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i

OF
THE SOUTH LONDON

ENTOMOLOGICAL & NATURAL HISTORY

SOCIETY

1921=22

PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY'S ROOMS

BIBBBMXA OHAMBBIRS, LONDON BRIDSE, 8.E.

PRICE FIVE SHILLINOe.

Published by the SocUty, with the asdttance of the

following Omtkmen :

Messrs. B. W. ADKIN, J. H. ADKIN. H. W. ANDREWS S R ASHBY

T. L. BARNETT. S. A. BLENKARN, A. A. W. BUCKSTONE F B CARr'

A W. DODS. L. E.{DUNSTER, A. de B. GOODMAkrR GOODMAN

R A R^m'sKrs G C '.nf. "• ^ '■^''' "• ^^•^' ' W nTwM^n:

l' N .TAN^. .m. ■ ^ ''^''^'-'"' ^- ^- SHELDON, A. E. STAFFORD,

L. N. STANILAND, E. SYMS, J. A. VERNOf^, W. WEST H WOOD

G. W. YOUNG. Cap.. N. D. RILEY. Dr. C. S.ROBERTSON '

and the

REPORT COMMITTEE:

R. ADKIN. K.G. BLAIR. E. J. BUNNETT, STANLEY EDWARDS, E STEP

A. E. TONGE, and H. J. TURNER. Hon. Editor

R. B. AROHBR. PRINTER. 86. AVOKDALB gQUARB, 8.B.

THE SOUTH LONDON

Entomological & Natural History Society

(Established 1872)

HiBERNiA Chambers, London Bridge, S.E. 1.

— ^

OFFICERS & COUNCIL

1922-23.

E. J. BUNNETT, M.A., F.E.S.

K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc, F.E.S.
N. D. RILEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S.

®0ttttCtl.

T. L. BARNETT. H. A. LEEDS.

A. A. W. BUCKSTONE G. C. ROBERTSON, M.D,

L. E. DUNSTER. E. STEP, F.L.S.

0. R. GOODMAN, F.E.S. E. E. SYMS, F.E.S.

T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.

^o»t. Cuvatov.

S. R. ASHBY, F.E.S.

A. W. DODS.

^on, ©bttor.

H. J. TURNER, F.E.S., 98, Drakefell Road, New Ciobs, S.E. 14.

A. E. TONGE, F.E.S., Aincroft, Grammar School Hill, Reigate.

S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S. , F.E.S., etc. {Gtiieral Sec),

15, St. German's Place, Blackheatb, S.E. 3.
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S., 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E. 14.

THE 50UTH LONDON

ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec-
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the
Members are held on the '2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each month,
from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Booms are
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting
Specimens.

SUBSCRIPTION.

Ten ShilliiKja i>ey Annum, witli an Entrance Fee of Two Shillings

and Si.rpence.

All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,

STANLEY EDWAEDS, F.L.S., &c.,

15, St. German's Place, Blaekheath, S.E. 3.

PAST PRESIDENTS-

1872-4. . J. B. Wellman (dec).
1875-6. . A. B. Earn, F.E.S. (dec).

1877 . . J. P. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec).

1878 ,. J. T. Williams (dec).

1879 . . B. Standen, F.E.S. (dec).

1880 ..A. FiCKLiN (dec).

1881 .. V. R. Perkins, F.E.S. (dec).

1882 .. T. R. BiLLUPS, F.E.S. (dec).

1883 .. J. R. Wellman (dec).

1884 .. W. West, L.D.S. (dec).

1885 .. R. South, F.E.S.
1886-7.. B. Ai.KiN, F.E.S.
1888-9.. T. R. BiLLUPs, F.E.S. (dec).

1890 .. J. T. Carrington, F.L.S.

(dec.)

1891 .. W.H.TuGWEi.L,PH.C.(dec.)

1892 ., C.G.Barrett, F.E.S. (dec)

1893 .. J. J. WEiR,F.L.S.,etc(dec.)

1894 .. E. Step, F.L.S.

1895 .. T. W. Hall, F.E.S.
IS'Jfi .. R. South, F.E.S.

1897 .. R. Adkin, F.E.S.

1898 . . J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec).

1899 .. A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec).

1900 . . W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

1901 .. H. S.Fremlin, F.E.S., etc

1902 . . F. Noad Clark.

1903 .. E. Step, F.L.S.

1904 .. A. Sigh, F.E.S.

1905 .. H. Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.
1906-7.. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1908-9.. A. Sick, F.E.S.
1910-11. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.
1912 13. A. E. ToNGE, F.E.S.
1914-15. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S.
1916-17. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
1918-19. StanleyEdwarps, F.L.S., etc.
1920-21. K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Chief subjects of Study : — h, Hymenoptera ; o, Orthoptera ; he, Hemiptera;
n, Neuroptera ; c, Coleoptera ; d, Diptera ; I, Lepidoptera ; ool. Oology ; orn,
Ornithology ; /•, Reptilia ; m, MoUusca ; cr, Ciustacea ; /;, Botany ; 7ni. Microscopy
e, signifies Exotic forms.

Year of

Election.

1920 Abbot, S., 110, Inchmery Koad, Catford, S.E. 6. I.

1886 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., Trenowith, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent.

I, orn.
1922 Adkin, J, H., Kirkside, Whitecliffe Road, Purley, Surrey, I.
1882 Adkin, R., f.e.s., Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne. I.
1901 Adkin, R. A., Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne, ni.
1907 Andrews, H. W., f.e.s., Woodside, Victoria Road, Eltham,

S.E. y. (I.
1901 Armstrong, Capt. R. R., b.a., e.g. (Cantab), m.r.c.s., f.r.c.p.,

6, Castelnau Gardens, Barnes, S.W. 13. e, I.
1919 Ash, D. V., Ashleigh, Hook Road, Surbiton. I.

1895 AsHBY, S. R., f.e.s., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Harrow.

c, I.
1888 Atmore, E. a., f.e.s., 48, High Street, King's Lynn, Norfolk. I.

1921 Baker, G. S., 7, Fawcett Street, W. Brompton, London,

S.W. 10. I.

1896 Barnett, T. L., Council, Highlands, Canobie Road, Forest

Hill. I.

1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. l.

1921 Bates, John, 81, Birkbeck Mansions, Hornsey, N. 8.

1912 Bateson, Prof. W., m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.e.s., The Manor House,
Merton, Surrey. {Hon. Member.)

1922 Bell, W. H., 74, Sylvan Avenue, Wood Green, N. 22. I.
1911 Blair, K. G., b.sc, f.e.s.. Vice-president, " Claremont," 120,

Sunningfields Road, Hendon, N.W. 4. n, c.
1911 Blenkarn, S. a., f.e.s., Burford Lodge Cottage, West Humble,

Dorking. I, c, odonata.
1898 Bliss, M. F., Capt., m.c, m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., 180, High

Down Road, Luton, Beds. l.
1909 Bowman, R. T., 17, Fredrica Road, Chingford. I.
1919 Box, L. A., Lieut., f.e.s., 150, Stamford Hill, N. 16. h.

IV
Year of
Election.
1909 Bright, P. M., f.e.s., Colebrook Grange, 58, Christchurch

Road, Bournemouth, l.
1921 Bristowe, W. S., Ashford House, Cobham, Surrey.

1921 Buckhurst, a. S., 9, Souldern Road, W. 14. I. "

1909 BucKSTONE, A. A. W., Council, 807a, Kingston Road, West

Wimbledon, S.W. 20. l.
1915 BuNNETT, E. J., M.A., F.E.S. , Preside7it, 19, Silverdale,

Sydenham, S.E. 26. mi.

1922 BusHBY, L. C, 11, Park Grove, Bromley, Kent. I.

1890 Butler, W. E., f.e.s., Haylmg House, Oxford Road, Reading.

I, c.
1922 Candler, H., Broad Eaves, Ashtead, Surrey, l.
1889 Cant, A., f.e.s., 33, Festing Road, Putney, S.W. 15. I, mi.
1886 Carpenter, J. H., Redcot, Belmont Road, Leatherhead,

Surrey, l.
1899 Carr, F. B., 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. 12. I.
1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., m.a., l.th.. The Vicarage, Alvanley, Nr.

Helsby, Cheshire. I, n.
1872 Champion, G. C, a.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s., Bromhill, Horsell,

Woking. ('. {Hon. Member).
1922 Cheeseman, C, 30, Clayton Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. l.
1879 Clode, W. {Life Member.)
1915 Cockayne, E. A., m.a., m.d., f.e.s., 65, Westbourne Terrace,

W. 2. I.
1920 Cocks, F. W., 42, Crown Street, Reading. I.

1920 CoLHouN, W. p., Magilligan, Co. Derry, Ireland.

1899 Colthrup, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 22.

I, ool, cm.
1907 Coote, F. D., 25, Pendle Road, Streatham, S.W. 6. I, b.
1919 Coppeard, H., Heathfield, Winslade Road, Sidmouth,

Devon. I.
1919 Cornish, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,

S.E. 18. /, c.

1921 Cottam, Major T. M., 13, Waldegrave Park, Twickenham. I.

1922 CoucHMAN, L. E., Beechworth Lodge, West Heath Road,

Hampstead, N.W. 3.
1909 CouLsoN, F. J., 17, Birdhurst Road, Colliers Wood, Merton,

S.W. 19. I.
1918 Court, T. H., De Aston Grammar School, Market Rasen,

Lincolnshire, l.

V

Year of
Election.
1902 CowHAM, F. W., 118, Minard Road, Hither Green, S.E. 13. l.

1911 CoxHEAD, G. W., 36, Linthorpe Road, Stamford Hill, N. 16.

{Life Member.) c.

1899 CRABTREE,B.H.,F.E,s.,HollyBank,Akledey Edge, Cheshire. I.
1918 Craufurd, Clifford, Home Summer Road, E. Molesey. I.

1920 Crocker, Capt. W., Rostellan, May Place Road, E. Bexley

Heath. I.
1898 Crow, E. J., 26, Tindal Street, North Brixton, S.W. 9. I.
1910 CuRWEN, B. S., 9, Lebanon Park, Twickenham. I.

1888 Dawson, W. G., f.e.s., Shortlands House, Shortlands, Kent.

[Life Member.) I.

1900 Day, F. H., f.e.s., 26, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. I, c.

1889 Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W. 1.

I, )iii, b.

1912 Dexter, S., 12, Stiles \Yay, Beckenham. I.

1918 DixEY, F. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Wadham College, Oxford.
Hon. Member.

1901 DoDs, A. W., Hon. Librarian, 88, Alkham Road, Stamford

Hill, N. 16. I.

1921 DoLTON, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading.
1912 Dunster, L. E., Cnaneil, 44, St. John's Wood Terrace, N.W.

3. I.

1886 Edwards, S., f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s., Hon. Secretari/, 15, St,

German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3. I, d.
1920 Enefer, F. W., 2, Blackheath Vale, S.E. 3.
1915 Fagg, T. a., 55, Mfc. Pleasant Road, Lewishara, S.E. 13. I.
1920 Farmer, J. B., 31, Crowhurst Road, Brixton, S.W. 9. I.
1918 Farquhar, L., 2, Darnley Road, Holland Park, W. I.

1887 Fletcher, W. H. B., m.a., f.e.s., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,

Sussex. {Life Member.) L
1889 Ford, A., South View, 36, Irving Road, West Southbourne,
Bournemouth, Hants. I, c.

1920 Ford, L. T., St. Michael's, Park Hill, Bexley, Kent. I.
1915 Foster, T. B., 14, Parkview Road, Addiscombe, Croydon. L
1907 FouNTAiNE, Miss M. E., f.e.s., 126, Lexham Gardens,

W. 8. L

1921 Frampton, Rev. E. E., m.a., Halstead Rectory, Sevenoaks,

Kent. I.
1912 Freeman, C. N., 54-5, Coleman Street, E.G. 2. I.
1886 Fremlin, Major H. S., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., White House

Farm, Bedmond, by Kings Langley, Herts. /.

VI

Year of
Election.

1919 Frisby, G. E., F.E.S., 29, Darnley Road, Gravesend. Jnjm.

1912 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., f.e.s,, " Uplands," Thundersley,

Rayleigh, Essex. I, orn.
1914 Fryer, J. C. F., f.e.s., Chadsholme, Milton Road, Harpenden,

Herts. I.
1911 Gahan, C. J., D.sc, M.A., F.E.S., Bdtish Museum (Natural

History), South Kensington, S.W. 7. c

1920 Garrett, H. E., 41, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.

1920 Gauntlett, H. L., f.e.s., 45, Hotham Road, Putney, S.W. 15. I.

1920 Goodman, A. de B., 210, Goswell Road, E.G. 1. I.

1920 Goodman, 0. R., f.z.s., f.e.s., Council, 210, Goswell Road,

E.G. 1. I.
1908 Green, E. D., 17, Manor Park, Lee, S.E. 13. I.

1918 Green, E. E., f.e.s., Ways End, Camberley, Surrey, hem.
1920 Grosvenor, T. H. L., f.e.s., Council, Springvale, Linkfield

Lane, Redhill. I.
1884 Hall, T. W., f.e.s., 61, West Smithfield, E.G. 1. I.
1891 Hamm, a. H., f.e.s., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. I.
1906 Hammond, L. F., Letchmere, Olden Lane, Purley. I.
1903 Hare, E. J., f.e.s., 4, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 2. I.
1911 Harris, P. F., 13, Crawford Gardens, Gliftonville, Margate. I.
1920 Harvey, S. W., 28, Hillmore Grove, Sydenham, S.E. 26. mi.

1913 Haynes, E. B., 17, Denmark Avenue, Wimbledon, S.W. 19. I.
1920 Hemming, A. F., f.z.s., f.e.s.. Treasury Chambers, Whitehall,

S.W. 1. I.
1922 HoBsoN, A. D., 16, Parliament Hill Mansions, Highgate Road,

N.W. 5. I.
1920 Hodgson, S. B., 3, Bassett Road, N. Kensington, W. 10.
1911 Holding, A., 95, Kyverdale Road, Stoke Newington, N. 16. I.
1889 HoRNE, A., f.e.s., " Bonne-na-Coile," Murtle, Aberdeenshire.

1919 Humphreys, J. A., 39, Shirlock Road, Hampstead, N.W. 3. I.

1914 Jackson, W. H., Pengama, 14, Woodcote Valley Road, Purley. I.
1918 Johnstone, D. C, f.e.s., Brooklands, Rayleigh, Essex. I.

1920 JoicEY, J. J., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., etc. The Hill, Witley,

Surrey. I.
1920 Jump, A. C, 108, Trinity Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W.17.
1898 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.

I, S. American I.
1900 Kemp, S. W., b.a., Indian Museum, Calcutta. I, c.
1910 KiDNER, A. R., The Oaks, Station Road, Sidcup, Kent. I.
1922 Leechman, C. B., 117, Whytecliffe Road, Purley, Surrey. I.

Vll
Year of
Election.

1914 Leeds, H. A., Council, 2, Pendcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts. I.
1919 Leman, G. C, F.E.S., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney
Heath, S.W. 15. c

1919 Leman, G. B. C, f.e.s., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney

Heath, S.W. 15. r.
1922 LiLEs, C. E., Major, 6, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W. 1. l.

1920 LiNDEMAN, F., c/o Rio de Janeiro Tramway Light and Power

Co., Caixa Postal 571, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I.

1922 Lock, K. A. (Miss), 77, Grove Hill Road, Denmark Park,
S.E.5. I.

1896 Lticas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S. , 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. Brit. 0., odonata, n, vi, b.

1921 Lyle, G. T., F.E.S., Briarfield, Stump Cross, Halifax.

1892 Main, H., b.sc, f.e.s., f.z.s., Almondale, 55, Buckingham Road,
S. Woodford, E. 18. I, nat. phot., col.

1921 Mann, G. B. H., The Ingle Nook, Ashtead, Surrey.

1889 Mansbridge, W., f.e.s., Dunraven, Church Rd., Wavertree,
Liverpool. I, c, etc.

1922 Maples, Major S., Monkswood, Huntingdon. I.
1916 Mason, G. W., 99, Seaford Road, Ealing, W.5. I.

1922 Massee, a. M., Park Place, The Common, Sevenoaks,

Kent. I.
1885 Mera, a. W., 5, Park Villas, Loughton, Essex, l.
1881 Miles, W. H., f.e.s., Grosvenor House, Calcutta. Post Box

126. mi, h.
1889 Moore, H., f.e.s., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E.16.

I, li, d, I' I, e /(, e d, mi.

1910 MoRFORD, D. R., 16, Spencer Road, Cottenham Park,

Wimbledon, S.W. 19. I.

1911 MoRicE, The Rev. F. D., m.a., f.e.s., Brunswick, Mt. Hermon,

Woking. {Life Member.) h.
1920 MoRisoN, G. D., 100, Fielding Road, Bedford Park, W. 4.
1920 MoRRELL, H. a., Heathdene, Wordsworth Rd., Wallington,

Surrey. I.

1912 Neave, B. W., Lyndhurst, 95, Queen's Road, Brownswood

Park, N. 4. I.
1906 Newman, L. W., f.e.s., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.
1918 NiMMY, E. W., f.e.s., 15, George Street, Mansion House,

E.C. 4. I.
1911 Page, H. E., f.e.s., Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross,

S.E.14. I.

Year of
Election.
1915 Pearson, G. B., 812, Stevenson Avenue, Pasadena, California,

U.S.A. I.
1908 Pennington, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W. 1. I.
1887 PoRRiTT, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield.

I, n.
1912 PouLTON, Prof. E. B., d.sc, m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.g.s.,

F.Z.S., F.E.S., W)'keham House, Oxford. {Hon. Member.)
1897 Prest, E. E. B., 1 and 2, Chiswell Street, E.C. 1. I.
1919 Preston, N. C, 82, Dancer Road, Fulham, S.W. 6. I.
1904 Priske, R. a. R., F.E.S., 9, Melbourne Avenue. W. Ealing,

W. 5. I, m.

1919 QuiLTER, H. J., Fir Cottage, Kiln Road, Prestwood, Great

Missenden. Z, c, d, »ii.
1922 Rait-Smith, W., f.e.s., Birkby House, Bickley Park, Kent. I.
1922 Rattray, Col. R. H., 68, Dry Hill Park Road, Tonbridge,

Kent. I.
1902 Rayward, a. L., f.e.s., Durdells, Kinson, Dorset.
1887 Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham

Common, S.W. 4. om.

1920 Richardson, A. W., 28, Avenue Road, Southall.

1902 Riley, Capt. N. D., f.e.s., f.z.s., Vice-jn;'si,lent, 5, Brook
Gardens, Beverley Road, Barnes, S.W. 13.

1919 Roberts, J. G., 1, Segary Villas, Hadley Road, New Barnet.

1910 Robertson, G. S., m.d., Coitncil, Bronllys, 72, Thurlow

Park Road, Dulwich, S.E.21. I.

1911 Robinson, Lady Maud, f.e.s., Worksop Manor, Notts. I, n.

1920 Rothschild, The Right Hon. Lord, d.sc, f.r.s., f.l.s., f.z.s.,

F.E.S., Tring, Herts. I. [Life Member.)
1887 RouTLEDGE, G. B., F.E.S., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

I, c.
1890 Rowntrke, J. H., Scalby Nabs, Scarborough, Yorks. I.

1921 RuGGLEs, Hy., 146a, Southfield Road, Bedford Park, W. 4.
1915 Russell, S. G. C, f.e.s., Roedean, The Avenue, Andover

Junction, Hants.
1908 StAubyn, Capt. J. S., f.e.s., Sayescourt Hotel, 2, Inverness

Terrace, Bayswater, W. 2.
1914 Schmassmann, W., F.F..S., Beulah Lodge, London Road,

Enfield, N. I.
1910 Scorer, A. G., f.e.s., Hillcrest, Chilworth, Guildford. I.

IX
Year of
Election.
1911 Sennett, Noel S., Lieut. (R.N.V.R.), f.e.s., 24, De Vere

Gardens, Kensington, W. 8. c.
1910 Sheldon, W. G., f.z.s., f.e.s., Youlgi'eave, South Croydon. I.
1898 Sigh, x\lf., f.e.s., Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4. I.
1920 SiMMs, F. H., The Farlands, Stourbridge.

1920 SiMws, H. M., B.sc, f.e.s., The Farlands, Stourbridge.

1903 Smallman, R. S., f.e.s., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road,
Beckenham, Kent. I, c.

1921 Smart, H. D., d.sc, Shelley, Huddersfield. I.

1908 Smith, B. H., b.a., f.e.s., Frant Court, Frant, nr. Tunbridge

Wells. I.
1920 Smith, S. Gordon, f.e.s., f.l.s., Estyn, Boughton, Chester. L
1890 Smith, William, 13, St. Mirren Street, Paisley. I.
1882 South, R., f.e.s., 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-Hill,

Brondesbury, N.W.2. I, c.
1908 Sperring, C. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton, S.E.7. I.

1920 Stafford, A. E., 98, Cowley Road, Mortlake, S.W. 14.

1921 Staniland, L. N., f.e.s., Trewint, Coppett's Road, Muswell

Hill, N. 10.
1872 Step, E., f.l.s.. Council, 158, Dora Road, Wimbledon Park,

S.W. 19. b, III, cr ; insects, all Orders.
1916 Stewart, H. M., m.a., m.d., 123, Thurlow Park Road,

Dulwich, S.E. 21. I.

1910 Stoneham, Capt. H. F., f.e.s., m.b.o.u., Stoneleigh, Reigate.

orit, I.

1911 Stowell, E. a. C.,b.a., Eggars Grammar School, Alton, Hants.
1920 Swift, R., Cilmory, Knoll Road, Bexley. I.

1916 Syms, E. E., f.e.s.. Council, 22, Woodlands Avenue,
Wanstead, E. I.

1920 Talbot, G., f.e.s., The Hill Museum, Witley. /.

1894 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., m.a., The Vicarage, Fareham, Hants. I,

oul.
1913 Tatchell, L., f.e.s., 43, Spratt Hill Road, Wanstead. E. 11. l.
1902 ToNGE, A. E., F.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Aincroft, Grammar

School Hill, Reigate. I.
1887 Turner, H. J., f.e.s., Hon. Editor, 98, Drakefell Road, New

Cross, S.E. 14. I, c, n, he, h.

1921 Vernon, J. A., Lynmouth, Reigate, Surrey. /.

1921 Vesterling, a. W., 107, Castle Street, Battersea, S.W. 11. I.

X

Year of
Election.
1889 Wainwright, C. J., f.e.s., 139, Daylesford, Handsworth

Wood, Staffs. Z, d.
1911 Wakely, L. D., 11, Crescent Road, Wimbledon Common,

S.W. 19. I.
1880 Walker, Comra. J. J., m.a., f.l.s., f.e.s., " Aorangi," Lonsdale

Road, Summertown, Oxford. I, c.
1920 Watson, D., 12, Park Place, Gravesend.
1922 Watson, E. B., Winthorpe Grange, Newark, Notts. I.
1911 Wells, H. 0., Inchiquin, Lynwood Avenue, Epsom. I.
1922 West, A. G., Clive Road, West Dulwich, S.E. 21. I.
1920 West, W., 29, Cranfield Road, Brockley, S.E.

1911 Wheeler, The Rev. G., m.a., f.z.s., f.e.s., 28, Gordon Square,

W.C. 1. I.
1887 Whiffen, W. H., 21, Elphinstone Road, Hastings. I.
1920 WiGHTMAN, A. J., 35, Talbot Terrace, Lewes, Sussex, l.
1914 Williams, B. S., St. Genny's, Kingscroft Road, Harpenden.

I, c, liem.

1912 Williams, C. B., m.a., f.e.s., Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo,

Egypt. I, etc.

1920 WiTHYcoMBE, C. L., B.sc, F.E.S., 12. Prospect Hill, Waltham-

stow, E. 17. I, b, n, mi.
1918 Wood, H., Albert Villa, Kennington, near Ashford, Kent. l.

1921 Worsley-Wood, H., 31, Agate Road, Hammersmith, W. 6. I.
1920 Young, G. W., f.r.m.s., 20, Grange Road, Barnes, S.W. 13.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1921.

IN presenting the fiftieth Annual Report the Council is pleased
to be able to state that the Society is in a very satisfactory
condition. The membership has reached the total of 192, a
higher figure than it has attained for many years past. Sixteen
new members have been elected, while only two have resigned, and
two have been taken oft" the list under Byelaw 10(2). The Council
also regrets to say that four deaths have to be reported (one took
place in 1920). In the death of Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.R.S., the
Society loses one of its most distinguished members ; he joined the
Society soon after coming to the S.E. of England, in 1897, and was
79 years of age on his decease in December last. Mr. J. Jiiger
died on January 5th, at the age of 88 ; he joined the Society in
1886, and for many years was a regular attendant. Mr. A. E. Hall
died on December 30th, at the age of 51 ; he joined in 1888, and
although living at a distance took a keen interest in the Society's
work. Mr. Woolacott joined in 1917. The Council have to regret
the resignation of Mr. A. Russell through ill-health. He joined the
Society in 1898, and for some time was a very active member,
serving on the Council.

A Special Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera was held
on June 23rd, with considerable success.

The Annual Exhibition took place on November 24th, and con-
stituted a further record, 170 members and friends being present.

The Lantern has been used on several occasions, Mr. Dennis
again acting as a very efficient Hon. Lanternist.

The following papers have been read before the Society : —

" The Parasite of Sirex (/iiias, Ulnjssa pcrsuasoria," by Miss L. E.
Cheesman.

" The Natural History of Macedonia," by the Rev. T. Waterston,
F.E.S.

" The Water-Mites, Hydrachnina," by Mr. D. Soar, F.R.M.S.

" The Common Lands of London," by Mr. Laurence Chubb.

Lantern slides were shown on all these occasions.

The Honorary Curator reports : —

" During the past year the Society's Collections have been
greally augmented by the incorporation of further portions of the
late Mr. Ashdown's bequest, and also by the very generous gifts of
our member Mr. Stanley Kemp, who is in India. Mr. Kemp's British
Odonata make the Society's almost a complete series, as we now
possess 36 out of the 39 species described by Mr. Lucas in his book.
Mr. Ashdown's Collection of the British Coccinellidae is now in the
Society's cabinet, and available for reference and study. Donations
of specimens have also been received from Messrs. Blenkarn, Bow-
man, and Grosvenor."

The Hon. Librarian reports : —

" The Library has been very freely used during the past year
both by borrowers and for reference on meeting nights, and there
has also been a very good demand for back numbers of the Society's
Proceedings. The volumes bequeathed by the late Mr. Ashdown
will soon be available."

Field Meetings were held at Oxshott, Eastbourne (a whole day
outing, when Mr. E. Adkin conducted and entertained the party at
his house at Meads), and Chalfont Road (when Mr. T. W. Hall
entertained the party to tea at his house at Chorley Wood). No
Fungus Foray was held owing to the unusual dryness of the
autuuin.

Messrs. Stanley Edwards and Hy. J. Turner were your Delegates
at the Congress of the S.E. Union of Scientific Societies held at
Reading in June, and Mr. R. Adkin was your Delegate at the meet-
ing of the Representatives of the Corresponding Societies of the
British Association, held at Edinburgh in September.

The volume of Proceedings for 1920, published in June, con-
sisted of xvi. and 103 pages.

The following is a list of the additions to the Library during
the year, mainly by donations and exchange : —

Books. — " Annelids collected in the Philippines " ; " Polychae-
tous Annelids of the Philippine Islands " ; " Foraminifera of the
Atlantic Coast"; "Anthropological Studies on Indians"; " Mol-
lusca of N.W. America"; "Animal Life of the British Isles," E.
Step (from the Author) ; " Bird Life of Peru."

Macjazines and Periodicals.— " Entomologist " ; "Entomolo-
gist's Monthly Magazine," (by purchase) ; " Entomological News " ;

" Bulletin of the Entomological Society of France " ; " Irish
Naturalist"; "Canadian Entomologist"; " Entomologische Mit-
teilungen"; "Philippine Journal of Science"; "Essex Naturalist";
" Entomologisk Tidskrift," Stockholm ; " Zoologiska Bidrag,"
Upsala (all by exchange).

Reports and Transactions. — Reports of the British Associa-
tion at Cardiff, from Mr. R. Adkin ; Entomological Society of
Ontario ; Croydon Natural History Society ; Hastings and St.
Leonard's Natural History Society ; Smithsonian Society ; U.S.
National Herbarium ; Perthshire Natural Science Society ; Hasle-
mere Society ; Torquay Natural History Society ; Hampshire Field
Club ; Bournemouth Natural Science Society ; London Natural
History Society ; Zoological Society ; Congress of the South-
Eastern Union of Scientific Societies ; BoUetino Lab. Zool. Portici,
Italy (all by exchange).

Pamphlets and Separata. — "The Genus L)olichoi>iis'' ; Colorado
College separata.

TREASURER'S REPORT, 1921.

The report which I have to make on the finances of the South
London Entomological and Natural History Society for the year
ending December 31st, 1921, is on the whole a satisfactory one, as
it shows our position to be at least as good as it was a year ago ;
but I am just a little disappointed that it does not show the advance
I had hoped for in the regular income of the Society, which is still
far from being sufficient to meet the regular expenses. This is
clearly shown by the credit balance on revenue account being less
than £1 more than the amount brought in from last year, in spite
of the £15 raised by donations to the Publication Fund.

Current subscriptions amount to a trifle more than in 1920, but
advance subscriptions and arrears are both down, and there are a
larger number of unpaid subscriptions than I had to deal with in
my last report, naore than 20 members having so far failed to meet
their liability for 1921.

As some members have expressed a wish to pay their Annual
Subscriptions through their bankers on the first day of each year,
I have had some forms printed for the purpose, and shall be glad to
give one to any member who wishes for a copy, so that he may fill
it in and return it to me. This will, I hope, help to make matters
easier.

The Ashdown bequest has produced a very welcome addition to
the Society's assets. The four cabinets bequeathed to us having
been sold for £32, while duplicate books from the Society's library,
which have been replaced by better copies from the library of the
late Mr. J. W. Ashdown, have been sold for a further sum of
£3 16s. 8d. This has augmented the balance to credit of Suspense
account, and as we have received a life membership fee and
£2 7s. 6d. entrance fees during the year, we shall I hope be able to
invest a further £40 on behalf of the Society, which should bring
us in another £2 annually in dividends.

Publishing our Proceedings cost slightly less than it did in 1920,

XV

and we sold a larger number of copies, with an increased benefit to
the funds of nearly £2 ; but donations were again needed to enable
us to meet our liability under this heading without unduly weaken-
ing our balance at the bank, and I am very grateful indeed to those
gentlemen who so nobly responded with practical assistance.

The balance sheet shows the Society to be in a sound and satis-
factory position. Investments appear at cost, which was roughly
96i, and as 5% War Bonds are worth to-day just about 93|, the
depreciation on the £60 worth we hold amounts to a matter of a
couple of guineas only. Subscriptions in arrear have been carefully
valued at £8, and will I hope bring in substantially more ; while
all the various accounts show a balance on the right side. The
total shows an excess of assets over liabilities amounting to
£123 14s. 7d.

Having now mentioned the more noteworthy items in my
figures for 1921, I will not bore you longer, but I should like to
thank the officers and members of the Society very heartily for their
very kind help during the past twelve months, and with your per-
mission will conclude by reading the statement of accounts in
detail, as vouched for by your auditors, Messrs. E. Step and T. W.
Hall.

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Rhyssa persuasoria : — Its Oviposition and Larval Habits.

By Miss Evelyn Cheesman, F.E.S. — Read April lAt/t, 1921.

The larvfe of this Hymenopteron are parasitic on the larv;e of
Sirex (jiijas : the female liln/ssa is furnished with an extremely long
ovipositor for reaching the burrows of the latter.

During the summer of 1918, Lord Sligo happened to observe a
female of /i/(//ss<t pcrsiiasoyia in the act of ovipositing in a post of
larch wood. He carefully observed and described the mode of
procedure, and from his notes a sketch was made by Mr. Staniland
of the Imperial College of Science, which differs markedly from the
figure by Kiley in "Insect Life," vol. i. (178), of an allied species
Thalessa Uinator.

As noted by Lord Sligo the insect first walked about on the
trunk for some time ; touching the bark with its antennae, then
halting as if waiting for some sound below. (Other observers have
recorded this behaviour, and it is probable that the larvte of Sirex
ijiijas, moving or feeding below are audible to the Itlnji^sa, who is
thus able to locate the burrows before inserting her ovipositor. It
is extremely necessary that the spot should be chosen with great
care, for should the position be miscalculated, or the wood be too
hard, the ovipositor may become fixed, and if not broken the
insect must starve.)

Having decided upon the right place for commencing operations,
and taken her position htad downwards parallel with the post, the
insect raised her abdomen to its utmost capacity, raising herself at
the same time on the long posterior pairs of legs, until the ovipositor
was brought under the body, and held in position by the legs, which
apparently guided it. The ovipositor was now resting against the
wood, but at the wrong angle for boring. Next there appeared to
be convulsive movements of the abdomen, and the ovipositor was
very gradually shortened until it was brought to the required length
to take a vertical position at right angles to the surface of the post
— then boring commenced.

As fully described by Eiley in the paper on Thalesna Innator
quoted above, the shortening of the ovipositor is compassed by the
action of some powerful muscles at its base, by which it is drawn
backward into a membranous sac situated between the 6th and 7th
segments, within which it is coiled like a watch spring.

Subsequently the larch logs, in which Rhi/ssa had been observed
ovipositing, were sent to the Insect House of the Zoological
Gardens, Regent's Park, to be kept under observation. Five adults
of Sirex (jii/as, four males and one female, emerged during the

following three months ; and twelve months later, as no other adults
emerged, the logs were split open to ascertain their contents.

The whole centre of the log was intersected by tunnels,
and eleven burrows contained larva? of HInjsm persuasoria, of
whom eight were full fed and three about half grown. Only three
larvfe of Sirex remained ; two of these were in burrows not
communicating with tunnels; the third was probably similarly
placed, but its position is uncertain as it fell out while the wood
was being split. It was evident that the lihyssa larv^ had been
unable to reach these three in their solitary burrows.

The larvae of Sirex are white and fleshy furnished with mouth-
parts of the usual wood-boring type, and the apex of the abdomen
carries a chitinous spiked process for assisting the six prolegs in
propelling the larvae along the tunnels.

The Illujasa larv^ are also white and fleshy but legless, and
move by muscular contractions of the folds of skin which form
lateral expansions of the abdomen. The mouth-parts are of a
degenerate, parasitic type ; the maxillae are fused with the mandibles
to form a chitinous hooked proboscis, and the palps are merely
represented by unsegmented sense organs. Prior to pupation the
proboscis is used for collecting minute chips left by Sirex larvae in
their tunnels, and teasing them into a very fine soft material with
which to line the burrow.

The Sirex larva which had been injured when the logs were
split, was placed in a box together with three lihyssa larvae : the
next morning each had its proboscis plunged into the luckless Sirex.
I separated them, placing wads of cotton wool between them and
their prey, but the next day they had made their way through the
wool to their victim, and little remained of the Sirex larva but an
empty skin.

The logs further contained two adults of Sirex (jinas which had
died on the point of emerging. It was not difficult to realise the
cause in the first specimen, for the exit was blocked by a hard knot
of wood impossible to pass. At first sight it was not obvious what
had baulked the second specimen until upon moving it a RIn/.ssa
larva was discovered occupying the corpse which had been reduced
to a few chitinous rings, the head and wings only entire.

The l\/ii/ssa and Sirex larvae were replaced in portions of the log
and sealed up again, but a most regrettable accident destroyed all
this material and put an end to further observations.

British Hydracarina.

Abstract of lecture by Chas. D. Soar, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.,
Given October IQth, 1921.

Students of insects, known as Entomologists, find the pursuit of
tiaeir own study so very absorbing and interesting, that we find very
few who will turn aside to give some portion of their time to the
Acarina or mites. Why this should be, I am unable to say, one
appears to me to be as interesting as the other, and of quite as much
importance, particularly from the economic point of view. As a
proof of this, of all the mites, the Ticks, I suppose, have caused
more trouble than any other super-family of the Acarina, and in
consequence they have received more attention than the other
groups, particularly in America where some very fine work has been
done. But I have not come before you to talk about Ticks, I only
mention them as an example of how interesting the study of the
Acarina has proved in the country in which they have caused such
trouble to the live stock.

The Acarina or mites form an order in the great Class Arach-
nida. They are closely related to the Spiders and Scorpions.
Several attempts have been made at classification : the best, I think
is by Banks, who divides the order into eight super-families of which
Hydrachnoidea is one. The super-family is again divided into two
families, the Halacaridae (Marine Mites), and Hijdracarina, nearly
the whole of which are found in fresh-water. It is with these fresh-
water mites that we are concerned this evening.

The Hydracarina have been known for some considerable time,
but no serious work or description was attempted until 0. F. Miiller
described the Danish species in 1781. Miiller, in his work on the
water mites, figures and describes forty-nine species in all. It is a
very beautiful little volume with all the figures coloured. Since
Muller's time so much work has been done that we now have
considerably more genera than Miiller described species, and of
species themselves over a thousand have been described and recorded
from different parts of the world. For the area of Britain aloue we
have recorded about 250 species representing about forty genera.

The full-grown adults vary very much in size, from half a mm.
to eight mm. long according to species. The females are always
larger than the males, particularly so if the females are in a gravid
state. But even then the difference is not so great as we find in the
ticks.

The bodies are more or less oval or round, with some exceptions
amongst the males of one or two genera. Sometimes laterally the

body is very highly arched, in others it is rather flat. The body ia
not divided into cephalothotax and abdomen as we find in the
spiders. The skin in some species is soft, in others hard. It
may be smooth, finely or coarsely lined, or papillated ; some are also
provided with more or less porous plates on the dorsal or ventral
surface. In the hard-skinned mites, like the species of the genus
Arrhcniiriis, for instance, the colouring appears to be in the skins.
The colouring in these cases is easily preserved. But in the
soft-skinned mites the colouring appears in most cases to be due to
the contents of the body, w^hich when dissolved out, leaves the skin
quite colourless and transparent.

The water-mites are the most beautifully coloured of all the
Acarina. The lower forms are usually red, the higher forms
exhibiting all the colours of the pallet. This is most noticeable
with species of the genus Arrheniiiua. The eyes of one or two
genera are on the median line on the anterior portions of the dorsal
surface ; but in the majority of the genera the eyes are near the
margins of the body> and some species, not satisfied with the
marginal eyes, have a median eye as well. This median eye may
be on a well marked chitinous plate, or free on the body skin
without a special eye plate.

The epimeral plates on the ventral surface, to which the legs are
attached, show a great variation : they may be in groups of four,
three, or one. There is also a distinct difference in the sexes of some
species, in the shape and grouping of the epimera

The adults, like spiders, have eight legs. But in the larval
stage they have six only. In a number of the adults the legs are
well provided with swimming hairs, particularly on the third and
fourth pairs of legs. What we call the" crawlers," mites that crawl
about on the mud at the bottom of the water and on the stems and
roots of aquatic plants have legs which are usually only furnished
with short hairs or bristles.

The genital area also shows great variety in structure. The
greater number of species are furnished with chitinous plates on
each side of the genital opening on which are placed small discs, known
as "acetabula," which vary in number from three to more than
fifty on each plate. In the lower forms there is very little difl'erence
in the genital area of the sex, but in the higher forms they are usually
very distinct. These plates assume different shapes, the most
common being lunate or tongue-shaped. Some again have plates
in the form of flaps which cover or partly hide the acetal)ula. A
few are without plates and have the discs free on the body skin.
Between the first pair of epimera is a shield-like plate called the
"capitulum." This part contains the mouth organs and the palps are
attached to it. The capitulum varies much in shape, usually
projecting into a snout which in some species is rather pronounced.
The posterior margin usually shows an anchoral process, which

sometimes extends beyond the back of the first epimeral plates.
The palps consist of five segments and are sometimes chelate.
These palps are of great value in identification and where possible a
side view of them should be taken.

All the water-mites, as far as we know, deposit ova, and none
bring forth their young alive. But they do not all use the same
material on or in which to deposit their ova. A large number use
the leaves and stems of water-plants. Fiona and Airhenunis use
this method, depositing the eggs in masses covered with a gelatinous
film to protect them. This film becomes quite hard or horny, and
remains so until the escape of the larvre. The species of the genus
Eylais deposit their eggs round and round the stems of water-plants. I
have seen these ova in such quantities that the Elodea canadensis
on which I have found them deposited is quite pink with them. The
eggs of most mites are red or orange in colour, and this showing
through the gelatinous envelope gives a very strong pink appearance.
Some of the genus Unionicola deposit their eggs in the mantle of
fresh-water Mollusca, and those of Unionicola crassipes I have found
several times in fresh-water sponge. I have also found the ova of
Hyi/robates loni/ipalpis in the same material. Spercon usually deposit
their ova on stones or in the green slime on the stones. Species of
the genus Hydrarachna use a different method. They bore holes in
reeds with their mandibles and deposit the eggs inside.

The length of time taken up by the incubation of the egg varies
from ten to forty days, according to the species; and is also
influenced by temperature and environment. I have found a great
difierence in the time of incubation in the same species, due, no
doubt, to these causes, for we must allow that breeding mites in a
small tank at home, must be quite different from their native
habitat in a river or pond. The vitality of these eggs is also very
great, a provision no doubt made against drought. Dr. George,
who first wrote about the water-mites in "Science Gossip" some years
ago, had a batch of eggs of an Kylais deposited in a glass bottle.
The water was thrown away, the bottle left to dry and was quite
forgotten. Many months afterwards the bottle was refilled with
water ; the young larvae which had remained in the bottle so long
forgotton, were immediately set free, apparently none the worse for
their long imprisonment in the protective film already mentioned.

The larva when it leaves the egg is hexapod, having six legs
like insects. Some larvfe immediately make for the top of the
water and run about on the surface-film, while others remain under
water. Once while looking from a boat on the Norfolk Broads I
found the surface of the water literally covered with the larvae of
a water-mite. This patch of red larvae extended for quite a couple
of yards from the boat, svhich was resting at the time near a lot of
reeds at Sutton Broad. In this larval stage, as far as we know,
they all become parasitic on some other form of aquatic animal life.

6

Their first duty appears to be to look out for a suitable host on
which to feed and develop towards the next stage. We used to
think that each species had its own favourite host, but now we
find that some are not so particular, as some species of larvfe are
found on different insects. HydraracJma globosa is a good example
of this. It has been found on Nepa, Dtjtiscus, Ranatra and others.

Lmnochares aquatica larvae are parasitic on Gerris lacustris.
Species of Eylah on Dijtiscns ; they are also reported as being found
on Dragonflies and on Tipulidae. A species of Hydryphantes I found
on a fly, Caenia nbscnra, Mg., the larvffi of which live in water-plants.
Species of Hydrarachna are found, as already mentioned, on
Dytisridae, Banatra, Hydrophilii.t and Nepa. Hyr/mbates lonyipalpis
I have found in fresh-water sponge in the larval stage. Several
species of Unionicola are found in Unto and Anodonta. One species,
Unionicola crassipes, I have found several times in all stages in
fresh-water sponge. Species of the genus Arrhenurux the largest
genus we have, have been found on Dragon-flies. Krendowsky
gives a figure of a Dragon-fly with the wings showing a number of
parasitic larvte, which he says is Arrliennrus papillator, Miill. I
have taken a number of Odonata with the larval parasites, but I
have never been able to identify the species. I cannot do better
than refer those interested to a paper by Dr. C. Wessenberg-Lund
" Contribution to the knowledge of the postembryonal development
of the Hydracarina," 1919.

At the end of the larval stage — which if all are parasitic must
vary very considerably in the time spent on the host — in those we
know of, the posterior end of the envelope breaks away and the
nymph escapes and becomes at once a free swimming animal
like the adults, with eight legs in place of the six in the previous
stage. They are no longer parasitic, but forage for themselves.
They are very like the adults in general appearance except in the
provisional genital area. Of course, they are much smaller and in
the majority of species the sexes cannot be identified in this stage.
After some time as nymphs, a period that no doubt varies with the
species, they pass into the adult stage, and in the higher forma
attain that variety of beautiful colouring for which they are noted
and also the great differences in structure so noticeable amongst the
Arrhenuri.

Such in brief is an outline of the little known life-history of
these interesting creatures.

Slides showing the larvae, parasitic stages, and species of the
principal genera were thrown on the screen ; several being in colour
taken direct by Mr. Taverner from the living mites.

Highways and Byways. — Synopsis of a Lecture.

By Mr. Lawrence W. Chubb, Secretary of the Commons and Foot-
paths Preservation Society. — Given Nove))iber 10th, 1921.

A highway is a strip of land over which every subject of the
King is entitled to pass. Highways are of different kinds, those
most frequently occurring being : — -

(a) Footpaths, which are only open to the public for passage

on foot ;

(b) Bridleways, which are Footpaths and also ways over

which horses may be ridden ; and

(c) Carriage roads, which may be freely traversed by vehicles

as well as by horses and foot-passengers.

The public right is strictly confined to an easement of passage
and does not embrace the ownership of the soil. It has even been
held that a pedestrian may not lawfully walk backwards and for-
wards over a public path or carriage road for purposes unconnected
with the use of the ways as thoroughfares.

All highways are presumed to have arisen either by an Act of
Parliament — such as Inclosure Acts (under which many public
ways have been awarded) or by dedication by some owner of the
land over which such ways pass. "Dedication " connotes the grant
to the public, by some past or the present freeholder, of a perpetual
right of passage over his land. " Dedication " may on rare occas-
ions be proved by some definite grant or other express act of an
owner, but in the vast majority of cases express dedication cannot
be shown to have occurred. To prove a public path it is nearly
always necessary to produce such evidence of long-continued public
use enjoyed freely, openly and as of right, that a Judge will be
bound to presume that at some time some owner must have
dedicated the way as a public path.

Once a path can be shown to have become public it can only
be destroyed by Act of Parliament or by a Magistrates' Order
enrolled by Quarter Sessions, for the ancient principle " Once a
highway, always a highway " is sound law. The Highway system
in Great Britain started with the Romans, who constructed between
2,500 and 4,500 miles of streets. Country roads gradually fell into
disrepair, and it was not until the growing vehicular traffic necessi-
tated concerted action that the improvement and repair of highways
was attempted on a broad basis in the 18th century. 1,100 Turnpike
Trusts were created, and they controlled 23,000 miles of roads which
had now become the main County roads of the country.

The work of protecting public rights of way is one of the main

functions of the Commons and Footpaths Preservation Society which
annvially deals with many hundreds of open or overt attempts to close
Footpaths and Bridleways. The attacks which most frequently
require to be met are definite acts of obstruction, the exhibition of
notices denying public rights of passage, the placing of barbed wire
in close proximity to paths, the removal or decay of stiles and foot-
bridges, the depasturing of bulls or other savage animals in fields
through which public ways may run, and the ploughing up of
meadow tracks. All such attacks were illegal and could now be
dealt with by the District Councils whose duty it is to maintain
every public right of way within their area. They had power to
remove obstructions, to repair paths, stiles and gates and, if necess-
ary, to institute legal proceedings for the protection of public
interests. Parish Councils had power to put the machinery in
motion and to repair public footpaths. It had to be remembered,
however, that some Councils were not free agents as obstructions
frequently occurred on the Estates of large landowners who, in
some cases, were members of the local authorities.

Representatives of the Commons and Footpaths Preservation
Society were engaged in surveying and recording all public paths
in the Home Counties. The Society was often chosen as arbitrator
to settle disputes with regard to disputed paths and within the
past year it had laid out over 60 miles of public ways. It was
further endeavouring to bring about an amendment of the law by
means of the Public Rights of Way Bill. This Bill proposes that
where land is in the possession of an actual freeholder, public user
for 20 years shall be sufficient to raise the presumption of dedication
of the path or other way as a highway. If, however, the estate is
entailed or subject to strict family settlements, so that the owner
for the time being is only tenant for life and not the actual and
unrestricted owner of the whole freehold interest, the period of years
of public user proposed was 40 instead of 20 years. This amend-
ment of the law would get over technical difficulties that had led to
the loss of innumerable paths.

The maintenance of field paths and woodland tracks was a
matter of prime importance to every member of a Natural History
Society and of Field and Rambling Clubs as such ways were es?ential
to the full enjoyment of the countryside. The Footpaths Society
claimed their sympathy and support in the efl'orts being made to
safeguard the interests of nature lovers and it would always be
happy to give technical advice, information, or assistance to the
members of the South London Entomological Society.

ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS

OF THE

^outb Contion (L-ntomolog'ua( ;mb ^latural iljistorir

^ocicti).

Read January 2Qth, 1922.

[In the absence of Mr. Blair through illness, the Address was read by
Mr. N. D. Kiley.]

By K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.

LADIES and GENTLEMEN, the year upon which we are just
entering is a very momentous one for our Society, for, as
you know% in 1922 we celebrate our Jubilee. The date of
our origin "1872" goes further back than perhaps most of those here
present can remember. I think I am right in saying that of our
original members one only is surviving to-day, but though well
known to us all, if not in person at least by name, he has
unfortunately long ceased to be a member of this Society. I feel
sure, however, that all our members will unite in sending him a very
hearty message of congratulation upon the occasion of the Society's
Jubilee, and of hope that he will yet be spared many years to
continue his work on behalf of Entomology, work that had made
his name as an entomologist honoured by entomologists throughout
the world — I refer of course to George Charles Champion.

Accompanying our message of congratulation I think it would be
a very fitting action on our behalf if we would extend to him a very
cordial invitation to resume his connection with the Society and
allow us to add his name to our Roll of Membership as an Honorary
Member.

Though Mr. Champion is the only surviving member of the
little band of enthusiasts that gave us birth, there is one other
name on our list of members that dates from the same year, in
this case I am pleased to say the bearer of that name is with us to
receive in person our very hearty congratulations on his fifty years
membership of the Society ; amongst other services he has rendered

10

the society, he hasbeen twice President, and I know not how many
times he has served on the Council, a position he now holds.

Long may he still be with us and continue to produce those
handy little volumes of the " Wayside and Woodland Series," that
have done so much to popularise the study of nature ; books thafc
to nature lovers as such, unsupported by a scientific training, have
made so special an appeal, and have enabled them to recognise and
know by name, have, as it were, introduced them personally to, the
flowers, and insects and animals of the countryside, and have made
the name of Edward Step a household word amongst nature lovers
of all degree.

The fifty years upon which we can look back, are fifty years of
continued progress and prosperity. Our membership is now close
upon 200, and as you have heard from the Treasurer's and the
Council's reports the affairs of the Society are in a very satisfactory
and flourishing condition ; in fact our greatest, I may say our only
trouble just now is that in some respects the Society is growing
too large for its accommodation. Our meeting room certainly is
large enough to enable us to face another 50 years expansion with-
out a qualm, but unfortunately the space available for our Library
and Collection is not so happily situated, in fact in these respects
we are very seriously cribbed, cabined and confined.

