellow of the
hindwings partly obscured by numerous black hairs and scales; and
a dwarf of faded appearance, with narrow forewings, bred June, 1915.

T. comes, bred from larvre taken in S.W. London, including two
specimens with smoky hindwings, and one with hindwings pale
straw colour ; also an extremely pale specimen from Leeds.

Aiiatda (Acronicta) aceris, with the forewings dark slate colour
and hindwings smoky ; bred from a larva taken in S.E. London.

'I't'ji/intsia crepiiscularia, a ver}^ dark specimen (var. delanierends .')
taken at Mickleham, May 31st, 1919.

Semiotldsa litKvata, series from Oxshott, and specimens of var.
nijfrofiilrata from Delamere.

Mr. C. W. Colthrup exhibited—

PacJn/f/astria tn'folii. — Pale forms of male, bred 1919, from Rom-
ney Marsh larvae, including one specimen in which the whole of the
forewings were- pale fawn, the dark band being missing, only the
cream discal spot remaining, without the brown ring encircling it.
Also dark chocolate males from Eastbourne, taken this year by
assembling.

Ajiriades coridon, from Swanage, including males ab. foideri, and
three males showing red spots on margin of hindwings. Also a
female with nearly all the spots missing from the undersides of
hindwings ; and a female from Eastbourne, with blue scaling very
near .sc/// i-si/ni/rcqiJia.

Ar<i!/H)iis aqlaia, male with a white patch on forewing, and a
female with dark suffusion over the forewings ; both taken at
Eastbourne.

Ephu'pliele jtirtbia (janira). — Female with two apical eyespots on
forewings, one with dark chocolate underside; a female with a black
spot below the two eyespots ; a female with a similar yellow spot

89

with dark centre at anal angle of right wing, and a male with a
similar spot to the right of the eyespot on right forewing ; a male
with bleached left hind wing, and another male with a large area
orange colour on the forewings.

Zii<iana /ilipendnh/', with the red colour replaced by pink.

Euchlo'e cardaiiiines, male, with orange on forewings replaced by
pale lemon-yellow.

Buuiicia phlccas, males with large spots on forewings, and another
with minute spots ; a male of a pale bronze colour ; a female with
red band on hindwings reduced to spots, and another female with
the red colour almost absent from the hindwings ; also male with
spots on undersides of forewings radiated.

Hespeiia niolnr. — One male with black ground colour, spots very
much reduced, and some absent altogether.

Pohjoinmatus icarus. — Male with aborted hindwing from which
most of the spots are absent on the underside.

Aijlais urticcc, in which the spots on the forewing tend to coalesce,
and another in which the whole ground colour of brick red covers
up the yellow blotches on the costal margin and other parts of the
wings ; a specimen with the yellow blotches replaced by white ;
another with the discoidal spots on forewings much reduced, one
almost absent.

hii'parchia seiiiele, with an extra spot between the two usual spots
on the forewings ; and a male in which the pale orange colour is so
increased as to remind one of a female.

Kjiinephele titlinniis. — Two females with two extra spots on each
forewing and an extra spot on both hindwings ; and a female with
eyespot missing from anal angle of hindwing.

Brenthis eiiphrosyne. — Male with black spots on centres of all the
wings much increased in size.

Coliaa I'tlum. — Two females with the j^ellow spots on outer black
bands of all the wings almost absent, and a male underside in which
the two discoidal spots on hindwings are radiated.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited Spilosovia nunthaiitri ab. tcalkeri,
bred ; ['iaphora mendica, female, with black costa and fringes ; a
bred series of Zygana JiUpendidie, including the yellow and salmon
coloured, aberrations ; Z. acldllecc from Morven ; Lasiocaxipa (juentis
race calluncB, from Yorkshire, including a female with male colora-
tion, and a dark specimen with the band on the hindwing obscured.

Mr. C. H. Williams exhibited aberrations of A;iriade>i coridon,
including a dark brown male taken at Princes Eisborough in

90

August, 1918 ; many fine forms, light, dark, and yellow, of Ahraxas
firossiilariata, including ab. nv/ricostata, ah. fnlvapicata, ab. semiliitea,
ab. lacticdlor, ab. iachalcea, ab, ruhrolutea, ab. chrijmstrata-
711(11 i'dstata, ab. hazleii/hoisis, ab. nif/risparsata, ab. radiota, ab.
chri/sostrata, etc.

j\Ir. H. 0. Wells exhibited two perfect gynandromorphs of
Plebeiiis tKjon, taken in Berkshire, July 26th, 1919.

Mr. Edwards exhibited numerous species of the genus I'a/iilio.

Mr. H. E. Garrett exhibited Oclit/ria designata [iiroinninata) with
very dark and curiously mingled markings ; Epinejiliele jnrti)ia with
the right forewing partially suffused with black.

Mr. PI. J. Turner exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera mainly
from the Argentine Republic near Cordoba, a few coming from the
remote locality Tucuman. There were included two specimens of
the rare and local Ceratocampid Citheronia vuqleri (with a photo-
graph of the hitherto unknown larva), a local form of Piepona
chraiiiKs, from which the orange marks on the hindwings were
missing, from Tucuman ; Attaciis maurus from the same place ; the
rare Pnitojiarce benji, and other hawkmoths, including 1'. Uchenea,
P. jiL'tiinia- race difi'nm, and P. sccta race paphiis ; Pijiameis caii/ae,
Atidsid arcliijijiiis (L.), Xyleutes sp., Papilio thoas form thoaniiades,
]\Jei/a}tostuiiia cus<))da (" dog-face butterfly ") ; a long series of Colias
letshia, the snout butterfly Libythea carinenta, the Pierid Tatachile
autodice ; Hes/icria americana, hi. notata, H. doiiiicella, the long-
tailed Kudaiinia pruteus, Ecpantheria indecua, a Syntomid, and
several species of the groups formerly united under the term
Bonibyces.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited Vane>>sa to var. with ground colour
pale fleshy-buff, margins rufous-brown, blue of eye-spots silvery-
blue in primaries, brilliant blue in secondaries. Bred 1901,
Monmouth.

IJiiioiiti^ sibilla from New Forest, series of nine, showing-
gradation of obliteration of white on both surfaces from partial to
almost complete absence of markings. The intermediate form
between normal and extreme melanism is the usual type occurring
in the Forest, being much more frequent than true ab. niijrina.

Pryaa puphia, captured in the New Forest, July, 1919. Four
exhibiting great variation, four with confluent spots forming streaks,
and two remarkably melanic females having the greater portion of
the wings richly clouded with black. The undersides are equally
beautiful, the primaries with the whole central portion black,

91

secondaries base broadly silver and silver marginal band, remainder
of wing rich metallic green.

An/ijnnis ci/dippe [adijqie) : partially albinistic, of very pale (straw)
ground colour and leaden coloured spots. Also a male with
silvery-leaden median nervures instead of the normal black
androconial scales. Other specimens showing variation of markings.
All from New Forest, July, 1919.

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a very varied series of Mclitaa riuxia
from the Isle of Wight, and an equally varied series of Mditua
athalia. In the former the uppersides varied from great reduction
of the black spots to extra heavy markings. On the undersides, the .
most striking was a form with hardly a trace of black on the
forewing and with a very heavy double row of black spotting across
the middle of the wing. The reverse of this form with a great
reduction of the black on the underside and with the inner edge of
the first discal band entirely wanting. A minor form of variation
in the forewing beneath was the heavy mark near the inner
margin. The most extreme example of M. athalia was a very fine
var. with the whole of the disc of forewing having the tawny orange
marks coalesced. In the hindwing the only tawny spots were
a single row before the margin. Otherwise, the whole wing was
black. One of the undersides was a parallel form to the ciu.ria
with pale markings, and the inner edge of subtermimal band in the
hindwing obliterated. One other form had the underside of the
hindwing with very white-looking spots.

DECEMBER ilth, 1919.

There were no exhibits.

Dr. Boulanger, B\R.S., read a Paper on " Batrachians," and
illustrated his remarks by a number of lantern slides. (See page 23.)
A considerable discussion followed.

JANUARY 8th, 1920.

Messrs. T. H. Grosvenor, of Redhill, F. W. Cocks, of Reading,
C. R. Goodman and H. de B. Goodman, of Goswell Road, H. L.
Gauntlett, of Putney, R. Swift and H. Garrett, of Bexley, were
elected members.

Mr. J. J. Lister exhibited his local races of I'lebeins uijun, and

92

gave an account of his observations on the mosses of Witherslack,
where the race wansei/i is the dominant form, illustrating his remarks
by a map of the areas referred to. (See " Proc. Ent. Soc. Lon.,"
1919, p. Ixiv.)

Mr. Buckstone exhibited his series of P. ici/on as follows : —Chalk
Hills, above Otford, Shoreham, etc., a large pale form ; Oxshott,
the type with several dwarfs and two females with blue scales, the
undersides of both sexes showing a fair amount of variation both in
spots and general coloration; Wisley, including a deep black female;
Aldershot, fairly typical ; Swannington, Norfolk, a male with the
spots on the underside very small or missing ; Witherslack, var.
masseyi.

Mr. A. W. Mera exhibited his series, including var. inosseiji, and
also a female from Ipswich with the bases of all the wings blue.

Mr. Newman exhibited long series from Eynsford and other
localities. He noted that the form with yellow lanules averaged
about two per 1000, and rather in the males than the females. On
the Kent hills the species had all but disappeared three times in the
course of the last thirty years, with periods of wax and wane.
Extremely blue females were about one in 500. In good years 10%
would be shot with blue. He had noticed that the hotter the sunny
period the more blue the females. The imagines were frequently
observed to be attended by ants when drying their wings.

Mr. Sperring exhibited the Oxshott form, and a short series with
orange lunules.

Messrs. B. S. Williams, A. E. Tonge, and B. Swift exhibited series
from Eynesford,' Holt Norfolk, and Newton Abbot respectively ; the
last named showed an extremely dark female.

Mr. Buckstone, referring to the periodical scarcity of butterflies,
said that at Shere A(jriades coiidon had been very scarce this year
and quite three weeks late in appearance.

Mr. R. Adkin remarked on the proneness of the Li/cce)iid(F to run
into local forms, and also to remain on a very restricted space. For
instance, he had noted a specimen of Aijriades tlietis, easilv recog-
nisable by a damaged wing, day after day frequenting the same
small space. He had similar experience with Pob/oiiniiatits icants
and A. coridon. Such a habit would tend to produce distinctive
local races.

Mr. Lister, in his further remarks, asked what was the actual
cause of the peculiar mafiseiji form ? There were numbers of Gulls
nesting on the ground. Would their presence be a cause indirectly

93

by affecting the plant growth ? No doubt there were many factors
in the environment, but what were they ? There was much varia-
tion in the forms of viassei/i, both in the character of the blue and
in the ground colour of the underside, but although some approached
none were as white as the well-known var. hypocMona form from the
Pyrenees.

Mr. Turner exhibited a number of further species from the Digby
collection of Tineidcc, which were about to be placed in the Society's
cabinet.

Mr. Tonge exhibited an underside of Pairalh hetuhp, with a curious
perfect circle beside the narrow silvery band, apparently not in
accord with the marking of any Ruralid species.

Mr. Moore showed the very rare Popilio nobilis, from the E.
African plains near Nairobi.

Mr. Bunnett read a short paper, " Notes on the Pupation of the
Nymphalids." (See page 32.)

JANUARY 22nd, 1920.

The President in the Chair.

Annual Meeting.

The Balance Sheet was read by the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. A. E.
Tonge, and on its adoption presented an explanatory financial
statement. (See pages x, xi, xv.)

The Report of the Council was read by the Secretary and was
adopted. (See page xii.)

The President announced the Officers and Council elected for the
ensuing year as follows : —

President.— K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.

Vice-Presidents.— El. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S. , S. Edwards,
F.L.S., etc.

Treasurer.— k. E. Tonge, F.E.S.

Librarian. — A. W. Dods.

Curator. — W. West.

Assistant Curator. — S. R. Ashby, F.E.S.

Editor of Proceedings. — H. J. Turner, F.E.S.

Hon. Secretaries. — Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., etc. (Corresponding),
H. J. Turner, F.E.S. (Report).

Recorder of Attendances. — B. S. Williams.

94

Hon. Lanternist. — A. W. Dennis.

Council. — R. Adkin, F.E.S., R. T. Bowman, L. E. Dunstei',
F. W. Frohawk, F.E.S., M.B.O.U., Lachlan Gibb, F.E.S.,
T. W. Hall, F.E.S., N. D. Riley, F.E.S., Dr. G. C. Robertson,
E. Step, F.L.S.

The President then read the Annual Address. (See page 34.)

The new President, Mr. K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S., took the chair.

Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring President, Treasurer,
Officers and Council, and the Auditors for their services during the
past year.

Ordinary Meeting.

Messrs. H. Morell, of Wallington, and S. W. Harvey, of
Sydenham, were elected members.

Mr. Garrett exhibited an extremely dark suffused specimen of
Aiu/iades si/hroiim from Bexley, Kent, very similar to those from the
higher Swiss altitudes.

Mr. Blair exhibited a living specimen of the wasp-beetle, Cb/tiis
arietift, just emerged from a branch sent to the British Museum.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited Melitaea aurinia from various
British and continental localities, including a fine series of the
variegated praedara form from Co. Tyrone, Ireland, a series of the
darker scota form from the same locality, a pair of the hibeinica
form in which the outer margins are black and almost devoid of
lighter markings, from Ireland, a series of the sir/nifera form,
reddish fulvous ground with slight straw coloured band from
Penarth, a series of the large Llanbedr form much more variegated
than in si(jiiifera, Kentish forms which approach the provincialis
race of South France, which was also shown, the somewhat paler
forms of the Irish races from Enniskillen and Mullingar, small
variegated forms from Basingstoke and Carlisle {artemis ?), the
Corsican form comparable to the provincialis form, but with darker,
more decided black markings, a very large specimen from
Montserrat, the dwarf mountain form inerope from the Heuthal,
Davos, Albula Pass, Campolungo Pass, Furka Pass, Rift'el Alp, a
brighter small form from the Italian Alps, and a curious small
black and reddish form from Bavaria. Heuthal specimens were
extremely dark, almost black, with a minimum of straw-coloured
markings only. There were also two of the bright Oban specimens.

95

A letter was read from Mr. G. B. Pearson, who had spent a three
weeks collecting trip in Jamaica in the latter part of 1919,
communicated by Mr. Sperring.

Reports of the Field Meetings were read. (See pages 57, GO, G3, 67.)
Mr. R. Adkin communicated the Report of the British Associa-
tion FOR THB Advancement of Science : Conference of Delegates-
of Corresponding Societies, 1919. — I have to report that I attended
the meetings of the above Conference on Thursday, September 11th,
and Friday, 12th, at the Municipal College, Bournemouth, as your
delegate. The President of the Conference, Lord Montagu of
Beaulieu, read an address on " Roads and the History of Locomo-
tion," in which he demonstrated beyond question the vital
importance of maintaining the roads of this country in good going
order as a means of communication between town and town and
village, and so forth. Questions brought forward for discussion
were " Atmospheric Pollution of Towns," introduced by Dr. J. S.
Owens ; " The Measurement of Rain," by Mr. de Carle Salter ; and
" The Importance of including Geography in the Curriculum of
Higher Education," by Mr. T. W, F. Parkinson : three very diverse
and interesting subjects, but I fear that none of them come within
the activities of the majority of our members. I apprehend that of
more interest to them will be the work of Section D, Zoology,
where many papers of the utmost importance were read, and which
I hope to bring to the notice of our members, in detail, so soon as
the annual volume of the Association is published.

INDEX.

Aberrations, Special, of V. io, 44
45, 63, 90 ; L. alciphron, 45
H. leucophsearia, 46 ; P. napi
48; L. hirtaria, 49; H. defoli
aria, 50 ; H. fuciformis, 50
P atalanta, 50, 62; C. edusa
56, 88, 89 ; P. daplidice, 56
M. einxia, 59 ; S. dulcamara
59 ; Cabbage, 59 ; P. sageria
59, 64 ; B. eupbrosyne, 62 ; P
rapae, 62 ; A. urticae, 62 ; C
jubata, 63 ; B. eupbrosyne, 64
81 ; P. megera, 64 ; S. populi
64 ; E. jurtina, 64, 88 ; M
tiliae, 62; C. aurata, 65; H
marginaria, 66; Z. filipendulra
69 ; C. graminis, 78 ; C
xerampelina, 80; E. angularia
80; E. cardamines, 81, 89 ; H
byperantus, 81; D. papbia, 81
82 ; L. marginaria, 82 ; A
populi, 83 ; A. caja, 83 ; H
prasinana, 84 ; P. asgon, 84
C. dispar, 85 ; P. icarus, 85
C. rubi, 88; T. fimbria, 88
T. comes, 88 ; T. crepuscularia
88; P. trifolii, 88; A. coridon
88; A. aglaia, 88; H. semele
89 ; E. titbonus, 89 ; 0. desig
nata, 90; P. cbromus, 90; A
cydippe, 91 ; M. atbalia, 91
R. betulse, 93 ; A. sylvanus . .

Aberrant larva producing aberrant
imago ot C. jiihata {glabraria)

Abundance of N. xanthograpba. .

" Acidalia marginepunctata," by
R. Adkin . . ' . .

Additions to tbe. Library, xii ;
Collections .. ..79, 80,

Annual Address, 34 ; Balance
Sheet, xiv, xv ; Exhibition of
" Other Orders," 52 ; Meeting

Apogamy in British Ferns

Apospory in British Ferns

Asymmetrical B. eupbrosyne

Books, Hare and Old . . 47,

Breeding contrivance

Breeding of D. abietella . .

British Association

94

63
80

3
93

93
16
15

84
54
83
45
95

"British Batrachians," paper /)_;/
G. A. Boulenger, . . 23,

Brood of, C. pendularia, 65 ; A.
urticse

Bulbil propagation in Ferns

Chemical fiction on A. urticse . .

Cocoons of, H. humuli (Neur.) . .

Continental insects, Palaearctic
44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 64, 68 69,

Damage by insects, S. intricatus,
55 ; D. parallelop:pidus, 55 ;
Coleoptera species, 56 ; T. viri-
dana

Deferred emergence, G. encaustus,
69 ; N. typbas, 78, A. coridon

Disappearance of, C. aurata, 49;
A, moschata

Discovery of, A summary of the,
items of biological interest
during tbe year. .

Discussion on, A. marginepunc-
tata, 7 ; Fern Variation

Disease, Insects and . . . ,

Dispersion of insects

Distinction between, M. pherusa
and M. syllius . .

Distribution Area of A. margine-
punctata..

Donations . . cover, 79, 80,

Dwarf, A. coridon, 46; G. minuta

Early appearance of, Cassida
viridis, 52 ; Ae. cyanea

Economic Entomology, Insect
Forestry, 10 ; Summary of
damage, 36; Insects destructive
to Forests

Exhibition of, " Other Orders,"
52 ; Living Objects, 61 ; Lan
tern slides . . . . 47,

" Fern Varieties, British," Paper
by F. W. Thorrington . .

Field Meetings, Box Hill, May
31st, 57 ; Effingham and Ock-
ham, June 21st, 60 ; Chalfont,
July 12th, 63 ; Wimbledon,
September 6th . .

Food, Insects as . .

Forestry, Neglect of

Frogs, British

91

77
16
76
58

86

60

92

49

37

18
38
38

48

4
93
66

55

7, 69

13

67
40
56
26

97

PAGE

Genitalia of, A. coridon .. ..46

Genus, The, Poutia . . . . 47

Gynandromorphs, P. icarus, 50 ;

C. argiolus, 81 ; A. coridon, 81 ;

P. segoii 81, 90

Habit, Peculiar, of Woodpecker,

51 ; of oviposition in T. bistor-

tata, 52 ; var. dorylloides, 52 ;

P. striata, 53 ; A. acervorum . . 55
Honeydew . . . . . . . . 66

Hyraenoptera 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 84
Ichneumon, Attacks by .. ..67

Immigrants, M. tittilator, 70 ; S.

rhododendri . . . . . . 82

" Insects injurious to Forestry,

Some," b}/ B. W. Adkin .. 8
Lantern Slides .. .. ..47

Larvae, Scarcity of, 50, 52, 67 ;

cause of death ot . . . . 65

Life-History of, P. aterrima, 53 ;

H. testudinea, 53 ; T. domes-

ticum, 56 ; M. vulgaris, 61 ; L.

vesicatoria, 61 ; N. vespillo .. 61
Lines of variation in A. urticae . . 71
List of Members, iii. ; Officers

and Council . . . . i, 93

Local race of E. jurtina, 66 ; P.
aegon . . . . . . . . 92

Localities : Argentina, 69, 70,

90; Box Hill, 57; Chalfont,

63 ; Cyprus, 46, 47 ; Effingham,
60; Llanberis, 62 ; New Forest,
53 ; Palestine, 48 ; Sicily, 48,

64 ; Wimbledon, 67 ; Wisley . . 60
Melanic, H. leucophsearia, 46 ;

H. defoliaria, 50, 59 ; B. repan-

data, 69 ; A. urticte, 71 ; 0.

autumnaria, 78 ; race of T.

biundularia . . . . . . 87

"Migration of Birds," by F. W.

Frohaivk 19, 70

Mimicry of D. chrysippus . . 86

" Mode of Progression of the

Larva of C. nigricella," by E.

J. Bunnett . . . . . . 1

Newts, British . . . . . . 23

Nomenclature, of A. margine-

punctata . . . . . . 3

Obituary, 34 ; Lord Walsingham,

34; W. J. Ashdown, 34, 79;

Lieut. W- F. Wolley-Dod, 35,

64 ; E. K. Inge, 35, 47 ; Sydney

Webb, 35 ; T. R. Billups, 35 ;

J.H.Leslie 66

Objects of the Society . . . . ii

Orientation Instinct in Toad . . 30
Original descriptions of, A. urticto

and its aberrations (references) 74

PAGE

Oviposition of, M. vulgaris, 61 ;

N. vespillo, 61 ; L. vesicatoria 61
Papers, List of . . . , . . xi

Parasites of, Bombus, 44 ; Hy-
menoptera . . . . . . 84

Past Presidents . . . . . . ii

Pattern, Wing, in Diptera . . 53

Psychides 79, 80

Publications, Notable, of the year 35
Pupation of, A. urticce, 32 ; V. io 32
Races of, V. io, 45 ; A. coridon . . 46
Rare, Book, 47, 54 ; Species, H.
conspicillaris, 52 ; P. bidentata,
55 ; M. undata, 56, 59 ; A.
terminatus, 59 ; G. pygmaeus,
59 ; C. aurata, 61, 85 ; O.
taurus, 64; 0. mollis, 66; S.
aestivalis, 68 ; G. encaustus,
68 ; forms of A. urticae, 73 ; A.
edwardsi, 82 ; P. bianor, 82 ;
P. fuliginaria, 82 ; C. macu-
lata, 82; C. polyodon, 83; P.

nobilis 93

Report of Council, x, 93 ; Con-
ference of Delegates of Corres-
ponding Societies of the British
Association . . . . . . 95

Root cuttings. Flowers borne by.
Note by W. Bateson .. . . 86

Scarcity of, larvra, 52 ; P. icarus,

65 ; Butterflies, 65 ; P. ffigon . . 67
Seasonal Notes 49, 50, 51, 52,

60, 63, 65, 67
Second brood of A. flava, 65 ; H.
prasinana .. .. ..84

Trees, Forest . . . . . . 9

Types of Fern Variation . . . . 13

Variation in, A. marginepunctata,
6; British Ferns, 13, 68; L.
aleiphron, 44; C. bilineata, 46;
A marginepunctata, 57 ; P.
daplidice, 56 ; M. tili^, 62; E.
jurtina, 64 ; L. sibilla, 66, 78,
90 ; A. urticae, 70, 89 ; N.
xanthographa, 79 ; D. paphia,
80, 90; N. centonalis, 84; A.
hyperantus, 85 ; S. pruni, 85 ;
C.pamphilus,86; D. chrysippus
and H. missippus, 87 ; R.
phlaeas, 89 ; A. coridon, 89 ;
M. athalia, 91 ; P. aagon, 92 ;
M. aurinia . . . • . . 94

" Variation shown in A. urticre,"
Papers by Hy. J. Turner, 70 ;
and C. W. Sperring . . . . 74

ACAEINA.

bintoni, Myocoptes .. ..37

98

PAGE

natalensis, Psoioptes

37

Amphibia.

alpestris, Molge . .

25

arborea, Hyla

31

calamita, Bufo

26

Caudata

23

cristixta, Molge

23,

25

Discoglossidse

31

E caudata . .

23*

26

esculenta, Eana . .

27

lessonas (esculenta var,), Eana . .

27

Molge (Triton)

23

obstetrieans, Alytes

31

palmata, Molge

24

temporaria, Eana..

26

tigrinum, Amblystoma . .

25

vulgaris, Bufo

26

vuJgaris, Molge . .

23,

25

Arachnid A.

brunnea, Agroeca . .

80

Gasteracantha

54

umbratica, Epeira

62

COLEOPTERA.

abdominalis, Mordellistena

59

abietis, Hylobius .. ..10

11,

56

aculeata, Mordella

44

analis, Granimoptera

53

arietis, Clytus

94

ater, Abax . .

35

ater, Hylastes

10

aurata, Cetonia . . 49, 61

65,

85

bifasciatum, Ehagium

53

biguttata, Tomoxia

54

cancer, Mnematujii

36

cervus, Lucanus . .

56

coccinea, Pyrocbroa

53

coriarius, Prionus

56

coryli, Strophosomus

11

cunicularius, Hylastes . .

10

distincta, Epursea

36

distinguenda, Chrysomela

61

domesticum, Trypodendron

56

gabrieli, Tetropium

11,

59

hebraea (oeellata var.), Anatis

44

horticola, Phyllopertba . .

54,

62

Hylastes . .

11

Hylobius . .

11

intricatus, Scolytus

55

Meloe

61",

84

minuta, Gracilia . .

66

Mneniatum

37

mollis, Opilo

66

moschata, Aromia

49,

56

mysticus, Clytus . .

53

nebulosa, Cleonus

54

nigra (aurata var.), Cetonia

85

PAGE

nitens, Carabus . .

.. 54

nitidula, Anthaxia

.. 53

nobilis, Cassida . .

.. 53

noctiluca, Lampyris

.. 41

nutans, Onthophagus

.. 64

oeellata, Anatis

.. 44

palliatus, Hylastes

.. 10

parallelopipidus, Dorcus..

.. 55

parallelus, Abax . .

.. 35

pellio, Attagenu.^ . .

.. 56

picipes, Otiorrhynchus . .

.. 11

pilula, Byrrhus

.. 41

piniperda, Hylesinus

.. 56

piniperda, Hylurgus

9, 10

Pissodes

.. 11

pomonEe, Elater . .

.. 53

prseusta, Gramnioptera ..

.. 53

pygmaeus, Georyssus

.. 59

sanguinocoUis, Ischnomera

.. 53

sanguinolentus, Elater . .

.. 53

Scarabreidie

.. 37

Seolytidse . .

.. 56

scuteliata, Leptura

.. 53

• sexguttata, Anoplodera . .

.. 53

sexniaculata, Pachyta

.. 53

sexpunctatus, Ptinus

.. 56

sinuatus, Agrilus . .

.. 44

striatum, Asemum

.. 53

taurus, Onthophagus

.. 64

terminatus, Anthocomus. .

.. 59

tessellatus, Corymbites . .

.. 53

tittilator, Monohammus . .

.. 70

turbatus, Balaninus

.. 56

undata, Megatoma

56, 59

variabile, Callidium

.. 53

venosus, Balaninus

.. 56

vesicatoria, Lytta

53, 61

vespillo, Necrophorus

.. 61

viridis, Cassida

.. 52

vulgaris, Melolontha ..11,

40, 61

DiPTERA.

concinnata, Compsilura . .

.. 39

Corynoneura

.. 37

crabroniforniis, Asilus

.. 55

grossa, Echinomyia

.. 54

morsitans, Glossina

.. 37

pseudo-hybrida, Bolitophila

.. 36

setipennis, Leptosyna

.. 36

Stratiomys

.. 84

Tanytarsus . .

.. 37

Tipulidie . .

.. 54

tripudians, Gnophomyia..

.. 36

Fungi.

campestris, Psaliota

.. 68

citrina, Eussula . .

.. 68

elata, Psathyra

.. 68

fulva, Amanitopsis

.. 68

99

PAGE

strobi, Peridermium

.. 9

verrucosum, Scleroderma

.. 68

virosa, Amanita . .

.. 68

Hymenoptera.

acervorum, Anthophora . .

.. 55

oeneus, Elampus . .

.. 55

Anthophora

.. 84

arenaria, Cerceris

.. 50

arcuatus, Allantus

.. 36

armatuR, Diomorus

.. 50

arvensis, Mellinns

.. 50

aterrima, Phymatocera . .

53, 62

bedeguaris, Torymus

.. 84

Bombus

.. 44

calcaratus, Diomorus

.. 50

capitosus, Crabro . .

.. 50

ChrysididiE. .

.. 55

cingulata, Andrena

.. 55

clariiella, Andrena

.. 55

clavipes, Crabro . .

.. 50

Colletes

.. 61

cyanea, Syntomaspis

.. 50

divisa, Dryophanta

.. 50

dorylloides, Vespa

.. 52

EncyrtidiB . .

.. 35

erichsoni, Nematus ..

12, 56

europa>a, IVIutilla . .

44, 54

fulva, Andrena

.. 55

gigas, Sirex . . 12, 55,

64, 78

glossinse, Prolselus

.. 37

interruptus, Crabro

.. 54

italicus, Perilampus

.. 84

juvencus = noctilio

,. 12

kollari, Diomorus. .

.. 50

larieis, Nematus ..

.. 12

latbburiana, Nomada

.. 54

littoralis, Syntomaspis ..

50, 84

longicornis, Eucera

.. 55

megacephalus, Ceratomus

.. 84

Megastigmus

.. 12

morio, Pemphredon

.. 54

nigricornis, Perilampus . .

.. 84

noctilio (juvencus), Sirex

.. 12

nitidus, Monodontomerus

.. 84

norvegica, Vespa . .

.. 50

papaveris, Aulax . .

.. 84

pendulus, Stigmus

.. 50

perkinsoni, Allantus

.. 36

persuasoria, Khyssa

.. 55

pini, Pteronus

.. 12

placida, Anilasta . .

.. 60

punctiger, Oryiims

.. 84

roberjectiana, Nomada . .

.. 54

rosee, Rhodites

.. 84

rubricola, Crabro . .

.. 50

saltator, Miris

.. 35

sertifer, Pteronus . .

.. 14

sispis, Smicra

.. 84

striata, Polyrhachis
Tenthredinidfe
terminalis, Teras . .
testudinea, Hoplocampa .
Tubulit'era . .
xanthomelas, Osmia

Lepidoptera.
abietella, Dioryctria
acauda (philenor ab.), Papilio . .
aceris, Apatela

achilleje, Zygsena.. .. 86,

Acidalia

addenda (jurtina ab), Epinephele
adippe = cydippe .. ..62,78,

aegeria, Pararge . . 59, 63, 64,
jegon, Plebeius 67, 81, 84, 90, 91,
92,
sescularia, Alsophila
aglaia, Argynnis . . . . 67,

Aglais

alba (phlaeas ab.), Rumicia
albicillata, Mesoleuca
albipuncta, Leucania
albipunctata, Eupithecia
albula(lis), Nola . .
aleiphron, Loweia
alcippoides (misippus ab.), Hypo-

limnas . .
alcippus (chrysippus <(&.), Danaida
alpina (medon race), Aricia
araericana, Hesperia . . 69,
angularia, Ennomos
archippus, Danaicla, Anosia
arete (hyperantus ab.), Aphan-

topus
argiolus, Celastrina 51, 59,

artemis (aurinia ab.), Melitsea ..
astrarche = medon
atalanta, Pyrameis . . 50,

athalia, Melitsea ..
atmoriella, Argyresthia . .
atrata (chserophyllata), Odezia

page
52
35
84
53
55
55

aurmia, Melitsea . .
autodice, Tatochila
autumnaria, Oporabia
badiata, Anticlea . .
belemia, Anthocharis
bergi, Protoparce ..
betulae, Ruralis
bianor, Papilio
bicolorana, Hylophila
bilineata, Camptogramma
binaria (hamula), Drepana
bistortata, Tephrosia
biundularia, Tephrosia . .
bombyliformis, Hemaris . .
brassicae, Pieris
blomeri, Asthena . .

50,

61,

51,

6, 59,

45

67
88
89
3
66
91
84

93
49
88
70
85
63
80
63
84
44

87
87
85
90
80
90

65
81
94
85
62
91
11
62
94
90
78
51
48
90
93
82
84
46
61
52
87
59
88
63

100

PAOE

buoliana, Retinia . . . . . . 45

ctesonia, Meganostoma . . 69, 90

caja, Arctia .. .. 52, 83

callidice, Pontia . . . . . . 47

callunae (querciis var.), Lasio-

campa . . . . . . . . 89

Candida (striata ah.), Coscinia .. 48

cardamines, Euchloe 59, 60, 81, 89
carinenta, Libythea .. ..90

carniolica, Zygfena . . . . 86

caryee, Pyrameis . . . . . . 90

casta, Fumea . . . . . . 80

eentonalis, Nola . . . . . . 84

centripuncta (tilise ah.), Mimas .. 62
eh8erophyllata = atrata .. ..62

chlorana, Erias . . . . . . 84

chloiidice, Pontia . . . . . . 47

cbromus, Prepona . . . . 90

chrysippus, Danaida . . 86, 87
cingulata (rhadamanthus ah.),

Zygaena . . . . . . . . 49

cinxia, Melitffia .. .. 59, 91

comes, Triphoena . . . . . . 88

confusalis, Nola . . . . . . 84

conspicillaris, Xylomiges. . .. 52

contiguaria = marginepunetata 3, 4
coridon, Agriades 46, 65, 66, 67,

81, 84, 85, 88, 89, 92

coryli, Demas . . • • . . 63

cratasgana, Caccecia . . . . 86

erepuscularia, Tephrosia 57, 87, 88

erinanensis, Hydrfecia . . . . 66

cubicnlaris, Caradrina . . . . 37

cucullatella, Nola.. .. ..84

cyanosticta (io ah.), Vanessa .. 45
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 62,

78, 91

daplidice, Pontia . . . . 47, 56

defoliaria, Hybernia . . 50, 59
delanierensis (erepuscularia race),

Tephrosia .. .. 57, 88

designata (propugnata), Ochyria 90

diffusa, Protoparce . . . . 90

dispar, Chrysopbanus . . . . 85

dispar, Ocneria, Lymantria 9, 39, 62

domicella, Hesperia . . . . 90

dorippus (chrysippus ah.), Da-
naida . . . . . . . . 87

dubia (stcechadis ab.), Zygeena .. 69

dubitata, Tryphysa' . . . . 57

edusa, Colias 48, 51, 56, 68, 88, 89

edwardsi, Attaeus . . . . 69, 82, 89

egerides (segeria race), Pararge . . 59

encaustus, Glottula (Britbys) . . 68

epbialtes, Zygaina . . . . 86

erythrus, Zygaena. . .. 69, 86

etblius, Calpodes . . . . . . 70

Eugonia = Aglais . . .. .. 70

PAGE

Eupithecia . . . . . . . . 63

euphrosyne, Brenthis 57, 59, 60,

62, 64, 81, 84, 89

fausta, Teracolus . . . . 48, 49

fercbaultella, Luffia . . . . 80

filipendulffi, Zygsena . . 69, 89

limbria, Tripbsena . . . . 88

flava (thaunias), Adopsea .. 65

flavicornis, Polyploca . . . . 50

fowleri (coridon «/;.), Agriades 85, 88
fuciformis, Hemaris .. ..50

fuliginaria, Parascotia . . . . 82

furcula, Cerura . . . . . . 61

fuscata (marginaria ab.), Hyber-
nia . . . . . . . . 66

galba, Zizera . . . . 48

gamma, Plusia . . . . . . 62

geryon, Adscita .. .. ..65

glabraria = jubata . . .. ..63

gordius, (alcipbron race), Loweia 44

gossypiella, Gelechia . . . . 37

graminis, Charasas . . . . 78

granadensis (alcipbron race),

Loweia . . . . . . . . 44

grossulariata, Abraxas . . . . 90

hamata, Euplcea . . . . . . 40

hamula = binaria . . .. ..61

heliceoides (lesbia rtb.), Colias .. 69

helicina (edusa ah.), Colias . . 68

berminata, Diplodoma . . . . 80

Hesperiidffi .. .. ..69

bibernica (aurinia race), Melitsa 94

hirtaria, Lycia .. .. 49, 52

hispidaria, Apocbeima . . 49, 50

hispulla (jurtina race), Epinephele 64
bospita (plantaginis race), Para-

semia . . . . . . . . 48

hyperantus, Aphantopus 65, 81, 85

hypocbiona (ajgon race), Plebeius 93
hyperion = protodamas .. ..66

icarus, Polyommatus 48, 50, 65,

67, 85, 89, 92
immaculata (fausta ah.), Tera-
colus 48 \

immutaria = marginepunctata 3, 4

immutata = marginepunctata .. 4

imperialis, Basilona . . . . 70

intiria (misippus race), Hypo-
limiias .. .. .. ..87

ineanata = marginepunctata 3, 4

indecisa, Ecpantberia . . . . 90

infulvata (alcipbron ab.), Loweia 45
infusa, Agrotis .. .. .,40

infuscata (bilineata), Campto-

gramma . . . . . . . 47

intermedia (alcipbron ab.), Loweia 44
io, Vanessa 32, 44, 45, 51, 52,

63, 90

101

Cceno-

65,
69,

irriguata, Eupithecia
jasioneata, Eupithecia . .
jubata (glabiaiia), Cleora
jurtina, Epinephele 60, 64, 66,
85, 88,
lanceolata (byperantus ab.),

Aphantopus
lanceolata (tiphon tih.

nympha . .
lapidella, Luffia . .
laricella, Coleopbora
leporina, Acronicta
lesbia, Colias
leucopba3aria, Hybernia
lichenea, Protoparce
licbenella, Solenobia
ligniperda, Cossus
liturata, Semiotbisa
lonicerse, Zygsena..
lubricipeda, Spilosoma . .
iuridata, Tepbrosia
Lycsenidffi ..
machaon, Papilio . .
maculaiia, Venilia
maculosa (vanillfe race), Dione . .
pialviB, Hesperia .. ..59,85,

margaritosa (saucia ah.), Agrotis
inarginaria(progemmaria),Hiber-

nia
maiginata, Lomaspilis . .
niaiginepunctata, Acidalia 3, 4, 6,
masseyi (ffigon race), Plebeius 92,
matronalis (plantaginis ah.),

Paiasemia
mauius, Attacus . .
medon (astrarche), Aricia
megera, Pararge . .
meliboeus (alcipbron race), Loweia
meliloti, Zjgsena ..
melpomene, Heliconius . .
mendica, Diaphora .. 61,

mentbastii, Spilosoma . . 66,
merope (aurinia race), Melitasa . .
minioides (trlfolii ah.), Zygcena

PAGE

63
63
63

57,

misippus, Bypolimnas
monacba, Psiluia . .
monilifera, Narycia
napi, Pieiis
nigricella, Coleopbora
nigrina (sibilla ah.).

86,
9,

48,

1,

Limenitis

78, 81,

nigrofulvata (liturata ah.), Semio-
tbisa
nobilis, Papilio
Noctua;
Noctuidse . .
Noiidse
notata, Hesperia . .

90

81

81
80
11
66
90
46
90
80
40
88
86
62
65
92
59
57
70
89
82

66

82
51
93

48
90
85
64
44
70
37
89
89
94
70
87
39
80
88
46

90

93
65
35
84
90

nostrodamus, Gegenes . .
Nycteolidce

obsoleta (jegon ab.), Plebeius
obsoleta (coridon ab.), Agriades
66, 81, 84,
obsoleta (tilia? ab.), Mimas
ocellatus, Smerintbus
oxytropis, Zygrena . . 69,

pamphilus, Coenonympba 59, 62,

81, 85,
pancratii, Glottula

pantaria. Abraxas

papbia, Dryas 37, 66, 78, 80, 81,

82, 86,
paphus (sextus race), Protoparce
partbenias, Brepbos
pastoraria (marginepunctata ah.),

Acidalia . .■

pendularia, Cosymbia

pennaria, Himera..

perla, Bryopbila . .

perspicillaris = polyodon

petunise, Protoparce

phaon, Papilio . . . . 66,

pberusa, Melanargia

pbilenor, Papilio . .

pblffias, Rumicia .. ..59,85,

pbcEorrbea, Nygmia

Pieris

pimpinellata, Eupitbecia

pini, Dendrolinius

pityocampa, Tbaumatopcea 9,

plantaginis, Paiasemia

plesaura (pberusa ah.), Melan-
argia

polycbloros, Eugonia

polyodon (perspicillaris), Cbloan-
tba

Pontia

populi, Smerintbus .. 64,

potatoria, Cosmotriche

praeclara (aurinia ab.), Melitasa

prasinana, Hylopbila .. 65,

prodromaria = strataria

progemmaria = marginaria

promutata = marginepunctata ..

propugnata = designata ..

prorsas (pruni ab.), Strymon

proteus, Eudamus

protodamas (hyperion), Papilio.,

provincialis (aurinia race), Meli
tsea

PAGE

49

84
81

pruni, Strymon . .
Pteropboridse
pudibunda, Dasychira
pulcbella, Utetbeisa
pulla, Epicbnopterix
punctum, Zygsena. .