As regards the past twelve months we have very nearl}' bad to
report the passage of a year without the death of any member of
the Society. Unfortunately, only at the last meeting it was the
Chairman's sad duty to report the death of Dr. T. A. Chapman,
F.R.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S. Dr. Chapman joined us in 1897 and
since then has, until this last year, been a familiar figure at our
meetings. Probably his most notable work is that in connection
with the ' Blue ' butterflies, of which he has worked out the life-
history and defined the limits of many, not only of our British
species, but of Continental species also. His work is perhaps
mainly characterised by its bionomic interest, and he has worked
out or elucidated life-histories of many insects of divers orders
besides butterflies.

We also have to deplore the death of one of our early Presidents,
Albert Brydges Earn, Avho died on October 31st last, in his 81st year.
Though he has for years ceased to be a member of our Society,
and was in consequence personally known probably to but few of us,
Mr. Earn was President in 1875-76, being only the second to hold
that office.

11

Though, as we have heard, the society at 50 years of age is in a
very flourishing and active condition, it seems to me that more
might be made of the activities of its members than is done, that
more real work might be done. Too many of us are content merely
to follow in the steps of our predecessors and simply collect ; and
since a collection is not interesting unless nicely set, named and
arranged, we are much too much inclined to limit our collections to
that order in which the naming and arrangement are most easy of
accomplishment. I refer, of course, to the Lepidoptera. Now I do
not deny that there is still work to be done even with the
Lepidoptera, though too many of us do not even attempt that, but
are merely content to go on filling up vacancies. Yet while the
Lepidoptera are, I am afraid, over collected, other orders of insects,
almost any other order, are crying out for workers. The Coleoptera,
it is true, are fairly well worked, but even here there are vast
numbers of genera, let alone species, of which we know nothing of
the bionomics or life-history. It is, however, the more obscure
groups, some of the families of minute Hymenoptera and Diptera,
that stand most in need of collecting before we know even what
species are to be found in the country.

Many of these "neglected orders" are neglected I know mostly
because of the difficulty of naming one's captures, but one of the
main objects of a Society like ours should be to put collectors of
little worked orders in communication with one another, so that
by mutual help and mutual discussion difficulties may be overcome.

It is not only to the younger men that I appeal to specialise in
one of these neglected groups before they become involved in the
ruts of Lepidoptera, but often it is the older men who have more
leisure for the necessary preparation and investigation. The actual
collection of the material is not of paramount importance, since I
am sure that any member has only to announce that he is taking
up the study of one of these little-worked groups, and he will find
that material will very quickly crowd in upon him from all quarters.
The necessary literature is perhaps another difficulty, but again not
insuperable, as almost any work required may be obtained either
irom our Library or from that of the Entomological Society of
London. Indeed, it will probably be to a worker's advantage to
familiarise himself with these resources before starting on the
formation of a library of his own, as he will find that, except for
occasional reference, comparatively few works are so indispensable
that he must necessarily have a copy of his own.

12
I turn now to the special part of this address.

WiLL-o'-THE-WlSP.

1 wish to devote a few minutes to-nigbt to the consideration of
a subject to which I alluded in a paper on "Luminous Insects,"
read before this Society a few years ago''', viz. : the phenomenon
known variously as Will-o'-the-Wisp, Jack-o'-Lantern, Ignis
Fatuus, etc.

We must all be familiar with the popular superstition
concerning this mysterious light, regarding it as a mischievous
sprite dancing before the wayfarer, deliberately luring him on into
the marsh or bog to which he ultimately falls a victim. It is
important that we should bear this idea in mind when considering
the accounts of its appearance that I am going to put before you,
for you will see that some of these accounts obviously relate to
phenomena of a different nature. In order to have definite
authority that the above is a correct statement of the generally
accepted idea of the meaning of the term, I will quote the Oxford
Dictionari/ : — ''■ Ljnh Fatuus. A phosphorescent light seen hovering
or flitting over marshy ground, and supposed to be due to the
spontaneous combustion of an inflammable gas (Phosphoretted
Hydrogen) derived from decaying organic matter.

" It seems to have been formerly a common phenomenon, but is
now exceedingly rare. When approached the Ignis Fatuus appears
to recede and finally to vanish, sometimes re-appearing in another
direction. This led to the notion that it was the work of a
mischievous sprite intentionally leading benighted travellers astray."

Probably you will all agree that this is a substantially correct
resume of the actual appearance, the theoretical cause, and the
hypothetical purpose of the phenomenon we know as the Will-o'-the-
Wisp.

Now just note its appearance : — a phosphorescent light seen
hovering or flitting over marshy ground. (We will not cavil for the
moment over the term ' phosphorescent ; ' it looks like a phosphorescent
light, whether it is so or not). Obviously then it must be visible
for some measurable time during which it moves irregularly about
(hovering or flitting), details which quite accord with, and indeed
are essential to its hypothetical purpose, viz., to lead benighted
travellers astray. But what about its theoretical cause: — ' supposed
to be due to the spontaneous combustion of an inflammable gas

♦ May 28th, 1914.

13

derived from decaying organic matter'? Imagine a bubble or
stream of bubbles of phosphoretted hydrogen rising to the surface of
the swamp and igniting spontaneously on coming into contact with
the air. Surely they would be observed as sudden flashes or a
stream of flashes at one spot, with similar flashes visible all around.
There would be no hovering or flitting about in regard to them.

There is, however, another theoretical cause not mentioned in
the Oxford Dictionarii, and so far as I am aware not generally
considered nowadays, though as we shall see later very generally
accepted a century or so ago, and that is that the appearance is due
to a light-giving insect hovering or flitting about. Such an
explanation would, I think, be most obvious and probable were it
not for the difficulty of accounting for the luminous insect.
Attempts have been made to surmount this difficulty in various
ways. Some naturalists have thought that the luminous insect
must be the glow-worm {Laviiiyris nortibica), but the reasons against
this are overwhelming. The glow-worm is, ofcourse,theonlyinsectin
this country that is normally luminous, but only the male glow-worm is
endowed with wings and capable of ' hovering and flitting' about, and
any light emitted by him is for the present purpose so minute as to
be negligible. Then there is the possibility that it may be ' the
male glow-worm bearing on amorous wing his joyous partner,' as one
worthy has it," but this would, I am afraid, be far beyond the wing
power of the male glow-worm.

The belief that the Will-o'-the-Wisp is caused by some flying
insect apparently dates back at least to the time of Bacon who calls
it the Fbfinti-Glnironn : — " The nature of the Gloivoni is hitherto not
well observed. Thus much we see, that they breed chiefly in the
hottest months of Sunniwr : and that they breed not in Champaign,
but in Bushes and Hedges. Whereby it may be conceived, that the
Spirit of them is very fine, and not so to be refined, but by Summer
heats. And again, that by reason of the fineness, it doth easily
exhale. In Italy, and the Hotter Countreys, there is a flie they
call Lncciole, that shineth as the Gloworm doth, and it may be is
the Fli/ing-GloHonii ; but that flie is chiefly upon tens and Marshes,
But yet the two former observations hold, for they are not seen
but in the heat of Summer ; and Sedge and other green of the Fens
give as good shade as Bushes. It may be the Gloivorms of the Cold
Countreys ripen not so far as to be winged." {Xat. Hist., Cent.

VIII., Exp. 712, p. 149.) '

* Annals of Nat. Hist., New Series, vol. i., 1837, p. 551.

14

Probably the best known direct observation in support of the
* luminous insect ' theory of the Will-o'-the-Wisp is that given by
Kirby and Spence, related by the Rev. Dr. Sutton of Norwich. A
farmer, of Ickleton, Cambridgeshire, " brought to him a mole
cricket {Gryllotalpa vulgaris, Latr.j, and told him that one of his
people, seeing a Jack-o'-Lantern, pursued it and knocked it down,
when it proved to be this insect, and the identical specimen shown
to him."

As to the accuracy of this observation I shall have something to
say later.

Another account of the actual capture of a Will-o'-the-Wisp is
recorded by Mr. J, Main [Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. cit., p. 548). He
relates how " travelling by coach through Dedham Vale someone in
the company mentioned that it was famous for Will-o'-the-Wisps
seen dancing about on nights. His companion, a farmer,
immediately exclaimed that all the world was mistaken with respect
to this delusive light, for, said he, ' it is nothing but a fly,' and
related how he once saw one hovering over the backs of some cattle
he was driving and struck it down with his stick. He picked it up,
but its light was extinguished, and it appeared exactly like a
Moggy-long-legs. (? Tipula.)"

Of course, it has been objected that the story of the mole cricket
requires confirmation, that a mole cricket is not ordinarily luminous^
and that if it were to become so, frequently enough to give rise to
the popular conception of the Will-o'-the-Wisp, other observers who
have kept the insect in captivity could hardly fail to have found it
on occasions to be luminous. The advocates of this solution of the
mystery point out that certain other insects, as we shall see later,
not normally luminous, have been definitely ascertained to become so
sometimes, when in a diseased condition, owing to the presence of
luminous bacteria in their bodies; and that being so there is no
j)n)na facie reason why mole crickets should not become similarly
attacked and luminous. Such a contention does not perhaps
transcend the bounds of possibility, but what is the probability of
such being the true explanation of the phenomenon we are
considering ?

You will note also that nothing further is said about the mole
cricket being luminous. Now surely had you or I had a mole
cricket brought to us with such a story we should have carefully
observed it after dark to see if it were really so. The presumption
is, therefore, that it was not !

15

Let us consider a few more accounts of the phenomenon
as witnessed by observers, and see if they help to throw any light
upon the subject.

In a paper read before the Linn^ean Society in 1830" Richard
Chambers relates how his friend James Dickson, the botanist [hence
presumably capable of making reliable observations] , saw an Ignis
Fatuus settle on a plant and tiy off again ; and how his father ' when
a lad observed a Jack'o-Lantern behind him which followed him
through the wood (Bultham Wood, Lincoln); when it came to the
gate it rose to clear the upper bar, and Hew into the adjoining
meadow.' At another time he saw two of them ' flying about each
other, apparently at play, which they did for a considerable time,
and at last settled on a furze bush.'

He also quotes an observation recorded by Derham [a well
known and careful observer]. Trans, lloy. t>uc., vol. v., "My
own observations I made at a place that lay in a valley between
rocky hills, which, I suspect, might contain minerals, in some boggy
ground near the bottom of those hills. When seeing one in a calm
dead night, with gentle approaches I got up by degrees within
two or three yards of it, and viewed it with all the care I possibly
could. 1 found it frisking about a dead thistle, growing in the
field, until a small motion of the air (even such as was caused by
the approximation of myself) made it skip to another place, and
thence to another and another."

[This certainly has every appearance of relating to some insect,
though the narrator appears to favour the mineral origin of the
luminosity.]

The same author then quotes an observation of his friend
Thomas Stothard who said : " As I was returning from Plymouth
early in June, 1821, having travelled all the preceding day and
night, and had passed Blandford early in the morning, considerably
before sunrise, when objects were just distinguishable, I saw what
was new to me, and which fixed all my attention, for the short time
allowed to observe it while mounted on the outside of the coach,
passing at the usual rate of 7 or 8 miles an hour. On my right
hand, and the side on which I was placed, at the distance of 40 or
50 paces, appeared an irregular light, bounding or rising to the
height of three or four feet over some heathy shrubs which covered
the high and marshy ground spreading to a great extent : amongst

* Annals of Nat. History, New Series, vol. i., 1837, p. 353.

16

these it sank and reappeared with a motion somewhat between tiying
and leaping .... The experienced coachman pronounced
it to be a Will-o'-the-Wisp." Mr. Stothard was of the opinion that
the supposed Ignis Fatuus was a Mole Cricket, bringing a specimen
from his cabinet and pointing to the structure of the wings in proof
of this conclusion ; for it could not fly high nor long together; the
habitat of the (Jri/llotol/m being the same as where this luminous
appearance is usually seen is another coincidence.

Mr. Stothard's conclusions are probably influenced by Dr.
Sutton's experience above related. None of these accounts definitely
state the size of the luminous appearance, but there is no reason
why we should not adopt Mr. Chambers' interpretation of them as
being caused by some luminous insect. To these accounts may
be added many others of a like or similar nature. In them there
is nothing contrary to such a supposition ; the only difticulty is to
find a luminous, or apparently luminous, insect capable of produc-
ing such an effect. So far the only insect definitely associated with
the Will-o'-the-Wisp is the Mole Cricket, but against this various
objections have been raised. As we have seen, there is the fact that
this insect has never been definitely observed to be luminous. Also
the flight of the Mole Cricket is quite different from the actions
described. I have never myself observed this insect on the wing,
but I have no doubt of the correctness of the statement of one
observer who has repeatedly seen them dug out of the earth that
" they make a convulsive kind of leap to regain the broken ground ;
but this was very imperfect flight." He adds, however, " It may
happen at certain seasons during darkness they may exercise a
volant power which they do not seem to possess by day ; and from
the habit of their living constantly in the dark it is likely they may
make their distant migrations, if any, in the night." This may
be so, but even supposing that it is, I greatly doubt whether such
"volant power" would enable them to hover and flit about as
described.

Then again, what lepidopterist has not on some occasion when
without a net seen some very desirable insect on the wing and has
not attempted to knock it down with his hat ? Has he then always
been able to find the creature which he feels sure he has knocked to
the ground ? From personal experience I should say not ! If then
it is not always easy to find an insect that one has knocked down
by day, what must it be after dark? I suggest in fact that the
labourer after knocking down his Will-o'-the-Wisp could not at first

17

find it, and groping among the herbage found what he at once
assumed to be the creature he was seeking, but that the Mole Cricket
thus found had no connection whatever with the Will-o'-the-Wisp.

Now destructive criticism is all very well, but, you may ask,
have I anything more likely to suggest in place of the Mole Cricket ?
I think we are justified in assuming a luminous insect, or apparently
luminous insect, to be the cause of the apparitions we have so far
considered. Also I fail to find any satisfactory explanation of a truly
luminous insect capable of producing this kind of appearance; but
" apparently luminous insect ; " I think that gives us a clue. Many
of you lepidopterisis when out dusking or later on a June evening
have no doubt seen the appearance of a shining luminous object
hovering in one spot for a time, then moving off to repeat the
motions a few yards away, then oft" again, and then disappearing
altogether, only to appear again a few moments later. You
know it at once to be a male Ghost Swift Moth displaying
his attractions in the hope of finding a mate. But would the
average countryman know it for such ? Would it not appear to
him as indeed a pale light hovering over the herbage ? You have
heard of the Will-o'-the-Wisp perhaps, and know it to be caused by
the spontaneous ignition of marsh gas given oft" by the decomposition
of organic substances, so that there is no connection in i/aiir minds
between it and the Ghost Swift; but he sees this pale hovering light
and has heard his father or his grandfather describe the Will-o'-the-
Wisp ; and the identity of the two is obvious. Then when he
knocks it down, it falls back downwards, or with only the underside
of the wings exposed, and in the darkness is practically invisible.
No wonder then that when he finds an extraordinary looking animal
like a Mole Cricket he at once jumps to the conclusion that that
was what he knocked down.

It is well to bear in mind, too, the traditional appearance of the
Will-o'-the-Wisp ; it is described as a ' phosphorescent' light, i.e., it
does not look like an actual flame, but is a pale shining luminosity
suggesting phosphorescence, which is exactly the appearance of the
male Ghost Swift.

That the Ghost Swift is the substantial basis of this class of
phenomena appears to some extent to be confirmed by the following
paragraph that; appeared in the Westminster Renew in October,
1832 (reprinted in Kut. Ma<i., 1833, p. 216).

'' Ji/nis Fatuiis. This appearance has been strongly surmised to
be a luminous insect. It is many years since the similarity of its

18

motion was observed to that of an insect avoiding pursuit. A
subsequent examiner has stated that he approached one near enough
to see distinctly the form of an insect with wings like a dragon-fly.
Two or three years ago an anonymous article in a country paper
announced that some person in digging up the mud of an old pond
had discovered two creatures which he surmised to be the insects in
question, and which he described as looking like crayfish with
wings. The entomologist who can ascertain the fact by securing
an l(jnu Fat u as in a bottle will have drawn a tooth from the jaws
of superstition and human suffering."

The editor asks, is the insect in question the Mole Cricket ?
But the description of ' an insect with wings like a dragon-fly '
seems clearly to indicate the Ghost Swift, for the two pairs of long
narrow wings, the hinder pair free from the fore pair, are very
much the shape of the wings of a dragon-fly, and the shining white
wings of the male Ghost Swift are the only ones that would be
clearly discernible in the dark.

Mr. Bond suggested that the insects dug up from the mud of the
pond, looking like ' crayfish with wings ' must have been the larvfB
of some large LibelUda. That is possible, though such larvae
would have only wing pads ; their identity, however, does not much
concern us, as the surmise that they had anything to do with the
Ignis Fatuus is after all — well, very much of a surmise.

In the KntoiiKjlogical Mafjazine for 1833 appeared some
interesting articles and experiences in relation to the same
phenomenon. Mr. Geo. Wailes relates an experience of his
father's : " He was riding with a friend along the road between
Hexham and Alston, in the month of May, and in crossing the wild
moors, near the place where the counties of Northumberland and
Cumberland join, about ten o'clock p.m., were surprised by the
sudden appearance of a light within fifteen yards of the roadside.
It was about the size of the hand, and its shape, which was oval,
very well defined. The light is described to me as more like that
of a bright white cloud than of a flame. The place where
it appeared was very wet, and the peat moss had been dug out,
leaving what are locally termed "peat pots," which soon fill
with water, afi'ording nourishment to numerous Confervae and the
various species of Sphcujnum, which in their turn are metamorphosed
into peat. Doubtless these places, during the decomposition of the
vegetable matter, give out large quantities of gaseous particles.
The light was about three feet from the surface of the ground, and,

19

hovering over the peat pots, moved for the distance of about fifty
yards nearly parallel with the road, and then, probably on the
failure of the supply of gas suddenly went out. In order to obviate
the question, was not this the alighting of the insect, supposing it
to have been one? I inquired whether the light approached the
ground on going out, and find that it did not, but the manner of
its disappearance was similar to that of a candle being blown out."

Now although Mr. Wailes assumes the gaseous origin of the
light thus seen by his father, it is scarcely conceivable that a flame
thus caused could behave as described ; hover about three feet from
the ground and then move for fifty yards or so. It is much more
like the motions of some insect. Its size, ' as big as a hand,' is
certainly too large for a Ghost Swift with wings outspread, though
it would not take much exaggeration to transform it to that.
Against the possible insect origin of the appearance, Mr. Wailes
argues that it did not approach the ground before going out
(presumably thinking of the Mole Cricket) ; but if it alighted on a
stem, as a Ghost Swift might, with its ventral side towards the
spectator it would apparently go out not unlike a candle.

But to some accounts that I will now quote it is not possible to
assign this explanation.

Mr. Chambers, before quoted, gives a description of an Ignis
Fatuus seen by a young coachman and related to his friend Mr.
Cole, Surgeon. " I was coming home with the boy from looking
after the sheep at the farther side of the farm. Our path lay near
a hedge ; and on a sudden there appeared at a distance a ball of fire
about as big as my head. We stopped ; and it came directly
towards us. It had a dancing kind of motion, and advanced under
the hedge till it came quite close to us ; it then divided into a dozen
or twenty parts, forming so many balls of fire about the size of my
fist, which flew apart from each other, and played about for a short
time. They then joined together again into one large ball, and
turned over the hedge into the next field." When asked if he
thought it like the playing of gnats or flies in the sun (I wonder
what prompted this question !) he said it was precisely similar.
The occurrence was in the spring, and the ground dry with no
marshy ground in the vicinity.

This obviously could not have been a Ghost Swift, but neither
does it conform to our ideas of a Will-o'-the-Wisp.

In the same volume also appears the following extract, taken
from the Kentish Gazette: — " On Tuesday evening, July 4th, 1837,

20

the old castle, at the southern entrance to the city of Canterbury,
appeared as if a stream of light was issuing from the old ruins. On
repairing to the spot it was discovered that the light emanated
from an innumerable swarm of small insects which had collected
on the walls and about the old ruins. They disappeared at
sunrise next morning. A similar phenomenon was witnessed
in the same place about thirty years ago." There is an
editorial note appended : — "The above paragraph appeared in one
of the London papers as a quotation from the Kentish Gazette, but
we have some reason for believing the statement to have been a
mere fabrication." Possibly it was, but the following observation
appears to afford a more satisfactory explanation of both this and
the preceding account.

Hearing that I was interested in this subject the late Mr.
Benjamin Harrison of Ightham, Kent, was good enough to send me
one of his old notebooks drawing my attention to an entry which I
will quote in ed'tensn : —

Met Bridger the butcher, who formerly resided on the confines
of Woolmer Forest.

He said :— " Did you see Old Will of the Wisp ? "
I replied : — " Once, in passing a boggy spot near Brasted late
at night, I fancied I saw a faint light over the water, but it was
impossible to approach near."

" Well then, I have; and not only seen Old Will, but caught
him ! "

" Oh ! how wa3 that '? "

" Well, I'll tell you. Me and a friend had been to a cricket
match and stayed late. It were about midsummer, and as we
were passing a boggy spot in Woolmer Forest we saw a lot of
lights dancing up and down, and I said, * There's Old Will of the
Wisp.' Presently the trackway led us close by the outside of the
bog and we saw a lot more of ttie light. We were both on horses,
and seeing the light get close to my mate, who was in front, I
shouted out ' Here he comes, Strike at un with your whip.' He did
so, and hit un too, and in a minute his horse's mane was all alight, as
it were. We stopped and examined, and saw lots of little lights all
entangled in the mane ; and so it kept on until we put our horses
in the stable, where the light became stronger. ' Wait a bit ' I
said, 'let me go and get something to catch un in.' I went indoors
and got a tumbler, and came back and shook the ujane over the
glass, and then covered it with my hand, and took it indoors. We

21

found a lot of little gnats something like the flies on the hops only
bigger, and kept until the next day, and their little tails all shone
like little glowworms. There was about twelve or thirteen of
them, and we showed to lots of our neighbours the next day, and
they shone a little the next night, but not so bright." {80th
October, 1888.)

Now these last three accounts seem all to relate to one type of
phenomenon, but it is to be noted that this does not conform
with our preliminary notion of the Will-o'-the-Wisp, but refers to a
large ball of light, in one case definitely stated to be on dry ground.
on another about the ruins of an old castle (in this case the swarm
of gnats had apparently settled on the wall of the ruin before they
were observed), in the last only was it on boggy ground. The ball
of light dances up and down, and moves along, but does not
"hover " or " flit " about, in fact it behaves very much like the
small clouds of gnats that may sometimes be observed dancing in
the sunshine. It is true that we have here to fall back again upon
the luminosity of an insect not usually luminous, but it is not here
a case of one unconfirmed observation of questionable exactitude,
in fact we have other scientific records of such luminosity being
observed in gnats of different species, without the incidents being
associated with the Will-o'-the-Wisp. Two species thus identified
as luminous are Chirononnia pliiinosKs and ('. tendens. The lumi-
nosity is noted as embracing the whole body and its appendages (in
the instance related by Mr. Harrison only the " tails " are men-
tioned), and was proved to be entirely independent of the will of the
insect, persisting for some time after death, even in alcohol. The
insects exhibiting the light are always in a moribund condition,
sitting upon the bushes, from which if shaken they merely drop to
the ground unable to fly. It is supposed that this is a case
analogous to that of the amphipod crustacean Talitnis, which is
sometimes found to exhibit a similar kind of luminosity. In this
case the body of the animal has been found to be swarming with
bacteria, which are the actual source of the luminescence. Search
has been made for bacteria in the luminous C/iirononins, but in no
case was the material suitably preserved for bacteria to be
recognisable.

I now pass to the consideration of accounts relating to yet
another class of phenomena.

The article by Mr. Chambers, above quoted, elicited a very
scathing reply from W. Weissenborn, of Weimar (who was a

22

frequent contributor about that time to the " Annals of Natural
History"). He refers to the article, "which ought to be refuted,
as it tries to explain the phenomenon of the Innis Fatiius by the
phosphorescence of insects." He says, "I have observed the meteor
(!) too well myself to give the least credit to any attempt of ascrib-
ing such effects to such causes ; not to mention that the seasons at
which the It/nes Fatni are commonly observed (November) is one at
which scarcely any insect is able to stir." He considers that " the
insulated observation of a farmer of Simpringham cannot, I think,
militate against the negative testimony of the many who, like
myself, have kept that animal (the mole cricket) in confinement
during long periods without observing it in the least phosphores-
cent." He then gives his own experience. "In the year 1818
I was fortunate enough to get a fine view of the Ic^nis Fatuiis
operating on an extensive scale. I was then in Schnepfenthal,
in the Duchy of Gotha, and in a clear November night,
between eleven and twelve o'clock, when I had just undressed,
the bright light allured me to the window to survey the expanse of

boggy meadows that stretched away from the house

As soon as I had posted myself at the window I perceived a number
of reddish-yellow flames in different parts of the expanse of almost
level ground. I descried perhaps no more than six at a time ; but
dying away, and appearing in other places so rapidly, that it was
impossible to count them. Some were small, or burned dimly ;
others flashed with a bright flame, in a direction almost parallel
with the ground, and coinciding with that of the wind, which was
rather brisk .... When I reached the meadow (in order to
examine the phenomenon in its laboratory) the atmospheric condi-
tions which gave rise to the hjnes Fatiii had ceased to exist. From
what I saw I must judge that the Ignes Fatni are owing to the
causes given by Volta, ciz., that the phosphoric hydrogen exhaled by
certain swamps is kindled by coming into contact with the atmos-
pheric air, but that there is a certain electrical tension of the
atmosphere necessary to cause the combustion .... In calm
nights the flames may play in a vertical direction, so as to imitate
the motions of gnats, and they may even appear to alight on some
object, though when this has been observed it is more probable that
the case has been one of St. Elm's fire."

It is very evident that the Innea Fatni here observed belong to a
totally different category from those hitherto attributed to insect
origin, though our worthy German evidently considers that it is the

23

different interpretation placed by his trained scientific mind to that
placed by a country farmer and various unscientific persons on the
same phenomenon.

The following extract from Professor Jameson's Kdinhnruli Xew
Pliilosophical Journal, January, 1833 (quoted in Entoni. Alan., 1833),
gives more detailed observations on apparently kindred phenomena ;
" Observations on the L/nis Fatinis, or Will-o'-the-Wisp, Falling
Stars, and Thunderstorms," by L. Blesson, Major of Engineers,
Berlin.

" The first time I saw the ///»/s Fatinis, or Will-o'-the-Wisp,
was in a valley in the Forest of Gorbitz, in the Neumark. This
valley cuts deeply in compact loam, and is marshy on its lower
part. The water of the marsh is ferruginous, and covered with an
iridescent crust. During the day bubbles of air were seen rising
from it, and in the night blue flames were observed shooting from
and playing over its surface. As I suspected that there was some
connection between these flames and the bubbles of air, I marked
during the daytime the place where the latter rose up most abund-
antly, and repaired thither during the night ; to my great joy I
actually observed bluish-purple flames, and did not hesitate to ap-
proach them. On reaching the spot they retired, and J pursued
them in vain ; all attempts to examine them closely were ineffectual.
Some days of very rainy weather prevented further investigation,
but afforded leisure for reflecting on their nature. I conjectured
that the motion of the air, on my approaching the spot, forced for-
ward the burning gas ; and remarked that the flame burned darker,
when it was blown aside ; hence I concluded that a thin stream of
inflammable air was formed by these bubbles, which, once inflamed,
continued to burn — but which, owing to the paleness of the light of
the flames, could not be observed during the day.

" On another day, in the twilight, I went again to the place,
where I awaited the approach of night; the flames became gradually
visible, but redder than formerly, thus showing that they burned
also during the day ; I approached nearer, and they retired. Con-
vinced that they would return again to the place of their origin,
when the agitation of the air ceased, I remained stationary and
motionless, and observed them again gradually approach. As I
could easily reach them, it occurred to me to attempt to light paper
by means of them ; but for some time I did not succeed in this
experiment, which I found was owing to my breathing. I there-
fore held my face from the flame, and also interposed a piece of

24

cloth as a screen ; on doing which I was able to singe paper, which
became brown coloured, and covered with viscous moisture. I next
used a narrow slip of paper, and enjoyed the pleasure of seeing it
take fire. The gas was evidently inflammable, and not a phos-
phorescent luminous one, as some have maintained. But how do
these hghts originate? After some reflection I resolved to make
the expernnent of extinguishing them. I followed the flame ; I
brought it so far from the marsh, that probably the thread of con-
nexion,^ if I may so express myself, was broken, and it was
extinguished. But scarcely a few moments had elapsed, when it
was agam renewed at its source (over the air-bubbles), without my
being able to observe any transition from the neighbouring flames,
many of which were burning in the valley. I repeated the experi-
ment frequently, and always with success. The dawn approached,
and the flames, which to me appeared to approach nearer to the
earth, gradually disappeared.

" On the following evening I went to the spot, and kindled a
fire on the side of the valley, in order to have an opportunity of
trying to inflame the gas. As on the evening before, I first extin-
guished the flame, and then hasfened with a torch to the spot from
whence the gas bubbled up, when instantaneously a kind of
explosion was heard, and a red light was seen over eight or nine
square feet of the surface of the marsh, which diminished to a
small blue flame, from two and a half to three feet in height, that
continued to burn with an unsteady motion. It was, therefore, no
longer doubtful that this Ignis Fatuus was caused by the evolution
of inflammable gas from the marsh.

"In the year 1811 I was at Malapane, in upper Silesia, and
passed several nights in the forest, because ignes fatui were
observed there. I succeeded in extinguishing and inflaming the
gas, but could not inflame paper or thin shavings of wood with it.
In the course of the same year I repeated my experiments in the
Kouski in Poland. The flame was darker coloured than usual, but
I was not able to inflame either paper or wood shavings with it ;
on the contrary their surface became speedily covered with a viscous
moisture. In the year 1812 I spent half a night in the Eubenzahl
Garden, on the ridge of the Riesengebirge, close on the Schneekoppe,
which constantly exhibits the Will-with-the-Wisp, but having a,
very pale colour. The flame appeared and disappeared, but was
so mobile that I could never approach sufficiently near to enable
me to set fire to anything with it.

25

" In the course of the same year I visited a place at Walkeuried,
in the Hartz, where these lights are said always to occur; they were
very much like those of the Neumark, and I collected some of the
gas in a flask. On the day after, I found by experiment that it
occasioned cloudiness in lime-water, a proof of its containing
carbonic acid.

" I observed accidentally another phenomenon allied to this,
at the Porta Westphalica, near Minden. On August 8rd, 1814,
we played off a firework from the summit to which we had ascended
durmg the dark, and where no ignis fatuus was visible. But
scarcely had we fired off the rocket, when a number of small red
flames were observed around us, below the summit, which, however,
speedily extinguished — to be succeeded by others on the firing of
the next rocket.

" These facts induced me to separate the ignes fatui from the
luminous meteors, and to free them from all connexion with
electricity. They are of a chemical nature, and become inflamed
on coming in contact with the atmosphere, owing to the nature of
their constitution.

" I think it highly probable that the fires that sometimes break
out in forests are caused by these lights."

It is I think fairly evident that observations such as these confirm
the popular pseudo-scientific explanation of the theoretical causes
of the Will-o'-the-Wisp, but they do not at all agree with the
accounts given above in support of the insect origin of this
mysterious light ; in tact it is clear that they relate to a phenomenon
totally difterent in nature, though confused under the same name.
It is to be noted that all these occurrences took place in Germany ;
there is no reason why similar exhibitions should not be found in
this country, but I do not know of any such accounts, though iron-
impregnated marshes are not uncommon.

Yet another explanation is offered by Mr. R. J. W. Purdy, in
the Transactions of the iVor/'o/Zr aiul Noncich Naturalists' Socirti/, vol.
viii. (ante), p. 517. The light was first seen on February 3rd, 1907,
moving horizontally backwards and forwards over a distance of
several hundred yards. It rose in the air to the height of forty
feet or more, then descended again, and went through the same
evolution many times. The light was slightly reddish in the centre,
and resembled a carriage lamp, for which it was at first mistaken.
It was observed for about twenty minutes, but the narrator was
quite at a loss to ascertain its cause.

26

On December 1st of the same year, and many subsequent
dates, It was seen again, and observed to alight on the ground and
disappear in a plantation. Seen within a few yards it had two
intensely bright spots on its head, and was uttering the quickly
repeated ' Chuck, Chuck' of the White Owl.

The author expresses the belief that most of the tales respecting
" Will-o'-the-Wisp," "Corpse Candles," and "Lantern-Men," are
the result of occasional luminosity assumed by birds of nocturnal
habits that frequently fly over marshy ground in search of prey.
This luminosity is probably accounted for by the feathers being
smeared with putrescent matter from the hollow trees or other
cavities in which the birds pass the day.

Though not truly in any way connected with the Will-o'-
the-Wisp as we understand it, this account illustrates the way
in which any abnormal and apparently inexplicable moving
light is at once assumed to be an exhibition of this phenomenon.

So far most of the accounts quoted above relate to observations
recorded a century or so ago, thus supporting the (Kcford Dictiunary
in its statement that ' formerly it seems to have been a common
phenomenon, but is now exceedingly rare.' But about six years
ago, some correspondence appeared in the Observer on this
subject. It was initiated by a letter from a Dr. Herbert Snow='=
asking whether there is any real foundation for the superstition
popularly denominated Will-o'-the-Wisp, also whether the belief
still persists in tangible form, or has been exploded by education.
The writer then refers to Brewer's Guide to Science, of his young
days, which stated that the Jack-o'-Lantern was produced by
phosphoretted hydrogen given off by decomposing matter in the
marshes. He adds that he believes modern science no longer
proffers this explanation.

It will be of interest to examine some of the replies to this letter
and see how they accord with the theories we have already con-
sidered.

A Lymington correspondent says " I am well acquainted with
a man who used to work for me, and who used to tell me about Jack-
o'-Lantern quite thirty years ago ; he was accustomed to be in the
Forest all night. He found that the months of October and
November, when the nights, for the time of year, were rather warm,
were the times the lights were most frequent. About a mile from

Observer, December 19tb, 1915.

27

that part of the Forest called Boldrewood, the man informs me this
week, Jack-o'-Lantern would be seen arising off the bogs about
eleven o'clock. When he and his companion first saw them there
were two ; they took them for two men each carrying a lantern.
The lights passed some twenty yards distant from them. They
kept their eyes on these strange apparitions, but not a single sound
passed through the wood. This man afterwards saw many of these
queer sights in other parts of the Forest."

Here it is evident that the lights were more or less constant, so
cannot have been due to the ignition of phosphoretted hydrogen ; they
were evidently not Ghost Swifts ; but there seems to be nothing in
the account inconsistent with their being due to swarms of luminous
goats ; or they may have been caused by luminous birds.

Another correspondent relates his experience in the island of
North Uist in the month of October, 1911, when 'flighting' for
duck in a large bog. "In appearance the Will-o'-the-Wisp
resembles the light of a lantern being waved to and fro, never still,
in sweeps of from 50 to 60 yards,"

This account apparently is closely akin to that of the luminous
owl.

Another says " Having been brought up in the Fens I have seen
Jack-o'-Lantern jumping hundreds of nights, and can describe it
as a large bluey-green ball in appearance that bounds like a football
after a big kick."

Here again explanation afforded by the swarms of luminous
gnats appears best to accord with the description given.

Other replies were either too vague for proper examination or
merely urge the marsh gas theory as being correct, without however
giving details of actual observations.

Thus, though not sufficiently numerous for general deductions
to be based upon them, these later accounts afford some confirmation
of theory of the occasional luminescence of dancing swarms of gnats,
but not one of them records any appearance to which our Ghost
Swift theory can be applied. Possibly this is due to the latter
being more commonly recognised nowadays for what it really is, in
other words that the superstition popularly denominated Will-o'-
the-Wisp has been more or less, as Dr. Snow suggests, exploded by
education.

We have now considered the four principal phenomena that
have been claimed as giving rise to the popular legend of the Will-
o'-the-Wisp, but " as we have seen " each of them is distinct in itself

28

and it is their confusion under one name that has caused the
considerable degree of mystery that has become attached to it.
The luminous owl is quite a simple phenomenon in itself, and apart
from its moving luminescence has none of the features character-
istic of the Ignis Fatuus. The dancing swarm of midges that have
become luminous owing to pathological causes is a nearer approach
to our ideal, though its motions are very different from those of the
popular conception.

We also see that the popular explanation of the mystery, viz ;—
the spontaneous ignition of marsh gas evolved from decaying
organic matter, though supported by definite scientific observations
relates not to the Will-o'-the-Wisp, but to a very different
phenomenon that should be designated by a difi'erent name, such as
' Marsh Lights' or 'Marsh Fires.' If we asi< how it is that this
explanation is now so widely received at the expense of the older
and once very popular theory of the insect origin of the light, I can
only suggest that it is because of its scientific foundation in
contrast with the unsatisfactory and unconvincing nature of the
evidence for the latter, and consequently, since it was the only
explanation in the field that was in any way satisfactory, the fact
that phenomena of very different character were involved has
continued to be overlooked.

That the Ghost Swift Moth is the true source of the popular
legend of the Will-o'-the-WiU is in my opinion practically certain,
smce it is the onbj simple and natural solution of the luminous
insect theory. It is of course possible that the mystery of the
luminous insect may not be so simple as I contend, that it mm/
.depend on some rare instance of an insect becoming luminous owing
to pathological causes, but the probabihties ^ against such a
supposition are immense. At the same time that the simplicity of
the Ghost Swift theory is a very strong point in its favour, in some
ways this very simplicity militates against it, for if that be the
true explanation of the Will-o'-the-Wisp how is it that it has not
been proved to be so beyond question long ago ? Probably because
the testimony of a few sturdy countrymen, who had convinced
themselves that it was nothing but a fly, a " Moggy-long-legs," was
insufficient to outweigh the very circumstantial evidence^ of the
marsh gas explanation that appealed so much more forcefully to the
theoretical scientist ; and because with the spread of the study of
entomology the Ghost Moth has become more generally known for

29

what it is, and its association witli the Will-o'-the-Wisp either not
recoojnised or ridiculed.

Now, ladies and gentlemen, it only remains for me to express
once more my deep appreciation of the honour you have done me
in adding my name to the list of names famous in the annals of
Natural History that forms our list of Past Presidents. Allow me
to thank you very sincerely, and especially the officers and Council
who have so warmly supported me during my two years of office.
In some respects they have been rather heavy years, but with their
sage counsel and advice, and the heartiness with which they have
thrown themselves into the woik that has had to be done, we have
I think, managed to keep fairly well abreast of the flood.

It is now my pleasant duty to oft'er a very hearty welcome to my
successor in office, Mr. E. J. Bunnett. In your new President you
have chosen a man with a wide range of mterests and attainments
in Natural History subjects ; and I feel that under his Presidency
the Society can look forward with confidence to a continuation of
its fifty years of prosperity.

It is with very great regret that I find that I am not able to be
with you to-night, and have to fall back once more upon the kindly
offices of friends m the reading of this address. The reading of
another person's paper is not one of the easiest or most satisfactory
of undertakings ; and to take advantage of a temporary epidemic
seems rather a mean way of shuffling off my final duties on to other
people's shoulders. The position in fact may perhaps be para-
phrased somewhat as follows : —

It seems a shame, the Chairman wrote,
To play them such a trick.

After they've brought me on so far
And helped through thin and thick.

The Audience said nothing but
" We don't believe he's sick."

30

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

FEBRUARY 'iOth, 1921.
President, K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S., in the Chair.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a contrivance he was trying in hig
breeding pots to keep the earth damp and at the same time to avoid
staleness and mould. It consisted of a sheet of glass inserted in
his glass vessel dividing it vertically into two chambers, one of
which contained the earth for the burrow and pupation hollow,
while the other chamber contained only sand which was kept moist.
The influence of the moist sand would be exerted at the bottom and
sides of the partition.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a specimen of Fieris brassicae in
which the black tips of the forewings were radiated by yellow streaks
on the veins; it was taken at Eastbourne on August 17th, 1920,
and was similar to the form taken on the same spot on August Sth,
1917, which was also exhibited together with a typical specimen
for comparison [Froc. S. L. E. and N. H. S., 1917, p. 64). He said
that so far as he was aware, only one other specimen of this form
was known, the one taken by Mr. P. G. Whittle at Southend in
July, 1900— {Froc. 8. L. E. and N. H. S., 1918, p. 58).

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a short series of Selidosema plumaria
(ericetaria) from Co. Tyrone, Ireland, including a curious dark
streaked form of the male, which he had received from Mr. T.
Greer of Stewartstown. It was a recurrent form and apparently a
step tov/ards the melanic form described by his correspondent in
1919 in the Ent. Record, vol. xxxi., p. 74, and named fionoHa. He
was naming this form as intermedia-fuinosa.

He also showed a hybrid (?) Zijijaena {jilipendnlae-lonicerae) sent
to him by Mr. Greer and captured at Tamnamore, Co. Tyrone,
where the two species were found flying together on the same
ground. The specimen had more the shape of lonicerae with
antennae of the same. It was of the general shape of this species
too, but was six spotted. The black margin of the hmdwings was
between the two species in width, and the suffusion in and around

81

the spots on the underside was only very partial, there being none
in typical lonicerae and a very smooth and full suffusion in the
jilipendidae.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a very brilliant male form of
Polyo)iniiatHs icariis a,h.clara, from Cornwall, with var. clara male
from Ireland and a typical male from England for comparison.

Mr. H. Leeds exhibited a box of the undersides of female
F. icarns showing no fewer than 130 named forms as worked out
by means of J. W. Tutt's British Lepidoptera.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited the bark-boring Scolytid beetles,
Xyleborus dispar and A', sad-eseni from Kidderminster, with sections
of plum-tree showing the course of their burrows. He also showed
Heliocopris sp. from iSiam, including the beetle and its dung-ball
cut open to show the egg-cavity; sent to him by Mr. E. J. Godfrey.

FEBRUARY 2ith, 1921.

Mr. W. S. Bristowe, Ashford House, Cobham, Surrey, and Mr.
Hy. Ruggles, 146, Southfield Road, Bedford Park, W. 4., were
elected members.

Lantern slides were exhibited as follows : —

Mr. A. E. Tonge, a series illustrating the Noctuid type of egg.

Mr. Dennis, slides illustrative of an Oribatid mite.

Mr. Bunnett, slides of the fish parasite Aryulus, species of I'rotura,
and the rasp of the field-cricket.

Mr. Step, a series of slides of Crustacea including some of the
devices of Spider Crabs for disguise.

Mr. Main, a set of slides to show the simplicity and advantages
of this method of showing results of study and of observations.

Other exhibits were then taken.

Mr. Leeds exhibited a very long series of undersides of the male
of Polijommatm icarns, each identified as a named form listed by the
late J. W. Tutt in his British Lepidoptera.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a bred series of the beautiful pale-
green Morplio laertes with a coloured photograph of the larvas
grouped naturally and resembling a flower- head ; he also showed
three perfect specimens of the huge Noctuid Thijmnia ayrippina, of
which one measured eleven inches in expanse. The whole were
sent from Sao-Paulo, Brazil, by our member Mr. Lindeman, who
reported that he had seen no fewer than eight of these large moths
with outspread wings on one tree.

32

Mr. Hy. Moore exhibited the Hemipteron Plataspis rermicellaris
from Nairobi, Central Africa.

Mr. Buckstone exhibited specimens of the aquatic coleopteron
Helo}ihnruR a(jiiaticiifi which he had observed flying in abundance
only a few feet from the ground. He also reported that he had
recently found pupte of Abraxas i/rossidariata out of doors.

MARCH lOth, 1921.

Mr. Jas. Bates, of Hornsey, and Major T. M. Cottam, of
Twickenham, were elected members of the Society.

The meeting was directed chiefly to exhibitions of the Genus
Zyt/aeiia.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a large number of species and local
races from the Palsearctic Kegion, extending from the British
Islands to Japan, from Siberia to the Himalayas and Algeria.

Mr, G. Talbot, on behalf of J. J. Joicey, Esq., exhibited —

1. Forms of Paltearctic Zi/r/aenae, illustrating some rare and
little known species and showing the variation in Z. ephialtes, L.,
Z. fraxini, Men., Z. cainiolica, Scop., and Z. transalpina, Esp.

2. Variation in British Zi/r/aevae as shown in Z. trifolii, Esp.,
and Z. filipeiidiilae, L., including the black and yellow form, and
the form with confluent spots in both species ; also a bred specimen
of Z. filipendnlae, with an additional hindwing.

Mr. A. W. Mera exhibited his drawer of British Zy<jaenidae
pointing out the different British races of the Z. lonicerae and Z.
piirptnalis (minos), and referred to a form which the late J. W.
Tutt believed to be a six-spotted form of Z. trifolii.

Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited his collection of British Zyijaena and
referred to the races of Z. fHipendulae in which the sixth spot was
more or less evanescent, and remarked upon the amount of diversity
in the races of Z. trifolii.

Mr. Leeds exhibited a box of aberrations of the British
Zygaenids.

Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited short series of Z. trifolii and
Z. fHipendnlae showing confluence of spots, three Z. Jilipendnlae
in which the sixth spot is very inconspicuous, two of w^hich from
Reigate have a narrow margin on the hindwing and the other from
Eastbourne has a very much broader margin.

Mr. Garrett exhibited short series of the British species includ-

33

ing Z. Iiippocrt'iiidis, Steph., from N. Wales and Co. Clare, and a
yellow Z. tilipenditlae from N. Kent.

Mr. T. H. Grosvenor read the following notes on his
exhibit : —

" The Z. fili/ifndiilae exhibited principally come from the
North Downs, showing various minor forms of variation, a
common form being a ^ with spot six reduced in size and
with the border of secondaries considerably broader than
normal ; this may be found on the chalk hills in July, and
corresponds exactly with the marsh form occurring in June.
A feature of Z. hippocrepidia, Steph., is said to be a green nervure
running through spot six; this feature is also conspicuous in those
specimens taken in July. The ? is not found with spot six reduced,
in fact this spot is generally the most developed. It is impossible
for this small-spotted form to be a hybrid, as Z. trifaUi does not
occur in the district. The typical ground colour of the primaries
is dark blue in the $ and bronze green in the ? , but these may
be reversed, although such variation may be looked upon as a rare
form. The result of breeding between 2,000 to 8,000 during the
past season. produced 1 $ bronze green and 2 5 blue; but one <?
had the left primary blue, and the right bronze green. A similar
2 was found, but in this case the left primary is bronzy blue and
the right steel blue ; this may have been the result of some injury,
as the left secondary is perceptibly smaller than the right.
Confluent forms in this species are of rare occurrence. Pathological
and teratological forms are abundant, and probably the two $ s
shown come under this group, having the scaling thin and the
red colour of the typical form replaced by a pinkish colour.

" In Z. trifalii, the commonest form of variation is confluence,
especially in the J ; there is also considerable variation in the
breadth of border. This species was taken flying in company with
Z. Itippocreinditt, Steph., or Z. filipeudiilae, and on one or two
occasions in past years cross pairings have been found. Last
season the pair exhibited were found paired, and produced a large
number of fertile ova, which in due course hatched and are at
present just starting to feed.

" There was also a specimen with a minute sixth spot and with
normal border to secondaries. This might possibly be the result of
a cross pairing, or Z. trifolii with a sixth spot, or Z. liippucrepidiH,
Steph., with the spot very nmch reduced, in fact it very much
resembles ?i 3 Z. filipindulae shown by Mr. Tonga taken at Reigate.

34

Perhaps breeding the larv£B from the cross-pairing may decide what
this form really is."

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited very long series of various
races of British Zygaenids including hybrids and a large number of
specimens showing variations in the spotting.

Mr. Barnett exhibited a small series of the British species.

Mr. B, S. Williams exhibited an asymmetrical Vaiiessa in, the R.
wing being 24'5 mm. in length, the L. wing 34 mm. ; an aberration
of roli/oiiniiatKs icanis in which the forms parviimiicta, discreta and
icariiiKH were combined ; an ab. ]iosticn-ajiicalis of the same species,
and a curiously brown-suffused underside of a female of the same
species with tawny lunules, from Scotland.

Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited a livmg Anijihidasix strataria he had
just taken at Reigate.

Mr. Newman reported that he had been at Bournemouth from
February 10th to 16th, the Blackthorn was in full bloom on the
12th, and on that day he saw a specimen of X>/locauij)a aie(da
{litJinrhiza).

MARCH 2ith, ]92\.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited living larvte of Iliunicia jildcwas
collected wild in the morning of this day. Both forms of the
larvae were found, those feeding on the large leaf sorrel, Eumex
acetona, being all green like the leaves, while those feeding on the
small leaf sorrel U. acetosella, were green and red like the leaves
and stems. He also reported the capture at Bexley of a unicolorous
black female of Lycia [Biston) hirtaria.

Mr. Main exhibited a specimen of lilapt^ mncrunatu, the "cellar
beetle," which Mr. Blair said fed upon rotting vegetation.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a short series of selected specimens
of C(H'n<))i!piiidui pavip/iilna including three pale ones from Scotland,
a large female from Swanage, a dark male underside, and a male
with heavy borders and black interneural spots on margins of hind
wings.

Major Cottam exhibited r/tri/.cint lirornica from Southbourne, a
melanic form of ^J^lllas tiliae with a silvery form of the same
species, and the form costovata of Xantliorho'e /liictiiata from his own
garden at Twickenham.

Mr. Grosvenor reported the occurrence of Pieris rapae at Redhill
on March 20th, and stated that the larvje of Zyijaena trifolii had

35

stirred and were changing their skins. These larvpe moulted
immediately before hibernation, the bright green colour being
replaced by straw colour, and they moulted again in spring before
commencing to feed, their colour becoming again green. In this
species a certain percentage always go through a second winter,
especially when an early spring has called them up and this is
succeeded by a cold spell, when they go into retirement until the
following spring.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a male and a female of the race
hibernica oi Kucldo'e cardauiincs from Co. Tyrone, Ireland; it was
characterised by being somewhat smaller than the type, the more
strongly marked ends of the Aving nervures, and in the female the
strong suffusion of the hindwing with yellow. The female
exhibited was of the form ab. ranlnsficta in which the discoidal spot
was very large and branched, extendmg along the costal area of the
forewing upperside. Another example was ab. citronea in which
the basal portion of the forewing below was suffused with yellow.

Mr. Turner also showed three forms of the South African Pierid
butterfly Kronia dendora, the type form with narrow black margins,
the form dilatata with broad black margins and paler yellow below,
and the intermediate form eiwia with still paler underside, with
marginal band of medium width.

Mr. Parmer reported the abundance of Abraxaa (jroasidariata
larvie which were feeding and pupating at the present time.

Mr. B. S. Williams recorded the unusual occurrence of Pachys
(Amidu'dasis) strataria {prodroinaria) at Finchley. Mr. Tonge said
that the species usually rested high up on the trunks. Several
members noted that in the afternoon the species might be found
low down, probably just emerged.

APRIL Uth, 1921.

Miss L. E. Cheeseman, F.E.S., read a short paper entitled "The
Parasite of Sirex. (ii'iiaa, PJu/s.sa persna^nria," and illustrated it with
lantern slides. (See page 1.)

Mr. Edwards exhibited specimens of Hlnjasa jHTsitasoria from
the British Isles and the continent.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited some beetle {Geotnipcs sp.) larvffl
found in a manure heap and described their movements and the
economy of the beetle. He also suggested that in this species

36

stridulafcion was effected by the friction of one leg crossing another.

Mr. Newman showed a branch of Hawthorn in full bloom from
Bexley; and reported Triphaena pronuba at sallow on March iilst,
Callophri/s rubi on April 10th, and the common occurrence of
Euchlo'e cardaiiii)ief<, all much before their normal time of
appearance.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited living larvie of a common Fire-fly of
the Eastern United States of America, Phuturif; pemisj/lvani^a, and
referred to its habits.

Mr. Main, on behalf of Mr. Enefer, exhibited the larvfe of the red
mite T)oinbidia)n which was common in gardens and in confinement
fed on meat, flies, worms, etc., etc. If hungry they even fed
upon one another.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited the beetle CaUidiunt variabile, which had
emerged from an oak plank.

APRIL 28th, 1921.

Mr. H. L. Dalton, of Reading, was elected a member.

The Rev. J. Waterston, B.D., B.Sc, F.E.S., gave an address on
" The Natural History of Macedonia," illustrated with lantern slides
and many specimens.

Dr. Forbes also exhibited lantern slides of Macedonia and
remarked upon them.

In proposing a vote of thanks Major Cottam gave additional
reminiscences and showed a number of coloured sketches of the
scenery.

A large number of insects, other than Lepidoptera, were
exhibited by Mr. Waterston, and commented on by himself and by
Mr. K. G. Blair.

Mr. Blair exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera sent by our
member Mr. G. B. Pearson from California with notes on each
species ; also living specimens of the Coccid rhenacnectis aceih,
Signoret, from the bark of Spanish Chestnut and Beech. The
species had not previously been recorded from the latter tree. They
were met with at Oxshott. The Californian Lepidoptera were as
follows : —

Pnpilio futidua, Lucas. An ab. in which the black mark across
the end of hindwing cell on upperside is absent. This mark though
frequently much reduced is seldom quite absent. The venation of

37

left forewing is also abei'rant, there being an additional short
transverse vein joining veins 6 and 7 at about their middle, thus
forming an additional small closed cell to the forewing. A West
Coast species — Vancouver — California. /'. ;ilaucii.'< which is a very
closely allied form is confined to the Eastern area.

Papilio zelicaon, Lucas. Usually known by Boisduval's name
zolicaon. A typically West Coast species, little given to variation.
A mountain and lowland species.

Megano^toiiia eurijdice, Bdv. The sexes very dissimilar — the
female showing very clearly the close relationship to our Gonepteryx
rhamni. The male is called the "Flying Pansy" and also
the " Californian Dog-face." A rare form of the female shows
traces of the dark border of the male.

AnthncJiaria sara, Lucas. It was not known to what particular
named form these specimens belong; the confusion of names is so
great in this group. Long series with accurate data as to date,
place, altitude and season are much to be desired.

Fieris protodice, Bdv. Both of the winter form vernalis, Edw.

Pieris rapae, L. Said to have been introduced to the States
about 1860, it was first caught in California in 1883. The females
are very small and dark.

Colias eimjtheme, Bdv. A pair of the spring and early summer
form, keeu-mjdin, Edw., and 1 male and 2 females of true ettri/tlwine
form, i.e., the winter form usually known as ariadne. This point
has only recently been cleared up by reference to the types in
Oberthur's collection.

Dione vanillae, Linn. A common Central and tropical S.
American butterfly occurring also m the W. Indies. It is sard to
have been first introduced into California about 1885, and since
then to have become almost a pest, the larv?e feeding on the passion
vine.

Arfiymiix seiniraiim, Edw. A very local insect, possibly only a
race of the much more widely distributed A. cnronis, Behr.

Melitaea chakedon, Dbl., and Hew. One of the American
representatives of the aurinia group. Said to be one of the
commonest butterflies of S. California. Certainly one of the first to
be described.

Pyraiiieis carye, Hb. In the States confined to the western
areas, but having a wide range southwards and extending even to
the Falkland Isles.

Limenitis bredowii race californica, Btlr. A mountain butterfly

38

confined to the S.W. States and Mexico. Frequently placed in
the allied genus Adelpha {Hetemchroa) to the species of which it
bears a strong superficial resemblance.

Lemonias vin/idti, Behr. Said to be locally abundant. Closely
allied to our Hamearis {Nei)teobii(s) liicina.

EiisticHs (Lijcaena) acinou, Westw. and Dbl. Very common and
variable. Only males.

Fi. (Li/caena) ennptes, Bdv. A solitary female. The red
marginal marks on hindwing underside are further from the
margin than in the female of acnton.

Noniiades (Lycaena) .rerces f. antiocis, Bdv. Said to be very
abundant in the spring.

Brephidimii e.rilis, Bdv. Not represented in the British
Museum. It is sometimes referred to as the smallest butterfly in
the world, but there are several species which run it very close
whilst Ceylon examples of Chilades jmlli beat it easily.

Leptntes marina, Reak. A common insect throughout California
and Mexico.

Incisalia (Thecla) iroidea, Bdv. A common spring butterfly
in S. California. Ranges along the whole of the west coast.

Tliecla avalona, "Wright. Not represented in the British
Museum. A very rare insect confined to the island of Catalina and
only described shortly before the war.

Calhip/iryu ditnietonini, Bdv. The American " Green-Hairstreak,"
though it may not go by that name in the States.

Uranotes (T/tecla) nieliiiiis, Hbn. A very common and widespread
insect, often a nuisance on hops.

Hesperiidae.

Tlianaoif ftineralia, Scud. Two males, one female,

Hijlepltila phijlaeus, Drury. A very widespread insect, extending
as far as the Argentine.

Ochlodes si/hanoides, Bdv. Known for years as ai/ricola until
Oberthiir published figures of Boisduval's types. Was received as
phylaem. One male.

Hespeiia syrichtiis, Fb. Very common. A specimen of the
female of this was exhibited at one of the Society's meetings
recently, having been taken on Ranmore Common.

Phryyanidin califoniica, Packard. Two males of this Dioptid
moth. It is a very distinct species there being no other species
known quite like it.

39

MAY 12th, 1921.
Mr. Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the Chair,

Mr. L. N. Staniland, of Muswell Hill, was elected a member.

Professor Cockerell, who came as a visitor, exhibited numerous
fossil insects from the Mid-Tertiary strata of the Isle of Wight ;
also a series of drawings of new species of fossil flies which he was
describing in the Annah and Mai/azine of Natural Hixtnii/.

Mr. Lyle exhibited some cocoons of the Braconid Meteoriis
alhiditarsiis, a parasite on Biipalns jiiniperda, and a skein of silk
which he had wound from two of their cocoons. He also exhibited
a section of a large stem of the common laurel in which was a
natural discoloration in the form of a butterfly with spread wings,
and referred to the legendary accounts of butterflies getting into
the heart of a tree and being there embedded and subsequently
producing an impression as exhibited. Mr. Step remarked that the
discoloration was probably caused by a fungus attack and that the
shape was purely accidental.

Mr. Step exhibited the nests of Sceliphroii inadraspatajuis, the
Muddauber Wasp, from Calcutta. These had been built in his
daughter's callers' card-box, the entrance to which was a slit a
quarter of an inch wide. Through this narrow opening the
females had conveyed all their mud and the large hairy spiders
with which the cells were provisioned. Half a dozen wasps
emerged from the cells during the voyage home,

Mr. Eobert Adkin exhibited a portion of a wallflower
(C/ieira)ithiis) from his garden at Eastbourne, in which the flowers
were imperfect in that the petals were absent. In other respects
the flowers appeared to be complete, but the normal erect position
of the sepals gave them the appearance of being unexpanded.
The whole plant was similarly affected,

Mr. Barnett exhibited several examples of the natter- jack toad
{I)iift) calaiiiita) from South Spain.

Mr. S. R. Ashby exhibited the collection of British Earwigs,
Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, Locusts and Crickets formed by the
late Curator, Mr. W. West.

Mr. C. L. Withycombe exhibited a small scorpion [JjuthiiH
occita)U(s) from the South of France, a young stage of the South
European Mantis {M. rclif/iosa), and some Weevils found on thistles,
all sent to him by Mr. H. Main from Provence. He also exhibited

40

a specimen of Sinodendron ci/lindricioii (Col.), from a decaying beech
tree in Epping Forest.

Mr. A. W. Dennis exhibited the " apple moss " Bartramia
pomiformis, from Dorl^ing,

Mr, H. Moore exhibited an exotic homopteron, Pt>/eliift tiarescens,
F., and contributed the following note: — -

" There is a ' Cuckoo-spit ' found in E. Africa, which on account
of its large size and copious secretion of fluid, and its habit of
congregating in considerable numbers on certain trees, gives it a
somewhat uncommon interest. We are chiefly indebted to Mr.
S. L. Hinde, who sent specimens to Prof. Poulton some years ago
(1906), who published the details in the Transactiom of the Ent.
Soc. Loud., for most of what we know of them. Mr. Hinde says,
every branch of a tree 40 ft. high was covered with them — that
there was a continuous drip like rain under the tree, from their
secretions, and that when within 6-10 ft. of the insects they looked
like flowers and fruit or buds. When alive the insects are yellow,
which however quickly fades, and relaxing for settmg does not
improve them. The specimens exhibited came from the Nairobi
district. He also showed a specimen of Gowpjlns (lonijyloides from
Ceylon."

Mr. 0. K. Goodman exhibited Timarcha violaceo-nigra, the small
"bloody-nose" beetle, which he had taken on the sheep-leas,
Horsley, on May 8th, when it was abundant; and also reported the
occurrence of the lizard, Lacerta viripara, on the same ground.

Mr. Coxhead exhibited a series of sketches of galls with, in
numerous cases, drawings of the insect producer of the same.

Mr. Turner showed three specimens of the very large dragonfly
Mecistof/aster caeruleata from Central America. It is one of the
largest species measuring nearly six inches in expanse of wings.

Mr. Grosvenor exhibited a large number of bird-skins he had
obtained while stationed in India in 1917-18, mainly from the
Punjab. The exhibit included the Hornbill which plastered up the
female whilst sitting on her eggs in the hollow of a tree, the Blue
Kingfisher, an abundant bird round the ponds, the House Crow, a
bird much too friendly to the household, in crowds everywhere, the
Bank Mynah which always followed the Great Grey Shrike which
was a migrant to England, the Wintail Swallow which built its
nest in the wells for water, the Rock Parraket which, although a
frequenter of trees, built its nest in buildings, the Copper-smith
whose note resembled the sound from a small anvil when struck,

41

and also the Weaver Bird and its nest made of elephant grass,
of which hundreds often hansf from one tree.

MAY 2lst, 1921.

Field Meeting — Oxshott.

Condiictnr, W. J Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

The route taken was from Claygate Station through the covers
east of the railway, where the party resolved itself into sections
going by devious routes to the devasted region west of Oxshott
station and thence to the Black pond, as much of it as remains not
overgrown. Subsequently the party reassembled for tea at Oxshott
village after a very pleasant ramble. But few captures were made
and no reports were forthcoming.

MAY 2mi, 1921.
Mr. Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., etc., Vice-president, in the Chair.

Mr. G. T. Lyle, of Cambridge, was elected a memlier.

Mr. Farmer exhibited a specimen of Rmuuia phlacaa from
Riddlesdown with an area of pale straw colour on the left forewing ;
also a Cailnphrijs rubi with the right forewing blotched with a
patch of bufi' colour, from the same place.

Mr. Neave exhibited two pupse of Stri/mon /nioii from N.
Huntingdon and the ova of Lejdosia sinapis.

Mr. Simms exhibited the ova of Cupido viiniiiius; also the beetle
Cryptocejihaliis aureola, taken from buttercups on the slopes of the
S. Downs, near Eastbourne, on May 19th.

Mr. Goodman exhibited Enmtnri/a atoinaria captured on May 1st
at St. Martha's Hill, Guildford, including some unusually dark
suffused forms. He also showed A)iarta ini/rtilli taken on the same
date.

Mr, Bunnett exhibited the Coleopteron [Jedohia imperial^ taken
at Coulsdon.

In remarks on the season it was noted that Rnniicia pldaeas was
very common in a corner of Redhill Common and other places ;
Eulype hastata had been taken at Holmsley and Horsley, and Hemaris
fncifoniiis at the latter place; while Celastrina an/iolns was very

42

scarce in most localities, and many species were early in appear-
ance.

JVNE 4:th, 1921.

Field Meeting — Eastbourne.

Conductor, R. Adkin, F.E.S.

At the kind invitation of Mr. and Mrs. R. Adkin a number of
members went down to Eastbourne for a whole day field-meeting.
After a ramble in the garden of our hosts and an ample lunch the
party took their way along the lower cliff path westward from
Meads, collecting on the rough weedy slopes, until Cow Gap was
reached, where the steep cliff path was taken and a climb of some
hundreds of feet brought them to the upper slopes. There the party
spread out over the extensive pasture land finally coming together
agam in the late afternoon for a very welcome meat tea kindly
provided by our hosts at their residence, " Hodeslea," at Meads, a
place of some historic interest, the house having been built and the
garden laid out by the late Prof. Huxley who \heve spent the last
years of his life. The feature of the afternoon's collecting was the
unusual abundance of Cupido winimus, it being met with inconsider-
able^ numbers practically all over the district traversed, while
Ajiriades thetis (bellan/us) was fairly plentiful in its more restricted
haunts. LarvjB of Sesia ichneiimonifoniiis were taken in the roots of
Anthyllk vidneraria; and many other species common to the
neighbourhood were also taken.

JVNE 9th, 1921.

Mr. A. W. Dennis exhibited stereo-photographs of the Mosses
Mnium Iiornnm and Bartramia jiomifonnis.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited series of Colias croceus (edasa)
with the black border of the forewings encroaching upon the inner
margin, with typical forms for comparison.

Dr. G. S. Eobertson exhibited ab. caeca oi Ap/tantoi»,s /n//,crant,is
and Xylophasia monoghjpha, both from the Lake District ; Spilosowa
wenthastri, five specimens bred from ova found on blackthorn at
Horsley, showing considerable variation in spots tending to run
together, in one specimen only a few spots were present ; TUiacea

4B

anrai/o, pale forms from Box-Hill and darker forms from Torquay ;
Hesperia niaicae var. lavaterac from Bude and Pob/diiniiatiis icanis,
a female approaching ab. caendea from Tintagel.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited living specimens of the Phasuiid,
Bacillus f/allinis, Charp. ; young larvse of 'J'/iais nmiiini and of
Papilid iiuilalirins ; the 12-spotted asparagus beetle, Crionnis 12-
pKHctata ; pupa of a glow-worm, Lauijii/tis sp., and called attention
to the pup;e of the $ s which showed well-developed vestigial elytra ;
females of J'^pichnopteri/.r sp. of a genus formerly included
with the ['.si/chidae but now placed as a separate family
Epic/uiojitcrif/iilac ; the larvfe have no case and are somewhat
Zygaeuid in form. He contributed the following note: '-The 5
Kjiichnoiiteri/.r is a naked degenerate creature and never completely
casts the pupal skin. This remains attached over the ventral
surface, including the very much reduced legs. The head is distinct
but soft, with all the appendages vestigial. She emerges from the
cocoon, the pupal envelope remaining inside and the ventral, except at
the posterior end, contracted, but the tail is turned upwards. Towards
evening she frequently withdraws again within the cocoon. The
cocoon of the g is much smaller, the insect itself being a small
black active little moth. A crippled ^ placed with some $ $ that
had been out several days, at once became very excited and soon
paired up with one of them. One female without pairing
commenced to produce a string of yellow ova, but these shrivelled
up in a few days."

Mr. 0. R. Goodman exhibited iJcmerojihila abniptaria and its
melanic form ab. fuscata, taken in April at Clerkenwell, near the
original locality of its discovery.

Mr. F. M. Carr exhibited the larv?e of I'tilophoia phouiriera.

Mr. Enefer exhibited the neat spherical cocoon and the pupfc of
ihQ kni-lion Miirtiieleon foniiicarinii exhibited in the larval stage at
a previous meeting.

Mr. T. H. Grosvenor exhibited living Trochiluun ciabrDuiformis,
and a Zygaenid hybrid obtained from a pairing of Z. trifulii and X.
hippucrepiiiin, Steph.

JUNE 2ord, 192\.

Exhibition of Orders othkk than Lepidopteka.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a number of items obtained by him
in the South of France, including Natterjack toads {Bafo calamita)

44

ound under stones. Field crickets, Gnjll„s can,pe.tris, which were
located by their sound, and induced to leave their holes in the
bank by inserting a straw. Small scorpions {Buthus occitanns)
which were found ,n numbers under stones and which consumed
the bodies of flies. A trap-door spider which could be located by
no icing the movements of closing the door of its burrow. The
well known harvesting ant (Aphenoi/aster sp.) of the Eiviera. The
larvae of a species of Ascalaphus which were very sluggish in their
movements. The larva of the Neuropteron Palmares sp., which was
found resting under sand, but not in burrows, and which when
disturbed rapidly worked its way tail first under the sand a^ain.
The Wolf spider L,,cosa narbonemis. A living specimen of
Plebet„s an,yro<inomon, and of Melitaea didu,na with its varie^^ated
pupa case. '^

oli^'"', ^\J' ^n""^'^'^ ^^^M the leaves of ash extensively
galled by the small dipteron Ferrhia fraxini, Kieffer

Mr. K. G. Blah- exhibited the " Stick Insects" Bacain. .allien.,
Charp. from &. France, and pointed out their short antenna., in
contrast to La>-an.iusnu.o.ns, Br., from India, with long antennae.
The larva, of the Ant-lions, Palpares and ^.caZaM.; from S
France, and described their method of capturing prey. The larv^
ojPapU.0 poaUnns from S. France, in their second inst,ar, from
ova. Aru.a brenpemus (Galerucid beetle) bred from larva, from S
^ra^nce. Lau>pyris lusitanica, Mots., ^ ? , bred from larv.^ from
S France previously exhibited as pupa.. Pkot.ris penn.yl.anica,
i)eG., ^ 3 , bred from larva, from Washington, U.S.A. Both sexes
have wings and the male shows a flashy lioht

Mr. H. Moore showed a pupa of Sp/U>u: lu,u.trl with dipterous
parasites which had all emerged from one hole as larv-^ ami
pupated outside. It was suggested that the parent had laid ego-s
in the already dead pupa. ^°

Mr. Enefer exhibited the larv.^ of the "ladybird" Coccinella
U^nutata^ the larv. of an Antkrenn. species with'bands of co Id
hairs, which feeds on dried up vegetation, and the grain weevH
CaloMra^cnutna;^^ ,ead notes on their respective habits.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited a living specimen of Geo.,etra
pap,konar,a^ he larva, of the Scorpion-fly, which he found fed
readily on dead insects; and stated that Panorpa ,en>.anlcus lad
about 20 ova in a bunch while P. .o.r.uni. laid more than 30.

Mr. Dennis exhibited a stereo-photograph of Prin.ula .cmira a
very local plant found only in the North of Scotland.

45

Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited the living larva) of Bithya (jnerciis,
Xanthorlw'e montanata, (.'idaria siiff'mnata, Xunthorltne sociata and
Tephrosia consonaria.

JUNE 25th, 1921.

Field Meeting — Chalfont Koad.

Conductor, F. B. Carr.

This was another whole day meeting. The party went by train
to Chalfont Road Station and thence to the extensive woodland on
the slope of the Chess Valley. The special quest of the day was to
obtain Ast/iena bloineri and Abraxas si/lvata {idmata). The former
was obtained by the more active while the latter allowed itself to be
acquired more easily. Messrs. Ashby and Tonge obtained speci-
mens of Stauropus faiji. Later in the day the party found their
way to the wooded slopes and fields south-west of the railway and
gradually reached the residence of Mr. T. W. Hall, at Chorley
"Wood, who had kindly invited them to take tea in his pleasant
grounds. In this beautiful retreat a pleasant hour or two was
spent before return was made to town.

JULY Uth, 1921.

Mr. G. S. Baker, of 7, Fawcett St., W. Erompton, was elected
a member.

There was a short discussion on Xanthorlio'e rivata and X.
alter nata {sociata).

Mr. Hy. J. Turner introduced the discussion with the following
notes on the nomenclature, differentiation and variation.

I. Nomenclature and Variation : —

1. Cidaria rivata, Hb., 409 {sylvaticata. Haw., 332).

2. Cidaria alternata, Muller. (alcheinillata, Schiff., Hb.

370 ; sociata, Brk. v. 482 ; siibtristata. Haw., 382 ;
contriatata, Don., ).

ab. dej/enerata. Haw., 333 ab. {kiirzi, Hirschke, ).

[Narrow median band, broken.]
ab. cinijulata, Tengstr. Ac. Fenn. I., 32.
[Dark hindwing: abdomen dark.]

46

ab. ohi^cHrata, Sth. Ent., xxi., 'M, fig. Isle of Lewis.

[General darkening of lighter areas.]
race idandica, Prout. Seitz., iv., 258. Iceland,
race dnbiosata, Alph. Hor. Ross., xvii., 216. Thian Shan.
3. Cidaria ."iiperr/resm, Btlr. III. Het., iii., 55, pi. 54, f. 11.
Japan.
A small group of three species very much alike.
II. Differentiation of A', rivata from X. alternata {sociata).
The following points of difference of rivata were noted.
Generally larger and single-brooded in nature {alternata is
double-brooded). More glossy wing. The post-median white band
(especially on hindwing) broader and scarcely bisected by a dark
Ime. Distal area less uniformly darkened, and more mixed with
blue-grey. Basal area of hindwing more white mixed both above
and below. Hindwings beneath with a brown band proximally to
the sub-terminal band and always interrupted between the 3rd and
1st median vein. (In alternata this is always »» broken). Median
band extremely narrowed and broken.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited short series from numerous
localities, and called attention to a darker form of alternata {sociata)
which appeared somewhat later than the general emergence of the
first generation, which last took place at the end of June and in
early July.

Mr. Mera exhibited series of the two species and contributed the
following note : —

" I have always found rlmta to be the less liable to variation of
the two species, and it may usually be distinguished by its larger
size and generally higher colour. Also, it is a single brooded
species occurring usually in early July. Sociata on the other hand
is double-brooded, and in S. Devon I have bred a third brood. My
specimens from S. Devon are of a distinctly browner ground colour
than I have usually found them. The specimens from the Isle of
Itewis are quite a distinct race, losing somewhat the strong band
across the wing, the darker portions of the wing very much
absorbing what is usually white.

" The time of appearance is hardly a reliable guide as to which
species is taken, as the broods of f^ociata undoubtedly overlap one
another, and only a few nights ago I took a worn specimen of
sociata in Epping Forest."

Mr. Enefer exhibited the egg of a Chrysopa species on the top of
a gall on a sycamore leaf, and another egg the stalk of which was

47

placed on a previously laid egg. He also showed specimens of the
pine weevil, lli/lubins abieth, just now abundant in many parts of
the South of England. The beetles clung very tightly when
touched.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited an Ant-lion Mi/nndeon, which he had
bred from a larva he had received from the S. of France, sent him
by Mr. Hugh Main. He noted that during the night the larva
travelled on the surface, which it did not appear to do during the
day time. Mr. Blair confirmed this observation and said that he
had further found that the larva would creep up a rough surface.

Mr. Moore also exhibited a form of Anoaia herenice from
Florida, U.S.A., which on the underside showed a strongly
emphasised V-mark outside the end of the cell of the forewing.

Mr. Priske exhibited the winged form of the heniipteron Vclia
ciirrens, which was considered scarce in that state.

Mr. Hugh Main showed some young field crickets which had
just hatched. At first they were white in colour, but soon became
black. The eggs were laid in groups in the ground disposed
vertically.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited a living female with ova of the fire-
fly, Phenr/ocles laticollis, from Washington, and read notes on the
life-history sent to him by Mr. Barker.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited further species of Lepidoptera sent
to him by Mr. G. B. Pearson, from Pasadena, California, including
a long series of the extremely small "blue" Brepltiliiiini e.iiUs, a
series of the rare Thecla avalona from Catalina Islands, a series of
the beautiful Meganostoma eurydice from Mt. San Bernardina,
the extremely brilliant metallic blue {Lycaena) sowirensu from the
desert land, etc.

After a short statement and discussion the following resolution
was proposed on the motion of Mr. E. Step, seconded by the
President, and carried unanimously.

" That this meeting of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society, having learned that a scheme is on foot to
alienate a considerable portion of Esher Common from public
enjoyment by leasing it to a Golf Club Syndicate, desires to express
its strong opposition to such a scheme, which it believes to be
antagonistic to the general good and conceived solely in the
interests of a class already well catered for in the vicinity."

48
JULY 2Sth, 1921.

Mr. Edwards exhibited a small general collection of insects
made at Digne in April, 1897.

Mr. Main exhibited a specimen of (jrnjlliis ca^iipestris in its 2nd
ecdysis ; puparia of a Tsetse-fiy {(jlussina) from S. Africa; ova of
the "Katydid" Locust {Pteropldla concavus) from N. America,
and a young trap-door spider {Atypiis alfinis) from Epping Forest.

Mr. Ashby showed the Cucrinellidae collected by the late Mr.
Ashdown, consisting of 2,220 specimens, which were now being
added to the Society's collection.

Mr. 0. R. Goodman exhibited a nest of the wasp Polutea (jallicus,
and'larvte of Hi/les {Deilepltila) ciiphorbiae from the Dauphine Alps.

Mr. Farmer remarked on a notice he had seen in the Daily
Chronicle of the appearance of the Large Copper at Limpsfield.
Mr. Edwards stated that Captain Purefoy had been rearing a
number of Chiysophaiuis rittilns, in Kent ; it was perhaps an escape
from his cages.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Ashby for arranging the Coccinellidae
was proposed by Mr. Step, seconded by Mr. Edwards, and carried
nem. con. The Secretary read two letters from the Kent and Surrey
Footpaths and Commons Preservation Society, re the Society's
resolution passed at a previous meeting against a golf course being
made on Esher Connnon.

AXJGUST Uth, 1921.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited apples much infested with the
mussel scale {Mytilaspis jjouiornui), which is a great pest in many
places.

Mr. Blenkarn exhibited the following Coleoptera, Lebia
cycDiocephala from Box Hill ; Diaiions coenilesceits from the
Mole at Box Hill; MehoKiphila aciuiiinata from Crowthorne on July
3rd, where it occurred in numbers on actually burning pine-stumps ;
Liparus yernuinus taken by Mr. C. A. W. DufKeld on Hogweed in
Kent in June ; Caasida fastuosa on Senecio jacobaea at Box Hill in
April and May ; and Bythiniis ylabrattis taken at Box Hill in a nest
of Lasiiix flams in April. He also showed a specimen of Aromia
nioHcJiata taken in the London district, where it had been but rarely
observed in late years.

Mr. Ashby exhibited a specimen of Statiropus fagi and examples

49

of Axtlwna hloiiieii taken in the Chalfont Woods during the Field
Meeting on July 25th.

Mr. T. H. Grosvenor exhibited six males of Aiiriailes t/ietis of
six quite distinct shades of blue, one of which showed a considerable
number of irregularly scattered black scales on the disc of the
wings, a form not noted previously ; also a series of very blue
females, some of which were the ab. ceroiiK.^, a form rarely taken in
Britain.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited a living Papilio jiodaliriiis, bred from
an ovum found in the S. of France. He also shewed a specimen of
the Orthopteron, trnjllns bipunctatus, taken in the docks and
probably of African origin ; and pointed cut that it differed from
the common field-cricket, Cr. cauiiwstria, in having its wings perfect
and not aborted.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited stereoscopic photos of the cylindrical
eggs of a flemipteron, of the Tineid Harjiijiteri/.r xijloxtella, and of
the cocoon of the Neuropteron Henierohins sHbuchnlosKs.

Mr. Tonge exhibited a specimen of Faran/e aei/i'iia bred from an
egg laid by a female captured at Chalfont Road on June 25th,
probably an example of the third brood. The life-cycle was
completed in about six weeks.

Mr. 0. R. Goodman exhibited series of two distinct races of J-Jrehia
ti/ndariix, one a large, darkly coloured race taken by himself at La
Grave in the Swiss x\lps this year, and the other taken by the late
Mr. A. E. Gibbs in the Engadine, representing a smaller, paler,
and thinner scaled race.

Mr. Goodman reported that he had been to the New Forest,
where collecting was quite disappointing. Everything was worn
and scarce, and of the butterflies he only saw (Toneptcnj.v r/iaiinii,
Dn/a^i jiaphia, lliiijiarcliia seniele, iljihii'pht'le til/ioniis and Adupaea
jiara.

AUGUST '25th, 1921.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited the black "cherry-aphis"
{Myzits cerasi) which had occurred near Blackheath ; also the
green-house "white-fly" Alennnks vaporarioriun, which had been
attacking tomatoes grown under glass. It had been suggested
that fumigation with hydrocyanic acid, a powerful poison, was
effective, but to avoid any deleterious residue, any good insecticide

50

would suffice if the spraying were done frequently. He suggested
soft soap solution of 1 lb. to 10 gallons of water. Mr. Step said
that he had met with the same species abundantly on garden mint
in the open.

Mr. T. L. Barnett exhibited a series of Hipjian-hia se)iiele.
including some unusually dark forms from Horsham, and several
of a very light banded form from the N. Downs; and said that the
heath form was usually dark. He also showed a nice dark
suffused Ariiynnia cydippe, a male Poh/oiiiniattis icanis wanting the
lower two spots of the submarginal row on the underside of the
forewing ; a dark liiunicia p/daeas and two Coeii<»ii/iiip/ia paxipltdus,
one very marked in depth of colour and the other unusually pale.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the following items sent to him
from Sao Paulo, Brazil, by Mr. F. Lindeman.

1. A cocoon of Rotlischildia anrota from which had emerged,
three hours after it was received by post, a large female. The moth
should have emerged earlier in the year, but had lain over the
winter (southern). A male of the same species emerged the
following day, but from an autumn (southern) larva. They had not
paired, and probably would not do so, as the female had already laid
a number of eggs ; these were of a chalky whiteness. The cocoon
was spun between the leaves of a Citrus and hung by a strong silken
pedicel from a twig. A female was exhibited for illustration.

2. A chrysalis of the S. Brazilian form of Fapilio thoas ; and
called attention to the remarkable likeness it bore to a rotten and
crumbling stick while still preserving the general Papilionine
shape. Unfortunately, like most of the contents of the parcel, it
had been crushed in the post and was dead.

3. A pupa of Eadi's mai/nifica ; and pointed out the rough file-
like outer surface. The " teeth " were placed in patches on face,
head and thorax, along the vein coverings of the wings and on both
margins of all the abdominal segments. This also had come to
grief in the post. Several cocoons of Hypcn-Iiiria had shared the
same fate, but a cocoon of another species of RotlixcliihUa had
dropped out of the crushed parcel and was found in the postman's
bag a day or two later, apparently uninjured.

Mr. A. W. Dennis exhibited Jminifi eff'tisiis var. spiralis, from
the Chelsea physic garden, of which some of the stems grow spirally,
with both left-handed and right-handed twist ; also the rare Scirpus
"^oschoenus from the N. Devon coast.

Mr. C. L. Withycombe exhibited a female of Ascalaphus

51

ottomaniis {lacteus) sent to him from Digne by Mr. Goodman. Its
previously known range was from Dalmatia to the Black Sea, and
it was unknown from France, hitherto. He also showed two other
species for comparison, A. Imuiicornk and A. libelluloides.

Mr. Coxhead exhibited a twig of dogwood {Cornuti fioiu/uiuea)
galled by Olinntrophns {Hon)ioni>/ia) comi (Dipt.).

Mr. Enefer exhibited living specimens of Hipparchia semele, the
weevil, Apion miniatnm, on dock, the shield-bug, Sijroiimstes
marf/inatiis and the ova of a lace-wing fly.

Mr. Main exhibited in his subterrarium the larva of the beetle
Xecrophorits interraptus bred from an egg laid by a female caught
in a trap set in Woodford. It was expected that it would lie over
the winter and pupate in the next season.

Mr. Goodman exhibited the following species of European
"coppers" — lleodes ritnaureae, males and females, from the
Engadine and S. France, H. Jdppothoe with var. eunjbia, from the
same localities, Chnjsophanns dispar, var. rutUus, 2 from S. France ;
and a British 0. dkpar from an old collection.

Mr. Coppeard exhibited an aberration of Arctia caja in which the
spaces of the forewing between the chocolate banding were of a
beautiful pinky- white flush. He had bred six similar aberrations
from wild larvfe.

SEPTEMBER 8th, 1921.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a nest of the wasp Vespa (lermanica
taken at Mid-Comp Farm, Borough Green, Kent, on September 1st,
1921. He had counted to date 1,052 dead wasps, including 1 2
and Q 3 3 , while another 100 or 200 were still in the nest. There
were seven or more tiers of comb, with a number of closed cells,
probably containing several dozen papa! still alive and a few^ perfect
insects.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited males and females of two of the
many forms of the gorgeous green Omithoptera priamns, viz., race
heciiba from Key Island and race poseidon from N. Queensland.
He also showed about a dozen species and racial forms of the Pierid
genus Delias, most of which had white as the preponderant colour on
the upper sides, while the undersides were most striking and
brilliant in design and colour. New Guinea appeared to be the
central portion of the area of distribution of the species, and most
of the forms came from there.

52

Mr, T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited the following Zygasnid forms ; —

1. Six of the progeny of ova laid by a 5 Z. trifolii, taken
in cop. in 1920, with a J of Z. /lippooepidis. Of the 14 specimens
bred, the 5 s resembled the 2 parent, 50 per cent of the g s were
like the 2 , and 50 per cent had a smaller sixth spot.

2. Three Z. trifulii ah. nii/ricanfi^ ; two ab. obscura ; one white
example ; one with spot 4 missing on the left forewing ; J found
pairing with a 5 Z. filipendulae, with the genital organs mounted;
three very large examples 35 mm.; four very small 18 mm.; six
with a minute sixth spot ; several teratological examples ; four with
extremely wide border to hindwings ; and several confluent forms.

3. Z. filijiendnlae of large size 36 mm.; a small form 20 mm.;
confluent forms; a very pale form ; one with hindwing rayed with
black ; and several fine yellow forms.

Major Cottam exhibited some light chalk forms of Pleheiusi aegon
from N. Kent; a Spilosoma nienthastri, bred, in which the outer
half of all the wings was quite without markings (an unusual form) ;
a very pale-coloured Hypocrita jacobaeae, light brown or pale red ;
a dingy form of MeUtaea anruiia ; and Enchlo'e canlamines with
very yellow hindwings.

Mr. Enefer exhibited the cup-lichen Cladonia pij.vhJata and the
golden lichen Physcia ■parietina both from Cornwall ; the larva of
a fly, Syrphiis sp. feeding on ApJds destructor ; and the garden spider
Epeira diadema, and read a note on the last.

Mr. Goodman exhibited a small specimen of the Smooth Snake,
Coronella laevis, from Studland, and its principal prey the Sand
lizard (Lacerta ayilis) from Parkstone, Dorset.

Mr. Syms exhibited the beetles, Chryso)iit'la (jrcDiiitus, from
Yorkshire, and C. banhsi, from the Isle of Wight.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited the living larva of the saw'fly,
Eriocmiipn ovata, and called attention to the waxy secretion
attending its actions ; and also a living grasshopper Leptophycs
])iinrtati>isiiiia, a subapterous species found on the leaves of trees.

Reports were made that Acrimicta psi had been observed on
May 1st, Ayriades coridon on July 3rd, A. tlwtis on April 30th, and
the second brood on August 3rd, Pidyotimiatiis icanis on September
3rd, Ainorpha poptdi, second brood in the 3rd week of July ; a fourth
brood of linmicia phlaeas was now out ; C'olias hyale had been seen
on the S. E. coast ; Issoria latlionia had been taken in Kent, and
Colias croceus [edusa) was very rare this season.

53

A discussion on Immigration took place, and it was generally
agreed that with butterflies this took place against the wind.

SEPTEMBER 22nd, f921.
Exhibition of Lantern-slides.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited slides of the life-history of the oil-
beetle, Mt'loe prnscarabaens, which he found in abundance in Epping
Forest and at Polegate, Sussex. The males have curiously angled
antennje, the female has large elytra. The larva is a parasite on
the bee Anthophora. The female scratched a cavity in the ground
and the next morning commenced laying. A slide showed a
vertical section of the cavity with a mass of bright yellow ova.
Each female deposited several batches of ova, the later ones being
less in size. About Whitsun he had found large balls of these
larvffi on grass heads, which often broke up and fell, but the
individuals soon crawled up again, and reformed a ball. The bees
were not noticed at that time, but at Easter frequented the sallow
in some number. The beetle larvae are very active, jumping on
any insect which approaches, even on a brush presented to it.
Those who are unsuccessful die. The feet of the larva have three
hooks, hence they were formerly called, " triungulins," bee-lice.
The larva which succeeds in landing on the back of a female bee
is carried to the nest and jumps on the ovum resting on the food
(honey) stored for the bees offspring. The ovum is consumed in
the course of a week and then the larva moults to a legless grub,
which from its raft attacks and consumes the honey. When
this is accomplished the larva moults to a pseudo-chrysalis,
a hard case with no wing-cases. At the next moult a definite beetle
pupa is produced and finally the beetle emerges. This is supposed
to take place in the autumn, but the beetle remains in the cocoon
until the following spring entices it out.

The Anthophora also has a bee-parasite, a species of Melecta,
which makes no cells itself but appropriates the cell of the
Anthophora when it is fully supplied with a store of food.

Mr. C. L. Withycombe exhibited slides showing the structure,
habit, growth, and development of the Bladderwort {(^tricidon'a)
which was very common in all the dykes in fen-land. The bladders
are not bouys, as first thought, but traps to capture prey, which
consisted of minute crustaceans and larva\ The bladders were

54

constructed and acted like an eel trap. Considerable pressure
could be exerted by the collar, spring door and inward-pointing
bristles. One day he found a small tadpole with its head in one
bladder and its tail drawn into another. After touching the bladder
the suction was inevitable and all withdrawal prevented. So far
as he knew there was no digestive fluid and no reactive substance
to aid the decay which took place. There were always concavities
in the outer wall of the bladders when inactive, which at once
responded to a stimulus on the very sensitive bristle and became
convex, causing the object to be drawn in. After action the bladder
would not again be sensitive for at least 24 hours. The seedling
of the plant develops only one cotyledon and the plant dies down
at the end of summer. The plant itself has no root, but slight
root-hairs exist on the green globule which is the first stage in
spring. Stomata also exist in plenty on the upper surfaces of a
young plant, but none on a fully developed one. The upper
surfaces appear as if waxed. The seedling has a rosette of thread-
like leaves, with a great resemblance to the butterwort {Pingiiicula)
seedling, which also has only one cotyledon developed.

He also showed slides of t'livjuicula sp. which grew in the
northern portions of this Island. The leaves of this plant had a
number of mushroom- shaped glands which were very much visited
by small insects. He had in a few hours taken 101 specimens of
Psocids on one plant. The next day that plant was avoided, but
others were equally attractive. The edge of the leaves curls over
slowly and covers up the glands with the flies attached to them.
If shreds of meat are presented to these glands the response is
much quicker. More fluid is secreted, which is more acid, and
attacks the flesh of the victim, which is absorbed, and subsequently
the leaf uncurls and the debris, no longer held by a sticky fluid, is
blown away.

He also illustrated the pollination of several species of
British orchids which were mainly attended by moths with long
mouth tubes which were inserted in the spurs of the flowers, where
moisture was sucked through the walls.

Mr. G. T. Lyle exhibited slides of ova of Lepidoptera, stages
in the life-history of other insects, emergences of Lepidoptera, etc.

Mr. Lucas exhibited slides of Li/ciuni harharuin the " tea-tree,"
shepherd's-purse, Turkey-oak, woody night-shade, deadly night-
shade, arbutus, clematis, arum, privet, burdock, agrimony, snap-

55

dragon, Rosa arvensis, blackberry, etc.; and described the methods
of seed-distribution of these plants.

He also showed the " thin sideways " shape of the coclu'oach
and centipede, a form affording facilities of hiding away in crevices ;
two phases of the eclipse of the moon ; a common earwig with no
forceps developed ; a cocoon of Henierobius (jiiadrifasciata ; an
Acalofihiifi larva, and a young larva of Chn/so/m perla.

He added a few slides of the former appearance of the Black
Pond at Oxshott and contrasted recent photographs of the same
area, and called attention to the vast development of Midinia
cerulaea the moor grass, with which much of the former woodland
was now covered.

Mr. A. W. Dennis exhibited slides of the ova of a Ciniex.

Mr. E. J. Bunnett exhibited slides of Clematis vitalba to contrast
back and front lighting ; eggs of moth, probably Tii/i/uiena
pronuha laid on a cotton thread ; egg cocoons of Fairy lamp Spider,
Ai/roeca hninnea ; egg mass of frog to compare with the egg rope of
the toad ; Bnjohia speciosa (a mite) ; Ptilinns pectinicornis, ^ and 2
showing the beautifully pectinated antennae of the ^ ; Piaplddia
macidata, a "Snake fly"; larva and pupa-case of KiirrJu/para
tirticata with Parasitic diptera and eggs ; corner of the eye of
Eristalis; Wing of Earwig ; and larvte of jfi';7'ocfl ////*« limaciiia, the
Pear- Slug sawfly.

OCTOBER 13th, 1921.

Mr. A. W. Vesterling, 107, Castle Street, Battersea, London,
8.W. 11, was elected a member.

Mr. C. D. Soar gave a lecture on the " Hydracarina or Water-
mites," and illustrated it with a large number of lantern slides of
various species, their structural details and life-history, together with
the coloured drawings he had prepared for a monograph of the
group. (See page 3.)

Mr. Grosvenor exhibited a series of the chief species of the genus
Zi/fiaena in the Palfearctic area.

Mr. Blenkarn exhibited the scarce weevil Epipolaens calii/iiiosns,
which he had found under stones on the Dover cliff's, on September
3rd, 1921.

Mr. Newman exhibited a series of Itioiiicia pidaeas captured in
July and August, including ab. obsoleta, ab. eleas, a golden shaded

56

form, and some with very small spots. He also reported that his
son had seen a specimen of Envanessa antiopa at rest with wings
open on a gate in Hurst Road, Bexley, on September 19th.

Messrs. 0. R. and A. de B. Goodman exhibited series of
Nonhnannia [Theda) ilicis with var. cerri, from Digne, June, 1921,
showing enlarged orange patch on upperside of forewing in both
sexes ; together with var. aesctdi, from L'Esterel, June, 1921, show-
ing absence of white line on underside forewing ; also Kliigia
{Theda) spini, two from Digne, June, 1921, showing straight white
line underside hindwing, and one from L'Esterel, June, 1921,
showing concave white Ime underside hindwing ; together with one
from St. Martin Vesabie, July, 1921, typical female, and two strik-
ing aberrations showing greater widening of white Ime on underside
of hindwing, from same locality.

v>
OCTOBER 27th, 1921.

Mr. J. A. Vernon, "Lynmouth," Reigate, Surrey, was elected a
member.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a female scorpion, Scorpio ciini/iaciis,
with her family clustered over her body. The parent was taken
last May at Hyeres, and had since been kept in solitary confinement
and fed on flies and other insects. In the afternoon of October 14th
two young were observed resting on the back of the mother and
their number gradually increased during the evening till about two
dozen could be seen. They were all white at first, except for the
black eyes on the middle of the cephalo-thorax and those on each
side of its anterior border. They were only very slowly showing
any darkening which was commencing on the posterior border of
each abdominal segment. The tail was carried curved over the
back and not held flat, in the same horizontal plane as the body,
as is so frequently found in the case of the adult creature. The
mother fasted for about ten days after the birth of the young, but
has since commenced to feed again. The young very rarely move
about, usually resting motionless. The parent walks around at
night without disturbing her family.

Mr. Grosvenor had seen the Asiatic species in N. India carry its
young in the same way in the autumn, and in the spring he had
noticed their young in the same motionless condition, suggesting
that they had remained with their mother the whole winter. They
were still white in colour.

57

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone showed a long series of Kiiiatiinia
atowaria from the following southern localities, W. Wickham, and
Otford, in Kent ; Wanborough, Oxshott, Horsley, Betchworth,
Gomshall, Ranmore and Peaslake, in Surrey ; Wendover in Bucks ;
and Epping Forest, Essex ; with the form var. unicolorata from
Burnley in Lancashire. Several of the Gomshall species approached
var. nnicolnrata, and this form is also taken at Horsley. Those
from Otford are of an extremely pale yellow with only slight
indications of the usual transverse lines. It was stated that the
Lancashire dark form was taken at a considerable elevation.

Mr. Barnett exhibited the larvfe of Arctia villica from Reigate ;
and a long series of very variable forms of Riimicia phlaeas, in-
cluding a straw-coloured example.

Captain Crocker exhibited long series of ]\lalacosoiiia neustria,
the results of two pairings from Oxford. The first set were all
light with an unusually narrow band, ..hile the second consisted of
mixed light and dark forms. He also showed a very long series of
aberrations of Riiviicia pJdaeas taken during the past season,
including a very large ab. alba, the pure white form, ab. i<niita a
rich fiery red, a brassy form ab. inteniwdia, ab. ohliterata forms with
the spots reduced in size to almost obsolescence, ab. caeruleo-
piiurtata, ab. radiata with the hindwing marginal band broken into
blotches, ab. jimrea with the spots of forewing united to form an
irregular band, a form with greatly enlarged spots ab. wafpiipuncta,
some approaching var. tKrciciis often called eleits in error, other
dark forms which have been called ab. sitif'iisa ; others with wide
border to forewings, narrow border to forewing, hindwing almost
wholly black ; forms with albinistic patches, others with sagittate
spots on forewings, one with a light disc in the hindwing (a very
rare form), with the hindwing band streaked into the disc of the
wing; females having the dark costa (usually a male character),
narrow and wide marginal bands in the hindwings ; also aberrations
of the underside.

Mr. 0. R. Goodman exhibited the dark form ab. naran'iia of
Melitaea athalia and a form of Polyo)iniiatn:i cucheri both from St.
Martin Vesubie, France.

Mr. Dennis exhibited photographs of the Bed-bug, Cimex
lectnlarius to compare with a photograph of the tropical C.
rotmidatus ; and pointed out that the latter had more conspicuous
sculpturing.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner read the following extract from a letter

58

received from Mr. G. B. Pearson in Pasadena, California, and at
the same time exhibited a small specimen of Echinocactns
nidizeni obtained by Mr. Pearson in the Colorado Desert.

" I have paid, thanks to my friends, several visits to the deserts,
both the Mohave, 130 miles away north and to Palm Springs,
Colorado, 108 miles south. There I have seen Cereiis i/iuauteiis the
'giant' cactus 50ft. tall and have not seen one small one. This is
the cactus with great stumpy limbs covered with spines and
branching out at all angles with great ' bushy-shaped ' shoots that
give such a weird appearance. In one district near Rosamond, we
passed through thousands of them scattered all over the desert.
There is another which the author of Desert Trails calls the ' vilest
of the vile.' I have verified that remark, time and again, by
rushing into them when one's eye is glued while pursuing a ' fly ',
and it has taken time and patience to dig out the tish-hook like
thorns that have penetrated even my boots sometimes, let alone got
through my leggings. The ' barrel ' cactus of which I send a
photo stands 5 to 6 ft. high."

NOVEMBER lOth, 1921.

The Rev. R. E. E. Frampton, M.A., Halstead Rectory,
Sevenoaks, Kent, and Dr. H. D. Smart, Shelley, Huddersfield, were
elected members.

Mr. Laurence Chubb, of the " Commons and Footpaths
Preservation Society," gave a lecture on the work of the Society
illustrating it with a large number of lantern slides. [See page 7.]

NOVEMBER 2ith, 1921.

The Annual Exhtbition.

Prof. Poulton exhibited a set of Pa/iilio dardanns, Brown, from
the high Kikuyu Escarpment (6,500-9,000 ft.) near Nairobi, and
from Nairobi itself (5,500 ft.), and explained the results obtained by
submission to ultra-violet light, by Dr. Cockayne's method. The
pale yellow of the males fluoresced with wonderful brilliancy, but
no pigment of the fully developed mimetic females was fluorescent.
The localities mentioned above are, however, very rich in primitive
forms of female, intermediate between the male and the completed
mimic, and these gave the following results : —

59

(1) The trinieni female transitional toward the /il/>/iiinion and
hijij'deooniiles females, respectively mimicking Amauiis niarins and
its eastern race (l(iiiniiica)iiis. The pale yellow was fluorescent at
both elevations.

(2) The laiiibi)nii female, transitional toward the trojiltmiixsa
(West) and tropJionins (East) females, mimicking Danaidacliriixippns.
Here, too, the pale yellow was fluorescent at both elevations.

(3) A primitive form of the E. and S.E. African cenea female,
mimicking Anianris eclieria and albiinncidata in the same region.
The pale yellow of two out of three of the primitive females from
the high Escarpment fluoresced, but not one of the three from
Mairobi. Comparing the two sets of three carefully, it was clear
that the females from the lower elevations were a shade darker than
the tw^o which fluoresced. Their yellow pigment had evidently
taken a definite step towards the still darker pigment of the mimic,
and, in so doing, had become chemically changed, as shown by the
different reaction to ultra-violet rays.

It is interesting to note that the pale yellow pigment ceases to
fluoresce when it brightens into white (as in liippocoon) no less than
when it darkens into orange-brown {trophonius) or ochreous [cenea).

The utilization and transformation of the pigment of a non-
mimetic male by its mimetic females could hardly receive a more
beautiful or convincing demonstration than this, afforded by Dr.
Cockayne's method.