67,

85
62
67

86

86
68
49

90
90
51

4
65
82
60
83
90
67
48
67
89
39
67
63

9
40
48

48
52

83
47
83
52
94
84
51
66
4
90
85
90
6C

94

85
34
67
48
80
86

102

I'AGE

pusaiiii, Cabera . . . . . . 67

quenselii, Oiodemnias .. ..48

quereifolia, Eutricha . . . . 52

quercinavia, Ennomos . . . . 63

quercus, Lasiocampa . . 52, 89
rapas, Pieris . . . . . . 62

repandata, Boarmia . . 66, 69
resinella, Retinia . . . . . . 45

lletinia . . . . . . . . 11

revayaiia, Sarrothripus . . . . 84

rliadanianthus, Zygasna . . . . 49

I'hamnata, Scotosia . . . . 57

rhamni, Gonepteryx 51, 52, 59,

60, 62
rubi, Callophi-ys 59, GO, 62, 88

rubicundus, Zygcena . . 69, 86
Ruralidffi (Theclidfe) . . . . 67

saucia. Agrotis . . . . . . 82

scota (aurinia rare), Melitsea . . 94
selene, Brenthis 60, 62, 81, 85, 86
semele, Hipparchia . . . . 89

seminigi'ina (sibilla ah.), Limen-

itis 86

semisyngrapha (coiidon "''•),

Agriades.. .. .. ..88

sexta, I'lotoparee . . . . . . 90

sibilla, Limenitis 37, 66, 78, 81,

86, 90
signifera (aurinia race), Melitsea 94
sinapis, Leptosia . . . . . . 81

Solenobia . . . . . . . . 80

splendidella, Dioryctria . . . . 45

stbecbadis, Zygsena

straminata, Acidalia

strataiia (prodromaria), Pachys

striata, Coscinia . .

striata (segon «6.), Plebeius

striata (coridon ah.), Agriades ..

strigula, Nola

subfasciata(alciphronrt7).),Loweia

suffusa (tiliffi ah.), Mimas

syllius, Melanargia

sylvanus, Augiades

sylvata (ulniata). Abraxas 49,

syngrapba (coridon ah.), Agriades

tages, Nisoniades . .

testacea, Liiperina

testaeeolata (bilineata race),

Camptogramma
thauniiis = flava
Tbeelida3 = Ruralidffi
tbersamon, Cbrysopbanus
tbetis, Agriades . . . . 67,

tlioanliades (tboas race), Papilio
tboas, I'apilio
tilite, Mimas
tineana, Ancylis . .
Tineidse

69, 86
4
51

48
81
81
84
44
62
48
94
63
81
59
82

46
65
67
48
92
90
90
62
37
93

PAGE

tiphon, Ccenonympba . . . . 81

tithoiius, Epinepbele . . . . 89

togata, Eupitbecia . . . . 63

Tortricidte . . . . . . . . 34

trifolii, Pacbygastria . . . . 88

trifolii, Zygrena . . . . . . 70

transalpina, Zygajna . . . . 86

triquetrella, Solenobia .. ..80

tubulosa, Taleporia . . . . 80

typhas, Nonagria . . . . . . 78

ulinata = sylvata .. .. ..49

ulopos (pbaon «/j.), Papilio .. 07

undulanus = revayana .. .. 84

urticfB, Aglais 32, 51, 52, 59, 62,

66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76,

77, 78, 89

valerianata, Eupitbecia . . . . 63

valesina (papbia var.), Dryas 80,

81, 82

vanillre, Dione . . . . . . 70

venosata, Eupitbecia . . . . 63

viduata (alcipbron nh.), Loweia 44

villica, Arctia . . . . . . 52

viridana, Torfcrix . . . . . . 60

vogleri, Citberonia . . . . 90

w-album, Chattendenia . . . . 64

walkeri (mentbastri ah.

soma
xantbographa, Noetua
xerampelina, Cirrboedia . .
Xyleutes

xylosteana, Caccecia
Zygfena

MOLLUSCA.

aspersa. Helix

exalbida (aspersa ah.). Helix

flavus, Limax

bortensis, Helix . .

nemoralis. Helix . .

Myriapoda.

cingulata, Polydesmus . .
Polydesmus
subspinipes, Scolopendra

Mycetozoa.
utricularis, Badbamia

Neoroptera.

capitata, Notbocbrysa . . . . 54

ebrysops, Osmylus . . . . 54

communis, Panorpa . . . . 60

concinnus, Hemerobius . . 54, 58

Spilo-
66,
79,

80
80
90
86
69

55
55
62
50

37

55
55
55

50

103

PAGE

PAGE

danica, Ephemera . . . . 58

europsEa, Larix .. ..9,11

, 12

fuligiiiosus, Sialis. .

. . 54

europaea, Sanicula

. 58

fulviceps, Nothochrysa

. . 54

excelsa, Picea . . . . 9

, 10

Sermanica, Panoipa

58, 60

glabrum, Ligustrum

. 42

Iniinuli, Hemerobius

.. ■58

grandis, Abies

9

lutavia, Sialis

. ... 58

laricio, Pinus

. 9

maculicollis, Rhaphidia

.. 58

Larix

. 12

orotypus, Hemerobius

. . 58

Lathrasa

. 69

perla, Chrysopa . .

.. 58

lucidum, Ligustrum

. 42

quadrifasciatus, Hemerobius . . 54

majus, Cbelidonium

. 58

maritimum, Pancratium .

. 68

Odonata.

millefolia, Achillea

6

Orobancbe . .

. 69

ffinea, Cordulia . . . . . . 60

pallens, Cephalanthera ..

. 57

cyanea, Aeschna . . . . . . 55

palustris, Calla

. (il

cyathigerum, Enallagma 58, 60

palustris, Cnicus . .

. 66

imperator, Anax . . . . . . 60

Passi flora ..

. 70

nympbrea, Pyrrhosomus. . .. 60

pectinata, Abies . .

. 9

pritnubila (quadrimaculata), Li-

Pelargonium

. 86

bellula 60

Picea

. 12

puella, Agrion . . . . 58, 60

Pinus

. 12

quadrimaculata, Libellula . . 60

plicata, Thuia

. 9

sponsa, Lestes . . . . . . 60

podagraria, Aegopodium..

. 61

vulgatissimus, Gompbus . . 54

pseudacorus, Iris . .

. 66

ptarmica, Achillea

. 60

Okthopteka.

reptans, Ajuga

. 57

reptans, Potentilla

. 6

auricularia, Forficula . . . . 55

salicaria, Lythrum

. 68

bipunctatus, Tetrix . . 58, 60

sitehensis, Picea . .

. 9

Blattidaa 36

Skimmia ..

. 82

conspicua (auricularia ah.), For-

spicata, Phyteuma

. (•)9

ficula

. 58

spicata, Veronica . .

. 69

domesticus, Gryllus

. 41

strobus, Pinus

. 9

paralleius, Cborthippus ..

. 60

succisa, Scabiosa . .

. 68

thalassinum, Meconema..

. 60

sylvestris, Pinus .. 9, 11, 1'-

, 45

verrucivora, Tettigonia . .

. 41

syriacus. Hibiscus

. 42

tripolium. Aster . .

. 36

Phanerogams.

virens, Crepis . . . .

6

vulgaris, Calluna ..

. 68

ffistivalis, Spiranthes

. ()8

anglicum, Sedum..
antbropoiAora, Aceras . .

. 69

. 58

Pteeidophyta.

arvensis, Rosa

. 61

aculeatum, Aspidium .. 1'

), 17

aviculare, Polygonum

. 6

Adiantum . .

. 14

belladona, Atropa. .

. 57

adiantum-nigrum, Asplenium .

. 17

Bouvardia . .

. 86

Allosorus . .

. 14

baccata, Taxus

'J

alpestre, Pseudathyrium. .

. 15

Bupleurum

. 69

angulare, Aspidium .. 1.

h 17

buxbaumii, Veronica

. 69

aquilina, Pteris . . . . r

7, 18

calcitrapa, Centaurea

. 69

aristata, Dryopteris

. 14

Canna . . :

. 70

Asplenium . .

. 14

carnosa, Hoya

. 86

Blechnum . .

. 14

cbamtecistus, Helianthemum .

. 58

Botrychium

. 14

chaniffidrys, Veronica

. 57

calcareum, Polypodium . .

. 15

chinensis, Fraxinus

. 42

Ceterach

. 14

communis, Juniperus

. 9

clavatum, Lycopodium . .

. 69

(louglasii, Pseudotsuga . .

. 9

cretica, Pteris

. 18

dulcamara, Solanum

. 59

Cystopteris. .

. 14

104

PAGE

PAGE, >

. 41 '.

dilatatum, Nephrodium ..

.. 14

Coccus

dryopteris, Polypodium . .

.. 15

coccus, Dactylopius

exaltata, Nephrolepsis

.. 18

galliifolium, Myzus

. 36 '

felix-femina, Athyrium . .

.. 14

gei, Myzus . .

. 36

felix-mas, Nephrodium . .

.. 14

glauei, Aphis

. 41

Hymenophyllacea;

.. 13

ilicis, Chermes

. 41 '

lonchites, Aspidium

.. 15

lacca, Tachardia . .

. 41

marinum, Asplenium

.. 14

maculatus, Corizus

. 82

montana, Lastrjea

.. 14

mercurialis, Myzus

. 36

Nephrodium

.. 14

pela, Ericeras

. 41

Ophioglossacese

.. 13

pini, Pineus

. 12

Osmundaceae

.. 13

rhododendri, Stephanitis

. 82

phegopteris, Polypodium..

.. 15

strobi, Pineus

. 12

Polypodiaceffi

.. 13

trifolii, Aphis

. 36

pseudo-mas, Nephrodium

.. 16

viridis, Chermes . .

. 12

radicans, Trichomanes . .

.. 15

regalis, Osmunda . .

15, 16

Thallophvtes.

ruta-muraria, Asplenium

.. 14

selago, Lycopodium

.. 69

canina, Peltigera . .

. 69

thelypteris, Lastrsea
trichomanes, Asplenium..

.. 14
.. 14

Not Classified.

unilaterale, Hymenophyllun-

.. 69

anatifera, Lepas . .

. 19

viride, Asplenium. .

.. 11

apis, Nosima

. 40

vuigare, Polypodium

15, 64

Beauveria . .

. 40

vulgare, Scolopendrium . .

.. 11

berus, Vipera

. 61

Woodsia

.. 15

cancroides, Chelifer

. 53

cuenoti, Pleurocystis

. 37

Rhynchota.

longus, Helodrilus

. 37

Nosima

. 40

abietis, Chermes . .

.. 12

Podura

. 18

abrotaniella, Aphis

.. 36

vivipera, Zootoca . .

. 61

Aphididas . .

.. 12

Aphis

.. 41

beekeri, Megaccelum

.. 37

The varietal and aberrational names

bidentata, Pygolampis . .

.. 55

of British Ferns (13), of A.

irtica;

chenopodii. Aphis

.. 41

(70), of N. xanthrographa (80)

, and

Chermes (Kermes)

.. 41

of A. gros&ulariata (90), are oi

nitted

Coccidae

.. 41

in the Index.

THE ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

For 1886, 1887, 1888^9 (1 Vol.),

1890^|i (I Vol.), 1892^3 (I Vol.),

1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901,

1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909,

1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, J914, 1915, 1916, 1917

and 1918

Are still in print, and may be had on application to the Librarian.

1886, price 1/6; 1887, price 2/6; 1888-9 and

1890-91, price 3/6 each; 1892-3, price 8/-;

1894, price 2/6 ; 1895, price 2/- ; 1896, price 2/6 ;

1897, Part 1, price 2/-; Part 2, price 2/-;

1898, Part 1, price 1/-; Part 2, price 2/-;
1899, price 2/6 ; 1900, price 2/6 ; 1901, price 2/- ;
1902, price 2/6; 1903, price^2/-; 1904, price 2/- ;
190S, price 2/6; 1906, price 2/6; 1907, price 2/6;
1908, price 2/6; 1909, price 5/-; 1910, price 4/6;

1911, price 4/6; 1912, price 8/-; 1913, price 4/-; -
1914, price 4/-; 1915, price 5/-.; 1916, price 8/6;
1917, price 3/6; and 1918, price 4/-.

N.B.— MEMBERS are allowed a discount of one third off the above

prices.

CONTENTS.

Officers and Council

Objects of the Society . .

Past Presidents . .

List of Members . .

Balance-sheet ....

Report of the Council . .

^ode of progression of the larvffi of Coleophora nigricella (Pli

By E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S. .. -.. .. ..

Acidaiia marginepuncta, Goze. By Robert Adkin, F.E.S. . .
Some Insects injurious to Forestry. By B. W. Adkin, F.E.S.
British Fern Varieties. By F. W. Thorringfcon
Migration of Birds. By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.
British Batraoliiaiis. By G. A. Boulenf^er, LL.D., D.Sc, F.E.S.
Note on the Pupation of Agkiis urtiose and Vanessa io (Plate II

E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S.
Annual Address. By Stanley Kdwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.a.
Abstract of Proceedings .. ..
Annual Exhibition of " Other Orders."
Exhibition of Living Objects of Natural History
Variation in Aglais urticse. By H. J. Turner and C. W. Sperrin

Annual Exhibition . .

Annual Meeting

Index . .

ate I.).

By

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY. \

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRDGE, SE '

1920.1921. ■*

1920 :— August 26th ; September 9th, 23rd ; October 14th, 28tb ; ;

November nth, 26th; December 9th. '

1921: — January 18th, 27th (Annual, at 7 p.m.); February ;;

loth, 24th; March 10th, 24th; April 14th, 28th ; May 12th, 26tb ; i

June 9th, 24th ; July 14th, 28tb. ^

LIBRARY OPEN AT 6.30 p.m., CHAIR TAKEN AT 7 p.m. j

Mkmbehs exhibiting speciuiens at th^ Meetings of the Society
are requested to be good enough to hand to the Secretary, at tho u
Meeting, a note in -writing of tho generic and specific names of all '
specimens exhibited, together with the nrmes of the localities in
which such specimens were obtained, and any remarks thereon
which the exhibitors hnve to make] In the absence of such a note
in writing the Secretary cannot be responsible for any errors in
connection with his report of such exhibits, or for the omission of
any reference thereto in the Proceedings,

^

Proceedind$

OF

THE SOUTH LONDON

ENTOMOLOGICAL & NATURAL HISTORY

SOCIETY

I03O*^l

2 TS o^U

PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY'S BOOMS

HIBBRItIA OBAMBKRS, LONDON BBIDQB, S.i;.

•■'••' ■ ■ ■' "" ' - '■- i' ■'

PRICE FIVE SHILLINQS.

|; Published by the Society ^ with ^the assistance of the

REPORT COMMITTEE:

)KIN, K. G. BLAIR, STANLEY EDWARDS, E. STEP A. E. TONCE,
and H. J. TURNER Hon. Editor.

R. R. A.ROHBR, PRINTEH, hr, AVONDALB SQUARE, S.K.

THE SOUTH LONDON

Entomological & Natural History Society

(Established 1872)

HiBERNiA Chambers, London Bridge, S.E. 1.
OFFICERS 81 COUNCU.^/..^^^

^v,Mt>M AUG 22 1921 ^^

G. BLAIR, B.S^F.E.S. O 5" 3 O 9 !^

K.

STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S
E. J. BUNNETT, M.A., F.E.S.

R. ADKIN, F.E.S.
T. L. BARN'ETT.
R. T. BOWMAN.
L. E. DUNSTER.
LACHLAN GIBB, F.E.S.

H. A. LEEDS.
N. D. RILEY, F.E.S.
Dr. G. C. ROBERTSON.
E. STEP, F.L.S.

S. R. ASHBY, F.E.S.

A. W. DODS.

H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E. 14.

A. E. TONGE, F.E.S., Aincioft, Grammar School Hill, Reigate.

S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. {General Sec),

15, St. German's Place, Blackbeath, S.E. 3.
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S., 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E. 14.

THE SOUTH LONDON

ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec-
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings \n each month,
from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Rooms are
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting
Specimens.

SUBSCRIPTION.

2'e)i Sliilliii(is per Annuui, witJi coi K)itiaiire Fee of 'iim S/n'llings

and Si.v/ience.

All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,

STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., c^c,

15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.

PAST PRESIDENTS.

1872-4. . J. R. Wellman (dec).
1875-6.. A. B. Earn, F.E.S.

1877 .. J. P. Baekett, F.E.S. (dec).

1878 .. J. T. Williams (dec).

1879 . . R. Standen, F.E.S. (dec).

1880 .. A. FicKLiN (dec).

1881 .. V. R. Perkins, F.E.S.

1882 .. T. R. BiLLUPS, F.E.S. (dec).

1883 . . J. R. Wellman (dec).

1884 .. W. West, L.D.S. (dec).

1885 .. R. South, F.E.S.
1886-7.. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1888-9.. T. R. BiLLUPS, F.E.S. (dec).

1890 .. J. T. Carrington, F.L.S.

(dec.)

1891 .. W.H.TuG\VELL,PH.C.(dec.)

1892 .. C.G. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec)

1893 .. J. J. WEiR,F.L.S.,etc.(dec)

1894 .. E. Step, F.L.S.

1895 . . T. W. Hall, F.E.S.
189(5 .. R. SoDTH, F.E.S.

1897 .. R. Adkin, F.E.S.

1898 . . J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec).

1899 .. A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec).

1900 . . W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

1901 .. H. S. Fremlin, F.E.S., etc

1902 . . F. NoAD Clark.

1903 .. E. Step, F.L.S.

1904 .. A. Sigh, F.E.S.

1905 .. H. Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.
190(>7. . R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1908-9.. A. SicH, F.E.S.
1910-11. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.
1912 13. A. E. ToNGE, F.E.S.
1914-15. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S.
1916-17. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
1918-19. St.\nleyEd\vards, F.L.S., etc
1920 . . K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Chief subjects of Study : — /;, Hymenoptera ; o, Orthoptera ; ]ie, Hemiptera;
n, Neuroptera ; c, Coleopteia ; (/, Diptera ; Z, Lepidoptera ; ool, Oology ; orn.
Ornithology ; r, Reptilia ; )ii. MoUusca ; cr, Ciustacea ; h, Botany ; mi. Microscopy
e, signifies Exotic forms.

Year of
Election.

1920 Abbot, S., 110, Inchmary Road, Catford, S.E. 6. L

1886 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., Trenowith, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent.

I, orn.
1882 Adkin, R., f.e.s.. Council, Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne. I.
1901 Adkin, R. A., Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne. >ii.
1907 Andrews, H. W., f.e.s., Woodside, Victoria Road, Eltham,

S.E. 9. d.
1901 Armstrong, Capt, R. R., b.a., b.c. (Cantab), m.r.c.s., f.r.c.p.,

6, Castelnau Gardens, Barnes, S.W. 13. e, I.
1919 Ash, D. V., Asbleigh, Hook Road, Surbiton. I.

1895 AsHBY, S. R., F.E.S., 37, Hide Road, Harrow, c, I.

1888 Atmore, E. a., f.e.s'., 48, High Street, King's Lynn, Norfolk. I.

1921 Baker, G. S., 7, Fawcett Street, W. Brompton, London,

S.W. 10. I.

1896 Barnett, T. L., 19, Osmond Gardens, Wallington, Surrey, I.

1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. I.
1921 Bates, John, 81, Birkbeck Mansions, Hornsey, N. 8.

1912 Bateson, Dr. W., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.e.s., The Manor House,

Merton, Surrey. {Hon. Member.)
1911 Blair, K. G., b.sc, f.e.s.. President, " Claremont," 120,

Sunningfieids Road, Hendon, N.W. 4. n, c.
1911 Blenkarn, S. a., f.e.s., Burford Lodge Cottage, West Humble,

Doiking. I, c, odonata.
1898 Bliss, M. F., Capt., m.c, m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., 130, High

Down Road, Luton, Beds. I.
1909 Bowman, R. T., Council, 68, Mornington Road, Chingford. I.
1919 Box, L. A., Lieut., f.e.s., 80, Northampton Road, Croydon, h.
1909 Bright, P. M., f.e.s., Coiebrook Grange, 58, Christchurch

Road, Bournemouth. Z.
1921 Bristowe, W. S., Ashford House, Cobham, Surrey.
1909 Buckstone, A. A. W., 807a, Kingston Road, Merton Park,

Wimbledon, S.W. 19. l.

Year of
Election.

1915 BuNNETT, E. J., w.A., I'.E.s., \' ice- Pic'sidefit, 19, Silverdale,

Sydenham, S.E. 26. mi.
1890 BuTLEK, W. E., F.E.S., Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading.

I, c.
1889 Cant, A., f.e.s., 33, Fasting Road, Putney, S.W. 15. I, mi.

1910 Gardew, Major P. A.,

1886 Cabpentkr, J. H., Redcofc, Belmont Road, Leatherhead,

Surrey. I.
1899 Carr, F. B., 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. VI. I.
1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., ma., l.th., The Vicarage, Alvanley, Nr.

Helsby, Cheshire. I, n.

1897 Chapman, T. A., m.d., f.r.s., f.e.s., f.z.s., Betula, Reigate,

Surrey. I.
1879 Clode, W. {Life Memher.)
1915 Cockayne, E. A., m.d., f.e.s., 65, Westbourne Terrace, W. 2. I.

1920 CoLHouN, W. P., Magilligan, Co. Derry, Ireland.

1899 CoLTHRUP, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 22.

I, ool, orn.
1907 CooTE, F. D., 25, Pendle Road, Streatham, S.W. 6. I, h.
1919 CoppEARD, B., 13, King's .\ venue, Windmill Lane, Southall. I.

1919 Cornish, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,

S.E. 18. I, c.

1921 Cottam, Major T. AL, 13, Waldegrave Park, Twickenham. I.

1909 GouLsoN, F. J., 17, Birdhurst Road, Colliers Wood, Merton,

S.W. 19. l.
1918 Court, T. H., De Aston Grammar School, Market Rasen,

Lincolnshire. I.
1902 CowHAM, F. W., 118, Minard Road, Hither Green, S.E. 13. l.

1920 Cocks, F. W., 26, Crown Street, Reading. I.

1911 CoxHEAD, G. W., 36, Linthorpe Road, Stamford Hill, N. 16.

Life Member, c.

1899 Crabtree, B. H., F.E.S., Holly Bank, Alderley Edge, Cheshire. I.
1918 Craufurd, Clifford, Home Summer Road, E. Molesey. Z.
1920 Crocker, Capt. VJ., 41, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.

1898 Crow, E. J., 26, Tindal Street, North Brixton, S.W. 9. I.

1910 CuRWEN, B. S., 9, Lebanon Park, Twickenham. I.

1888 Dawson, W. G., f.e.s., 12, Bromley Grove, Shrublands, Kent.
(Life Member.) I.

1900 Day, F. H., f.e.s., 26, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. I, c.

1912 Dexter, S., 12, Stiles Way, Beckenham. Z.

V
Year of
Election.
1889 Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W. 1.

I, )iii, h.
1918 DixEY, F, A., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Wadham College, Oxford.

Hon. Member.
1901 DoDs, A. W., Hon. Librarian, 88, Alkham Road, Stamford

Hill, N. 16. I.
1921 DoLTON, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading.
1912 DuNSTER, L. E., Coiinril, 44, St. John's Wood Terrace, N.W.

8. I.

1886 Edwards, S., f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s., Vice-President, 15, St.

German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3. I, el.
1920 Enefer, F. W., 2, Blackheath Vale, S.E. 3.
1915 Fagg, T. a., 55, Mt. Pleasant Road, Lewisham, S.E. 13. I.
1920 Farmer, J. B., 81, Crowhurst Road, Brixton, S.W. 9. l.

1918 Farquhar, L., 10, Gray's Inn Square, W.C. 1. I.

1887 Fletcher, W. H. B., m.a., f.e.s., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,

Sussex. {Life Member.) I.
1889 Ford, A., South View, 36, Irving Road, West Southbourne,

, Bournemouth, Hants. I, c.
1920 Ford, L. T., St. Michael's, Park Hill, Bexley, Kent. L
1915 Foster, T. B., 14, Parkview Road, Addiscombe, Croydon. L
1907 Fountains, Miss M. E., f.e.s., 1727, Wilcox Avenue, Holly-
wood, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A. L
1912 Freeman, C. N., 54-5, Coleman Street, E.G. 2. Z.
1886 Fremlin, Major H. S., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., " Markinch,"
Nether Street, N. Finchley.

1919 Frisby, G. E., f.e.s., 79, Darnley Road, Gravesend. hyni.
1912 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., Council, " Uplands," Thun-

dersley, Rayleigh, Essex. I, or)i.
1915 Fryer, Gordon, L. D. S., 52, London Road, Twickenham. I.
1914 Fryer, J. C. F., f.e.s.. Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, 4,

Whitehall Place, S.W. 1. /.
1911 Gahan, C. J., D.se., M.A., F.E.S., British Museum (Natural

History), South Kensington, S.W. 7. c.

1920 Gauntlett, H. L., 45, Hotham Road, Putney, S.W. 15. I. ■
1920 Garrett, H., 83, Bourne Road, Bexley, Kent. I.

1917 GiBB, E. M., c/o L. Gibb, 38, Blackheath Park, S.E. 3.
1884 Gibb, L., f.e.s.. Council, 38, Blackheath Park, S.E. 3. (Life

Member.) I,
1920 Goodman, A. de B., 210, Goswell Road, E.G. 1. I.

VI
Year of
Election.

3 920 Goodman, 0. R., 210, Goswell Road, E.C. 1. I.
190H Green, E. D., 17, Manor Park, Lee, S.E. 13. I.

1918 Green, E. E., f.e.s.. Ways End, Camberley, Surrey, hem.
1920 Grosvenor, T. H. L., f.e.s., 8, Gloucester Road, Redhill. I.

1888 Hall, A. E., f.e.s., f.r.h.s., Cranfield House, Southwell,

Notts. I.
1884 Hall, T. W., f.e.s., Council, 61, West Smithfield, E.C. 1. I.

1891 Hamm, a. H., f.e.s., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. I.

1911 Harris, P. P., 13, Crawford Gardens, Gliftonville, Margate. I.
1920 Harvey, S. W., 28, Hillmore Grove, Sydenham, S.E. 26. mi.
1903 Hare, E. J., f.e.s., 4, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 2. I.

1913 Haynes, E. B., 17, Denmark Avenue, Wimbledon, S.W. 19. I.
1920 Hemming, A. F., f.z.s., f.e.s.. Treasury Chambers, Whitehall,

S.W. 1. I.
1920 Hodgson, S. B., 3, Bassett Road, N. Kensington, W. 10.
1911 Holding, A., 95, Kyverdale Road, Stoke Newington, N. 16. I.

1889 Horne, a., f.e.s., " Bonnena-Coille," Murtle, Aberdeenshire.

1919 Humphreys, J. A., 39, Shirlock Road, Hampstead, N.W. 3. I.

1914 Jackson, W. H., Pengama, 14, Woodcote Valley Road, Purley. I.
1886 Jager, J., 65, St. Quentin's Avenue, North Kensington, W.

10. I.

1918 Johnstone, D. C, Brooklands, Rayleigh, Essex. I.

1920 Joicey, J. J., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., etc. The Hill, Witley,

Surrey, I.
1920 Jump, k.C, 108, Trinity Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W.17.
1898 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.

I, S. American I.
1900 Kemp, S. W., b.a., Indian Museum, Calcutta. I, c.
1910 Kidner, a. R., The Oaks, Station Road, Sidcup, Kent. I.
1914 Leeds, H. A., 2, Pendcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts. I.

1919 Leman, G. C, f.e.s., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney

Heath, S.W. 15. c

1919 Leman, G. B. C, f.e.s., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney

Heath, S.W. 15. c.

1920 Lindeman, F., 7, Rua Dereita, Sao Paulo, Brazil. I.

1896 Lucas, W. J., b.a., f.e.s., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. Brit, o., odunata, n, )ii, b.

1921 Lyle, G. T., f.e.s., Sunthorpe, St. George's Road,

Wallington.

1892 Main, H., b.sc, f.e.s., Almondale, Buckingham Road, S.

Woodford, E. 18. I.

Vll

Year of
Election.

1921 Mann, G. B. H., The Ingle Nook, Ashtead, Surrey.
1889 Mansbridge, W., F.E.S., Dunraven, Church Rd., Wavertree,

Liverpool. I, c, etc.
1916 Mason, G. W., 99, Seaford Road, Ealing, W.5. I.
1885 Meka, a. W., 5, Park Villas, Loughton, E.ssex. I.
1881 Miles, W. H., f.e.s., Grosvenor House, Calcutta. Post Box

] 26. mi, b.
1889 Moore, H., f.e.s., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E.16.

I, li, d, f I, e h, e d, mi.

1910 MoRFORD, D. R., 16, Spencer Road, Cottenham Park,

Wimbledon, S.W. 19. I.

1911 MoRicE, The Rev. F. D., m.a., f.e.s., Brunswick, Mt. Hermon,

Woking. (Life Member.) h.
1920 MoRisoN, G. D., 100, Fielding Road, Bedford Park, W. 4.
1920 MoRRELL, H. A., Heathdene, Wordsworth Rd, Wallington. I.

1912 Neave, B. W., Lyndhurst, 95, Queen's Road, Brownswood

Park, N. 4. I.
1906 Newman, L. W., f.e.s., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.

1918 NiMMY, E. W., F.E.S., 296, High Holborn, W.C.I. I.

1911 Page, H. E., f.e.s., Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross,

S.E.14. I.
1915 Pearson, G. B., 812, Stevenson Avenue, Pasadena, California,

U.S.A. I.
1908 Pennington, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W. 1. I.
1880 Perkins, V. R., f.e.s., Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire.

I, h, d.
1887 Porritt, G. T., F.L.S., f.e.s., Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield.

I, n.

1912 PouLTON, Prof. E. B., d.sc, m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.e.s.,

Wykeham House, Oxford. {Hon. 2Iember.)
1897 Brest, E. E. B., 1 and 2, Chiswell Street, E.C. 1. I.

1919 Preston, N. C, 32, Danfcer Road, Fulham, S.W. 6. I.

1904 Priske, R. a. R., f.e.s., 9-, Melbourne Avenue, W. Ealing,
W. 5. I, m.

1919 QuiLTER, H. J., Fir Cottage, Kiln Road, Prestwood, Great

Missenden. I.
1902 Rayward, a. L., f.e.s., 52, Addiscombe Road, Croydon.
1887 Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham

Common, S.W. 4. orn.

1920 Richardson, A. W., 28, Avenue Road, Southall.

Vlll
Year of
Election.

1902 RiLKY, N. D., F.E.S., Council, 5, Brook Gardens, Beverley

Road, Barnes, S.W. 13.

1919 Roberts, J. G., 1, Segary Villas, Hadley Road, New Barnet.

1910 Robertson, G. S., m.d., Conncil, St. Anne's, 72, Thurlow

Park Road, Dalwich, S.E. 21. I.
1894 Robinson, Leigh, f.z.s.

1911 Robinson, Lady Maud, f.e.s., Worksop Manor, Notts. I, n.

1920 Rothschild, The Right Hon. Lord, d.sc, f.r.s., f.l.s., f.z.s.,

f.e.s. , Tring, Herts. I. {Life Member.)
1887 RouTLEDGE, G. B., F.E.S., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

I, c.
1904 Rowland-Brown, H., f.e.s., Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald. I.
1890 RowNTREE, J. H., Scalby Nabs, Scarborough, Yorks. l.

1921 RuGGLEs, Hy., 146a, Southfield Road, Bedford Park, W. 4.
1898 Russell, A., Wilverley, Dale Road, Parley. I.

1915 Russell, S. G. C, f.e.s., Roedean, The Avenue, Andover

Junction, Hants.
1908 StAubyn, J. S., F.E.S., Sayescourt Hotel, 2, Inverness

Terrace, Bayswater, W. 2.
1914 ScHMAssMANN, W., F.F,.s., Beuhih LodgB, London Road,

Enfield, N. l.

1910 Scorer, A. G., f.e.s., Hillcrest, Chilworth, Guildford. I.

1911 Sennett, Noel S., Lieut. R.N.V.R., f.e.s., 24, De Vere

Gardens, Kensington, W. 8. c.
1910 Sheldon, W. G., f.e.s., Youlgreave, South Croydon. I.
1898 SicH, Alf., f.e.s., Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4. I.
1920 SiMMs, F. H., The Farlands, Stourbridge.
1920 SiMMS, H. M., B.sc, The Farlands, Stourbridge.

1903 Smallman, R. S., f.e.s., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road,

Beckenham, Kent. I, c.
1908 Smith, B. H,, b.a., f.e.s., Frant Court, Frant, nr. Tuubridge

Wells. /.
1920 Smith, S. Gordon, f.e.s., li^styn, Boughton, Chester. I.
1890 Smith, William, 13, St. Mirren Street, Paisley, l.
1882 South, R., f.e.s., 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-Hill,

Brondesbury, N.W.2. I, c.
1908 Sperring, C. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton, S.E. 7. l.

1920 Stafford, A. E., 98, Cowley Road, Mortlake, S.W. 14.

1921 Staniland, L. N., f.e.s., Trevvint, Coppett's Road, Muswell

Hill, N. 10.
1872 Step, E., f.l.s., Conncil, 158, Dora Road, Wimbledon Park,
S.W. 19. b, ni, cr ; Insects, all OnlerL

Year of
Election.

1916 Stewart, H. M., m.a., m.d., 123, Thurlow Park Road,
Dulwich, S.W. 21. I.

1910 Stoneham, Capt. H. F., f.e.s., Stoneleigh, Keigate. orn, I.
1913 Storey, Gilbert, f.e.s., Depfc. of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt.

Econ. Knt.

1911 Stowell, E. a. C.,b.a., Eggars Grammar School, Alton, Hants.
1920 Swift, K., Cilmory, Knoll Road, Bexley. I.

1916 Syms, E. E., f.e.s., 22, Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, N.E. l.
1920 Talbot, G., f.e.s., The Hill Museum, Witley. I.

1894 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., m.a.. The Vicarage, Fareham, Hants. I,

Ool.

1913 Tatchell, L,, f.e.s., 43, Spratt Hill Road, Wanstead. E. 11. I.

1910 Towle, p. H., f.e.s., Cranleigh, Nower Hill, Pinner. I.

1911 Todd, R. G., f.e.s., 54, Hornsey Lane, Highgate, N. 6. I.
1902 ToNGE, A. E., F.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Aincroft, Grammar

School Hill, Reigate. I.
1887 Turner, H. J., f.e.s,, Bon. Editor, 98, Drakefell Road, New

Cross, S.E. 14. I, c, n, he, b.
1889 Wainwright, C. J., f.e.s., 139, Hamstead Road, Handsworth,

Staffs. I, d.
1911 Wakely, L. D., 11, Crescent Road, Wimbledon Common,

S.W. 19. I.
1880 Walker, Comm. J. J., m.a., f.l.s., f.e.s., " Aorangi," Lonsdale

Road, Summertown, Oxford. I, c.
1920 Watson, D., 12, Park Place, Gravesend.
1911 Wells, H. 0., Inchiquin, Lynwood Avenue, Epsom. I.
1920 West, W., 29, Cranfield Road, Brockley, S.E.

1911 Wheeler, The Rev, G., m.a., f.z.s., f.e.s., 28, Gordon Square,

W.C. 1. l.
1887 Whiffen, W, H., Holmwood Lodge, Laton Rd., Hastings. I.

1914 Williams, B. S., 77, Durham Road, E. Finchley, N, 7, I.

1912 Williams, C, B., b,a., f.e.s., Department of Agriculture,

Trinidad. I.
1920 Wightman, a, J,, 35, Talbot Terrace, Lewes, Sussex, I.
1920 Withycombe, C, L,, 12, Prospect Hill, Walthamstow, E. 17,

I, b.
1918 Wood, H,, Albert Villa, Kenningbon, near Ashford, Kent. I.

1917 Woolacott, H, R,, Hightilt Farm, Cranbrook, Kent, I.
1920 Young, G, W., f.e.s., f.r.m.s., 20, Grange Road, Barnes,

S.W. 13.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.

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REPORT OF THE- COUNCIL, 1920.

-H-S^

THE Council in presenting the forty-ninth Annual Report
desire to state that the Society has had a successful year.
Its finances, owing to the efforts of the " unofficial
Committee " of last year and the assiduous work of the Treasurer,
are once more in a healthy condition, while the Membership has
increased from 162 to 184. Twenty-seven new Members have been
elected, only two have died (Messrs. W. West and G. B. Browne),
and five have resigned. In Mr. W. West, the oldest Member,
the Society's Curator from the inception of that office in
1872, we have sustained a great loss. Although he had reached the
age of 84, ho was active until the last, being present in his usual
health at the meeting of the Society, eight days before he passed
away.

Mr. G. B. Browne had been a regular attendant until he moved
away from London on his retirement from business.

A Special Exhibition of "Orders other than Lepidoptera " was
held on May 13th, with considerable success. The Annual
" Exhibition 6i Varieties and other Objects of Interest," was held
on November 25th, and constituted a " record," 143 members and
friends being present. Many series of remarkable varieties were
exhibited, among them being some 1277 specimens of the extra-
ordinary forms of Abra.rati (jrossnlariata shown by Lord Rothschild,
Mr. Sheldon's complete collection of the forms of Peronea ciistana
with many types, Mr. C. P. Pickett's recently taken forms of Agriade»
coridon, Mr. Bowman's recently obtained new forms of Cosymbia
2)endtilaria, with exhibits of many noteworthy individual aberrations.

The Lantern has been used on several occasions during the past
year; Mr. Dennis has kindly officiated as Honorary Lanternist.

Papers have been read before the Society by Dr. F. A. Dixey,
F.R.S., G. E. Frisby, and S. Edwards, and Discussions introduced
by R. T. Bowman and H. J. Turner.

After the decease of the Curator, Mr. W. West, your Council
appointed pro tem., Mr. S. R. Ashby, as Hon. Curator, and

Mr. T. L. Barnetfc as Assistant Hon. Curator. The Hon. Curator
reports as follows, " During the past year the Society's Collections
have been increased bj?^ the valuable bequest of our late member,
Mr. W. J. Ashdown, who left his collections to the Society.

" Most of the series in the micro families of British Lepidoptera have
been added to or renewed from the late Rev. C. R. Digby's collection.

" Mr. F. C. S. Bramwell, of Dyke Road Drive, Brighton, presented
series of Ino (jlnhulariae and Acidalia immorata. Mr. J. B. Farmer
gave the Society two store boxes of specimens of various Orders,
chiefly Odonata, Diptera and Hymenoptera. Mr. Bunnett placed
various specimens of Coleoptera in the collection. The Lepidoptera
are well consulted by the Members for naming their specimens, and
I hope when Mr. Ashdown's apecimens are in position, that the
' Other Orders ' will be very useful for the same purpose."

The Honorary Librarian reports that the Library has again been
very largely consulted by the Members. The late Mr. W. J.
Ashdown having by his Will bequeathed " such of his books on
Natural History as the Society would like to have," a small
committee consisting of the President, and Messrs. Dods, Edwards,
Dr. Robertson and Step, appointed by the Council, went to
Leatherhead and were met by Mr. Ashdown's brother, who with
them chose a large number of suitable volumes. This makes a
welcome addition to the Society's Library.

Pleasant Field Meetings were held at Otford, Horsley and
Byfleet, but the impossibility of obtaining reduced fares militated
against large attendances and additional meeting?.

Mr. R. Adkin was the Society's Delegate at the meeting of the
Representatives of the Corresponding Societies of the British
Association at Cardiff in August ; his Report will be found on
page 87.

Messrs. Edwards and Turner were your Delegates at the meeting
of the S.E. Union of Scientific Societies held at Eastbourne in June.

The Volume of Proceedings for 3 919, published during the past
year, consists of xvi. and 104 pages with two plates.

The following is a list of the additions to the Library during the
year, mainly by exchange and donation.

Books.

" Starfishes of the Philippine Islands," U.S.A. Mus. " Birds of
N. America," U.S.A. Mus. " Devonian Fossils of Tennessee,"

U.S.A. Mus. "British Orthoptera," Lucas, Kay Society (pur-
chased). " British Coleoptera," Fowler, 6 vols. (West bequest).
"British Hemiptera," Saunders (West bequest). "Osteology of
the Dinosaurs of N. America," U.S.A. Mus. " Trees and Shrubs
of Mexico," U.S.A. Mus. " Eastern American Molluscs," U.S.A.
Mus. " Macruroid Fishes of the Philippines."

Mojiazijicfi and Periodicals.
" Entomological News." " Entomologist " (R. South). "Irish
Naturalist." "Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Prance."
'•' Canadian Entomologist." " Entomologist's Monthly Magazine."
" Entomologisk Tidskrift.': "Essex Naturalist." " Entomolo-
gische Mitteilungen." " Insecta " (H. Rowland-Brown).

Reports and Traiinactinis of Societies.
Bolletino Lab. Zool. Portici. Italy ; Contributions to the U.S.A.
Herbarium ; Field Sanitation (Major Fremlin) ; Trans. Ent. Soc.
of London, 1890-1919 (Major Fremlin) ; Smithsonian Report, 2
years ; Chicago Field Mus. N.H. ; Upsala Society ; S. Eastern
Naturalist ; Report of the Brit. Assn. (R. Adkin) ; Ann. Rep. of the
U.S.A. National Mus. ; Haslemere Society ; Hampshire Field Club ;
Torquay Nat. Hist. Soc. ; La Escuela Modena ; Bournemouth Nat.
Science Soc. ; London Entomological and Nat. Hist. Soc. ;
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ; Columbia Entomo-
logical Society ; Chicago Field Museum.