Lord Rothschild exhibited a series of I'ajnlio xiachcuni, and the
allied species to illustrate the various geographical races, including
in most cases both the spring and the summer emergences, and
some preserved larvfe : —

The typical form of P. machaun was shown in a long series from
many localities in Central and Southern Europe, from Asia Minor,
the Urals, the Caucasus, Turkestan and S. and Central Siberia;
and special attention was drawn to the entirely black aberration
from Gissen in Germany. In the race hrittaiiiciit< from the Fen
and Broad districts attention was drawn to the unique yellow,
bandless aberration. Of the race mliarae from S. Algeria preserved
larvae were shown, and it was pointed out that the black bands
•were broken up into spots as in the larvae of P. /toxpiton. Other races
exhibited were manretanica from Tunis and Algeria, inaximn from
Morocco, uHsnriensis from the Amur and N. China, inoittauns from
Kuku-Nor and the N. Chinese Mts., asiatica from N.W. India and
Cashmere, ladakensis from Cashmere, tiikki)nentiis, a single- brooded

60

race from Khainba Youg, reriti/i from Burma and Yunnan, rhiiu'iii^is
from China, liippocraUx, a race remarkable for its large size and
dark colour from Japan, kamtsc/iadaliis from Kamschatka, an
unnamed race from Arctic Sibt-ria, and aliaska from Alaska
Territory. It was stated that the last three races were extremely
rare. From Corsica and Sardinia the allied species P. Jiosjiihni was
shown, with its larva which is so similar to the larva of the saharae
race of P. machaon. The]other allied species shown were P. zeUcaon
from California, P. hairdi from Colorado with its racial forms /^r/((v/
from Colorado, orei/onia from Oregon and 7iitia from Alberta. It
was stated that the forms of P. bairdi were connecting links
between P. mochaon and P. pobjxenes; typical hairdi resenjbling the
asterius form of P. pohixenes while the form hntcei resembles a large
iiiachaon ; and the hollandi form of hairdi from Arizona is a
complete mixture of the characters of P. machaon and P. jiohjxcnes
race asterius. P. indra from N, California and its rsicepergivinis from
S. California. /'. pobjxenes from Cuba with its races, asterius from
the United States, Mexico and Guatemala, hrericanda from
Newfoundland, stahilis from Costa Rica (yellow bands broad), and
americiis, from the Andes of Ecuador, Columbia and Venezuela,
with its two dimorphic forms, narrow and broad banded. Attention
was drawn to a unique aberration of the race aster i its, in which the
underside of one hindwing resembled the famous ab. calverlyi. The
two forms of /'. iiitra which occur alongside P. bairdi and
P. zelicaon must be considered as a distinct species for the present.

Mr. H. A Leeds exhibited a large number of aberrations of
British Lepidoptera, taken during the past season, including
Agriades coridoii ab. /lallida, ab. ohsoleta, etc. ; Polyommatus
icariis, ab. (jlouierata-suhobsoleta (each wing with 3 spots only and
close together, basal, discoidal and submedian), a pale pearly blue
form, etc. ; Epinephele jiirtina two xanthia aberrations, one having
quite two thirds of the wing area strongly whitish; Melauart/ia
tjalathea ab. procida forms, etc. ; Hesperia iiialrae ab. with extended
white markings; Pararqe iiiei/era with an extra spot on the fore-
wings; ^r/c/a /;(rt/rj7i with additional spots between the submedian
and discoidal; liitinicia phlaeas ab. n/nifa, ab. parvipnncta, ab.
ohliterata, an aberration with hindwings very strongly suffused with
brassy colour, the dark pattern (usually obliterated by the ordinary
black scaling) shewing distinctly, and many combinations of named
aberrations of the species.

Mr. C. Nicholson exhibited Sirex (jirjas from Aberdeen, two of

61

three examples captured in a timber-yard in 1921 ; the dipterons
Plu/socepJiala riifipes, bred from a nest of the bee Boiiibns Incorinn,
and C/n/socJdaiin/s citjuea taken on a Convolvulus flower at Seer
Green, Bucks ; the beetles Deleaster dichroiis from Hale End at
light, MeiianoniiH niclinnns on an old log, near Monk Wood, Epping,
Tiichiiis fasciatKs boxed on a flower of Heracleniii, gi/ianteii)». in
Stepney, and others.

Major Cottam exhibited a series of Psilnra )iio)utcha varying from
almost snowy white to the smoky black var, erimita, and several
series of Bryopliila intiralix from various districts.

Mr. A. W. Mera exhibited an example of Pieris brasaicac J in
which a dusting of black scales joined up the two black spots on
the forewing, bred in May, 1921 ; an asymmetrical Fi/rameis
atalanta with bleached wing, bred from a Northumberland larva
where the insect has been particularly abundant this year; and
suffused forms of Pittiiiicia phlaeas taken and bred in August, with
typical specimens of the May emergence, all from Crawley Down,
Sussex, 1921 ; and pointed out that the suffused forms of A', /i/daeas
seem to predominate in the August emergence.

Mr. Percy M. Bright exhibited a grand series of upper and
underside aberrations of Melitaea athalia ; and a series of male
Agriadea coridoii upperside, including many very remarkable
aberrations.

Mr. Harold B. Williams exhibited a drawer of linniicia jdilaeas,
the result of several seasons' special attention to the species,
including series of abs. radiata, ubliterata, and other forms. Special
attention was directed to the following : —

1. ab. alba, Tutt. — Two specimens of this form were shown,
together with abs. sclunidtii and intermedia, and a long series of
specimens having portions of one or more wings showino- the
coloration of one or other of these forms. These specimens are
regarded by Tutt as pathological and as distinct from ab. cdha, etc.
Microscopical examination of the entire series by Dr. E. A. Cockayne
has shown the colour variation to be due to a scale defect, which is
identical in its nature in every specimen. It is probable that this
defect is hereditary ; 7 specimens were exhibited which were
bred from one Wimbledon J (normal).

2. ab. eiens. Fb. — This form and ab. sufiisa, Tutt, appear to
occur in Britain only in abnormally hot summers, when the
intermediate forms {initia, Tutt, etc.) are also more abundant than
usual.

62

The series of these forms exhibited were taken, with few
exceptions, in 1911 and 1921, the latter season having provided
three fine specimens of ab. eleiin. The 1911 specimens include
examples of ab. siiff'usa, but extreme eleiis is not represented from
that season.

Mr. Douglas H. Pearson exhibited the following species from
the Eastern Pyrenees taken in 1921. — Melitaea plmebe mostly like
Swiss forms, with one ab. occitanica and one with a black band on
the underside. Pararge aeijeria a very light 5 , Scolitautiden orion
var. nniata, Mdanar(/ia lachesis, some without eyespots, others
well furnished, and one yellow form ab. caniiinlcnsin. An ele\is
form of Rnttiicia phlaeaa. A variable series of Lijcaena avion with
ab. iinicolor. Pale forms of Melitaea dicti/nna. Large and varied
forms of M. at/ialia. M. cin.via very darkly marked and one with
black blotches filling the central light band. Libijthea celtis,
Epinephele ida, and Everes alcetas. From Dorset he exhibited
an example of the very rare ab. nnipiincta of Plebeitis ae;/on, of
which one was recorded from Witherslack in 1902 and another
from Bradenburg in 1904.

Mr. E. Step exhibited a series of 51 photographs representing
47 species of the larger British Crustacea, chiefly from the Cornish
coast.

Mr. Eobert Adkin exhibited an aberration of llmnicia {< 'hri/so-
pJianiis) phlaeas in which the black marginal band of the left
forewing was so broadened as to absorb the submarginal row of
black spots, thus covering fully one third of the area of the wing,
the other three wings were normal. The specimen was captured
on the Parade at Eastbourne on May 1st, 1921.

He also exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Lachlan Gibb, a short series
of Zijijaena achilleae which that gentleman brought back from a
trip in Argyllshire during the past summer.

Mr. Adkin also exhibited a male Epinephele tithoniis var. mincki,
and a female of the var. snbalbida, both taken in the Isle of Wight
in July last.

Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited an aberration of l'i/ra)iieis atalanta
with a larval head, bred at Alton Barnes in August, 1920.

Mr. H. E. Garrett exhibited a very light coloured specimen of
Aglais iirticae taken at Hendon in 1909, and a yellow aberration of
E. phlaeas, with another suffused specimen captured at Bexley in
May, 1921.

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited many species of the genus

63

Zijiiai'im with a large nmiibei- of races and aberrational forms of
the British representatives of the genus, inchiding a doubtful
species flying with Z. tntti and Z. trifnlU, probably a hybrid, the
series of Z. tntti taken by the late J. W. Tutt at Chattenden Woods
in 1892, the hybrids bred from the wild pairing of Z. tntti and Z.
tiifolii, most of the species of the genus found in other European
and Eastern countries particularly from Italy, etc.

The following aberrations of British Rhopalocera were also
shown by Mr. Grosvenor : — /Vf//.s- napi, yellow forms from Ireland;
Jhcnt/iis I'lip/irosi/ne, irregularly marked aberration from Sussex;
/)'. sc'lene with median row of spots missing ; Cocninn/mp/ta pamphiliis,
various forms from Surrey; Ariria nieiion (astrarr/w), 2 with white
spot as in race artaxer.res, with underside forms of ab. ttbsolcta and
ab. striata from Surrey ; PalijniinnatuH icanis various forms froiji
Surrey; Aiiriadea tkefis, various forms and colour variations from
Surrey; A. niridoii, various forms of females from Hertfordshire.

j\Ir. B. W. Adkin exhibited two drawers containing many
varieties of Ai/riades t/wtiti [bcllari/iis), and a selection of Rhopalocera
takt;n by himself in 1921, including two llespt-ria inalrac var. taras,
a pale variety of Xisoniaiirs tai/es, light and dark varieties of
T/ii/ineliciis palaeinon, two varieties of Ihunicia [C/irijsojihaniis) phlaeas,
a fine blotched variety of Hrenthin aelene and lightly and heavily
marked forms of B. eiipliros}inc.

Mr. Sydney Abbott exhibited a suffused black form of Dryas
pa phi a from the New Forest.

Mr. J. Seabrook exhibited tho pink Boll-worm moth, Platijedrnn
(/< issi/ pi dla, a,nd larva; another '>oll-worm moth, I'lariax inxnlana :
with the parasites of the above, I'impla toixn-ata and Chelonella
sulcata ; a Solitary Wasp, l\iiiiH'iifs ina.rillosa ; the formerly common
Lebeck beetle Xystroccra {/lahnsa ; and the orthopteron Sphudromanti/i
hiocidata eating Mantin reliifiosa.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited the tibidlns race of I'apilio dardanns
from Africa.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited : —

1. I'apilii) inac/iaon, with the usual red markings of the anal
angle wanting, the ground colour of an abnormally deep yellow,
and the blue spots much reduced ; from St. i\Ialo.

2. lUisina tcuchrosa a black form. There is no similar form
in the ]5ritish Museum, though one is figured in Barrett ; taken in
the Isle of Man, June, 1921.

8. Craiiihns sp. ? Allied to ' '. pascndlns, of which it is perhaps

64

a variety, but the white dart-like streak along the middle of the
wing extends practically up to the transverse sub-terminal line.
The costal markings also are somewhat differently disposed. The
specimens cannot be matched in the British Museum. Tring,
June, 1904.

Rev. E. S. Frampton exhibited two boxes containing 132 speci-
mens of Perunea hastiana, bred from E. Kent larvte, and 44 from
the Lancashire coast. (The latter bred by Mr. Mansbridge.)

The E. Kent specimens, allowing for uncertainty in the naming
of some of the forms, produced : —

V. siibcn'stojia, including the doubtful siionsana, striana and
(Ujiiilcuia, 68 ; type, 10 ; v. autiimnaiia, 23 ; v. centrnvittana,
including 2 compound, 12 ; v. wayrana, including 1 compound, 4 ;
v. (ilbistria)i(i, 2 ; v. byriiuferana, 4 ; v. unnamed with large costal
blotch, 5 ; v. divisana, coiiibiistaiia, ladiana, leticnphaeana, 1 each.

Of those lent by Mr. H. C. Hay ward, of Royston, the specimens
from E. Kent bred from the same l('cality at the same time, there
are fitriaiia 5, {subcriiitana in the r>.M.), mai/raiui 6, aiifiniDiana 3,
type 5, aqnilajia 6, ceittrovittana 5, siibcristana 2, with traces of the
" vitta " 2, aqiiilana with the thorax dark 2, niayeiana -\- albis-
triaita 1, divisiana 1, striana + aHtiuiinana 1, byri)uierana 1,
spoiifiaua 2 [ = snbcnstana in B.M.).

Mr. J. Riches exhibited a very varied series of Abraxas yrossii-
Inridta bred frum wild larvte taken on the Common Euonymus in
North London this year. [The Common Euonymus should be our
native H. eiiraiiaeiis ; but I presume J'^. ja/iojiiciin of gardens
is meant. — E. Step.]

Mr. Wm. Southey exhibited a varied series of ISoannia yeiimiaria,
bred from wild larva? taken in N. London on various plants, ehielly
on Kiiony)iius, and for the most part bred iii 1921.

Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited iiiimicia /i/daeas. A varied series
including pale and dark forms, striate, upper and underside, and one
with cream spot on left forewing.

Piili/oiiniiattis icants. $ s with white hindwing margin without
blue scaling, very blue c? b with black dots on hindwing margin,
without black nuirgin to all wings, a midget, obsolete and lanceolate
undersides.

Coenonyiiijdia paiiijihiins. Assymetrical, left forewing blind, right
forewing typical.

Ileaperui iiudvae ab. taras.

65

Bnaniiia refamlota. A black form bred from wild collected
Surrey larva.

Dri/as paphia. ^ s with silvery spots on all wings and on right
side only, female type and var. with apical spots coalesced and
black edge of hindwing absent.

Pi/raiiieia rardiii. Type and pale var., inner angle of left hind-
wing pale blotched.

Epinephele jurtina. $ with symmetrical white blotch on
each wing.

Ai/riailcfi thetu. $ s, 1st brood very blue, Surrey.

Gnophos nbscitraria. Banded and other forms from Folkestone.

Agriadea coridon. Series from Royston, 1921, including ab.
inaequalis, ab. senii-syngrapha (one with brown fringes), and obsolete
and striate undersides.

Mr. G. Talbot, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, exhibited the
following Lepidoptera, chiefly from Dutch New Guinea : —

1. Species of the genus Ddia^ recently received from the
Weyland Mountains district of Dutch New Guinea, and collected by
the brothers Pratt. Five species are distinct from any hitherto
known and three others have relatives in other parts of New
Guinea. Two new races of described forms vvere also shewn.

Delias pemephnue, Stdgr., with its mimic Ruphina abnonnis,
Wall., were taken together. D. /ler.iephone was found commonly in
Waigou on a previous expedition, but no example of the lltijiluva
was taken.

A series of Delias aruna, Bdv., showing transitions in both sexes
to the race iima, Friih., with black hindwing.

2. Trnides ineridionaUs, Rths., T. paradisea, Stgr., and T.
tithonus, de Haan., from the same locality, all the specimens being
females. In the absence of males it is not certain whether the
Weyland Mountains forms differ from those elsewhere. The
tithoniis form appears to be the same as one we described from the
Arfak. The weridinnalis differs slightly from the typical form, a
specimen of which was shown for comparison. The paradisea seems
typical, but further north in the Arfak the female of this species
takes the form of meiidionalis.

3. A gynandromorph of Danaida schenki race periphas, Friih.
The left side is male with a slight trace of female element in cellule
8 of the forewing. The right side is female, but the male element
is seen in the yellowish coloration of the markings. The genitalia
show the presence of the male organs, including the hair-pencil.

66

This section is, therefore, predominantly male in character.
Gynandromorphs are rare in this group of Danaines, and we are
not aware of any other recorded case.

4. Two new forms of the Satyrine genus Fieridiopsis. This
curious genus is known only from the high mountains of New

Guinea.

5. A new species of the genus Morphopais. distinct from any
known hitherto. It was found in the dark jungle resting on trees
head downwards. Another species (ida) of this genus was seen
flying north at 6.30 p.m. for three evenings in succession, and one
was finally caught at this hour on the third day. Only one was
seen each evening.

6. Mimicry between an Agaristid moth {Inuiietalia lon;iipalpiii<,
Kirby), and an Erycinid butterfly {Praeta.rila sp. nov.). This
example of resemblance is the first of its kind known where the
male of one resembles the female of the other and the female of
one resembles the male of the other. The Agaristid is common and
widely distributed. Both were caught flying together.

All the forms shown were obtained in the Weyland Mountains at
an elevation of from 8,500 to 6,000 feet, from Novemlier to February.

7. Papilio caciciis race iura, R. and J., from Peru, with two of
its rare female forms, nais, R. and J., and a red form which diflers
from the typical zaildachi form. This red form of cadoifi bears a
remarkable resemblance to euterpinns, G. and S., which also occurs

in North Peru.

Mr. Percy Richards exhibited a drawer of Rnimcia pldaean
containing bred and caught specimens from Bexley and the neigh-
bourhood, including some very extreme forms, ab. striata, several
approaching ab. alba, and several ab. schuridtii (all bred). A series
of AijriadeH coridon, including a Royston specimen, a female with
male blue scales suffusing the whole of the wings. An aberration
of A(jlai& urticae. without the two discal spots {&h. ichnusa^). A
fine FAichloe cardamines with the orange blotches very smoky. An
underside of Brentlm euplmmjne in which the spots on the
submarginal area of the forewing were missing. A varied series
of Eplnephele jiirtiua. Dark and light forms of An/ijnnia ar/laia.
Colias Injale taken at Eynesford this year. Aricia wedon with
white blotches on the margins. Light and dark Varanp- Din/era.
Pleheina ae/pni in varied series from Eynesford.

Mr. w! J. Kaye exhibited two groups of butterflies captured
on two days in two different places in Venezuela,

67

1, At San Esteban Valley, Venezuela (500 ft.). December
21st, 1920.

Morphu achilles f. jie- tielicuniusantiifhiis. l\ijtilio areas, g

hides. and $ .

HeUconhis axliriis. li. doris. P. anrJnses f. osi/rit;,

Kiieides hahella i. 3 and ? .

Iiuebneri.
Aprotojids at'desia. Ceiatinia h/caste, Airhoiiias teresa.

Pteruiiiijiiiia.
Hirsutis fiiria C. eiiciea, Eresia I'l/t/uniides lo.nts.

car me, $ and $ .
Mec/tanitis di>ryssiis, Epitluxnia aljilio, Lijiiinus iarbaa,
S and 5 . ('allizdiia alce.ste.

Prutoi/oii id lilopt^,
(Jhl('sy)ie )iarra.
Ceratinia fratenia. Disiiiorphia aiiijihi-
one, Leiicidia hreplios.
Pyirhybris malenka,
Pieris bidiiae

luiplda tractipemiiii.
Cyanopepla mibiiiac-
ala),

2. At El Encanto, Venezuela. December 16th, 1920.
Pteronyiiiia starkei Aprotopos aedesia

(Ith.). (Ith.)-

LeiiCdtliyris p/ieninnoc Heliconius niniiata

(Ith.). f. nietalilis (Hel.).

Ifhoviia (Ith.). H.dysoniiii an (Rel.).

Ceratinia hjcasti' Callicure dyiiie)ia Adilpha ininui'a.

(Ith.). (Nym.). A Satyrid.

C. vietiscus (Nym.).
Sphaenoyona xaiitha- Pulyirijihis diniwiiilii

chlora (Pier.). (Lye).

])ifiiiiorphia crisia Arctiid. Pajiilio aurhesis

f. HU'dora (Pier.). f- "syris ? .

Emetiis )iiandana Lauron partita (Hy^s.).

(Eryc).
Nynrphidiinii Icadeni

(Eryc).
Ml'. L. W. Newman exhibited a long series of Mclitaea athalia
from E. Kent, showing considerable variation. A long series of

68

extremely dark-banded forms of Ennonun c/uercinaria, and some
melanic forms from Kegent's Park, together with a pair of extremely
light forms from the Chiltern Hills. A bred series of Leiicania
ritellina from a female taken in N. Cornwall, in September, 1920.
A specimen of Papilio niachaon, taken in Whittlesea Mere on Jnly
23rd, 1819, in perfect condition, and of very good coloration con-
sidering its age. A fine silvered variety of Brenthu aelene from
Sussex. Haiiiearis Incina with the usual tawny markings replaced
by ochreous. A remarkable specimen of liinuicia j/hlaeaa with the
hindwings coppery, and showing the usually suppressed black spots.

Prof. Poulton called attention to the fact that E. /ihlaeas of the
same facies as the coppery hindwinged example just exhibited, had
recently been recognised coming from Central Africa.

Mr. Hammond exhibited an extremely dark specimen of the
calliDuie form of [Msiocanipa (jiiern'ts, the band being absent.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited a series of Vcowssa in bred
last July from full fed larvae taken at Headley, Surrey, on June
25th. It was pointed out that there was a dark shade, and in some
specimens even a black spot, in the centre of the forewing. It was
suggested that these aberrations had been caused by the extremes
of temperature to which the larvae were undoubtedly subjected.
During mid-June the days were abnormally warm and the nights
exceptionally cold, several degrees of frost being recorded on five
successive nights. Forty-two specimens emerged, only twelve of
which were typical V. io.

Mr. Buckstone also exhibited living larvfe of Paranie meijera,
and stated that on several occasions ants were observed running
over and about a number of these larvas which were confined in a
cage. He suggested that they may have been endeavouring to
obtain a substance from the protuberances situated on the anal
segments of the larvae.

He also showed a series of Bnaniiin coiisortaria varying in colour
from dirty yellow to dark smoky grey. They were bred from ova
obtained from a moth captured at Wimbledon, in May, 1920, which
was somewhat similar in appearance to a specimen now exhibited.
Emergence took place during last February, the pup^ having been
forced and subjected to considerable variation of temperature.
More usual forms were shown for comparison.

Mr. A. V. Pickett exhibited a large number of aberrations of
A<iri(iili'fi roi idon obtained by him during the last season.

Mr. 0. R. Goodman exhibited six cases containing typical speci-

69

mens and varieties of the species taken by himself and Mr. A. de B.
Goodman, during a holiday in June and July spent in the Riviera,
at Digne, at St. Martin Vesubie, and at La Grave. Of a total of
139 species of Rhopalocera captured 114 were exhibited, including
Pajnlio alexanur, Parnassiiis deliiin, Pieris maniii, /'. callidict', Oo-
nepteryx cleopatra, Charaxes jasius, Libi/thea cdtit^, Mtditcwa ri/)it/iia,
M. phoehe, Brenthis dapline, var. clemloxa of Ari/i/iinu ajdippe, Satiirun
cordula, Krebia pliartf, K. evias, Melanart/ia si/llins, Laeosnpis rohnriii,
Thecla spini, SyntarnciiH tidicnnu^, [^(dj/miniiatii.s iDitcrox, /'. esc/teri,
P. hijlas, P. ad)iu'tHs, Li/caena alcuii, etc.

Mr. Bedwell exhibited his series of British beetles of the genus
Benibidiiim.

Mr. F. W. Edwards exhibited photographs of a curious new form
of the Diptera in which the wings showed an increase in the num-
ber of veins normal to the group. (See " Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,"
1921, p. Ixxxix.)

Mr. Enefer exhibited a number of mounted specimens of seeds,
and referred to the various natural agencies for their distribution.

Several drawers from the Society's cabinets were on view.

DECEMBER 8th, 1921.

Mr. H. Worsley-Wood, of Acton, was elected a member.

Mr. Robert Adl<in exhibited a short series of Diaphora mendiva
from Co. Cork, and of a form from Co. Tyrone, Ireland. He said
that the form with the white, slightly spotted male, represented by
the Co. Cork series, was known as var. mstica ; but it would be seen
that in the specimens from Co. Tyrone not only were the males of a
whitish grey colour and somewhat more spotted than in the Cork
form, but that the veins of the wings were indicated by black-grey
streaks, and in the females this character is even mote pronounced.
Thus we have an insect, which in both sexes has all the wings pale
grey, normally spotted with black and the veins dark grey. It
appears to be a well-defined local race, for which he proposed the
name var. venosa.

Mr. L. N. Staniland exhibited large specimens of the galls
formed on the roots and branches of wild crab-apple trees in North
London by the woolly aphis, SchizoneHra lanitjera. The largest
specimens were probably five years old.

Mr. R. Adkin said that it had been asserted that this species also

70

attacked elm as well as the garden apples. Theobald states that
the winged form leaves the apple in the autumn for the shoots of
elm, from which winged forms go to the apple again in the spring.

kr B Adkin exhibited a box of mixed specimens of Brenthis
selene and B. euphrosyne, and enquired what was the upperside
differentiation, if any existed. He also showed various forms of
(Joswotriche potatoria, including a female of a general light colora-
tion, but with a dark cloud along the costa.

Mr H. Moore exhibited a short series of an African Pierid, from
the Karura Forest, Nairobi, which he doubtfully referred to the
winter form of Teracoius pimiceiis, Butler.

Note. -Since the meeting Mr. N. D. Eiley has kindly referred
to the series in the National Collection, and writes, " the species of
Terocolm you exhibited is T. hetcwra, Gerst. Aurivillius treats this
as being distinct from punicem, Butler, but our series shows this
view to be incorrect ; pmiiceus must be regarded as a synonym of
hetaera. The form figured in Seitz us folia c ens, Butler, is a typical
hetacra. If you want to retain the name pnnicem it should be
employed for the dry season form, which is less heavily marked, and
often pinkish below. Seasonal variation is very marked m this

species."

Mr. Blenkarn exhibited the beetles Pentarthnw, luittum, dug out
from wood in an old stable at Killarney, and Li^sodema cirsor, found
under bark at Ranmore Common on August 1st. Both localities
were new for the species.

Mr. Dennis exhibited the oak "spangle" gall, Nearoterus

nwiiuniatia.

Mr. E. J. Bunnett exhibited the black form of AmjJuda.is hetn-
larla var. dnnbleda>)aria, and an intermediate form obtained in the
S.E. district of London. He also showed a photograph of the
recent eclipse of the sun.

Mr. R. Adkin read the following report of the Society's Delegate
to the Conference of Corresponding Societies of the British
Association for the advancement of Science :—

The meeting of the British Association, held at Edinburgh
from September 7th to 14th, 1921, was in every way a great
success, the membership being the largest for many years
and the subjects under discussion for the most part of unusual
interest. Naturally the greater part of my attention was
devoted to " Section D.— Zoology," which was presided over by
Prof. E. S. Goodrich, F.R.S., who took for his address " Some

71

Problems in Evolution," an illuminating paper, which every one of
our members who takes any real interest in Natural History should
read carefully. Dr. F. A. E. Crew dilated upon " The Mechanism
of Sex-reversal in Frogs," Prof. J. Cossar Ewart on "The Structure,
Development, and Origin of Feathers," Prof. D. M. S. Watson on
" Dry Land and the Origin of the Bony Vertebrates," Dr. John
Rennison, " Acarine Disease in Hive Bees," to mention only a few
of the many interesting subjects that were discussed. A feature of
the gathering was the number of "Joint Meetings," thus " Forest
Insect Problems " were discussed by members of Zoological and
Botanical Sections ; " Instinctive Behaviour " by those of the
Zoological and Psychological;" The Age of the Earth" by the
Zoologists, the Physicists, and so forth, thus giving the oppor-
tunity for discussion of the subjects from many points of view.

The various institutions of the City did everything possible for
the entertainment of the members of the Association. The Lord
Provost, Magistrates and Council of Edinburgh held a reception at
the Royal Scottish Museum, where the members were cordially
received, and an opportunity given them of viewing the many
treasures housed in the Museum buildings. A Garden Party was
held at the Zoological Park, the property of the Zoological Society
of Scotland, where ample time was allowed for inspecting the col-
lections, many of the species of mammals and birds, housed under
wonderfully natural conditions, showing to great advantage.
Indeed, practically every scientific society in Edinburgh threw open
its doors to the members of the Association during the meeting,
and cordially welcomed all those who visited them. An item not
ofiScially mentioned -vyas the Botanical Gardens, where I spent a
pleasant and instructive afternoon among the ample and beautifully
arranged rock gardens.

But the particular business on which you sent me to Edinburgh
was to represent you at the Conference of Delegates of Correspond-
ing Societies. Two meetings were held, and I was able to be
present at both of them. The President of the Conference Sir
Richard Gregory (Editor of " Nature "), gave as his address,
" The Message of Science," of which I append a copy, in the hope
that one and all of you will in turn read it with interest and benefit.
The subjects brought forward for discussion were " Science and
Citizenship," which was debated from many points of view; and
"Regional Surveys," the objects of which were very fully explained,
and the following resolution was passed : —

n

" That this meeting of Delegates of the Corresponding Societies
of the British Association approves the movement of regional
survey, of which the examples have been exhibited and explamed,
and towards the promotion and initiation of such surveys they
invite a further exhibition at next year's meeting (at Hull) with
discussion towards methods of presentment, etc.

"It also desires to aid co-operation among Scientific Societies,
educational institutions, public libraries, museums, etc., with civic
societies and municipalities, or otherwise towards the preparation of
surveys, and their due preservation and exhibition, for educational,
general and municipal purposes."

The following have undertaken to give information :— Mrs.
Fraser Davies, Le Play House, 65, Belgrave Eoad, S.W. 1 ; Prof.
Fleure, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth; Prof. Geddes,
Department of Sociology and Civics, University of Bombay ; Miss
Ritchie, Outlook Tower, Edinburgh.
It was also resolved —

"1. That the Council be asked to represent to the Postmaster-
General the very heavy burden which the postage of their publica-
tions and notices entails upon the Scientific Societies,^ and to
request him to alleviate it at the earliest possible moment."

This was referred to the Committee of Recommendations, and
by them to the Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies.

" 2. That the Council be asked to consider what action should
be taken to reduce the cost of publications of Scientific Societies."
But on being referred in due course to the Committee of Recom-
mendations no action was taken by them.

A further proposal was brought forward to the efl'ect " That
Corresponding Societies should pay an annual subscription of
£1 10s., which would entitle them to send a delegate to the Con-
ference for whom hospitality could be asked." This was strongly
opposed on the ground that it was an attempt to make Correspond-
ing Societies pay their delegate's subscription and make a request
which was a charity that no one attending required. The motion
was not voted upon, but was ultimately referred to the Correspond-
ing Societies' Committee for consideration at a future meeting ; the
matter, therefore, may or may not come up again at some future
time. I hope later on to present the Association's official publica-
tion to the Society.

73

JA^UAnY \2th, 1922.

Mr. E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S., Vice-president, in the chair.

The deaths of Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.R.S., Mr. J. Jager, and
Mr. R. Woolacot were announced.

Messrs. A. S. Buckhurst, of Souldern Road, W., W. H. Bell, of
Wood Green, L. E. Couchman, of Hampstead, and Colonel R. A-
Rattray, of Tonbridge, were elected members.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited Hdiophobus hispidus, from
Torquay and Dorset, pointing out that the extension of the narrow
pale submarginal line in the general dark form of the race from
Torquay, wiping out the usual dark marginal line, helped to
accentuate by comparison the paleness of the race from Dorset. This
pale form never occurred at Torquay. He also showed an extremely
dark aberration of OrthoUtha plninharia, from Headley.

Mr. C. L. Withycombe exhibited larvae of the Dipteron Taenia-
rlu/nciis {Man:^niua) rlckardi, living and dead, with photographs
showing the way in which they attach themselves by their siphons
to a root of Tupha an;/ nsti folia to obtain a supply of air, a position
they retain the whole winter. He pointed out the barb on the
siphon which made it difficult for the larva to withdraw it. He
stated that the curious tail fin was used to drive in the siphon.
These larvffi were taken in Epping Forest on the submerged roots
of T. aminati folia, about a dozen being obtained from half a dozen
roots. The larvte were described for the first time in Europe by C.
Wesenberg Lund, in Denmark, in 1918. In the " Ent. Mo. Mag.,"
in 1919, Mr. F. W. Edwards described larvae taken in England.
The pupa of the European species has apparently not yet been
described.

Mr. Main said that numerous beetle larvae were known to tap
roots in this way.

Mr. Bunnett stated that the larvf^ of Donacia sps. had a similar
habit.

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited the following interesting aberrations
sent to him by Mr. Thomas Greer, of Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone,
Ireland : —

Kiichloi' cardaniines. — (1) ^ ab. iiian/inata, (2) ^ with orange
blotches streaked with dark scales, (3) <? ab. minor, (4) (? very
large, (5) $ ab. radiata, (6) ? with orange streaks above and
below.

Melitaea aurinia. — ? of a dull, obscure coloration.

74

Parartie meriera.-{l) 3 with apical ocellus reduced to a small
dot (2) 3 with double apical ocellus.

Pohiomnmtns icaras.-{\) 3 with faint red marginal blotches on
the upperside margin of the posterior wing, the underside being var
icarinn,, (2) a gynandromorph right side 3 , left side ? , (3) ? with
the marginal red blotches extended to form a band.

Mr. A. de B. Goodman exhibited a series of Coenon>jmpha tiphon,
the typical form from Britain, race philoxenus from Britain, and
race isis from La Grave, Dauphine.

Mr. Turner read a letter from our member Mr. G. B. Pearson,
in CaUfornia, in which he reported observing in his garden m
Pasadena, on December 9th, " one Eirvanessa antiopa, one Pyra>,,eis
cardui, two Terias nicippe, one Pieris rapae, one Cohas protodice,
one Hesperia tesseUata, one Colias eimjtheme, a few bees, also grass-
hoppers, a hummingbird, a few linnets (Californian), two mocking-
birds, hollyhocks, antirrhinums, petunias, portulacas, verbena, sweet
peas, stocks, sunflowers, nasturtiums, candytuft, and roses, every-
where just coming into full bloom. Dahlias succumbed to a frost
a few days ago. We have not had any rain now for about two
months, the hose is in constant use, and even with that I cannot
prevent my lawn being scorched. For an easterner these are really
glorious days, a brilliant sun in an Italian blue sky, ad infinitum
apparently."

JANUARY 26th, 1922.

Annual Meeting.

Mr. Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.
The Meeting received and adopted the Report of the Council,
the statement of the Treasurer and the Balance Sheet. The Chair-
man declared that the following members were elected to serve as
the Officers and Council for the ensuing year -.—President, E. J.
Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S. ; Vice-Presidents, K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.,
and N b. Riley, F.E.S., F.Z.S. ; Treasurer, A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. ;

Librarian, A. W. Dods ; Curator, S. R. Ashby, F.E.S. ; Assistant

Curator T. L. Barnett; luiitor of Proceedings, H. J. Turner, F.E.S.;

Hon. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.E.S., and Hy. J.

Turner, F.E.S. ; Recorder, L. E. Dunster ; Hon. Lantermst, A. W.

Dennis'; Council, T. L. Barnett, A. A. W. Buckstone, L. E. Dunster,

76

0. R. Goodman, F.E.S., T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S., H. A. Leeds,
G. S. Robertson, M.D., E. Step, F.L.S., and E. Syms.

In the absence of the retiring President through ilhiess, the
Secretary read the general portion of the Annual Address, and Mr.
N. D. Riley read the main portion entitled " Will-o'-the Wisp."
(See p. 9.)

The new President, Mr. E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S., was then
inducted to the chair.

Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring President, Council,
Officers, and Auditors.

Ordinary Meeting.

Mr. E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S., President, in the chair.

Major C. E. Lyles, 6, Hyde Park Mansions, and Mr. J. H.
Adkin, Whitecliffe Road, Purley, were elected members.

Mr. C. Craufurd exhibited a specimen of A[/lais urticae taken at
Pickett's Hole, Ranmore, having two parallel pale straw-coloured
widish streaks extending from the exterior of the dark basal shading
to the fifth and sixth black marginal lunules of each hindwing
upperside. This peculiar aberrational marking was in no way due
to direct injury, as the normal scaling was quite perfectly developed
over the whole area of the striping, but was deficient of all pigment.

INDEX.

Aberrations, Special, of P. brassi-
er, 30, 61 ; Zygffinids, 32, 69 ;
P. icarus, 34, 50, 60, 64, 74;
L. hirtaria, 34 ; R. pblroas,
41, 57, 60, 62, 64, 66, (58; C
rubi, 41 ; C. croceus, 42 ; A
berenice, 47 ; H. semele, 50
A. caja, 51 ; Z. tnfolii, 52; S
menthaslri, 52; K. spini, 56;
E. jurtina, 60, 65 ; P. atalanta,
61, 62 ; B. selene, 63 ; P. ma-
chaon, 63; C. pascuellus, 64;
H. bispidus, 73 ; E. cardamines,
74 ; P. megera, 74 ; A. urticffi
Aberration, of colour and scale
defect, 61 ; in brood of V. io . .
Abstract of Proceedings . .
Abnormal, Cheiranthus flowers,

39 ; Nest of V. germanica
Abundance of A. thetis . .
Additions to the Library, xn. ;
Collections .. xii., 39,

Annual, Address, by K. G. Blair,
9, 75; Meeting, 74; Balance
Sheet, xvi., xvii., 74; Exhibi-
tions
Ants and larvre of P. megera . .
Associated groups of butterflies in

Venezuela
Asymmetry in, V. io, 34

paphia . .
Bacon on " flying glowworm
Balance Sheet, 1921
Bark-boring beetles
Bird-skins exhibited
Breeding, Mr. Main's contrivance

for ..

British Association

" British Hydracarina," Abstract

of lecture oy G. I). Soar
Broods of, M. neustria . .
Chrysophanus specie's
Commons and Footpaths Preser-
vation Society, 7 ; Resolution
sent to . .
Confluence of markings in, Zygre-

nids •^'^'

Curator's Report

D.

58

66

.. 65

' .. 13

xvi, xvii

.. 31

.. 40

30
70

3
57

51

I'AGE

Differentiation and discussion of
X. rivata and X. alternata
(sociata) . . • . • • . . 45

Donations . . . . xii, 39, 48

Early appearances . • 35, 36

Economy of, TJtricularia, 53 ;

Pinguicula . . • ■ . . 54

Exhibition of, Special, The genus

Zygma . . . . • • . . 32

Field Meetings, List of, xii ; Ox-
shott, 41 ; Eastbourne, 42 ;

Chalfont Road 45

Flight of aquatic Coleopteron . . 32
Flourescence, its testimony in

mimicry, by Prof. Poulton . . 58
Fossil Insects exhibited . . . . 39

Galls of wild-apple . . . . 69

Geographical races of P. machaon,

by Lord liothitcliild .. . . 59

" Ghost " Swift Moth a Will o'

the Wisp . . • • _ • • 1'^

Gynandromorph of, Danaida
i schenkii . . . . • • . . 65

I Habits of, S. African "cuckoo
spit" insect, 40; Scorpion ?
with young ones, 56 ; aquatic
larvae of T. rickardi . . . . 73

' " Highways and Byways "—Syn-
opsis of a lecture by Laiorence
W. Chubb .. ■■ 7, 58

Hon. Member elected, G. C.
Champion . . . • • • ^

■ Hybrids of, Z. fijipendulse— loni-

cerffi, 30; Zygsena sp., 34; Z.
trifolii — hippocrepidis . . 43, 52
"Hydracarina or Water-mites,
The," lecture by C. D. Soar 9, 55

■ Immigrant, G. bipunctatus, 49 ;

Against the wind . • . . 53

Jubilee of the Society . . • • 9

Lantern slides xi., 6, 31, 36, 53, 58
Larvffi of, R. phlaas of two forms,

34; Aquatic, T. rickardi .. 73

Librarian's Report .- . . xu
Life-history of, Rhyssa persuas-

oria, 1 ; M. proscaraba3us . . 53
List of. Officers and Council, i,

74 ; Members "i

Local Coleoptera . .

Localities: Bos Hill, 48; Cali-
fornia, 36, 47, 74; Chalfont
Rd.,45; Colorado Desert, 58;
Digne, 56, (59 ; Eastbourne, 42;
69 ; France, S. of, 44 ; La Grave,
69; New Forest, 49; Nairobi, 58;
New Guinea, (35; Oxshott, 41,

55 ; Pyrenees, 6"2 ; San Paulo,
31, 50 ; St. Martin Vesubie . .

Melanism, L. hirtaria, 34; M.

tiliae, 34 ; K. tenebrosa, 63 ; B.

repandata, 65 ; A. betularia . .
Mimicry of, Delias and Huphina,

65 ; Agaristid and Erycinid . .
Mud nests of Sceliphron. .
"Natural History of Macedonia,

The," paper read by Jtev. J.

IVaterstou
" Neglected Ordeis," an appeal

by the President
New form of, S. plumaria (erice-

tarui), 30; D. mendica (venosa)
Natural habit in larvce of Myr-

meleon . .
Notes on, " British Zygajnids

bred in 1920," bij T. H. L.

Grosvenor
Obituary .. .. .. xi.,

Objects of the Society . . ii..
Pairing of. Irregular, Zygaenids..
Papers read. List of
Parasitism of Hydracarina, 6 ; of

Diptera in S. ligustri, 44 ; of

M. proscarabseus, 53 ; in P.

guss^piella and E. insulana . .
Past Presidents
Protective Besemblance in, Larvse

of M. Isertes, 31 ; chrysalis of

P. thoas. .
Pupae of. Surface structure of, E.

magnitica
Races of 0. priamus
Kare and local species reported

P. icarus ab. clara, 31 ; P. livor-

nica, 34; H. abruptaria ab.

piscata, 43 ; winged V. currens,

47 ; C. rutilus ?, 48 ; S. holo-

schcenus, 50 ; A. ottomanus, 51;

E. caliginosus, 55 ; E. antiopa,

56 ; T. fasciatus, 61 ; Z. achil-
lese, 62 ; L. vitellina, bred

Records of the Will-o'-the-
Wisp, Old

Report of. Council, 1921, xi, 74;
Delegate to the Conference of
Correspond. Soc. of the Brit.
Assn., by Ii. Adkin

PAGE

48

69

70

66
39

36

11

69

47

33
10
11
33

63

50

50
51

68

16

70

" Rbyssa persuasoria : Its Ovi-
position and Larva," paper by
3Iiiss E. Clieesmatt . . 1, 35

Seasonal, Notes 34, 35, 36, 41,
49, 52, 62 ; forms of Teracolus 70

Silk, Skein of, from cocoon of M.
albiditarsus . . . . . . 30

Spiral twist, left and right, in
•Juncus . . . . . . . . 50

Stridulation in Geotrupes . . 36

Teratological examples, Z. filipen-
dulffi 32

Third brood of P. ajgeria. . . . 49

Treasurer's Report . . . . xiv

Variation in, P. icarus, 31 ; C.
pamphilus, 34 ; E. cardamines
in Ireland, 35; E. cleodora, 35;
X. rivata, 45 ; X. alternata
(sociata), 45; A. tbetis (js,49;
E. atomaria, 57 ; M. neustria,
57 ; R. phliEas, 57, 66 ; P. has-
tiana, 64 ; Troides sps., 65 ; P.
cacieus, 66 ; B. consortaria . .

" Whiterty " infestation . .

" Will o' the Wisp," Annual
Address by K. G. Blair

Winged form of V. currens

ACARINA.

aquatica, Limnocbares . .
Arrhenarus . . . . 4, 5,

crassipes, Unionicola . . 5,

Eylais . . . . . . 5,

globosa, Hydrarachna

Halacarida3

Hydracarina

Hydrarachna

Hydryphantes

longipalpis, Hygrobates . .

papillator, Arrhenaras

Piona

speciosa, Bryobia . .

Spercon . . . . . . . . 5

Trombidiuni . . . . . . 36

Unionicola . . . . . . 5,6

Coleoptera.
abietis, Hylobius . .
acuminata, Melanophila. .
Anthrenus . .

aquaticus, Helophorus . .
aureola, Cryptocephalus . .
banksi, Chrysomela
Bembidium
bipunctata, Coccinella
brevipennis, Arima
caerulescens, Dianous
caliginosus, Epipiheus

68
49

12
47

47
48
44
32
41
52
69
U
U
48
55

78

PAGE

Coccinellidae

xii, 48

cursor, Lissodema . .

.. 70

cyanocepbala, Lebia

.. 48

cylindricum, Sinodendron

.. 40

dichrous, Deleaster

.. 61

dispar, Xyleborus. .

.. 31

Donacia

.. 73

Dytiscus (idee)

.. 6

fasciatus, Tricbius

.. 61

fastuosa, Cassida . .

.. 48

Geotrupes . .

.. 35

germanus, Liparus

.. 48

glabratus, Bytbinus

.. 48

globosa, Xystrocera

.. 63

granaria, Calandra

.. 44

graminis, Cbrysomela

.. 52

Heliocopris

.. 31

huttoni, Pentartbrum

.. 70

Hydropbilus

.. 6

imperialis, Hedobia

.. 41

inclinans, Megacronus . .

.. 61

interruptus, Necropboius

.. 51

Lampyris . .

.. 43

laticollis, Phengodes

.. 47

lusitanica, Lampyris

.. 44

miniatum, Apion . .

.. 51

moschata, Aromia

.. 48

mucronata, Blaps. .

.. 34

noctiluca, Lampyris

.. 13

pectinicornis, Ptilinus . .

.. 55

pennsylvanica, Pboturis . .

36, 44

proscarabseus, Meloe

•• 53

saxeseni, Xyleborus

.. 31

12-punctata, Crioceris . .

.. 43

variabile, Callidium

.. 36

violaceo-nigra, Timarcha

.. 40

Ckyptogajis
Conferva . .
hornura, Mnium . .
pariefna, Pbyseia
pomiformis, Bartramia
pyxidata, Cladonia
Sphagnum . .

DlPTEEA.

Chironomus

corni, OliRotropbus

cuprea, Cbrysocblamys .

Dolicbopua..

Eristalis

fraxini, Perrisia . .

Glossina

obscura, Cania

plumosus, Cbironomus . ,

rickardi, Ta;iiiorbynchus. .

rufipes, Pbysoeepbala

Syrphus

.. 18

.. 42

.. 52

40, 42

. . 52

.. 18

21
51
61
xiii
55
44
48
6
21
73
61
52

PAGE
tendens, Chironomus . . . . 21

Tipula (idse) . . . . 6, 14

Hymenoptera.
albiditarsus, Meteorus . . . . 39

Anthopbora . . . . . . 53

Apbenogaster . . . . . . 44

flavus, Lasius . . . . . . 48

gallicus, Polistes . .

germanica, Vespa..

gigas, Sirex . . xi, 1,

limacina, Eriocampa

lucorum, Bonibus. .

lunator, Tbalissa . .

niadraspatanus, Scelipbron

maxillosa, Eumenes

Melecta

numismatis, Neuroterus..

ovata, Eriocampa..

persuasoria, Rbyssa xi

Rbyssa

roborata, Pimpla . .

Sirex

sulcata, Cbelonella

.. 51
2, 35, 60
.. 55
.. 61
1
.. 39
.. 63
.. 53
.. 70
.. 52
35
2
63
2
63

1, 2,
1,

Lepidoptera.

abnormis, Huphina . . . . 65

abruptaria, Hemeropbila . . 62

achilleffi, Zygaena . . . . • • 62

acmon, liusticus .. .. • • 38

Adelpha (Heterocbroa) . . • • 38

admetus, Polyommatus . . . . gg

aegeria, Pararge . . . . 49, 62

ffigon, Plebeius .. ..52,62, 66

sesculi (ilicis ab.), Nordmannia . . gfi

aglaia, Argynnis 66

agricola = sylvanoides, Ochlodes. . 38

agrippina, Thysania . . • • 31

alba (pblfeas ah.), Rumicia 57, 61, 66

albimaculata, Amauris . . • • 59
albistriana (hastiana var.), Pero-

nea . . . . . . • • 64

alcetas, Everes . . . . • ■ 62

alcon, Lyciena .. .. ••69

.alexanor, Papilio . . . . • • 69

aliaska (machaon race), Papilio. . 60

alternata (sociata), Xanthorhoe 45, 46

americus (polyxenes race), Papilio 60

anteros, Polyommatus . . . . 69

antiacis (xerxes /'.), Nomiades .. 38

antiopa, Euvanessa . . 56, 74

aquilana (bastiana var.), Peronea 64

areola (litboriza), Xylocampa .. 34
argiolus, Celastriua .. ..41

argyiognomon, Plebeius . . .. 44

ariadue (eurytbeme), Colias . . 37
arion, Lycoiiia .. .. ..62

artaxerxes (medon race), Avicia.. 63

aruna, Delias . . . . . . 65

79

asiatica (machaon race), Papilio 59

asterius (polyxenes race), Papilio 60

astraiche = medon .. . . GB

atalanta, Pyrameis .. 61, 62

athalia, Melitrea . . 57, 61, 62, 67

atomaria, Ematurga . . 41, 57
autumnana (hastiana var.),

Peronea . . . . . . . . 64

aurago, Tiliacea .. .. ..43

auiinia, Melitffia .. ..37,52, 73

aurota, Rothschildia . . . . 50

avalona, Thecla .. .. 38, 47

bairdi, Papilio .. .. ..60

bellargus = thetis .. .. 42, 63

berenice, Anosia . . . . . , 47

betularia, Aniphidasis . . . . 70

blomeri, Astbena.. .. 45, 49

brassicffi, Pieris . . . . 30, 61

bredowii, Limenitis .. ..37

brevicauda (polyxenes race),

Papilio 60

brittanicus (machaon race),

Papilio 59

brucei (bairdi race), Papilio .. 60
byringerana (hastiana var.),

Peronea . . . . . . . . 64

cacicus, Papilio . . . . . . 66

caeca (hyperantus ab.), Aphan-

topus . . . . . . . . 42

cffirulse (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 43
caruleopunctata (phlteas ab.),

Rumicia . . . . . . . . 57

caja, Arctia . . . . . . 51

californica, Phryganidia. . .. 38

californica (bredowii race), Li-
menitis . . . . . . . . 37

callidice, Pontia . . . . . . 69

callunfe (quercus var.), Lasio-

campa . . . . . . . . 68

calverlyii (polyxenes ab.), Papilio 60
canigulensis (lachesisa/j.), Melan-

argia . . . . . . . . 62

cardamines, Euchloe 35, 36, 52,

66, 73

cardui, Pyrameis . . . . 65, 74

carniolica, Zygaena . . . . 32

carye, Pyrameis . . . . . . 37

caulosticta (cardamines ab.),

Euchloe . . . . . . . . 35

celtis, Libythea .. . 62, 69

cenea, Papilio . . . . . . 59

centrovittana (hastiana var.),

Peronea . . . . . . . . 64

ceronus (thetis ab.), Agriades . . 49

cerri (ilicis (/6.). Nordmannia .. 56

chalcedon, Melitsea . . . 37

chinensis (machaon race), Papilio 60

cbrysippus, Danaida . . . . 59

Xan-

42,
50,

58,

cingulata (alternata = sociataab.),

Xanthorhoe
cinxia, Melitsea

citronea (cardamines «?>.), Euchloe
clara (icarus ab.), Polyommatus
cleodora, Eronia . .
cleodoxa (cydippe ah.), Argynnis
cleopatra, Gonepteryx
combustana (hastiana var.),

Peronea . .
consonaria, Tephrosia
consortaria, Tephrosia . .
cordula, Satyrus . .
coridon, Agriades 52, 60, 61, 63,
65, 66, 68,
coronis, Argynnis
costovata (fluctuata ab.),

thorhoe . .
crabroniformis, Trochilium
Crambus

croceus (edusa), Colias . .
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis
eynthia, Melitaja ..
daphne, Brenthis . .
dardanus, Papilio..
degenerata (alternata = soeiata

var.), Xanthorhoe
Delias . . . . . 51,

delius, Parnassius
dictynna, Melitfea
didyma, Melitasa ..
dilatata (cleodora var.), Eronia
discreta (icarus aJi.), Polyommatus
dispar, Chrysophanus
divisana (hastiana var.), Peronea
dominicanus, Amauris . .
doubledayaria (betularia var.),

Pachys . .
dubiosata (alternata = soeiata

var.), Cidaria, Xanthorhoe ..
dumetorum, Callophrys . .
echeria, Amauris . .
edusa = croceus .. .. 42,

eleus (phljeas ab.), Rumicia 55,
57, 61,
enoptes, Rusticus . .
ephialtes, Zygjena
Epichnopteryx
ericetaria = plumaria
erimita (monacha ab.), Psilura. .
erxia (cleodora var.), Eronia
escheri, Polyommatus . . 57,
euphorbise, Hyles . .
euphrosyne, Brenthis . .63, 66,
eurybia (hippothoe var.), Chryso-
phanus . .
eurydice, Meganostoma . . 37,
eurytherae, Colias. . .. 37,

45

62
35
31
35
69
69

64
45
68
69

69
37

34
43
63
52

69
69
69
63

45

65
69
62
44
35
34
51
64
59

70

46
38
59
52

62
38
32
43
30
61
35
69
48
70

51
47
74

80

euterpinus (eacicus vai\), Papilio
evias, Erebia

exilis, Biephidium . . 38

fagi, Stauropus . . . . 45

filipendulse, Zygsena 30, 3i, 32
33
fluctuata, Xanthorhoe
flava, Adopaea

foliaceus = het8eia, Teracolus
fraxini, Zygajna . .
fuciformis, Hemaris
fumosa (plumaria ab.), Selido

sema
funeralis, Thanaos
fuscata (abruptaria ah.), Hemero

phila
galathea, Melanargia
gemmaria, Boarmia
glaucus, Papilio . .
glomerata - subobsoleta (icarus

uh.), Polyommatus
gossypiella, Platyedron . .
grossulariata, Abraxas ..32, 35
hastata, Eulype . .
hastiana. Peronea
hecuba (priamus race), Ornith

optera
Heliconidse
HesperiidsB

hetaera (puniceus), Teiacolus .
Heterochroa = Adelpha . .
hibernica (cardamines race)

Eucbloe . .
hippocoon (dardanusrace), Papilio
hippocoonides (dardanus ub.)