Separata and ['ainphletx.
" Birds Beneficial to Agriculture," Frohawk, Brit. Mus.
" Boring Animals," Brit. Mus. " Insects and Disease " Brit.
Mus. " Insecta," Illinois Review. " American Species of
Marc/iantia," U.S.A. Mus. " Lepidoptera of Glamorgan," H.
Moore. " The Louse in Relation to Disease," Brit. Mus. " Ascent
of Man," Horniman's Mus. "List of Lepidoptera, Haslemere,"
Oldaker. " The Furniture Beetle," Brit. Mus. " The House-Fly,"
Brit. Mus. " The B.M. (Nat. Hist.) Guide," Brit. Mus. " Butter-
flies of Cyprus," Hy. J. Turner. " Krebia epiphron,'" 4 pts., H.
Rowland-Brown. " Butterflies of Macedonia," H. Rowland-
Brown. " Further Studies of the < hthohionte," Jeannet.

TREASURER'S REPORT, 1920.

It is again my pleasant duty to report a very successful year
financially, the cash balance to be carried forward being practically
the same as in 1919, after allowing for the amount which has
been invested in the names of Trustees for the benefit of the
Society, as I foreshadowed in my last report. The fact that sub-
scriptions paid in advance total this year £5 more than last,
must however not be overlooked.

Our income from current subscriptions was £9 6s. 6d. in excess
of last year's receipts, amounting to a total of £56 5s., and will
with the advent of so many new members be substantially
greater again next year.

Publication of proceedings cost us rather less than in 1919, but
this was not due to any cheapening of the price of printing,
which still tends to rise, but to the very careful editing of the
Publication Committee.

Arrears which were estimated to produce £5 in the last Balance
Sheet actually amounted in cash payments to £7 2s. 6d., and
this year I am glad to say the defaulters are much fewer in
number as some of the very old names have been removed from
the roll of membership. Only twelve out of our large member-
ship have failed so far to come up to scratch for 1920, and I
hope that, should this reminder succeed in reaching any of them,
it will have the desired effect of making their consciences prick
them into action. I have valued arrears in the present balance
sheet at £7, and may say that 30s. of this has already reached me.

No fewer than 27 entrance fees were paid during 1920, nearly
half of which were from members who joined us towards the end
of the year, and whose first subscription therefore covers 14 months.
The balance standing to the credit of Suspense Account is this
time £3 5s. lOd. as the £60, 5% National War Bonds purchased
cost a few shillings more than the exact balance brought forward
from 1919.

Sales of Proceedings total £5 8s. of which rather more than
half was for Surplus Copies sold to the paper makers. This item
is lower than the record figure reached in 1919, but is still quite
good.

It will be seen from the foregoing remarks that we are still
far from being in a position to run the Society on its annual

income from regular sources. Allowing £60 for the cost of pub-
lishing Proceedings our standing Expenses are rather over £100 a
year, while the income from subscriptions is barely £70 and from
all other sources less than another £10.

We must therefore continue to depend on the generosity of our
friends to the extent of something like £20 annually to keep us
sound from a financial standpoint, and my warmest thanks are
due to those who so nobly came to my assistance in 1920 with
donations to the Publication Fund totalling £19 5s.

In conclusion I must again thank all the members for the
very kind help they have given me and for their forbearance and
patience with my many shortcomings.

I will now with your permission read the figures as passed by the
aulitors.

The Aculeate Hymenoptera of the British Isles.

By G. E. Frisby, F.E.S.—Read Octoher 2Qth, 1920.

The Aculeata, or stinging Hymenoptera, consist of four main
divisions : — The Ants ; the Fossorial Hymenoptera, which include
the many species popularly known as Sand Wasps and Wood
Wasps ; the true Wasps ; and the Bees. Many authorities also
include the Chrysids, or Firetails. With the Chrysids, however,
and the Ants, I shall have nothing to do to-night, but shall confine
myself to the three other divisions. I am not qualified to give a
descriptive account of each British species, though there are com-
paratively few that I have not met with, but I think that some
remarks on the habits, distribution, and occurrence of a number of
them will perhaps be of interest.

Taking them in their usual order of arrangement, we will first
speak of the Fossorial group, many of which our American cousins
call " Huntress Wasps." The greater number of these construct
burrows in wood, sandy banks, bramble stems, etc., in which they
make their cells and then provide a store of sustenance for their
larvae by capturing other insects, or m some cases spiders, which
are either paralysed by stinging, or killed outright. These are then
placed in the cell provided, and an egg placed on the body. In
this the females only are engaged, which accounts for the name of
" Huntress " Wasps. The first family, the Midillidae, appears to
be parasitic, the largest British species, Mutilla enropaea, having
been found fairly often in the nests of Humble Bees, though it
has also been dug out of a sandy bank from amongst a quantity
of wings of Diptera. It is not a very common insect, though it
apparently occurs over the whole of our southern counties, as do
the rest of the family. I have only met with it on the sandy hills
near Rye Harbour, where it can sometimes be found endeavouring
to climb up the loose sand in hot weather, or induced to show
itself by agitating the tufts of marram grass above the sandy
slopes. The winged male occurs occasionally on bramble flowers.
The closely allied Mutilla rK/i/iea is smaller, and very much more
abundant, being found in most sandy localities. I have found it
in considerable numbers on the clift's at Sandown Bay, in the Isle
of Wight, running up and down where a large colony of the bee
ColU'ti's (lavifmna occurred. It occasionally entered the burrows of
the bee, but as it seems to search every crevice it meets with, I could
not say that there was any connection between it and the bee. The

commonest member of the family is the little j\Jyrwosa melano-
cepJtala, which is almost sure to be met with, given a sandy patch
and hot sunshine. The rarest is Methoca irJineiniinnides, which
inhabits similar localities. I have, so far only met with it in the
New Forest. These species of Mutillidaf are often spoken of as
Solitary Ants. They have no close affinity, however, with the
true ants.

Of the next genus, TipMa, I know nothing of the habits of the
two species. The larger one, T. femorata, is said to be very partial
to the flowers of the wild carrot, but I have always taken it when
constructing its burrows. It is fairly abundant on the southern
slopes of Redhill Common, but I have never been able to capture a
specimen when loaded with its prey. Of the genus Sa/ii/ya there
are also two British species, recorded as burrowing into banks and
also into decaying wood. Smith says that he has seen the female
of the commoner iS. quinqitepunctata carrying a green caterpillar to
its burrow, which was found to contain four cells filled with small
green caterpillars, from which he reared specimens of the Sapyna.
Shuckard says that he has caught it entering the cells of a bee,
Osniia riifa. I have never yet detected it carrying its prey, having
taken it flying up and down old posts that were riddled with
burrows, both of beetles and bees, or sometimes flying in the same
way at perforated sandy banks. The second species, S. clavicornis,
is recorded from only three or four British localities.

We next come to that very puzzling family the Fompiluiae,
consisting of several genera and a large number of species. They
are all of very similar habits, exceedingly active, running rapidly
on the ground or on old posts, with very short flights, so that at
times it is not easy to decide where the flight ends and the run
begins. They are very quick, too, to take cover under a dead leaf,
twig, or blade of grass. This makes them very difiicult of capture.
Most of them nest in sandy banks, a few in old posts, and all, or
nearly all, provision their nests with spiders. They vary very
much as to their comparative rarity or abundance, though even the
rarer species are sometimes to be found in some numbers. Aporus
unicolor, which at one time was considered to be an extremelj^ rare
species, suddenly occurred in quite a number of localities. I found
several near Ventnor in 1898, and met with it again two or three
years later at Bexhill, where it was fairly common on the wild
carrot at the edge of the low cliffs. Faiiipihiii mfipes, a very showy
species ; P. pltimhetis, a black insect with grej^ pubescence, and P.
chalybeatiis, which is red and black, are all very partial to sandhills
such as occur on the coast. The first and second species are
abundant usually at St. Helen's, in the Isle of Wight; the second
and third are common at Camber, near Rye. Powpilus niyer, a
bold-looking black insect, is more abundant westerly, though
occurring elsewhere. The largest is Pompilus viaticxs, which is
fairly common, especially on heaths. Several of the Pompilidae are

3

to be found on umbelliferous flowers. Some of the species are
very little known, and there is a great likelihood of two or three
fresh species being discovered. The largest known species of any
of the Hymenoptera are some of the tropical members of this
family, which are able to overpower the very largest spiders.
Though of very similar habits in general, one species at least, P.
niijer, occasionally preys on caterpillars, and the two species of the
genus Af/euict frequently nest in old posts.

Of the two species of Aatatuit, the larger one, A. hoops, is by far
the commoner. Both, however, occur where there are good-sized
patches of bare sand. The smaller, A. stirnna, I have only taken
on the sandhills at the mouth of Brading Harbour. Both species
rest on the sand in the hottest sunshine, and it requires a very
quick stroke of the net and a fully average amount of patience to
effect a capture. The males of both species have exceptionally
large eyes, which meet on the vertex of the head, and they certainly
make good use of them. The prey of A. stiguia is as yet unknown,
as far as I am aware. A. hoops usual prey appears to be the larva
of one of the larger plant bugs belonging to the genus Pentatoma,
though, according to Smith's observations, it also preys on another
kind of Sand-wasp, O.ri/belits nny/ltniiis. The closely-allied genus
Tach]/tes comprises three species, two of which are very rare in this
country. The third, 2'arhiftes pectinijies, is abundant almost every-
where. The usual prey on the continent is believed to be larvae of
Orthoptera, and Smith took it at Weybridge with a small grass-
hopper. Shuckard, however, says that he has frequently taken it
with a small, sandy-coloured caterpillar, and this entirely accords
with my own experience. Another very closely-allied insect is
Dinctiis pictiia, which, I believe, rests only on old records from
Ascot and Windsor, in the early part of last century. The small
species of Miscophns occur on sandy commons and prey on spiders,
one of them ili. luaritimiis, being found only on the sandhills at
Deal. Now we come to the three species of Trjipoxyhn, with their
long slender bodies, which put one in mind of Anuiiophila. The
neuration of the wings at first sight resembles that of the genus
Crabro, but on closer inspection, extra cells are seen, though
enclosed by such very fine nervures as to easily escape observation.
They are all fairly common, and nest either in the ground, in old
posts or palings, or in bramble stems, preying on spiders. The
least common of the three, T. attenuatiiiii, I have several times bred
from perforated bramble stems.

The very widely distributed genus Aiiiiaophila is represented in
this country by four species. The most abundant is A. sabnlosa,
which is to be found in most sandy localities in the south of
England, its long legs and long slender body putting one somewhat
in mind of a Crane-iiy. The petiole of the abdomen is so slender
as to give the rest of the abdomen quite a detached appearance. A
very similar species, but with a stalk or petiole to the second sub-

marginal cell, is A. campeHtrh. It has rather a darker appearance
when flying, which is especially noticeable where both species are
flying together, as they do on Matley Heath, where 1 have repeatedly
had both in the net at one stroke. A. cavipestns is a very local
species, and like its relative A. sabiilosa, it provisions its nest with
caterpillars. Another common species, A. huxiita, makes use of
spiders. It is a large, bold-looking insect, with none of the fragile
appearance of the other two I have mentioned. The fourth, A.
Intan'a, is veiy like the last named, but is very much rarer. The
only locality where I have seen it is Deal.

Next we come to several genera of very small l)lack wasps that
nest mostly in decaying wood, or perforated bramble stems, though
sometimes in sandy banks, or in the mortar of old walls. They
mostly provision their nests with Aphiden. The connnonest of the
number can be bred in hundreds from perforated brambles collected
in the winter, and amongst the many insects that can be obtained
in this way I think 1 may venture to say that 90 per cent, will
prove to be Pemjihri'don letldfer. A large number, however, will
have been destroyed by the Ichneumon Perithoiifi viediatnr, which
also will be bred in considerable numbers. Many of these species
of I'iniiphredon, Passaloecia^, Stiij)iitis, and DiodontiiR can be found
basking in the sun on almost any wide leaves. A very large per-
centage of ray captures of these little animals was made at Maid-
stone about 30 years ago on the leaves of a Morello Cherry that
was trained against a wall just outside of my window. The doubt
has been raised whether the species of Stii/iiius provision their own
nests or are parasitic on others.

Of very similar habits are the species of Mimesa. I have always
found them nesting in the ground in large colonies, but they are
also said to nest in holes in wood and in the straws of thatch.
Where they are abundant, as I have sometimes found them at
Darenth Wood and in the New Forest, quite a number can be taken
at one stroke of the net. Mwwsa bicolor is by far the commonest
species, the other four or five being only occasionally met with.
They usually appear to prey on Aphides. Very closely allied to
]\linu'sa, and of similar habits, is the very common I'sen
jiallijies. It is, however, often found basking in the sun on bramble
and other leaves.

We now come to three genera that are sometimes united as one.
As far as our British species are concerned they are abundantly dis-
tinct. Especially is this the case with the first one Gmi/tes
tiimidiis, or as I prefer to call it, Harpactiis tuiiridiis. It is fairly
common in sandy situations and is very active, more resembling a
Poiii/iiliis in its habits and in its black and red colour. I have never
found it with its prey. The two species of Gorytes proper are very
much alike in appearance, and are rather striking black and yellow
insects. The common one, G. vii/staceiis, is pretty widely dis-
tributed, and can often be found on the flowers of the cow-parsnip.

Heracleiun. It preys on the larva of PJdlaenits fipuiiiarii(x, the com-
mon Cuckoo-spit, which is found in the masses of froth that are so
frequent on plants, (j-ori/tes cainpestriti has the same habits, but is
very much more local in its distribution. The third genus, or sub-
genus, HnplUns, contains three British species, of which one is
exceedingly rare, resting apparently on Shuckard's record from the
New Forest, hi. qnadvifasciatiia is occasionally fairly common, and
H. bicinctns is distinctly rare. I have two specimens that I caught
on raspberry leaves at Redhill, and a third taken by Dr. Chapman
at Reigate. I know nothing of the prey of either species. Of the
four species of Ni/sson practically nothing is known of their habits,
though two of the four are fairly common. lY. iiiterrnptiix has been
bred from decayed wood by Mr. Bignell. I have always taken N.
iliiiiiiliatiis in very warm grassy places near bushes, and have known
it to feign death ; a habit that is recorded also of xV. triniacitlatna.

The two British species of MdliniiH provision their nests with
Diptera, and Smith, in his catalogue of Brit. Foas. Hi/m., says that
the method of capture is for the Mellinun to run slowly past the
fiy in an apparently unconcerned manner until near enough to
pounce suddenly on its victim. M. arvensis is one of the
commonest of the Sand-wasps, being abundant in almost every
sandy locality in which I have collected. M. sabidosits is much
more local, though sometimes occurring in considerable numbers.
The single species of Philanthus is a very bold-looking insect,
though rarely met with of late years. At one time it used to be
abundant at Sandown Bay, but I searched there for it during four
successive seasons, from 1895 till 1898, and on two occasions since,
without finding a single specimen. I know of only one recent
record, an example being taken at Folkestone in 1898 by Mr. Freke.
This tine insect preys on bees, provisioning its nest not only with
species of I lalictns and Andrena, but also with Hive Bees. I have
put a continental specimen into my box to show what it is like. It
is common in the Channel Islands and also in Brittany.

Cerceris is a somewhat similar genus, the species, especially the
common C. arenaria, being fairly large, and conspicuously marked
with black and yellow. There are, however, deep constrictions
between the segments of the abdomen, which are wanting in
PhilantliHH, and the second of the submarginal cells is petiolated,
the nervures separating it from the first and third submarginals
uniting above it, so that those cells approxmiate above and prevent
contact with the marginal. C. armaria captures weevils, usually
species of Stroph(»<oiiiiis, with which I have frequently taken it at
Hastings. C. ornata I have taken with Halirti. The other species
I have never taken, but Smith records C labiata as preying on
Haltica tabiila and C. 5-fasciata as taking Apion rufirostre.

The genus O.vj/beliis has four pretty little variegated species on
the British list. One is very common, two rare, and one is of doubtful
occurrence. They resemble Astatns in their quick movements on

6

sandy places in the very hottest sunshine. They capture Diptera
with which to provision their cells. The thirty or more species of
Crahro also make use of Diptera in providing sustenance for their
larvae. Many of the smaller species of this large genus, such as
C. tibialis, C. clavipes; and C. capitotiiis nest usually in perforated
bramble stems. Others burrow into decaying wood. An old
decaying trunk of a tree on a bright day in June is almost certain
to produce a number of species. Others, again, like the common
C. cribrarius, C. peltarius, and one or two rarer species, prefer to
burrow in the ground. C. dhiiidiatus is very fond of holes in old
brick or stone walls, and I have found a number of this species
going into one hole. At one house, where I lived for a short time,
I noticed this species going into a hole between two large blocks of
stone, and counted as many as six going in before one came out
again. As I was not able to mark any of the individuals, I could
not be certain how many made use of this hole, but the number
could not have been less than six, and I feel pretty certain that
there were many more. Possibly the hole led to a large cavity, in
the sides of which each individual had its burrow. Most of the
Crabros can oe found sunning themselves on leaves, and they are
very fond of umbelliferous flowers, especially Heraclenm.

The true Wasps consist of two British families, the Vespidae
and the Knwenidae. The first contains the Social Wasps, which,
seven in number, are all placed in the genus Vespa. At least, they
are usually so placed, though the rare and aberrant V. aiixtriaca is
sometimes separated as Pseiidovespa. The Social Wasps are most
numerous at the end of the summer, the males and workers dying
off rapidly with the approach of cold weather, the females, or
queens only, hibernating. These emerge in the spring, sometimes
even making their appearance on a fine warm day in January,
About March or April, according to the weather, the banks and
hedgerows are explored for suitable nesting sites. A small hole in
a bank being approved of, a few cells are constructed and eggs laid.
These soon hatch, and the queen feeds the larvae, constructs new
cells, and does all the general housework. In about a month the
earliest of the workers emerge and take on the work of cleaning
and feeding. As the population increases, more and more cells are
constructed until the approach of autumn. I do not know whether
the eggs are lajd in the cell, or first laid and then carried to the
cell, but I fancy the latter method is, at all events, the more usual.
The largest species, T', crabro, known as the Hornet, is said to nest
usually in hollow trees. I have never yet found their nests, though
I have taken Hornets at Hastings, Maidstone, and, more abun-
dantly, in the New Forest. V. vubjaris, V. (/erniaiiica, and I', riifa
always nest in the ground, as far as my own experience goes. V.
sylvefitris, although sometimes building in bushes, very frequently
nests in the ground, T'. norve/jica I have seldom met with, but
always in a hedgerow. I remember one nest so placed in the Comp

Woods, between Wrotham and Wateringbury. It was the first nest
of I', nnrveiiica I had met witb, and I was anxious to secure it. I
held my net beneath it, and a companion with his stick hooked it
so that it fell into the net. We then ran a distance to be clear of
any home-coming wasps, bottled all that emerged from the nest,
and wrapped the nest up and took it with us. Veapa austriaca
appears to dift'er entirely in habits from all its fellows. I have
never met with it, but, according to those who have, it never
constructs a nest, being more or less parasitic on V. riifa, to
which it seems closely allied. It has, however, been seen collecting
nesting material and food, so that probably it will prove to be one
of those insects that have not quite lost their industrious habits, though
largely dependent on a fellow species. All the wasps are quite
omnivorous, feeding on flesh, fruit, vegetables, flowers, cheese,
sugar, and many other substances. I have seen them attack pears
outside my window, gradually eating deeper and deeper until quite
lost to view, and I have also seen them rapidly remove the flesh
from a dead young bird until nothing but a clean skeleton was left.
I have not observed any particular association with flowers except
in the case of V. sylvestris, which species is particularly attached to
tansy and to figwort. The other species apparently visit a very
great number of flowers. Ivy blossom is always a great attraction
at the end of the season.

The family Eiimenidae consists of two British genera of Solitary
Wasps, F.iiiiieneii and Odi/ncrus, the former containing but one
species and the latter eighteen. The pretty little Eiunenes coarctata
is found on open heaths, though it is very local in its distribution,
and I have never yet been fortunate enough to find it. It makes
small clay nests attached to heath and ling, and stores small
lepidopterous larvse. Of the numerous species of Otbjneras, a few
are very rare, O.basalis being known only from Dorset, 0. reniformis
from Surrey, O. herrichianiis from Essex, and O. ciassiconiix from
two or three widely separated localities. Most of the others are
more or less common, three or four being quite abundant. Many
of them nest in holes in walls and posts, making use of mud in
constructing their cells, or in modifying the size of the cavity
chosen. Two or three, at least, make use of bramble-stems, and
another three or four burrow into the ground. One of these
burrowers, (>. spinipes, makes beautiful curved tubular entrances to
its burrows, and the same habit is recorded of 0. renifortiih. They
all provision their cells with caterpillars.

The British Bees are not so varied in their choice of provision
for their progeny, mostly storing pollen, a mixture of honey and
pollen, or honey only. They are very unequally divided into
" Solitary " and " Social " species, the latter containing only the
Humble Bees and the Hive Bee. They are much more varied in
their choice of a nesting site and in the structure of their cells, as
well as in their selection of flowers from which to collect their food.

The species of Colletes are mostly prettily banded with white
pubescence, and construct their cells in sandy banks, of a very thin
membrane, through which the pollen is readily seen. C. daviemna
is usually the commonest species, though others are frequently
abundant. C. fodiens, on thistle ; C. piciatifinta, on yarrow and
tansy; and C. succincta, on heath. C. marninata I have only taken
at St. Helens, in the Isle of Wight, on thistles. C. ciniicidaria,
which differs very widely from the others in appearance, is only
found on the Lancashire and Cheshire coasts. It is more like a
large brown Andrena. The species of Prosopis are all small, black
and shining. Many of them nest in perforated bramble-stems,
though almost anything with a hole in it will suit them. Five or
six of the species are fairly common, and are very partial to flowers
of the bramble and mignonette. The genus Sphecodes contains a
number of red and black bees with very scanty pubescence. They
appear always to be associated with certain species of Halicfus, on
which they are parasitic. At one time it was thought that they con-
structed their own burrows, but I have satisfied myself, at any rate,
that though they may be seen scratching at a burrow, they do not
really construct one. On one occasion, on Redhill Common, I saw
a Sphecodes apparently digging, but closer observation showed that
it was only scratching away the loose earth that was being pushed
out by a ? Halictiis.

The members of the genus Halictus often form large colonies in
banks and pathways, many of the smaller species being very
abundant. The females hibernate after pairing, reappearing with
the first warm days of spring. A few of them are quite rare, and
two or three species have not been met with for many years.

Andrena contains more species than any other British genus.
They burrow in much the same kind of situation as Hallctnti, espe-
cially the early species, many sandy banks being quite riddled with
their burrows. The later summer species are, many of them, more
solitary in their habits. Among the early species, A. albicans, with
red thorax and red apex to the abdomen, is sure to be found on
dandelions, and frequenting the same flower, the more local white-
banded A. faftciata. A. clarkella, with fulvous thorax and fulvous
hairs at the base of a dark abdomen, is a very early species, which I
have taken on February 19th. It visits the sallow blossom. A.
apicata is another very early insect, usually being over ere March is
out. A. fnlra is as beautiful as it is common, thorax and abdomen
being covered with rich fulvous pubescence. It rapidly fades in
sunny weather. Many of the Andrenae assume the perfect state in
the autumn and pass the whole winter in waiting for suitable
weather to make their appearance. The three species of CiUsm are
very like Andrena in appearance and habits. C. haeniorrhoidalis
visits the common harebell, C. leponna the white dutch clover,
and C. vuianura frequents the red bartsia. Macrajiis labiata is a
very local insect, which I have taken only at Matley Bog on the

9

yellow loosestrife. It is recorded from a few other localities, and
is also known to visit thistles and the water plantain. The single
species of Dasypoda, 1). hirtipes, is like a large showy Andrena, and
is somewhat local, preferring sandy localities on the coast. PiDiuri/Ks
has two representatives, both black, and both rather local. They
occur in summer, and are partial to yellow Comjnmtae, such as
hawkweed, hawkbit, and cats-ear.

The next genus of importance is 'Somada, with a large number
of yellow and black or yellow and brown species. They are all
parasitic, mostly on Andrena, though N. sexfasciata is recorded as
occurring with Ei(cera, and I have taken Noiiiada farva apparently
associated with one of the smaller Halkti. A few, such as A'.
succincta, N. lineola, and N. alternata are very common, and appa-
rently associated with several species of Andrena. Others occur
only with one or two species. A\ borealu associates with Andrena
clarkella, and also with A. apkata ; A. fncata with A. fiilricnis ; A'.
solidaiiinis I have taken with A. furcipes, and it has been found with
other species. The largest, N. arinata, appears to be exclusively
attached to A. hattorfiana; N. latld^nriana to A. cineraria, and
N. albiii/itttata to A. ar<ientata. The striking coloration and weak
stinging powers of Notnada would appear to be disadvantageous to
its success as a parasite, but I cannot say that any such idea is con-
firmed by observation. Another parasitic genus is A'/)t;y/».s, contain-
ing two species, which are associated with CoUetes. K. prodnctiis
has always been regarded as parasitic on C. dariesana, but recent
observations by Dr. Perkins make further investigation desirable.
Although I have bred large numbers of CoUetes I have never
obtained E/ieoliis in that way. I am getting more cells this winter
to breed from, in the hope of throwing some light on the matter.
Ciielio.cyfi is another genus of parasites of very _distinctive appear-
ance. They are all black, with spots and bands of white pubescence,
large head and thorax, and with abdomen tapering very rapidly to
a point. I have always found them with the leaf -cutter bees,
^leyac'hile, but they are known to be parasitic also on Antlioidiara
and Sarojioda. The two rather bulky-looking species of Melecta are
parasitic on Antho/ihora, the rarer M. Incttiuxa attaching itself to A.
retusa, whilst the much conniioner M. annata associates with both
A. retusa and ^. acerruruin. The last parasitic genus of the solitary
bees is Stelis, with three species, which in this country always
select one or other of the genus Osmia as a host. The two com-
monest species associate with Osuiia leaiana ; the rare S. 8-iiiaculata
selecting (). leiicomelana.

Coming back for a few minutes to the industrious bees; we
notice first the single species of L'eratinu, a very showy little blue
bee, which I have bred from bramble stems. The two species of
Clielostoina are wood-borers. The larger one I usually take on old
posts, the smaller in hare- bells, canterbury bells, or the nettle-
leaved bellflower. Kriades is closely allied, but its single species is

10

very rare. It appears to collect resin for use in the construction of
its cells. The leaf-cutter Bees, j\lef/achile, are true summer inseets,
and are most of them fairly common and widely distributed. They
burrow into banks, walls, and posts, or sometimes make use of an
existing hollow. They line their burrows with pieces of leaves,
frequently rose-leaves, but a number of kinds are used, even those
of Virginia creeper [Anipdopsis). Oval-shaped pieces are used at
the sides, the different pieces overlapping ; circular pieces are used
at the ends of the cells. The segments are cut from the leaves very
rapidly, and the bees are quite conspicuous objects when flying with
their loads. Two species are found more especially at the sea-side,
M. niaritiiiia and M. anfentata, though they sometimes occur inland.
I have taken them both on Redhill Common, and the former alsa
on Dartford Heath.

Osinia is another of the interesting genera that make their nests
almost anywhere. Very few of them, however, appear to line their
burrows with leaves. The larvae spin very tough cocoons when
full-fed. 0. riifa is the species that often nests in an old lock,
entering by the key- hole. 0. hicolor and 0. aiintlenta are well
known from their frequent use of snail-shells. Mr. V. R. Perkins
has seen the former species cover the used snail shell with a little
pile of bents from two to three inches in height. An interesting
northern species is U. parietina, which attaches its cells to the
underside of stones. These have been known to hatch out at
intervals during a period of three years.

The single species of AnthiJiiiin, a very handsome and common
insect, makes use of any suitable hole it can find, lining it with fibres
scraped from the stems of plants. It is the only British bee in
which the male is larger than the female.

Another conspicuous bee is Eucera lontiicornis, the male only
having the exceedingly long antennaa, from which it gets its specific
name. It is very partial to the vetches, especially Viria sepiinit.

The genus AitthoiiJtora contains four species, of which two, A.
velum and A. acervoriini, are Mason Bees, constructing smoothly
polished clay cells in walls and banks. The first named species is-
the more local, the other is one of our commonest spring bees,,
often appearing at the end of February. The other two species of
the genus are summer bees, not appearing till July. A. fnrcata
burrows in old wood, and A. 'i-inaculata in banks and walls. Both
are very partial to the black horehound, Ballota ni(pa. Scarcely
separable generically is Saropoda bimactdata, very similar in appear-
ance and habits to A. A-maciilata, It is most abundant at the sea-
side. I have seen it in very great numbers at Sandown Bay.

The only bees remaining to be mentioned now are the Humble
Bees, the genus Bomhiis and their very similar parasites, Pait/u/riis,
the latter only differing slightly in structure from the true Boiiibi..
The females, or queens, of both genera, pass the winter in an
impregnated state, and emerge in the early spring. The Bumbus

11

then proceeds to construct a nest, in a hole in the ground in some
species, amongst heritage in others, often appropriating an old nest
of a field-mouse. A mass of pollen is provided for the larvae and
added to when necessary, and a cell containing a nuiTiber of eggs
placed on it. These are kept warm by the brooding queen. When
hatched they feed on the pollen and also on a liquid honey and
pollen, on which they are fed by the queen. A few workers are
soon produced who help in the labours of the nest. As the nesfc
becomes more populous the Queen devotes all her time to egg-
laying and various indoor duties, the workers collecting the honey
and pollen and doing most of the work of the nest, such as cell
construction, feeding the larvje, and clearing away debris. The
young queens emerging late in the season help in the home for a
little while, but after pairing seek out their winter quarters ; the
males do not return to the nest but continue a life of pleasure at
flowers, etc., until killed off by inclement weather. The parasitic
queen, Psitlu/rus, makes its appearance later in the spring than
Bomb Its, and searches for a nest of the latter that already contains
a small number of workers. It puts the queen Bombits to death,
and persuades the workers to rear a Psit/ujrns family. This genus
contains males and females only, no workers being required. They
are very similar to Jyombits in appearance, and it is interesting to
note that the red-tailed P. nipestris is parasitic on the red-tailed
Bonibus lapidariKs. P. vestalis also is very like its host, B,
terre:<tris.

This brings my few notes to an end. I think enough has been
said to prove that the Aculeate Hymenoptera are an exceedingly
interesting order, or sub-order, of insects. There is room for any
amount of research, and it is impossible for a few workers to do
it all. In many cases I have had to depend on the observations
of others ; but where possible I have relied on my own experiences.

12

Sexual Dimorphism.

By Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., F.R.S., F.^.S.—Eead November dt/i,

1920.

Those of us who are familiar with the oak woods of the south-
eastern parts of Great Britain, the counties for instance of Essex
and Sufltblk, have very likely had opportunities of watching the
splendid " Purple Emperor " butterfly, as it glides about among the
breezy tree-tops and settles from time to time upon a lofty twig, the
glossy metallic purple of its wings flashing and glowing in the sum-
mer sunshine. We may also, though this is less, likely, have
encountered, in the same places a somewhat larger butterfly with
similar markings, but with a ground-colour of sober brown ; the
brilliant purple showing no trace of its presence. The difference
between these two forms of butterfl}^ is one of sex ; the one with
wings of glowing purple being the male, and the larger, quieter-
coloured insect, the female. We have here, then, dimorphism of
another kind than that with which we dealt on a former occasion,
the two different aspects being borne, not by separate generations
according to season, but by separate individuals of the same
generation.

There are many more mstances of this sexual dimorphism
among our common butterflies ; the female, for instance, of the
well-known "'Orange-tip," is entirely destitute of the bright patch
of colour that ornaments the wings of the male. In many species
of blue butterfly the two sexes are so dissimilar in aspect, that they
might easily be taken for different species.

On the other hand, there are plenty of cases where the sexes
hardly differ. So far as the wing-patterns are concerned, the sexes
of the tortoiseshells, the peacock, the painted lady, and the red
admiral are nearly identical. The same may be said of the swal-
lowtail, the wood white, the pale clouded-yellow, the small heath,
and several others. In another set of instances, the sexes although
very similar are yet distmguishable at a glance. Hence we see that,
as in the case of seasonal dimorphism, every kind of transition
exists between a difference so slight as to be scarcely distinguishable,
and a divergence so great that without direct proof no one would
believe that the two forms could belong to the same species.

As in the dimorphism which we were considering when I last
addressed you, the question at once suggests itself, can we do any-
thing towards explainmg this curious phenomenon of sexual diver-
gence ? Must we regard it as an ultimate fact of nature, or can we

13

find any principle, teleological or otherwise, which will help us to
get at the meaning of the facts presented to our observation ? The
answer in this case is very much like that given to the former
enquiry. There is a residue of facts which we cannot at present
explain ; but in many instances we are able, with a high degree of
probability, to assign a definite reason, founded on utility, for the
difierent aspects assumed by the male and female respectively. In
order to get some further light upon this, let us examine the matter
a little more closely.

It is probably well known to most of my hearers that of the

three kinds of common white butterfly that haunt our lanes and

gardens throughout the summer, some individuals are furnished

with black spots on the upper surface of the wings, and some not.

Speaking generally, the heavily spotted individuals are females, and

those with few or no spots are males. So far then, as this particular

group of butterflies is concerned, the females tend to exhibit a larger

amount of dark pigment than the males. If we take into view not

only the white butterflies of our own country but also those of other

regions, we find the same tendency often carried to a higher pitch.

There is a genus of w^hite butterflies, named Belenois, some species

of which are not unlike our common whites, though there is

generally somewhat more black about them than in our native kinds.

These J>ele)wis butterflies belong mostly to Africa, but they are

also found in southern Asia, and south-eastwards as far as the

Australian continent and some of the Pacific islands. The females

in nearly every instance show a strong accentuation of the dark

markings of the males. This may go on to such a degree that the

female might almost be called a "black" butterfly instead of a

white one. In some females of Belenois severina from the shores of

the Victoria Nyanza, the white of the upper surface is reduced to a

dusky basal patch on each of the four wings, next to the body, the

remainder of the wing-surface being of a smoky black. The cor-

respondmg male has a black apex and border ; but these are spotted

with white, and occupy far less space than the dark areas of the

female. So too, the male of Belenois peristhene, one of the Pacific

island forms, has a deep black apical patch and marginal band ; but

in the female the apical and marginal black have overspread

perhaps two-thirds of the whole wing-space. Good examples of the

same state of things may be seen in the genus Delias. The male of

Delias descoiiibesi, from the Eastern Himalayas and the Indo-Chinese

peumsula, is on the upper surface a white butterfly with a narrow

fuscous edging. On tiae corresponding surface in the female the

forewings are black with some white spots and streaks, and the

hindwings, though mainly white, have a broad black margin. In

Delias inferna from New Guinea, the male is orange coloured with

black apex and border ; the female is black with an area of dusky

orange at the bases of the wings, occupying perhaps a third of the

whole surface. Many species of the genus Teracolns are character-

14

ised in the male by the possession of a bright patch of orange at the
tip of the forewing. This is often reduced in the female; or may
be entirely absent, the two sexes then looking quite dissimilar ; as
may be seen in Teracohix casta, a species from East Africa. Here
the male, except for the apical patch of orange, is mainly a white
butterfly; the female is without the orange tip, and is almost com-
pletely suffused on the upper surface with dark fuscous, the white
only appearing in isolated patches. The same kind of description
applies to many species of the genus Liias : the large form known
as I.rias t'fippe, for example, being in the male a bright yellow
butterfly with a conspicuous orange tip, while a common form of
the female is a dark smokj'-brown insect with a few whitish patches,
and often with no trace of the apical orange. Cases of this kind
are numerous, and even where the difference between the sexes is
very much less than in the examples we have just had under notice,
the tendency in the female to assume a duller or darker appearance
than the male is very frequently to be recognised. I suppose that
most of us are familiar with the tawny butterflies spotted with black
on the upper surface, and showing streaks or patches of silvery
lustre on the hindwing beneath, that frequent our woods and clear-
ings in July and August. In Dri/as (Anii/nnis) paphia, one of the
handsomest of these Fritillaries, as they are called, the ground colour
of the female is always duller, and the black spots larger, than in
the male. But besides the ordinary form of the female, in which
the difference from the male is not markedly conspicuous, there is
another form, in this country perhaps most often met with in the
New Forest, in which the ground colour is of a deep olive-brown,
contrasting strongly with the bright fulvous hue of the male. In
another species of Fritillary, An/yunis saijana, which is a native of
•China and Japan, the ground colour of the female is of a sage-green
so deep that the black spots are scarcely visible upon it, while a few
patches upon the forewings are of a creamy white, which tells out
conspicuously against the dark green background. The male, both
in markings and colour, is verj^ like that of our British Dryas
{Anjyjinis) paphia, and of course very unlike its own female. With-
out going further in search of instances, we can say then, that the
difference between the sexes, in at any rate a large number of cases,
manifests itself by an increase of dark pigment in the female. This
may prevail to a greater or less extent, and may have the general
effect of rendering the female comparatively dull and inconspicuous,
or in some instances (as in the female of Arqijitnis sa(fo)ia just
spoken of) may constitute a feature in a pattern which becomes
conspicuous by virtue of its contrasts of colour.

The kind of sexual dimorphism that we have been considering is
chiefly concerned with the colouring of the upper surface ; we will
now turn to another type of difference, in which it is the under and
not the upper side at which we must look for the marks of sexual
differentiation.

15

There is an interesting group of butterflies, comprised in the
genera Catopsilia and Callidri/as, not very far removed in point of
relationship from our own " brimstone butterfly," members of
which group are to be found in the tropics of both Eastern and
Western Hemispheres. These butterflies vary much on the under
surface, but many of them present, when their wings are closed over
their back in the ordinary position of rest, an appearance which is
strongly suggestive of a dead and partly decayed leaf. The usual
coloration in these specimens is yellow, with irregular spots and
blotches of brownish crimson ; and in the midst of one or more of
these blotches are generally to be seen a few pale spots, which look like
the holes or " windows " that are apt to occur in withered leaves.
These spots are not really transparent, but are formed by glistening
white scales which produce the effect of transparence. There is little
doubt that a butterfly showing these features, when settled with
closed wings among withered leaves, would escape detection from all
but the very sharpest-sighted enemies. They form a good example
of what is called " protective resemblance."

Now the point to be observed is that those individuals which
show the protective resemblance in greatest perfection are females.
The males under certain circumstances exhibit the same kind of
likeness to dead leaves, but always to a far less degree than their
mates. Here then we have a group of cases in which the females
are better protected than the males, the protection coming into play
not during the flight of the insect, but when the butterfly is settled
and at rest.

We may now take into consideration a form of dimorphism
which is of a specially interesting character, and which throws
fresh light on the bionomic significance of this divergence between
the sexes.

There is a group of butterflies called Xepherouia, the males of
which are of a pale glossy blue, bordered and streaked with black.
In the females the blue is replaced by a creamy white, which may
sometimes in places become yellow ; the streakiness is greatly
enhanced, and a submarginal row of dark spots usually makes
itself visible. All these features render the aspect of the females
ver}'^ dissimilar from that of the males ; but in proportion as the
females depart in appearance from the males of their own species,
they approach the characteristic aspect of an entirely different group
of butterflies, found in the same regions, viz., India, Burma, and
the islands of the Malay Archipelago. These latter butterflies
belong to the sub-family of Danaines, with which Pierines like the
Nepheronia have nothing but a remote affinity. We have here
what is evidently a case of mimicry. There is a strong presumption
that the Danaines are avoided by insect-eating birds, and there is
every reason to think that the Nepheronia females derive benefit
from the protection afl'orded by the characteristic aspect which they
share with the Danaines.

16

Closely allied with the Eastern Xejihernnia, are the [jeucerouia
of Africa. In two of these Leucemnia we find forms of the female
differing widely from the male, and bearing a close resemblance to
other butterflies which are believed on good grounds to be distaste-
ful. I shall return to these later.

In the New World we have other instances of the kind.
Perciite c/iarnps, a Pierine from Central and South America, the
male of which is on the upper side a black butterfly with a powdering
of bluish grey, has a female whose upper side is dark brown with
no grey powdering, but crossed on the forewing by a diagonal band
of bright scarlet. This brings it into mimetic relation with a large
assemblage of butterflies, all characterised by the same general type
of coloration, including many members believed on good evidence
to be immune. Other examples are plentiful ; tlius we have in
Central America Pieris viarJi, the male of which is a w^hite butter-
fly of quite ordinary aspect, while the female is furnished with black
and yellow streaks which assimilate it in aspect to the very
conspicuous insect Heliconiiis r/iaritonia.

There is a curious set of instances belonging to the mimetic
category, but differing in one respect from those that we have just
been considering. In these, though dimorphism still obtains as
between the sexes, both sexes are mimetic, but in unequal degree.
In Verrhyhris pyrrha, for example, a Pierme from Brazil, the female
belongs, by its coloration on both surfaces, to a group of
protected insects which includes a large number of members from
different subfamilies of butterflies and even of moths. The male
on the other hand is on its upper surface simply a white butterfly
with a black apex to the forewings. The same applies to the under
surface of the forewings ; but on the under surface of the hindwings
there is displayed a mimetic pattern like that of the female, though
a less perfect copy of the original. In another case, that of Dis-
viorphia praxino'e from Central America, which is also one of the
Pierinoi or " white " butterflies, the female is completely mimetic
on both surfaces ; while the male though for the most part exhibit-
ing an imitative pattern like that of the female, retains, on the under
surface of the forewing and upper surface of the hindwing, a con-
siderable area of the original white.

We have added then to our stock of data this further fact ; that
even when both sexes are mimetic in some degree, the female
frequently displays a far more perfect imitation of the distasteful
model than does the male.