Papilio . .
hippocrates (machaon race)

Papilio . .
hippociepidis, Zyga?na ..33,43
hippothoe, Heodes
hirtaria, Lycia
hispidus, Heliopbobus
hollandi (bairdi race), Papilio .
hospiton, Papilio .. .. 59

Huphiiia . ,

hyale, Colias . . . . 52

hylas, Polyommatus
hyperantus, Aphantopus
Hypercbiria
icaiiiius (icarus ab.), Polyom

matus . . . . . . 34

icarus, Polyommatus 31, 34, 43
50, 52, 60, 63, 64
iebneumoniformis, Sesia..
ichnusa (urticffi ab.), Aglais
ida, Epinephele . .
ignita (phlteas ah.), Eumicia 57
ilicis, Nordmannia

66
69
47
48

52
34
49
70
32
41

30
38

43
60
64
37

60
63
64
41
64

51
67
38
70

38

35

59

59

60
52
51
34
73
60
60
65
66
69
42
50

74

74
42
66
62
60
56

inffiqualis (coridon ab.), Agriades 65

inca (eacicus 7'ace), Papilio .. 66

indra, Papilio . . . . . . 60

initia (phlasas ab.), Rumicia . . 61

insulana, Earias . . . . . . 63

intermedia (pblaas ab.), Eumicia

57, 61
intermedia-fumosa (plumaria ab.),

Selidosema . . . . . . 30

io, Vanessa . . . . 34, 68

irma (aruna race), Delias . . 65

iroides, Incisalia .. .. ..38

isis (tiphon race), Ccenonympha 74
islandiea (alternata = sociatan(ce),

Cidaria, Xanthorhoe . . . . 46

Ithomiinse . . . . . . . . 67

jacobasoe, Hypocrita . . . . 52

jasius, Charaxes . . . . . . 69

juncea (phlceas ab.), Eumicia . . 57

jurtina, Epinephele ..60,65, 66

kamtschadalus (machaon race),

Papilio . . . . . . . . 60

keewaydin (eurydice var.), Colias 37

lachesis, Melanargia . . . . 62

ladakensis (machaon race), Papilio 59

laertes, Morpho . . . . . . 31

lamborni (dardanus race), Papilio 59

lathonia, Issoria . . . . . . 52

lavatheraj (malv£e ab.), Hesperia 43
leucophfeana (hastiana var.),

Peronea . . . . . . . . 64

ligustri. Sphinx . . . . . . 44

lithorhiza = areola .. ..34

livornica, Phryxus . . . . 34

longipalpus, Immetalia . . . . 66

lonicerse, Zygasna.. ..30,31, 32

lucina, Hamearis . . . . 38, 68

machaon, Papilio. . 59,60,63, 68
magnitica, Eacles. . .. ..50

magnipuncta (phlaeas ab.), Eu-
micia . . . . . . . . 57

malva?, Hesperia . . 43, 60, 63, 64

manni, Pieris . . . . . . 69

marginata (cardamines ab.), Eu-

chloe . . . . . . . . 73

marina, Leptotes . . . . . . 38

mauretanica (machaon race),

Papilio . . . . . . . . 59

maxima (machaon ab.), Papilio 59

mayrana (hastiana ra?'.), Peronea 64

medon, Aricia .. ..60, 63, 66

niegera, Pararge . . 60, 66, 68, 74

melinus, Uranotes . . . . 38

mendica, Diaphora . . . . 69

menthastri, Spilosoma . . 42, 52
meridionalis, Troides .. ..65

mincki (titbonus ab.), Epinephele 62

minimus, Cupido . . . . 41, 42

81

PAGE

ininos = purpuialis, Zygfena .. 32
monacha, Psilura.. .. ..61

nionoglypha, Xylophasia. . .. 42

niontanata, Xanthorhoe . . . . 45

montanus (machaon race), Papilio 59
Morpbopsis .. .. ..66

mmalis, Bryophila .. ..61

myrtilli, Anarta .. .. ..41

nais (cacicus ah.), Papilio . . 66

napi, Pieiis . . . . . . 63

navaiina (athalia vtir.), Melitaja 57

neustria, Malacosoma . . . . 57

niaviu?, Aniauris . . . . . . 59

nicippe, Terias, Eurema . . .. 74

nigricans (trifolii ah.), Zygsena.. 52

nitra (bairdi race), Papilio . . 60
obliterata (phlaeas ah.), Eumicia

57, 60, 61

obscura (trifolii ah.), Zyga?na . . 52

obscuraria, Gnopbos . . . . 65

obscurata (alternata = sociata ah.),

Cidaria, Xantborhoe . . . . 46

obsoleta (coridon ah.), Agriades.. 60

obsoleta (medon ah.), Aricia . . 63

obsoleta (pblteas ah.), Eumicia . . 55

occitanica (pbo'be race), Melitaea 62

oregonia (bairdi ?at'e), Papilio .. 60

orion, Scolitantides . . . . 62

ornata (orion ah.), Scolitantides 62

palfemon, Tbymelicus . . . . 63

pallida (coridon ((';.), Agriades .. 60
pampbilus, Cctnonvnipba 34,

50, 63, 64

paphia, Dryas .. ..49,63, 65

papilionaria, Geometra . . . . 44

paradisea, Troides . . . . 65
parvipuncta (icarus ah.), Polyom-

matus . . . . . . . . 34

parvipuncta (pblaeas ah.), Pvu-

niicia . . . . . . . . 60

pascuellus, Crambus . . . . 63

pergamus (indra /•(/c<'), Papilio .. 60

periphas (schenki race), Danaida 65

persepbone, Delias . . . . 65

pbarte, Erebia . . . . . . 69

pbiloxenus (tipbon race), Ca-no-

nympba . . . . . . . . 74

phlaeas, Kumieia 34, 41, 50, 52,

55,57,60,61,62,63,64,66, 68

phoebe, Melittea . . . . 62, 69

phylaeus, Hylephila . . . . 38

Pieridiopsis . . . . . . 66

piniperda, Bupalus . . . . 39

plumaria (ericetaria), Selidosema 30

plumbaria, Ortbolitha . . . . 73

plumigera, Ptilophora . . . . 43

podalirius, Papilio ..43,44, 49
polyxenes, Papilio. . .. ..60

populi, Amorpba . .

poseidon (priamus race), Ornith-

optera
postico-apicalis (icarus «^.),

Polyommatus . .
potatoria, Cosmotriche . .
Prsetaxila . .

priamus, Ornitboptera . .
procida (galathea var.), Melan-

argia
prodromaria = strataria ..
pronuba, Tripba^na . . 36,

protodice, Pieris . . . . 37,

pruni, Strymon
psi, Acronicta
Psycbidffi . .
pulli, Cbilades

puniceus = bet8era, Teracolus ..
purpuralis (mines), Zygsena
quercinaria, Ennonios
quercus, Bitbys . .
quercus, Lasiocampa
radiana (bastiana var.), Peronea
radiata (cardaminesa?;.), Euchloii
radiata (pblaeas ah.), Eumicia 57,
rapas, Pieris .. ..34,37,

repandata, Boarmia
rbamni, Gonepteryx
rivata, Xantborboe
roboris, Lajosopis . .
Eotbscbildia
rubi, Callopbrys . .
rumina, Zeryntbia, Thais
rustica (mendica race), Diapbora
rutilus (dispar race), Cbryso-

pbanus . . . . . . 48,

rutilus, Papilio

saharse (machaon race), Papilio
59,
sara, Antbocbaris..
schmidtii (phla-as al).), Eumicia
61,
scbenkii, Danaida
selene, Brentbis .. ..63,68,

semele, Hipparchia ..49,50,

semiramis, Argynnis
semisyngrapba (coridon ah.),

Agriades . .
sikkimeusis (machaon race),

Papilio ..
sinapis, Leptosia . .
sociata, Xantborhoe
sociata = alternata .. 45,

sonorensis, Pbilotes (Lyca;na) . .
spini, Klugia . . . . 56,

sponsana (bastiana var.), Peronea
stabilis (polyxenes race), Papilio
striana (bastiana var.), Peronea

37,
45,

36,

PAGE

52

51

34
70
66
51

60
35
55
74
41
54
43
38
70
32
68
45
68
64
73
61
74
65
49
46
69
50
41
43
69

51
36

60
37

66
65
70
51
37

65

59
41
45
46
47
69
64
60
64

82

PAGE

strataria, Pacbys . . . . 34, 35

striata (medon a/).), Aricia .. 63

striata (phlteas ab.), Eumicia . . 66
subalbida (titbonus ab.), Epine-

pbele 62

subcristana (hastiana var.),

Peronea . . . . . . . . 64

suffumata, Cidaria . . . . 45

suffusa (phlseas ah.), Rumicia

57, 61, 62

supergressa, Cidaria, Xanthorhoe 46

sylvanoides (agricola), Ocblodes 38

syllius, Melanargia . . . . 69

sylvata (ulmata), Abraxas .. 45

syricbtus, Hesperia . . . . 38

tagep, Nisoniades . . . . . . 63

taras (inalvaj ab.), Hesperia 63, 64
tenebrosa, Uusina. . .. ..63

telicanus, Syntarucus . . . . 69

Teraeolus . . . . . . . . 70

tesseliata, Hesperia . . . . 74

tbetis, Agriades 42, 49, 52, 63, 65

tboas, Papilio . . . . . . 50

tibullus (dardanus race), Papilio 63

tiliffi, Mimas . . . . . . 34

tiphon, C(fnonympba .. ..74

titbonus, Epinepbele . . 49, 62

titbonus, Troides . . . . . . 65

transalpina, Zygeena . . . . 32

trifolii, Zygffina 32, 33, 34, 43,

52, 63

trimeni (dardanus race), Papilio 59
tropbonissa (dardanus race),

Papilio . . . . . . . . 59

trophoiiius (dardanus race),

I'apilio . . . . . . . . 59

turcicus (pbliEas ab.), Rumicia .. 57
tutti, Zygaena .. .. ..63

tyndarus, Erebia . . . . . . 49

ula, Morpbopsis . . . . . . 66

ulmata = sylvata .. .. ..45

unicolor (orion ab.), Scolitantides 62
uiiicolorata (atomaria ab.), Ema-

turga 57

unipuncta (jegon ab.), Plebeius . . 62

urticffi, Aglais .. ..62,66, 75

urtieata, Eurrbypara . . . . 55
ussuriensis (machaon race),

Papilio . . . . . . . . 59

vanilla;, Dione . . . . . . 37

venosa (mendiea ab.), Diapbora 69

vernalis (protodice ('((;-. ), Pieris.. 37

verityi (macbaon ah.), Papilio . . 60

villica. Arctia . . . . . . 57

virgaureffi, Heodes .. ..51

virgulti, Lemonias . . . . 38

vitellina, Leucania . . . . 68

xerxes, Nomiades . . . . . . 38

PAGE

xylostella, Harpipteryx . . . . 49

zaddacbi (cacicus race), Papilio. . 66

zelicaon (zolicaon), Papilio 37, 60

Zygana (idfe) . . 30, 32, 55, 63

Neuroptera.

44,

Ascalapbus

communis, Panorpa

Cbrysopa . .

formicarius, Myrmeleon

germanicus, Panorpa

libelluoides, Ascalapbus

longicornis, Ascalapbus

maculata, Rapbidia

Myrmeleon

ottomanus (lacteus), Ascalapbus

Pal pares

pei-la, Cbrysopa . .

quadrifasciaria, Hemerobius

subnebulosus, Hemerobius

55
44
46
43
44
51
51
55
47
51
44
55
55
49

Orthoptera.

bioculata, Spbodromantis . . 63

bipunctatus, Gryllus . . . . 49

campestris, Gryllus ..44,48, 49

concavus, Pteropbila . . . . 48

gallicus, Bacillus . . .. 43, 44

gongyloides, Gongylus . . . . 40

Gryllotalpa . . . . . . 16

morosus, Carausius . . . . 44

punctatissima, Leptopbyes . . 52

religiosa. Mantis . . . . 39, 63

vulgaris, Gryllotalpa . . . . 14

Phanerograms.

acetosa, Rumex . . . . . . 34

acetosella, Rumex .. ..34

angustit'olia, Typha . . . . 73

arvensis, Rosa . . . . . . 55

barbatura, Lycium .. .. 54

canadensis, Elodea . . . . 5

cerulaea, Molinia . . . . . . 55

Cbeirantbus . . . . . . 39

Citrus 50

etfusus, Juncus . . . . . . 50

Euonymus . . . . . . . . 64

europa?us, Euonymus . . . . 64

giganteum, Heracleum . . . . 61

giganteus, Cereus.. .. ..58

holoscbcenus, Scirpus . . . . 50

jacobiea, Senecio . . . . . . 48

japonica, Euonymus . . . . 64

Pinguicula . . . . . . . . 54

sanguinea, Cornus . . . . 57

scotica. Primula . . . . . . 44

spiralis (effusus r«r.), Juncus .. 50

Utricularia. . .. .. ..53

vulneraria, Antbyllis .. ..42

83

vitalba, Clematis . .
wislizeni, Eehinocactus

Rhynchota
aceris, Phenaccecus
cerasi, Myzia
Ciniex

currens, Velia
destructor, Aphis
flavescens, Ptyelus
lacustris, Gerris . .
lanigera, Schizoneura
lectularius, Cimex
marginatus, Syromastes
Nepa

pomorum, Mytilaspis
Eanatra

rotundatus, Cimex
vaporariorum, Aleurodes
vermicellaris, Plataspis

PAGE

. 55

. 58

36
49
55
47
52
40

6
6'.l
57
51

6
48

6
57
49
52

Othee Orders.

Araneika. — affinis, Atypus, 48 ;
brunnea, Agroeca,55; diadema,
Epeiva, 52; narbonensis,Lycosa 44

ScoRPioNES. — europffius, Scorpio,
56 ; oceitanus, Bnthus 39, 44

Batrachia. — calamita, Bufo 39, 43

Crdstacea. — Argnlus, 31 ; Tali-
trus 21

MoLLDSCA. — Anodonta, 6 ; Unio 6

Odonata. — CEeruleata, Mecisto-
gaster, 40 ; Libellula . . . . 18

Peotura. — Protura . . . . 31

Reptilia. — agilis, Lacerta, 52 ;
laevis, Coronella, 52; vivipara,
Lacerta . . . . . . . . 40

m^ ^--;;

THE ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

For 1886/ 1887, 1888^9 (I Vol.),

1890^91 (1 Vol.), 1892^3 (1 Vol.),

1894, 1895, 1896. 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901,

1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906. 1907, 1908, 1909,

1910, 1911. 1912. 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917,

1918. 1919 and 1920

Are still in print, and may be had on application to the Librarian.

1886, price 1/6 ; 1887, price 2/6 ; 1888-9 and

1890-91, price 3/6 each; 1892-8, price 8/-;

1899, price 2/6 ; 1898, price 2/- ; 1896, price 2/6 ;

1897, Part 1, price 2/- ; Part 2, price 2/- ;

1898, Part 1, price 1/-; Part 2, price 2/-;
1899, price 2/6 ; 1900, price 2/6 ; 1901, price 2/- ;
1902, price 2/6 ; 1903, price 2/- ; 1909, price 2/- ;
1905, price 2/6; 1906, price 2/6; 1907, price 2/6;
1908, price 2/6 ; 1909, price 5/- ; 1910, price 4/6 ;

1911, price 4/6; 1912, price 4/-; 1918, price 4/-;

1919, price 4/-; 1916, priee 5/-. ; 1916, price 3/6;

1917, price 3/6; 1918, price 4/-; 1919, p ice 6/-;

and 1920, price 5/~.

V.B.— MEMBERS are allowed a diBoount of one third off the abowe
prioei, and some years at half prioe>

'XMMS'S

CONTENTS.

Offioers and Counoil
Objeotfl of the Societj . .
Past Pre»ident8 . .
Lilt of Members . .

Repori of the Council

Treasurer's Keport

Balanca-sheet

Rhyssa persuasoria. By Miss Evelyn Cheesman, P

British Hydracarina. By Chas. D. Soar, P.L.S., F

Highways and Byways. By Lawrence W. Chubb

Annual Address. By K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.

Ab»tract of Proceedings , .

Annual Exhibition . .

Annual Meeting

Index

E.S. ..
.R.M.S.

iiV

xvi, ivii
1

7

30

58

74 ^
76

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E

1922-1923.

1922:— August lOtb, 24th; September 14th, 28th; October'1
12th, 26Ui ; November 9th, 23rd ; December 14th.

1923 :— January, 11th, 25th; February 8th, 22n(!> March 8th,
22nd ; April 12fch, 26th ; May 10th, 24th ; June 14th, 28th ; July 12th,
July 26th ; August 9th, 23rd.

LIBRARY OPEN AT 6.80 p.m., CHAIR TAKEN AT 7 p.m.

Meubbrs exhibiting specimens at the Meetings of the Society
are requested to be good enough to hand to the Secretary, at the
Meeting, a note in writing of the generic and specific names of all
Bpecimens exhibited, together with the names of the localities in
which such specimens were obtained, and any remarks thereon
which the exhibitors have to make. In the absence of such a note
in writing the Secretary cannot be responsible for any errors in
connection with his ^report of such exhibits, or for the omission of
auv rcffirencG thereto in the Proceedings.

Proceeatngs

OF

THE SOUTH LONDON

ENTOMOLOGICAL & NATURAL HISTORY

SOCIETY

IQ22=2S

WITH EIGHT PLATES.

PUBLISHED AT THE bUClETY'iS ROOMS

HIBBRNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE. 8.E,

PRICE TEN SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE.

Society, with the
folloiving Oentlemen :

LORD ROTHSCHILD and Messrs. J. H. ADKIN, H. W. ANDREWS,
K. G. BLAIR, A. A. W. BUCKSTONE, E. J. BUNNETT, F. B. CARR,
E. A. COCKAYNE, A. de B. GOODMAN, O. R. GOODMAN,
J. J. JOICEY, H. A. LEEDS, H. MAIN, L. W. NEWMAN,
R. A. R. PR1SK£, N. D. RILEY, C. S. ROBERTSON, W. G. SHELDON,
W. RAIT'SMITH, A. E. STAFFORD, L. N. STANILAND, E. E. SYMS,
G. W. YOUNG,

and the

REPORT COMMITTEE:

R ADKIN, STANLEY EDWARDS, E. STEP A. E. TONGE, and
H. J. TURNER, Hon. Editor.

B. R. ARCHSR. PRINTBB, 36, AVOMDALE SQUARE, 8.E.

i

THE SOUTH LONDON

Entomological & Natural History Society

(Established 1872)

HiBERNiA Chambers, London Bridge, S.E. 1.
OFFICERS 81 COUNCIL

1923-24.

N. D. RILEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S.

K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc, F.E.S.
E. J. BUNNETT, M.A., F.E.S.

T. L. BARNETT. T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.

S. A. BLENKARN, F.E.S. H. A. LEEDS.

A. A. W. BUCKSTONE. E. E. SYMS.

F. B. CARR. G. L. WITHYCOxMBE, M.Sc, F.E.S.

0. R. GOODMAN, F.E.S.

^)o»t. ®itvrttc»v. ^o«. librarian.

S. R. ASHBY, F.E.S. A. W. DODS.

H. ,T. TURNER, F.E.S., 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E. 14.

A. E. TONGE, F.E.S., Aincroft, Grammar Scbool Hill, Reigate.

S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S. , F.E.S., etc. (General Sec),

15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S., 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E. 14.

THE SOUTH LONDON

ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

The Society has lor its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec-
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetinj^s of the
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in eafh month,
from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Eooms are
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting
Specimens.

SUBSCRIPTION.

Ten S/tilliiif/n per A)niniii, irith an Kntianre t'ec of 'L'wo S/iilliiiys

lOid Si.i'iieiice.

All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,

STANLEY EDWAllDS, F.L.S., c^-c,

15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. S.

PAST PRESIDENTS.

1872-4.

J.

1875-6.

. A.

1H77 .

. J.

1878 .

. J.

1879 .

R.

1880 .

. A.

1881 .

V.

1882 .

T.

1883 .

J.

1884 .

W

1885 .

R.

1886-7.

R.

1888-9.

T.

1890 .

. J.

1891 .

W.

1892 .

C.

1893 .

J.

1894 .

E.

1895 .

. T.

R. Weli.man (dec).

B. Earn, F.E.S. (dec).
P. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec).
T. Williams (dec).

Standen, F.E.S. (dec).

FicKLiN (dec).

R. Perkins, F.E.S. (dec).

R. BiLLUPs, F.E.S. (dec).
R. Wellhan (dec).
. West, L.D.S. (dec).

South, F.E.S.

Adkin, F.E.S.

R. Billdps, F.E.S. (dec).

T. Carrington, F.L.S.

(dec.)
. H.TuGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.)
G. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec)
J. Weir, F.L.S., etc. (dec.)

Step, F.L.S.

W. Hall, F.E.S.

18% .. R. South, F.E.S.
1897 .. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
189S . . J. W. TuTT, F.E.S. (dec).

1899 .. A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec).

1900 . . W. J. Ldcas, B.A., F.E.S.

1901 .. H. S. Fremlin, F.E.S., etc.

1902 . . F. NoAD Clark.

1903 .. E. ^TKP, F.L.S.

1904 .. A. Sigh, F.E.S.

1905 .. H. M.un, B.Sc. F.E.S.
190()-7. . R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1908-9.. A. SiCH, F.E.S.
1910-11. W. J. K.w'E, F.E.S.
1912 13. A. E. ToNGE, F.E.S.
1914-15. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.K.S.
1910-17. IIy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
1918-19. StanleyEdwarps, F.L.S., etc.
1920-21. K. G. Blaiu, B.Sc, F.K.S.
1922 .. E. J. BuNNErT,M.A.,F.E.S.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Chief subjects of Study: — /(, Hymenoptera ; o, Oithoptera ; he, Hemiptera;
7i, Neuroptera ; c, Coleopteia ; d, Diptera ; Z, Lepidoptera ; ool, Oology ; orii,
Ornithology ; r, Reptilia ; iii, Mollusca ; cr, Crustacea ; h. Botany ; vii. Microscopy ;
ec. ent., Economic Entomology; e, signifies Exotic forms.

Year of
Election.

1920 Abbot, S., 110, Inchmery Road, Catford, S.E. 6. I.

1886 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., Trenowith, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent.

Z, orn.

1922 Adkin, J. H., Kirkside, Whitecliffe Road, Purley, Surrey, I.
1882 Adkin, R., f.e.s., Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne. I.

1901 Adkin, R. A., Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne. »/.

1907 Andrews, H. W., f.e.s., Woodside, Victoria Road, Eltham,

S.E. 9. (/.
1901 Armstrong, Capt. R. R., b.a., b.c. (Cantab), m.r.c.s., f.u.c.p.,

6, Castelnau Gardens, Barnes, S.W. 13. e, I.
1919 Ash, D. V., Asbleigh, Hook Road, Surbiton. I.

1895 AsHBY, S. R., f.e.s., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Head-

stone, Harrow, c, I.
1888 Atmobe, E. A., f.e.s., 48, High Street, King's Lynn, Norfolk. I.

1923 Baker-Sly, H., "Eden Lodge," \Yestcott Road, Dorking. I.

1896 Barnett, T. L., Council, The Lodge, Crohamhurst Place,

Upper Selsdon Road, S. Croydon, l.

1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. l.

1921 Bates, John, 81, Birkbeck Mansions, Hornsey, N. 8. I.
1912 Bateson, Prof. W., m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.e.s., The Manor House,

Merton, Surrey. {Hon. Meniber.)

1922 Bell, W. H., 74, Sylvan Avenue, Wood Green, N. 22. I.
1911 Blair, K. G., b.sc, f.e.s., Vict-prcsiilcnt, " Claremont," 120,

Sunningfields Road, Hendon, N.W. 4. n, c.
1911 Blenkarn, S. a., f.e.s.. Council, Rannoch Lodge, Grovelands

Road, Purley. I, c, odonata.
1898 Bliss, M. F., Capt., m.c, m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., 180, High

Down Road, Luton, Beds. I.

1923 Bowles, L. G., 193, Brockley Rise, Honor Oak Park, S.E. 23. /.
1909 Bowman, R. T., 17, Fredrica Road, Chingford. I.

1919 Box, L. A., Lieut., f.e.s., 150, Stamford Hill, N. 16. //.

IV

Year of
Election.

iiLECTION. ^ ^, . , 1 1

1909 Bright, P. M., f.e.s., Colebrook Grange, 58, Chnstchurch
Road, Bournemouth. I.

1921 Bristowe, W. S., Ashford House, Cobham, Surrey, spiders.
1923 Brocklehurst, W. S., f.r.c.s., " Grove House," Bedford. I.

1922 Bryant, G. S., f.e.s., 163, Gloucester Terrace, W. 2. col.

1921 BucKHURST, A. S., F.E.S., 9, Souldern Road, W. 14. I.

1909 BucKsroNE, A. A. W., Council, 307a, Kingston Road, West

Wimbledon, S.W. 20. I.
1915 BuNNETT, E. J., M.A., F.E.S., Vicc- President , 19, Silverdale,

Sydenham, S.E. 26. mi.

1922 BuRCH, W., 35, Ansdell Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. /.
1922 BusHBY, L. C, F.E.S., 11, Park Grove, Bromley, Kent. /.
1890 Butler, W. E., f.e.s., Hayhng House, Oxford Road, Readmg.

I, c.
1922 Candler, H., Broad Eaves, Ashtead, Surrey. /.
1889 Cant, A., f.e.s., 33, Festing Road, Putney, S.W. 15. I, wi.
1886 Carpenter, J. H., Redcot, Belmont Road, Leatherhead,

Surrey. I.
1899 Carr, F. B., Council, 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. 12. I.
1899 Carr! Rev. F. M. B., m.a., l.th., The Vicarage, Alvanley, Nr.

Helsby, Cheshire. I, n.
1872 Champion, G. C, a.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s., BromhiU, Horsell,

Woking, c. {Hon. Member).
1922 Cheeseman, C, 30, Clayton Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. I.
1879 Clode, W. {Life Member.)
1915 Cockayne, E. A., m.a., m.d., f.r.c.p., f.e.s., 116, Westbourne

Terrace, W. 2. I.
1920 Cocks, F. W., f.e.s., 42, Crown Street, Reading. I.
1899 Colthrup, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 22.

I, ool, orn.
1907 Coote F. D., 11, Pendle Road, Streatham, S.W. 6. I, b.
1919 CoppeIrd, H., Heathfield, Winslade Road, Sidmouth,

Devon. I.
1923 Cork, C. H., " Barringtons," Rayleigh, Essex. I.
1919 Cornish, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
S.E. 18. l,c.

1921 CoTTAM, Major T. M., 13, Waldegrave Park, Twickenham. I.

1922 Couchman, L. E., Beechworth Lodge, West Heath Road,

Hampstead, N.W. 3. I.

V

Year of
Election.
1909 CouLsoN, F. J., 17, Birdhurst Road, Colliers Wood, Merton,

S.W. 19. I.
1918 Court, T. H., De Aston Grammar School, Market Rasen,

Lincolnshire. I.
1902 CowHAM, F. W., 118, Minard Road, Hither Green, S.E. 13. I.

1911 CoxHEAD, G. W., 45, Leicester Road, Wanstead, E. 11.

(Life Member.) v.

1899 CRABTREE,B.H.,F.E.s.,HollyBank, Alderley Edge, Cheshire. I.
1918 Craufurd, Clifford, Resel Croft, Summer Road, E. Molesey. I.

1920 Crocker, Capt. W., Rostellan, May Place Road, E. Bexley

Heath, l.
1898 Crow, E. J., 70, Hepworth Street, Streatham High Road,
S.W. 16. Z.

1888 Dawson, W. G., f.e.s., Shortlands House, Shortlands, Kent.

[Life Member.) I.

1900 Day, F. H., f.e.s. , 26, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. /, c.

1889 Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W. 1.

I, »(/, b.

1912 Dexter, S., 12, Stiles Way, Parklangley, Beckenham. I.
1918 DixEY, F. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.E.S., Wadhaui College,

Oxford. Hon. Member.

1901 DoDs, A. W., Hon. Lihran'an, 88, Alkham Road, Stamford

Hill, N. 16. I.

1921 DoLTON, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. I.
1912 DuNSTER, L. E., 44, St. John's Wood Terrace, N.W.3. /.

1886 Edwards, S., f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s., Hon. Secretary, 15, St.

Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3. I, el.
1920 Enefer, F. W., 2, Blackheath Vale, S.E. 3.
1915 Fagg, T. a., 55, Mt. Pleasant Road, Lewisham, S.E. 13. I.
1920 Farmer, J. B., 31, Crowhurst Road, Brixton, S.W. 9. I.
1918 Farquhar, L., 2, Darnley Road, Holland Fark, W. I.
1923 Fawthrop, R. W., 2, Westover Road, Wandsworth, S.W. 18. I.
1923 Fishek, R. C, b.sc, Forestry Museum, Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew. col.

1887 Fletcher, W. H. B., m.a., f.e.s., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,

Sussex. {Life Member.) I.
1889 Ford, A., South View, 36, Irving Road, West Southbourne,

Bournemouth, Hants. /, c.
1920 FoRu, L. T., St. Michael's, Park Hill, Bexley, Kent. I.

VI

Year of

mrFosTEB, T. B., "Lenore," 1, Morland Avenue, Addiscombe,

1907 FouNTAiNtr'Miss M. E., f.e.s., 126, Lexham Gardens,

W.8. I. ^ ,

1921 Fhampton, Eev. E. E., m.a., Halstead Eectory, Sevenoaks,

Kent. I. ^^^, . -^

1886 Fremlin, Major H. S., m.r.c.s., i^.k.c.p., f.e.s., White House
Farm, Bedmond, by King's Langley, Herts. L

1919 Fkisby, G. E., F.E.S., 29, Darnley Koad Gravesend^ Jnj,>,
1912 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., c/o Dr. A. G. Butler, 121,

Beckenham Road, Beckenham, Kent. I, orn.
1914 Fryer, J. C. F., f.e.s., Cbadsholme, Milton Road, Harpenden,

Herts. I, ec. ent. /xt , i

1911 Gahan, C. J., B.sc, M.A., F.E.S., British Museum (Natural

History), South Kensington, S.W. 7. c

1920 Gakkktt, H. E., 41, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent I _
1920 Gauntlett, H. L., F.E.S., M.K.C.S., L.R.C.P., Formbj,

Bi'ockenhurst, Hants. I.
1920 Goodman, A. de B., 210, Goswell Road, E.G. 1. L
1920 Goodman, 0. R., f.z.s., f.e.s., Council, 210, Goswell Road,

F C 1 I
1923 Gray," C. J. V.', School House, "B." Bradfield College, Berks. /.
190H Green, E. D., 17, Manor Park, Lee, S.E. 18. I.
1918 Green. E. E., f.e.s.. Ways End, Camberley Surrey, hen.
1920 G.osvENOR, T. H. L., f.e.s.. Council, Spr.ngvale, Linkfield

Lane, Redhill. I.
1884 Hall, T. W., f.e.s., 61, West Smithfield E^C. 1. l-
1891 Hamm, a. H., f.e.s., 22, Southtields Road, Oxford. .
1906 Hammond, L. F., Letchmere, Olden Lane Parley. •
IQOS Hare E. J., f.e.s., 4, New Square, Lincoln s Inn, W.O. 2. •
1911 HarrIs, p. F., 13, Crawford Gardens, Gliftonville Margate. .
1920 Harvey, S. W., 28, Hillmore Grove, Sydenham, S-E- 26. m .
iqi3 Haynes E. B., 25, Denmark Avenue, Wimbledon, S.W. 19. •
191d nAYNEh, , ^ Chiswick,

1923 Haywakd, Capt. 1\. o., F.t.h., -±0^, x^ „

1920 HemminI' a.' F., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Treasury Chambers, Whitehall,

S W. 1, and 9, Victoria Grove, W. 8. l.
1922 HoBsoN, A. D., 16, Parliament Hill Mansions, Highgate Road,

N.W.5. I. . . w in

1920 Hodgson, S. B., 3, Bassett Road, N. Kensington, W. 10.

Vll
Ykar of
ejection.

1919 Humphreys, J. A., 29, Shirlock Road, Hampstead, N.W. 3. I.
1914 Jackson, W. H., f.e.s., " Pengama," 14, Woodcote Valley Road,

Purley. I.

1922 JoBLiNG, Boris, 52, Charleville Road, \V. Kensington, W. 14.

1923 Johnstone, J. F., " Barringtons," Rayleigh, Essex. I.

1918 Johnstone, D. C, f.e.s., Brooklands, Rayleigh, Essex. I.

1920 JoicEY, J. J., F.L.S., f.e.s., F.R.G.S., etc, The Hill, Witley,

Surrey. I.
1920 Jump, A. C, 108, Trinity Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W.17.
1898 Kaye, \Y. J., F.E.S., Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.

I, S. American I.
1900 Kemp, S. W., b.a., Indian Museum, Calcutta. /, c.
1910 Kidner, a. R., The Oaks, Station Road, Sidcup, Kent. I.
1922 Leechman, C. B., 117, Whytecliffe Road, Purley, Surrey. I.
1914 Leeds, H. A., Council, 2, Pendcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts. I.

1919 Leman, G. C, F.E.S., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney

Heath, S.W. 15. c

1919 Leman, G. B. C, f.e.s., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney

Heath, S.W. 15. c.
1922 Liles, Major C. E., 6, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W. 1. I.

1920 LiNDEMAN, F., c/o Rio de Janeiro Tramway Light and Power

Co., Caixa Postal 571, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. /.

1922 Lock, A. K. (Miss), f.z.s., 77, Grove Hill Road, Denmark
Park, S.E.5. I.

1896 Lucas, W. J., b.a., f.e.s,, 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. Brit, o., odmiata, ;/, in, b.

1921 LylEjG. T., f.e.s., Briarfield, Stump Cross, Shibden, Halifax. //.
1892 Main, H., b.sc, f.e.s., f.z.s., Almondale, 55, Buckingham Road,

S. Woodford, E. 18. I, nat. I'ltnt., col.

1921 Mann, G. B. H., The Ingle Nook, Ashtead, Surrey.

1922 j\1ann, F. G., b.sc, a. I.e., Chemical Laboratories, Pembroke

Street, Cambridge. /.
1889 Mansbridge, W., f.e.s., Dunraven, Church Rd., Wavertree,

Liverpool. I, c, etc.
1922 Maples, Major S., Monksvvood, Huntingdon. I.
1916 Mason, G. W., 99, Seaford Road, Ealing, W.5. I.
1922 Massee, a. M., Park Place, The Common, Sevenoaks,

Kent. I.
1922 Meech, E., 119, Kempton Road, East Ham, E. 6. l.
1885 Mera, a. W., 5, Park Villas, Loughton, Essex. /.

VIU

Year of
Election.
1881 Miles, W. H., f.e.s., Grosvenor House, Calcutta. Post Box

1 26. mi, b.
1889 Moore, H., f.e.s., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E.16.
I, h, d, p I, e li, e d, mi.

1910 MoRFORD, D. R., 16, Spencer Road, Cottenham Park,

Wimbledon, S.W. 20. /.

1911 MoRicE, The Rev. F. D., m.a., f.k.s., Brunswick, Mt. Hermon,

Woking. {Life Member.) h.

1920 MoRisoN, G. D., 100, Fielding Rd., Bedford Park, W. 4. ec. ent.

1920 MoRRELL, H. A., Heathdene, Wordsworth Rd., Wallington,
Surrey. I.

1923 MuNROE, J. W., D.sc, F.E.S., Green Lawn, Kew Road, Rich-
mond, Surrey.

1923 Mutch, J. P., " Mayfield," Church Road, Bexley Heath. I.

1923 Nash, W. G., " Clavering House," Bedford. I.

1906 Newman, L. W., f.e.s., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.

1918 NiMMY, E. W., f.e.s., 15, George Street, Mansion House,

E.G. 4. L

1911 Page, H. E., f.e.s., Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross,

S.E.14. I.
1923 Parker, F. A., 205, Lauderdale Mansions, Maida Vale,

W.9. /.
1915 Pearson, G. B., 812, Stevenson Avenue, Pasadena, California,

U.S.A. I.
1908 Pennington, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W. 1. I.
1887 PoRRiTT, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersiield.

I, n.

1912 PouLTON, Prof. E. B., d.sc, m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.g.s.,

F.Z.S., F.E.S., Wykeham House, Oxford. {Hon. Member.)
1897 Brest, E. E. B., 1 and 2, Chiswell Street, E.G. 1. I.

1919 Preston, N. C, 32, Dancer Road, Fulham, S.W. 6. l.

1904 Priske, R. A. R., f.e.s., 9, Melbourne Avenue, W. Ealing,
W. 5. I, m.

1919 Quilter, H. J., Fir Cottage, Kiln Road, Prestwood, Great
Missenden. I, c, d, tni.

1922 Rait-Smith, W., f.e.s., Birkby House, Bickley Park, Kent. /.

1922 Rattray, Col. R. H., 68, Dry Hill Park Road, Tonbridge,
Kent. I.

1902 Rayward, a. L., f.e.s., c/o T. N. Rayward, The Glen, Wroxall,
nr. Bristol, and 16, Churchill Road, Boscorabe, Bourne-
mouth. I.

I

IX
Year of
Election.
1887 Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham

Coniinon, S.W. 4. am.
1920 Richardson, A. W., f.e.s., 28, Avenue Road, Southall,
Middlesex. I.

1902 Riley, Capt. N. D., f.e.s., f.z.s., President, 5, Brook

Gardens, Beverley Road, Barnes, S.W. 13. /.

1919 Roberts, J. G., 1, Segary Villas, Hadley Road, New Barnet.

1910 Robertson, G. S., m.d., Bronllys, 72, Thurlow Park Road,

Diilwich, S.E.21. I.
1922 Robertson, W. J., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.z.8., 69, Bedford Road,
S.W. 4. l.

1911 Robinson, Lady Maud, f.e.s., Worksop Manor, Notts. I, n.

1920 Rothschild, The Right Hon. Lord, d.sc, f.r.s., f.l.s., f.z.s.,

F.E.S., Tring, Herts. I. {Life Member.)
1887 Routledge, G. B., f.e.s.. Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

l,c.
1890 Rowntree, J. H., Scalby Nabs, Scarborough, Yorks. I.

1921 RuGGLEs, Hy., 146a, Southfield Road, Bedford Park, W. 4.
1915 Russell, S. G. C, f.e.s., Roedean, The Avenue, Andover

Junction, Hants. I.
1908 StAubyn, Capt. J. S., f.e.s., Sayescourt Hotel, 2, Inverness

Terrace, Bayswater, W. 2.
1914 ScHMAssMANN, W., F.E.S. , Beulah Lodge, London Road,

Enfield, N. I.

1910 Scorer, A. G., Hillcrest, Chilworth, Guildford. I.

1922 Seabrook, Lieut. J. C, f.e.s., 8, West Warwick Place, Bel-

gravia, S.W. 1. I.

1911 Sennett, Lieut. Noel S., (R.N.V.R.), f.e.s., 43, Pembroke

Square, Kensington. W. 8. c.
1910 Sheldon, W, G., f.z.s., f.e.s., "West Watch," Limpsfield,

Surrey. I.
1898 SicH, Alf., f.e.s., Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4. /.
1920 SiMMs, F. H., The Farlands, Stourbridge.

1920 SiMMs, H. M., B.sc, F.E.S., The Farlands, Stourbridge.

1903 Smallman, R. S., f.e.s., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road,

Beckenham, Kent. /, c.

1921 Smart, Major, H. D., r.a.m.c, m.d., d.sc, f.e.s., Shelley, Hud-

dersfield. I.
1908 Smith, B. H,, b.a., f.e.s., Frant Court, Frant, nr. Tunbridge
Wells. L.

X

Year of
Election.

1922 Seth- Smith, D. W., 34, Elsworfchy Road, N.W. 3. l.
1920 Smith, S. Gordon, f.e.s., f.l.s., Esfcyn, Boughton, Chester. I.
1890 Smith, William, 13, St. Mirren Street, Paisley. I.
1882 South, R., f.e.s., 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-Hill,

Brondesbury, N.W. 2. I, c.
1908 Sperring, C. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton, S.E. 7. I.

1920 Stafford, A. E., 98, Cowley Road, Mortlake, S.W. 14.

1921 Staniland, L. N., f.e.s., Trewint, Coppett's Road, Muswell

Hill, N. 10. ec. ent.
1872 Step, E., f.l.s., 158, Dora Road, Wimbledon Park,

S.W. 19. b, III, cr ; Insects, all Orders.
1916 Stewart, H. M., m.a., m.d., 123, Thurlow Park Road,

Dulwich, S.E. 21. l.

1922 Stokes, C. H. H., 107, Queen's Road, Upper Norwood,

S.E. 19. ent. but.

1923 Stolzle, G. a. W., 15, Benson Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23. I.
1923 Stolzle, R. W., 15, Benson Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23. c.

1910 Stoneham, Capt. H. F., f.e.s., w.b.o.u., 4th Battn. King's

Rities, Bomba, Uganda, B. E. Africa. I.

1911 Stowell, E. a. C.,b.a., Eggars Grammar School, Alton, Hants.
1920 Swift, R., Cilmory, Knoll Road, Bexley. L

1916 Syms, E. E., f.e.s.. Council, 22, Woodlands Avenue,
Wan stead, E. I.

1920 Talbot, G., f.e.s.. The Hill Museum, Witley. /.

3 922 Tams, W. H. T., f.e.s., 19, Sulivan Road, Hurlingham,

S.W. 6. I.
1894 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., m.a., The Vicarage, Fareham, Hants. I,

ool,
1913 Tatchell, L., f.e.s., Swanage, Dorset. I.
1902 Tonge, a. E., f.e.s., Hon. Treasurer, Aincroft, Grammar

School Hill, Reigate. I.
1887 Turner, H. J., f.e.s., Hon. Editor, 98, Drakefell Road, New

Cross, S.E. 14. I, c, n, he, b.
1922 Vallins, F. T., 372, Sherrard Road, Manor Park, E.12. I.

1921 Vernon, J. A., Lynmouth, Reigate, Surrey, l.

1921 Vesterling, a. W., 107, Castle Street, Battersea, S.W. 11. ^
1889 Wainwright, C. J., f.e.s., " Daylesford," Handsworth Wood,

Birmingham. I, d.
1911 Wakely, L. D., 11, Crescent Road, Wimbledon Common,

S.W. 19. I.

XI.

Yrar of

El-ECTION.

1880 Walkkk, Comm. J. J., m.a., f.l.s., f.e.s., " Aorangi," Lonsdale

Road, Suiumertovvn, Oxford. /, c.
1920 Watson, D., " Stewart House," 27, Overcliffe, Gravesend.
1922 Watson, E. B., f.e.s., Winthorpe Grange, Newark, Notts. I.
1911 Wells, H. 0., Inchiquin, Lj^nwood Avenue, Epsom. I.

1922 West, A. G., Clive Road, West Dulwich, S.E. 21. I.
1920 West, W., 29, Cranfield Road, Brockley, S.E.

1911 Wheeler, The Rev. G., m.a., f.z.s., f.e.s., " Ellesmere,"

Gratwicke Road, Worthing. I.
1920 Wightman, a. J., 35, Talbot Terrace, Lewes, Sussex. I.
1914 Williams, B. S., St. Genny's, Kingscroft Road, Harpenden.

I, c, hem.

1912 Williams, C. B., m.a., f.e.s., Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo,

Egypt. I, ec. ent.

1923 Windsor, P. H., Fern Hill, Horley, Surrey. I.

1920 WiTHYcoMBE, C. L., M.sc, F.E.S., Coiiiicil, 12, Prospect Hill,

Walthainstow, E. 17. I, b, n, mi.
1918 Wood, H., Albert Villa, Kennington, near Ashford, Kent. I.

1921 Worsley-Wood, H., 31, Agate Road, Hammersmith, W. 6. I.
1920 Young, G. W., f.r.m.s., 20, Grange Road, Barnes, S.W. 13.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.

Additions.
1921 Baker, G. S., 7, Fawcett Road, W. Brompton, London,

S.W.IO. I.
1923 Freeman, C. A., 54-5, Coleman Street, E.C.2. /.
1923 Holding, A., 95, Kyverdale Road, Stoke Newington, N.16. I.
1923 Jacobg, S. N. a., 5, Exbury Road, Catford Hill, S.E.6.

micro. Ifp.
1923 Windsor, F. S., Oatlands Cottage, Horley, Surrey. I.

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REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1922.

THE Council, in presenting the fifty-first Annual Report, is
pleased to be able to state that the Society is in a more
satisfactory condition than it has been for many years, as
the membership is now 211, made up as follows : — 184 Full Mem-
bers, 17 Country, 4 Honorary, and 6 Life. The Council regrets to
say that there have been five deaths. Lachlan Gibb, A. Home, H,
Rowland-Brown, V. R. Perkins, and G. Storey.

Lachlan Gibb joined the Society in 1884, and although his
frequent visits to Montreal on account of business made his attend-
ance somewhat irregular, he had always taken a very keen interest
in the Society's work, and was a regular contributor to the publica-
tion fund. In his will he bequeathed £200 to the funds of the Society.

A. Home, who joined the Society in 1889, died last September,
ased 60; living in Aberdeenshire prevented him from attending our
meetings. He had a collection remarkable for the length of the
series of varieties of individual species of British Lepidoptera.

H. Rowland-Brown, who joined the Society in 1904, died after a
long illness from heart complaint, much missed by all who knew him ;
he was Secretary of the Entomological Society of London for eleven
years; his knowledge of European Rhopalocera was great, and he
wrote a book on them illustrated with plates.

V. R. Perkins joined the Society in 1880; living for many years
in Gloucestershire prevented him from attending the meetings, but
while he was resident in London he was very regular in attendance,
and a Past President.

Gilbert Storey joined in 1913, going shortly after to Cairo, to the
Dept. of Agriculture as Economic Entomologist.

The Council have to regret the resignations of Messrs. C. S.
Baker, Major P. A. Cardew, W. P. Colhuun, C. N. Freeman, E. M.
Gibb, A. Holding, and L. Robinson.

This year being the 50th anniversary of the Society, your Council
decided that the fact should be celebrated by the election of Mr. G.
C. Champion, A.L.S., F.E.S., one of the founders of the Society in
1872, as an Honorary Member, and also by a Pocket-box Exhibition
and supper, which was held on October 19th, at the Holborn
Restaurant, In the absence of the President and of Mr. Step, the
oldest member of the Society, who was away on business, Mr. R,

Adkin, the member of next longest standing, presided. Seventy-
five members and former members and their friends sat down,
including Mr. G. C. Champion.

Those present Avero much indebted to Mr. Percy Richards for
undertaking the musical arrangements.

A Special Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera was held
on September 14th, with more exhibits than on previous occasions.

The Annual Exhibition was held on November 23rd, between
180 and 190 being present, the highest number yet recorded.

The Lantern has been used on several occasions, Mr. Dennis
proving a very efficient hon. lanternist.

The following Papers have been read before the Society : —

1. " Spiders of Oxshott," by Mr. W. S. Bristowe.

2. " Symbiosis of Fungi with the Fertilisation of Orchids," by

Mr. J. Ramsbottom.

3. "British Coccids," by Mr. E. E. Green, F.E.S.

4. " Lepidopterous Enemies of Man," by Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S.

5. " Birds' Nests of India," by Col. R. H. Rattray.

6. " Diarrisia wendica its History and its Varieties," by Mr. R.

Adkin, F.E.S.

7. " The 2nd Maxillae of the Odonata, more especially the Mask

of the Naiad Stage," by Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

8. " Notes on the Zijf/apniiloe," by Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor,

F.E.S.

9. " The Geological History of Lisects," by Mr. G. W. Young,

F.R.M.S.

Lantern slides were shown on most of these occasions.

The Honorary Curator reports that during the past year additions
to the Society's Collections have been made by Messrs. R. Adkin,
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F. W. Enefer, T. H. L. Grosvenor, L. N.
Staniland, and Miss Dunster. Mr. K. G. Blair has very kindly
named and arranged the Society's Collection of Neuroptera, con-
sisting of specimens presented by Messrs. C. A. Briggs, W. T.
Ashdown, T. B. Farmer, and Stanley W. Kemp. He also added
several specimens not represented.

The Honorary Librarian re|oorts that members have again fully
appreciated the library by the frequency of their consultation. A
number of surplus and duplicate books have been disposed of.

Field meetings were held at Ranmore Common, Horsley, East-
bourne (a whole day outing, when Mr. R. Adkin conducted and

entertained the party at his house at Meads), and a Fungus Foray
and Larvae-beating outing at Ockham and Wisley.

Messrs. Stanley Edwards and H. J. Turner were your Delegates
at the Congress of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies,
held at Southampton in June.

The volume of Proceedings for 1921-22, published during the
past year, consists of xvi. and 104 pages.

The following is a list of the additions to the Library during the
year, by exchange unless otherwise stated.

Bonics.
"North American Gulls"; "King Snakes"; "Foramifera of
Philippine Islands " ; " The Tertiary Spiders of North America " ;
"A Monograph of the existing Crinoids"; " Foraminifera of the
Atlantic Ocean"; "Catalogue of the Collection of Gems in the
U.S. National Museum" ; "Manual of the American Sbipworms";
" The Decapod Crustacea of Bermuda : Macrura " ; " Trees and
Shrubs of Mexico " (the United States National Museum) ; " Geni-
talia of the British Tortricidae," by Messrs. Pierce and Metcalf,
from Mr. R. Adkin.

Magazines and Periodicals.
"Entomologist"; "Entomological News"; "Entomologist's
Monthly Magazine " ; " Irish Naturalist " ; " Canadian Entomolo-
gist " ; " Essex Naturalist " ; " Entomologische Mitteilungen " :
" Philippine Journal of Science " ; " List of Additions to the U.S.
National Herbarium " ; " Notula Entomologica" ; " Bulletin of the
Societe entomologique de France " ; " Entomologish Tidskrift,"
Stockholm.

Heports and TraiisactiiDia of Societies.
Proceedings and Transactions of the Croydon Science Society ;
Transactions and Proceedings of the Perthshire Society of Natural
Science ; Report of the Conference of the Delegates of Correspond-
ing Societies of the British Association ; Annual Report of the
Smithsonian Institute, 1920 and 1921 ; Report of the Progress of
the U.S. National Museum ; The London Naturalist ; Bulletin of
the Hill Museum, Pt. I., from J. J. Joicey ; Annual Report of the
Haslemere Science Society ; Proceedings of the Bournemouth
Natural Science Society; The Hastings and E. Sussex Naturalist;
The South-Eastern Naturalist (S.E.U.S.S.) ; Chicago Field Meet-

ings of Natural History; Bolletins R. Scuola d'Agricoltura, Portici,
Italy ; Proceedings of the I. of Wight Natural History and Science
Society ; Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club ; Annales de la
Societe entomologique de France ; Proceedings of the U.S. National
Musum, vols. 58 and 59 ; Transactions of the Leicester Literary
and Philosophical Society.

Paiii})hletii and Separata.
" Five years of Bionomics of S. African Insects," by Prof. E. B.
Poulton, F.R.s. (Author) ; " An 18th Century Naturalist, Dru
Drury," by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, f.e.s. (Author) ; " Fossil
Arthropods," by Prof. Cockerell (Author) ; " Orchid Mycorrhiza,"
by J. Ramsbottom (Author) ; " Considerations sur I'Etre," 2 pts.,
by Prof. Janet (Author) ; " Handbook to Horniman's Museum
(L.C.C.) ; " A Study in Variation," by H. Gilmore (Author) ;
" Fossil Insecta," 7 parts, by Prof. Cockerell (Author) ; " List of
Haslemere Birds"; " Papilio polytes in India," by Prof. E. B.
Poulton, F.R.s. (Author) ; " Fossil Arthropoda in the British
Museum," by Prof. Cockerel! (Author) ; " Fossil Homoptera in the
Isle of Wight," by Prof. Cockerell (Author) ; " Colorado numerous
Publications," by Prof. J. D. A. Cockerell (Author).

TREASURER'S REPORT, 1922.

The accounts for the year ending December 31st, 1922, show, I
am glad to say, a further advance in the relation of regular income
to regular expenditure, which is very gratifying, although the actual
increase is covered by the reduct ion of £11 in the cost of printing
the Proceedings, as a drop of £5 in our income from the sales of
proceedings neutralises the advance of £5 shown under the head of
current subscriptions and dividends.

We are still over £20 a year short of being in a self-supporting
condition, the difference being made up by donations to the Publica-
tion Fund, £13 17s. 6d., and subscriptions paid in advance £14 18s.,
but I hope that, before I present another balance sheet, we shall
have received the very handsome bequest of £200, made to the
Society under the will of our late member, Mr. Lachlan Gibb,
which should, when invested, bring in an annual income of £10,
and reduce our shortage by one half.

More subscriptions have been paid in advance than was the case
last year, but I am sorry to say that there has been no improvement
in the matter of arrears, as an even larger number of current sub-
scriptions are still outstanding, and I should like to remind the 28
members, who are responsible for these, of the announcement I made
last year in regard to payments through banks, in order to
relieve me from extra w^ork entailed by their forgetfulness. I have
a number of Banker's payment forms by me, and shall be glad to
supply them on application.

During the year a further sum of £40 has been invested in 5%
National War Bonds on behalf of the Society, making a total of
£100 in all, and these are worth at to-day's price a trifle more than
the cost. Further sales of apparatus and duplicate books, received
under the Ashdown bequest, have brought in £16, and entrance
fees £2 17s. 6d., which has enabled us to carry forward a balance of
over £26 to the credit of suspense account, which will be available
for further investment.

The balance sheet shows the position of the Society to be in-
creasingly strong, and that our excess over liabilities is increased by
£25 compared with 1921. Many thanks are due to those members
who have so kindly assisted the publication fund with donations,
and to the Officers and Council for their continued assistance
during the past year.

The items shown in the various accounts are as follows, having
been carefully gone through and passed as correct by your auditors,
Messrs. T. W. Hall and E. Step.

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Spiders Found in the Neighbourhood of Oxshott.

By W. S. Bristowe.— /?crt(/ March 23);l, 1922.

I should perhaps start by saying that I do not intend to confine
myself entirely to the spiders of Oxshott for two very good reasons.
One is that I have never collected there with the idea of drawing up
a list, so that many common species occurring there have not been
noted, the other reason is that collections have been made in neigh-
bouring places, and in many cases there is no reason why these
spiders should not turn up at Oxshott as well. Apart from this a very
good reason for including a list of Surrey spiders at the end of this
paper is the fact that only one list, and that a very incomplete one,
has ever been published.* Of the 244 species here given 50 have
not been recorded previously, I believe, from the county, and one is
new to Britain, the male sex being new to science. More hunting is
sure to add considerably to this list.

It is unfortunate that some of the most forbidding members of
the group should so tactlessly enter our bed-rooms at night unin-
vited (Tegenaria), for this is one of the chief grounds for the hatred
of spiders. It is also unfortunate that the more beautiful forms are
hard to find unless sought for in the right way, as the average
person judges the whole group by the conspicuous and unpleasant
species. By beating gorse at Oxshott, or elsewhere for instance, we
may get several spiders not easily collected in any other way.
Besides some fat Epeiridae (the family to which the round-
webbed Garden-Spider belongs), and " Money- Spiders," included
in the family Theridiidae, there are certain to be some Xyaticidae
(Crab-Spiders) — Philodrunins aureolas, a rapid mover, Xi/sticus
cristatus, and X. pini, stouter and more pompous in movement
— we may find a large bright yellow crab-spider. This is
Misumena vatia, the flower-spider. It sits in flowers usually
of the same colour as itself and preys on insects which come
to visit the flower. This is one of the many good examples
of " Protective Resemblance " in spiders. Microiinnata virescens,
one of our finest species, is bright green, and very hard to
see in the grass, amongst which it roams. I have found this at
Wellington College, Berkshire, and it should turn up in the Woking-

* Victoria History of the Counties of England. Spiders by 0. P. Cambridge.

Baffshot direction if hunted for. Fpeira gibbosa is a humpy black
spider, which sits on pine twigs at Oxshott, and looks very much
like a little wooden lump. Kpeira cucmbitina is green, and sits
amongst the green pine needles. The light mottled markings of
TrocJwsa picta make it almost invisible on the sandy paths where it
hunts its prey. The grey body of the jumping spider Marpessa
wuscosa, is very inconspicuous on the pine trunks, ihere is tne
rare and bold Saltiru^ forimcarius, which very much resembles
the ants with which it lives. Then there are other small
spiders which inhabit ants' nests and which do not resemble ants.
The ants seem to tolerate them, and in return the spiders get pro-
tection Protection from what ? We probably do not often think
of spiders having enemies, yet they have vast numbers of very
terrible foes. Ants destroy large numbers, so any spiders which can
make peace with them do well. Solitary wasps account for large
numbers Psavniicchan'^ riaticiiti is a common red and black bodied
wasp at Oxshott, and on sunny days it may be seen busily hunting
for spiders. Trochosa terricola is its special prey. This is a large
grey-brown wolf-spider. Occasionally Tarantula barhpes and Tro-
chosa picta are taken instead. The paralysed spiders are buried
together with an egg of the wasp, which soon hatches and feeds on
the fresh meat provided. Other and perhaps even more terrible
enemies of the spiders are ichneumons. Many content themselves
with laying their eggs in the spider's egg cocoons, but some bolder
ones go so far as to lay an egg on the body of the spider itself, in
the small of the back as it were, just where the victim cannot reach
it ri ] The spider goes about as usual for some time, though it does
not moult a,gain, but finally, just before the ichneumon larva pupates,
the spider dies. There are many other formidable enemies, but the
ones mentioned above will serve to show what a great advantage a
spider which resembles its surroundings has over one which does
not. If Trochosa picta was as conspicuous as TrocJwsa terricola the
wasp Psavwiochares viaticus would probably attack it as often as the
latter, but as things are it is a very rare occurrence.

By puUing up heather growing on banks at Oxshott we may be
able to see an earthy tube, about two inches in length, lying along
the surface. If we dig around this it will be found to extend down
into the ground to a distance of perhaps six or more inches, and
inside it, at the bottom, a spider will be found of a very peculiar
shape. It has short plump legs, and on examination it will be
found to have large jaws working downwards instead of horizontal y
as in the case of other spiders. It does, in fact, belong to an entirely
different group to any other British spider. It belongs to the group
which includes all the large hairy tropical spiders and Trap-Door
Spiders. The burrow of our spider merely consists of a closed
silken tube, which it never leaves. In habits it is nocturnal, and
when an insect walks over the exposed surface it transfixes it with

IS powerful jaws and hauls ifc through the tube, returning to repair
It later. As the spider does not leave its nest it will appear at first
to have a very small hunting ground-merely two inches of tube
lymg along the ground— but two aiding factors must be mentioned.
Branch tubes are sometimes formed, thus increasing the hunting
area It will be found that many of these keep below the surface"
which at first sight would appear to make them useless, but when
one finds one of them eating a worm our opinion changes. To what
extent this habit goes on we do not yet know. Another factor to be
taken into account is the richness of the fauna under the heather on
these banks There are large numbers of insects and several other
kinds ot spiders. I'eponncraniu,,, litdicnim is a little yellow spider
with a very queer projecting lump on its head in the male sex.
lapinof.a hnujidem makes a little shiny web across depressions in
the ground. Macrar;n,H r„fus is a black-bodied spider with a red
cephalothorax. Trac/,osa terricola, the large wolf-spider, which is
hunted by the solitary wasp. Two species of E„opl,niH (.Juuipin^-
spiders) (one of which I have not found in the adult state, so
cannot definitely record-probably E. petrensis), and many other
species, all occur under heather.

The water-spider is found in the Black Pool at Oxshott, and around
its borders several spiders of interest occur. There are three species
oilnata (^\olf-splders). The largest one, l\ piscatnna, makes a
silken tube, open at each end, going down into moss by the water's
edge, and if disturbed it can escape from the bottom by divin^' into
the water and climbing along water plants below the surface! So
the water-spider is not the only member of the group which can
brave the water. Dolomede^ fi»'Matns, the so-called Raft-spider is
another- semi-aquatic form. This chocolate-brown species is the
largest British spider, and it should turn up in mar>hy places in
burrey, as I have taken it not very far away in Berkshire. Seeing
all these spiders capable of taking down air with them under water
caught by the hairs of the body and legs, made me wonder whether
they were specially adapted, or whether it was merely a
matter of trial, so I collected various land spiders and pushed them
under the surface. I found that they automatically took air down
with them entangled in the hairs of their body. I went further with
a young Tef/enaria (House-spider). I kept on pushing it under until
a larger bubble than usual was caught, and then 1 held it under.
It walked about, and did not seem to be any the worse for two or
three hours, by which time the bubble had been used up. So the
semi-aquatic and aquatic spiders must first have experimented, pos-
sibly diving from an enemy as the Lycosids do now, and havin^
found the life a success kept to it. A point of interest is that a spider
ike Tenenana is helpless if thrown on the water, and can live much
longer if pushed right under.

Spiders are very short-sighted, though most of them possess eight

eyes. There are two kinds — white or nocturnal eyes, black or
diurnal. One small group only possesses six, and it is tc this group
that a spider, which 1 am now recording for the first time, belongs.
There is a small brick-red spider, to be found under heaps of tiles at
Cobham, called Oonaps juilcher. It is fairl}' common in England,
and has been recorded wrongly from the continent. In houses at
Cobham I have collected several individuals of a closely allied species,
adults occurring of both sexes in the autumn and through the
winter on the walls at night. This has turned oat to be Oonops
domestinis, a female of which was once found in a Pans bookshop.
The best methods of distinguishing the two species are by the
difference in habitat and the number of spines on the front legs.
Tibia of 0: pidclier has 4 spines.
Tibia of 0. dohiesticKs has 5 spines.

We have mentioned representatives of the family Xyt^ticidae (Crab-
spiders). Our admiration should centre around the males of this
group, for, although they are smaller than their bad-tempered
spouses, they do not stand any nonsense but seize the latter roughly
by a leg with their jaws. Then, in one species at any rate {^iysticiis
cristatiis), the male actually ties her to the ground with silken
threads before mating with her. I hope soon to publish a paper
dealing with this subject ; but I might mention here, without
attempting to explain it, a queer movement of the leg spines. When
the palpal bulb is expanded these stand out at right angles to the
leg, returning to their normal position along it on the collapse of
the bulb.

The Lycosidae (Wolf-spiders) live by hunting, so their eyes have
become developed, and, as though in consequence, the males are
smartly decked out, and they show oft' their charms to the female
before mating. Taking Trochom riiricola as an example, we find
that some of the joints in his front legs are enlarged and jet black
in colour, and these he takes very good care to show to the female,
raising and waving them alternately in front of her in a very queer
manner.

In the family Salticidac (Jumping-spiders) sight, and with it male
decorations, is increased. Ho is the quality of dances. The male
of Mariiessa viuscoiia raises his fine front legs and his abdomen,
and in this attitude does a rapid two-step, first to one side
and then to the other. In Kuophrya frontalis he seems to
charm his wife by mesmerism. His large bright eyes are on a dark
background, and he moves his light yellow palps up and down in
front of them. - At the same time he slowly raises his fine pair of
black legs and then lowers them sharply to the ground again.

In conclusion, I should like to say that I feel sure this list of
spiders will be greatly swelled if collections are made in various
parts of the county; and it is my hope that this paper may at any
rate attract a little attention to this very neglected group. Per-

sonally, I have always been interested in spiders ever since my sport-
ing instincts developed at the age of four, and I used to hold
gruesome combats, but I should' like here to express my great
gratitude to Dr. A. Randell Jackson, who did much to set me on a
scientific basis, and has always shown me the utmost kindness in
identifying spiders. Those which I believe to be recorded from
Surrey for the first time are marked ■•'.

Most of my collecting has been done at Oxshott, Cobham, Book-
ham, Ripley, Horsley, and Box Hill. These are abbreviated thus :
Ox., Cob., Book., Rip., Hors.

Spiders with O.P.C. after them are included on the authority of
the late Rev. U. P. Cambridge. Those with F.P.S. on that of F. P.
Smith,

Pseudo-scorpions and Harvest spiders are usually connected in
lists with spiders, so, as there are not a great number, I append lists
of these beasts as well.

Fam. Theraphosidae.

Ati/piis affinis, Eich.— So-called Trap-Door Spider, Ox., Rip.

Fam. Dysderidae. — 6 eyes, nocturnal, enclosed in silken cells.
Dysdera canibri,l</ii, Th.— Under heather, Ox., Rip.
,, crocata, C.L.K. — Under stones, Hors., Cob.
Harpactes houiben/ii, Scop.— Under bark. Cob., Box Hill.

Under heather, Rip.
Set^eHtria se)tociilata, Linn. — Under bark. Ox.
20o)Wj)s pidcher, Tempi.— Under heap of tiles, Cob.

,, doijiesticiis. Dal. — Indoors at night. Cob. This species
is new to Britain ; identified by Dr. A. Randell
Jackson.
Isc/uiothi/n'iis relax, Jackson. — Kew (Dr. Jackson) ]
Diblenniut d.misthorpei, Camb.— Kew (O.P.C.) j ^™Po"ed.

Fam. Drassidae.

Draaunles lain'dosiis, Walck.— Under tiles, stones, bark, etc.,
Cob.
„ trniilndiites, C.L.K.— Woking (O.P.C).

si/lrestris, Bl. — Woking (O.P.C).
„ iiiacer, Thor. — Kew (O.P.C).

Prostlu'sinia latreilliL C.L.K.— Under stones. Box Hill.

„ iiu/rita, Fabr. — Richmond (O.P.C).

Scotupkiteiis blackwallii, Th. — In houses, Cob,
Micaria pulicaria, Sund.— Under stones. Sometimes runs

with ants. [2,] Cob.
Clubinna terrestris, Westr. — Cob.

„ roiiifa, C.L.K. — Beaten, Ox., Book., Box Hill,
„ tririalis, L.K. — Heather, Ox,, Rip.
,, jiallidiila, Clerck.

6

■•'Cliibiona holosericea, De Geer. — Dead reeds, gateposts, Ox.,

Cob.
„ brevipes, Bl. — Under bark, Cob., Hors., Book.
„ corticalis, Walck.-Bl. — Under bark, Ox., Cob., Box

Hill.
,, difersa, Cambr. — Cob.
„ lutescens, Westr. — Cob., Box Hill.
,, recliisa, Cambr. — Beaten, Box Hill. Under bark,

Cob.
„ neglecta, Cambr. — Kew (O.P.C.).

* ,, r/risea, L.K. — Book.

Chiracanthitini carnifex, t'abr. — Curled leaves, Ox., Eanmore
Common.

* ,, lapidicolens, Sim. — Hors.

Zora macidata, Bl. — Under heather, Ox., Eip.
Ani/phoena accentiiata, Walck. — Beaten, Book., Box Hill.
A(jroeca briinnea, Bl. — Rip.

,, celans, Bl. — Sanderstead (F.P.S.).

,, (jracilipes, Bl. — Shirley (F.P.S.).

Fam. DiCTYNDAE.

Dictyna arundinacea, Linn. — Ox.

,, piisilla, Westr. — Ox., Box Hill.

„ micinata, Westr. — Book., Hors.

„ latenn, Fabr. — Book., Hors.

,, riiidissiiiia, Walck. — Box Hill (Dr. Jackson).
Protadia siibnitpa, Cambr. — Croydon (F.P.S.).
*Lethia himiilis, Bl. — Beaten, Cob., Box Hill.
AniaHiobiiis fero.v, Walck. — Indoors, Cob., Ely. Arch, Surbi-
ton.

,, siiiiilis, Bl. — Cracks in walls. Cob.

,, feuestralis, Str. — Under bark. Ox.
Fam. Aget.enidak.

Coelotes terrestrix, Wid. — Under stones or in banks, Ox., Cob.

„ atrojios, Walck. ? — Hors. (F.P.S.).
Ar(jyr(meta aqitatica, Latr. — Water-spider, Ox.
Tegenaria atrica, C.L.K. — Banks, Box Hill.

„ derhanni, Scop.— Outhouses, Cob.

„ parietina, Fourcr. — Houses.

„ sylrestris. — Banks near Cob.

Tetrilua arietiniis, Thor. — Formica riifa nests. Ox. (Donis-

thorpe).
Cicnrina cinerea, Panz. — Under a tub, Cob.
Textrix denticidata, Oliv. — Hors. (F.P.S.).
Agelena labijrintlnca, Clerck. — Gorse, grass. Ox., Book.
Antistea elejians, C.L.K. — Damp ground, Rip., Ox.
Cryphoeca diveisa, Thor. — Lasiiis fiiliijiiiosiis nests, Ox.
Hahiia Iielveola, Sim. — Under heather and moss, Ox.

Fam. PhOLCIDAE. t-i r. o \

PholcHs phalaiujiuiiles, Fuess. ?— Wimbledon (F.F.b.)-
Fam. Theridiidae.

Episiniis tnmcatiis, Walck. — Hors.
^•Theridion torwosnin, Clerck. — Ox.

shijphiuiii, Clerck.— Box Hill, Book., Hors.
'', denticiilatiDH, Walck.— Walls, Ox., Cob.
,, raricDis, Hahn.— Box Hill, Book., Ox.

* „ tinctiiiii, Walck.— Box Hill, Book., Ox.
,, simile, C.L.K. — Beaten, Cob.

, hiniacidatuiii, Linn. — Hors.

* „ ripannm, Bl.— (O.P.C.)

hlachwallii, Cambr.— (O.P.C.)

pallais, Bl.— Bushes, Ox., Cob., Box Hill.

* '„ rittatiDii, C.L.K. — Beaten, Box Hill, Book, Cob.
',', tepiilariorioii, C.L.K. —Hothouses, Cob.

„ lineatiiMi, Clerck. — Cob.

„ picttuii, Hahn. — Hors. (F.P.S.).

aidicm, C.L.K.— Woking (F.P.S.).
Steatoda bipiinctata, Linn. — Disused rooms. Cob., Book.
Crn^tidina cinttata, Wid.— Under heather. Ox.
Tapinopa hmnidens, Wid.— Under herbage, Ox., Box Hill.
Bolyphantes biicciilentiis, Clerck.— Kiver Wandle (O.P.C).
Drapetisca socialis, Sund. — Pine trunks. Ox.
Steiiinni/phantes lineata, Linn.— Under heather. Ox.
linyplda trianyidinis, Clerck.— Gorse, Ox., Cob., Eip.
,, vKintana, Clerck. — Cob.

jmsilla, Sund.— Ox., Box Hill, Book., Rip.
dathrata, Sund.— Low herbage. Cob., Ox., Rip.
',\ pdtata, Wid. — Ox., Box Hill.

hortensis, Sund. --Wimbledon (O.P.C).
Labldla thoiacica, Wid.— Cob.
Leptypliantes wiuntiis, BL— Ox.; indoors, Cob., Hors.

tennis, Bl.— Under herbage and stones. Ox., Cob.

* ,, ziiinneniiannii, Bertk. — Ox.

leprosKs, Ohl. — Indoors and out. Cob., Hors.
-.= „ ericaeiis, Bl. — Ox.

nebidosiis, Sund.— Under herbage and stones. Ox.,
Cob.
=;= ,, weuifii, Knlcz. — Heather, Ox.

blackirallii, Knlcz.— Carshalton (O.P.C).
Bathyphantes dorsalis, Wid.— Beaten, Cob.
„ concolor, Wid.— Stones, Cob.
„ ,7rflcj7/s,'Bl.— Roots of herbage. Ox., Cob., Hors.

* „ setiyer, F.O.P.C— Damp moss. Ox.
„ ni'i'riniis, Westr.— Dead leaves. Cob.

„ pullat.Ks, Cambr.— R. Wandle (O.P.C),

Bathyphanies parvulus, Westr. — E. Wandle (O.P.C.).

„ explicata, Cambr, — Kevv (O.P.C.).
Porrhonniia pycjmaeiDii, Bl. — Beaten at Book.

„ vncroplithaliiiiiiii, Cambr. — Caught during flood,
Cob.
'''Tnteticus affinis, Bl. — Rushes, Cob.

* ,, (ira)ninicoliis, Bl. — Box Hill.
Gongylidium ritfipes, Sund. — Beaten, Book.

5, apicattnii, Bl. — S. Morwood, Carshalton (F.P.S.).
''''Goni/ylidullum rivioii, Cambr. — Under heather, Ox.
Erignue dentipalpis, Wid. — Roots, Ox., Cob., Box Hill, Rip.

,, atra, Bl. — Swept at Ox.
Wideria antica, Wid. — Hors.
Entelecera acuminata, Wid. — Ox.

* „ erythropiia, Westr. — Rhubarb pot, Cob.
Diploceplialns cristatiis, Bl. — Roots, Cob., Ox.

■^ „ beckii, Cambr. — Cob., Book.

* ,, fiiscipes, Bl. — Herbage, Ox., Cob.

* ,, peni)i.vtns, Cambr. — Ox.

Thyreostheniits biovattis, Cambr. — Nest of Wood Ant, Ox.
Knidia conutta, Bl. — Cob., Book, Box Hill.

,, bitiiberailota, Wid. — Rushes, Hors.

Neriene nibens, Bl. — Heather, Ox., Cob.

,, rubella, Bl. — Beaten, Ox., Box Hill.
■''Oedothorax retusus, Westr. — Box Hill.
''' „ ayrestis, Bl. — Cob.

* ,, fiisciis, Bl. — Roots, Cob., Book.

qibbosus, BL— R. Wandle (F.P.S.).
tiibernsHs, BL— R. Wandle (F.P.S.).

Troxochrus scabricidns, Westr. — Croydon (F.P.S.).

Pholcoinma yibhioii, Westr. — Wimbledon (O.P.C).

Centronieriis bicolor, Bl. — Roots, Cob.
'•' ,, concimiiis, Thor. — Heather, Ox.
*Dicyiiibiimi niyniiii, Bl. — Beaten, Cob.

Sariyuia frontata, I'l. — Box Hill.
* Hypselistes jacksonii, Cambr. — Reeds, Ox.

Trachyynatha dentuta, Wid. — Damp places. Ox.
"^ Peponocraniuiii ludicrioii, Cambr. — Gorse and heather, Ox.

Micrypliantes ritrestris, C.L.K. — Herbage, Ox., Cob.

* ,, mollis, Cambr. — Swept, Ox., Cob.
Rhabdorica diluta, Cambr. — Hors.

Walckenaera acuminata, Bl. — Under stones. Cob., Ox.
Ihbertns lividns, Bl. — Carshalton (Q.P.C.).
Maso snndecalii, Westr. — Carshalton (O.P.C).
llilaira nncata, O.P.C— Hors. (O.P.C).
KnnpUuinatha thuracira, Hahn. — Wimbledon (O.P.C).
Micnmt'ta viaria, BL— Wimbledon (O.P.C). [3.]

9

Corniciilaria ciispidata, Bl. — Hors. (O.P.C.).

,(nieor>ufi,O.F.C.—'R. Wandle (O.P.C).

Macrartiiia yiifiia, Wid. — Heather, Ox., Hors.
^DisniodiciiH bifnnis, Bl. —
■•' Styloctetor penicillatus, Westr. —
"^'Ta/iinoci/ba praeco.v, Cambr. — Swept, Ox., Rip.

Melos bicolor, Camb. — Kew (O.P.C). ) Imported with

Corinua pracstfots, Camb.— Kew (O.P.C). ) plants.

Fam. MlMETIDAE"

Ero thoracica, Wid. — Ox.
'^ „ tiiberciilata, Degeer. — Ox. Unmistakable cocoon.
Fam. Uloboridak.

Hijptiotes parailoxiis, C.L.K. — Box Hill (A. R. Jackson).
Spring snare-spider.
Fam. Epeiridae.

Tetiivinatha extensa, Linn. — Near water. Cob., Book.
,, solandrii, Scop. — Near water, Cob., Book.

* ,, obtusa, C.L.K. — Affinity for water not so marked.

Box Hill.
„ 7u'(/rit((, Zend). — ^Kew (O.P.C).

Packygnatha dci/cerii, Sund. — Under herbage, Cob., Hors.
„ dervldi, Sund. — Under herbage, Cob., Box Hill,
Hors.
21eta se//iiifiiitata, Clerck. — Bushes, Ox., Cob., Book.

,, merianae, Scop. —

Cyclosa conica, Pallas. — Heather, yew, etc., Ox., Cob., Box

Hill.
Zilla a'-notata, Clerck. — Window frames. Cob.
,, atrica, C.L.K. — Bushes, Book., Cob., Ox.
'■'Mangnra acalypha, Walck. — Heather, Ox.
Epeira diadeinata, Clerck. — The garden spider. Ox., Cob., &c.
„ umbratica, Clerck. — Under bark. Cob., Ox.

* „ yibbosa, Walck. — Gorse, pine. Ox., Box Hill.
=■' „ sclopetaria, Clerck. — On bridges, Cob.

,, coruuta, Clerck. — Rushes, Cob.

,, (juadiaUr, Clerck. — Grass, Book., Box Hill.

,, cKciirbitiiia, Clerck. — Bushes, Cob., Ox., Box Hill.

„ redii, Scop. — Heather, Ox.

,, triijKttata, Fabr. — Bushes, Cob., Box Hill.

* ,, stiiniiii. — Ox., Cob. ,
,, marmoiea, Clerck.— Hors. (O.P.C).

„ adiavta, Walck. — Woking, Bagshot (O.P.C).
Fam. Thomisidae. (Crab-spiders.)

Misninena vatia, Clerck. — Gorse, flowers. Ox., Cob.
Diaea dorsata, Fabr. — Bushes, Box Hill, Cob.
XysticHs a-i.statiix, Clerck. — Ground, bushes, flowers. Ox.,
Cob., etc.

10

*Xysticits Jcochii, Tbor. — Ox.

,, pirn, Hahn. — Gorse, Ox.

* „ lanio, C.L.K. — Ox., Book.
,, liictiinsiis, Bl. — Hors.

„ erraticiis, Bl. — Under Stones, Ripley.
,, uhiii, Hahn. — Wimbledon (O.P.C.)-
Oxyptila atoinaria, Panz. — Ground, Hors., Rip.

* ,, saHc^»ariV<, Cambr. -Wall of houses. Cob.

trnx, BL— Hors. (O.P.C).
praticola, C.L.K.— Hors. (O.P.C).
siiHple.v, O.P.C— Wimbledon (O.P.C).
,, scabricida, West. — Sand pits, Woking, Chobham
(O.P.C).
Philodroinns dispar, Walck. — Ox., Box Hill, Rip.

„ aiire(di(s, CR. — Gorse, trees, etc.. Ox., Box Hill.
,, eleiians, Bl. — Gorse, Ox.

''"' ,, cespitic(jllis, Walck. — Gorse, Ox.
'■' ,, nifiis, Walck. — Exact locality lost.

Thnnatiis .triatiis, C.L.K.- R. Wandle (O.P.C).
Tibelliis oblougns, Walck. — Grass, Cob., Book.

Fam. PlSAUKIDAE.

Pisaitra iiiirabilis, Clerck.— Grass, heather, Ox., Cob., Rip.
Fam. Lycosidae.

*Pirata piscaloria, Clerck. — Marsh, Ox.
,, ]draticii'<, Clerck. — Marsh, Ox.
,, hipiroplulim, Thor. — Marsh, Ox.

latitaus, BL— R. Wandle (O.P.C).
Trochosa riiriada, Degeer. — Under stones, Cob., Book.
,, teiricola, Thor. — Under heather or stones. Ox.
„ picta, Hahn. — Sandy paths, Ox.
Tarentula pulverulenia, Clerck. — Heath, Rip.
"'" ,, cimeata, Clk. — Heath, Rip.

* ,, barbipes, Walck. — -Heath, Ox., Rip.
Lycosa aiiientata, Clerck. — Cob., Ox., Rip.

'•' ,, anntdata, Thor. — Heath, Rip.

,, niyrici'pii, Thor. — -Damper situations, Rip., Ox.

,, pidlata, Clerck. — LTeath, Rip., Hors.
,, liiijiibris, Walck. — Hors., Rip.
,, jialuntris, Linn. — Wimbledon (O.P.C).
Fam. Salticidae. (Jumping Spiders.)

Salticnn scenicits, Clerck. — Walls, Cob., Book.

* ,, ciixpdatnis, Panz. — Posts and trunks. Cob.

,, a[/i)iatiis, Cambr. — Tree, Richmond (O.P.C).
Heliophanns ciipreiis, Walck. — Swept, Rip.

* ,, fiavipes, C.L.K. — Under stones, Hors.
Marpessa miiscosa, Clerck. — Pine trunks. Ox., Cob.

*BaUiiii depresHiis, Walck. — Beaten, Box Hill.

11

Sitticns pnbescens, Fab. — Tarred fence, Cob.
Neon reticiilatiia, Bl. — Under heather.
Evari'ha falcata, Bl. — Low undergrowth, Hors., Rip.
Etioplin/s frontalis, Walck. — Under heather or stones, Ox.,
Box Hill.
,, aeqnipes, Cambr. — Richiuond (O.P.C.).
■•'Aehifilhts v-iusit/uitiis, Clerk. — Heath, Rip.
]\Itii)iia)achne form tear ins, Walck. — Wood Ants (Donisthorpe),

Ox.?
Hasariits adansonii, And.— | Kew (O.P.C). Probably

,, nicholsonii, Cambr. — | imported.

Bianor aenescens, Sim. — Swept at Headley (Dr. A. R. Jackson).
Order Phalangidea. (Harvest Spiders.)

Sclerosoiiia quadridentatiiin, Cuvier. — Hors., under stones.
LiobiiuKiii rotinuhiiii, Labr. — Wimbledon (O.P.C).
'•' ,, blachiralUi, Meade. — Cob., Book,
Plialantj'nnii ojdlio, Linn. — Cob., Rip.

,, parietininii, Degeer. — Wimbledon, Hors. (O.P.C).
'■'Mitopiis morio, Fabr. — Beaten, Ox., Book.
Oligolphttfi of/restis, Meade. — Under heather. Ox.
,, tridens, C.L.K. — Cob.

* ,, hunseiiii, Cambr. — Beaten, Book., Box Hill.
„ spinosits, Bosc. — Kew (O.P.C).

Ne)iiastoma luijuhre, O.F.M. — Cob.
'■'■'• Plat i/bionis corn'Kjer, Herm. — Heather.
Order Cheknetidea. (False Scorpions.)

Chthoniiis rayi, L.K. — Undei' stones. Cob.

„ tenuiH, L.K. — Box Hill.
Clielifer scorpioides, Herm. — Wey bridge (F.P.S.).
■''Chei-iies vodusiis, Schr. — On a Hy's leg, Cob.
■''Chiridiiiiii miiseoritm, Leach. — Window, Cob.

[1.] page 2. All families are attacked. I have bred Polysphinrta pallipes,
Hlgr. (Acrodactyla degener. Hoi.), from Ther'ulion cinctum.

[2. J page 5. For Myrmeeophilous Spiders see Donisthorpe, Zoologist,
November, 1908, etc.
page 5. After Micaria pxilicaria insert — " Phriirolitlius festivus, C.K.,
With ants (Donisthorpe), Ox., Woking.

[3.] page 8. To Microneta varia &dd "Ox., with ants (Donisthorpe)," and
insert '' Microneta innotabilis, Cambr. Ox., with ants (Donis-
thorpe)."

12

A Brief Review of the Indigenous Coccidae of the British

Islands.

By E. Ernest Green, F.E.S., F.Z.S.— /iVrtJ April 2lth, 1922.

It is not my intention to give a detailed account of our British
Coccidae. Such an account is already available in Newstead's
admirable Monograph, in two volumes, published by the Ray
Society. My present object is, rather, to attract the attention of
our field naturalists to this interesting but relatively neglected
family of insects. That the subject is by no means exhausted is
evidenced by the fact that, within the past eight years, I have been
able to add approximately thirty species to the British list, more
than half of which were new to science.

Newstead's " Monograph of the British Coccidae " describes 90
distinct species, to which there have since been added another 37,
so that the list now stands at 127. Rather iiiore than half of these
(to be exact, 67) have been found only in glass-houses and must be
regarded as aliens introduced with foreign plants. In the present
paper I propose to ignore these aliens and to review (very briefly)
the superficial characters of such species as are to be found in the
open.

But, first, I will attempt to explain to you how you may recog-
nize a Coccid when you have found it. This is not quite so simple
as, at first sight, it might appear to be. To the uninitiated, the
employment of a compound microscope will be necessary for the
purpose.

It would be difficult to mention any single superficial character
that would be applicable to all the different subfamilies and genera
of Coccidae. Their external forms and appearance are so diverse
that they would never be supposed to bear any close relationship to
each other. What, for instance, could be more different than Af^pi-
diotiis hederae — a minute, limbless, yellow speck, covered by a
separate scale, and Ortliezia iirticae — an active species with con-
spicuous cushions and lamellae of compact white wax. But discus-
sion of the various modifications of form must be deferred until we
come to a consideration of the individual species.

Coccidae may be distinguished from their nearest allies (the
Aphididae and Aleittodidae) by the following characters: —

The females are invariably apterous. The body is not sharply

S.L.E. &• N.H. Soc. Proc, 1922.

Plate 3.

Figl

Fig3

E. E. Green, del.

if

Proc. S.L.E. d- N.H. Soc. Plate III.

Fig. 1. A.fpidiotus zoiiatiis, adult msi]e, x 75.

,, 2. heg of Leciiniam hesperidum, x 220.

,, 3. Stages of a female Diaspid : — (a) egi,' ; (b) newly liatched larva ;
(c) nymph, dorsal view ; (d) adult lemale, ventral view. All con-
siderably enlarged.

Proc. S.L.E. i£ N.H. Soc. Plate IV.

Fig. 4. {a) Ai^pidiotun hederae, female scale, x 15 ; (/>) male scale, x 16 ;
(c) Diaspis rosae, female scale, x 15 ; {d) male scale, x about 30 ;
(e) Lepidosaphes uimi. male scale, x 25 ; ( /') female scale, x about
30; (fif) Chionaspis salicis, male scale, x 32 ; (//) female scale, x 18.

Fig. 5. (a) Lecanium liesperidum, x 12 ; (&) Lecanium persicae, x4;
(c) Pulvinaria vitis, female and ovisac, x4; (d) male puparium,
xl6.

S.LE. dr N.H. Soc. Proc, 1922.

Plate 4.

E. E. Green, de

S.L.E. £r N.H. Soc. Proc, 1922

Plate 5.

Fig 6

Fig. 7

E. E. Green, del.

Proc. S.L.K. d- N.H. Soc. Plate V.

Fig. 6. Parafainnairia gracilis, x 15.

,, 7. (o) Asterolecanium bambusae, x 15 ; (6) fringe, x 150.

,, 8. {a) Kriococcus ine.rmis, x3; (b) Eriococcus greeni, x3; (c) Eriococcus
insignis, x 3 ; (</) Gossyparia spuria, x 9 ;

I'loc. S. /,.A'. i(- N.H. Snc. Plate VI.

Fig. 9. (a) Kermes variegiilMS, x about 2 ; (b) Kermen querciu, x 2^.
,, 10. P/if/i((cocc((s ((Cf?-i.f, adult male, x 20.
,. 11. (a) Oithezia ciitaphracta, x 12 ; (b) Ortheziola vejdovskyi, x about Ifi.

S.LE. £r N.H. Soc. Proc, 1922.

Plate 6.

a h

Fig 10

Fig 11 b

E. E. Green, del

13

divided into the three usual divisions — head, thorax, and abdomen.
In fact, it is often difficult exactly to determine the line of division
between these parts. The eyes, when present, are simple, never
compound. The external mouth parts consist of a short tabular
labium functioning as a guide for the four long slender filaments
which represent the maxillae and mandibles.

The adult males may be apterous or provided with a single pair
of wings, usually supplemented by a pair of hooked halteres which
engage with the wings (fig. 1). The alate condition is by far the more
usual. The wings have two simple nervures only. The head is
more or less clearly difterentiated from the rest of the body, but is
devoid of any vestige of mouth parts. The eyes may be either
compound or simple (usually the latter).

In both sexes the limbs (when present) terminate in a single claw
and the tarsi are, normally, one jointed (fig. 2).

The females pass through from four to five stages, and the males
from five to six, liz. : — Female. Egg: 1st stage nymph (or larva);
2nd stage nymph ; [3rd stage nymph] ; adult, ^]ale. Egg : 1st
stage nymph ; [2nd stage nymph] ; pre-pupa ; pupa; adult. (The
stage included in square brackets is the one that is suppressed in the
degenerate forms in Avhich the number of moults is restricted. A
few species are ovoviparous, in which case the egg stage is passed
within the body of the parent insect).

Coccidae are to be found in every conceivable situation ; on the
foliage, stems and roots of plants. There are many gall-making
species, but none of these have been recorded from the British Isles.

It will be convenient to adopt the arrangement given in New-
stead's Monograph, commencing with the subfamily IHaspinae.
Four genera only come within our category. They all agree with
each other, and are distinguished from members of other subfamilies,
in the possession of a separate covering scale composed partly of
cast skins (exuviae) of the previous moults, supplemented by a
secretionary appendix. The females undergo three moults only ; the
first, from the egg stage (fig. 8 a), disclosing the young larva ; the
second disclosing the nymph ; the third, the adult insect. The males
undergo an additional moult, a pre-pupal and a pupal stage being
interposed between the larval and adult stages. The adult female is
without either limbs or antennae, and the anal orifice is without a
setiferous ring. The larva (3 h), as in all Coccidae, is active,
possessing well developed limbs and antennae; but, having once
settled down to feed it remains on the same spot for the " term of
Its natural life." After the next moult it loses its limbs (3 c),
remaining attached to the plant by the rostral filaments only. It is,
at first, completely covered by the larval exuviae ; but, as the nymph
increases in size, this covering becomes inadequate and is supple-
mented by an extension (the appendix) secreted from special organs
on the compound terminal segment (the pygidium) of the body.

14

Similarly, at the next moult, the adult female (3 (/) is sufficiently
protected, for a time, by the exuviae of the previous two stages.
Accompanying the subsequent growth of the insect the covering is
completed by a further extension of the secretionary appendix. The
eggs are deposited beneath this composite scale. The adult male (fig.
1) is provided with four large ocelli, two on the upper and two on the
undersurface of the head. Its abdomen ends in a long, slender point,
the penial sheath. There are no caudal filaments. The four genera
of Diaspi)iae., represented in this country, are Aspidiottis, Lepido-
saphes { = j\[i/tilasiiis), Diaspis, and Chionasjns. They may be dis-
tinguished by the following characters of the covering scales : — ■

Aspidiotun. — Scale of female (fig. 4 a) more or less circular; the
larval and nymphal exuviae supernnposed and completely surrounded
by the secretionary appendix. Scale of male similarly constructed,
but including the larval exuviae only (fig. 4 b).

Lepidiisapliefi. — Scale of female (fig. 4 /') elongate, mussel-shaped ;
the larval and nymphal exuviae overlapping, situated at or beyond
the anterior extremity of the secretionary appendix. Male scale
similarly constructed (fig. 4 e).

Dias]>is. — Scale of female (fig. 4 c) more or less circular ; the
exuviae usually overlapping, surrounded by the secretionary appendix.
Male scale (fig. 4 d) of a different character; elongate and more
or less distinctly tricarinate, the larval exuviae situated at the
anterior extremity.

Chioiiaspu. — Scale of female (fig. 4 /;) elongate or pyriform ; the
exuviae overlapping, situated at or beyond the anterior extremity
of the secretionary appendix. Male scale (fig. 4 //) elongate,
tricarinate.

We have five species of Aspidiotus occurring in the open : —

A. ostreaefoniiin, Curtis. The so-called " oyster-shell scale," on the
stems and branches uf birch, horse-chestnut, poplar, apple,
plum, and various fruit trees. Scale very inconspicuous,
blackish or dull brown, assimilated in colour to the bark upon
which it rests, often with the superficial fibres of the bark
incorporated into the surface of the scale.

A. havariciis, Lindinger. On Collinia vuhjaris and Erica cinerea.
Scale brown, of the exact tint of the bark of the heather.

A. zonatiis, Frauenfeldt. On oak. Scale dull greyish ochreous, on
the terminal branches of the tree. Male scales pale, trans-
lucent ochreous ; on the undersurface of the leaves.

A. hritannicii>i, Newstead. On holly and box. Male and female
scales brown or brownish ochreous: on the twigs and foliage.

A. hederac (Vallot). On Aiiciiba. Scale conspicuous, white, the
exuviae pale yellow ; on both surfaces of the foliage. This
is an alien that has, within recent years, adapted itself to our

15

climate. I have records of considerable damage to Aucuba
plants in Devonshire and the Isle of Wight.

The genus Diaspia provides two species only : —

D. rosae (Bouche). On cultivated and wild roses and on brambles
{Riibiis spp.). Female scale conspicuous, white, exuviae red-
dish. Male scales white, strongly tricarinate. Often very
abundant on the stems of cultivated roses, especially those
in sheltered positions, against walls, etc.

D. carudi, Targ. On Jimii>eriis sp. (Royal Gardens, Kew) and upon
a variety of CupresRitH lairsouiana (m a nursery garden at
Ottershaw, Surrey). Scale inconspicuous, whitish, concealed
amongst the crowded leaflets of the plant. Though the
species has not yet been recorded from the wild Jnniperiis
cn)iinnmis, it very probably occurs upon our native plant.
The inconspicuous chaff-like scales are so well concealed that
they might be overlooked very easily.

The genus Chionaspis is represented by a single species : —
C. salicis (Linn.). Principally on sallow, willow, and ash, but
occurring, not uncommonly, upon alder, broom, dogwood,
lilac, elm, and several other trees. Scale of female white,
but often obscured by a superficial "deposit of algae from the
bark of the trees to which it is attached. The tricarinate
male scales are sometimes clustered so thickly upon the
stems as to give the tree the appearance of having been
whitewashed.

The genus LepidosapJws, which has precedence of the better known
name Mi/tilciKpift, is similarly represented by the single species —
L. ulrni (Linn.). A pest of orchard and other trees, well known to
gardeners and fruit growers as the "mussel scale," and
generally referred to, in text books, by the name of Mi/tilaapis
poiiionnii. Its popular name is a good description of its
appearance, for the scale is really very like a miniature
mussel shell, of a reddish brown colour.
L. iibiii-candidiis, Newstead, is a variety with a milk white scale,
occurring on Crataenm.

We now come to the subfamily Lcranunae wnth numerous genera,
of which nine occur wild in this country. They are of very diverse
appearance, but may be distinguished by the following characters.
Females with the posterior extreniity more or less deeply cleft, with
a definite setiferous anal ring; anal orifice covered dorsally by a pair
of triangular hinged plates. Adult males with from four to eight
ocelli; halteres often' wanting ; penuil sheath moderately long and
slender ; usually with a pair of long caudal filaments. The male

16

pupa is covered by a characteristic puparinm, usually composed of
translucent wax, and symmetrically divided into definite plates
(fig. 5 d). Limbs and antennae generally present in all stages of
the female insect, but sometimes vestigial or (rarely) absent in the
adult.

Genus Lecaniion. Adult female naked. Most of our British
species are strongly convex and the skin of the dorsum becomes
densely chitinous and rigid, to form a protective covering for the
eggs. Seven species come within our category.

L. persicae (Fab.) (fig. 5 h). This is one of our commonest species and
infests a large number of garden and wild plants, amongst
whichmay be mentioned peach, vose,Cotoneaster, Iiobiiiia,Ribes,
broom, hawthorn, etc. The adult female is of a reddish
brown colour, strongly convex, slightly longer than broad,
with rugose sides, from 8 mm. to 5 mm. in diameter. The
old females are mere shells, covering a mass of pale pink eggs.
They are sometimes densely crowded upon the stems and
branches of plants grown in sheltered situations, such as
peach and rose trees trained against a wall. Newstead dis-
tinguishes two forms — typical persicae and var, mrothaiirni ;
but I must confess that I find it difficult to separate them.
There is, however, a question whether typical persicae occurs
in this country, if a varietal name is necessary, it seems to
me that ruhiniae of Douglas has preference over mrotliamni
of the same author,

L. persicae-cnichdii. I have described, under this name, a form that
was found infesting the foliage of a species of Aralia that
was growing permanently in the open air. It is distinguished
by its more depressed form and paler colour. The mature
females are never so densely chitinized as in the type.

L. capreae (Linn.). This species also has a wide range of host plants.
It occurs more commonly upon apple, hawthorn, hazel, horse
chestnut, and elm. It is of a sub-spherical form, the sides
often projecting beyond the base. It is usually of a paler
shade of brown than is the preceding species.

L, bituberculatiiiii, Targ, Confined to the hawthorn {CrataeifHs
oxyacanthae). It is often very abundant upon the smaller
branches of old hawthorn hedges. Though one of the largest
of our British species it is so well "camouflaged" by Br
variegated pattern of black, white, brown, crimson, and
olivaceous tints, that it is extremely difticult to detect, especi-
ally as it usually takes up a position at the base of a thorn
or a bud. It is of a strongly convex form and is well
characterised by the presence of two prominent, rounded
knobs on the dorsum.

L. transvittatutn, Green, A rare species, recorded from birch only.

17

It is relatively small and almost spherical in form. Living
examples are black, with conspicuous, broken bands of white.

L. ciliattun, Douglas. Confined to the oak. Adult female approxi-
mately circular, moderately convex ; olivaceous brown, ap-
pearing greyish from a thin covering of white powdery
secretion. It is more particularly characterised by the
presence of a fringe of delicate white filaments.

L. zebrhimii. Green. On the smaller stems and branches of birch
and aspen, more commonly on the young trees. Somewhat
resembling ciliatniii, but more highly convex and without a
marginal fringe. The mature living insect is strongly banded
with black on a paler ground, but the pattern is more or less
masked by a thin coating of powdery secretion.

L. hesperidtiiii (Linn.) (fig. 6 a). This is, primarily, a greenhouse pest ;
but is occasionally to be found on ivy, myrtle, and holly in the
open. It differs from all our other British species in its
form, which is flatfish and elongate ovate, and in the fact
that it remains relatively soft throughout its life. This con-
dition is accompanied by an ovoviviparous habit, in which
there is no necessity for a protective covering for eggs. The
typical form is of a greenish yellow or orange-yellow colour,
minutely specked with darker spots. The variety alienum of
Douglas (probably equivalent to laiiri, Sign.) is of a duller,
brownish olivaceous tint, closely speckled with darker spots.
This variety is not uncommon upon the foliage of the bay
{^Laiiriis nobilis).

The genus I'ldvinaria differs from Leconiinii principally in the
presence of a conspicuous ovisac, which is extruded from beneath
the posterior extremity of the insect.

Pulvinan'a vitis (Linn.) (fig. 5 c, (/). On hawthorn, birch, alder, sallow
and various species of Itibes. It takes its special name from the
fact that it is a recognised pest of the grape vine. The dull
brown insect is rendered conspicuous by the snowy white,
strongly convex ovisac, which is an accompaniment of the
final stage of the female. The small, glassy, male puparia
(fig. 5 (/) are sometimes crowded together on the young
twigs of the plant.

In the genus Lichtensia the mature female is almost completely
enclosed within a closely felted ovisac, only a small portion of the
thorax being exposed.