Let us now turn back for a time to those cases where the female
is mimetic and the male shows no trace of imitative assimilation.
The instances that we have examined hitherto belong to the sub-
family of Pierince, of which our common whites, brimstones and
clouded yellows are members. But the phenomenon is by no means
confined to butterflies of this group. Many probably of my hearers
are acquainted with the common tropical butterfly Daiiaida

17

chri/sippiiH, a brovvn insect with a black apical patch crossed by a
band of white. This butterfly is mimicked by other butterflies
belonginfT to many difterent groups, and among others by the
female of hypolimnax inixippKs, a Nymphaline butterfly related to
our Fritillaries and Vanessas. The male Hi/polininas inisippns is
black with a bluish iridescence, and is made conspicuous by the
presence of large blotches of dead white. The male is thus
completely dissimilar from the female in aspect, and shows no trace
of the resemblance to Danaida chri/sippns which is so noteworthy in
the latter sex. In other species of Hyfiolimnas the male is equally
non-mimetic, while the female presents a close resemblance to
species of the distasteful genus Enploea.

In several of the instances that have come before us, you may
have noticed that I have avoided making statements about the
females as a whole, speaking rather of " a form of the female," or
" some of the females," thus implying that not all of the females of
a given species will fall under the description that is being given.
Thus, in the case of Ixias evippe, some of the females are furnished
with an apical orange patch, and some not. In all cases, however,
the female ecippe is a duller and less conspicuous insect than the
male. It can hardly have escaped the notice of any observer
interested in butterflies that the females generally have a greater
tendency to variation than the males ; and this tendency
occasionally undergoes a very striking development. Not only may
we get two or more forms of the female of a given species differing
in comparatively small particulars such as the presence or absence
of an orange-coloured patch at the apex, but we may find the females
of one and the same species falling apart into separate groups whir-h
are absolutely different in appearance ; so different, indeed, that no
one in the absence of direct proof would believe them to be of the
same species. Let us take for example the very remarkable Papilio
daidaniis, one of the swallowtail butterflies of South Africa, and not
very far removed from our own British swallowtail. This butterfly
has three or four different forms of female, all quite unlike each
other, but each of them bearing a close resemblance to a butterfly
belonging to an entirely different family. The brown form with a
black and white apical patch mimics Danaida chn/sippns ; the black
and white form is a copy of Amanris doiiiinicanns, and the dark
form with white spots on the forewing and an ochreous band on the
hindwing bears a close resemblance to Amanris echeria.

In the instance of Papilio dardanus all three models are
Danaines, and are quite remote in affinity from the Swallowtail
butterflies that imitate them. But there are cases, almost equally
striking, where the female is similarly polymorphic, each form
resembling a butterfly, not of another family, but belonging to the
same group, viz., the Pierinae, as the mimic itself. A good
example of this state of things is afforded by Leuceronia aryia, a
butterfly found under various slightly different forms over the

18

greater part of the African continent south of the Sahara. The
male is a white butterfly not unlike our large cabbage white. It
has, like that insect, a black apex to the forewing, with a gradually
narrowing prolongation along the outer border. The general
ground-colour is white, often with a tinge of pale bluish-green.
These males are all very much alike, though slight differences may
be seen in the dark apical patch, according to the locality from
which the specimen comes. But when we turn to the female, we
find at least eight different kinds, each with a pattern on the upper
surface that makes it easily distinguishable from all the rest.
And each of these different forms bears a more or less close
resemblance to another Pierine butterfly ; four Pierine genera being
represented among the models. There is first of all the white,
black- bordered form which may be considered typical. This is like
a member of the genus Belenois, B. theuszi. The addition oi an
orange basal flush to this form with the heavy dark border gives us
a form which recalls at once the male of Mylothris ruppellii, a
conspicuous member of a Avell-known distasteful genus. In
another kind of the female, the black border is somewhat less
pronounced, and in place of the brilliant orange flush on the upper
surface, a pale pinkish tinge just shows through on the upper
surface at the base of the forewings. This brings it near in aspect
to the male of another Mylothris, viz., the well-known and widely-
distributed Mi/hitJiris aiiathina. The female Leuceronia art/ia may
also have a border of conspicuous and isolated dark spots, while the
basal flush is very large in extent, and vermilion instead of orange.
In this case the resemblance is still to Mylothris riippellii, but to the
female rather than to the male. This last, which is the form of
the female most often met with in Natal, is often accounted,
together with its male, as a separate species, under the name of L.
varia, Trim. There is also a form of the female which is like the
typical form, except that the ground-colour is bright yellow instead
of white. This resembles the West-African Belenois ianthe. The
addition, in some specimens of this last, of a basal orange flush, gives
the appearance of a yellow form of Mylothris riippellii known as f-
erlauyeri. The form with slightly-marked spotty border and orange
basal flush may have the hindwings yellowish, in which case it falls
intoline with the upperside of the female of Phrissiira pJicebe, a,n African
member of the group which includes the splendid sharp-winged
Appias or Tachyris of India and the Malayan Archipelago, and also
with the underside of a large colour-combination of white butterflies,
consisting of many genera, the central type of which is probably
again the widely-distributed form Mylothris ayathina. From this
variety of the female the basal flush may be omitted ; it then
resembles certain females of Pinacopteryx piyea. Lastly, there are
females of Leuceronia aryia with brown forewings and white
hindwings. These are strikingly similar to the females of
Mylothris spica.

19

Another species of Leuceronia, L. thalaasnia, has a.lso several
kinds of female, thoagh not so manj^ as L. ar<iia. Each of these
also resemhles a species belonging to one or other genus not at all
closely related to Leuceronia.

I ought here to mention that though in speaking of these females
of Leuceionia I have given the name of the butterfly which each
form on the Avhole most resembles, it would in many instances have
been easy to adduce other species to which the resemblance is almost
equally close. The fact is that these homoeochromatic assemblages,
as they have been called, that is to say associations characterised by
similarity of colour and pattern, are often very extensive, compris-
ing many species of diverse genera ; and it may sometimes be
difficult to say that a form which clearly belongs to a given associa-
tion (or as Weismann has called it, a "mimicry ring") is more
closely assimilated to one constituent member of that association
than to another. Some species of Mi/lothris is generally considered,
with good reason, to be the central model controlling, so to speak,
the general aspect of each of these Pierino assemblages ; but it will
often happen that a Lenceronia female for instance, which is a mem-
ber of one of these assemblages, will show a greater likeness to
another subordinate member than to the central Mi^lothria.
Further consideration of these mat^^ters would lead us into the great
question of Mimicry, which is not our primary subject on the
present occasion ; and we must be content to note that these
divergent members of the female sex are not simply partners in
mimetic pairs, each pair consistmg only of mimic and model, but
are constituents, in several cases somewhat outlying ones, of more
or less extensive " mimicry rings," or, to use again a term perhaps
less open to objection, " homoeochromatic associations."

Let us now consider what light these various facts are able to
throw upon the use and significance of sexual dimorphism. We
have seen that in many cases of sexual diversity the female is
characterised by a greater prevalence of dark pigment, resulting
frequently in a comparative dulness of colouring. In other
instances the female may show a specially close resemblance to
certain inanimate objects, such as dead leaves. Or again the
female may depart in great measure from the ordinary standard of
the species, and may become a more or less exact copy of a butterfly
of another species, sometimes far removed in point of affinity.

Now the one common element in these difterent manifestations
of female divergence is the protection afibrded thereby to the
individual against the attacks of its enemies. It is true that the
subject of mimicry gives rise to some difference of opinion among
naturalists; but without going into matters of dispute, it will be
quite safe for us to say that there is a very considerable measure of
agreement that many conspicuous forms of insect life are relatively
immune from attack ; and that other insects which resemble the
immune forms are enabled by their resemblance to enjoy at least

20

some share in that immunity. This may be granted without any
prejudice to the question of how the resemblance or the immunity
arose.

So too, in the case of the resemblance to inanimate objects,
and particularly to dead leaves. The protective effect of such
resemblance is obvious. When, however, we come back to the
instances where the female is simply duller or darker than the male,
the significance of the sexual character is not so plain. The case is
no doubt analogous to that of many birds, for instance those of the
group of pheasants, where we so often find a male of splendid
plumage associated with a female of comparatively dull and
inconspicuous colouring. Selection by the females of brilliantly-
coloured or peculiarly ornamental mates has, as is well known, been
thought to be answerable for the specially masculine attractions of
both birds and beasts. It is conceivable that the same principle
may operate among insects, and certain facts are known which lend
this view some support. But even so, some positive reason seems to
be required for the comparative dowdiness of the females.

There is, I think, little doubt that the ruling principle here is
the same as in the cases of the mimicry of other insects and of the
resemblance to dead leaves, viz., the demand for protection. With
the birds that have been mentioned, the protection is afforded by
way of concealment. The feujale while on the nest is comparatively
safe from observation on account of the sober colouring of her
plumage, which harmonizes more or less perfectly with her
surroundings. The same will hold good to some extent in regard
to insects at rest ; but it may also be the case that inconspicuous-
ness, short of actual concealment, may favour the escape of the
dull-coloured females from the attentions of insect-eating foes. I have
often been struck by the fact that when the two sexes of a dimorphic
butterfly are flying together in some number, the eye readily picks out
the males as the more conspicuous, the females though perhaps equally
numerous, tending by comparison to escape observation. This was
particularly noticeable in South Africa ; the butterfly I have
specially in view being Bdenols sevemia, where the extra allowance
of dark pigment on the wings of the females certainly tended to
diminish the conspicuousness of that sex as compared with the
male ; and where also the broad dark border to the wings, almost
invisible during flight, caused the females to appear appreciably
smaller than their mates ; and, therefore, presumably less tempting
as objects of pursuit and capture. All this gives reason for thinking
that generally in these cases the aim of nature is to pay exceptional
attention to the preservation of the life of the female.

The reason for this preferential dealing on the part of nature
has been pointed out by Alfred Russel Wallace. From the
point of view of the individual, no doubt the life of the male is as
important to Itini as that of the female is to /ler. But when we
regard the welfare of the species, it is plain that the life of the

21

female is the more important of the two. The female is the
guardian of the future brood, and her destruction at any time
before her eggs are properly disposed of with a view to the welfare
of the next generation, means depriving that next generation of a
large mass of recruits. When the eggs are once laid, the after-care
of the family does not concern the butterfly as it does the bird, but
still the eggs are carried by the butterfly for a sufficiently long
period before laying to make it highly necessary to run as few risks
as may be. Hence, I think, the special provisions for guarding the
life of the female. The safety of the female is called for in the
interest of the race.

It seems to be the case, as we have already noticed, that females
generally have a greater tendency to vary than their corresponding
males. " Varium et mutabile semper Femina " has a wider applica-
tion than was originally intended. This fact, as has been pointed
out by Professor Poulton, has no doubt contributed to the bringing
about of the phenomena with which we have just now had to deal.
In the diversity of material presented for operation by the compara-
tive instability of the female sex, Natural Selection has found its
opportunity for specially safeguarding the interests of that sex, and
through it those of the race at large.

We may claim then to have found a basis of utility for many of
the manifestations of sexual dimorphism which have presented
themselves to our notice. It must nevertheless be admitted that
our present knowledge does not permit us to assign such a signifi-
cance to every cafe that exists. We must be content for the
present to acknowledge that there are certain features associated, if
we may use the expression, with femaleness ; beyond which
recognition we cannot go. This is the case, for example, with dark
spots on the wings which characterise the females of our common
whites.

One more question may be asked and answered in conclusion.
What bearing have the facts of seasonal dimorphism, discussed in
my former lecture, on the sexual dimorphism which has been our
subject to-day ? We have obtained some insight into the principles
which underlie the two sets of phenomena considered separately ;
what results are found to follow from the two in combination ?
The answer is an interesting one ; but in order to arrive at its full
value, it will be necessary to recall some of the conclusions arrived
at on the former occasion. It will be remembered that we found
reason for thinking that in tropical regions the dry season was a
time of greater stress and competition than the wet ; and that the
method of concealment was probably a more efficient means of
protection than the method of display. In accordance with this
we found that many species which alternated between a cryptic and
an aposematic or " warning " coloration, reserved the former, being
the more efficacious mode, for the period of drought. In view of
the facts adduced during the present lecture, it is interesting to

22

observe that the incidence of seasonal dimorphism is often different
as between the sexes ; the cryptic coloration, usually more perfect
in the female than in the male, being in the case of the former sex
frequently prolonged into the wet season, at which time the latter
sex has lost it completely.

Let me give a few examples. There are two pretty species of
the genus Teracoliis, known as I. i)iiellaris and T. phimdia
respectively. In both of these, vv^hich inhabit dry and sandy
localities in north-eastern Africa and western Asia, the female
retains at all seasons a reddish, sand-coloured underside. The
underside of the male of T. pnellaris in the dry season is similarly
coloured ; in the w^et season it is bright yellow. The male of T.
phisadia is similarly bright yellow beneath in the wet season ; in
the dry season it may either retain its bright yellow hue, or maj'
become sand-coloured like the female. The underside in both sexes
of 'Uevacohix, aK.ro, a well-known butterfly in South Africa, is in the
dry season coloured like a dead leaf ; the resemblance being
increased by a leaf-like modification of shape, best marked, be it
observed, in the female. In the wet season, though the leaf-like
contour is lost in both sexes, the female retains some of the cryptic
coloration which is at that period quite absent from the male. A
similar description will apply to an interesting butterfly from the
New World ; I'l/risitia jnoterpia of Central and South America.
Here the leaf-like " uncination " or " hooking " of the wings, in
what appears to be the dry-season form, is carried to a still greater
extent, and in the female is especially remarkable. In addition to
the uncination of the forewing, the hindwing is in this sex pro-
longed into tails which may stand either for the stalk, or, as is
perhaps more probable, for the sharp apex of the leaf to which the
colouring of the underside affords so close a resemblance. The male
shows a tendency in the same direction, but to a considerably less
extent. In the wet season neither sex exhibits uncination or is
furnished with tails, but the female is duller in hue beneath, and
less conspicuous than the male.

Finally, as exemplifying the same principle of superior advan-
tage to the female manifesting itself in a diflerent way, we may
take the curious instance of Bdenois tlujsa, an African butterfly
which mimics the well known and prevalent Mi/lot/tri.'> of/atliina.
In the dry season the mimicry is extremely good, the resemblance
being, as Mr. Trimen says, "deceptively close in both sexes," the
male copying the male Mi/lot/tris, and the female the female. In
the wet season the mimicry is a good deal less exact, and the
female Belenois often loses her special resemblance to the female
Mi/lothru altogether ; becoming merely, like her mate, a rather
rough copy of the male I\Iylot/iris ai/athina.

Putting all these facts together, we may, I think, consider that
we have gained, not indeed a complete explanation, but some light
on the facts of butterfly Dimorphism, whether seasonal or sexual.

23

The dry season as compared with the wet makes greater demands
on the provisions for individual safety from enemies, and the dry-
season broods become modified accordingly. The female sex
demands a higher degree of protection than the male, and so
we see that when the same means of protection are employed
in common by both sexes, the female enjoys them in greater
measure. When the methods employed are different, the more
efficacious contrivance is appropriated by the female. When the
mode changes in correspondence with the change of season, we
often find the female still clinging in the time of plenty, to the
means of defence which enabled her to tide successfully over the
hazardous time of stress and adversity.

This finishes what I have to say on the present occasion about
Dimorphism as exemplified in Butterflies. We may consider, I
think, that we have not only been able to pa=s in review a series of
facts which in themselves are both curious and interesting ; but,
what is of more importance, that we have been able in the case
both of seasonal and of sexual dimorphism to gain some insight
into the bionomic significance of this remarkable phenomenon.

24

ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS

OF THE

Sowtb ITonbon d-ntomologital anb l^atitral ^Sistorg

Bead January 21th, 1921,
By K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.

LADIES and GENTLEMEN, from the Reports of the Treasurer
and the Council that you have heard read you will have
learned that in spite of the present hard times the position
of the Society is a flourishing one, your membership continues to
increase, attendance at the meetings remains at a high level, and
the number and interest of the exhibits maintains a very satisfactory
standard. In particular at our last Annual Exhibition of Varieties
the attendance was a record one, falling very little short of 150.
The exhibits on this occasion, while numerous and of great interest,
were perhaps to a greater extent than usual confined to the Lepi-
doptera, and we missed completely the botanical exhibits that
usually add a welcome note of variety to these occasions.

The Field Meetings have perhaps been less successful than any
other feature of our programme, but in view of the unsettled state
of the weather that persisted almost throughout the summer, we
can regard this comparative failure as our misfortune, rather than
our fault. The soaking with which the keenness of those of us who
attended the Horsley meeting was rewarded, was certainly enough
to damp any ardour for future meetings, but came too late in the
day seriously to interfere with the success of that meeting.

We have lost only two members by death in the course of the
year, but the loss of one of these was a very heavy blow to the
Society.

Wm. West, for so many years of Greenwich, was born in 1836.

25

For nearly 50 years he was in the employ of the engineering firm
of John Penn and Son, from which he retired in 1899. He was
one of the founders of the Society, and was appointed the first
curator of our collections, an office which he held up to the time of
his death. Most regular in his attendance at our meetings, he was
known to all of us as an indefatigable collector of the Coleoptera
and Hemiptera. His collection of the Hemiptera-Homoptera which
was exceptionally fine, was presented by him to the Natural History
Museum only a few months before his death. Though his know-
ledge of these and other orders was great, and always readily placed
at the disposal of any one desiring information, he seldom wrote
more than short notices of captures. The articles on Coleoptera
and Hemiptera for the Survey and Record of Woolwich and West
Kent (1909) are from his pen, a large proportion of the records
being of his own captures.

George B. Browne, born in 1851, joined our Society in 1900,
but since his removal to Benfleet, about six years ago, was seldom
seen at our meetings. A banker by profession, his interests in
■entomology were confined to the Lepidoptera. He was a frequent
visitor to Wicken Fen, a portion of which he purchased and eventu-
ally transferred to the National Trust.

Mr, W. Chittenden, though at the time of his death, at the age
of 72, in April last, not a member of our Society, was numbered in
our ranks from 1888 to 1912. He was a keen collector of British
Lepidoptera, devoting his attention mainly to the Noctuida.

Outside our ranks a number of prominent entomologists have
passed away.

The death of Dr. Charles Gordon Hewitt at the early age of 35,
is a serious loss to the economic branch of biological science. He
was appointed the first lecturer in economic zoology at the
University of Manchester ; and in 1909 he went to Canada as
Entomologist to the Dominion ; in 1917 he was appointed Consulting
Zoologist to the Canadian Commission of Conservation. In
addition to much valuable laboratory and research work he had
devoted a great deal of attention to the improvement of legislation
to deal with agricultural pests.

Frank Milburn Howlett was another of our foremost imperial
economic entomologists, being at the time of his death Imperial
Pathological Entomologist at the Agricultural Research Institute
at Pusa, India.

The Rev. Henry Stephen Gorham, who died in March last at

26

the age of 81, had long retired from active entomology. His
most important contributions to literature were the volumes on the
Malacoderms, and on the Emtj/liihE, Endomi/cJiidfE and Coccinellithe
for the "Biologia Centrali-Americana " (1880-1889). He had
formed large collections of these families of beetles, and it is to
be regretted that a large proportion of these have been allowed
to pass into the possession of continental collectors and Museums.

Mr. Alfred E. Hudd died at the age of 75 years. Though
perhaps personally unknown to many of us, he was an authority on
the Lepidoptera of the Bristol district, and assisted in working
out the life history of many species for Buckler's work on the
" Larvffi of British Lepidoptera." More recently he had devoted
his attention to the Diptera of that district.

Of Continental Entomologists the most noted who have passed
away during the year are perhaps : —

Edmund Keitter, a prolific writer on Pal^earctic Coleoptera.
To British Coleopterists his best known works are his " Catologues
of the Coleoptera " of Europe, his " Bestimmungs-tabellen " of
very many of the families, and his volumes on the Coleoptera of
the ''Fauna Germanica." The 'key '-method of treatment so
greatly adopted by him is a model of conciseness combined with
scientific accuracy.

, Professor J. R. Sahlberg is known chiefly for his work on the
Northern Palaearctic Coleoptera and Hemiptera.

On these occasions, in addition to a brief survey of the position
of our Society during the year just closing it is usual for the
President to offer a paper on some subject connected with the work
of the Society, the subject chosen being as a rule either of general
interest, or on some branch of the work which he has made
especially his own. For this part of my address to-night I have
chosen one which I hope will be of general interest to the members,

viz. : —

Insects in Winter.

It is a little startling to reflect that even in the depth of
winter, when there seems to be an almost complete absence of
insect life, the insects are nevertheless present ; in individuals
indeed somewhat less numerous than when in full summer they
are in countless thousands everywhere around us, yet every species
that we find in summer is with us also in winter — if only we
know where and how to look for it. Indeed, if we consider the
general statement that for each pair of the parents, however great

27

their immediate progeny, only one pair arrives at ti^e stage in
their turn of laying eggs, it is evident that in the case of those
species which pass the winter in one of the early stages, the
number of individuals extant during the winter must be actually
greater than the number of the parent generation, at any rate
than of such of them as succeed in reproducing their species.

The reaction of winter upon insect life is felt both directly and
indirectly. Directly by the withdrawal of the energising influence
of sunshine, while the low temperatures induce lethargy and
torpidity ; (these influences can be observed in a minor degree on
any cold, dull day in summer) ; indirectly by the cessation of
vegetable growth and the dying down of many of the herbaceous
plants, which means the cutting off of the food supply of a large
part of the insect host. These consequences of winter are not
equally felt by all insects. Certain lepidopterous larvse, for instance,
whose food supply is not seriously interfered with, are very much
more aflected by winter than others in similar circumstances, some
seeming to wake up and be ready to feed during any warm spell
throughout the winter, while others will commence hibernation
comparatively early in the autumn and not wake until spring is
well advanced. Those insects whose food supply is completely cut
off must perforce find some means of tiding over the barren months
of winter until the fresh spring growth enables them to feed again.

Now of the four main stages of an insect's life two, the egg and
the pupa, are in any case periods of more or less prolonged fasting,
and very naturally, as may be thought, a large number of insects
take advantage of one or other of them as a convenient stage in
which to tide over the winter months.

■ In spite, however, of apparent quiescence, both these stages are
in reality periods of histological activity and reorganisation ; in the
egg the cellular tissue is dividing and differentiating to form the
parts and organs of the young larva, while in the pupa these organs,
having reached their full size, are being altered, or even broken up
and reformed as the organs of the perfect insect, often very different,
and required to perform very different functions from those of the
larva. ■ It is not then altogether surprising that many insects have
adopted one of the physically more active though physiologically
comparatively quiescent stages, i.e., the larva or the imago, as that
in which to pass the winter.

In this case the insect is said to hibernate, by which term is
meant to enter into a torpid condition during which no food is taken,

28

no energy expended in movement, and respiration and all other
vital functions are reduced to a minimum. This phenomenon of
hibernation is, as already indicated, very much more complete in
some insects than in others ; it may indeed be considered as an
attempt to reassume, temporarily, the resting stage of the egg or
pupa. The very attitude taken up by a hibernating wasp for
instance, with the legs folded ventrally, the tarsi directed backwards,
and the wings also folded ventrally, between the second and third
pair of legs, recalls exactly that of the pupa ; the insects only grip
being by means of the jaws firmly closed and grasping some stem
or fibre. This attitude is quite different from the ordinary resting
attitude of the wasp, when the wings aie folded down the back, and
the grip maintained by the feet, and is never assumed except for
purposes of hibernation.

In this case the insect is said to hibernate, by which term is
meant to enter into a torpid condition, during which no food is
taken, no energy expended in movement, so that respiration and all
other vital functions are reduced to a minimum. This phenomenon
of hibernation is, as already indicated, very much more complete
in some insects than in others ; it may, indeed, be considered as an
attempt to reassume temporarily the resting state of the egg or
pupa. The very attitude taken up by a hibernating wasp, for
instance, with the legs folded ventrally, the tarsi directed back-
wards, and the wings also folded ventrally between the second and
third pair of legs, recalls exactly that of the pupa, the insect's only
grip being by means of the jaws firmly closed and grasping some
stem or fibre. This attitude is quite dift'erent from the ordinary
resting attitude of the wasp, when the wings are folded down the
back, and the grip maintained by the feet, and is never assumed
except for purposes of hibernation.

What are the precise factors that bring about hibernation has
puzzled many investigators. That it is not cold alone is evident
from the fact that many hibernating insects take up their winter
quarters long before cold weather sets in. Also, exposure to cold
artificially produced does not necessarily induce hibernation.
Similarly, it is not lack of food that induces hibernation, since
many insects, both larvae and adults, commence hibernating many
weeks before there is any scarcity of food. Nevertheless, it appears
that the absence of food at the end of the period may conduce to
a considerable prolongation of the hibernating state. Dr. Chapman
records observations on the larvae of Leioptiltis tephradactijla (6). The

29

larvae were kept in two cages with plants of golden rod. In one
cage, as soon as the new growth appeared in the spring, the larvae
commenced to feed upon it, but the plant being unable to maintain
headway against their attacks, when the cage was examined the
larva? were found to be all dead of starvation. In the other cage
the plant died during the winter, but when this cage was examined
at the same time as the other, the larvae were found to be alive and
healthy. Not having been able to break their winter's fast, they
had been able to prolong it for some weeks, while the others having
once recommenced feeding were not able to survive subsequent
starvation.

Dr. Chapman concludes that the constancy of the occurrence of
the habit in any species of insect, and the persistency of attempts
to hibernate under abnormal conditions, prove that it is a matter
of instinct and inherited habit rather than the immediate conse-
quence of definite physical conditions. For the origin of the
habit he suggests that we must look to the quiescence of protoplasm
at a low temperature and under starvation, and that hibernation
should be considered a function of the protoplasm rather than of
the organism as a whole. It would thus be seen in its simplest
form in the case of those species that pass the Aviuter as an egg or
pupa.

Not only may any one of the four main stages of an insect's
life be selected by a species as that best adapted for the purpose of
hibernation, but usually each species remains quite constant in this
respect. It seems, indeed, as though the capacity for hibernation
were limited, as regards any particular species, to the one stage in
its life. Experiment (17) seems to show that if, by any means, an
insect can be induced to pass beyond its normal hibernating stage
before winter overtakes it, it has then passed beyond its capacity for
hibernating, and will perish if not fed frequently (17). In a few
cases this capacity for hibernating is more elastic ; Netneophila
planta/iinis, for example, will hibernate almost as readily in the
pupal as in the larval state, while a few species such as Arctia raja
and Pliisia (/aiiinia can hibernate in practically any stage. With
most insects the capacity for hibernation is limited not only to one
of the four chief stages, but usually to a definite period in that
stage. An insect that wmters as an egg, for example, may do so
while the egg is " fresh," so to speak, before the development of
the contained embryo has commenced, or development may be
already complete, and the young larva ready formed within the

30

shell, but waiting for the spring before it bursts its bonds. The
eggs of Lijmantria monacha, for example, may be seen to contain
the fully-formed larvas in September, yet they do not emerge until
the following March or April. From this it is but a step to the
state of things exhibited by certain Fritillary Butterflies, the young
larva of Vnjaa [Aigynnifi) paphia (20), for example, emerging from the
egg in July, enters at once into hibernation after devouring the empty
egg-shell from which it has hatched. Many other larvae pass the
winter while still young, e.i/., Liinenitis ^ibilla, Abraxas ipossulcuiata,
etc., others when half or nearly full grown, until finally, as in the
case of Macrot/ii/lacia riibi, they hibernate as fully-fed larvae that do
not feed again after waking from their long winter sleep, though
they drink greedily, and take full advantage of whatever sunshine
there may be, before spinning up to pupate. I am not aware of
any lepidopterous larvae, at any rate in this country, that pass the
winter in a prepupal state within their cocoons, waiting until the
spring before the moult takes place, but such is commonly the case
m the Hymenoptera, at least in the aculeate and the phytophagous
divisions of the order.

In certain Zyijaena larvas Burgeft' (3) has shown that the 3rd or
4th moult produces a special hibernating instar in which the larva
takes no food, its colours are dull, the size of the head is even
smaller than that of the previous stage, the contents of the body
are viscous, and particularly resistent to drought, and the larva
enters at once into hibernation. When it wakes up in the spring
it drinks greedily, increasing in size, and soon moults again,
resuming its normal colours before commencing to feed again. In
these larv* there is therefore a special hibernating stage during
which no food is taken, and showing definite structural characters,
sharply defined by a moult before and after hibernation. This
special stage appears to be intercalated between the normal larval
instars rather than to be a normal instar completely given up to the
purpose of hibernation.

The larva of the beetle Driliis flavescenn, which feeds upon
snails, also assumes a special form for hibernating purposes very
different from the active predatory form. Some Zi/ffaenidae show
a further interesting phenomenon in that some larvfe, after hiber-
nation, will feed up rapidly, and produce moths in the ensuing
summer, while others of the same brood will remain small, and
eventually hibernate a second time before attaining the perfect
state. In this latter case Burgeff was unable to recognise a definite

31

hibernating stage comparable to that referred to above assumed
during the first winter.

Then we have the large number of insects that hibernate in
the pupal state. As in the case of those hibernating in the egg,
development may be delayed by the winter until the following
spring, or it may be already complete before winter supervenes. It
is well known, for instance, that the moths of the Small Eggar are
ready formed within the pupa; in the autumn, but they do not
emerge until the February following. This same species is a good
example of a similar phenomenon to that we saw in the Zyijaena
larvae, viz., what is Imown to lepidopterists as " lying over." Not
all the moths of a brood will emerge when their time is due, but
many of them will remain over for another year, or even two or
more years before emergence. This behaviour is not dependent
upon the meteorological conditions at the time of year the species
is due to emerge. If the pupas of a brood that have been reared
all together under precisely similar conditions be examined in the
autumn, some of them will be found to be dark coloured, with the
markings of the moth plainly discernible through the pupal sheath.
Others will be seen to be pale, greenish-amber coloured, and evidently
quite undeveloped. From the former the moths will emerge the
following spring, or if, for any reason, such as unfavourable
weather at the time, they fail to do so, they will perish without
producing moths." The undeveloped pupae remain without change
until the following summer, when in some or all of them develop-
ment will take place, and the moths emerge the February following.
Probably, however, some will still remain unchanged to produce
moths the third or fourth February after their larval period. What
are the factors that determine whether development shall proceed
or be postponed is a complete mystery, but obviously this "lying
over " IS a means of providing against the extinction of the species
in case of unfavourable conditions supervening at the time of year,
in any case very undependable, when the species is due to emerge.

Finally, we have those insects that pass the winter in the
perfect state. Disregarding for the moment those truly winter
insects that only attain the perfect state, and pair, oviposit and die
all within the winter months, which for the present purpose may
be regarded as divided between the late autumn insects that pass

* South tajs that it is the moth ready formed within the pupa that lies
over until the following year, but in my experience this is not so.

32

the winter in the egg stage and the early spring insects that
hibernate as pupae, we will consider only those that truly hibernate
in the perfect state. Here, again, we find that this period of
hibernation can intervene early or late in the stage of the insect's
life, I.e., the insect may hibernate comparatively soon after emerging
from the pupa, in any case before the great business of life — mating
and reproduction — has begun, or mating may take place before
hibernation. In the former case, of course, both sexes hibernate,
and mating takes place in the spring. This is the case with most,
if not all, of our hibernating butterflies. In the latter case, there
being no further need for the (J J , these die off before winter, and
only the impregnated ? $ survive. Probably the best known
instance of this is found in the Hymenoptera, in the Wasps and
Bumble Bees.

There is, as mentioned before, great diversity also in the depth
of this winter sleep. Some species, Aijlais iirticae, for example,
very early take up their winter quarters, and though restless for a
while, and apt to move about in bright warm weather, usually sleep
undisturbed until the arrival of spring. Other species are much
more restless, and easily waked by a warm day. Pi/rameis atalanta
is on the wing very much later than most of the Vanessids (it was
exhibited at our meeting on November 11th last, and probably
remained lively for some time later than that) and is notoriously a
bad hibernator. Mr. Newman has told us that it is easy enough to
keep the species alive through the winter by keeping it warm and
feeding it at intervals, but in natural conditions there is some doubt
as to whether it ever really succeeds in surviving the winter, except
perhaps in Cornwall and the Scilly Islands, where the climate is
sufficiently mild to allow of it finding food throughout the winter.
Possibly it is so exceptionally in other parts of the country, but
on the other hand Mr. Newman suggests that the individuals occa-
sionally seen during the winter are in reality only very late emer-
gences. The species certainly belongs to more southern climes than
our own, where the winters are sufficiently bright and mild to allow
of its survival without entering upon a true period of hibernation,
so that when it migrates to our latitudes it has not acquired the
capacity of standing prolonged cold and fasting. Pytameis c.ardid
in Egypt is said to be on the wing throughout the year with a con-
tinuous succession of broods.

Quite a number of tbese insects that hibernate in the perfect
state show a marked partiality for human habitations as a place of

33

retreat. This is scarcely surprising, as the most pressing require-
ments for their purpose are absence of damp and shelter from the
wind. That dwelling houses are warm in addition to being dry and
sheltered, is probably a misfortune from the insect's point of view,
as the artificial warmth tends to interfere with the winter slumber.
Probably outhouses, hollow trees, timber stacks, etc., are much more
Batisfactory as hibernacula. The Vanessid butterflies, and many of
the hibernating moths, are frequently found in these situations.
Caves also are sometimes much frequented by certain species, on
one occasion, for example, I found considerable numbers of Sroli-
opteryx libatn'.v and Triphosa diibitata on the walls and roofs of caves,
which habitat they shared with numerous gnats and Long-eared
Bats, but the Vanessid butterflies Avere altogether wanting from the
association. Gonepteri/x rliaiiDii frequently shows a marked prefer-
ence for the interior of a thick holly bush as a winter resort, though
it will sometimes pass the winter on an exposed stem.

A peculiarfeatureabout these hibernating insects is the tendency
many of them show to congregating in large numbers. Amongst
the Diptera several species exhibit this habit, frequently forming
mixed swarms. Thus Ashworth notes a case of the Anthomyiid
Liiiniop/iora septemnotata forming the bulk of the swarm, though the
JMiisci'la, Pijriilia eriophthahiia, ]\]uscina stabnlans, L'lotocallipJiora
ijrcexlanilica, and Pollenia rinUs were present in smaller numbers.
Further, the Chalcid parasite, Pteroinaliis (SteiKnnobis) mnscanim is
usually found mingled with these swarms of Diptera. Another
Chalcid, l'teru))ictliis deplanatus (20), is also found sometimes in in-
credible numbers, and is almost uncanny in its ability to creep into
minute crevices, getting into picture frames, frequently between the
pictures and the glass, into drawers, books, etc. It is of interest to
note that of both species of Chalcididce mentioned the swarms consist
entirely of females, at any rate of many thousands examined I have
never found a male amongst them. Of some of the flies, too, only
females are found in the swarms. Those of Liwnophora septeni-
notata and Mnacina stabidans, on dissection, have been found to
have their receptacula seminis full of spermatozoa, though the
ovarian tubes are immature. Evidently then these flies are impreg-
nated before hibernation, and on resuming activity in the spring will
feed up and develop their ovaries and soon be ready to lay fertile
eggs. Of other species such as Pyrellia erioplithalma , Pollenia VKdin,
and AphiucJiccta nifipes, both sexes have been found in the swarms.

The Vanessid butterflies sometimes show a tendency to congre-

34

gate for hibernation. Very often, it is true, they are found singly,
but it is by no means unusual to find three or four, or more, in the
same corner of the room. Mr. Frohawk tells me of one case
observed by him of nine Aijlah. urticcf, all close together, practically
touching one another. In September, 1918, I went into an empty
house in which almost every room had half a dozen or more butter-
flies on the ceiling, while the window sills were littered with dead
ones, V. io, A. intinc, and Euiionia pnlychloms.

Of Melitita ciu.da the larvae hibernate gregariously when young
beneath the shelter of leaves spun together close to the ground,
while the winter nests of Kiiproctis c]injsorrhcca = i>]iae(itliaea and
Apuria crat(r<ji are well known.

Some of the Ladybird beetles show a marked partiality for
window frames, and the sash-cord boxes at the sides ; hundreds of
the Two-spot Ladybirds may often be found in such a situation,
with the Seven-spot Ladybird usually in smaller numbers. Certain
Carabid Beetles also, Anchjuieiiits (lo)-saiLs, Calatlms )iiclanocephalus,
etc., frequently congregate in large numbers under stones, etc.,
during the winter, though they are scarcely true hibernators.

Other instances of insects that hibernate in colonies are of course
the Ants and the Honey Bee, but these must be placed in a different
category from those just noted. In both these cases the impreg-
nated ? 5 survive for a number of years, living in protected colonies
or nests with a large number of workers. The insects, however, do
not become torpid, but require frequent feeding throughout the
winter.

To return to those insects that only attain the perfect state and
pass their brief lives, mating and reproducing their kind, all within
the winter months. These belong to various orders, <?.//., Lepi-
doptera {Cheimatobia, Hybeniia, Nyssia, Pcecilocanipa, etc.), Neu-
roptera [Boreua), Diptera {(Jhionea, Tridiocera, etc.), and CoUembola.

A noteworthy feature about those species of moths that emerge
during the winter months is the large proportion of them that have
only rudimentary wings in the female sex. Examples of this
phenomenon are found in different families, in the Amphiiladd<£
{Pldyalia and Xyasia, but not in Bistun and Ainphiilasis), in all the
Uyberniidai, in the Larentiidce (one genus only, Chimatohia), in
Diurnea fa<jella, etc., so that it is not due to origin from a common
ancestor with a wingless $ . There are also a few groups with
wingless ? $ that emerge during the summer, ^.//., the genus '^/y/y/a
and the Psyclddce, etc. Nevertheless, from the fact that this feature

35

is so characteristic of winter-emerging moths we must conclude
that it serves some definite purpose in connection with the time of
year at which they appear. That these species ate descended from
ancestors having normally winged females is evidenced by their
belonging to families quite normal in this respect, and by the fact
that the pup^e possess well developed, almost normal, wing cases.
So we must conclude that the possession of wings, at least by the
? , must have been of some definite disadvantage to the species,
and that in the course of evolution they have been lost. The ^ J are
of course fully winged ; as they have to seek out the comparatively
stationary females the possession of full powers of flight would
appear to be even more necessary to them than to most species ;
evidently they are uninfluenced by the factors that led to the loss of
wings in the female. What then can have been the danger of wings
to the female, and to the female alone ? The most obvious sugges-
tion is, that by the possession of wings they might wander from a
situation suitable for depositing their eggs. A moth when it
emerges from the chrysalis at the foot of the tree upon which the
caterpillar fed, will usually climb up the stem of the tree to develop
and dry its wings, and very frequently the female will wait here to
be impregnated before attempting flight. In the case of these
winter emerging moths it was presumably dangerous to the species
for her to fly after impregnation, probably because of the unlikeli-
hood of her finding another tree suitable for depositing her ova.
But why should this danger be greater in winter than for the vast
majority of moths at other times of the year ? This question has
puzzled many entomologists, and various attempts at a solution
have been put forward. It has been suggested that owing to the
likelihood of rough weather the females might be blown away from
their foodplants with the risk of not being able to find them again,
or that her wing expanse is liable to damage in high winds, possibly
to such an extent as to prevent her attaining the food plant proper
to her species.

Mr. Hudson (13) has drawn attention to a very similar condition
of things amongst the winter-emerging moths in New Zealand, and
advances the theory that the numbing effect of cold may be the
particular danger threatening the female, rendering her perhaps unable
to move and seek out the foodplant, though retaining sufficient
vitality to deposit her eggs wherever she may happen to be ; it
would therefore be important for her that she should not be able to
leave the foodplant in case of being overtaken by cold. In any case

36

it is evident that the <? would be equally subject to injury ; but for
the propagation of the race this would be of comparatively little
consequence ; from that standpoint it is much more essential that
he should retain his mobility in searching for the $ .

Another theory advocated by our esteemed member, Dr. T. A.
Chapman (5), postulates that the dominating factor is the dormant
state of vegetation at the time of year when these moths are ovi-
positing. According to this investigator moths recognise the food-
plant suitable for their progeny, not by sight or touch, but by smell ;
he assumes that all vegetation during active growth emits charac-
teristic odours or scents, but that when dormant these emanations
are no longer given off, or at any rate to a very small degree, and
the winter moths are consequently unable to search them out.
Hence it is important that the female moths should not leave the
tree or shrub up which they have climbed on emerging from the
pupa.

This theory does not account for the loss of her wings by the $
Vapourer Moth, or for the yet further degeneration of the $ $ of the
family Paydiidd, in which cases some other factor must be looked
for ; neither does it explain why certain other winter-emerging
moths, such as Hitnera iiennaria, Pcecilocampa popiili, Krio(jaster
lanestru, etc., should have retained their wings in both sexes ; but
it does, I think, offer a very valuable suggestion as to the connection
between this phenomenon of aborted wings in the 2 sex and the
dormant state of vegetation in winter. That the l&rvse of the
moths in question are all very general feeders on trees and shrubs,
which frequently grow more or less densely upon the ground, would
seem to lend additional support to this theory.

Certain TipulidcE that appear in winter are also apterous or
semi-apterous in the $ . In this country we have Tipula paiiana
which, though not truly a winter insect, appears in October, i.e.,
very much later than any other of our Tipulida, while in New
Zealand several species appear in the winter months, the ? $ of
which, where known and probably in a good many species where
unknown, have aborted wings.

In this connection mention may also be made of the little wing-
less Panorpid, Boreas liie;)iali>i. This case, however, differs from
that of the Moths and Tipuliila previously considered in that here
we find the wings aborted in both sexes. These insects, too, are
completely terrestrial, running and hopping on the ground over the
moss in which the larvae have developed, and probably afford a

87

more normal case of the atrophy of organs that are no longer
required.

The mode of dispersal of these species of moths with wingless
females has been the subject of discussion. It has been suggested
that they are carried about by the males when paired, but positive
confirmation of this theory by actual observation is strangely
lacking. Indeed I know of only one case (22) in which it has
been observed, and then only when the insects were disturbed.
Alternative modes would be presumably (i.) by the wandering of
the 5 after emergence before finding a suitable tree or shrub to
climb up ; in view of the active way in which they can run they
might be expected to cover very considerable distances ; (ii.) by
the wandering of the larvae either when seeking a suitable spot for
pupation or earlier. Considering the readiness with which they drop
from the taller vegetation and the frequency with which some of
them may be found crawling about on low-growing plants, it
seems likely that this method forms no inconsiderable factor in the
dispersal of these species.

We have already seen that one of the principal directions in
which insect life is affected by the conditions of winter is in conse-
quence of the fall of the leaf and the dying down of many of the
summer plants. But in the almost infinite variety of insect life
there are, of course, a large number of insects whose food supply is
not thus cut off, so that among these we may look for species which
feed through the winter, or at any rate during the large portion of
it when the weather remains mild and open.

Many predaceous insects, such as beetles of the families
Carabiihe, Staj>liyliniihc, etc., remain more or less active throughout
the winter, subsisting upon hibernating insects, larvae, eggs, and
so forth.

Aquatic insects are in this respect perhaps more highly favoured
than most. In anything but the smallest pools the temperature
practically never falls below freezing point, so that the denizens of
our ponds and rivers are favoured with a much more equable
temperature all the year round than have the aerial insects, and
pond life continues, at a somewhat slower speed it is true, but
otherwise scarcely altered, throughout the winter. Many of the
aquatic insects are, of course, air breathers, obtaining their air
supplies direct from the atmosphere at the surface of the water.
This is to some extent interfered with when the ponds are frozen
over, but sufficient oxygen for their reduced needs is usually held in

38

bubbles beneath the ice, or accumulates from the aquatic plants.
For those creatures that breathe the air dissolved in the water, e.g.,
larvae of (hhmata and of many Diptera, breathing presents scarcely
more difficulty than obtains when the ^yater is open. As regards
the food supply, too, aquatic insects are well situated ; the larger
ones are mostly predatory upon the smaller, while the latter feed
mostly upon minute forms of vegetable growth, or upon decomposing
vegetable tissues.

But even amongst the aquatic insects there are a few that
appear to have a true period of hibernation either as larvae in the
mud at the bottom, or as the perfect insect which may hibernate
away from the water. To the former class seem to belong some of
the mosquitoes, e.f/., Anopheles bifurcatiis and A. pluinheiis, while of
other mosquitoes such as Anopheles viacidipennis, Culex pipiens,
Theobaldia annulata, etc., the adult $ hibernates.

It might be expected that Lepidoptera whose larvse feed on ever-
greens, would show a proportionately large number of over-
wintering caterpillars, but a little consideration seems to show that
this is not so. If we take the case of our pine-feeding larvae, for
instance, the only ones that hibernate in the larval state are Ellopia
fasciaria, and the different spp. of Thera, which hibernate as young
larvae. The majority. Sphinx pinastri. Trachea piniperda, Macaria
Uturata, Fidonia piniaria, and the pine-feeding Eupitheciae pass the
winter in the pupal stage (I do not include numerous other species,
such as Lyinantria monacha that sometimes feed upon pine, but more
usually upon deciduous trees).

Of ivy feeders the proportion of hibernating larvae is greater ;
thus we have Vrapteryx saiiibncaria, Boar»iia re}iandata, and B.
rhovibnidaria, Triplucna spp., Mania spp. (but all of these also feed
on deciduous plants and for the most part have a period of true
hibernation). Celastrina aryioltis, (hlontopera bidentata, etc., pass the
winter as pupae.

Other lepidopterous larvfe whose food is obtainable throughout
the winter, and which probably feed more or less daring mild
spells may be grouped in the following classes : —

i. Stem-borers ; e.ij., Cossns, Zenzera, the Sesiidae, etc., all
of which grow but slowly and spend more than one
winter in the larval state.
(N.B. — Not borers in the stalks of annuals, such as
Gortyna flavayo, etc.)

39

ii. Root feeders ; Hepialns, Xi/lophasia monoiilypha, certain

Agrotids, etc.
iii. Lichen feeders ; Litliodidae, and the genera Bri/ophila,

Cleova, etc.
iv. Many grass feeders ; Satyridae, tlesperiidae, many Lencan-

iidae, etc.
V. Many polyphagous species feeding on low plants that
remain green throughout the winter.
Pictet (17) has shown that of Lepidopterous larvae those that
feed more or less throughout the winter respond very much more
readily to artificial warmth than do those that feed only on
deciduous plants, and into whose life-cycle there necessarily enters
at some period of their existence a prolonged period of rest. In
the case of Lasiocamjia quercm for example he found that even if
the larvtie were kept at a warm temperature they nevertheless
hibernated as under normal conditions.

It was possible to shorten this resting period to a certain
degree, but in this case the pupal resting period was correspond-
ingly prolonged, so that the time of emergence of the resulting
imago was not altered. So also in the case of species that
hibernate in the egg stage, if they could be induced to hatch
before their time the subsequent larval period was correspondingly
prolonged. Possibly Mr. Newman or other of our members who
have experience in forcing pup^e to any extent would give us
their conclusions as to how far the species that respond readily to
forcing are feeders upon foliage that persists throughout the
winter, and how far those that do not so respond are feeders upon
deciduous foliage.

If we consider briefly the different orders of insects as regards
the way in which they pass the winter, we at once find ourselves
handicapped by lack of data concerning almost all the orders except
Lepidoptera. At any rate the Odonata (15) would appear to be one
in which in this country we can find no hibernating imagines,*
probably all over-wintering as nymphs. As, however, these are
aquatic, long-lived, and predaceous, that the nymph should
hibernate is almost a foregone conclusion. They are, however,
sluggish, and feed very little if at all during the winter.

The grasshoppers (14) are predominantly summer or autumn
insects, yet at least one genus [Tetrix) is known to hibernate in the

* Mr. Lucas informs me that on the Continent Sympyaia fusca legularly
hibernates.

40

adulfc stage, the majority with little doubt in the egg stage. The
wood cricket almost certainly hibernates sometimes as a nymph,
sometimes as an adult. Of our wild cockroaches little is known as
to their winter habits, probably they hibernate either in the egg or
in the adult stage. Our British earwigs probably all hibernate as
adults, though possibly of some of them it is only the ? $ that do
so. Of the Neuroptera again I know of none that hibernate as
the adult."

Of the more highly developed orders one can find numerous
examples of species that hibernate in either of the principal stages,
though the Hymenoptera and Coleoptera appear to shew a marked
disinclination to hibernating as pupa?, many species delaying the
pupal ecdysis until the spring, while of others the adult stage is
reached in the autumn though the insect does not emerge from its
pupal retreat until the advent of spring.

I have endeavoured m these somewhat random notes to put
before you a few of the many interesting points in insect biology
that confront us when we consider the effects upon insect life of the
annual periods of rigour and stress due to the winters of our own
country, but I have not attempted to follow the gradual adaptations
evolved to meet the increasing severity of winter as we pass from
subtropical conditions to the yet more rigorous winters of the arctic
regions ; neither have I referred to acclimatisation experiments,
attempts either to establish in our latitudes species belonging to
countries which enjoy milder and brighter winters than our own, or
to establish in such countries certain of our species that are
accustomed to winters of greater seventy.

In conclusion I should like to thank you for the patience
with which you have received this somewhat prolonged and ram-
bling dissertation. I wish also to express my appreciation for the
honour you have done me in again electing me as your President.
And in doing so I wish very heartily to thank the Officers and
Council of the Society for their continuous kindness and encourage-
ment in the performance of my duties during the past year.
With such able and experienced lieutenants to advise in time of
doubt or difficulty, the position of President becomes that most
delightful one of receiving all the /nnlos while somebody else does
the work.

* Mr. Lucas reports Hemerohius stigma in January, but whether the species
hibernates is not certain. H. nitidulus emerges very little later.

41

List of Works to which reference is made.

1. Andres, A.—" La Phase d'engourdissement ou Hibernation

en Egypte chez quelques Lepidopteres." Bull. Soc. Ent.
Egypt, iii.. 1911, pp. 89-96.

2. Ashworth, J. H. — " Note on hibernation of Flies." Scottish

Naturalist, 1916, pp. 81-84.

3. Burgeff, H. — Beitrilge zur Biologie der Gattung Zi/ijaena. Zs.

f. u-iss. Insektenhioloiiie, vi., 1910, pp. 39-44 and 97-98.

4. Baumberger, J. P. — Hibernation a periodical Phenomenon,

Ann. Ent. Sue. Aiuer., x., 1917, pp. 179-186.

5. Chapman, T. A. — On Winglessness in Winter Moths. F^nt.

hec, XV., 1903, pp. 43-46.

6. Chapman, T. A. — A Note on Hibernation in Lepidoptera.

Ent. Bee, xxii., 1910, pp. 168-170.

7. Chapman, T. A. — Apterous Females of certain Lepidoptera.

Eiit. Mo. Ma,)., 1913, pp. 8-10.

8. Chapman, T. A. — Apterous Females of Winter Moths. I.e.,

pp. 81 and 82.

9. Chapman, T. A. — Apterousness in Lepidoptera. Trans. Land.

Nat. Hist. Soc, 1916, pp. 49-76.

10. Dupont, A. — Note sur quelques particularites d'hiveruage chez

les Insectes. Bull. Sac. Sci. Nat. Rouen, xlv., 1910, pp.
29-31.

11. Frey, R. — Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Arthropodenfauna in

Winter. Meddel. Sac. Eauna et Elora Fenn., 1913, pp.
106-121.

12. Graham-Smith. — Hibernation of Flies in a Lincolnshire House.

Parasitology, xi., 1918, pp. 81-82.

13. Hudson, G. V. — Notes on semi-apterous Females in certain

species of Lepidoptera. Ent. Mo. May., 1912, pp. 269-275.

14. Lucas, W. J. — Mo)ioyraph of the British Orthoptera.

15. Lucas, W. J. — JSLonoyrapli of the British Drayonfii.es.

16. Newman, L. W. — The Hibernation of Va)iessa atalanta in

Captivity. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1911, pp. 173-174.

17. Pictet, A. — Le Role joue par la Selection Naturelle dans

I'Hibernation des Lepidopteres. Proc. IX." (Joyiyres Internat.
de Zooloyie a Monaco, 1913, pp. 774-788.

18. Porritt, G. T. — Apterous or semi-apterous females of certain

Lepidoptera. Ent. Mo. Mag., 1913, pp. 63.

19. Porritt, G. T.— The Wingless Geometer. I.e., pp. 79-81.

42

20. Scott, H.—Pteromalus deplanatus, Nees, in buildings. Ent. Mo.

Ma<j., 1919, p. 13.

21. South, R. — Butterflies and Moths of the British Isles.

22. Stenton, R. — Conveyance of a semi-apterous female moth by a

male. Knt. Mo. Ma<j., 1913, p. 89.

23. Wood, J. H.— The Wingless Geometer. Ent. Mo. Mcuj.,

1913, p. 59.

43

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

FEBRUARY Uth, 1920.
Mr. K. G. Blaik, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. C. L. Withycombe, of Walthamstow, and Capt. Crocker, of
Bexley, were elected members.

The Rev. F. M. B. Carr exhibited long series of Hibeniia defol-
iaria and its variations, and introduced a discussion on the species
of the genus Hibernia. He contributed the following note of his
remarlis-: —

Notes on the Hibernias.

" The five species under consideration are all of the commonest.
One has seen oak-woods stripped of their foliage by the larvae of H.
defoliaria, and I well remember a day in Dimminsdale, Stafford-
shire, when the birds flew off the stripped oak-trees, literally in
thousands, where they had been enjoying a diet chiefly composed of
the larvae of this moth. Yet, if one does not care to turn out on a
winter evening, it is quite easy to collect for years without getting
a decent series of this common species. The same holds good of
H. aurantiaria and H. rupicapraiia, so far as my experience goes.

" Of H. lencophaearia, resting on the tree-trunks, and H. viar-
qinaria, which seems to prefer palings, one can pick up quite a fair
number in the daytime ; but, considering how common they are,
the other three species are met with very sparingly in this way.
And again, one can take hundreds of larvae of these species and
hardly breed an imago from the lot. Perhaps others have dis-
covered the secret of bringing them through — I must confess I,
personally, have had but little luck with them.

" If one is to get a series, one must resort to night-work ; and
until I went to live in Cheshire, I had had little opportunity of
working any of the species by night. However, in the spring of
1917, I went round the hawthorn hedges just outside my garden at
Alvanley, and by the aid of a ' dim, religious light' (all that one
dared show in those days) I made my first acquaintance with H.
marciinaria var. fiiscata. The type, with which we are all so

44

familiar in the south, seems to form a comparatively small propor-
tion of the individuals one meets with in the Delamere Forest
district, where the insect is very variable, and forms intermediate
between the type and var. fuscata probably predominate. I have
had no opportunity of working this species since 1917, but hope to
do so again this spring.

" I have with me a short series of intermediate forms, and of
var. fiiscata from Cheshire, and a typical male from the New Forest
for comparison.

" I have already seen var. fu^cata this year, on January 20th,
which seems an early date, especially for so far north as Cheshire.

" H. leucophaearia I have not worked at night. It is quite
common in Delamere Forest, and as variable, T think, as in most
localities, some examples showing a tendency to melanism.

" I worked hard at H. defuliaria last October and November,
It does not appear to be at all common round our Alvanley lanes,
though there are oaks in all the hedgerows. I first noted it last
year (1919), on October 17th. By October 25th it was in
countless hundreds in Delamere Forest, and abounded to the time
of my last visit to the forest, on November 24th, being particu-
larly abundant during the earlier part of that period.

" Before dark the males were to be found resting on the bracken,
sometimes on the top, and sometimes underneath the fronds, but
the few dozen to be picked up in this way were as nothing compared
with the myriads that appeared after dark. At first they were to
be found flattering in the grass, which seemed to show that the
great majority had been at rest on the ground, perhaps many of
them under the dead leaves. Then, as the evening wore on, they
flew and settled on the twigs, especially of the birches, and on grass
stems, and sometimes one found oak-trunks fairly plastered with
them. I shall never forget the sight. With them were mingled
countless Cheiviatobia brtdiiata and ('. horeata, including many very
dwarf examples, and Himera peiDiaria ; the last-named species
varying from a dull, creamy shade to apricot or brilliant rose-
colour, with very occasionally an example largely suft'used with
leaden-coloured scales.

" I have a series of H. detoUaria from Delamere Forest, the
forms of which are somewhat difficult to classify, but which might,
perhaps, be roughly divided as follows : — (1) The type. (2) Forms
differing from the type in having part, or the whole, of the median
area of a nhite ground colour. (3) Forms with cream ground

45

colour and very dark brown to black transverse bars. (4) Forms
with red-brown ground colour and black transverse bars. (5)
Forms with red-brown ground colour and darker hind-marginal
area. (6) Forms devoid, or almost devoid, of markings, ranging
in ground colour from smoky dark brown to orange-brown, and
including one very pale cream-coloured example (Mr. S. Gordon-
Smith, who was collecting with me, took two or three more of these
very pale forms). (7) Pale forms, with orange or yellow transverse
bars.

" The females shown are typical, and I have for comparison
four of ]\Ir. Bowman's smoky forms from Epping Forest. I think
I am pretty safe in saying that this particular form does not occur
in the part of Delamere Forest worked by Mr. Smith and myself.
Our darkest form appears to be found in the darker unicolorous
examples, and this has no dark suffusion of the hindwings such as
is seen in the Epping Forest dark form.

" Lastly, I come to //. aHmntiaria. This is, perhaps, less often
met with than any other members of the genus in the daytime. It
was a good deal later than H. defoUaria with us, being at its
commonest towards the end of November, when H. defoUaria
was falling oft" in numbers. When it did come out fully it was,
if anything, even more abundant than its relative. I remember
one cold night, November 10th, just as we were getting along
nicely, every moth suddenly disappeared — not one to be seen any-
where. We then discovered we were slipping about on ice. One
wondered what became of all the moths. On another occasion
I found a small patch of grass alive with males of H. aiiran-
tiaria. After searching for the cause of this assemblage, a female
was discovered sitting on a grass-stem. A few minutes later, on
coming back to the spot, I found the successful suitor in
possession.

" One was pleased to find H. aurantiaria in such numbers, as
Day's List for Cheshire says : ' Local and apparently rather scarce
. . . . Delamere Forest, local and not common.'

" The series I have with me from Delamere shows ; (1) Forms
almost without markings ; (2) Forms with heavily-marked trans-
verse lines ; (3) Form largely suffused with leaden scales ; (4) Forms
with darker hind-marginal area.

" The ground colour varies considerably, some being of a rich
orange. The size is variable also, one specimen in my box being
exceptionally large."

46

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited series of, and contributed the
following notes on the genus : — •

1. Hibernia defoliaria from West Wickham, Bexley, Wimbledon,
and Epping Forest. One specimen of those shown is particularly-
interesting. It has the bands on forewings of a purplish hue. I
have taken this species as early as late September and as late as mid-
April. From 1887 to 1913 I paid considerable attention to the perfect
insect, and during that period must have captured some thousands,
of which the two hundred and fifty specimens here before you are
a fair example. Judging from my experience, I should say this
species is more variable, both as regards markings and size, than it
was a few years ago. The non-banded form ab. obscnrata is
greatly on the increase at West Wickham and Wimbledon, and
collectors inform me that it appears to be more common than
formerly in Epping Forest, where it is becoming darker in colour.
This variety appears to be subject to " crippling " of the wings
more than any other. The females of this species are not so
sensitive to severe weather as are those of the other members of the
genus, and will emerge from the pupa even when the grass has
frost upon it.

2. H. aiirantiaiia, from Wimbledon, Epping Forest, and West
Wickham, including very pale (almost white) specimens.

3. H. wan/inaria, from Wimbledon, Richmond Park, and
Oxshott ; var. fnscata from Anerley, Surrey, and Leeds, also a series of a
form of this species about intermediate between fnscata and the
type. These lastrmentioned were bred from a female fnscata taken
near Oldham, in a wood where the typical form is supposed not to
occur. The ova were forwarded to me at Wimbledon, and the larvae
were bred in that district, the food given them being birch.

4. H. rxpicaptaria, from Wimbledon and Epping Forest. The
males from the last-mentioned locality are slightly darker than
those taken in the former. On exceptionally mild and moist
evenings the females have been seen to jump considerable distances.
Possibly the light of the lamp causes this skittishness.

6. H. leacuphaearia, from Wimbledon and Richmond Park.

6. H. aurantiaria and H. defoliaria might be considered early
spring insects, as there is no considerable emergence of either
species until after a touch of winter.

Messrs. R. Adkin, R. T. Bowman, A. E. Tonge, H. A. Leeds,
P. S. Williams, Edwards and Turner exhibited the same species.

Mr. Bowman's series of tl. defoliaria were taken in Epping

47

Forest during the past few years, and only one had been met with
in the daytime. He contributed the following notes on the varia-
tion and the aberration he exhibited : —

General classification of )nales. — I. F.W. of uniform colour,
ranging from yellow to dark brown, speckled with black; H.W.
white, faintly speckled. II. F.W. pale or dark brown, with sub-
marginal band and faint discal spot ; H.W. white, speckled, with a
faint central spot. III. F.W. of whitish or yellowish ground
colour, with orange-brown submarginal band and a distinct discal
spot ; H.W. white, faintly speckled, with black central spot. IV.
F.W. of pale to deep yellowish ground colour, with chocolate brown
submarginal band and a large discal spot ; H.W, white, faintly
speckled, with black central spot, some showing a slight indication
of a submarginal line. V. F.W., ground colour rich brown of
varying depth, with deep chocolate submarginal band and discal
spot ; H.W. more faintly speckled than any of the former, many
showing development of a submarginal band, VI. F.W. heavily
suffused with black of varying intensity, the submarginal bands and
discal spots being obliterated in those with the darkest scaling ;
H.W. suffused with black of varying intensity, the body is also
noticeably affected by melanism, the black scaling of the wings
extending over the body.

General classificatum of females. — I. to V, inclusive. The ?
has a body of a mottled appearance, both on the upper- and under-
sides, the mottling also extends over the legs. VI, The ? has a
black body, both upper- and undersides, only the thorax being
mottled ; the legs have the least traces of white at the joints only,

Mr. B. S. Williams showed a few specimens of H. aurantiaria,
one being rather remarkable in having a suffused and purplish
colour with nervures prominent from their orange red coloration.
The Finchley H, defoliaria this season had been somewhat smaller
than usual.

The President remarked on the three areas where the melanism
of these species appears to predominate, Epping, Delamere, and
Yorkshire.

Mr. Porritt reported that he had found Phigalia pedaria fully out
near Huddersfield, on January 17th of this year, and had seen one
specimen as early as December 4th in 1919, Mr. Tonge reported
the species on January 16th, at Redhill, Surrey.

48

FEBRUARY 26th, 1920.

Mr. F. Lindeman, of Sao Paulo, and Mr. S, Abbott, of Catford,
were elected members of the Society.

There was an exhibition of Lantern Slides.

Mr. Lucas showed a series of views of the woods at Oxshott as
they were, contrasted with the same portions as they are now ; and
called attention to the new vegetation which has become predomi-
nant sinoe the cutting down of the pine trees, such as the large area
of Moor-grass, Molinia atrulea, and the new crops of young
birches.

Mr. Main exhibited slides illustrative of the development of the
" blister beetle," Lytta vedcatoria, and "rose-chafer," Cetonia anrata,
comparing them with corresponding details of Melo'e ; the larvae of
Kuchloris smaraydaria, and parts of the life-histories of the beetles
DorcHS paralldopipidus, Lucaniis cervus, Necrnphurxs humator, Nebria
brevicollis, Pternstichus uiadidiis, and Rhagiinn inquisitor.

Mr. E. J. Bunnett's series included the eggs of C/iri/sopa fiava
with the footstalks combined, and twisted together into a com-
pound stem ; compared with those of C. vuhjaris, each on a separate
footstalk; cocoons of Pine Saw-fly, Pteronns pint, L. (?) ; the
perching attitudes of VanenRa urticce on flowers of cow-parsnip ;
cocoons and imagines of Yponoinettta cagnagellits : resting attitude of
Abroxax ithiiata. Also the larva of Acronicta leporina ; eggs, egg-
breaker, and newly hatched larvae of Stenopsoctts crnciatns.

Mr. Dennis's slides were of plants photographed in the Snowdon
district, among them the cotton-grass, sundew, various saxifrages,
wild thyme, mosses and lichens, including Cladonia ftircata.

Mr. G. Roberts exhibited slides of several species of birds, and
views of Selborne and Folkestone Warren.

Mr. A. A. W.Buckstone exhibited a long series of bred and captured
Hiwera pennaria from Wimbledon Common, West Wickhani (a
dwarf male), Bexley (a pale yellow female), and Oxshott (a male
with all wings freely sprinkled with minute black dots, giving the
insect a smoky appearance), and made the following remarks.
" The W^imbledon specimens vary in colour through various shades
of yellow to grey and red. A male has the cross lines on forewings
close together, the inner lines being elbowed outwards near the
inner margin, so as to unite with the outer lines.

" The larvaB of this species are found commonly most seasons at
Wimbledon, on oak and birch, but I have not found it in any great
quantity on other trees and shrubs. It is stated by some authori-

49

ties to be a cannibal, but I have not found it so, although I have
bred it in considerable numbers."

Mr. Garrett showed an extremely pale xanthic example of
Cmionyinpha pamphilus taken at Wicken.

MABCR nth, 1920.

Mr. A. C. Jump, of Wandsworth Common, was elected a
member.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a specimen of Pyrameis atalanta in
which the usual red coloration had become yellow, and the spots of
the marginal bands of the hindwings were absent, taken in 1876 at
Folkestone ; an aberration of Vanei^m io, in which the eyespots of
the hindwings were represented by large black patches set in a pale
ring, and another in which the eyespots of the hindwings were quite
light in colour with two pupils ; they were taken at Wimbledon and
Southport respectively many years ago.

Mr. T. H. Grosvenor exhibited a series of eggs of the Indian
kite, Milviis ;iovinda, taken during the breeding seasons of 1917-
1919, in the Jallandhar district of the Punjab. The clutches
exhibited varied in number. A single egg was not common, and
was usually abnormal. The prevailing and apparently typical
number is two, for at least 75 per cent, of the nests examined con-
tained two. Three was not uncommon, and four was observed only
once. The number of nests examined was, in 1917, 206 nests ; in
1918, 174 nests ; and in 1919, 168 nests; total, 548 nests.

The exhibit was the result of careful selection for variation. The
nests are always placed in a tree at least forty feet from the ground,
and measure about three feet across and at least one foot thick.
They are for a carrion bird, very clean, being built on a foundation
of sticks, and lined throughout with dried grass ; in one instance
with cotton procured from a neighbouring cotton field.

Mr. Barnett exhibited a series of Satt/nia semele from S. Devon,
showing much variation in the second spot on the underside of the
forewings; in some cases this was large and pupilled, in others very
small and unpupilled ; a series of Flebeins ciyun, with much varia-
tion in the underside spotting, and a striated form ; a Polyommatus
icarus, with very large black spots on the underside of the forewings,
and an ab. icarinns.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited three forms of

50

Agriades coridon occurring at Shere, Surrey, vh.: — (1) A dwarf
form found at the top of the downs ; (2) a somewhat larger one at
the foot; and (3) a still larger one, which does not appear until the
two smaller forms are about over, and then is found over the entire
hillside. He also showed a series from Royston, Herts, for com-
parison.

On the 12th of July, 1917, and on the 15th of the same month
in 1918, this species was very abundant at Shere, a large number
being worn. As most species of insects appeared to be as forward
in 1919 as they were in the two previous years, he fully expected to
find A. coridon when he visited the locality on July 9th last. But
not a single specimen was observed, although it was a cloudless day.
However, on visiting the spot on August 2nd, the species was found
to be out, though not in any great numbers. About two dozen
specimens only of the dwarf form were observed, but, with the
exception of two, all were in poor condition. The larger form was
fresh, but scarce as compared with the two previous years. Two
specimens only of the largest form were seen.

On the 19th of August, when the downs were again visited, the
males of the larger form were found to be few in number, and
mostly in poor condition. The females were plentiful but not in
much better condition than the males. No dwarf was observed,
neither was a specimen of the largest form seen.

Messrs. Blair and Main exhibited living aquatic larvse of
Coretlira sp., MochlonijA' sp., Cchlerohatus neiiiorosus, and Ano])heles
bifitrcatns. He ?aid that the Coretlira were eating each other in
default of Entomostraca, their usual food ; and the Mocldonyx
swallowed the Ochlerobatus larvae whole, tail first, subsequently
casting up the skin and other undigested matter.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a bred series of the melanic form
of Dysstroiiia triincata from Finchley ; although of the second brood,
they equalled the first brood specimens in size.

MARCH 25th, 1920.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited short series of Brephos par-
thenias from Wimbledon, Oxshott, Darenth Wood, and West Wick-
ham, and stated that the Wimbledon examples were, speaking
generally, larger and darker than those from the other districts.
One of the former series has greasy-looking forewings, due to an

51

abnoi'mal amount of blue scaling. These blue scales are freely
sprinkled over the wings. Both the Oxshott and the Darenth series
contain a specimen with the hindwings considerably paler than
usual. Of two undersized specimens from West Wickham, one is
exceptionally dark, and the other has the orange of the hindwings
very pale ; the forewings of both are very narrow. The species was
on the wing by the middle of March, 1920.

He also exhibited ova of Apocheima hifipidaria, and stated that
they were always laid in crevices in even rows and bunches, and the
larvffi from the lower eggs eat their way through those above.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited two males and six females of a
very striking form of CUlaria {Dysstroma) triincata from Finchley
(bred), in which the basal third was black, margined by a lighter
line, the central area being solidly black succeeded by an empha-
sised white line, and the outer margin lighter and not uniform in
coloration. This form does not appear to have been recorded
hitherto.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited three species of the genus Vtetheisa
(Deiopcia).

(1) U. piilchella from several localities, and including ab. Candida
with pure white ground, from Natal ; ab. lotriv with crimson spots
more developed and conjoined, from Assam and New Ireland ; and
ab. thyter (?) from Cyprus, with the black spots becoming more or
less obsolete and the markings generally paler.

(2) U. ornatrix, from the warmer parts of the American conti-
nent, with forewings suffused with pink and tinged brown.

(3) The very beautiful sub-species renusta of U. bella, from
Jamaica, in which the thorax and forewings have the orange mark-
ings of the type form replaced by brilliant crimson.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited the galls made in the stems and twigs
of aspen by larvae of the Longicorn Saperda popnlnea.

Mr. Barnett reported taking the following species on March 21st,
at Oxshott : — Brephos pait/wnias in numbers, Xijlocampa areola,
TephroHia crepascidaria, T. pnnctularia, IVichopti'ry.r caipiiiata, and
Gonepteryx rhauini ; and in Ashtead Woods, Kiiyonia polychloros.

Spring larvffi were, speaking generally, reported to be very scarce,
such as Arctia villica, Lasiocanipa qiiercits, Cosinotriclie pntatoria, etc.,
and those that were met with were very small. Arctia caia larvffi
were in fair number. Imagines of Euchloe cardcwtines and K.
polycldoros had been met with in several localities, while B. par-
thenias had swarmed, and Hibernia leucnphccaria had been scarce.

52
APRIL 8th, 1920.

Mr. S. Gordon-Smith, of Boughton, Cheshire, was elected a
member.

On a communication from the Essex Field Club, a resolution
was passed strongly opposing the proposed enclosure of portions of
Wanstead Plats and Epping Forest.

The special feature of the meeting was an exhibition and discus-
sion of Ih/sstroiiut [Cidaria) trnncata, introduced by Mr. R. T.
Bowman, in which Messrs. Turner, Newman, Mera, Tonge, and
others took part.

Mr. Bowman dealt with the great resemblance between the
imagines of LK tnuu-ata and D. iniinanata. Seeing that practically
all our examples of immanata are caiti/ht specimens, it is important
that we should find a conclusive method of differentiating between
these two species in the imofio stage. He found that the second line
from the thorax has a very sharp and well-detined projection in all
examples of iiiimanata, whereas this line assumes the shape of an
irregular zigzag line without a definite projection, and is very
indefinite, often invisible, in the case of tnuicata. It was subse-
quently found that this distinction held good throughout the large
number of both species exhibited by Mr. Newman.

Mr. Bowman stated that there are normally two broods of tnui-
cata in May, June, and August, but in the year 1917 he reared four
broods, the third emerging in October and the fourth in December.
He paired examples in August, 1919, but they failed to produce a
third brood, the larvae hibernating instead, with the result that he
was obtaining an early spring brood.

The secnitd brood often produces var. coiniiia-votata, the yellow
form, but he did not know whether this variety was general through-
out the country. He had bred this yellow form from a ? taken at
Horsley, in June, and had caught it wild in Epping Forest in
August. Last year he bred about fifty imagines from a $ taken at
Witley, Surrey, but they did not include any yellow forms, all being
identical with the wild- caught $ . He had also bred a long series
of the smoked form, from Finchley, without the yellow form result-
ing. It would almost appear, therefore, that the yellow form var.
coiinna-notata is restricted to certain districts.

The typical form from Finchley is a dark smoky form ; but Mr.
B. S. Williams last year captured a very beautiful form with adark,
well-defined, broad central band, this band standing out very promi-
nently owing to the adjacent areas being very light, almost white.
The central band reminds one of saffuDiata or picata.

53

Mr. Williams had very kindly shared the resulting ova with him ;
both had bred a number of examples of this new aberration. He
found that about one-third of the resultant imagines were of this
new form and two-thirds of the typical smoked form.

When obtaining four broods in 1917, probably as the result of a
warm summer, he found that the second brood examples were on the
average, slightly smaller than the captured (first brood) females ;
the third brood were, however, quite up to normal size, and the
fourth brood examples proved to be the largest. Neither third nor
fourth brood from the race produced the form coiiiina-nutnta.

Owing to the succulent nature of the leaves, he found that the
larvre thrive best on sallow, but this is not obtainable after October
or November. This winter, he had hibernated the larvae on bramble,
giving them the young leaves as soon as they appeared in February,
and as a result, the imagines that are now emerging are very large
examples. Honeysuckle is also an excellent food plant as soon as
obtainable in the early spring.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner contributed the following notes on l>>jsstro))ia
trnncata, Hufn. : —

"This species and its variation is exhaustively dealt with by Mr.
L. B. Prout in the I'rans. (Jit!/ "f /^'■'"'/- i'^'it. Soc, p. 46, etc., 1901,
and p. 33, 1908, where he has unravelled all the early references
which may relate either to this species or to D. citrata [iuinianata),
with which it was confused until the middle of last century, when
Hellins, in 1861 and 1864, effectively separated them by breeding,
showing that D. tnincata was double-brooded, while Z). citrata was
single-brooded in nature.

" Subsequent writers have shown the characters by which the
very similar imagines can be separated, of which the following is a
summary: — -

" Cidaria [Di/sstroiiia) trnncata : Forewings broad, blunt, some-
what elongate; brown, grey-brown, or smoky-brown, sienna shades
black or weak: central band blacker, or browner, or ochreous,
or white with grey marking, outer edge jagged with long blunt
teeth. Hindwing.s darker, with an obscure, transverse, slender
central line, curved or bluntly and squarely angulated ; basal mark-
ings blurred ; subterminal line uninterrupted ; costal patch very
small ; discoidal spot large; midwing darker.

" aidaria (Di/sstroiiia) citrata : Forewings pointed, rather ovate;
grey-brown or tawny-brown, sienna shades brighter ; central band
broad, black, pale ochreous, or white with fine dark lines, second

54

line long points from the band. Hindwings light, with a slender,
transverse, obscure, or rather sharply angulated line in the middle;
basal markings sharp; subterminal line well interrupted; costal
patch boldly white ; discoidal spot often small.

" To the above must now be added the difference of the sub-
basal line, as shown by Mr. Bowman.

" The various named forms are as follows : —

" Vyaiitiinna trnncata, Hfn., 1767. Central area grey (through
strong freckling on white ground) ; rust colour in outer area
normal.

" ab. ce) tiiiii-notato, Schultz, 1775. The central band is broadly
white or greyish-white. Wood, Index, 578. Newman, var. 1.

"ab. rmutta, Schiff., IITG {perfiiscata, Raw., atriniilata, Feih.).
The central band is black or nearly so. Wood, Index, 580. Hub.,
445, Geom.

" ab. rufescens, Strom., 1783 {coiiima-notata, Haw., mediorufaria,
Fuchs., nchrearia, Schultz.). The middle of the wing is tawny-
yellow. Wood, Index, 577. Newman, var. 2.

" ab. i^atiirata, Steph., 1831. The central band is dusky grey-
brown, and the brown colour has spread over the outer tawny band.
Basal and marginal area rather dark and dull. Central area as in
type. Wood, Index, 579.

" ab. infiiscata, Tengstr., 1869. Marginal area bluish-ashy,
almost without markings; hindwings mfuscated.

" ab. schneideri, Sandb., 1885 {nii/erriiiiata, Fuchs). Almost
unicolorous smoky black, or very dark grey.

" ab. tiiixtd, Prout, 1908. Central area tawny, basal and mar-
ginal areas and costa dark fuscous.

" ab. olixaceo, Prout, 1908. Olivaceous in tone, no bright
colouring, central area the palest, inner sienna band wanting, outer
dull."

Mr. Kobert Adkin exhibited the specimen of Salebria ohdiicteUa
that was taken by Mr. Sydney Webb, on August 31st, 1888, near
Dover ; together with others said to have been taken by a Mr.
Button, near Gravesend, subsequently. He said there was no doubt
as to the authenticity of Mr. Webb's capture, or as to that of one
taken by Mr. Purdy in the Warren at Folkestone, but that the
Gravesend captures needed confirmation.

He also exhibited specimens of Cdteremna tevehreUa, a species
that was first recorded in this country in 1886, by Lord Walsing-
ham, who reared it from larvfe found in aborted cones of Ahies

55

douijlasii, near Thetford, Norfolk. Mr. J. H. Durrant also bred the
species from cones of Abies cephalonica, from the same neighbour-
hood, and Mr. Tugwell reared one from a shrivelled cone found
under spruce trees in Surrey. It would therefore appear that this
species has obtained a footing in this country, and should be more
frequently met with than appears to have been the case of late years.
i5. obductella, on the other hand, appears to have failed to do so,
and is likely to be again found only should a future immigration
bring stragglers to our shores.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a curious gynandromorph of
Hibernia marginaria, right side $ , left forewing $ , left hindwing
about half normal size <? , both antenna3 ^ , and body the appear-
ance of c? , from Chaily, Sussex. He reported that he knew of
one oak in Bexley Woods which was already in leaf, and parts of
the tree had leaves well out on March 31st.

Mr. Harding exhibited a number of aberrations of Aglais tntic(B,
which he had met with during the past 40 years experience of
breeding, including ab. bolandii with much increased blue, ab. atra-
batoiHia, ab. latahensis, and many forms of ab. connexa. He had
never succeeded in getting a very pale form. He also showed a
F)/raiiieis atalanta with a chrome yellow band on the forewings ;
and a Hipocrita jacobcBm in which the red was also changed to a
chrome yellow.

Mr. Tatchell exhibited a fine xanthic form of F^jiinephele tithonus
taken by Mr. Rippon, in Doi'set, in 1893, and a living arva of
Trocldlinm crabronifoniiis {bewbeciformis) in a stem of willow.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited imagines and cases of the Psychid Tale-
pnria titbulosa {bo nihy cello), from Farnborough, Kent; a bred speci-
men of Pijraitsta ostrinaUs, and the beetle Dort/tomiifi tortri.v, bred
from poplar catkins.

APRIL 22n'l, 1920.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited 'ienuris honrathi, from Java, T.
selene, from New Guinea, iJijiiasUir napoleon, from S. America,
species of OpsipJianes, and Dasi/opJit/iahiia creiiaa.

Mr. Newman exhibited fine varied series of the following species :
Gonodontis bidentata, including the pale Cheltenham form ; Xan-
thorlio'e rivata, X. montanata, Hijdnoiiiena iiii/iliiviata, H. fiircata
(elutata), Tephrosia Ittridata {extersaria) with unusually large forms ;

56

Boannia cinctaria, and some curiously radiated forms of the first
brood of Tep/irosia histortata.

Mr. H}'. J. Turner showed a number of species of the genus
Pliisia, allied, more or less closel}', to the common Plnsia iianniia.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a few specimens of Rumicia
fhlcma from Finchley, showing forms with ill-developed spotting,
one ab. kochi with pear-shaped spots, a heavily spotted form, and
dusky forms with dark nervures and wide borders, chiefly collected
in the hot season of 1911, when the species was abnormally
abundant.

Captain Crocker exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera repre-
sentative of what he had met with in the battle-fields of the N. of
France, chiefly taken in 1919. Included were Inwria lathonia,
MelitfEa cinxia collected on ground which during the winter, when
the larvse were hibernating, would often be under water, A/>atiira
iris (common), Nordmannia ilicis, Colias hyale, etc. Among the
moths were A;/laia tau, Li/mantria dispar, Xotodojita tritop/ms, Cos-
viotriche pntatoria including a number of males with female colora-
tion, and some unusually dark, the range of colour aberration being
large ; Sciopteron tabaniformis, bred from poplar stumps where the
wood had been cut for fencing, and Senta waritima, a fine series in
much variety.

In the notes on the season Dn/monia chaonia was reported as
occurring in mid April; the larvse of Arctia villica was very scarce
in W. Kent, where it was usually abundant at this time of year.
Lasiocampa quercus larvae had been found in abundance feeding on
sea-buckthorn, and was reported to feed readily on viburnum. The
Kev. E. Tarbat reported that in E. Hants he had as yet seen no
Celastrina arrfioliis, and no " whites," that the sallows were excep-
tionall}^ early, and that daring the fine weather of February and
March nothing had come to sugar.

At the Special Meeting held subsequently for the purpose, Mr.
A. E. Tonge was elected to be co-trustee with Mr. R. Adkin, Mr. E.
Step having resigned.

MAY Uth, 1920.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a number of exotic species of
Coleoptera, including an extremely large specimen of the Goliath
beetle Gnliatlnis druryi, and of Orthoptera, including some of the
larger Phasmids, etc.

57

Mr, S. R. Ashby exhibited four drawers of his British Coleoptera :
the ground beetles of the genera Anchunieuiis, Benibidiitin, and
TrecliHS ; the Laiiiellicornes, including the genera Lucanns, Ontho-
ipha<i)is, and Aiihodins ; the Bi(/ire.stuUe and ElateridcB, and the
Weevils of the genera Bhynchites and Apion.

Mr. Barnett exhibited a portion of a decayed gatepost which had
been appropriated and excavated by a leaf-cutter bee, Metjar/iile, one
cavity containing fifteen cells, which was considered an abnormal
number. He also showed a brilliantly marked young viper, with
intense black markings on a whitish ground, and the trunk of a
lizard, measuring seven and a half inches, taken from the body of
another viper,

Mr. F. W. Cocks exhibited the following Coleoptera from the
neighbourhood of Wellington College, Berks., being the species
which were the more strikingly characteristic of the district : —
Pterostichiis aiii/iistatas, Dufts., Aiiclioiiieiius sexpiiuctatus, L., A.
qHad)-ipiinctati(s, de G., Ciiurejihaltm /'crNs, Kraatz, Aseiinini striatain
var. ayreste, F., < 'orticaria fenestralis, L., Sjihindiis diibitis, Gyll.,
and Melano])Idla acminnata, de G. The Mehoio/iliild had been quite
abundant since the felling of trees had been in progress.

On behalf of Mr. Carr, Mr. Step exhibited the Coral-wort,
Dentaria [Cardaiiiine) bulhifera, from near Chalfont Road, Bucks,
where it grows in abundance.