L. vibnrni, Signoret. On foliage and young stems of ivy and
Laurutinus. The former is the more usual host plant in
this country. In the earlier stages it looks like a flat,
greenish Lecanium, and is then very inconspicuous; but after

18

the completion of the snowy white ovisac, it is readily
noticeable.

The genus Liiziilaspis [ = Suinoretia) might be described as a very
narrow and elongate form of Lichteusia, the ovisac covering all but
the anterior extremity of the insect. There are, however, structural
characters to justify the separation of the two genera.

L. Ittziilae, Dufour. On the foliage of the wood-rush {Liizida cam-
jn'Htria). The elongate, narrow, snowy white ovisacs are
sometimes conspicuous objects on rough pasture land.

The genus Kxaeretopnn is distinguished from other genera of the
Lecaniiuae by the presence of a deep fold across the middle of the
tarsi of the front limbs, giving that segment the appearance of being
2-jointed.

E. lovgiconiis, Green. On Care.v oralis ; on the upper surface, near
the base of the leaves. Adult female orange-yellow, at first
resembling an elongate, fiattish Lecaniuw ; but, subsequently,
almost completely concealed by a closely felted, cylindrical,
white ovisac.

Lecanopsis. It would be difficult to characterise this genus briefly
and concisely. I will content myself with a reference to our only
British species.

L. forinicario)}, Newstead. Early stages on the roots of grasses ;
the nymph enclosed in a brittle, glassy test. The young
adult females ascend the grass stems; but, after fertilisation,
descend to the surface of the ground, where they construct
lodse, woolly ovisacs, filled with rose-red eggs, under moss
and debris at the base of the tufts of grass. They are most
frequently associated with the grass Festuca <)vi)ta. The
insect itself is of a yellowish or reddish colour. The nymphal
stage was originally regarded as belonging to a distinct
species — L. brcviconiis. The regular association of this
insect with ants is doubtful, though occasional individuals
have been taken in the nests of ants.

In the genus Eriopdtix the mature female is completely enclosed
within a felted sac. The legs and antennae are atrophied.
E. festnrae (Ponscolombe) (fig. 5 <'). On grasses of the genus Festnca.
This is probably the most conspicuous of all our British
Coccids. The large, white, strongly convex ovisac may
attain a length of 7 nim. It is of a loose woolly texture and
has many erect, projecting filaments, which give it a
markedly shaggy appearance. The contained insect is of
a pallid ochreous colour, the surface rou<,'hened like shagreen
owing to the presence of numerous conical spines.

19

In the genus Parnfairmairia the adult female insect is covered
with a glassy test divided into symmetrically disposed polygonal
plates.

P. gracilis, Gi'een (fig. 6). On various grasses and sedges. Test of
mature female elongate, narrow, acutely pointed at both
extremities, laterally compressed, the dorsal plates forming
a sharp keel.

Phi/sokennes is a very abnormal genus, quite unlike any other in the
subfamily. The species are characterised by the complete absence
of limbs and antennae in the adult stage, by their spherical form,
and by the presence of two large brood pouches in the cavity of the
body.

F/i. abietis (GeoftVoy). On the spruce fir {Abies excelsa). Although
a relatively large insect, in its mature stage, it is extra-
ordinarily inconspicuous, owing to its resemblance to the
unopened leaf buds of the plant. The young larvae take up
a position, head downwards, beneath the bud scales at the
base of the young shoots, and hibernate in that situation.
After moulting twice, in the following spring, the adult
female expands until its hind body is protruded beyond the
scales, and finally assumes a more or less spherical form.
Its colour — chestnut brown — simulates the unopened leaf
buds. The male of this species is unknown.

In the subfamily Astendecaniiuae we find species enclosed within
a horny or waxy test ; often with a marginal fringe of paired fila-
ments, which arise from figure of eight-shaped pores on the body of
the insect.

The typical genus AsterolecauiiDii (fig. 7) is the only one that is
represented in our islands. The covering test is horny and trans-
lucent ; usually with a conspicuous marginal fringe of glassy
filaments.

A. varidLisiiiii (Ratzeburg). On the smaller branches and twigs of
oak ; occupying shallow pits in the cortex. The test is of a
greenish colour, a darker patch at one extremity indicating
the position of the sublying insect. The marginal fringe is
often incomplete or imperfect.

A. thesii (Douglas). On Thesiain htiunfiisiiin. Test yellowish. In
addition to a marginal fringe there is a longitudinal series of
tufted filaments on the dorsum.

Of the subfamily Eriococcinae it is difficult to give any single
character that is common to all the genera included in the group.
The adult females usually have a pair of prominent, spiniferous
(often densely chitinous) lobes at the posterior extremity of the

20

body ; but tbese are wantinf^ in several anomalous genera that have
been assigned to this subfamily. The antennae (when present)
have never more than seven joints, and the terminal joint is rela-
tively short.

The typical genus, Eriocncnis,\s characterised by the mature female
insect being completely enclosed within a closely felted sac. The
posterior lobes of the body are well developed, and conical spines are
usually present on at least some part of the body.

E. deroiiiensi!^ (Green). On Erica tetrali.v, causing distortion and
convolution of the stems at the point of attachment. Sac
white, subglobular. Insect orange-yellow; the dorsum thickly
set with stout spines.

E. insii/nis, Newstead (fig. 8 c). On grasses. Sac white ; elongate,
narrow ; surface relatively smooth. Body of insect with a
continuous marginal fringe of spines.

i^./yrfen/, Newstead (fig. 8 b). On grasses. The sacs, which are often
attached to dead bracken and fallen leaves, are usually more
ovate than those of insi</nis and, in fresh examples, exhibit
numerous erect filaments. Dorsum of the insect with
numerous spines.

E. pseiiduisiiinis, Green. On grasses. Sac pale ochreous, elongate.
Body of insect with scattered spines on the frons and median
area of thorax in addition to the marginal fringe of spines.

E. glyceriae, Green. On the underground stems and rhizomes of
Glyceria niaritinia. Sac whitish ; broadly ovate. Colour of
insect rose-red. Spines few, confined to the margins of the
abdominal segments.

E. inerniis, Green (fig. 8 a). On Eestuca ovi)w. Sac small, hammock-
shaped, creamy-white ; surface smooth. Body of insect
devoid of spines, except on the posterior lobes.

E. placidiis, Green. On liracJn/podiinn si/lvaticmu. Sac relatively
large ; ochreous or whitish ; surface woolly. Body of insect
without spines, except on the frons and posterior lobes.

The genus Gonfii/paria difi'ers from Eriorocciat in the covering sac
being incomplete, leaving the greater part of the dorsum of the
insect exposed. Posterior lobes strongly developed.

G. spuria (Modeer) (fig. 8^/). On the stems and branches of various
species of Ulvms. At present recorded only from a few
nursery gardens. Insect chocolate-brown, lying within what
might be described as a fringed calyx of whitish felted
secretion.

In the genus Eonscolondna the mature female is enclosed within
a cylindrical ovisac. Body without prominent lobes or spines.

21

F. fraxini (Kaltenbach). In crevices of the bark on the stems and
branches of ash trees. Ovisac white, elongate, often con-
torted. Female insect brick-red. Male apterous.

In the genus Cryptococcnn the mature females are practically
apodous, the anterior and mid limbs are wanting, while the hinder
pair are vestigial.

C. fcv/i (Biirensprung), On the stems and branches of beech trees.
The mature females are enveloped in a loosely felted white
sac. Insect honey-yellow. This is the notorious Beech
Coccus.

Keniies is a very anomalous genus, in which the adult females are
naked and gall-like. In some of the species well developed limbs
are present ; in others the limbs are vestigial. The body is without
a trace of the usual posterior lobes.

K. varift/atus (Gmelin) (fig. 9 a). On the small twigs of
oak, where they may well be mistaken for small
Cynipid galls. This habit may possibly account for
the apparent rarity of the insect, for there is only one
British record (Bleane Woods, Heme, Kent). It was
taken, on a single occasion only, by the late C. 0.
Waterhouse. The mature female is spherical ; smooth and
shining ; ochreous or brownish yellow, marbled with dark
brown or blackish bands. The antennae and limbs are fully
developed, in this species, but can be of little use to the adult
insect.

K. (jiwrrus (Linn.) (fig. 9 b). In crevices of the bark and amongst
the crowded adventitious buds on the stems of oak trees.
The mature female is of shape of a grape seed ; the anterior
extremity (which is buried in a crevice) narrowed; the
hind body swollen. Colour yellowish brown to reddish
brown, inconspicuously banded with black. Antennae and
limbs vestigial.

The subfamily Dartijlopiincic conta,\ns the so-called "Mealy-Bugs,"
of which we have three genera occurring in this country.

The genus i'/it'iiacoccua is distinguished by the presence of nine
joints in the antennae of the adult females. The claws usually have
a denticle on their inner edge. The males have four caudal fila-
ments (fig. 10).

P. aceris (Signoret). More commonly on gorse ; but occurring also
on various trees, including maple, oak, elm, apple, and plum.
Mature female pale green, thinly dusted with white mealy
secretion. Ovisac white, large and conspicuous.

The genus Paeiitlncocctis contains species in which the antennae

22

of the female are 7- or S-jointed. The claw is usually without a
denticle. The male carries two caudal filaments only.

Ps. galiani , Green. On Bihes sa)i(iiiiiu)li'nfa, CcanDtlum sp., [.ahiiniiim,
and upon sprouting potato tubers. A somewhat troublesome
pest in the garden. Adult female purplish grey, thickly
coated with white meal. Margin of the body with a fringe
of short, white, Avaxy tassels, the four hindermost tassels
much longer than the others.

Ps. hiherniciDi (Newstead). Kecorded, by Prof. Newstead, from "the
crowns of various grasses and of the sea-pink {Aniieria vnl-
f/aris)." I have taken the species under the loose bark of
fallen branches of oak lying on grass in pasture land. The
insects had apparently crept into this shelter for the purpose
of oviposition and had constructed their ovisacs there. Mature
females purplish grey, thinly dusted with mealy powder ;
posterior extremity with four short waxy tassels.

Ps. newsteadi, Green. Under the bud scales and in crevices of the
bark of beech trees. Mature female pale brownish ochreous;
dorsum thickly and evenly dusted with mealy powder ;
abdominal segments with short waxy tassels.

Ps. pahtdinus, Green. On the foliage of various herbaceous plants.
The early adult females weave tent-like shelters in the angles
of the more prominent veins on the undersurface of the
leaves. Adult female brownish pink, masked by a thin
coating of white mealy power. Posterior extremity with four
short waxy tassels.

Ps. pidverariiis (Newstead). Concealed between the leaf-sheath and
the flowering stems of various grasses. Mature female
narrow and elongate ; pinkish purple ; posterior extremity
with one (or two) pairs of short waxy tassels.

Ps. sphorpii, Green. In nests of the ant Formica picea, and amongst
the sphagnum moss surrounding the nests. Adult female
pinkish, thinly dusted with mealy secretion. No waxy tassela
were observed on the material examined ; but, from the posi-
tion and character of the ceriferous organs on the insect, it
is probable that fresh examples would exhibit short tassels
on the frontal and posterior margins.

Ps. ivalkeri (Newstead). On various grasses. The insects take up
their position on the upper surface of the blades of the grass.
At the slightest disturbance they detach themselves and fall
to the ground where they quickly creep into shelter. Mature
female densely covered with mealy secretion. This species
is recognisable by the unusually long and stout waxy pro-
cesses, which project forwards from the anterior and back-
wards from the posterior extremity.

I have recently discovered a large species of Vseudococcus that

23

lives between the leaf sheath and the flowering stems of the reed
Phalaris arnndinacea. This species will be described, elsewhere,
under the name Ps. phalaiidis.

The genus Piipersia includes a number of small species, mostly
subterranean, many of which inhabit the nests of, or are associated
with, ants. Their characters aie so obscure that it would be useless
to attempt to distinguish them by their superficial appearance. They
are mostly to be found at the roots of plants and are often exposed
by turning over large stones. The males are unlcnown. The fol-
lowing species have been recorded from the British Isles : — eniopaea,
Newstead, siihtfrranea, Newstead, do)iis(horpei, Newstead, fortnicarii,
Newstead, toinliiiii, Newstead, halophila (Hardy), and scirpi, Green.
The last species occupies the crowns of the small rush — -Scirpns
cafspitosiia.

Between the Oitheziinae and the foregoing subfamilies there is a
wide gap. In all the previous genera spiracles (in two pairs) are
present on the thorax only. In the Ortheziiiiae and following sub-
families abdominal spiracles also are present. With the Orfhcziinae,
also, we arrive at genera in which the males are provided with com-
pound eyes. The female insects are active in all stages. The dorsum
is more or less covered with compact and waxy lamellae, and there
is a marginal fringe of similar processes which increase in length
towards the posterior extremity, where they coalesce to form a cover-
ing to the ovisac. This ovisac is firmly attached to the body and is
carried about by the insect, the young larvae emerging through an
aperture at its hinder extremity. Males with compound eyes and a
caudal tuft of delicate filaments resembling spun glass.

In the genus Orthezia we have adult females with 8- or 9-jointed
antennae, and tarsi distinctly divided from the tibiae.

0. cataphracta (Shaw) (fig. 11 a). Under moss. Dorsal lamellae
of the adult female fiat, dense, plate-like, in two series. Legs
and antennae reddish brown. More common in Scotland
and the northern counties of England.

0. nrticae (Linn.). On Stellaria holostea, Teiicriimi sajrodoiiia,
Artemisia and various other plants. Dorsal lamellae of adult
female prominent, more or less erect, in four series. Legs
and antennae dark brown. The sharply cut white lamellae
give the insect the appearance of being modelled in plaster
of paris.

The genus yewsteadia is characterised by the females having
seven joints only in the antennae. The tarsi and tibiae are fused
together, without any recognisable division.

jN'. ]iocc()sa (De Geer). Under moss. Dorsal lamellae of adult
female looser and more flocculent than those of our two

24

species of Ortliezia ; prominent ; in two series. Legs and
antennae pale brownish ochreous.

In the genus Orthezinla the antennae of the adult female have
four joints only, and the prominent, tubular eye is fused to the
basal joint. The tibiae and taisi are in one piece, without recog-
nisable division.

0. vejdorskiji, Sulc. (fig. 11 b). Under moss and logs of wood.
The median dorsal area of the adult female is naked, without
lamellae.

Genera of the subfamily Maniarodinae are peculiar in containing
species of which the females undergo a quiescent, encysted, nymphal
stage, interposed between the active larval and adult stages. Another
peculiarity of the species in this section is that the adult females are
without functional mouth parts. In some of the genera the mouth
parts have disappeared altogether ; in others they are vestigial. In
the encysted nymphal stages the mouth parts are present and func-
tional, but limbs and antennae are entirely wanting. The males
may have compound eyes and a caudal tuft of silky filaments, or
simple eyes and a single pair of simple caudal filaments. The typical
genus [Man/aroiles] includes the " Ground Pearls," so called from
the nacreous test that encloses the encysted nymph ; but this genus
has not been recorded from the British Isles. Our sole representa-
tive of the subfamily is a species of the genus Steiiir/elia, viz. : —

S. ijorodetskia, Nassonow. On the stems of birch trees. Mature
female elongate, narrow ; of a dark slaty grey colour ; subse-
quently secreting a conspicuous white ovisac. For the
purpose of oviposition tbe insect prefers to secrete itself either
between matted fallen leaves or in the dead and hollow stems
of bracken at the base of the tree. The nymph of this species
still awaits discovery. The male has a circle of ocelli sur-
rounding the head, and a single pair of long, slender waxy
caudal filaments. The species was originally discovered in
Russia. England is the only other country from which it
has been recorded.

I have now reviewed all the indigenous species that, up to the
present time, have been recorded from the British Isles ; but I feel
confident that many others remain to reward a diligent search (or
rather searcher). Our pines, for instance, should produce several
species of the genera LeucoKpis and Aspidiotits which infest this tree
on the continent of Europe. At present, not a single Coccid has
been described from Piiiiis si/ln'stris in this country, though imma-
ture examples of an undescribed species have recently been dis-
covered by an enterprising member of this Society. It is hoped that
this interesting species will be worked out in the course of the

25

coming summer. Then, neither of the genera Aclerda or Antonina
is, as yet, represented on our British list. Both Aclerda subterranea
and Antonina purpurea occur, upon grasses, in France.

Our larger reeds (Plirai/nufes and P/talarix) are likely to repay
careful search, for species secreted between the leaf sheaths and
flowering stems. And all the various grasses and rushes deserve
careful attention. It is b}^ no means improbable that some species
of the interesting genus Mari/arodes may be (literally) turned up
upon the roots of grasses or other herbaceous plants.

It should be noted that, though I have been talking of the
Coccidae of the " British Isles," nearly all of our records relate to
England alone, and to quite small areas of that. The distribution
of species in Scotland and Ireland is practically unknown.

Finally, I may say that I shall be delighted to assist any of our
members who may be inclined to take up the study of these interest-
ing insects, and to determine any species that they may care to
submit to me.

26

The Lepidopterous Enemies of Man. With special
reference to species that occur in Britain.

By Robert Adkin, F-E.^.—Bead Mai/ 25t/i, 1922.

When primitive man roamed the earth clad in the skins of
beasts, which he wore to a finish and then discarded, and for his
sustenance took such fruits of the earth as he might gather, as his
needs required them, probably the only insect enemies that troubled
him were those that bit his body. But as man became civilised
he began to grow crops and to store their proceeds; until at the
present time he grows his crops in dense masses and stores the
fruits of his husbandry in great bulk in barns and warehouses;
and as to clothing, whether his garments be of woven cloth or of
the furs of animals, he probably wears them for but a short period
and then lays them aside for a considerable time for his future use.
All this creates conditions favourable to the attacks of his insect
enemies and they have not been slow to take advantage of them,
until at the present time the losses caused by their agency are very
great, much greater indeed than anyone, who had not studied the
question very carefully, could imagine.

Some idea, however, may be gathered of the loss caused by the
depredations of insects, from the writings of two recent authors, who
from carefully prepared statistics put the actual annual damage to
the crops and stores of the United States of America alone, the one
at 2,266,000,000^ and the other at 2,015,000,000"^ dollars, that is
somewhere round about five hundred million pounds sterling.
Now I do not suggest that we in Britain (and it is to species
occurring in this country that I propose to confine my attention)
suffer to anything like so great an extent. We do not grow our
crops on so large a scale, and our climate is not so suitable for the
rapid multiplication of insect pests, and although, so far as I am
aware, no very definite estimate has been made of the damage that
we actually do suffer, we may rest assured that it is very great and
that unless we are continually taking means to check it, it will
inevitably become greater and still greater.

1 Sanderson and Peairs, " Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard,"
New York, 1<)'21.

2 Fernald, " Applied Entomology," New York, 1921.

27

Fortunately the gravity of the subject has not been over-looked,
even in this 'country, and we have had for many years past many
ardent workers, both professional and amateur, devoting their
attention to working out the life-histories of our insect pests and
devising methods for combating their ravages, it therefore behoves
us, one'^and all, to take advantage of the information that they so
willingly give us of the result of their labours, to keep in check our
insect'enemies. A few fruit trees, a little garden patch, even an
allotment, if left to run wild for a few years, may become a nursery
for all sorts of noxious insects and thus in due course become the
means of infecting a whole neighl)oarhood with them.

All orders of insects contribute their quota to this wholesale
destruction, and although the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths),
the group that we are now considering, are by no means the chief
offenders, they do a very considerable amount of damage to our
crops, in our warehouses, even in our homes ; turn which way we will
we seem never to be free from their ravages. Not that the perfect
insect, the actual butterfly or moth does any damage, the construct-
ion of its mouth-parts is unsuitable for attack upon any hard sub-
stance, the more or less lengthy proboscis with which it is furnished
being suitable only for feeding upon the nectar of flowers and
simiTar more or less liquid forms of diet. Indeed in the imago stage
they are a real benefit, in that by their method of feeding they
assist in the fertilization of flowers. But it is in the larval (or
caterpillar) stage, the only stage in which real growth is attained,
that they cause damage. The larval mouth is furnished with hard
chitinous mandibles, so hard that no vegetable substance appears to
be proof against their attack, fruit, roots, even the hard wood of
trees, grain, fur, feathers, cloth and numerous other substances all
come within their diet and are liable to damage from their attack.

Anyone who has grown a patch of cabbages must in some years
have gazed askance at rows of skeletons, where nice healthy cabbages
ouoht^to have stood, plants of which nothing but the mid-ribs and
lai^er veins alone remained, the whole of the soft tissues of the leaves
havino^ been gnawn away. This is the work of the larva of Fiens
brassicae, L. The butterfly lays its eggs on the leaves of the cabbages,
little yellowish upright eggs sprinkled all over the leaves ; in a few
clays they hatch and the little larvae commence to feed upon the
cuticle of the leaf their depredations for a time being hardly
noticeable, but suddenly, after several changes of skin, they develop
marvellous appetites and the reduction of a fine healthy cabbage to
a mere skeleton is the work of but a few days. If our cabbage
patch happened to be a small one we might have saved the situation
by hand-picking the eggs before they batched, but once the
larvae are out they are not easy to deal with, for in their younger
stages they are not readily seen, and when large enough to be easily
noticeable they have already committed the bulk of the damage.

28

Buds do not appear to be fond of these larvae, indeed there is reason
to beheve that they are distasteful to them and thus protected
But they have a very deadly enemy in a tmy four- winged fly You
have no doubt noticed under the coping of walls and on fences near
cabbage gardens m autumn, especially in seasons when the butterfly
has been unusually abundant, the remains of a larva surrounded by
a bunch of little pale yellow cocoons. These are the work of this
fly, a Hymenopteron known by the name of Apautdes „ln,>,eratns L
ihe parent fly stabs the young lepidopterous larva with'its ovipos tor
and pushes its eggs under the larval skin, these shortly hatcfh and

onnhi^ ™ ".i "P. '"''^^' '^" lepidopterous larva, but without
touching any vital part unt.l it is full-fed and has just hun<. itself

Z\T\ ""uT"''-- .^''' V""''^' "^"^ "'^° ^^1^-^^^^ ^t this tim:, they
then kill their victim and eat their way out through its skin and
ep.n their cocoons all around it. That we owe a very great deal to
this little parasitic fly in keeping down the attacks of the butterflv
larvae on our cabbages will be gathered from the fact that in 1917
a year when the butterfly was exceedingly abundant, from many'
thousands of larvae collected in various parts of the country
on y between 1 and 2 per cent reached maturity, all the others bei/^
killed by the attacks of the fly. °

No other butterfly can be regarded as anything like so serious a
pest. P. rapae L. (Small Garden White), it is true, may occasion-
ally strip our Tropeolums of their leaves,' but even 'so the damage
s of no material importance and it seldom causes senous trouble
in tne kitcben garden.

Note.— Since this paper was in manuscript one of the rare
occasions when P. rapae was really harmful occurred. The
imagines of the summer emergence were far more abundant than
sLial and in the autumn the cabbage plants in our gardens were
badly eaten by larvae, an examination of which showed that from
eighty to ninety per cent, of them were P. rapae.

The Sphinges although of great size are not a very harmful -roun
At rare intervals one hears that potato plants are being stripped
by Mandnca atmpo,, L. (Death's Head Hawk Moth), but in such
cases it IS generally more fright on the part of the observer at the
size of the enemy than any real harm that it does, for the species
never occurs in dangerous numbers in this country

As illustrating how easily people may be frightened by size, some
years ag^ a frantic letter was received from a large apple grower in
Herefordshire to the effect that some huge caterpillars had
descended upon his orchards like a flock of locusts and were
devouring all his trees. Naturally we felt interested and wrote off
at once asking him to send us a good sample of the caterpillars so
that when we knew what they were we might be able to help him

29

After a few days we received a small tin containing eight larvae of
Icmocampn qmnrifoUa, L. (Lappet Moth), great fearsome looking
creatures it is true, with a note saying that he had had his trees
searched bat that was all he could find. Needless to say that his
crop was not materially damaged by them.

And this makes one see, as you will no doubt gather as we go
along, that it is not the big things that we easily see that are our
greatest enemies, but the little creatures that are not easily noticed
that do us the greatest amount of harm. , . o u- • i

But there is one small family formerly included in this bphingid
group the Aeiieriidae (Clearwings), of which less than a dozen
occur 'in this country, that we cannot help regarding as harmful
The imagines are of small size and their larvae are all internal
feeders t^orming their burrows under the bark or in the hard wood of
trees or, in the roots of plants. One of them Aeneria tipidiforwiH, CI.
(theCurrantClear-wing), feeds, as its name implies, m currant bushes
minino- the stems and branches, and will, if left to breed unchecked
for a few years, completely ruin the trees. The moth is very fond
of feeding at the blossom of privet and such like shrubs in the
afternoon sunshine, and where these have been growing near an old
currant garden, I have known forty or fifty of the moths taken in
the course of an hour, thus considerably reducing the stock; but be
surest way of combating their ravages is to cut off all dead or sickly
branches from the bushes as soon as they show leaf in the spring.

Ae wyopifornm, Bkh. (Red-belted Clear-wing), burrows under the
bark of apple, pear and some other PyrtiH, and is sometimes
sufficently common in old and neglected orchards to detrimentally
affect the trees. Ae. formiciformU, Esp. (Red-tipped Clear- wing),
affects osiers, and when unusually numerous may seriously damage
a whole crop, its burrows in their stems rendering them useless for
basket work and similar purposes. The other species feed in oak-
birch elder, guelder-rose and such like trees, or in the roots ot
Ant/n/lUs, llMwex and Aiweria and may be regarded as harmless.

The next large group, following the order to which we are most
of us accustomed, is the Bombyces (which includes the "ermines,
" swifts " " ecrgars " and so forth). They are for the most part very
innocent creatures, but some three or four of them can hardly be
regarded as our friends. C'o.s.s».s tvw.sN.s, L. (Goat Moth), has
a larva, which when full-fed measures nearly four inches in length ;
it burrows in the solid wood of trees and spends three years in
reaching maturity. Although it will feed upon many trees it
appears to be most fond of willows and poplars, and I have known
both these trees killed outright by its attacks. Zeiizera pijmui, h.
(aevnli L. ) (Leopard Moth), is also a tree-boring species and some-
times has taken to apple and pear trees, but is seldom so common
as to be a serious menace. The white males of llepudu>^ huundi, L.
(Ghost), are familiar objects as they hover over the grass fields on a

30

calm June evening. The female, a larger, yellow insect, scatters her
eggs broadcast over the grass, and when they hatch, the young
larvae descend to the roots of the grass on which they feed, and
pastures may sometimes suffer damage by their ravages. Clisio-
canipa )ienstria, L. (The Lackey), was and may again become a
serious orchard pest. The larvae when young, and indeed until
they are nearly full-fed, are gregarious, living in a common web,
from which they sally forth and devour the surrounding foliage ;
an apple tree with its branches stripped l)y them was at one. time
no uncommon sight. The species however advertises its presence so
well that it is our own fault if we let it at any time get the
upper hand. The grey-brown eggs are laid in summer in clusters
around the tree twigs, and when the leaves fall in autumn may be
easily seen and removed. The webs formed by the larvae, although
not very conspicuous, are not difficult to detect if sought for, and
the handsome blue-headed larva when full-fed is an object not easily
overlooked, thus during all these stages it is easily seen and may be
destroyed.

Ni/f/iiiia pIiGfonhoea, Don., which we have so long erronously
called Kiiproctis chrj/snrrhnea (the Brown-tail), is a pure white moth
of about an inch and a half in expanse and has a large anal tuft of
silky brown hairs. Like the last named species its larvae are
gregarious during the greater part of their life and live chiefly on
blackthorn, on which plant their winter " nests" are conspicuous
objects, and with their enlargement as spring advances even more so.
The species is of fitful occurrence in this country, sometimes for a
few years being practically, if not completely, absent, then it begins
to be found again and for a series of years may become more and
more common until it reaches a state of great abundance. At such
a time it soon consumes all the food that the bushes on which it
has wintered afford, it then sallies forth in search of fresh sus-
tenance and on its way consumes practically anything that it comes
across ; hawthorn, bramble, even sea-buckthorn are consumed.
I have seen acres where every bush has been stripped by them. ^ It
is said that apple orchards have sufi'ered by its depredations and it
is quite conceivable, that at a tune of its abundance as just described,
it might be the cause of very serious injury to them. Leiicmim
chrysorrhaea,Li., = iiii)iilis, Faes, = aitiif1ita, Fiih. (The Gold-tail), is
very similar in appearance but has a bright yellow, instead of
brown, anal tuft. The larvae may do some damage in orchards by
gnawing the buds of the trees in the early spring, and I have found
them in the autumn before hibernation feeding in companies on the
skin of the apple fruit while still on the tree, thus causing it to be
useless for keeping.'*

8 " Proc. South London Ent. Nat. Hist. ,Soc.," 1907., p 12,
* "Entomologist.," iyi7., p. 279.

31

The Noctuae (Owl-Moths) do not trouble us much. It is true
that some few species cause annoyance b}^ their persistent attacks
upon our bedding plants; thus I'ltisia nannna, L. (Silver Y), Aijrntis
exclaiiiationh, L. (Heart and Dart), Mamestra j)eriiicariaf,lj. (Dot), and
Barathra brassicae, L. (Cabbage), all delight in riddling our geranium
leaves ; the last named also loves to secrete its fat body in a suc-
culent cabbage, more often than not getting thus served up at table.
Eiiplfxia liici/iara, L. (Small Angle-shades), also has a most wicked
habit of stripping one side of our choicest fern fronds and if we are
unfortunate enough to get a good supply of these little green
caterpillars into the fern house, the appearance of its contents may
soon be considerably spoiled. But a greater pest is Agrotii> sei/etiiin,
Schiff. (The Turnip Moth). Fortunately the turnip is not its only
food, as it feeds indiscriminately on the roots of species of Brassica
Ruinex and Chrysantheuiiim, but when it does take to the roots of
turnips in our gardens or fields it soon utterly ruins them for table
purposes. In ordinary course turnips are dug before the larvae
come to maturity, and as a natural consequence the insects are then
killed, so that without infection from some outside source a succes-
sion of attacks are unlikely.

Yet one other species of this group should be mentioned; I refer
to Ckaraeas (iraiiiinis, L. (The Antler Moth). It is not generally a
very common species in the south-east of England, although even
here it is fairly plentiful in some years, but in the West, Midlands
and North it is generally to be met with in fair numbers. The
larva feeds on the leaves of various grasses and has a predilection
for hill-side pastures and heath lands, and at irregular intervals
becomes so extraordinarily abundant as to absolutely strip them of
every blade of grass. The last visitation occurred so recently as
1917, and in a report of it we are told, " The area affected extended
to some sixty miles, in Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancashire,
Derbyshire, Cheshire and Yorkshire. The larvae were in millions.
In nearly all cases the trouble originated on the grassy parts of
the moorlands and hillsides, and when every vestige of grass was
eaten off in such situations, the larvae migrated to the lower slopes,
crossing roads, etc., in prodigious numbers to find more food. In
the Penistone district the roads were so infested that it is reported
that the parish steam roller was brought out to crush them ; and
m some localities the sheep-feeding districts were so bared of grass
by the larvae that the sheep had to be removed, nothing having
been left for them to eat ! "' During the past century similar
visitations are recorded as having taknn place in various parts of
this country in 1827, 1881, 1H84, 1885, 1897, 1902 and then in
1917 ; we also have a yet older record for Sweden, where in

5 Porritt. " Ent. Mo. Mag," 1917, p. 176.

32

1741 and again in 1748 the ravages were so vast as to be a national
calamity. Many suggestions have been put forward to account for
these occurrences, such as the absence of birds, especially lapwings,
prolonged periods of severe weather, which prevented birds getting
at the larvae, and so forth, but none of them appear to offer a
satisfactory explanation.

The Geometers (Loopers) although not as a group harmful,
contain among their numbers one or two decidedly noxious species.
Cheiiiiatobia bnaiiata, L. (Winter Moth), as everyone knows, is the
bane of the fruit grower. The moth, or rather the male, for the
female is for all practical purposes wingless, flies in November and
December, and the eggs are deposited during those months on all
sorts of trees, including apple and pear. They hatch in April jast
as the trees are coming into leaf, and at once begin to feed indis-
criminately on leaf or blossom, and as they protect themselves by
spinning the leaves together, they are very difficult to get at, once
they have commenced to feed. When they are full-fed they descend
to the ground for pupation. Now, although the female cannot fly it
can run, and as soon as it comes out of the pupa it runs up the
stems of the trees, where it is sought by the male and pairing takes
place. To prevent this and thus check the attacks of the resultant
larvae, bands covered with " tanglefoot " or some other sticky material
are fastened around the stems of the trees a short distance above the
ground, so that as the females attempt to ascend they may be caught
by the sticky bands and thus prevented from doing any further
damage. That this method is always completely eft'ective, however,
appears to be open to some doubt, for Mr. Durrant informs me
that he has often seen male and female in cop., the male flying up
to the high branches of the trees, with the female in tow as
passenger, thus evading the sticky bands. Hijheniia defoUavia, CI.
(Mottled Umber), another winter species of somewhat larger size,
which also has a wingless female, sometimes ably assists C. bnniiata
in its work of destruction, and as its life-histoiy is similar its pre-
vention needs similar treatment.

Abrci.rcin (frossidariata, L. (Magpie), is sometimes sufficiently
common on currant-bushes to strip them of their leaves, thus
impoverishing the plant and thereby lessening its capabilities of
cropping freely in the year after the attack. The larvae are full-fed
in June and are then easily seen, somewhat brilliantly coloured
creatures in white, black and yellow, looping along the twigs or the
edges of the leaves. They are not beloved of birds, but are liable to
the attacks of the same parasitic fly as those of F'ieris brassicae, L.,
and some others ; the only really efficient means of dealing with
them is by picking them oil" the bushes by hand and destroying them.
Tliatnno)i()}ua rai(aria,h. (V. Moth), which has a mottled greyish larva
of somewhat smaller size, also attacks gooseberries and currants in a
similar way, and may be dealt with in a like manner.

33

The Pyrales (Pearls) include at least one granary pest. Pi/ralis
farinalis, L. (Meal Moth), is a pretty little yellow and dull purple
species that one often sees sitting about on the windows and walls
of granaries, stables, stores, and even of our houses. The larva
feeds in a silken tube, which it spins along some solid substance,
such as a wall or even a corn sack, anywhere against its food, so
that it can reach out and devour the grain, bran, meal or other
cereal produce on which it feeds. Several of its near relations were
at one time credited with similar destructive propensities, but recent
investigations seem to show that they are rather to be regarded as
scavengers. Thus P. glancinalis, L., also suspected of a liking for
cereals, appears to prefer dead leaves, decayed thatch, etc. P.
costalis, Fab. (Yellow Fringe), that brilliant little bright purple and
yellow species sometimes to be seen in numbers on our house walls,
is perhaps not quite so innocent, as it undoubtedly has a liking for
old hay and clover stacks to which, if sufficiently numerous, it may
do a certain amount of damage by webbing the material together
with its silken threads.

Aglosm pintininalis, L. (The Tabljy), a much larger, dull grey-
brown creature, long had the credit of devouring greasy horse-
clothes, but it has been found that the larva instead of devouring the
horse's clothing, really feeds upon the crumbs that fall from his
table. It spins a tough silken tube, in which it lives, along any
little crevice in wall or floor and eats anj' corn refuse, bran, grass
seeds or such like substances as may come in its way.

The Phycids contain most of our warehouse pests ; many, if not
all of them, have probably been introduced into this countr}^ in the
course of commerce. Be that as it may, some of them have obtained
a firm hold in our stores. Take for example Ephestia kii/niidla,
Z. (The Mediterranean Flour Moth). This species was unknown
to science until about the year 1877, when a Dr. Kiihn, of Halle,
Germany, sent some larvae and moths that he had found in a mill
in that town, to Prof. Zeller, who named them after the captor. In
1887 the moth was reared from larvae found in wheaten Hour at
Stoney Stratford, but the origin of the flour from which they were
reared was not known.

In June of the same year I received a number of larvae from
sacks of American flour stored in one of the London docks along
side a number of sacks imported from Trieste, which it was found
were badly infested, and from which it was believed the larvae had
spread. I reared several generations and found that not only did
they thrive on wheaten flour but that rice would satisfy them ;
indeed so tenacious of life were they that eggs placed in a pillbox
with some half-dozen grains of rice enabled a couple of moths to
come to maturity. So rapidly did the species spread that within
a very few years of its introduction there was hardly a warehouse
where flour was stored, or a mill in the country, where it was not

84

to be found, and in many of them it was simply swarming. The
larva lives in a flimsy silken tube which it constructs on beams and
in odd corners where the flour settles, and when the flour is
stored in sacks the tubes are placed just against the inside of the
material of which the sack is constructed, the damage to the flour
being caused by these silken tubes becoming mixed with it and thus
making it stringy and unfit for human food.

To deal with such a formidable enemy might well seem a hope-
less task, especially as it appeared to have no set time for coming
to maturity, brood succeeding brood, the length of time occupied in
feeding up depending simply upon the temperature of the building
in which it was situated. But after many experiments, such as
fumigation of buildings and so forth, had been tried with more or
less satisfactory results, it was found that nothmg was so successful
as strict cleanliness. By frequently sweeping down all beams,
walls, floors, etc., and destroying all sweepings, and by not allowing
used sacks to accumulate without thorough cleansing, the pest has
been got well in hand and stringy flour is much less frequently
met with now than it was a few years ago. ]t is also kept in check
by an Ichneumon and a Braconid which are parasitic upon its
larvae.

The other members of the genus feed chiefly on dried fruits, and
it is quite probable that when you unwittingly eat " that maggoty
fig" you are devouring one of them. Thus E. calidella, Gn.
( = /ice//a,Dougl.),has been bred from figs, currants, raisins, almonds,
and even cork; K. ficulelUi, Barr., from figs, cotton-seed cake, and oil
cake; K. caJtlritella, Z. ( = /<(^fs.s(^<'/Zrt, Barr.), from various dried fruits,
locust- beans, cotton-seed-cake, malt, and even chocolate ; and E.
elutella, Hb. (^sewinifa, Hw., —roxbuighii, Gregson), from almost
any dried vegetable substance, including the before mentioned as
well as corn, dog biscuits, nuts, capsicum, and turkey-rhubarb, and
there is reason to believe that at times it feeds in multitudes on the
seed of grasses in hay-ricks. The nearly allied Plodia interpiiuctella,
Hb., also feeds on similar substances, as well as on dried walnuts,
carraway-seeds, and yeast-cakes, and is not above devouring dried
insects, while Myelois ceratoniae, Z. {=pr!/ereUa, Vaughan), thrives
on locust-beans, dried figs, almonds, chestnuts, etc. All these
species damage the substances on which they feed, not only by what
they actually eat and the frass that they leave behind, but also by
the amount of silky material spun by them in their eftbrts at con-
cealment. They are none of them always very common in this
country, but where goods are stored for a long time they may easily
become so.

The Gallerias are a small group of rather obscure species, of
which five only occur in this country, all of them more or less
destructive in their habits. Of these Meliphora (jrisella, Fab. ( =
alvearia, Fab.), known, I believe, as the ** Hive Moth," may be seen

35

of an evening buzzing around the hives of honey bees, frequently
hovering in the entrance, and there is little doubt that it enters the
hives and deposits its eggs on the comb. At any rate we do know
that the larva feeds upon the wax, and is at times so abundant that
it completely riddles the comb, and the bees have been known to
desert hives where the attack has been particularly bad. It seems
to prefer old comb, of which the wax is more solid than that which
is newly made. As exemplifying the extent to which this species
will infest a hive, I well remember a piece of comb, some three to
four inches square, being exhibited at one of our meetings to illus-
trate the manner in which the creature fed. After the meeting, as
no one seemed to want it, the piece of comb was put in a drawer,
and I suppose forgotten, until some weeks afterwards, when on
opening the drawer we were met by a perfect cloud of moths, many
of which must have been out for many days, and were considerably
knocked about by their flutterings, in their vain attempt to escape,
but others were quite fresh and provided many of us with excellent
series. In the days of the straw skep this moth must have been a
real menace to the bee-keeper, bat with the frame hive and present
day methods its chances of doing serious harm are much reduced.

A/ihoiiiia socielUi, L., affects humble-bees' nests, apparently when
young feeding on the refuse that such nests contain, but when this
is all consumed they attack the comb and often thus destroy the
brood. They have been found in wasps' nests, but in that case it is
the papery material of which the nest is made that forms their
pabulum, and thus the brood is not destroyed. When the larvae
are full-fed in August or September, they leave the nest and spin
exceedingly tough cocoons in any material that they can pack them
in tightly, or even in a compact mass on the ground. I have had
a bundle of sticks, each measuring about a foot long and about as
thick as one's finger, the whole having a circumference of perhaps
a foot, stuffed so full of these exceedingly tough cocoons that no
ordinary strength that one might exert would separate them. The
larva lives securely in this retreat until the following May, when it
turns to a pupa and the moth appears in June.

Galleria wellonella, L., is another hive feeder, but as it feeds
almost entirely on old combs, i.e., those of the previous year, it is
not likely to do much harm. Melissoblajites bipiinctaniis, Z., was fo
many years confused with a nearly allied species, M. anellus,
Schiff., and there is very little reliable information as to its
larval habits, but from the situations in which I have taken the
moth, and its habits, I incline to the view that it may be a wasp-nest
feeder. Be that as it may, it is not sufficiently common in this
country to be a menace. The remaining species, Corcijra cfp/ialonica,
Stainton, has totally different habits, being, like the Ephestias, a
warehouse pest, and has been reared from dried currants, biscuits,
and rice.

36

The Tortrices are a large group of rather small species, and some
few of them, either by reason of their vast numbers, or their methods
of feeding, are very real orchard or forestry pests. Even the most
casual observer must have noticed, that in some years towards the
end of May, when the oak trees ought to be in their full leaf, they
are, over great tracts of country, as bare as in mid-winter. This is
the work of the larvae of Tortrix viiidana, L., sometimes ably
assisted by the winter moths to which we have already referred. The
brilliant little green moths fly about the oaks in June and .July, and
deposit their eggs in crevices of the stem and branches, where they
remain until the following spring. Just as the leaf buds are begin-
ning to expand, the tiny larva comes outof the egg and wanders along
the branches and twigs until it finds a bud that is just expanding:,
in which it secretes itself and commences to feed. By the middle
of May it has changed its skin for the third time and the leaves are
fairly well opened. It now turns down the edge of one side of a
leaf, and secures it by a few silken threads, thus making for itself a
secure dwelling. Then it feeds rapidly, eating the other side of the
leaf in which it dwells and those in its neighbourhood, and thus the
devastation takes place.*"' The denudation of the trees of their leaves
cripples their vitality, and if the attack is repeated for several years
in succession may even lead to their death. T know of some trees
in Tiigate Forest, where the attack has been very severe for several
years past, that have been killed outright, the pi'ime cav;se of their
death evidently being the continued attentions of these larvae.

It will be evident that to deal with so vast an attack by artificial
means would be a hopeless task, but fortunately Nature comes to our
aid. Birds are very fond of these larvae and pupae and devour
huge numbers of them. Even the much abused jay [Garritlus
(jlandarius) is not averse to them, as is shown by some three dozen
of the pupae being taken from the crop of one of them. A Hemip-
teron (bug) sucks the juices of the young larvae and thus destroys
them, and they are also attacked by a considerable number of species
of ichneumonid and other hymenopterous parasites (see "Ent. Mo.
Mag.," 1922, page 56). Very wet weather just at a critical time is
an even greater check to them.

A nearly allied species, Tortrix proniibana, was unknown in this
country until 1905. In the following year larvae were found
in some numbers on the south coast, and the species has since that
time become more and more common and spread inland, and is now
causing considerable trouble in some of the houses in Kew Gardens.
In the Channel Islands, where it has been established for a much
longer time, it has been known to cause damage in the grape
houses, and it will be well that our market gardeners, especially

« Sich, " Proc. South London Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc," 1915-16, p. 15.

37

those who " grow under glass," should be on their guard against
this prolific species, for, should it establish itself in their houses, it
might easily become a very serious pest. Its larva is polyphagous.

Several species of the genus Rhi/aciotna {Retinia) also are trouble-
some to the forester. We all know that the value in a pine tree is
that it has a long, straight stem, so that it can be used for scaftbld-
poles, ladders, and such like purposes. This, however, seems to be
just what these insects try, too often successfully, to prevent. R.
huoUnna, Schiff., a brilliant little red and yellow moth, flits about
the pine trees on .July evenings and deposits eggs on (probably) the
buds, chiefly of the Scots' pine {Finns s>/lrestris) and some other
species. It is believed that the eggs soon hatch and that the young
larvae enter a bud and there pass the winter. Be that as it may,
we know that in spring the larvae enter a growing shoot, along
which they burrow, eating out the soft part. Their presence may
be detected by a resinous exudation, and later by the drooping of the
shoot, which eventually dies. R. pinicalana, Doubleday, is a very
similar species with almost identical habits, and R. tnrionana, Hb., a
mottled brown species, has a similar economy. Now it will be ap-
parent that if one of these larvae attacks a leading shoot, that is, the
shoot at the top of the main stem, and the two last named species
almost invariably do attack the leading shoot, and bnnUana not
infrequently does so, the growth of the tree will be diverted, either
it will make two or three growths at angles to the main stem, or at
least it will get a crook in it; in either case the tree becomes useless
for its most valuable purposes.

The remaining members of the genus mostly feed in a somewhat
similar manner ; R. resinella, L., forms large resinous nodules for
its habitation, but as they most frequently attack the lateral shoots,
instead of the leading ones, their depredations are less harmful.

The genus C'l/dia [—Carpocapsa] contains one of our most trouble-
some orchard pests, C. pomonella, L., commonly known as the
Codlin Moth, a pretty little grey and bronzy-brown species that
flies around our apple trees on June evenings, just at the time when
the young fruit has formed. It lays a single &og on a fruit, seldom
more than one, and as a moth usually produces considerably over a
hundred eggs, it will be seen what a number of fruits one moth may
infect. The young larva on leaving the egg seeks the eye of the
fruit, where it feeds for a few days and then burrows inwards,
eventually reaching the core, in the neighbourhood of which it feeds
up, and when full-fed tunnels to the side of the fruit and mak3s its
exit. This may happen either while the apple hangs on the tree or
after it has fallen ; in either case, the larva on leaving the fruit
crawls about until it finds some suitable place for making its cocoon,
Buch as under loose bark on the stem of the tree, or any fairly well
protected place where it may hide, and there it remains in its silken
cocoon as a larva during the winter, not turning to a pupa until the
following spring.

88

From this brief sketch of its life-history, it will be seen that
although really a serious orchard pest it is not an easy species to
control. Spraying with some insecticide may be effective if carried
out at the right moment, but as the only vulnerable time for such
treatment is during the few days while the young larvae are feeding
in the eye of the fruit before boring into it, the chances of success
are not great. Dressing the trunks of the trees with lime-sulphur
may destroy some of the larvae during winter, and it is well to col-
lect all affected fruit and to destroy it, especially when it can be
secured before it falls from the tree. But probably the greatest
check upon the species is the attention that it receives from the
tits. These little birds are very fond of the larvae, and during the
winter dig out large numbers from their hiding places and devour
them.

The species was no doubt originally attached to the wild crab,
and indeed I have seen a crab tree with far more affected fruits on
it than sound ones, but it has taken very kindly to our garden
varieties. It also attacks pears; I have bred it from walnuts, and it
is said sometimes to infest plums, but of this I am very doubtful, it
probably having been confused with another species to which I will
refer later.

The other species of the genus prefer a harder pabulum; thus C.
splendona, lib., and (J. Juliana, Curt., naturally feed on acorns, C.
grossana, Haw., and C. nimbaua, H-S., on beech mast, but all of
them are liable to attack walnuts and edible chestnuts, and may at
times do a certain amount of damage to those crops.

Yet one other species of Tortrix is troublesome to our fruit growers.
Epiitotia fnnehrana, Tr., is naturally a sloe-feeder but is equally well
at home with our garden and orchard plums and damsons, and it
sometimes even attacks apricots. It is a moat elusive species which
although really all too common as a larva, is seldom seen in the
perfect state; indeed, as one of our older Avriters, in describing its
distribution, very tersely put it, " Scarce m the perfect state. The
larva very frequent in plum pies," and I have no doubt that many
of you have found the latter part of this statement to be quite true.
As a consequence its life-history is only imperfectly known but it
appears to be similar to that of Cydia ])o)iionella. The moth is on
the wing in June, and lays its eggs, probably, on the twigs of the
plum trees or possibly on the fruit stalks. The young larvae enter
the fruit and feed on the flesh around the stone, and when full-fed
come out and spin their cocoons, probably under loose bark ; in
confinement they will bore into soft cork. It is generally thought
that they remain as larvae until the spring and then turn to pupae,
and judging by the behaviour of allied species, whose economy is
well known, it is probable that this is the case. If this be so we
have certainly another species also attacking our stone fruit. The
larva of K. fnnehrana is described as " stout, sluggish, reddish in

39

colour," but I have found in an apricot a larva, somewhat elongate
and of a slaty-green colour, feeding around the stone of the fruit,
which spun its cocoon between the skin of the fruit and the earth
on which it rested and certainly turned to a pupa in the antiiinn.
Unfortunately the treatment it received in ascertaining these scanty
details caused its death. Wilkinson tells us that he found
larvae in plums, which did not agree with those of FJ. fmiebrana,
but failed to rear them''. He describes them as " of a dirty drab
colour " ; but it is quite possible that they may have been the same
species as the one I found, for the colour of these internal feeding
larvae is seldom very strongly defined and difficult to describe with
exactitude. Be that as it may, there is evidently here material for
further investigation, and it behoves our friends who happen to
reside in districts where plums are extensively grown, to keep a
sharp look out for any unusual species, either as larvae or imagines,
in the hope that by collective research this doubtful point may be
cleared up.

The Tineid group, the last with which we have to deal, is a large
assemblage of species of very diverse habits and size; they may all
be regarded as small moths, but whereas the largest of them exceed
an inch in wing expanse, the smallest are less than a quarter of that
size. Among them are found several household species, e.;/., the
" Clothes " Moths, as well as some of the most destructive pests of
our gardens, farms, orchards, and forests, indeed for their size, it is
wonderful what a lot of damage some of them can do.

Most of us, and I think this will particularly interest our lady
members, have at some time in our lives been horrified, on shaking
out last winter's furs, after their rest during the summer in the
wardrobe, to see some of the hair fly away and to discover a small
bare patch where it has left the skin, or to find some of the plumes
of a feather boa floating gently across the room after similar
treatment, or may be a series of holes down the front of our last
summer's waistcoat: this is the work of one of these clothes-moths.