Mr, H, Moore exhibited a collection of Indian Orthoptera, and
,read the following notes : —

" Through the kindness of Mr. Groavenor I am able to exhibit
the Orthoptera he collected when stationed at Bangalore, S. India,
from May to October, 1916. They are an interesting lot, and
though one is assured this and that are common, the pleasure of
possession is none the less when one handles his first specimens.
But when they are some of the curiosities of insect life, what one
has wished for and never expected to get, one feels very kindly to
the donor, and satisfied with himself. Happily I am not called
upon for remarks, but I would like to point out a few of those of
special interest. Of the MantidcB perhaps that of the grass I found
most attractive, though the prettily coloured Creoboter nrbana, Fab.,
might appeal to others. The grass mantis, Schizocep/talns bicomis,
L., when unset, with its legs and body all of a tangle, was like a
wisp of hay, and with antennae and cerci so much alike, one had to
look closer than usual when pinning to discriminate the head
irom the tail. The curious Ci/iiiatuinera ru<iosa, L., is one

58

of the rarer inset^ts of the plains, which must require most
careful searching for when at rest on the truniis of trees.
Amongst the AcridiidcB, the great green arboreal locust, Acri-
d III in sp., is another uncommon species of the plains, but the
most important, economically, is A. pereiiriiiiun, 01., the migratory
locust, and A. snccinctiiin, Lin., the Bombay locust, also a migra-
tory species. The most impressive is surelj^ Teratodns nionticollis,
Gray, a very buffalo of grasshoppers, with its great thorax and
jaunty air. The so-called Cofiee locust, Aidarches inilioiis, Fab.,
and the painted grasshopper Puecilocera picta, Fab., though of nO'
economic importance, furnish examples of warning colours, not being
good to eat and consequently having no natural enemies. Amongst
the Lnciistidw is the great Mecopoda elomjata, L., another rare
insect of the plains, though common in the hills. One of the
greatest curiosities of Indian insect life is Schizodacti/liis iinmstniosiis,
Don., still of uncertain systematic position. In the Mole-cricket,
Grijllotalpa africaiia, Beauv., a species found in Africa, Asia, Aus-
tralia, and elsewhere, we have an instance of the disadvantage of
giving a geographical name to anything before its geographical
distribution is known. Brachijtnipen achatiiiiis, Stoll, the common
brown cricket, is notable as being the noisiest.

" I would like to record my appreciation of the self-denial and
unexpected generosity of Mr. Grosvenor, which adds another happy
memory to many others associated with members of this Society."

Mr. W. West exhibited four drawers of British Hemiptera,.
including a specimen of the extremely rare European Eeduviid
species, Pyyohwipis bidentata, which he had taken in May, 1914, in
the New Forest, the second recorded British specimen.

Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited a number of species of British
Diptera to illustrate wing-patterns and coloration, and contributed
the following note : —

"The Diptera are well known as one of the ' clear-winged '
orders of insects. The typical dipterous wing consists of two layers
of transparent membrane of a more or less vitreous nature, and the
only colouring is the iridescence caused by structural modification^
of the surface. Yet, on looking over a large number of species
there is a considerable amount of colour and pattern to be found.
I have selected from my collection various species of the different
families illustrating the extent and character of wing-pattern and
coloration obtaining in the order. This exhibit by no means
pretends to be a complete one, as I have not nearly enough material

59

at my disposal for that purpose, and one of the important sub-
divisions of the order — Nemocera (mosquitoes, craneflies, etc.) — is
hardly represented at all. In addition to the examples shown, I
have made an attempt to group together specimens illustrating
various types of colour and pattern, ranging from the simple tinged
or darkened wing to the completely patterned surface of the Trypetid
group. It will be seen that these types vary and combine among
themselves, and it is also to be noticed that it is the excepti.m rather
than the rule for one particular form of pattern to be confined to
one family. In consequence but little use can be made of wing
pattern in classification of the various genera, except in the case of
the Try/n'tida, where all the species have more or less definitely
patterned wings. These wing patterns and colours seem all to be
of a pigmental character, and I believe the only case of scale pat-
terning occurs in certain species of mosquitoes, and that these get
rubbed off soon after emergence. The colours seem confined to
black, brown, and yellow, and in one family {Dolichnpodidtc) the
extreme tip of the otherwise darkened outer margin of the wing is
white. Certain flies mimic species of other orders, notably Hymen-
optera, but in these cases the wing pattern usually plays a secondary
part to the shape and coloration of the body of the insect. Sexual
variation in wing colour seems very scarce, and is usually confined
to a darkening or tinting of the wings of the males, while the
females have the typical clear wings. A comparison of the wing
markings of Diptera with those of other normally clear-winged
Orders should form an interesting subject for study."

Mr. Coppeard exhibited livmg specimens of the Palmated Newt,
Mohje jHihnata, and its eggs. This was said to be a more widely
distributed species than was commonly supposed, and was really
the " common " newt ; Moh/e vidijaris, the so-called Common Newt,
being more restricted to the south-eastern area of Britain.

Mr. Priske exhibited series of the shell of Helix vin/ata from
various localities, including Deal, Box Hill, Torquay, Tenby, etc.
From the last place he showed white examples ab. fnihaperta. He
also showed the red form (ab. rnfa) of the slug Arinn ater.

Mr. With}Combe exhibited a cultivated plant of the Butterwort,
PiiitjKicHla (inuuUflora, and pointed out one leaf with the margin
curled over an insect. He stated that insects were captured by the
plant by means of a viscous fluid secreted by mushroom-shaped
glands developed on the upper surface of the leaves. The presence
of an insect causes the leaf margin to curl gradually inwards and

60

over the insect. The soluble matter is then absorbed by the
plant, the leaf uncurls, and the debris, wing parts, chitin, etc.,
blow away. The plant is easily grown from seed. He also showed
the Common Butterwort, /-•. nihian's, with a very pale flower, from
Beeston Bog, Cromer.

Mr. Main exhibited various species of Mosquitoes, includ-
ing Anojihelcs bifiircatiin, T/ienbaldia annnlata and T. viorsitans',
Oclderobatiis dorsalis, <>. nenKirosKH and 0. lateralis, with a series of
preserved larvie. He also showed a cage he had used successfully
for the experimental breeding of mosquitoes.

Mr. Dennis, on behalf of Mr. R. S. Bagnall, exhibited several
microscopical preparations of Protura, including two species of
Aceroitouiou, A. doderoi, Silv., from Kent, and A. affinis, Bagn.,
from County Durham. A collection of Symphyla made by Mr. W.
Ruskin Butterfield, including Scntiyerella iiinintciilata, Newp., S.
hiscutata, Bagn., S. i^pinipes, Bagn., Scnlopendrellupis siibuiida, Hans.,
Syiiiplnjlelia vitl(/aiu, Jians., S. jacksnui, Bagn., S. horrida, Bagn.,
S. viiniitissiiiia, Bagn., iS. delicatida, Bagn. Also Sijinplii/ldla diinel-
vieufiis, Bagn., taken in Durham County.

MAY 27th, 1920.
Exhibition of Living Objects.

Mr. A. W. Richardson, of Southall, was elected a member.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a specimen of the Californian Hes-
periid Epan/i/reHs titi/nts bred from a pupa sent to him by Miss
Fountaine. He also showed Adscita statices, the larvas of a species
of oil-beetle f Melo'e), and imagines andlarvse of GalenicdUi Uneola
(Col.), all from Eastbourne.

Mr. Blair exhibited the wasp (>di/)iertis pictiis, males and females,
with the cells from which they had emerged. The cells were
affixed to the sides of a large stone at Shanklin, I. of Wight. This
Hymenopteron stocks its nest with larvae of beetles. He also showed
!Siphlt(nis aiiiuitiis, Eaton, J and J and larva?, a rare Ephemerid
described by the Rev. A. E. Eaton in 1870 on ^ examples from
Killarney and Hampstead, the ? being then unknown. Its redis-
covery not far from the original Middlesex locality is interesting.
Also Cassida eqiicstrix, F., beetles and egg-clusters on water-mint,
from the canal side near Denham.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited ab. radiata-lutea of Abraxas

61

grossidariafa and an almost black aberration of form varlojata;
lavvx of Calymnia /n/ralina feeding on elm ; four forms of the larvae
of Satiiniia rarpini, all of one brood, sleeved on plum ; a Calli-
iiior/iJia iloiiiinula just emerged out of doors ; several larvae of
Tricliiura cratuj/i, all different forms ; and two females Pheosia
dictdoides; and remarked that he had obtained ova from a female
to which a male P. tremida [dictmt) had assembled.

Mr. Alfred Sich exhibited living imagines of Nepticula aeptem-
brella, Stt., bred from pupae found in leaves of Hupericnw at Hind-
head, Surrey; larva of Salehna hetida:, Goeze, oft" birch, Richmond,
Surre,y ; and a raceme of Foxglove, Diiritalis jmrpitrea, L., showing
abnormal growth, the flowers of the lower part growing irregularly
around the stem. At the apex is a confused growth of sepals with
coloured points, below this a ring of about twent}' stamens, and
below the stamens a large flat spreading disc with a diameter of 3J
inches. The ordinary flowers are of the usual purple. The disc
appears to be formed of half-a-dozen flowers, or rather the lower
spotted portions of these, the central portion is whitish and there
is a broad margin of deep purple. The disc is continuous except
in the upper portion where it is divided down to the growth of
sepals. The specimen is from a garden at Chiswick, and is the
monstrosity known as "peloria."

Mr. Newman reported that he saw no fewer than eighteen species
of butterflies on the railway banks at Bexley, 12 miles from Charing
Cross, on May 16th., viz., Pier is braxfiicae, P. rapae, P. napi,
Eiiddd'e cardaiiiineH, Gonepterux rhainni, Brent/ds euphrosyne,
Pijraineis cardni, P. ataianta, Aylais nrticac, Vanessa io, Callojdirys
riibi, Biiiiiicia phlaeas, Polyoiiiiiiattts icariis, Celastrina an/ioliiSj
Coe)ioiiyiiipha painpliiliis, Pararye Mieyera, Nisnniades tayes, and
Hesperia iitalvae.

It was also reported that the famous Monkswood, the home of
Stry)iion priini, was to be cut down and ploughed to grow wheat.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk communicated a note that he had in the
course of a few days in early May obtained three good aberrations
of butterflies: — Aylais nrticae, " dark, no blue spots, and one costal
yellow spot almost gone, suffused with brown, and other noticeable
difi'ere'nces." Pieris napi, " with a large spot on the left primary
and barely any spot on right — quite striking. Kuchluc cardamines,
of the only two pupae he had one male emerged, •' with a con-
spicuous black dot in the centre of the secondaries."

There were numerous other exhibits of common species-
obtainable at the time.

62

MAY 29th, 1920.

Field Meeting — Shoreham and Oxford, Kent.

Conihtctor, B. W. Adkin, F.E.S.

An enjoyable outing was held in this beautiful neighbourhood.
The route taken was over the Downs from Shoreham Station,
through the woods, and road, wood and footpath to the summit of
Otford Mount, and thence by footpath to Otford Village.

The meeting was well attended, and all expressed pleasure with
the scenery, though the insects were somewhat disappointing, only
common species being observed.

Tea was served at the Bull Hotel, Otford, the party walking
back to Shoreham Station.

JUNE lOth, 1920.

There was a special exhibition of Calymnia trapezina, Messrs.
E. Adkin, B. Adkin, Stanley Edwards, A. E. Tonge, and Hy. J.
Turner taking part.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner read the following notes on the lines of
variation of the species, and gave a summary of the various named
forms.

Lines of Variation.

Shape : ^ shorter, more angular wings. $ broader and long
wings.

FoREwiNGs,. Ground : ochreous irrorated with brown. Basal
and postmedial areas suffused with whitish, the medial and terminal
areas suffused with rufous — typical form. Bright rufous ; pale
yellow tinged with rufous ; ochreous white suffused with brown ;
ochreous white irrorated with brown ; grey brown ; whitish grey ;
bright ochreous slightly reddish ; dark grey ; black central band on
white-ochreous ; wholly black. Margins : {Cilia) rufous tinged
brown ; same colour as ground. Base : often a shade lighter than
discal area. Disc : often darker than base and outer area. Trans-
verse lines : (1) Short basal line from costa dark, sometimes absent.
,(2) First line dark, very oblique and straight, usually very distinct,
white edged on side, rarely defective. (3) Second line dark,
elbowed bluntly outward towards the costal area, white-edged
towards outer margin ; these two lines nearer together in the male
than in the female, (4) The area between these lines usually of a

68

■deeper shade, more or less, is often traversed by a partial or com-
plete cloudy, ill-defined narrow, still darker band. (5) The sub-
terminal line ill-defined, narrow, cloudy, sometimes scarcely
traceable, sometimes emphasised by dark spots, and margined a
lighter shade outwardly. (6) Just before the base of the cilia a row
of minute deep black dots, usually present. (7) Small pinky,
flesh-coloured clouds sometimes present on different parts of the
wing. Stigmata : 1. Keniform, outlined faintly, same colour as
ground, but a blackish large dot almost invariably present. 2.
Orbicular present, but scarcely outlined usually.

HiNDwiNGs. — Ground : Ochreous suffused with brown, especially
towards terminal margin. Smoky-white or smoky-brown with a
yellow gloss. Costal region pearly pale yellow. Hind margin
widely pale yellow in all lighter specimens. Cilia yellowish-white,
darker somewhat in darker specimens. Transverse line : Some-
times an ill-defined dusky line across the disc, beyond the middle;
smoky discal spot present in the lighter examples.

Named forms. — Whitish or ochreous grey : f. pallida, Tutt,
transverse lines nearly obsolete ; f. trapezina, L., transverse lines
distinct ; ab. rnfo- pallida, Tutt, red central band ; ab. niifvo-viri/ata,
Tutt, black central band (very rare) ; ab. obsvura, Aur. ; ab. badio-
fasciata, Teich. Brightly ochreous, slightly reddish : ab. obsoleta-
uchrea, Tutt, transverse lines nearly obsolete ; f. uchiea, Tutt, and f.
carnea, Warr., transverse lines distinct. Bright red : f. rufa, Tutt,
transverse lines distinct; ab. obsoleta -ni fa, Tutt, transverse lines
almost obsolete ; f. (jrisea, Tutt, pale dark grey dusted (greenish),
transverse lines darker; ab. nii/ra, Tutt, black, with paler trans-
verse lines (very rare) ; i.saturata, Stgr. [exujtia, Butlr.), brownish,
hindwing blackish, forewing grey brown ; ab. conspersa, Warr.,
extra dark nrisea.

In Mr. R. Adkin's exhibit was a very fine example of the rare
ab. nii/ra, in which the pale lines showed plainly, consisting of the
pale shade bordering the usual dark lines of the species, they
seemed somewhat farther apart than the black lines in normal
specimens.

In Mr. B. Adkin's exhibit was an extremely fine dark banded
form, 'ab. nigro-virtiata, Tutt=(?) ab. obscura, Aur. = ? &h. badio-
fasciata, Teich. He also showed a specimen with a clear, slate-
coloured ground.

Mr. Step exhibited a living plant of the small yellow
balsam {Impatiens parvifiora, D.C.), from a large colony in a green

64

lane at Wimbledon Purk. An annual herb, native of Siberia, it is-
of rare occurrence in this country, and is set down by Hooker as an
escape from gardens. It is, however, difficult to suppose that a
plant with such small flowers in proportion to its large leaves, with
no economic value, would have been introduced deliberately into
gardens. Loudon gives the year of its introduction as 1820, so this
is its centenary.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited an immature form of the Homopteron
Ledra aurita, beaten from oak.

Mr. Main exhibited sycamore leaves showing tracks of the larva
of the saw-fly, Pliyllotoma acerix, and referred to the difficulty in
breeding these insects.

Mr. Tonge remarked that he had been told by Mr. Coppeard that
Micro-Lepidoptera were easily bred if enclosed with their food in
paper bags placed on the damp floor of a disused greenhouse, and
suggested that possibly other orders of insects could be so bred out
successfully.

JUNE Uth, 1920.

Field Meeting — Horsley.

Conducted bij Stanley Edwards and Hy. J. Turner.

This was a whole day field-meeting and about a dozen members
were present. The route taken was by the footpath near the rail-
way, through the fields of West Horsley Place to the church, and
thence by the path for the sheep leas and Netley Heath, returning
by the chalk lane to the " Duke of Wellington " Hotel for tea.

The morning was somewhat threatening, but although thunder
and rain seemed to be present all around the party were in no way
inconvenienced until the mid-afternoon, when the immunity of the
morning was broken and the storm passed immediately over, and
most of the party being more rather than less unprotected got fairly
wet through. However, all arrived safely at the tea, and did such
ample justice to the fare there provided that the proprietress
insisted upon an increase in the charge for our meal.

The ground has been visited by the Society on numerous
previous occasions, of which reports have already appeared, so that
no detailed list of captures has been appended. Most of those
present were quite satisfied with the results of the day's collecting,
although nothing not previously recorded turned up.

65

JUNE 2ith, 1920.

Mr. Ply. J. Turner exhibited a varied series of Hythiomena
f areata, Thun. [Hi/psipetefi eliitata, Ilh. = sordidata, Fab.), and also
a copy of Thunberg's "Dlssertationes" (1784), in which the species
was first described and figured. He said that the species had been
dealt with from most points of view by Mr. Prout, in 1906, in a
paper read at the North London Nat. Hist. Soc, and published in
the " Ent, Record," vol. ix., p. 84, et seq. He gave the following
summary of the variation and tabulation of the named forms.

Lines of Variation. — I. Size. — Considerable variation. Bil-
berry and heath fed larvte invariably produce small imagines ;
sallow fed larvfe in moist situations usually produce full-sized speci-
mens. Bred specimens are often small unless the larvae be sleeved,
possibly owing to the larval habit of spinning leaves together.
IL Cohnir. — Very variable. The small moorland forms are, as a
rule, the more varied, often very prettily tinged with red or yellowish
brown. The lowland forms are more frequently dirty greenish.
The ground may be light green, yellowish green, darl<; green, brown
green, purplish green, cinerous, fuscous, or nearly black. This is
crossed transversely from the costa by about half a dozen irregular
dark lines, often interrupted and abbreviated, almost always strongly
marked on the costa, but dwindling to complete absence on the
inner margin in many cases. These lines are not apparent, of course,
on the dark ground specimens which are practically uniform in
coloration. In detail these lines are (1) basal, slender, angled,
abbreviated, l)lack. (2) The first line, often obscure or broken up
into parts, rather broad, purple-black. (3) Similar line close fol-
lowing, (i.) Stripe of pale clouding, broken into blotches. (5) The
"second line," incomplete, sinuous, black. (6) Similar to the last,
expands to a broad blotch, sharply angled, which angle has a black
dash going to apex, then ill-defined and almost absorbed by a
roundish whitish blotch about the middle of the hind margin, a
very constant feature of the species, then continuing in a slender
line. Between lines 4 and 6, which vary in relative position, there
is a tendency to have a wide clear band of the ground colour, which
often becomes light in shade, the form albofasciata. The hind
margin has numerous fine black dots in pairs.

Named forms. — This very variable, generall}' distributed and
common species has received a number of names from various
authors, especially the older ones, some still perhaps only in the
position of probability, such as miata, Hufn., reclaitf/idata, Fab., and

66

riiyata, Fourc. The other names can be allotted to the varioua
forms which were formerly considered as separate species. la
addition there is either the same or a practically identical species in
N. America, with named forms, which probably should be treated
as a race of oar European fnrcatn.

Mr. Barnett exhibited a long series of hi. fmrata, mainly from
Darenth, most of the specimens being large, and one a tine example
of the Difitscata form, with no trace of marking.

Mr. S. Ashby exhibited eight specimens of the rare beetle f.enia
crirhsnm swept near U,ye, Sussex, in April last, by Mrs. Asbl)y and
himself.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited a series of the Rhyncophorous beetle
Attelahiis nitena {nn-ciili(i)ii)i(leii) with examples of the topmost leaves
of oak twigs rolled by the larvffi. He also showed larvfe and pupae
of the Homopteron, Ledra aiin'ta.

JULY 8th, 1920.

Mr. Newman exhibited living larvae of Phry.nis liromica,
from eggs laid by a female captured in Dorsetshire, in May of the
present year. The ova hatched on May 31st, and by July 7th
twelve of the larvae were full fed. Their habit was to rest in the
glaring sun and to feed only on the blossoms of Lraliiint lenmi and
of G. molliKjo, with which they were supplied. Fuchsia they abso-
lutely refused, and much preferred growing (Jaliitui to cut sprays.
Some of the larvae were still quite small. They were apt to attack
each other if confined in close quarters.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited a half-grown larva of Satumia pyri,
from a batch of ova sent to him from France. He also showed the
Liverwort, Marchantia pob/iiKirpha, calling attention to the peculiar
stalked female organs (carphocephala) developed on the thallus ;
also the rare Roman nettle, Urtica piltilifera, from his garden at
Walthamstow where it appeared as a weed.

Mr. L. E. Dunster exhibited a series of Melitaea aininia, taken
in May, in Somerset ; and a series of Epinephele tithonns, taken in
August, 1919, showing additional spots on the forewings.

Mr. Carr showed a series of Btenthu euphrosyne, taken at
Crockham Hill, Kent, including a somewhat suffused example.

The President exhibited the solitary bee, Calletes liaviesana, bred
from cells found at Shanklin, together with various parasites and

67

inquilines bred from the same cells, including: — Pmsopis com-
viiinis, Nyl., Bombi/liiis minor, L., Hpeolns productua. Thorns., Milto-
gramma punctata, Mg., Hemiteles, sp. Also living specimens of the
Isle of Wight " Tiger Beetle," Cicimlfla rprmanica, bred from larvaa
found on May 4th last.

JULY 22nd, 1920.

The President exhibited Cimex pipii^trellns, the Hemipteron
which infests the bat, and contributed the following note: —

" Cimex pipisti'elliis closely resembles C. lectiilaritts, but has
wider flat margins to the prothorax and is clothed with longer
hairs. The species is, as its name implies, panisitic on bats. This
specimen with others was found in a bathroom, but it was found
that bats were breeding immediately above. That it can and^vill
draw blood from a human host is established, but that it will thrive
on such diet is rather doubtful. At any rate a ? that was given
such a meal on 31st May last was dead a few days later. A
freshly developed ^ was fed on the same day and on July 21st
was also dead. On the other hand the 3' exhibited had
developed after feeding as a nearly mature nymph, as also has
the $ now exhibited. Some young nymphs hatched from
the egg have fed, but have not yet reached the second instar.
When feeding, either nymphs or adults, no sensation is noticeable
and no inflammation or irritation follows, a very different result
from that following the bite of (J. lectularins."

Mr. Pririke recorded a remarkable occurrence which befell some
traps for Coleoptera which he had set in Richmond Park. Five
out of six traps set contained a distinct species of Necrophorus, viz.^
N. iiiortHornin, N. humator, N. vespillo, N. ruspator, and N'. inter-
ruptus, whilst in the sixth trap were two species of Silpha.

Mr. Newman reported that he had bad luck with his larvae
of Phryxtts livornica, the whole batch having died when full-fed,
and he had heard that those retained by Mr. Hedges had also
perished, whereas Mr. Bright, who only had about a dozen, had
successfully got them into the pupal stage.

He reported that he had found Atgynnis aylaia abundant, and
Plebeiiis aeijon in fair numbers ; that Melananjia yalatliea had appa-
rently gone from W. Kent, whilst Pyrameis atalanta had again
appeared; that the 2nd brood of Rumicia phlaeas was out; and
that nearly everything he had in captivity was making a second
brood.

68

JULY 24th, 1920.

Field Meeting — Byfleet.

Conducted bij Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

There was only a small attendance, possibly owing to the
previous night having been very wet, as was the early morning.
However, the weather clearecf up, and a most enjoyable, sunny
afternoon was spent along the canal bank and the adjoining low
ground. Insects were decidedly scarce, but many useful species
were obtained by the members, and a pleasant tea was obtained at
the " Green Room," a private restaurant near the station.

Mr. Lucas reported : " It was hoped to get Pancrjia cognata,
Eamb., which was captured (one female) on a previous excursion
(July 23rd, 1904). The date was correct, but the only specimens
captured were two females of Paiiorpa coiiiwiinis, Linn. Dragonflies,
which were not so much in evidence as they should have been,
were: FnaUafiuia ci/athijicyiDii, Charp. (common); lachnitra elecjans,
Lind. (rather common) ; Ai/rion imella, Linn, (a few) ; Calopteriix
^plemlens, Harris (one female) ; Aesclma (jrandis, Linn, (only one
captured, but apparently others seen) : A.juncea, Linn, (one teneral
female). Amongst the plants : A few examples of Inipatiens fulva,
Nuttall, were found bearing the brilHant orange blossoms (in the
usual .way, practically all the flowers are cleistogamous) ; Erio-
phoiiDii vaf/inatiiin, Linn., was obtained in fruit in boggy ground
near the cana,! ; PotanioijetoH hetero/Jn/lliis, Schreb., was found in
flower, as well as in fruit, in the canal. The three plants named
are not of the commonest."

Messrs. G. S. Robertson and Alfred Sich reported the occurrence
of Pieris iiapi, P. brassicae, hlpuieiiJuie tithoniis, P. jnrtina, Plebeius
ae(i(>n, Aridalia inornata, Pseudotrnpna prninata, Cosymbia pendu-
laria, and larv;e of Cernra vinula, Orgijia antiqua, Loniaspilis
marijinata, Cabera pusaria, and Teplirosia piincttilaria, among the
Macros. Among the Pyrales were Cranibna idiginosellus (common
in the heathery bog), C pascuelliis, C. tristellns, C. cuhnellns, C.
inqiiinatellus, Scoparia o)ii})ii/i(aiis, Scopula ferruf/alis, and Hydro-
cawpa stagnata (a few). The more notable micros reported were
ColeopJiora anatipennella, Tjtlmcolletis alnifoliella, Cerostonia liicella ;
mines and larvse of Buccnlatrix frangidella on Rhamnus franyula,
and Elachista cerusella larvae mining in leaves of Phraymites
coiiniiimis.

69

AUGUST I2th, 1920.

It was announced that Mr. W. West, an ofiginal member of the
Society, had died on July 30th. Mr. West had been Hon. Curator
from the establishment of that office in 1872.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a specimen of Pipameift atalanta
having the lowest (third) subapical spot absent, and agreeing with
an example described in Mr. Woodford's account of the butterflies
in Oxford University Museum [Knt., Aug., 1920). It was the only
variety bred out of 400-500 larvae in 1912.

Mr. E. Step exhibited living specimens of Dnrcus parallelnpi-
pediis which he had found on the side-walk of a road in Wimbledon
Park.

He also reported the Mountain 'Po\y]}ody {Poly podium i)Iier)op-
teris) as plentiful in a locality to the west of Lyndhurst, New
Forest. " Although one station for it is given in Townsend's Flora
of Hawpshire, it is not in this part of the county ; so that I was
pleased a year ago to receive a letter from Miss M. G. Tennant,
enclosing a specimen of the Fern, and asking if I knew of this
locality she had discovered eight years previously. At ni}'- sugges-
tion she reported the find to the Rev. E. F. Linton, F.L.S., who is
recording the Flora of the district. Last week Miss Tennant again
wrote to say that she finds her phegopteris station much more
extensive than she had realised last year, the plant forming dense
clumps in the moist alder-thickets for half a mile along a certain
stream ; one tuft seen was over four feet across. From the parti-
culars my correspondent has furnished,! should imagine the species
is not newly established, and one wonders how it has escaped the
observation of the numerous botanists who have made the Forest
their hunting ground. For reasons that will be obvious, I refrain
from giving precise details of the locality, though for my personal
guidance the lady has kindly mapped the spot."

Mr. Alfred Sich exhibited pupal cases of Aphelosetia {Elachista)
cenisella, Hb., and the larval mines in a leaf of Phragmites com-
munis, which had contained four larvae, and three pup» spun up on
other leaves. The four larvae all produced imagines. The mine
was gathered at Byfleet on the occasion of the Society's excursion
this year.

He also showed the three British species included in the genus
Ochsenheimeria, viz., O. mediopectinella {hirdella), 0. bisontella, and
0. vacculella.

70

, AUGUST 26th, 1920.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a living nymph of Mantis relifjiosa
from S. France, and referred to its habit of hanging from a twig
when at rest. It was usually very sluggish. Mr, Grosvenor con-
firmed Mr. Main as to the hanging habit from his own observation
of Indian species of Mantis. Mr. Main also exhibited a large
spider, Lycosa sp., referred to by Fabre, which lives in holes in the
ground, and prefers butterflies and moths as food, but if par-
ticularly hungry will eat larvae and flies. I'abre states that the
female sits on the raised edge of its hole holding up its egg cluster
to the sun, but Mr. Main saw neither the female acting thus nor
the raised edge. He showed a second species which fed readily on
flies and the fat larvae of Rhariinm inquisitor.

Mr. Bowman exhibited a male Parasewia plantafiinia in which
the hindwing on the right side was duskily suffused. It was bred
from Portsmouth larvae. From 60 pupae 55 imagines emerged in
the course of four days. He noted that the apical fascia vary from
being entire to much interrupted.

Mr. Barnett exhibited a long series of Hudriomena fnrcata from
Coomb Pyne, S. Devon, in which the all green, the light banded,
the much variegated and the very dark forms with intermediates
were all present ; a short series of Ewaturi/a atomaria, those from
Limpsfield being small and very yellow, comparable to the prevalent
continental form in colour, while those from Oxshott were very
variable, some being much suffused with very small lighter areas ;
also a Plehiiis cei/on. from Oxshott, with a brilliant white submarginal
band on the underside.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a number of Fungi collected at
Finchley that day, including Rnssula ciuetica, B. integra, R. citrina,
Paxillns involittus, Laccaria laccata, Lactarius quietus, Hypholoma
fasciculare and Clavaria cristata.

Mr. Sich remarked that he had discovered that the newly
hatched larva of Coleophora ibipennella, after mining for about two
days in the birch leaf upon which the eggs had been laid, con-
structed its first case by uniting the frass extruded from its mine
with silk. Before leaving the mine it cast its first skin.

Mr. Edwards reported Celastrina an/iolns on August 16th, but
so far had only seen an odd specimen of Catocala nupta, which
usually was fairly common around Blackheath.

Mr. Edwards and Mr, Grosvenor exhibited a number of forms

71

of the polymorphic Papilio memnon from the Indo-Malay region, and
the former read a paper on the species, of which the following is a
summary : —

" The Group, of which P. memnon is the chief member, has
about fourteen species to which the subdivisional (or subgeneric)
name of Iliades has been applied. It is one of the most typical
and interesting groups in the Malay Papilioninae, and is distributed
from continental India and the Malay Peninsula throughout the
Malay Archipelago. It was in relation to the species of this group
that Wallace first formulated his celebrated conclusions as
to the dimorphism, trimorphism and polymorphism of the
female sex, conclusions that were subsequently accepted and
corroborated by Trimen, who made similar observations in South
Africa, and since supported by W. H. Edwards in N. America, who
has shown similar variation in species belonging to that fauna.

" The form known as P. a<ienor, L., often indistinguishable
from typical P. laeiinKui, was considered by Linne to be a distinct
species, because he described P. iiieiimon from the male and P.
agenor from the female, and at the same time considered the male
of the latter to be a mere aberration of P. memnon of which he did
not know the other sex. In 1776 Cramer figured and named the
male P. agenor as P. androgeos. Subsequently Hiibner, aware that
Cramer had described and figured in 1775 another Papilio under
the name P. androijens, gave the name of Iliades mentor to Cramer's
figure ((? of P. agenor, L.).

" If we treat the various " species " erected by Butler, Distant,
Eothschild, and others as local forms, there stand out (teste Dr.
Jordan in Seitz) four or five main subspecies with several sub-
sidiary ones, each of the former having a considerable number of
local female forms attached to it. These are with their localities
as follows —

A. Main subspecies : (1) /'. mciinioit, L., from Java, Borneo,
Banka, etc., with 5 f laomednu, Cr., ? f achates, Sulz., etc. ; (2) P.
agenor, L., from Continental India, Burmah, Sikkim, Malacca,
China, etc., with 5 f esjieri, ]3tlr., J f alcanor, Cr., ? f cilix, Dist.,

? f achates, Cr., etc. ; (3) P. anccns, Cr., from Sumatra, Nias, etc.,
witla ?f eribinus, Haase, etc.; (4) P. pryeri. Roths., from Loo
Choo Isles ; (5) P. merapu, Dohr., from Sumba.

B. Subsidiary subspecies: (6) P. oceani, Dohr., from Engano ;
(7) P. perlncidiis, Friih., from Lombok, etc.

C. Aberrational and seasonal forms.

72

" The males of all these local races differ but little in their
markings and form, in some races a red spot occurs in the base of
the cell in one of the seasonal forms, in other races it never appears,
while the amount of the red area at the base of the wings is also
variable.

" The females however are dimorphic in the shape of their
hindwings, the latter occurring both tailed and tailless ; in colour
and pattern they are very polymorphic, not only forming
local forms but seasonal as well. Local forms which occur pre-
dominenfcly in one area occur aberrationally in other areas.

" In Sumatra at least four distinct forms of the female have
been named, three of them tailless and one tailed. Dr. Martin has
frequently bred the species from larv*, which fed on Citrus limetta
and C. (leciiiiiaiui, and on one occasion he bred all four forms
of female from eggs laid by one female, while on another occasion
eggs laid by a tailed female did not produce a single tailed descen-
dant like herself.

" There is but little suggestion of mimicry in the species, but
Wallace says that the $ f acliatea of P. iiiemuon mimics the form
doHhledani oi P. coon (Trans. Linn. Soc, J865)."

Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, who was present as a visitor,
gave a short account of the entomological national collection in the
United States of America.

SEPTEMBER 9th, 1920.

Mr. J. B. Farmer, of Brixton, was elected a member.

Mr. Bowman exhibited a brood of PJpIu/ra porata bred from ova
laid b}' a female captured at Witley, which had emerged in two
distinct series : about one half of the brood in August and the other
half the following spring ; and called attention to the curiously
close resemblance of the spring series to the allied species E.
piiuctaria.

Mr. H. Main exhibited the larvae of three species of hymen-
opterous parasites, which were feeding on larvsis of the Longicorn
beetle, li/ioi/ium inquisitor, common in Epping Forest in recent
years.

Mr. Turner exhibited about forty species of moths taken by Mr.
Grosvenor in India, chief!}' at Bangalore, including a fine example
of AttacKS etlwardsi, a series of Trabala vislinit with female colour

CO

lO

dimorphism and extremely large anal tuft ; a bred Crishna niacrops,
several Hypsids, a few Zyjiania caaJuirirensis, the conspicuous
" Cossus," Diiometiia leuconotiiH, with clean white tufted thorax.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited the hymenopteron Mutilla europaa,
taken near the pier at Bournemouth, with other species of the genus
from Egypt, the Ionian Islands, the Upper Amazons, and Indiana.

Mr. Bunnet exhibited C'dcciiwlla hieroj/lypliica, from Keston, with
its black aberration.

Mr. Grosvenor said that Ayriades thetis was absent, and only a
few A. cnridon were to be seen at Ueigate this autumn. Mr.
Farmer reported A. coridon common at Riddlesdown. Pyiameis
atalanta was in plenty.

SEPTEMBER 23rd, 1920.

Exhibition of Lantern Slides.

Mr. Adkin exhibited views of Selborne from old engravings.

Mr. A. E. Tonge's exhibit illustrated the resting positions of
Geoiiictridcc.

Mr. Main showed the seasonal forms of I'ifiia napi f. btyoniae;
the stages and pupal chamber of Tiinarcha coriaria (Col.) ; the
metamorphoses of Donacia sp. (Col.), the larva feeding on the roots
and underwater stems of aquatic plants.

Mr. Bedford (of Lewes) exhibited slides of rare insects captured
in Sussex, PapUio macliaon, Kiivanessa antiopa, OnJiodia erythro-
cephala, etc. ; local birds ; rare and local orchids, etc.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited slides of Clitysopa, Heiiieioblits,
Syrpliiis, and Stratioiiiys sp. ; also flowers of frogbit, Hydrorharis
inonms-raiiie, etc.

Mr. Colthrup's series showed chiefly the resting positions of
butterflies and moths.

Mr. Dennis illustrated Windermere and its flora, and showed a
series of ferns.

Mr. Grosvenor exhibited a number of Indian Terias, many of
them from the collection of the late Col. Bingham ; and referred to
the difficulty of recognising many of the species which had been
erected by different authors.

Mr. Bowman exhibited a short series of Tn'coptery.c (Lobophora)
carpinata, bred from a female captured at Oxshott, of which 20 per
cent, had very dark, well-emphasised transverse lines on the fore-

74

wings. He pointed out that the lobe on the hindwing of this
species was very small.

Mr. Hy. J, Turner exhibited three species of the genus Eacles
from the New World. K. hnperialis, the well-known N. American
species, K. (jranditi, the closely allied species from Sao Paulo, S.
Brazil, and a further species sent to him by Mr. Lmdeman from
Cordoba, Argentine. He also showed coloured photographs of the
larvae of the two last named showmg that they were distinct species.

OCTOBER Uth, 1920.

Mr. J. B. Farmer exhibited a storebox filled with British
Odonata, etc., which he was presenting to the Society.

Mr. Riley exhibited, for Mr. R. South and on behalf of Mr.
Dolton of Reading, some aberrations of British Lepidoptera taken
during the past season in the Reading district, including A;iria(les
coridon, male, intermediate between the form albicans, H.-S.,
(Spain) and the form apennina, Zell. (Italy). Its appearance in
Britain is very unusual, and the two specimens in the British
Museum are both labelled " Hungary." There was also a very
unusual form of Hibernia leucnphaaria, the marking forming very
conspicuous wavy transverse bands on an almost clear grey ground.
In addition there were two dark grey- brown females of Bnpaltis
piniaria, a form which occurs at Oxshott occasionally.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a series of ZijijcEiia tilipendul<£ taken
on the eastern portion of the southern slope of Box Hill. Practi-
cally the whole of the large number examined, of which those
exhibited were a sample, had the sixth-spot more or less feebly
developed, and in some worn specimens it was almost obliterated.
The specimens were generally small. There were several ab. ctjtisi
in which the pairs of spots were united to form three separate
blotches, as well as various modifications of spotting, including an
example in which a streak of scarlet united the 5th and 6th blotches
with the joined 3rd and 4th blotches.

Mr. Newman exhibited a living larva of Hi/loiciis pinafttri from
Suffolk, the last of a small brood, the others having pupated.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited three female examples of I'leris
rajKC from Finchley, showing a small dusky spot in the disc of the
hindwing; also an abnormal Rionicia phUias with the spots on the
left forewing somewhat striate.

75

Mr. Johnson exhibited a short series of Pieris napi bred from
■ova from an Irish female. All the female specimens were banded,
one also suffused somewhat with yellow. He showed in addition
a gynandromorph of Pieris ra/ue,, and a varied series of confluent
forms of Zyiiana trifolii from Folkestone, where the species had
been very common.

Mr. Blenkarn exhibited the very rare Carahiia nitens and other
■Coleoptera, taken near Poole this year.

The Secretary referred to a pamphlet on Mosquitoes issued by
the S.E. Union of Scientific Societies, and a short discussion took
place on the breeding habitats of the group.

Numerous reports on the season were given. Mr. Newman had
spent seven weeks at Folkestone, where the larvae of Pi/rameia
atalanta were extremely abundant. /'. cardiii larvae were very
scarce and not seen on nettles. Pieris brassicce larvas were very
scarce also. Worn specimens of Colias ednsa occurred sparingly.
Folyonniiatus icarus always seemed worn, although a few fresh ones
appeared daily ; one was quite fresh on October 2nd. Three worn
C. hi/ale were taken. Aricia niedon was frequent. Aryyimis ai/laia
was in fair numbers and fresh in September. Melanaryia (jalathea
was seen in September, as also was Hipparcliia semele. Fresh and
worn Riuiricia phUeas were seen all the time. Ayriades t/ietis was
scarcer than he had ever known it at Folkestone. It continued to
•emerge till October 8th. A. coridon, usually scarce on the hills,
was this year very much commoner, up to September 20th. Man-
duca atrnpos was taken on a lamp. Lencania extranea had been
taken in both Devon and Cornwall. L. vitellina had occurred in
Devon, while Heiiotliis peltigera had been frequently captured. Mr.
,Sich reported Tortrix promibana from N. London.

OCTOBER 28th, 1920.

Mr. A. E. Stafford, of Mortlake, Mr. S. B. Hodgson, of N.
Kensington, and Mr. W. P. Colhoun, of Co. Derry, were elected
members of the Society.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited the living larvie of the Mosquito
Anoplteles pliniibeiis, which he had found in plenty in the rot holes
of trees in Epping Forest during a walk on October 24th. The
holes were both high up and among the roots raised above the
ground. The larvie of Orlderostethtts was also present.

76

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a number of species of Ophuhres
(Nocfc.) from the Indo-Malay Region, including one froni New
Guinea. He also showed the extremely young curved black case
of Culeoplioia Intipennella found on oak at Chiselhurst and pointed
out on some of the oak twigs a very small Coccid which had sunk
itself into the young bark ; and small specimens of the beautiful
orange cup-fungus Otidea aurantia.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited a very dark female specimen
of Buarniia consortaria taken at Oxshott in June, 1920, and said
that he had taken a similar one at Wimbledon about the same
date. He also showed hybrids of Pmicvra cnrtida <? and P. reclusa
? , with typical specimens of the two species for comparison.

Mr. Garrett exhibited a blue female of Pulycninnatiis icanis from
Bexley, in which the red marginal blotches were well developed on
the forewings, with hindwings much suffused with bluish-white.

Mr. Blenkarn exhibited Coleoptera, including Chri/soniela (jraminis
from Wicken Fen, September, 1920, Klater elongatidns from the
New Forest, August, 1920, and Ac/abiis briinnens from Hants, August,
1920, where the species was oiiginally discovered.

Mr. Barnett, for Mr. Cornish, exhibited a portion of a decayed
window frame in which a leaf-cutter bee, Megachile maritiuia, had
made a string of ten cells fashioned of cut pieces of rose-leaf.

Mr. Frisby exhibited a complete series of British Aculeate
Hymenoptera, and read a paper, " The British Aculeates." (See
page 1.)

There was a considerable discussion.

NOVEMBER Uth, 1920.

Mr. A. E. Hemming, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Whitehall, was elected a
member.

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited a number of species of
Liiiienitix, Atlnjma, and Nepth from the Thibetan and Hindo-
Malayan Region, and called attention to the close similarity of
Atht/iiia punctata to Hypolinnma misippns.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a short series of Polyplnca flavi-
cornis, including gradations from the very dark Rannoch form
through variegated specimens to the very light south form.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited a specimen of Mimas tilice in which the
usual transverse bar was reduced to a small triangular discal spot.

77

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited two aberrations of Rumicia pldceas
of the autumn brood, 1920, from North Finchley. One was the ab.
snhradiata, Tutt ; the other was the same form with a series of
copper patches between copper-marked nervures on the hiudwings
of the same shape and size as the blue patches in ab. camleo-
punctata.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited several series of Hi/(/)ochroa
si/ringaria, one consisting of fairly large and brightly coloured
specimens bred from larvae taken at Wimbledon in March last.
Emergence took place in June. There was a fair amount of varia-
tion in breadth of wing. Another series, bred from two pairings of
the above, consisted of smaller insects which emerged in August.
They were more uniform in breadth of wing, but the colour was
dull, and the pale blotch on outer margin of forewing was reduced
in size.

A third series was bred from larvae taken at Wimbledon in 1913
and 1915, the large, brightly coloured moths emerging in June
each year. The ground colour of the wings of the females was
yellow as compared with the greenish tinge of the wings of that sex
in the previous two series. Two of the males had the centre line of
the forewings duplicated. There were in addition specimens
captured at Wimbledon, June, 1913, which were pale in colour and
of small size as compared wibh the foregoing.

The larvffi of the first series were beaten from honeysuckle, but
fed on privet, as were their descendants.

Of 263 ova obtained from these pairings 233 eventually became
imagines, five larvae hibernating after their second moult, the
remaining larvae dying from accidental injuries.

Mr. Bujckstone also exhibited living pupae and imagines of
Pyraniein atalanta, from larvae taken at Merton Park, and full-fed
larvfe of Abraxas (jroasulariata (one spinning up) taken in the same
locality where a considerable number were found equally precocious.

In the ensuing discussion it appeared that several members were
obtaining a second emergence of P. atalanta, and it was claimed
that they might be hibernated as pupae if protected from frost. It
was stated that a second brood of A. grussiilan'ata could always be
bred even out of doors. There were a few records of P. atalanta
being seen wild in winter, but in the Scilly islands it appeared to
hibernate regularly. If imagines were wintered indoors and fed
regularly it was always possible to get them to pair in the spring.

Dr. Dixey, F.R.S., read a paper on " Sexual Dimorphism,"

78

illustrating his remarks with a large number of coloured diagrams-
and a series of lantern slides. (See page 12.)

NOVEMBER 25th, 1920.
Annual Exhibition of Varieties.

Mr. G. D. Morison, Bedford Pk., W. 4 ; Mr. D. Watson, Graves-
end ; Mr. G. W. Young, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Barnes, S.W. ; Mr. W,
West, Brockley, S.E.; Mr. F. H. Simms, Stourbridge ; and Mr. H.
M. Simms, Stourbridge, were elected members.

Short series of Acidalia [Leptomeris) itinnorata and Ino {Rha-
gades) (jlohidaricc from Sussex, were presented to the Society's col-
lection by Mr. F. G. S. Brarawell, of Brighton, They were from
Lewes and Falmer respectively. The donor in his letter referred to
the bad season of the past summer for the rearing of larvae, although
there were plenty of imagines to be obtained, including Colias edusa
with var. helice, Theretra porcelliis, etc. Of 400 larvse of Sphinx
lirjutitri quite half went oflf when full fed, while last year (1919)
practical lly all pupated and produced imagines.

Lord Rothschild exhibited the series of 1,277 specimens of
Abraxas grossiilariata, Linn., from the British collection of the
Tring Museum. They consisted of the series from the Bright and
Gibbs collection and those collected by himself. The larger number
of the more extreme varieties, as will be well known to the members
present, have been bred by the Rev. Gilbert Raynor. Most of the
named forms were included, and some unnamed ones were indicated.

Mr. C. H. Williams exhibited a drawer of varieties of the sasme
species, including ab. lacticolor, ab. fidvapicata, ab. liitea, and ab.
seinilntea.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited several store-boxes containing
lepidoptera from all parts of the Pahisarctic Region outside of the
strictly European area. The insects exhibited were either extra-
European forms of well-known species or were species closely
allied to those in the European area, and were from Asia Minor,
Transcaspia, Turkestan, The Altai, S. Siberia, Mongolia, The Amur,
Palestine, Algeria, &c.

Mr. H. S. Leeds exhibited aberrations captured during the
present year of the following species : — Melanargia ijalathea, heavily
marked with black, rich cream-coloured ground and others ; Cneno-
nyinplui jiamp/iiliifi, pale and dark bordered forms ; Ruviicia p/daeas

79

var. eleiis; Polyommatus icarus var. striata and others; Aricia
medon and Ag Hades bellari/us, with the orange hinules unusually
heavily marked ; many interesting forms of Plebeiiis aegon and
Atp-iades coridon ; a specimen of Stryinon pruni, in which the
markings of the underside of the right wings approached those of
the female, and those of the left wings followed those of the male ;
also a remarkable form of Kpinephelejitrtina heavily scaled with white
(not bleached) on costa.

Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited his collection of about 1,400
specimens of Peronea cristana, Fab., including the series of the late
Sydney Webb, examples of all the 72 named forms, and the
original type specimens of 39 of them. He also showed about 250
specimens of Leptof/raiiniia literaita, L., including ab. r<iiiia)iaiia,
Fab., tricolorana. Haw., irrorana, Hub., sqitamaiia, Fab., and several
unnamed forms.

Mr. Percy M. Bright exhibited a long series of Epinephele
tithoiins containing some remarkable varieties, many with addi-
tional eye-spots of varied development, one without spots on the
forewings above, white suffused forms, and a gjnandromorph taken
at Swanage this year ; also a very varied series of Annjiuiis o(ilaia,
including several magnificent melanic varieties, and one extra-
ordinary scaleless aberration with the fringes perfectly developed on
all four wings. Mr. Bright called attention to the almost complete
destruction of the famous Monk's Wood, the home of Stn/'iion
priini.

Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited ten aberrations of Sati/nis semele,
including a male specimen with four spots on the forewings, taken
in North Kent in 1920.

Mr. T. H. Grosvenor exhibited British species of Rhopalocera
which occur in India and Thibet, including : — Papilio niachaun,
race sphyms from the N.W. Himalaya, and race sikkiniensis from
Thibet ; Pieris brassicae and Pontia daplidire from the Punjab
Plains; P. rapae horn the N.W. Himalayas; Gonepteryx rlia\i)ni,
I'&ce nepaleiisis, from the Nilgiri Hills; C. Jieldii irom the Punjab
hills and plains ; Aryymiis lathonia, race issoria, from the Punjab
Hills; Apatura iris from Thibet; Vanessa cashmirensis from the
Punjab Hills ; Pyrameis cardni from India, generally ; Polyom-
matiis icarus, race persica, from the N.W. Himalayas ; Aricia
medon from the Punjab Hills ; and Riiniicia phlaeas from the
N.W. Himalayas ; and a series of Sarbaria polyctor showing slight
variation in the amount of green scaling, those from the Kulu-
district being greenest.

80

Mr. Pickett exhibited long series of aberrations of Ai/riaihs
coridon talien in 1918, 1919 and 1920.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited series of the variation shown
in the races of Melitaea anrinia from Ireland, Cornwall, Wales,
Hants, etc. ; a hybrid of Selenia biliinaria (illiniaria) and S. tetra-
Innaria (illiistraria) ; extreme light and dark forms of Melitaea
chiivia from the Isle of Wight; yellow forms of Gonndontis
huJentata from Cheltenham ; a suffused Arifi/miis aijlaia ; a Colias
edusa with one wing bleached ; raelanic examples of Zijuaena-
tn'folii; a series of the extreme development of the ab. varleyata
of Ahraxati (/rossiilciHata, including specimens with forewings
almost entirely black ; and an extremely varied series of Mimas
tiliae.

On behalf of Mr. L. A. E. Sabine, Mr. Newman exhibited a
long and very varied series of Poh/diiiuiatiis icarim from Co. Sligo,
including females of intense blue coloration and very large,
brilliant red lunules ; series of Epineplwle jnrtiua from Co. Kerry,
including aberrations with very large ocelli, with bipupillate
apical spots, and great variation in the amount of fulvous colour
on the upperside ; Runiicia phlaeas from the same county, one
having the right forewing almost wholly silvery white (alba) ;
short series of lA'ptoua sinapis, I'^pinepltele tithoniis, and rarar<ie
tneijera, with Sesia furmicaefurinis, all taken in Co. Kerry in 1920,
the last-named being new to the Irish fauna.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited aberrations of HippaicJtia
seinele, including small, richly-coloured undersides from Sidmouth,
small dark forms from Purbrook, and others from the N. Downs.

The Rev. Geo. W. Wheeler exhibited a box of Melitaea piiaehe,
mostly from Central Europe, showing a wide range of variation
over a limited area. He drew special attention to the extremely
variegated form from the Pfynwald in the Rhone Valley and the
varied series of the ab. ciuxioides.

Mr. Riches exhibited a short series of Cossiis Ugniperda, in
which the lower wings were considerably suffused with dark
scaling.

Mr. C. W. Sperring exhibited Colias ediisa and var. ? helice
from Eastbourne, August, 1920, minus the usual yellow blotches
in border of the bindwings ; IJrentJiis eiipliros;/)ie, with heavily
suffused hindwing and curiously-banded forewing, upperside,
Chislehurst, May, 1920, and a specimen with striated upperside
hindwing, Lincoln, June, 1920; Vanessa io, with the yellow

81

ground of ocelli on forewing replaced with dark bafF and blue-
grey instead of the usual metallic blue, Folkestone, August, 1914 ;
Pyraiih'is atalanta, female, pale underside hindwing variety, bred
S.E. London, August, 1920 ; P. ranhd, female, bred ex-Bexley
pupae, August, 1920, in which the usual underside fulvous colora-
tion is replaced with deep olive brown, and an underside female,
aberration ex-Besley pupas, August, 1920, similar to that illus-
trated in Simth's British Butterflies; Paranje aeneria, hved ex New
Forest larvte, April, 1920, with central spot enlarged and extended
to outer margin ; Aijriaiiex cor i don, male, upperside of extremely
dull leaden appearance, Portsmouth, August, 1920 ; tfamaearis
larina, pale yellow-buff ground coloration with all the usual black
markings almost suppressed, Hants., May, 1920; Amor pha pop ali,
an almost unicolorous melanic example, bred ex Bradford larvae,
1919 ; and Ajikantoinis ki/jierantiix, from brood of which 50% had
sandy-coloured underside, and 30-107o were assymmetrical in
shape and number and size in the spotting.

Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited the yellow form of Cybosia
niewiriella and the black and grey form of Nisoiiiailes taijea, both
taken in Chippenham Fen by Mr. Bowles.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a series of Dijsntronia (Cidaria)
trmirata from Finchley, including the usual black form of the
district, the new form which had more recently appeared and the
cross between the two forms.

Mr. A. W. Mera exhibited the following species of the genus
Oporaliiii {Kpirrita) with various hybrids which he had obtained: — -
0. /ilii/i-<iiiiiiii(ria, 0. autunmaria, (). diliitata and its pale race
cliriatiji : hybrids (A) of filii/raniiiiaria g from Bolton x aiitaiHiiaria
2 from Enniskillen ; and further hybrids obtained as follows :
(1) hybrid A x autnuniaria, (2) rhristi/i g and hybrid {dilntata x
cliristi/i) 5 , (;3j dilntata J Enniskillen x christi/i 2 , (4) chrifiti/i
$■ Enniskillen x dilntata J , (5) christyi $ Enniskillen x dilntata
2 Lancashire, and (6) |- antnmnaria $ Y. \ /ilif/raniniaria 2 ■

Dr. Leonard Hopper exhibited a specimen of the rare Lencania
extranea {n)iipnncta) taken at Penryn, Cornwall, in September,
1920.

Mr. A. E. Tonga exhibited a series of the Royston fornis of
Ayriadi's coridon ; aberrations of Cuenoni/nipha pampliilns from
Reigate and Deal, including a female without apical spot on the
underside ; Rnniicia jildams, a female from Delamere with the
left side normal and the right side bleached ; Hesperia nialrac,

82

with confiaent spots ; a P<)hjo)nmatii!i icanis male without oi-ange
lunuies beneath, Deal ; Ai/riades thetin male with extra orange
lunules on the right hindwings, Deal ; Epinepliele jurtina, a $
with bipupiUate apical spots, a <? uniformly bleached all over, and
a ^ with additional spots on the hindwing ; a rose pink form of
Mimas tiUae ; an Airtia caja with very small black spots on the
hindwings ; a J Cofniiotriche potatoria dark banded on the outer
half of all wings ; a melanic ^ of Boarmia consortaria from Crow-
thorne, Berks ; Hibevnia inarifinftria var. fuacata from Cheshire, and
a cross between var. fnscata 5 and a Lleigate g ; Zyiicvua tn'folii,
(1) with heavy marginal hindwing band, (2) with scalelesa area on
right of the forewing, (3) with forewing spots entirely confluent.

Mr. L. E. Dunster exhibited hlpineplwle jiirtlna, bleached forms,
from Chipstead, Lyme Regis, Princes Risboro', and Ranmore; and
undersides with large eye spots, from Crewkerne. Ari^ynnis (u/laia,
with all marginal spots white and rather pale ground colour, from
Mickleham. Kiichlo'e fardaiiiines, male with small discal spots, from
Crewkerne. Ap/tantopus hijpera)itiis ab. caxa, ab. arete, and minor
vars., all undersides, from Mickleham. Ai/riail/is cnrkion, male
varieties in ground colour from greyish blue to the bright blue
approaching adonis ; females, a,h.. seini-sj/iK/rapha; male, ab. obsoleta;
males, minor vars., all from Royston ; male, ab. Kcmi-obsdleta, from
Princes Risboro' ; and males with the extra large spots on under-
side, from Cerne Abbas, Dorset. Aricia iiiedan [astrarchc), male,
without orange markings on the upper wing.

Mr. Johnson exhibited aberrations of Dri/as paphia and Linieni'
tis aibilla, taken this season in the New Forest.

Captain Riley exhibited the KpinepJuie jurtina ho had obtained
in the Scilly Isles, and pointed out how much they resembled the
southern form, race hispalla, in the coloration of the females. Mr.
B. Adkin said that the race appeared to have similar characteristics
on all the islands of the Scilly group.

Mr. H. E. Garrett exhibited Enchlo'e cardamines with unusually
dark hind margins to forewings, Joyden's Wood, Bexley, May,
1920 ; Epinepliele jurtina with left hindwing white, same place in
July ; an unusually dark underside of Coenonyiupha painphilus,
Bexley, June, 1920; P>/raiiieis atalanta with pale marks in the red
band of forewings, bred from Bexley, 1920 ; and Ruinicia pidaeas
with the row of black spots on the forewings confluent and almost
uniting with the marginal border, Joyden's Wood, August, 1920.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited two folio-coloured plates with

88

figures of the various forms of the larvtie of Eupitheda assimi-
lata and E. abbreviata.

Islv. C. Talbot, on bfthalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, exhibited lopi-
dopcera from the iiioiintains of Cenr,i-,i,l Cefaiii, Dutch New Guinea,
French Guiana and Hainan ; also the foUovviui; aberrations of
British Lepidoptera : — PierU napi, gynandromorph ; Colia edusa,
? , with left forewing helice ; Fyranieiii cardiii, rayed form, Margate ;
Aglais iirticae, pale form, Chilterns, taken by G. B. Oliver, 1918;
Anjijnni^ paphia, very dark, New Forest, taken by Ford, 1915 ; A.
cydippe (adippe), very dark, Burnt Wood, ex. Coll. Webb. ; A. aglaia,
Brockenhurst, taken by Rev. Wolseley, 1888; Melitaea enphrosyne,
form with obsolete markings, Abbots Wood, ex. Madison Coll. ; M.
enplirosyve, very dark, asymmetrical form, ex. Coll. Noakes, 1905 ;
Arctia caja, forewing entirely brown, hindwing black, bred by Batty,
Manchester; A. caja, asymmetrical aberration, York, bred by
Jackson; A. caja, very light form, ex. Gibbs Coll.; A. vilUca,
asymmetrical dark aberration, Bexley ; Paraaemia plantai/inu, very
dark form, bred by Jackson from larvae found in Wales ; P. fnli-
(jinnsa, large form with unusual colouring on hindwing, Kent ;
Diap/iora niendica, streaked form, New Forest; D. meudica, iorm.
with marginal lines, bred by Tutt ; B. qtiercns, dark ^ form,
Aberdeen : B. quercus, unicolorous J form, ex. Capper Coll.

Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited a series of batterfiies
{Delias : Pieiinae) which had been captured migrating from one
valley in Selangor, F.M.S., to another in the evening and back
again next morning, accompanied by moth mimics {Dysphania —
Eiischeiiia : Geometridae), and these again by their mimics {Psaphis
= Canerkes : Chalcomnae : Zyyaenidae). They were observed and
captured during March, 1920, by A. R. Sanderson, (See
" Proceed. Ent. Soc. Lond.," 1920).

Messrs. 0. R. and A. de B. Goodman exhibited the following
British species showing graduation in coloration and markings : —
Papiliii iiiachaon from Wicken, showing increase in markings, in-
cluding presence of orange in lunules of lower wings, with ova,
larva and pupa ; Eiichlo'e cardainines, showing variation in size of
discoidal spot on forewing ; Colias edusa var. helice ; Pa) urge aegeria,
showmg increase in pale areas ; Pyrameis cardni, a dark var. ;
Aglain iirticae, a diminution in dark areas : Melitaea aurinia, forms
from Carlisle and Dorset ; Bithya quercus, male, showing female
coloration ; Ituinicia phlaeas ab. semi-schmidtii ; Plebeius aegoii
and Polyuiiiiiiatus icarus, females, with blue scales ; Ayriades coridon

84

var. fowleri from Swana,ge ; Nuojiiades ta<ies and Hesperia iiwlvae,
light and dai'k forms, and a Hesperiid taken in Surrey on June 1st,
1919, which could not be placed under any British species (but was
subsequently identified by Mr. Eiley as H. si/richtits, an American
species) ; Dnjaa paphia, showing intermediate forms between type
female and ab. valesina ; Anti/nnia oiflaia, showing graduation in
colouring to ab. Hiiff'n)>a, both female and male; A. cijdipiie, showing
absence of spots ; Brenthis selene and J3. eirphrosyne, showing
increase in black in basal areas. They also showed the following
series taken in July, 1920, m the Rhone Valley, Switzerland, and
in the Italian Alps, containing: — ■Paruassiiis apollo, a series showing
variation in the size of the red spots ; Melitaea didi/ina, M. triria,
M. phoebe, M. cijntJua, Brenthis aiiuit/iufiia, I), ino, B. dapJine,
Issoria lathonia, Argipinis niohe and var. <;r/.s, Satynis alcyone,
Syittoinix phet/ea, and Zyyaena carniol'u-a.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited some mimetic species of Papilio
and several species of Parthenos.

Mr. Douglas H. Pearson exhibited Rhopalocera from Biar'itz,
Gavarnie, Luchon, etc.: — Paniafisiits apollo, showing very fine red
spots; Pararye niaera, race adfcista ; Coenoiiytii/iha oedipus, a var.,
upper wing without ocelli ; Pycaena avion, one unspotted, with var.
obscura ; Melitaea did y nut, J J , strongly bordered with black ;
2 2 , var. alpina, or nearer to ineridionalis ? ; two ? ? , very dark,
nearly black, forewings of most of them grey-green, with no sign
of the normal ground colour; two light specimens from J!^orthern
France for comparison ; P<nc('ia (Chrysup/tanns) dorilis var. caeruleo-
punctata ; An/yniiia cydi]>pe [adijtpe) strongly spotted, with one var.
cleoduxa ; A. aylaia, large $ , one pale hindwings (Dorset) ; A. niobe,
large and strongly marked ; Palyonnnatns liylas and J^. escheri,
small ; C aryiolns, dwarf ; Lanipides bueticns ; A. coridon, pale
undersides, and vars. ; M. dictxjnna, very pale forms, etc.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited an aberration of Melitaea cinxia, in
which on the upperside of all the wings the black markings of the
basal area were much intensified, and the margins of the hindwings
clouded with black. On the underside the central portion of the
hindwings was occupied by a row of strongly-defined black streaks,
and the black submarginal line was considerably broader than in
typical forms. The specimen was bred in June last from an Isle of
Wight larva. He also exhibited a black form of Zyyaena filipen-
dulae = a,h. chrysantltemi, bred in August last from a Lancashire
larva.

85

Mr. Leonard Tatchell exhibited a photograph of a gynandro-
morph of Aworpha popiili, bred June -ith, 1920, from a Wanstead
larva. Right side male left side female, fore and hindwings of
male pair larger than the female pair, rufous tornal markings on the
male side much suffused, all the margins strongly crenulate. The
outstanding feature is the precision with which the sexes are
arranged on either side of the median line. The antennae and legs
retain their respective sexual characters. Also larvae of Dysstrotiia
{Cidaiia) trnncata from Devon ; a male Sphinx ligtistri, which had
paired with a female Smerinthus ocellata, with a batch of resulting
unfertile ova.

Mr. K. G. Blair, on behalf of Dr. C. J. Gahan, exhibited a larva
of a Neiiioptera sp. from Syria (near Rehoboth), " Always found in
dens, on sand, together with grey ticks called in Arabic ' Delm
(J. Aharon i).

Mr. F. D. J. Jackson exhibited a curious gynandromorph of
Coxnwtriche potatoria, bred in 1911 from an Oxford larva. The
body was ^ , the antennae 2 , the general coloration 5 with streaks
of ^ colour on the upperside left forewing, the underside being
wholly (J in colour.

Mr. F. W. Edwards exhibited a male and a female of the rare
British gnat Oithopodonn/ia pitlrhripal/)is, reared from larva3 found
in water in a hollow beech in Epping Forest, July, 1920.

Mr. R. J. Bowman exhibited a series of the forms of Cosy)iibia
pendularia and C. pendularia var. sitbroseata, extreme forms, several
showing distinct white spots along outer edge of marginal bands.
Also C. pendularia var. niuro-siibroseata in varied series : (a)
examples with heavy white striation in marginal bands; (b) examples
heavily suffused with white over whole wing areas ; (r) purple black
examples with very definite white lines and broad white fringes;
{d) an example in which the inner white lines are deleted ; («) an
example in which the inner and outer white lines are deleted and
the wing areas suffused; (/") a unique aberration, in which all
markings are completely missing, with the exception of faint white
spots in the central areas of the wings — all wings entirely covered
with black scaling — black fringes ; ((/) two examples with bleached
hindwings.

86

DECEMBER VM, 1920.

Mr. J. J. Joicey, F.E.S., Witley, Surrey ; Mr. G. Talbofc, F.E.S.,
Witley ; Mr, A. J. Wightman, Lewes ; and Mr. L. Ford, Bexley,
were elected members of the Society.

Mr. Sparring exhibited a Cassid beetle of the genus Aspido-
morplia from Central Uganda, said to be very rare in that locality.
It was of a brilliant golden hue when alive.

Mr. Main made a series of remarks on the life-history of ants,
and illustrated the methods and difficulties met with in keeping
them in artificial formicaria. For food he gave hone}', flies, cater-
pillars, stick-insects, etc.

Mr. Buckstone exhibited further series of dwarf Agriades cori.iion
from the Surrey locality in 1920, also examples of a second brood
of Eiiphi/ia [Ci(laria) picata bred in captivity.

Mr. Bowman exhibited aberrations of Pobjinnuiatus icariis from
Folkestone, one specimen having exceptionally heavy spots, and
spots united into an arc on the inner margin.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited two specimens of Bithys qiterciis
ab. major from Cornwall, and an asymmetrical example of Coeno-
nyinpha paiiiphiliit;.

Mr. Goodman exhibited a pupa of Hyles eitphorlnae from a full-
fed larva taken on July 27th, 1920, in the Val Ferret, Courmayeur,
N. Italy.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited a specimen of Ilniiiicia phlacas with
the outer row of spots on the forewings much reduced in size ; it
had been named ab. parvipiiucta.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of PUjckopmla [Acvhdia)
dimiiliata {sciitidata), together with the cocoons from which they
had emerged, and contributed the following note : — " On July 9th,
1919, I happened to box a female of this species on the Parade at
Eastbourne, and she deposited some two dozen eggs ; these hatched
on the 23rd, and the larva? fed on dandelion and knotgrass, etc.,
until the end of September, when 22 were counted on the more or
less dried-up food-plants, on which they were left in an airy cage
for the winter, a dandelion leaf or a little piece of Crepu being
added occasionally. On March 20th, 1920, the whole 22 larvae
being found to be alive, they were removed to a clean cage and
supplied with dandelion, Galiinn, and hawthorn, the buds of which
were just expanding. For a time, at any rate, they appeared to
prefer the hawthorn. They were full fed by the beginning of May,
and all pupated between the 2nd and 30th of that month.

87 '^" '

" Such authors as deign to mention the subject appear to regard
the pupa as subterranean, but in this case they were certain!)' not so.
Of the 22 compact little cocoons that were spun ten were among the
rubbish tijat had collected on the surface of the earth at the bottom
of the cage, seven were formed on the sides of the cage, just at or
above the surface of the earth, and all these had particles of earth
liberally worked into them; two were constructed on the sides of
the cage, from three to four inches above r.he earth, and the remain-
ing three on the stems of the food plant. In confineujent larvfe do
not always follow their natural habits in regard to the positions
selected for pupation, but the foregoing appears to suggest that in
this species the natural position would be among rubbish on or near
the surface of the ground, as is the case with many nearly related
species.

" Between June 16th and 18th, 21 perfect imagines came forth,
all of them richly coloured, heavily marked msects, m that respect
contrasting favourably with series bred from the similarly chalky
districts of Folkestone and a former Eastbourne brood."

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited a number of species of butterflies
from W. Java, among them being a finely marked form of Pajiilio
meinnoii g and several species of brilliantly marked Vieris and
Elyiiniias.

Mr. R. Adkin, the Society's Delegate to the Conference of
the Delegates of the Corresponding Societies of the British Associa-
tion, read the following Report: —

" I attended the meeting of the British Association at Cardiff
from 23rd to 28th of August, and the meetings of the Delegates of
Corresponding Societies, as your delegate, on the 2oth and 27th.
The President of the Conference, IMr. T. Sheppard, gave an address
on 'The Evolution of Topographical and Geological Maps,' and
illustrated his remarks by the exhibit of a large number of rare and
early dated maps. A ' Dit^cussion on the Status of Local Societies
— The Means of Developing their Objects, of getting New Members,
of Making Announcements and Publishing Papers,' was introduced
by Mr. William Whitaker, and many of the delegates present took
part, but without, so far as 1 was able to gather from their remarks,
elucidating anything very fresh or helpful.

'*' Section D., Zoology, presided over by Prof. J. Stanley
Gardiner, and with Dr. F. A. Dixey as Vice-President, had a very
full programme, and discussed various subjects that will be of interest
to many of our members, and as I hope to present the official report

88

of them to the Society in tine course it will be unnecessary i"or rae
to touch upon them now."

JANUARY \3th, 1921.

Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., of Tring, and Mr. F. W. Enefer, of
Blackbeath, were elected members.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a specimen of Maiujarodes unionalis,
taken in October last at sugar, in a garden at Arlington, a village
on the borders of Abbott's Wood, Sussex, about seven miles inland
from the coast. He said this was a very interesting species, and an
undoubted migrant. It was apparently not an inhabitant of central
and Western Europe, but bred freely in Turkey, Syria, Northern
Africa, and occurred also in Southern Europe and at Gibraltar.
When it was taken in Britain, as was occasionally the case, and
then usually at an interval of several years, more than single speci-
mens were generally met with, and it was therefore not surprising
that two others were taken in October last on the South Devon
coast, thus suggesting that, although the migration may have been
a sparse one, it was wide-spread, and having regard to the natural
habitat of the species tended to confirm the route of migration via
Ushant already suggested at page 26 of Proceedings for 1914-16.

Mr. S. A. Blenkarn exhibited the following Coleoptera : —
Henotictis (jerDianiciix, Moet and Chandon's cellars. Craven House,
Strand, February, 1913 ; Ih/tisciis dhiiidiatits, Wicken Fen, Sep-
tember, 19'iO, one of the two localities where it has been found ;
Hydrof'oriia tristis, October, 1912, id. iiielanannti, February, 1913,
H. iiiorio, October, 1912, and H. /ernu/ineini, July, 1918, all at
Coatbridge, ISi.B.; il/unitus tmtatiis, Steventon, Ayrshire, July, 1913;
Necrnphnrns hiternipttis, Box Hill, September, 1920; Casaida hemi-
spharica, Chiswick, September, 1920 (the specimens of these two
species are usually found singly) ; and a JUa])s sp., from Salonica,
which he believed was common there.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a small collection of butterflies from
California, sent to Mr. E. W. Sperring by our member Mr. G. B.
Pearson, who is in Pasadena. They included Pa/dlio rittilns,^ the
western representative of the well known eastern P. tiimus ; Pi''ris
piuitodice, a long series; Antlioclioris aara, an " orange tip " of the
Pacific coast, with its form ab. julia, in which the black margin of
the orange spot is incomplete; jMeiianosto^ia eitri/dice, a " dog-face"

89

butterfly peculiar to the Pacific coast, of which the female does not
have the intense large black area which the male has ; Colias enry-
thevie, one of the summer forms of eriplnjle, and a series of the
beautiful race ariaihie; Cmnonyrnplia cnlifnrnica, the spring gen.
(/alartiuHfi of an almost white colour, another purely western species;
a long varied series of the richl}^ coloured Melitaa cJialcedoii, abun-
dant in parts of California ; IHone vanillm, a species occurring
throughout almost the whole of the United States, the West Indies,
and South America to the Argentine, its silvered underside making
it very conspicuous ; Pi/raineis canje, a " painted lady " with a very
extended range, like its eastern ally P. cardui; Leinonios rirgnlti
an Erycinid; Brephidiuin e.rilis, one of the smallest species of
butterfly in the world, and much used for enclosing in jewellery in
America ; the very widely spread Jnnonia ccenia, another species
with close allies in the West Indies and the Argentine ; a rare
"blue" [Lycana) avahm, from the island of Santa Caterhina in
Southern California ; Ritsti'cns [Lycmna) acmon, a species occurring
right across the States ; I'hanaos finwralis, a black " skipper" with
white fringes ; Painphila brettus and Atrytone inclane, two other
species of Hesperiidic ; with a pair of Phryxiis livornica race Uncatay
also a very widely spread species.

He also showed the specimen of P^iinvicKsa antiojia, bred from a
pupa exhibited by Mr. Hugh Main at a previous meeting, from the
south of France.

Mr. Turner then read a letter of which the following is an
extract : —

" 812, Stevenson Avenue, Pasadena, California.
" oth Oct., 20.

" I am sending you a few of the common Californian butterflies
it) a cigar box. I have been unfortunate in many cases in not being
on the spot when the insects first appeared, hence many of them are
worn, but they give you a fair idea of what we have here. The
most fruitful place for them is the mountains, but my health pro-
hibits me from going up there, as they are from 2,000 to 10,000 ft.
high, exceedingly rugged, and I have to trust to occasional visits in
a friend's car, to be able to get there. There are a few good
trails that are accessible by car, but too far to walk. My doctor has
prohibited me from either going up the mountains or the glorious
canyons, which are the great spots for collecting. One accustomed
to our English moist climate can hardly understand the dryness of
this — until the 24 Sept. we had not a drop of rain since about the

90

6th of May, and that consisted of a light shower at night— J of an
inch of rain. In consequence the herbage on the phiins is as dry
and burnt up as possible, a scorching sun every day and all day, for
months, and the thermometer touching 90° nearly every day. It is
a bearable heat very much more pleasant than the West Indies. I
have been wondering how successful you were with the cocoons last
spring. I hope you were able to raise some of them, it would have
been interesting. I understand that this last summer has been a
very wet one with you, my brother assures me so. I suppose there
would not be much doing in the insect way that being so.

" I have joined a Society here. The Lorquim Club of Nat. Hist.
Dr. Comstock is the leading spirit, he is F.E.S., and a very fine
fellow. I have handed over my English collection to them, as they
had not any European species, their collection being nearly all
Asiatic or South American. I have only retained a few duplicates
for old times sake. I have travelled many thousands of miles in
friends' cars in pursuit of " bugs," and have slept many nights under
the stars in the great Mohave Desert, as well as on the mountains, until
m}^ doctor put his foot down. 1 am sending you some of what is known
as the smallest butterflies in the world, Brcphidinin [Li/aeua) e.cilis.
They are much used for jewellery, being small ; they are put into
rings and tie pins. 1 am also sending the only specimen I have left
of Lyccina avalou. They are entirely confined to the Island of
Catalina, off the coast of Southern California. The only place in
the world where they are found I believe. My friend went there in
July and got about 200 of them, and he gave me a few to give
away. I caught a lot of tkalrednn. It was a little late for them,
and I kept on catching them in the hope of getting some good ones.
But you can perhaps pick out a few of those I send. V. carycc is
a smaller species than canini, but very much like it. It is entirely
a western species, and not uncommon. We had a migration of
cardni last April that lasted nearly a month. I counted m five
minutes 848 specimens that passed within 50 feet of each side of
me. A very curious sight, and all going the same way home, N.
West.

" There are over 400 species (on the books) that are supposed to
be found here. But one would have to have an aeroplane to get
them. One of our members, Mr. Malcolm, recently discovered a
new Ar;fynnis, which has been named after him. He got over 200
Bpecimens, so it is a well recognised species. He found them in a
kind of pocket on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Mudros range,
2,500 feet up, 850 miles from here. — G. B. Pearson."

91

Mr. T. H. Gi'osvenor exhibited Pa}nlio (jlycerion from Sikifim
and Thibet, with its races and allied forms, including iiiamlarinns,
eureus, and toiiifrlaiiiis.

Mr. Tonge exhibited a number of photographs of the ova of
Lepidoptera for which he had i-eceived the medal of the Royal
Photographic Society.

JANUARY 27th, 1921.
Annual Meeting.

A large number of members assembled to hear the Council's
Report (see page xii.), the Treasurer's Report (see page xv.), the
Balance Sheet (see page x.), and the Annual Address by the
President (see page 24).

The President declared that the following members were
elected Officers and Council of the Society for the ensuing
twelve months : — President, K. G. Blair, b.sc, f.k.s. ; Vice-
PreudenU, E. J. Bunnett, m.a., f.e.s., S. Edwards, f.l.s., etc. ;
Treasurer, A. E. Tonge, f.e.s.; Librarian, A. W. Bods; (Jurator,
S. R. Ashby, f.e.s. ; Assista)it Ci(rator, T. L. Barnett ; Editor of
Proceed irq/s, H. J. Turner, f.e.s. ; Ho7i. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards,
F.L.S. , etc. {('orrespondini/), H. J. Turner, f.e.s. ; Recorder of Attend-
ances, B. S. Williams ; Hon. Lanternist, A. W. Dennis ; Council,
R. Adkin, f.e.s., T. L. Barnett, R. T. Bowman, L. E. Bunster,
Lachlan Gibb, f.e.s., H. A. Leeds, Capt. N. D. Riley, f.e.s., Dr.
G. C. Robertson, E. Step, f.l.s.

The Reports and Balance Sheet were adopted, and votes of
thanks were passed to the Officers and Council for their services
during the past year, and to the President for his address.

Ordinary Meeting.

Mr. E. Step exhibited a living locust [Acridimn ce/iyptiiun), found
straying in Covent Garden with a small crowd of timorous watchers
around it. He ascertained that it had emerged from a box of
Mimosa imported from S. France.

Mr. Coppeard exhibited several species of Donacia, including a
long series of colour forms of Donacia sericea.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner showed a box of Rhopalocera from near Port
Elizabeth, S. Africa, including the cosmopolitan Lanipides Imticus,
another fine tailed Lyctenid, />. caff'rarice, a nice series of the Satyrid

92

Leptoneura clytiis, species of Terias, Teracolus, Pieris, Mycalesis, and
Pamphila.

Mr. W, J. Lucas exhibited the Neuropteron, He»ierobiiis stic/ma,
which he reported to be then very plentiful on Esher Common.

Mr. Leeds exhibited a series of male forms of t'ohjnDiniatiis icaruSj
named from the descriptions given in J. W. Tutt's "British Lepi-
doptera." The series included some 177 different forms.

INDEX.

Aberrations, Special, of H. auran-
tiaria, 47 ; P. atalanta, 49, 69,

81 ; R. phlseas, 56, 77, 80, 82,
86; A. urticffi, 61, 83 ; P. napi,
61 ; E. cardamines, 61 ; E.
tithonus, 66 ; P. plantaginis,
70; A. coridon, 74, 82; H.
leucophasaria, 74 ; Z. filipen-
dulse, 74 ; P. rapas, 74 ; B. con-
sortaria, 76 ; P. icarus, 76, 80,
81, 86 ; M. tilise, 76 ; A. thetis,
79, 82; S. pruai, 79: E. jur-
tina, 79, 80, 82 ; A. aglaia, 79,

82 ; S. semele, 79, 80 ; C.
croceus (edusa), 80 ; B. euphro-
syne, 80, 83 ; V. io, 80 ; P.
cardui, 81 ; H. lucina, 81 ;
A. populi, 81 ; A. hyperantus,
81; C. pamphilus, 81, 86; C.
potatoria, 82 ; Z. trifolii, 82 ;
A. medon, 82 ; P. fuliginosa,

83 ; A. caja, 83 ; P. machaon,
83; M. cinxia 84

Abbreviation of resting period . . 39
Abstract of Proceedings . . . . 43
Abnormal no. of cells of Mega-
chile 57, 76

" Aculeate Hymenoptera of the
British Isles." hi/ G. E. Frisbij

1, 76
Additions to the. Library, xiii ;
Collections .. .. .. xiii

Annual, Address, by K. G. Blair,
24 ; Meeting, 91 ; Balance
Sheet, X ; Exhibitions . . 60, 78
Aquatic, insects and hibernation,

37 ; larvEB 50

Assemblages, Homa3oehromatic. . 19
Bibliography of " insects in
winter " . . . . . . . . 41

Bramble Bees . . . . . . 4

Breeding of Micros, Method of . . 64
British, Species of. Butterflies
occurring in India and Thibet,
79 ; Association . . . . 87

Broods of, four, D. truncata, 22 ;
H. syringaria, 77 ; second, of
P. atalanta, 77 ; of A. grossu-
lariata . . . . . . ..11

PAGE

Caterpillars wintering . . . . 38

Congregation of hibernators . . 33
Conspicuousness of males. Greater 20
Differentiation of D. citrata

(immanata) and D. truncata . . 52
Discussion, on H. defoliaria, 43 ;
on D. truncata, 52; C. trape-
zina, 62 ; H. furcata . . . . 65

Dispersal of moths with wingless
females . . . . . . . . 37

Donations . . . . . . . . 74

Dwarf, A. coridon . . 51, 86

Early season . . . . . . 55

Exhibition, other orders, 56 ;
living objects, 60; lantern slides,

48, 73
Field Meetings, 24 ; Shoreham,

62; Horsley, 64; Byfleet ,. 68
Foodplant of D. truncata . . 53

Genus, The, Hibeinia, 43 ; Ute-
theisa (Deiopeia) . . . . 51

Going over of E. porata . . . . 72

Graduate variation in British

butterflies 88

Gregarious habit of hibernators. . 33
Gynandromorph of H. margin-
aria, 55 ; P. rapte, 75 ; S. pruni,
79 ; E. tithonus. 79 ; P. napi,
8:V, A. populi, 85 ; C. potatoria 85
Habits of, Pompilids, 2 ; true
Wasps, 6 ; Humble-bees, 11 ;
hibernators, 20 ; H. defoliaria,
43 ; larva of P. livornica, 66 ;
C. pipistrellus, 67; M. religiosa,
70 ; Lycosa, 70 ; larva of C.
ibipennella, 70; P. dimidiata.. 86
Hibernation, 27 ; Origin, of habit
of, 29 ; as ova, 29 ; as larva,
30 ; as pupa, 31 ; as imago,
31 ; positions of, 33 ; of ivy
feeders, . . . . . . . . 38

Huntress Wasps . . . . . . 1

Hybrid, P. curtulaxP. reclusa,
76; S. bilunariaxS. tetralu-
naria, 80 ; Oporabia species . . 81
Immigrant, H. syrichtus, 84 ;
A. aegyptium . . . . . . 91

Insect eating plants . . . . 59

Insects in Winter, hij K. G. Blair 26

94

Lantern slides shown . . 48,
Lines of variation in, C. trape-

zina, 62 ; H. furcata . .
List of, Officers and Council, 91 ;
Members . . . . i,

Local Coleoptera . .

Localities : Bangalore, 57, 72 ;
Bexley, 61 ; Bytleet, 68 ;
California, «8; Delaniere Forest,
43 ; Finchley, 70 ; Gavarnie,
84 ; Horsley, 64 ; Italian Alps,
84 ; Java, 87 ! N. France, 56 ;
Oxshott, 48, 51 ; Port Eliza-
beth, 91 ; Rhone Valley, 84 ;
Shoreham, 62 ; Wellington
College, near

Melanism in, H. defoliaria, 44 ;
increase in Epping Forest, 4(3 ;
predominance of, 47 ; D. trun-
cata

Microscopic slides of Protura, hi/
A. W. Dennis

Migration, and return of butterflies
at Selangor F.M.S., /-// Prof.
Foultoii, 83 ; of P. cardui

Mimicry, in Pierids, 15 ; unequal
in sexes, 16: I', memnon, 72;
Atbymu and Hypolimnas, 76 ;
C. ligniperda, 80 ; in Kelangor
F.M.S

Mosquitoes, breil by H. Main, 60;
rare

Nests of kite

New form of D. truncata. . 51,

" Notes on the Hibernias," by
Rev. F. M. B. Carr, 43";
"Indian Orthoptera," by H.
Moore, 57; "Collecting in
California," by G. B. Pearson

Obituary, 24, 69 ; Wm. West,
24 ; a. B. Browne, 25 ; W.
Chittenden, 25 ; Dr. C. G.
Hewett, 25 ; F. M. Howlett,
25 ; Rev. Hy. Steph. Gorham,
25; A.E. Hudd,26; E. Reitter,
26 ; J. R. Sahlberg . .

Objects of the Society

Ovipi)Sition, in A. hispidaria

Papers, List of

" Papilio memnon and its poly-
morphism," hy S. Edwards . .

Parasites, on C. daviesana, 66 ;
on bats, 67 ; R. inquisitor

Parasitic Bees

Past Presidents, List of . .

"Pattern in Diptera, Wing," by
H. ir. Andrews. .

PAGE

73
65

91

88

57

50
60

90

75
49
52

26

51

xii

71

72
9

58

Peloria in D. purpurea (Fox-
glove) . . . . . . . . 61

Polymorphism in females . . 17

Protective Resemblance, in Calli-
dryas and Catopsilia, 15 ; in
sexual dimorphism . . . . 19

Pupation habit of P. dimidiata . . 86
Reaction of winter on insects . . 27
Races of, A. coridon, 50; P.
memnon, 70 ; Scilly, E. jurtina,
82 ; P. glycerion " . . . . 91

Radiation, in T. bistortata . . 56
Rare species, S. abductella, 54 ;
C. terrebrella, 54; P. bidentata
(Hera.), 58; 8. armatus (Eph.),
(50 ; C. trapezina forms, 63 ; L.
erichsoni, 66 ; P. phegopteris,
69; in Sussex, 72; A. plum-
beus, 75 ; E. elongatulus, 76 ;
■ Agabus brunneus, 76 ; L. ex-
tranea, 81 ; H. syrichtus, 84 ;
O. pulchripalpis, 85 ; M. union-

alis 88

Report of, the Meeting of
Delegates of the Corresponding
Societies of the British Associa-
tion at Cardiff, by li. Adkiii,
87 ; Council . . . . . . xii

Sand Wasps . . . . . . 5

Scarcity of Insects . . . . 51

Seasonal reports, early appear-
ances, 47, 51, 55, 56 ; general,

67, 73, 75
Second broods . . . . . . 67

Segregation of Necrophorus species
in traps . . . . . . . . 67

" Sexual Dimorphism," by F. A.

Dixey, 12, 77; Signification of 19
Special Meeting (trustee) . . 56

Variation, greater tendency to, in
females, 17 ; in H. defoliaria,
43, 45, 46 ; in H. pennaria, 48 ;
in eggs of Milvus govinda (bird),
49 ; in S. semele, 49 ; in B.
parthenias, 50 ; in D. truncata,
53 ; in A. urticas, 55 ; C.
trapezina, 62 : H. furcata, 65,
70 ; T. carpinata, 73 ; P. flavi-
cornis, 76; P. cristana, 79 ; L.
literana, 79; E. tithonus, 79;
C. pendularia . . . . . . 85

Wingless females . . .. ..34

Winter sleep. Depth of . . 32, 34
Xanthic forms of E. tithonus . . 55

Coleoptera.
acuminata, Melanophila. . .. 67

agreste (striatum var.), Asemum 57

95

PAGE

Anchoraenus . . . . . . 57

angustatus, Pterostichus. . .. 57

Aphodius . . . . . . . . 57

Apion . . . . . . . . 57

Aspidoniorpha . . . . . . 85

aurata, Cetonia . . . . . . 48

Bembidiuni . . . . . . 57

Blaps .. .. .. ..88

brevicollis, Nebria . . . . 48

brunneus, Agabus. . .. ..76

Buprestidffi . . . . . . 57

CarabidiB . . . . . . . . 37

cervus, Lucanus . . . . . . 48

Coccinellidffi . . . . . . 26

coriaria, Timarcha . . . . 73

cui'Culionide3 = nitens .. .. (3G

dimidiatus, Dytiscus . . . . 88

Donacia 73, 91

dorsalis, Anchomenus . . . . 34

druryi, Goliathus.. .. ..56

dubius, Sphindus.. .. ..57

Elateridaj 57

elongatula, Elater . . . . 76

Endoinychidte . . . . . . 26

equestris, Cassida. . .. ..60

erichsoni, Lema .. .. ..66

Erotylidre 26

fenestralis, Corticaria . . . . 57

ferrugineus, Hydroporus. . .. 88

ferus, Criocephalus . . . . 57

flavescens, Drilus . . . . . . 30

germanicus, Cicindela . . . . 67

germanicus, Henoticas . . . . 88

graiuinis, Chrysomela . . . . 76

hemispbiBi-ica, Cassida . . . . 88

hiei'oglypbica, Coccinella .. 73

humator, Necrophorus . . 48, 67

inquisitor, Ehagium ..48,70, 72

inten-uptus, Necrophorus 67, 88

Lamellicornes . . . . . . 57

lineola, Galerucella . . . . 60

Lucanus . . . . . . . . 57

madidus, Pterostiohus . . . . 48

melanarius, Hydroporus. . .. 88

melanoeephalus, Calathus . . 34

Melanophila 57

Meloe 48, 60

morio, Hydroporus . . . . 88

mortuorum, Necrophorus . . 67

Necrophorus . . . . . . 67

nitens (curculionides), Attelabus 66

nitens, Carabus . . . . . . 75

notatus, Rhantus . . . . . . 88

Onthophagus . . . . . . 57

paralellopipedus, Dorcus. . 48, 69

populnea, Saperda . . . . 51

quadripunctatus, Anchomenus . . 57

Bhynchites .. .. ..57

rufirostre, Apion . .
ruspator, Necrophorus
sericea, Donacia . .
sexpunctatus, Anchoraenus

Silpha

Staphylinidee
striatum, Asemum
Strophosomus
tortrix, Dorytoma. .
Trechus

tristis, Hydroporus
vesicntoria, Lytta..
vespillo, Necrophorus

DiPTERA.

annulata, Theobaldia

bifurcatus, Anopheles

Chionea

Corethra

Dolichopodidft^

dorsalis, Ochlerobatus

eriophthahna. Pyrellia ..

grifuiaiidica, Protocalliphora

lateralis, Ochlerobatus . .

maeulipennis, Anopheles

minor, Bombyliua

Mochlonyx

morsitans, Theobaldia

Muscidse

nemorosus, Ochlerobatus

Ochlerobatus

pagana, Tipula

pipiens, Culex

plumbeus, Anopheles

pulchripalpis, Orthopodomyia

rudis, Pollenia

rufipes, Aphioch^ta

septemnotata, Limnophora

stabulans, Muscina

Stratiomys..

Syrphus

Tipulidie

Trichocera . .

Trypetidas . .

Fungi.

aurantia, Otidea . .
citrina, Russula . .
cristata, Clavaria..
emetica, Russula . .
fasciculare, Hypholoma . .
integra, Russula . .
involutus, Paxillus
laccata, Laccaria . .
quietus, Lactarius

Hemiptera.

Aphides

PAGE

5

67
91
57
67
37
57
5
55
57
88
48
67

38,
38, 50,

38

96

PAGE

auvita, Ledra

64, 66

bidentata, Pygolampis

.. 58

lectularins, Cimex

.. 67

Pentatoiiia

3

pipistrellu^, Cimex

.. 67

spumarius, Philusnus

.. 5

Hymenoptera.

aceris, Phyllotoma

.. 64

acervorutn, Atithopbora . .

9, 10

Agenia

3

albicans, Andrena

8

alboguttata. Nomada

.. 9

alternata, Nomada

9

Ammopbila

.. 3

Andrena

5, 8, 9

Antbidium

.. 10

Anthopbora

9, 10

apicata, Androna . .

8, 9

avenaria, Cerceris. .

.. 5

argentata, Andrena

.. 9

argentata, Megacbile

.. 10

arniata, Meleeta . .

.. 9

armata, Nomada . .

.. 9

arvensis, Meliinus

5

Astatus

3, 5

attenuatum, Trypoxylon . .

.. 3

aunilenta, Osiiiia . .

.. 10

austriaca, Vespa . .

6, 7

basalis, Odynenis..

7

bicinctus, Hoplisus

.. 5

bicolor, Mimesa . .

4

bicolor, Osmia

.. 10

bimaculata, Saropoda

.. 10

Bomhus

10, 11

boops, Astatiis

.. 3

borealis, Nomada . .

.. 9

campestiis, Ammopbila . .

.. 4

campestris, Goryteg

.. 5

capitosus, Crabro . .

6

Ceiatina

.. 9

Cerceris

5

Cbaleididae. .

. . 33

cbalybeatus, Pompilus

2

Cbelostoma

.. 9

Cilissa

8

cineraria, Andrena

.. 9

clarkella, Andrena

8, 9

clavicornis, Sapyga

2

clavipes, Crabro . .

(■)

coarctata, li^umenes

7

Cojlioxys . .

9

CoUetes

8, 9

communis, Prosopis

.. 67

Crabro

3, 6

crabro, Vespa

6

crasiicornis. Odynerus .

7

cribrarius, Crabro..

6

cunicularia, CoUetes
daviesana, CoUetes
Dasypoda . .

deplanatus, Pteromalus . .
dimidiatus, Crabro
dimidiatus, Nysson
Diodontus . .
Epeolus
Eriades
Eucsra
Eumenes . .
Eumenidas . .
europaja, Mutilla . .
fasciata, Andrena..
femorata, Tipbia ..
fodiens, CoUetes . .
fucata, Nomada . .
fulva, Andrena
fulvicrus, Andrena
furcata, Antbopbora
furcipes, Andrena..
furva, Nomada
gernianica, Vespa..
Gorytes

bainiorrboidalia, Cilissa . ,
Hal ictus

battorfiana, Andrena
Hemiteles . .
berrichianus, Odynerus .
birsuta, Ammopbila
birtipes, Dasypoda
Hoplisus

icbneumonides, iVIetboea.
interruptus, Nysson
labiata, Cerceris . .
labiata, Macropis . .
lapidarius, Bonibus
lathburiana, Nomada
leaiana, Cilissa
leporina, Cilissa . .
lethifer, Pempbredon
leucomelana, Osmia
lineola, Nomada . .
longicornis, Eueera
luctuosa, Meleeta . .
lutaria, Ammopbila
marginata. CoUetes
maritima, Megacbile
maritimus, Miscopbus
mediator, Peritbous
Megacbile . .
I melanura, Cilissa..
melanoeepbala, Myrmosa
Meleeta
Meliinus
Mimesa
Miscopbus . .
muscarum, Pteromalus .

PAGE

8

1, 8, 9, 66

9

42

•5

33,

4
.. 9

.. 9

.. 9

.. 7

6, 7

1, 73

8

2

8

.. 9

8

.. 9

.. 10

.. 9

9

.. 6

4

8

, 8, 9

.. 9

.. 67

.. 7

4

.. 9

5

5

8

11

9

9

8

4

9

9

10

9

4

8

76

3

4

9, 10, 57

10,

2
9
5
4
3
33

97

Mutillidas

1,

2

mystaceus, Gorytes

4

niger, Pompilus . .

• 2,

3

Nomada

9

norvegica, Vespa . .

' 6,

7

Nysson

5

octomaculata, Stelis

9

Odynerus . .

7

oinata, Cereeris . .

5

Osmia

9',

10

Oxybelus . .

5

pallipes, Psen

4

Panurgus . .

9

parietina, Osmia . .

10

Passaloecus

4

pectinipes, Tachytes

3

peltarius, Crabro . .

6

Pemphredon

4

Philanthus..

5

picistigma, CoUetes

8

pictus, Dinetus

3

pictus, Odynerus . .

60

pini, Pteronus

48

plumbeus, Pompilus

2

Pompilidae . .

2

Pompilus . .

4

Prosopis

8

productus, Epeolus

'. 9,

67

Pseudovespa

6

Psithyrus . .

'. 10,

11

punctata, Miltogramma .

67

quadrifasciatus, Hoplisus

5

quadrimaculata, Anthopl

ora . .

10

quinquefasciata, Cereeris

5

quinquepunctata, Sapyga

2

reniformis, Odynerus

7

retusa, Anthophora

9,

10

rufa, Osmia

2,

10

rufa, Vespa

6,

7

rufipes, Mutilia . .

1

rufipes, Pompilus..

2

rupestris, Psithyrus

11

sabulosa, Ammophila

3",

4

sabulosus, Mellinus

5

Sapyga

2

Saropoda . .

9

sexfasciata, Nomada

9

solidaginis, Nomada

9

Sphecodes . .

8

spinipes, Odynerus

7

Stdis

9

stigma, Astatus . .

3

Stigmus

4

succincta, Colletes

8

suceincta, Nomada

9

sylvestris, Vespa . .

6,

7

tabida, Cereeris . .

5

Tachytes ,.

3

PAGE

terrestris, Bombus . . . . 11

tibialis, Crabro . . . . . . 6

Tiphia 2

trimaeulatus, Nysson . . . . 5

Trypoxylon . . . . . . 3

turaidus, Gorytes (Harpactus) . . 4

unicolor, Aporus . . . . . . 2

uniglumis, Oxybelus . . . . 3

Vespa . . . . . . . . 6

Vespidse .. .. .. ., 6

vestalis, Psithyrus . . . . 11

viaticus, Pompilus . . . . 2

vulgaris, Vespa . . . . . . 6

Lepidoptera.

abbreviata, Eupithecia . . . . 83

abductella, Salebria . . 54, 55

achates (agenor var.), Papilio 71, 72

achates (memnon var.), Papilio 71
acmon, Busticus .. .. ..89

adippe = cydippe .. .. 83, 84

adonis = thetis .. .. ..82

adrasta (masra 7'ace), Pararge .. 84

ffigeria, Pararge .. .. 81, 83

segon, Plebeius 49, 67, 68, 70, 79, 83

agathina, Mylothris . . 18, 22

agenor, Papilio . . . . . . 71

aglaia, Argynnis 67, 75, 79, 80,

82, 83, 84

alba (phlasas ab.), Rumicia . . 80

albicans (coridon race), Agriades 74

aleanor (agenor t;a7-.), Papilio .. 71

alcyone, Satyrus . . . . . . 84

alnifoliella, Lithocolletis. . .. 68

alpina (didyma race), Melitsea .. 84

amatbusia, Brenthis . . . . 84

ambigualis, Scoparia . . . . 68

Amphidasidffi . . . . . . 34

Amphidasis . . . . . . 34

anatipennella, Coleophora . . 68

anceus, Papilio . . . . . . 71

androgeos, Papilio . . . . 71

androgeus, Papilio . . . . 71

antiopa, Euvanessa . . 73, 89

antiqua, Orgyia . . . . . . 68

apennina (coridon race), Agriades 74

apoUo, Parnassius . . . . 84

Appias . . . . . . . . 18

areola, Xylocampa . . . . 51

arete (hyperantusaft.), Aphantopus 82

argia, Leuceronia.. ..17,18, 19

argiolus, Celastrina 38, 5(i, 61, 70, 84

Argynnis . . . . . . . . 90

ariadne (eury theme race), Colias 89
arion, Lycsena .. .. ..84

assimilata, Eupithecia . . . . 83

astrarche = medon .. ..82

98

atalanta, Pyrameis 32, 41, 49,

55, 61, 67, 69, 73, 75, 77, 81,
Athyma

atomaria, Ematurga
atrebatensis (urticce race), Aglais
atropos, Manduca..
aurantiaria, Hibernia 43, 45, 46,
aurinia, Melitffia .. ..66,80,

autumnaria, Epirrita (Oporabia)
auxo, Teracolus . .
avalon, Lycsena .. .. 89,

badiofasciata = nigrovirgata
bella, Utetheisa . .
bellargus = thetis ..

Belenois 13,18,

bembecifonnis = crabroniformis . .
betuJae, Salebria . .
bidentata, Odontopera ..38,55,
bilunaria (illiinaria), Selenia
birdelia = mediopectinella
bisontella, Ochsenheimeria
Biston

bistortata, Tephrobia
boeticus, Lampides .. 81,

bolandii (urticse oh.), Aglais
bonibycella = tubulosa
boreata, Cheimatobia
brassieae, Pieric .. 61,68,75,
brettus, Pamphila
brumata, Cheimatobia . .
bryonise (napi race), Pieris
B)yophi]a ..
caeca (hyperantus
topus

ab.), Aphan-
(dorilis ab.),
(phlaeas

ab.).

cseruleopunctata

Loweia . .
cseruleopunctata

Eumieia . .
caffrarisB, (Lycsena)
cagnagellus, Hyponomeuta
caja, Arctia .. 29,51,82,

califoinica, Coenonympha
Callidryas . .

Candida (piilchella ti^.), Utetheisa
Canerkes = Psapbis
caidamines, Euchloc 51, 61, 82,
caidui, Pyrameis 32, 61, 75, 79,
81, 83, 89,
carnea (trapezina var.), Calymnia
carniolica, Zyga^na
carpinata, Triehopteryx.
carpini, Saturnia . .
earyse, Pyrameis . .
cashmirensis, Vanessa
cashmirensis, Zygaena
casta, Teracolus . .
Catopsilia . .

51,
89,

82
76
70
55
75
47
83
81
22
90
63
51
79
22
55
61
80
80
69
69
34
56
91
55
55
44
79
89
44
73
39

82

84

77
91
48
83
89
15
51
83
83

90
63
84
73
61
90
79
78
14
15

centumnotata (truncata ab.), Dys-

stroma . . . . . . . . 54

cerusella, Elachista, Amphelosetia

68, 69

chalcedon, Melitsea . . 89, 90

Cbalcosiinas . . . . . . 83

cliaonia, Drymonia . . . . 56

charitonia, Heliconius . . . . 16

ebarops, Pereute .. .. ..16

Cheimatobia . . . . . . 34

christyi (dilutata var.), Oporabia,

Epirrita . . . . . . . . 81

chrysanthenii (tilipenduls ab.),

Zygaena . . . . . . . . 84

chrysippus, Danaida . . . . 17

chrysorrhoea (pbiBorrhcea), Eu-

proctis . . . . . . . . 34

cilix (agenor t'rtr.), Papilio .. 71

cinctaria, Boarmia . . . . 56

cinxia, Melita-a . . 34, 56, 80, 84

cinxioides (phgebe ab.), Melitasa. . 80
eitrata (immanata), Dysstroma

52, 53

cleodoxa (cydippe ah.), Argynnis 84

Cleora 39

clytus, Leptoneura . . . . 92

coenia, Junonia . . . . . . 89

comma-notata (truncata ab.),

Dysstroma . . . . 52, 53

comma-notata = rufescens .. 54
connexa (urticfe ah.), Aglais .. 55
consortaria, Boarmia . . 76, 82
conspersa (trapezina var.), Calym-
nia . . . . . . . . 63

coon, Papilio . . . . . . 72

coridon, Agriades xii, 50, 73, 74,

75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86

Cossus . . . . . . . . 38

crabroniformis (bembeciformis),

Trochilium . . . . . . 55

cratffigi, Aporia .. .. ..34

cratsegijTrichiura. . .. ..61

crepuscularia, Tephrosia . . 51

creusa, Dasyophtbalma . . . . 55

cristana, Peroirea . . .. xii, 79

culmellus, Crambus . . . . 68

curtula, Pygffira . . . . . . 76

cydippe (ad ippe), Argynnis 83, 84

cynthia, Melitaa . . . . . . 84

cytisi (filipendula3 ah.), Zygaena.. 74
daphne Brenthis . . .. ..84

daplidice, Pontia . . . . . . 79

dardanus, Papilio. . .. ..17

defoliaria, Hibernia 43, 44, 45,

46, 47
Deiopeia = Utetheisa .. ..51

Delias 13, 83

descombesi, Delias . . . . 13

99

PAGE

dictsBoides, Pheosia . . . . 61

dictynna, Melitasa. . .. ..84

didyma, Melitaea . . . . . . 84

diliitata, Oporabia, Epirrita . . 81

dimidiata (scutulata), Ptychopoda 86

dispar, Lyuiantria . . . . 56

doininicanus, Amauris . . . . 17

dominula, Callimorpha . . . . 61

dorilis, Loweia .. .. ..84

doubledayi (coon var.), Papilio .. 72

dubitata, Triphosia . . . . H3

Dysphania (Euscbema) . . . . 83

Eacles 74

ecberia, Amauris . . . . . . 17

edusa, Colias . . 75, 77, 80, 83
edwardsi, Attacus. . .. ..72

eleus (phheas «6.), Rumicia .. 79

elut,ata = fui'cata .. .. 55, 65

Epirrita (Opovabia) .. 81

eribinus (anceus var.), Papilio . . 71

eriphyle (eurytheme race), Colias 89

eris (niobe var.), Argynnis . . 84

erlangeri (riipellii yar.), Mylothris 18

erytbrocephala, Orrhodia .. 73

esciheri, Polyomniatus . . . . 84

esperi (agenor var.), Papilio .. 71
Eupitheoia . . .. .. ..38

euphorbia;, Hyles . . . . . . 86

euphrosyne, Brenthis 61, 66, 80,

83, 84

Euploea 17

eureus (glycerion rar.), Pap'lio.. 91

eurydice, Meganostoma . . . . 88

eurytheme, Colias . . . . 89
Euschema = Dysphania .. ..83

evippe, Ixias . . . . 14, 17

exigua = saturata (trapeziua ab.) 63

esilis, Brephidium . . 89, 90
extersaria = luridata .. ..55
extranea (unipuncta), Leucania

75, 81

fagella, Dinrnea . . . . . . 31

fasciaria, Ellopia . . . . . . 38

ferrugalis, Scopula . . . . 68

fieldii, Colias 79

filigrammaria, Epirrita, Oporabia 81

tilipendulffi, Zygcena . . 74, 84

flavago, Gortyna . . . . . . 38

fiavicornis, Polyploca . . . . 76

formiceeformis, Sesia . . . . 80

fowleri (coridon ah), Agriades .. 84

frangulella, Bucculatrix . . , . 68

fuliginosa, Phragmatobia . . 83

funeralis, Tbanaos . . . . 89

fulvapicta (grossulariata ab.).

Abraxas . . . . . . . . 78

furcata (elufcata), Hydriomena 55,

65, 66, 70

fuscata (marginaria«&.), Hibernia

43, 44, 46,

galactinus (calii'ornica race),

Cffinonympha . .
galatbea, Melanargia 67, 75,

29,
73,

gamma, Plusia
Geometridfe
grandis, Eacles
globulariffi, Ino, Rhagades xiii,
glycerion, Papilio..
grisea (trapeziua ab.), Calymnia
grossulariata. Abraxas xii, 30,
61, 77, 78,
helice (edusa var.), Colias 78, 80,
Hepialus
Hesperiidfe . .
Hibernia
Hiberniidaj..
hispidaria, Apocheima
hispuUa (jurtina race)

phele
honrathi, Tenaris
hyale, Colias
hylas, Polyomniatus
hyperantus, Aphantopus
Hypolimnas
ianthe, Belenois . .
ibipennella, Coleophora
icarinus (icarus ab.),

matus
icarus, Polyomniatus 49
75, 79, 80, 82
Iliades

ilicis, Nordmannia
illunaria = bilunaria
illustraria = tetralunaria
immanata = citrata
immorata, Acidalia
imperialis, Eacles . .
impluviata, Hydriomena
inferna, Delias
infuscata (truncata ((7).

troma
ino, Brenthis
inornata, Acidalia
inquioatellus, Crambus
io, Vanessa . . 34

iris, Apatura
irrorana (literana var.)

gramma . .
issoria (lathonia race
Ixias . .

jacobsesB, Hipocrita
Julia (sara var.), Antbocbaris . .
jurtina, Epinephele 68, 79, 80,
kochi (phlffias ab.), Rumicia
lactieolor (grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas . .

39,
34,

Epine-

56,

81,

Polyom-

61, 66,

83, 86,

Dyss-

49, 61,

56,

Lepto-

Argynnis

82

89
78
56
83
74
78
91
63

80
•83
39
89
43
34
51

82
55
75

84
82
17
18
70

49

92
71
56

80
80
53
78
74
55
13

54

84
68
68
80
79

79
79
14
55

88
82
56

78

100

ladakensis (urticae race), Aglais

lanestris, Eriogaster

laomedon (memnon var.), Papilio

LarentiidsB

lathonia, Issovia, Argynnis 56, 79,

leporina, Acronicta

Leucaniidffi

Leuceronia. . .. .. 16,

leuconotus, Duometus
leueophftaria, Hibernia 43, 44,
46, 51,

PAGE
55

36
71
34
84
48
39
19
73

74
33
80
85
76
Phryxus 89
79
39
38
89
51
68
81
55
78
73
83
73
84
86
84

78,

.66, 67,

libatrix, Scoliopteryx

ligniperda, Cossus

ligustri. Sphinx . .

Limenitis . .

lineata (livornica rare),

literana, Leptogramma

Lithosiidae . .

liturata, Macaria . .

livornica, Phryxus

lotrix (pulchella ab.), Utetheisa

lucella, Cerostonia, Abebsea

Incina, Hamearis . .

luridata (extersaria), Tephrosia..

lutea (grossulariata var.), Abraxas

lutipennella, Coleophora..

machaon, Papilio.. ..73,79,

macrops, Crishna

maera, Pararge

major (querclis ab.), Bithys

malvse, Hesperia .. ..61,81,

mandarinus (glycerion race),

Papilio 91

Mania . . . . . . . . 38

marginaria, Hibernia 43, 46, 55, 82
marginata, Lomaspilis . . . . 68

maritima, Senta . . . . . . 56

mediopectinella (birdelia), Och-
senheimeria . . . . . . 69

mediorufata = rufescens .. ..54

medon (astrarche), Aricia 75, 79, 82
megera, Pararge .. .. 61, 80

melane, Atrytone.. .. ..89

memnon, Papilio .. ..71, 72, 87

mendica, Diaphora . . . . 83

merapu, Papilio . . . . . . 71

meridionalis (didyma race), Mali-
tea . . . . . . . . 84

mesomella, Cybosia . . . . 81

mestor = agenor .. .. ..71

miata = furcata .. .. ..65

misippus, Hypolimnas . . 17, 76
mixta (truneata ab.), Dysstronia 54
monacha, Lymantria . . 30, 38
monoglypha, Xylophasia. . .. 39

montanata, Xanthorhoe . . . . 55

Mycalesis . . . . . . . . 92

Mylothris 18, 19, 22

napi, Pieri.s.. 61,68,73,75,

napoleon, Dynastor

nepalensis (rhamni race), Gonep-
teryx

Nepheronia . . . . 15,

Neptis

nigerrimata (truneata ab.), Dyss-
troma

nigra (trapezina ab.), Calymnia

nigrosubroseata (pendularia ab.),
Cosymbia . .

nigro-virgata (trapezina ab.), Ca-
lymnia . .

niobe, Argynnis . .

Noctuidae • •

nupta, Catocala . .

Nyssia

obscura (arion race), Lycsna

obscura = nigro-virgata ..

obscurata (defoliaria ah.), Hi-
bernia

obsoleta (coridon «?*.), Agriades. .

obsoieta-ochrea (trapezina ab.),
Calymnia

obsoleta-rufa (trapezina ab.),
Calymnia

oceani, Papilio

ocellatus, Smerinthus

ochrea (trapezina ab.), Calymnia

ochrearia = rufescens

Ochsenheimeria . .

Oedipus, Ccenonympha

olivacea (truneata ab.), Dysstron)a

Ophideres . .

Oporabia = Epirrita

Opsiphanes

Oigyia

ornatrix, Utetheisa

ostrinalis, Pyrausta

pallida (trapezina ab.), Calymnia

Pamphila . .

pamphilus, Ccenonympha 49,
61, 78, 81, 82,

paphia, Dryas 14, 30, 82, 83,

Papilio
parthenias, Brephos
Parthenos . .
parvipuncta (phlasas

micia
pascuellus, Crambus
pedaria, Phigalia . .
peltigera, Heliothis
pendularia, Cosymbia
pennaria, Himera. .
perfuscata = russata
perlucidus, Papilio
peristhene, Belenois

71,
50,

ab.), llu-

.xii, 68,
.36, 44,

83
55

79
16
76

54
63

85

63

84
25
70
34
84
63

46

82

63

63
71
85
63
54
69
84
54
76
81
55
34
51
55
63
92

86

84
84
51
84

86
68
47
75
85
48
54
71
13

101

persiea ficarus race), Polyom-

matus
pbegea, Syntomis..
phlfeas, Kumicia 55, 61, 67, 74,

75, 77. 78, 79, 80, 8]
pbisadia, Teracolus
phcBbe, Phrissura..
phcBbe, Melitffia . .
Fbigalia

picata, Eupbyia . .
Pierinse
Pieris

pigea, Pinacopteryx
pinastri, Hyloicus. .
pinastri, Spbinx . .
piniaiia, Bupalus . .
piniperda, Tracbea
plantaginis, Parasemia

pbila)
Plusia

Poecilocampa
polychloros, Euvanessa
polyctor, Sarbaria
populi, Amorpha . .
populi, Pcecilocampa
porata, Ephyra
poicellus, Thereti'a
poiatoria, Cosmotricbe 51
praxinoe, Dismorphia
protuibaii!!, Tortrix
proterpia, Pyrisitia
protodice, Pieris . .
piuinata, Pseudoterpna
pruni, Strymon
ptyeri, Papilio
Psaphis (Canei'kes)
PsychidaJ . .
puellaiis, Teracolus
pulehella, Utetheisa
punctaiia, Epbyra
punctata, Atbyma
punctularia, Tephrosia
pusaria, Cabera
pyrabna, Calymnia
pyii, Haturnia
pyrrha, Perrbybris
quercus, Bithys
querciis, Lasiocampa
radiata-lutea (grossularii

Abraxas . .
rapffi, Pieris
reclusa, Pygsera . .
rectangulata = f iircata
repandata, Boarmia
rhamni, Goiiepteryx Si
rhomboidaria, Boarmia
rivata, Xanthorboe

79

1, 82, 83,

86

22

18

'. '. 80,

84

34

." .' 52',

86

..16, 17,

83

87,

92

18

74

38

■68,

74

38

(Nemeo-

..29, 70,

83

56

34

34,

51

79

81,

85

36

72

78

1, 56, 82,

85

16

75

22

88

68

61',

79

71

83

'.'. 34,

36

22

51

72

76

51,

68

68

61

66

16

83,

86

..39, 51,

56

lata ab.).

60

1, 74, 75',

79

76

65

38

3, 51, 61,

79

38

55

79
61
30
63

romanana (literana ah.), Lepto-

gramma . .
rulji, Callopbrys . .
rubi, Macrotbylacia
rufa (trapezina ah.), Calymnia . .
rufescens (truncata ab.), Dyss-

troma . . . . • • . . 54

rufo-pallida (trapezina ah.), Caly-
mnia . . . . . • . . 63

rupicapraria, Hibernia . . 43, 46

riippellii, Mylothris . . . . 18

russata (perfuscata) (strigulata)

(truncata n?).), Dysstroma .. 54

rutilus, Papilio . . . . . . 88

sagana, Argynnis . . . . . . 14

sambucaria, Ourapteryx.. .. 38

sara, Antbocharis . . • . . . 88
saturata (trapezina ab.), Calym-
nia 63

saturata (truncata ah.), Dysstroma 54

Satyridse . . . . • • . . 39

schneideri (truncata ah.), Dyss-
troma . . . . . . . . 54

scutulata = dimidata .. ..86

selene, Tenaris .. •• ..55

selene, Brenthis . . . . . . 84

semele, Hipparcbia 49, 75, 79, 80
semilutea (grossulariata ah.),

Abraxas . . . . • . *.• '^^

semiobsoleta (coridon ah)., Agri-

ades . . . . . . . . 82

semi-sebmidtii (pblaeas ab.),

Rumicia . . . . ■ • . . 83

semisyngrapha (coridon ah.),

Agriades . . . • . . 82

septembrella, Nepticula . . • • 61

Sesiidfe . . . . . . . . 38

severina, Belenois . . 13, 20

sibilla, Liraenitis . . . . 30, 82

sikbimensis(machaon «?).), Papilio 79

sinapis, Leptosia . . . . . . 80

smaragdaria, Eucbloris . . . . 48

sordidata = furcata .. ..65

spica, Mylothris . . . . . . 18

spbyrus (maehaon ah.), Papilio. . 79
squamana (literana ab.), Lepto-

gramma . . . . . . . . 79

stagnata, Hydrocampa . . . . 68

statices, Adscita . . . . . . 60

striata (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 79
strigularia = russata .. ..54

subradiata (phlasas ab.), Rumicia 77
subroseata (penduiaria ah.), Co-

symbia . . . . . . . . 85

suffumata, Larapropteryx . . 52

suffusa (aglaia ab.), Argynnis .. 84

sylvata (ulmata), Abraxas .. 48

syrichtus, Hesperia . . . . 84

102

syringaria, Hygroehroa . . . . 77

tabaniformis, Sciopteron. . .. 56

Tachyris . . . . . . . . 18

tages, Nisoniades .. ..01, 81, 84

tamerlanus (glycerion race), Pap-

ilio .. 91

tau, Aglaia. . . . . . . . 56

tephradactyla, Leioptiliis . . 28

Teracolus 13, 22, 91

terebrella, Cateiemna . . . . 54

Terias 73, 92

tetralunaria (illustraria), Selenia 80

thalassina, Leuceronia . . . . 19

Thera 38

tlietis, Agriades .. 78,75,79, 82

theuszi, Belenois . . . . . . 18

thysa, Belenois . . . . . . 22

tbyter (pulchella ah.), Utetheisa 51

tiliffi, Mimas .. ..76,80, 82

tithonus, Epinephele 55, 66, 68,

79, 80

tityius, Epargyreus . . . . 60

trapezina, Calymnia . . 62, 63

tremuia (dictaea), Pbeosia . . 61

tricolorana (literana ah)., Lepto-

granima . . . . . . . . 79

trifolii, Zygasna .. ..75,80, 82

Tripbasna 38

tristellus, Crambus . . . . 68

tritopbus, Notodonta . . . . 56

trivia, Melitffia . . . . . . 84

truncata, Dysstroma 50, 51, 52,

53, 54, 81, 85

tubulosa (bombycella), Taleporia 55

turnus, Papilio

88

uliginosellus, Crambus . .

68

uhnata = sylvata .,

48

unionalis, Margarodes

88

unipuneta = extranea

75",

81

urticffi, Aglais 32, 34, 48, 55

61,

83

Utetbeisa (Deiopeia)

51

vaculella, Ocbsenbeimeria

69

valesina (papbia ah.), Dryas

84

vanillas, Dione

89

varia, Leuceronia..

18

varleyata (grossulariata ah.),

Ab-

raxas

61,

80

venusta (bella ah.), Utetheisa

51

viardi, Pieris

16

villica, Arctia . . . .51

56,

83

vinula, Dicranura. .

68

virgata = furcata . .

66

virgulti, Lemonias

89

vishnu, Trabala . .

72

vitellina, Leucania

75

Zeuzera

38

Zygajna 30,

31,

41

..

30,

83

40,

MOLLUSCA.

ater, Arion . . . . . . . . 59

rufa (ater «((?•.), Arion .. ..59

subaperta (virgata ah.), Helix .. 59

virgata, Helix . . . . . . 59

Neuroptera
arniatus, Siphlurus
Boreus
Chrysopa . .
cognata, Panorpa..
communis, Panorpa
fiava, Cbrysopa
Hemerobius
biemalis, Boreus . .
Nemoptera

nitidulus, Hemerobius
stigma, Hemerobius
vulgaris, Chrysopa

Odonata.
eyatbigerum, Enallagma .
elegans, Iscbuura.
fusca, Sympycna .
grandis, Aeschna .
juncea, Aeschna
puella, Agrion
splendens, Calopteryx

Orthoptera.
achatinus, Brachytrypes.
Acridiidie . .
Acridium . .
aegyptium, Acridium
africana, Gryllotalpa
bicornis, Schizocephalus.
elongata, Mecopoda
Locustidffi . .
Mantidae

monstruosus, Scbizodactyl
monticollis, Teratodus
miliaris, Aularcbes
peregrinum, Acridium
picta, Poecilocera..
religiosa. Mantis . .
rugosa, Cymatomera
succinctum, Acridium
Tetrix
urbana, Creoboter. .

Phanerogajis
Ampelopsis
bulbifera, Dentiiria
cserulea, Molinia . .
cephalonica, Abies
communis, Phragmites
Compositte
Crepis

68,

103

decumana, Citrus.,
douglasi, Abies
fulva, Impatiens . .
frangula, Rhamnus
Galium

grandiflora, Pinguicula . .
Heracleum . .

heterophyllus, Potamogeton
Hypericum
limonetta, Citrus . .
mollugo, Galium . .
morsus-rante, Hydrocharis
nigra, Ballota
parviflora, Impatiens
pilulifei'a, Urtica . .
purpurea, Digitalis
sepium, Vicia
vaginatum, Eriophorum..
verum, Galium
vulgaris, Pinguicula

Protuka.
Acerentomon
affinis, Acerentomon
doderoi, Acerentomon

66,

PAGE
. 72

. 55

. 68
. 68
80
59
6
68
61
72
66
73
10
63
66
61
10
68
66
60

60
60
60

Eeptilia,

palmata, Molge . .
vulgaris, Molge

Etc.

Symphyla.

biscutata, Scutigerella
delicatula, Scutigerella . .
dunelmensis, Symphylella
horrida, Symphylella
immaculata, Scutigerella
jacksoni, Symphylella ..
minutissima, Symphylella
spinipes, Scutigerella
subnuda, Scolopendrellopsis
vulgaris, Symphylella

Not Classified.

cruciatus, Stenopsocus (Proc.) ..
furcata, Cladonia (Lieh.)
govinda, Milvus (Aves) . .
Lycosa (Aran.)

phegopteris, Polypodium (Filices)
polymorpha, Marchantia(Thallo.)

59
59

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

48
48
49
70
69
66

Corrections and Errata.
1912-13, page 132, line 19. for " ciiixia " read '' cinctaria."
1918-19, page 8, line 21. for G. Brooks read C. W. Colthrop.
1919-20, page 65, line 14. for A. W. Butcher read A. A. W. Buckstone.
1920-21, page 44 ante, line 11. delete " especially so far north as Cheshire."

[" I have found that these winter species are considerably earlier here than in
the South."— F. M. B. Carr.]

THE ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

For 1886, 1887. 1888^9 (1 Vol.),

1890^91 (1 Vol.), 1892^3 (1 Vol.),

1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901,

1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909,

1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917,

1918 and 1919

Are still in print, and may be had on application to the Librarian.

1886, price 1/6 ; 1887, price 2/6 ; 1888-9 and

1890-91, price 8/6 each; 1892-3, price 3/-;

1894, price 2/6; 1898, price 2/-; 1896, price 2/6;

1897, Part 1, price 2/-; Part 2, price 2/-;

1898, Part 1, price 1/-; Part 2, price 2/-;
1899, price 2/6; 1900, price 2/6; 1901, price 2/-
1902, price 2/6; 1903, price 2/-; 1904, price 2/-
1908, price 2/6 ; 1906, price 2/6 ; 1907, price 2/6
1908, price 2/6 ; 1909, price 6/-; 1910, price 4/6;

1911, price 4/6; 1912, price 4/-; 1913, price 4/-;

1914, price 4/-; 1913, price 5/-.; 1916, price 3/6;

1917, price 3/6; 1918, price 4/- and 1919, price 5/-.

M.B«— HEMBER6 are allowed a disooont of one third off the above
prices, and some years at half price.

CONTENTS

Officer's and Council

Objects of the Society ....

Past Presidonts . .

List of Members . .

Balance-.sheet .

Report of the Cbum

The Acnleate Hymenoptera of the British Isles.

Sexual Dimorphism. By Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A

Annual Address. By Stanley Edwards, F.L.S.

Abstract of Proceedings . .

Annual Exbibitiou , .

Annual Meeting

Index . .

'i^^^^^Hr '

SMt

'^^^K'

I

ii

ii

iii

X, xi

xii

By G. E.Frisby, F.E.S.

1

F.R.S., F.E.S.

12

F.Z.S,, F.E.S

24

43

80

93

96

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

1921-1922.

1921:— July 14th, 28th; August 11th, 25th; September 8th,
22nd ; October 13th, 27th ; November 10th, 24th ; December 8th.

1922:— January 12th, 26th ; February 9th, 23rd; March 9th,
28rd; April 13th, 27th ; May 11th, 25tb ; Juue 8th, 22nd.

LIBRARY OPEN AT 6.30 p.m., CHAIR TAI^EN AT 7 p.m.

Mfmbkks exn;puini^ specimen.s ai ilie Meeiings of ibe bocieiy
are requested to be good enough to hand to the Secretary, at the
Meeting, a note in writing of the generic and specific names of all
specimens exhibited, together with the names of the localities in
which such specimens were obtained, and any remarks thereon
which the exhibitors have to make. In the absence of such a note
in writing the Secretary cannot be responsible for any errors in
connection with his report of such exhibits, or for the omission of
any reference thereto in the Proceedings^

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