Tineola bisdliella, Hummel, to which my friend Mr. Durrant has
just given the English name of " 21ie Clothes-Moth," is an incon-
spicuous little yellowish-ochreous moth of barely half an inch in
wing expanse and of very retiring habits. One seldom sees it, for it
loves to run swiftly about in the folds of clothing or anywhere
where it is out of sight, and in such situations deposits its eggs.
The larvae feed on hair, wool, cloth, etc., tunnelling along and
spinning a certain amount of silk as they go. It is probable that
the damage to the furs already referred to would be due to this
species.

Tinea pellionella, L., "The Case-bearing Clothes-Moth" (Durrant),

' Wilkinson, "British Tortrices," p.238.

40

is of about the same size and greyish-ochreous in colour and hag
very similar habits, but the larva feeds in a more decided case,
which it carries about with it, and has a partiality for feathers, but
will also eat hair, cloth, etc.

r. tapetzella, L., "The White-tip Clothes-Moth" (Durrant),
is a slightly larger species measuring some three quarters of an inch
in expanse, with a white head and almost black and white wings.
It is more often seen about houses than the foregoing, possibly
being more noticeable on account of its brighter colouring and larger
size. The larva feeds on fur, woollen stuffs and so forth, and not
infrequently makes its home in the stuffing of chairs and the like,
as well as in clothes, where it often does a considerable amount of
damage while quite hidden from sight.

T. pallescfnteUa, Stainton, " The Large Pale Clothes-Moth "
(Durrant) has been recognised as one of the clothes moths only
recently, for it was little known in this country until the
middle of the last century, and then only from an odd specimen or two
taken in a Liverpool warehouse, where it was thought to have fed
up on grain or rubbish-sweepings. My personal acquaintance with
the species dates back some thirty years, when I took a moth on a
warehouse window in the City of London, and I have since met
with it, not infrequently in houses in London, Lewisham, Bristol
and Eastbourne, so that it is evidently well distributed about the
country. In 1912 a friend sent me some hare's hair (i.e., hair
cut from hare's skins) that had come from Brandon in Suffolk, and
been stored for some time in a London warehouse, and which was
a good deal matted together by the workings of some larvae. From
this I reared quite a number of moths of this species. As therefore
it is very evident that it thrives on animal substances, it is quite
probable that it will be equally at home with the recognised clothes
moths in our garments and furniture^

Moiiojn's rusticella, Hb., easily recognised by its mottled
bronzy-brown wings and yellow head, is another species that,
although not generally included with the "clothes-moths," is
not uncommon about our houses, and probably not infrequently
joins its smaller brethren in their depredations. It feeds on
animal substances, has been reared from birds-nests, where
no doubt the larva had fed on the hair and feathers with
which the nests were lined ; also from dead animals including
the dry carcase of a cat, the hair and possibly the outer surface of
the skin in this case providing the pabulum. Why, then, should
such things as the furs, furniture cushions and like kinds of animal
produce that we have in our houses be less liable to its attack ?

You will no doubt ask how are we to rid ourselves of these

8 " Proc. South London Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc." 1913-14, p. 1.

41

insidious pests ? It may as well be said at once that this we shall
never do ; we have created circumstances that are favourable to them
and they are not likely to desert us; at best we can but mitigate
their attacks. We may liberally besprinkle our clothes with
camphor, naphthaline or other noxious drugs when we put them
away, much to the annoyance of our friends' olfactory nerves when
we take them into wear again, and think we are secure, but even
this is open to doubt. But we may do much to mitigate their
ravages, possibly prevent them, simply by continually worrying
them. We have noted their secretive habits, their love of hiding
themselves ; in this lays our greatest defence. Never leave your
clothes packed away for long periods ; take them out, shake them,
beat them, give them sun and air; you need then have little fear of
the depredations of the clothes-motlis.

There are two species to which I must refer while considering
the household group, species that have raised perhaps more con-
troversy as to whether they should be regarded as household pests
or not, than any others.

Emlrosis lactella, Schiff., {^fenestrella, Stainton), non Scop., "The
White-shouldered House Moth" (Durrant). You have no doubt
all frequently seen that pretty little mottled grey moth with a very
white head, and in size about two thirds of an inch in expanse of
its wings when it spreads them, sitting on the window, or found
it drowned and floating in the milk jug. From these habits it has
also been variously called the " Window-Moth " and the " Milk
Moth." Or when you have seen it resting on the wall, I have no
doubt you have said " kill that wretched clothes-moth." But it is
not really a clothes moth, at any rate in the sense that it has
anything to do with the species that we have already referred to
under that name. It has none of their secretive habits, it advertises
itself far too well, by its way of sitting about in full view in our houses
and on tree-trunks in the woods, to claim any very close relationship
with them. It is naturally a vegetable feeder, and in the wilds
probably picks up a living on the bark of trees, seeds and thatch
and any dry refuse that comes in its way, but in our houses it has
acquired habits that are decidedly objectionable. I know of no
definite record of its having attacked clothes, but it revels in almost
any dry goods such as dried peas, etc., and to the entomologist it is
a perfect pest ; if it gets into his breeding cages it makes no bones
of boring right through his pupae and killing them wholesale. It
is also apparently capable of doing a good deal of damage as the
following incident tends to show.

Many years ago I laid down some port wine in a cellar where
the temperature was liable to more fluctuation than was thought
to be good for the wine, and to overcome this the bottles were packed
in sawdust which covered them up practically to the corks. After
several years, during which the whole thing had remained untouched,

42

I noticed that the cellar was simply swarming with E. lactella
and on examining the wine bottles, I found that the corks of many
of them had been tunnelled by larvae and much of the wine spoiled.
A closer inspection showed that in every case where the cork had
been attacked, a quantity of sawdust was attached to it by
apparently the remains of a silken gallery constructed round the
small exposed part of the cork, and from which the boring had
emanated, which exactly corresponded with this creature's method
of feeding ; moreover, although a careful search was made, no
sign of any weevils was found. I think, therefore, that I am justified
in attributing the damage to the ravages of K. lactella. It would
have been an interesting experiment to have left things just as they
were, to see if other wine corks were attacked in the same way, and
thus to have made absolutely sure of the culprit, but the loss had been
severe and so the cellar was cleaned out and all other bottle corks
dipped in sealing-wax, thus preventing any possibility of further
attack.

Borhkausenia {Oeeopltora) psendospretella, Stainton, "The Brown
House-Moth" (Durrant), is a somewhat larger and much more
robust species, measuring little less than an inch across the expanded
fore-wings, which are mottled grey-brown in colour with a couple of
distinct black spots near the middle of each of them. It is of much
more secretive habits than the last mentioned species, seldom
sitting fully exposed when at rest but hiding in crevices, and if
disturbed, running quickly to cover. The larva constructs a long,
tough silken tube in which it lives, and disguises it by attaching any
bits of the material in which it is feeding or other rubbish to it. It
is a very general feeder, vegetable and animal food being apparently
equally acceptable to it. It is an even greater terror to the
entomologist than E. lactella, for not only will it devour the pupae
in his breeding cages with avidity, but it will even destroy the
specimens in his cabinets, and so carefully covers up its depredations,
that a specimen which it has attacked may look quite natural until
touched, when it will at once fall to pieces, the whole of the inside
having been eaten, and nothing but a shell and the wings being left.
It has been bred from dried peas, rice, skins, dried plants, etc. It
has been known to cause much damage to heather sweeping-brooms
in store, and I reared it from the same lot of hare's hair as
T. pallescentella already referred to.

Its latest depredation that I have discovered was feeding on the
leather of a book cover ; the larva had constructed its tube inside
the lower part of the back of the book and gnawn the lower edge of
the cover. By the irony of fate the book attacked was Moses Harris's
" Exposition of English Insects." Indeed, nothing seems to come
amiss to it and on account of its methods of feeding, the damage
caused is often much greater than the amount actually consumed

43

by it. It is indeed a dangerous species and one that at any rate
should not be encouraged in our houses and warehouses.

The Hyponomeutas — commonly known as " Small Ermines " —
form a compact genus, represented in this country by some six or
seven species. Some of them are so much alike as to have led to a
good deal of confusion, and whether we have the true apple species
Jrl. malinella, Z., or whether the hawthorn species has taken to the
apple is uncertain. Be that as it may, the two species are so much
alike both in their appearance and habits that for our present
purpose the question is one of so little importance that it may be
ignored, and we may assume, pending further information, that H.
padella, L., the hawthorn feeder, is the species that also attacks our
apple trees.

H. padella is a pretty little moth with whitish-grey wings
sprinkled with minute round black dots and a white head, and
measures about three-quarters of an inch in expanse. It is on the
wing in July and August. It deposits its eggs in a little patch on the
branches of the tree, and covers them with a glutinous substance,
which soon becomes so near the colour of the branch that it is dififi-
cult to detect. The eggs soon hatch, and the tiny larvae shelter
during the winter in the "tent" formed by the empty egg-shells and
such debris as may have collected about them. In sprmg, as soon
as the buds begin to open, the larvae ascend the twigs and feed on the
blossoms and young leaves, and shortly commence to construct a
web, in which the whole brood assembles, enlarging it from time to
time as necessity requires, and devour the leaves of the tree. Thus
not only is present damage caused by the blossom being eaten, but
the vitality of the tree is impoverished by the loss of its leaves. No
doubt many of the winter " tents " are destroyed by tits, and several
species of ichneumons are parasitic on the larvae, but if we would
be rid of the pest the only effectual method of dealing with it is to
hand pick the trees and destroy the webs with the larvae in them.

H. cnrpiatflla, Hb. [ = etionii»tella, Scop.), a slightly larger species
measuring nearly an inch in expanse, has pearly-white wings with
small but very distinct black dots. Its natural food is the spindle-
tree f Kiioni/Diits eiiropaeiis), but it has taken only too kindly to the
cultivated species of our gardens, often greatly disfiguring our hedges
of Kiion)/)nus japnnicus by its webs. Its economy is similar to
that of H. padella and the remedy for its attacks the same.

ILevonyniella,\j.{=padi, Z.), feeds on bird chewy {I'nninspadiis),
but I have no record of it having troubled our cultivated cherries.

Coleophora anatipennella, Hb., a little white species of just over
half an inch in expanse, whose larva lives in a pistol-shaped case,
which it carries about with it wherever it goes, is said to damage apple
and cherry trees by feeding on the buds in spring." Under natural

9 P. J. Fryer, " Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases," p. 71.

44

conditions the larva feeds on apple, pear, blackthorn, etc., and no
doubt the cultivated apple and cherry would not come amiss to it.
It leaves the egg in autumn, feeds for a time on the leaves and then
attaches itself probably to some woody part of the tree to pass the
winter. With the advent of spring it becomes active again, and it
is at this period of its life that it may do damage by feeding on the
buds, and in cases where the species becomes very abundant the
damage caused by it to our orchard and garden trees may be
considerable.

Blastddacna hellevella, Dup. [ = atra, var. y, YLduV^.—putripennella,
Zell. = fl^ra, Meyrick), has also been credited with being
destructive to apple trees. ^° This, however, appears to be an error
due either to mis-identification or confusion of names. So far as is
known B. Iiellerella confines its attention to hawthorn berries, but
there is a nearly allied species that affects apple trees, viz., B.
atra, Haw. { = vuiolentella, H.S.), which from its method of feeding is
calculated to do considerable damage, when abundant, as its larva
bores into the pith of the young shoots and is said to be more
particularly addicted to attacking the young and tender trees and
nursery stock. It is a slightly smaller species than C. anatipennella,
and its wings are almost entirely blackish-grey, relieved only by a
few whitish scales near the apex.

Lampronia riibiella, Bjerk,, is a destructive little species with
bronzy-brown wings, on which are four small yellowish-white marks
on the costa and two larger ones on the inner margin, and it
measures just under half an inch in expanse. It flies in June and
lays its eggs in the flowers of raspberries. The young larvae feed
for a time about the base of the fruit and then retire to some secure
place, such as the stem of the canes, for hybernation. In spring
they attack the buds, boring into them and then into the pith of
the shoots, eventually killing them." The species is fairly common
throughout the South of England and in Ireland, and I have
specimens from as far north as the shores of the Moray Firth. It
is undoubtedly capable of doing a great amount of damage, but if
we carefully destroy all old canes and stakes in autumn and dig the
ground in winter, as we should do, it is unlikely that our raspberry
crop will suffer much damage by it depredations.

Tinea capiteUa, CI., attacks currants; it is slightly larger than the
last mentioned species, and may be distinguished from it by its
having a yellowish-white fascia near the base of the forewings, and
two distinct rather large spots of the same colour, one on the costa
and the other on the inner margin opposite to it. The moth is on
the wing in (usually) the third week in May, and when about to

'" P. J. Fryer, " Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases," p. 151.
11 Chapman, " Ent. Mo. Mag.," 1891, p. 169.

45

deposit an egg, sits on a currant berry, which it pierces with its
ovipositor, and pushes the egg into it. The larva, when hatched,
feeds on the seeds until about the end of June, when it bores its
way out of the fruit and spins a small white cocoon among the dead
scales about the buds and fruit spurs, in which it hibernates. In
spring it comes out of its winter habitation, bores its way into the
buds and also into the young shoots of the currant bushes. ^^
Although hardly so common as /.. nibiella it is fairly well distributed
throughout England to as far north as Yorkshire, and is quite
capable, in favourable circumstances, of becoming a serious currant
bush pest.

Plutella waculipennis, Crt. ( = criiciferarHiii, Z.), is probably familiar
to you all as " The Diamond-back Moth." A narrow-winged
species of some five-eighths of an inch in expanse, of a light grey-
brown colour with an irregular whitish stripe along the inner
margin of its wings, which, when they are folded, gives the appear-
ance of a row of diamond-shaped marks along its back, hence its
popular name. The eggs are deposited on various species of Cnici-
feiae, usually on the backs of the leaves, on which the larvae feed.
There are two, and possibly in warm seasons, more broods in the
year; it will therefore be seen that the species has ample oppor-
tunity to multiply when circumstances are favourable. It is a
generally distributed species throughout the country and always
fairly common, but occasionally it becomes unusually abundant in
some particular area ; and then it is that harm arises, whole crops of
turnips or green stuff being ruined by it. To deal with such a pest
by artificial means is no easy matter, and various remedies that have
been tried have proved only partially successful. Nature's own
remedies, a parasitic fly and adverse meteorological conditions are
probably our only real protection.

The Tineas also account for at least two granary pests. Tinea
f/ranella, L., a pretty little species of barely half an inch in expanse,
with mottled grey-white and dark fuscous wings, has a larva that
spins together several grains of corn and feeds upon them.
Sitotraija cerealella, Olivier, is a slightly smaller species much
resembling, when at rest, both in colour and size, a grain of wheat.
It appears to have a rather remarkable life-history. It is said that
the moth lays her eggs on the corn grains while they are still in the
field, that the larva bores its way into one of them where it feeds
on the contents of the grain and thus finds it way into the granary,
where it completes its feeding, turns to a pupa, and eventually the
moth escapes there. Although wheat appears to be its most favoured
food it also attacks barley, rice and maize.^*

12 Chapman, " Ent. Mo. Mag.," 1892, p. 297.

13 Douglas, " Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.," 1850-1, p. 107.

46

Coleopliora laricella, Hb., is the smallest species with which we
have yet had to deal ; it measures but one-third of an inch in expanse
and is of a uniform shining grey colour. The moth is on the wing
in June and July, and the female deposits her eggs on the needles
of the larch trees, one egg only on any one needle. The young
larva tunnels in the larch needle, the end of which soon shrivels
up. Out of this ruined portion of the needle it forms a case which
it lines with silk and takes about with it to other needles, on which
it also feeds, until it is ready for hibernation, when it attaches the
case to a branch or to the stem of the tree, in some crevice where it
passes the winter. In spring it returns to the needles on which it
feeds up, enlarging the case from time to time as its growth
requires. Towards the end of May it attaches the case firmly to a
needle and turns to a pupa within it, and in due time the moth
emerges.'^ It will no doubt seem incredible that such a minute
creature can cause real harm to so great a tree as the larch, but it is a
question, in this case, of numbers not size. In a badly infested
plantation the moths occur in such countless myriads that their
depredations upon the needles so impoverish the trees, that they
soon become sickly and a prey for fungoid growths, aphids, bark
beetles, and other pests that seldom attack healthy trees, and the
work of destruction begun by these tiny moths is thus soon
completed.

In concluding my remarks, a quotation from an address delivered
byDr. L. 0. Howard to the American Association for the advancement
of Science, at its meeting in December last, at Toronto, may not be
out of place. He says, " Few people realise the critical situation
which exists at the present time. Men and nations have always
struggled among themselves — but there is a war, not among human
beings, but between all humanity and certain forces that are arrayed
against it. Man is the dominant type on this terrestrial body; he
has overcome most opposing animate forces ; he has subdued or
turned to his own use nearly all kinds of living creatures. There
still remain, however, the bacteria and protozoa that carry disease,
and enormous forces of injurious insects which attack him from
every point, and constitute to-day his greatest rival in the control of
^Nature. They threaten his life daily; they shorten his food supplies
both in his crops while they are growing and in such supplies after
they are harvested and stored, in his meat animals, in his comfort,
in his clothing, in his habitations, and in countless other ways. In
many ways they are better fitted for life on this earth than he is.
They constitute a much older geological type, and it is a type which
had persisted for countless years before he made his appearance, and
this persistence has been due to characteristics which he does not

1^ Collinge, "A Manual of Injurious Insects," p. 171.

47

possess and cannot acquire — rapidity of multiplication, power of
concealment, a defensive armour, and many other factors. With all
this in view it will be necessarj* for the human species to bring the
great group of insects under control. We have ignored the insect
group to a certain extent on account of the small size of its members,
but their small size is one of the great elements of danger — is one
of the great factors of their success in existence and multipli-
cation.""

""Nature," vol. 109, p. 79.

f8

Diacrisia mendica. Its History and its Variation.

By Robert Adkin, F.E.^.—Read October 2Qth, 1922.

The geographical distribution of Diacrisia mendica extends over a
considerable portion of the Palaearctic region. Commencing in the
west, we find it practically throughout Ireland, England and the
southern two-thirds of Scotland, thence across Europe, except in the
Polar regions and possibly the extreme south-east corner, just
touching Asia Minor in the neighbourhood of Mount Olympus, and
terminating, so far as we know at present, in Western Siberia at the
slopes of the Altai Mountains.

History.

The species in its typical form is sufficiently well known to ento-
mologists of the present day to need no description here, but to those
of a couple of centuries ago it appears to have been one of some
difficulty, chiefly on account of the disparity of the two sexes.

The earliest mention I know of the species dates back to 1702,
when Jacob Petiver, in his " Gazophylacii Naturae et Artis,"
figures at Plate xliv., no. 8, an insect which fairly well represents a
female /»t?/if//ra, and his description, "alba semidiaphana, guttulis
paucis nigris," well describes this sex; he tells us that he is "obliged
to Mr. Antrobus for this rare Gawse Moth," which seems to show
that the insect was not very well known in this country at that early
date, and that the male had not then been detected.

John Ray's " Historia Insectorum " was published posthumously
in 1710, Ray having died some six years previously. At page 197,
An. 97, 6, his description — A moth rather below medium size, wings
and body white, a few black spots — clearly indicates the female of this
species. Then, at page 200, 7, 8. — A moth rather below medium
size, wholly dusky or dull cinereous, forewings broad, short, with
three black spots on both — leaves no doubt that the male was also
known to him, but it is evident that he was quite unaware that these
two moths were the sexes of one species.

Between the years 1734 and 1742 — Reaumur published his
" Memoires pour servir a I'Histoire des Insectes," a fascinating
book dealing with insect bionomics and life-histories. In vol. II.
at page 60 he mentions some very hairy larvae that he had, and
says " the fast walk of which has made us call it the hare." He

49

tells us that they made earthen cocoons, at the end of July and
during the month of August, and turned to shining black chrysalids
and that the moths emerged in the following spring. These appear
to have included at least two species, one white, with black
spots, the only difference between male and female being in
" the beauty of the antennae," no doubt being referable to D.
Inhiicipeda, L. {nieutltastri, Esp). Then he goes on to say,
*' But I have had, from these same caterpillars, male butterflies
of which the whole upperside of the forewings was brownish
mouse grey ; their fore-legs and all round the head was the
colour of dead leaves and the rest of the body was covered with white
hairs mixed with a little grey. But the under side of the fore-wings
and the two sides of the hindwings were grey. I should have had
difficulty in accepting so grey a butterfly for the male of a female
so white, if I had not seen him place himself on her as if to couple
with her and remain in this position for more than sixteen hours
without a break, and if later on I had not had several of these same
butterflies which I bred from hare caterpillars which produce the
white black-dotted females." This description appears to leave no
doubt that he had both sexes of D. inendica and recognised them as
such, but as he, in common with the before mentioned authors,
assigned no names to the species that he dealt with, his work found
little mention in the writings of the later systematists.

Thus we arrive at the time of Linnaeus, the first edition of his
" Systema Naturae " having already been published in 1735, and
succeeded by numerous other editions. The first edition of his
•' Fauna Suecica " appeared in 1746, and the tenth edition of the
" Systema Naturae," the edition now recognised as the starting point
by present day systematists, in 1758, but we find no mention of
menilica in any of them.

In 1759 Clerck published his " Icones Insectorum," and on plate
III., Fig. 5, gives a somewhat grotesque yet unmistakable repre-
sentation of the male of our species and under it the name " Mendica,"
thus, for the first time connecting the species with a name.

In 1761 Linnaeus published the second edition of his " Fauna
Suecica," and there we find at page 299, v>endica placed in his
omnibus genus Bowhyx with the description " cinerea tota " and a
reference to Clerck's figure, thus showing that the male only was
referred to.

In the same year Poda in " Insecta Musei Graecensis " accurately
describes the female but calls it Bo»ibijx liibricipeda and was evidently
unacquainted with the male (p. 87. No. 14).

In 1766 Hufnagel in the "Berlin Magazine" {II. (4), p. 424)
concisely describes the male only under the name of llouibijx murina.
And in the same year Moses Harris published in the " Aurelian " a
really good figure of the female (pi. xxxv. m.) which he calls the
" Seven Spot Ermine " and says (p. 75) "I received this moth with

50

many others, from a friend in Yorkshire, who informs me he took
it in May, and that it is there very scarce, but in these more southern
parts has never yet been discovered by anybody ; therefore is esteemed
as a great curiosity."

Then in 1767 came the twelfth edition of Linnaeus's " Systema
Naturae," and in it we find Bowhyx viendica with exactly the same
description as in the " Fauna Suecica," ed. II., already referred to,
thus showing that he was still conversant with the male only. In
this connection a paper by Thomas Marsham in the " Transactions
of the Linnean Society" (vol. i., p. 67, pi. i., 1791) is interesting.
The title of the paper is " Observations on the Phalaena Bombyx
Lubricipeda of Linneus and some other Moths allied to it," and with
regard to mend tea he says, " Linneus himself appears to have been
unacquainted with the female mendica : the specimen of the male
in his cabinet being a bad one, with the spots obliterated, he
describes it, 'cinerea tota, femoribus luteis.' This however is not the
case, for the male is spotted like the female. There is indeed a bad
specimen of the female of this moth in his cabinet; but it is placed
indiscriminatel}'' with lubricipeda and erniinea." By the courtesy of
Dr. Daydon Jackson I have recently had the advantage of inspecting
Linnaeus' specimens. The male, as Marsham says, is a bad one,
both as to condition and setting, and Linnaeus may well be forgiven
for describing it as "cinerea tota," but it has his own label attached
and the species is unmistakable. The female also is a poor specimen
and has been removed from among the lubricipeda and placed along-
side the male niendica, but bears no label.

Thus matters stood for nearly ten years when Schiffermiiller and
Denis published the "Systematisches Verzeichniss der Schmet-
terlinge," a work in which larval characters appear to be largely
used as a basis of classification, and in which the group in which
mendica is included is described as " Larvae Celeripedes" (quick-
footed). Specific characters are not, as a rule, mentioned, but in a
footnote to uiendica we are told that Linnaeus knew only the
cinereous male, the female is usually white (page 54). Thus it
is evident that at this time (1776) both sexes were known and in
1783, Knoch (" Beitriige zur Insectengeschichte," iii., tab. 2,
figs 5-12) figured both sexes of the imago together with the larva in
various stages and pupa, and gives its full life-history.

One would have thought that the matter was thus definitely
settled, yet in 1785 we find Fourcroy (" Entomologia Parisiensis,"
II., p. 270) under the name of Phalaena punctata (La Nervure picot^e)
describing a moth that can be nothing but the male mendica, but
makes no mention of the female, that se.K probably being still
unknown to him.

But from about this period authors generally recognised the fact
that the cinereous male with black spots and the sub-diaphanous
white female also with black spots were the sexes of the one species.

51

Thus Esper (" Die Schmetterlinge," 1782, iii., pi. xlii) figures
both sexes ; as do Ernst and Engramelle (" Papillons D'Europe,"
1786., iv., pi. clix.) Fabricius (" Entoniologia Systematica," iHd'd,
iii., p. 452, No. 139) describes the sexes as" Mas cinereo fuscus, fae-
minaalbida,panctis aliquot nigris," etc., and Panzer ("Deutschlands
Insecten," 1797, xlvi., pi. 23 and 24) among the few Lepidopterons
that he deigns to mention, figures both sexes, and although on
separate plates tells us that they are the male and female of one
species. Hubner too (" Europilischen Schmetterlinge," iii., probably
1802, pi. 34, figs 148 and 149) gives us fair representations of both
sexes but is less happy in their delineation than he is in most of his
species, but Donovan's delightful figures published at about the
same date are all that can be desired (" British Insects," 1806, xi.,
pi. 888). From this time practically every author who includes
illustrations in his Avork figures both sexes more or less successfully.

The generic position of iiiendica has been almost as troublesome
to our systematists as was the disparity between the two sexes to
our older authors. Linnaeus, of course, placed it in his great group
of " tongueless" moths, Bombyx ; and this arrangement was used by
many authors. Thus we find Hufnagel (1766), Poda (1761),
Esper (1785), Borkhausen (1790), Fabricius (1793), Panzer (1794),
Hiibner (Eur. Schmet., 1802, etc.), and Haworth (1803), all using
Bombyx as their generic name for this species. But in 1810
Ochsenheimer published the volume of his " Die Schmetterlinge
von Europa" dealing with the portion of Linnaeus's group in
which our species occurs, dividing it into several genera and placed
)iienilica along with cribrmii, niftsiila, domiiiida, villica, caia,
ftdiijinosa, iiieiitltnstri, iirticae, luhricipeda and a number of other
equally dissimilar non-British species in his genus Ei/prepia
{Knfirepia) (vol. i., pt. 3., pg. 351), and this name was used by Schott
(" Schmetterlings Kalender," 1836) for the same species, by Dubois
(" Lepidopteres (le la Belgique," 1880) in a more restricted sense,
and by some others.

In 1816 Hiibner published the " Verzeichnis bekannter Schmet-
terlinge " in which he divided the larger groups into Stirps, Families
and Genera. One genus he called 1 >iacrisia, the only species which
he placed in it being rnssida ; to this I shall have to refer later.
Another genus that he created was Ci/cnia in which mendica was
included together with some five other species or supposed species,
and in this generic determination he was followed by Curtis (Cat.,
1837), Westwood (1843), and Walker (1855), but it did not come
into general use.

Schrank had in the meantime founded the genus Arctia ("Fauna
Boica," 1798), including in it caja, hera,plantagi)tis, villica, dominida,
fnli<iinom, rtissida, iiwiitliastri, lubricipeda, and mendica, and it was
adopted by Meigen (1832), Koch (1848), and Edward Newman
(1869) ; and Godart's (Jhelonia (" Histoire Naturelle des Lepidop-

52

teres de France," 1822) which contained practically the same species
with the exception of hera and domiuiila, also found little favour as
a suitable genus for mendica.

Then Stephens (" Illustrations of British Entomology," ii., 1828)
took the matter in hand. He created the genus Diaphora expressly
for mendica alone, and this was accepted by Wood (1839), Stainton
(1857), Kirby ("Catalogue," 1892, and "Handbook," 1897), South
("Moths of the British Isles," 1907), and Seitz (1913). But he
also founded the genus Sinloso)iia, placing in it ment/iastri, urticae,
and liibricipeda. Herrich-Schaffer (" Systematische Bearbeitung der
Schmet. von Eur.," 1845), put mendica in this genus, Spilosdina,
along with the last mentioned three species and some others, taking
Diaphora as a synonym, and this arrangement was accepted by the
great majority of modern authors. But the matter was not yet
settled.

When Meyrick published his " Handbook of British Lepidoptera,"
in 1895, he based his classification largely on venation, and one must
assume that this decided him in taking Hubner's genus Diacrisia for
mendica, urticae, ment/iastri, liibricipeda, and riisxnla ; Hampson
("Catalogue of the Arctiadae," 1901) also uses this classification.
The association appears to be a natural one, and it is to be hoped may
be found to be the correct solution of a much vexed question.

Variation.

Variation in mendica takes two very definite directions, in the one
it is the colour of the male that is affected, in the other the black
spotting of both sexes. In both cases the variation appears to be
rather in the nature of local races than chance aberrations, for
although occasionally aberrations do occur, ihey are apparently rare.

The best known local race is rustica, a form in which the male is
creamy-white. It was first identified by Hiibner, who twice figured
it," SammlungEuropaischer Schmetterlinge," plate 34, fig. 150, and
" Beitrage zur Geschichte der Schmetterlinge," ii., iii., ii., fig. H.,
and at page 64 of this latter work he says, " I first found this moth
in the Ukrane, and then also met with it in some other collections
in Vienna. In size, shape, and markings it is difficult to separate
from mendica, except that its colour is so much lighter, yet only in
the male, the female is separated from it only by its wholly black
antennae.* I have found no description of it, but from the above
and the appended figure, this deficiency will doubtless be remedied."

"•■• Linnneus, "Fauna Suec," ed. ii., p. 299, no. 1127, says, "Antennae
magis fuscae racbi alba." The Kev. F. D. Morice tells me that " rachi " is
evidently from a Greek word signifying the backbone of an animal or the petiole
of a leaf. The application in this ease appears to be somewhat obscure, but
may refer to a few white scales of the mendica female antenna, which do not
appear to be present in rnstica.

53

So far as we know this form occurs in Ireland, Hungary, Rumania,
Armenia, Cilicia, and the Caucasus, all districts, be it noted, on the
outskirts of the geographical range of the species, and Cockayne
suggests that the light male may be the original form, and that the
newer form with a dark male may have arisen somewhere in the
centre of the area in which the species occurs and spread towards
the outskirts (" Ent. Rec," xxxi., 104).

Turati gives the name var. binat/hii to specimens which he
describes as of " a sandy colour, a bay, more or less clear, or non-
smoky." Of which he says, "although supposedly a hybrid, or
rather a mongrel of the nistica ^ with the mendira $ , is a product
of natural selection." (" Atti. Mus. Milano," xlii., p. 39, pi. iii., f.
3-6), but unfortunately he does not tell us the exact locality whence
he obtained his specimens.

We have been accustomed to believe that nistica is the only form
occurring in Ireland, but this seems to be open to doubt, and indeed
Kane in his " Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland," says, " We
find, therefore, the var. mstica, though occurring in the extreme
north and south of Ireland, is not the universal form." ("Entom.,"
xxvi., p. 344.) From which we must presume that the dark, typical
male mendica occurs in the central districts, but this is a question
that needs clearing up : perhaps some of our Irish friends can
help us.

Be that as it may, if we breed from a pairing between a white
Irish rustica male and a female of the same race, the male progeny
are not all of the white form, but vary considerably in colour, some
generally being darker and of quite a sandy-brownish tint = var.
bina;)hii, and occasionally a few may be more or less a mixture of
brown and white, but so far as I am aware the typical smoky-brown
male never results from rufitica parents. Is it possible that in such
cases tbe stock from which we breed may, in some former genera-
tion, have been contaminated by the dark, typical race ?

Another form, closely allied to var. nistica, and running in
parallel light and dark gradations with it, has recently been named
var. venosa (" Entom.," Iv., p. 79). Its general tone of colour in
the male is grey as compared with the yellowish-brown tone of
nistica, and in both sexes the wing veins are often conspicuously
darker than the ground colour. It was taken in Co. Tyrone, and
has been bred to the second generation, its characteristics being
preserved throughout.

Ernst and Engramelle (" Papillons de I'Europe," iv., p. 166, pi.
clix., fig. 205f.), figure a specimen that is distinctly lighter in colour
than the type, and of it say " fig. 205f. is a variety of tbe male
drawn from the cabinet of Mr. Gerning. The colour is a good deal
lighter than in the species, and in proportion more of a yellowish
grey, it has black spots on its four wings. The underside has the
same depth of colour as 205e. The female upper- and undersides

54

are quite white and much the same as in the species, it has three
black spots on each of the upper and a single one on the under-
wings." Unfortunately, no locality is given, but I think the figure
must be referable to one of the hinatiJtii forms.

The black spotting of the wings varies very considerably, both in
the type form and its colour varieties. I do not remember to have
seen a specimen absolutely devoid of spots, but examples of both
sexes in which the only marking is one small black dot in the centre
of each forewing are not very uncommon (the female of this form
has been named depnncta by Schultz), and from this every grade of
spotting may be found up to heavily blotched specimens, both fore-
and hindwings being affected. In the latter case the variation
appears to be largely racial.

In this connection, Porritt (" Trans. Ent. Soc. of London," 1889,
p. 441, pi. xiv.) describes and figures representatives of two broods
that he reared from batches of ova found in the neighbourhood of
Hudderstield, all the individuals of which, both males and females,
are heavily blotched, in the more extreme examples taking a radiated
form on the forewings, and forming practically a marginal band on
the hindwings. Rebel (" Berge's Schmetterlingsbuch," 1910, p. 426.
See also Barrett, ii., pi. 75, tigs. 2b-2c) names the female of this
form faaciata. Porritt tells us that the form was exceedingly local,
being confined to about a hundred yards of a lane near Grimescar.
Mendicana of Staudinger, described as "wings more or less streaked
and blotched with fuscous, the terminal area sometimes suffused
with fuscous," appears to be referable to this form.

Heavily spotted forms are not, however, confined to any particular
locality, and may occasionally be found almost anywhere, and when
bred from, a considerable number of the progeny usually follow the
parents more or less closely. This seems to suggest that if a colony
having this tendency gets separated it may gradually increase its
intensity until fasciata forms are produced, as in the case cited by
Porritt. I have heavily spotted forms from places as far apart as
Yorkshire, Kent, and Hereford, including good radiated forms of
the female from Kent and Co. Cork. Theselastmayperhaps be regarded
as chance aberrations, as apart from a local race; as may also forms
that we occasionally find in which the chief spotting is in the form
of a small blotch on thecosta or inner margin or both, or it may be a
streak along the costa, or, as in the case of var. depuucta, already
referred to, is confined to a single spot on each of the fore-wings.
Indeed, we find endless variations and combinations in the spotting,
more particularly in the female, that appear to be quite casual.

Experimental Work.

A great deal of experimental work has from time to time been
done in crossing the rnstica race with the type. Standfuss found
that by pairing the white male of the rnstica race with typical

55

females, he obtained sandy-brown coloured males which Caradja
named staiulfussi, but they appear to be identical with the wild
bina<ihii form of Turati. I have myself obtained this same cross ;
the colour of the males differs little from the darkest coloured of the
rustica race. Standfuss also paired females of standfussi with
white rii.stica males and obtained white, much spotted males
which Caradja named inversa. I do not propose to enter further
into these experiments here, nor to detail the results of others in
true hybridization with allied species that have been obtained, but
those who are interested will find full accounts in Standfuss'
"Handbuch der palilarktischen Gross-Schmetterlinge," p. 224, etc.
Caradja, "Iris," viii., p. 82, xi., p. 397, etc. Rothschild "Nov.
Zool.," xvii., p. 148. Oberthiir " Etudes de Lep. Comparee,"
v., p. 52. Cockayne, "Ent. Rec," xxxi., p. 101, and Onslow,
"Journal of Genetics," xi., p. 277, etc. Var. vieitli, Car.; var.
hilaris, Car., and var. heata, Car., and others are names given to the
forms resulting from these experiments in true hybridization and
not from pairings between forms of the one species.

The venosa form also has been paired with the type ; in this case
the male being typical (Sussex) and the female venosa. The progeny
followed much the same lines as in the rustica x luendica cross,
being intermediate, but are a remarkable series. In the males the
prevailing colour is a decided grey, varying individually in depth of
shade from light to dark, the chief veins are indicated by pale
streaks and the fringes in most of the individuals are of the same
pale colour as the veins. The females closely follow the female
parent. For this mongrel race I suggest the varietal name of
uiistiiia as appropriate. I have been fortunate in securing a pairing
between moths of this cross and hope to be able to report the result
of this second generation at some future time.

Gynandeomorphism.

Gynandromorphism in the species, too, is a question that has
led to some little confusion. So long ago as 1849 Wing wrote
a paper on gynandromorphs that had come under his notice, and
it was published in the " Transactions of the Entomological
Society of London," vol. v., p. 119, and accompanied by a very
beautifully executed coloured plate (No. xiv.). In it he says
" Many instances have been recorded of insects that have
exhibited the characters of both sexes, as well as in the colours and
markings on the wings and body as in the form of different parts ;
and as a few specimens of these among the Lepidoptera have come
to my knowledge, I have thought it desirable that accurate figures
and descriptions of these specimens should be published. I have
therefore drawn up short notices of their principal characters." On
page 120 he says, " Diaphora iiiendica (PI. xiv., fig 5). This specimen
has the form of the wings, body and antennae of the male, l)ut the
colour and markings of the female. The nnile of this species, as

56

entomologists are aware, is dark ash colour, with black spots, while
the female is cream colour, with similar markings, like the specimen
figured. Taken by Mr. Nicholas Cooke, near Dublin, 1842." This
description, it must be admitted, does very accurately describe what
might be a gynandromorphic example of mendica, but on turning to
plate xiv., figure 5, we find, not a gynandromorph, but one of the
most beautifully executed representations of a male var .ritstica that
we have ever seen. There is no suggestion of the sub-diaphanous
white of the female wings, but the well-clothed creamy-white of the
male ntstica wing is well illustrated. It is therefore very evident
that this record was founded on an erroneous identification.

In 1868 Gregson recorded (" Entom.," iv., p. 11) that he had in
his collection "one hermaphrodite xieiulica having male and female
antennae, and of a light smoky colour throughout." It is unfortu-
nate that all track of this specimen seems to have been lost.
Gregson's collection passed into Sydney Webb's hands and was, I
believe, incorporated with his own ; but in the catalogue of sale of
the Webb collection, no mention is made of this remarkable speci-
men. However, in Mosley's " Vars. of British Lep.," 1878-94,
Arctia, plate i., three of Gregson's tuemlica, presumably his best
forms, are figured, and no. 8 is a rather small, light, smoky speci-
men, but although one antenna is possibly slightly more slender
than the other, both are clearly represented as pectinate. One
wonders whether this may be the specimen referred to.

In 1896 Oskar Schultz, Avho seems to have made a speciality of
collecting records of gynandromorphs, published in " Illustrierten
Wochenschrift fiir Entomologie," vol i., p. 369 a list of species in
which gynandromorphs had been noted, and in which mendica was
erroneously included on Wing's record, and this he repeated in
various continental publications during the succeeding few years.
It IS to be regretted that this erroneous record should have received
such wide publication, but as in a subsequent list in which he
summarises his five previous articles on gynandromorphs he omits
mendica, it is to be presumed that he had detected the inaccuracy of
Wing's identification.

However, in 1909 Conrad B. Booklet, Secretary of the Entomo-
logical Society of Coblenz, reported that Herr. Burscheid exhibited
a somewhat worn, but tolerably good specimen, of a bilateral
gynandromorph of S. mendica, caught at Coblenz. ("Int. Ent. Zeit."
v., 3. p. 96, 1909). Schultz, referring to this specimen, tells us
that the wings and antennae on left side are male and on the right
side female and longer, and that the body has the colours of the two
sexes sharply separated. ("Ent. Zeit.", 1911-2, p. 87.) This
description suggests a very perfect gynandromorph, the sexes more
sharply divided, indeed, than one usually finds in similar
specimens of other species, and should it bear further critical examin-
ation, constitutes, so far as I am aware, the only true record of a
gynandromorphic mendica.

Proc. S.L.E. d- N.H. Sor.

Plate VII,

A. Mouth-parts of imago of CordulegaUer annulatus, Latr. ( x 4-8).

B. First maxilla of C. annulatus ( x 7"2).

C. First maxilla of a grasshopper.

D. Mask of an Aeschnid dragonfly, shewing hinges.

E. Labium (second maxillae) of a Blattid.

F. Hypothetical arrangement of parts of labium of dragonfly naiad before

fusion took place. The shaded part became mentum with ligula.

c, cardo ; g, galea; h^, h.^, h.^, Ii^, hinges ; I, lacinia + galea ; la, lacinia ;
ifii, labium ; ihr, labrum ; ))(, mentum ; )iih, moveable hook; nin, mandible;
mx, maxilla; p, palpus; s, submentum ; st, stipes.

(All the figures are diagrammatic, and unnecessary details, such as hairs,
are omitted.)

Proc. S.L.E. tC- N.H. Soc, 1922.

Plate VIII.

Typical labia of British Dragonfly Naiads.

Apical portion of-

1. Gomphiis vuhiatissiiiitts, Linn. (x6).

2. Coidiilegaster aimuUituf:, Latr. (x4'5).

3. Aeschna gr(iinH<, h\nn. (x3).

4. Libellitla qiuulriiuacHlata, Linn. (x4*5).

5. Calopteri/.v sple'ideiis, Harris ( x 11"25).

6. Lestes sponsa, Hans, (xll'25).

7. Enjthromma itaidn, Hans. (xl2).

57

Labium (Second Maxillae) of the Paraneuroptera
(Odonata).

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.Ti.^.—Read November dth, 1922.

In view of the fact that a certain proportion of our members are
not entomologists some apology is perhaps necessary for introducing
a subject that does not come within their range of interest. To the
entomologists I must apologise for bringing forward so many facts
with which they are already well acquainted. Both, I hope, will
pardon me.

At the present time it is fairly well agreed that the head of an
insect is composed of seven segments (somites, arthromeres), whose
division lines (sutures) are, however, none too easily made out.
They are : — (1) the Ocular, bearing the eyes and ocelli ; (2) Anten-
nal, bearing the antennae ; (3) Second Antennal, usually without
appendages (but in Campodea and L'Dllembola rudimentary append-
ages are present corresponding to the antennae in Crustacea) ; (4)
Mandibular, bearing the mandibles ; (5) Maxillular, with the
maxillulae, when these appendages are present ; (6) First Maxillary,
bearing the first maxillae ; (7) Second Maxillary, or Labial, with
the second maxillae, or labium as they are more usually styled, at
any rate in the Paraneuroptera.

Segment or Somite.

Appendages.

1.

Ocular.

Eyes and Ocelli.

2.

Antennal.

Antennae.

3.

2nd Antennal.

(Present in Cavtpodea
and Collemhola).

4.

Mandibular.

Mandibles.

5.

Maxillular.

(Maxillulae).

6.

Ist Maxillary.

1st Maxillae.

7.

2nd Maxillary.

2nd Maxillae, or Labium.

58

Two types of insect mouth are readily apparent to every student
of the Insecta: — (1) the Mandibidate, in which the four pairs of
appendages just enumerated are as a rule quite clear, and (2) the
Suctorial, in which usually they are not. Caiiipocha and CoUembnla
are to some extent intermediate between these two, the mandibles
and maxillae being retracted ; so that, while they can bite soft
substances, they are able apparently to suck also. The mouth of
Caiiii>odea, one of the most archaic of insects, might be assumed to
have been a condition from which the two types branched off ; but
conclusions of this kind must not be too readily drawn, and at any
rate they do not concern us now. Those interested will find the
matter fully discussed in Lord Avebury's " Origin and Metamor-
phoses of Insects."

It is with the appendages of the seventh somite only that we
have to do this evening. Before proceeding to consider that organ,
however, it will be well to look at the whole of the mouth-parts for
a moment. These are found on somites 4, 6, and 7 only, as far as
the Paraneuroptera are concerned. On the fourth somite is the
pair of strongly toothed horny mandibles ; on the sixth the pair of
first maxillae, also armed in part with six teeth ; and on the seventh
the united pair of second maxillae, or, as they are usually called,
the labium, which covers the mouth ventrally. Dorsally it is closed
by a flap (not an appendage of the same nature as the other six)
called the labrum. The whole apparatus provides a fairly typical
form of mandibulate, or biting, mouth of an archaic insect.

Possibly these mouth-parts will be more clearly understood if
they are shewn dissected out. PI. vii.,fig. A, represents, somewhat
diagrammatically, the mouth of an imago of Cordideijaster annidatus,
Latr., hairs, etc, being omitted for clearness. If we first examine
one of the First Maxillae, which are less modified than the second
pair, we shall understand more easily the construction of the latter.

Essentially a maxilla consists of the cardo, stipes, lacinia, galea,
and palpus (omitting one or two less important connecting parts,
which do not concern us just now). These can be well seen in the
maxillae of a still more archaic insect than a dragonfly (PI. VII., fig.
C). In the maxilla of a dragon-fly, however, the lacinia and galea
are fused and are usually spoken of as the inner lobe, while the
palpus is of a simple nature (PI. VII., fig. B.). Fusion of the same
parts has also taken place in the labium, as of course might be
expected, fusion in fact being the order of the day in that organ ;
and it is easy to see that a useful object is gained thereby — that of
keeping the food within the mouth, to be passed on by the first
maxillae for thorough crushing by the mandibles. So the two
pairs of maxillae fulfil a somewhat similar function to that of the
tongue in the vertebrates.

It seems perfectly clear that originally the second maxillae were
less fused than they are in the dragonflies. A glance at the

59

diagrammatic labium of a cockroach confirms this (PI. VII., fig. E) ;
for a very primitive (I think I may say most primitive) form of
labium occurs in the Orthoptera and Isoptera. This we may com-
pare with the labium (also diagrammatic) of one of the large
dragonflies (PI. VII., fig. A, //;/). Although it is quite agreed that in
the first maxillae the inner lobe is caused by the fusion of the galea
and lacinia, in the case of the second maxillae this was once
questioned ; but the same view seems to be accepted now. Rambur
and Hagen, advanced the opinion that the lateral lobe represents
the palpus only, while the central part was the result of the fusion
of galeae and laciniae. Gerstaecker, however, thought that the
lateral lobe was made up of palpus and galea. Apart from the fact
that non-parallel variation is scarcely to be expected in this case,
there are various little indications, especially in the naiad stage and
in imaginal Zygoptera, which tend to support the opinion of Rambur
and Hagen. PI. VII.,fig. A, ^fc/, will serve to illustrate all the imaginal
labia, if mention is made of one or two points of variation in the
sub-families.

All the families and sub-families with British representatives, are
shewn in the following table.

British Pakaneuroptera.

Sub-order.

Family.

Sob-Family.

Anisoptera.

Aesehnidae.

Gompliinae.

Cordulegasterinae.

Aoschninae.

Libellulidae.

Corduliinae.

Libellulinae.

Zygoptera.

Calopterygidae.

Calopteryginae.

Lestidae.

Lestinae.

Agrionidae.

Platycneminae.

Agiioninae.

Although there is some amount of variation in the i in a t/iua I labium,
yet in all cases the principal parts are easily recognisable — broad
base, projecting median lobe ( = ligula), squames supporting lateral
lobes, moveable hook, and end hook. Some variations are : — In the
Zygoptera and the old Anisoptera the ligula is prominent and

60

usually bifid (an archaic feature) ; in Aeschninae there is no median
cleft but a line shewing the suture, and sometimes tubercles are
present on each side of it ; C(»dide(^aster has a set of supplementary
teeth to the end hook (perhaps carried over from the naiad stage) ;
in Libelliiliilae, the end hook has gone, the moveable hook is small
or represented only by a chitinous spot, lateral lobes are greatly
enlarged, median lobe is reduced to a small triangle above which
the palpi meet in the middle line, making a T-shaped closed mouth.

But this evening I want especially to call attention to the highly
remarkable and quite unique labium of the dragonfly in the naiad*
stage.

Very aptly the naiad labium is called a " mask," because it com-
pletely (or else very nearly) covers the other mouth parts. The
view in PL VII., fig. D, gives a very good idea of the shape and general
appearance of the mask in a di'agonfly of the Aeschuine type. It is
in four parts — submentum, mentum with ligula, two palpi, and two
moveable hooks. Consequently there are four hinges. These are
worked by suitable muscles, except the moveable hooks which have
none. The mask is extremely variable in shape, especially as
regards the lateral lobes (palpi).

In the embryo before hatching the labium consists of a pair of
three-jointed appendages, separate except at their extreme base. As
the naiad grows up, it alters considerably. After hatching the
tendencies are towards : —

(1) More complete fusion of parts.

(2) Repression of galea and lacinia.

(B) Growth and strengthening of moveable hook.

(4) Increase in the number of setae.

(5) Deeper cleft in Calopteryx.

(6) In Anax setae which are present at first are afterwards lost.
In the last stage before becoming an imago, the masks of the

various families and sub-families differ greatly, though not much
within the sub-families. One belonging to each will now be examined,
notice being taken of signs that point to an archaic form. Masks
may roughly be divided into (1) flat, and (2) spoon-shaped, the
former being the more archaic.

1. Gomphinae. Gomp/iKs fidgatissimus, Linn. (PI. VIII., fig. 1).

(1) Short, squarish, flat luentuin.

(2) Setae none.

* Following Comstock in his " Introduction to Entomology " (Ithaca, 1920),
I am restricting the term " nymph " to the immature instars of insects with
gradual metamorphosis such as grasshoppers ; adopting the term " naiad " for
those with incomvlete metamorphosis, such as dragontlies ; and reserving " larva
and pupa " for those with complete, metamorphosis, such as butterflies and lace-
wings.

61

(3) Median lobe (ligula) usually not projecting, entire, and

in our only species straight and fringed with hairs.

(4) Palpi rather simple.

(5) Moveable hook strong and well developed.
The flat surface and somewhat simple palpi are archaic.

2. Cordulegasterinae. Cordnlei/aster amudatus, Lair. (PI. VIII.,

fig. 2).

(1) Spoon-shaped.

(2) Kaptorial setae, both lateral and mental— in oar only

species four on the palpi, about sixteen on the mentum.

(3) Median lobe produced, and then cleft at the tip.

(4) On the distal margin of palpi, large interlocking teeth.

(5) Moveable hook reduced.

The cleft median lobe (ligula) is an archaic feature. In some respects
this mask approaches the very spoon-shaped mask of the Lihelhdidae : but
perhaps it is only a case of parallel development, as the two sub-families do
not seem to be related.

8. Aeschninae. Aeschna (jrandix, Linn. (PI. VIII., fig. 3).

(1) Shape, very long, narrowed towards the base.

(2) Setae, not present in full-grown naiads.

(3) Median lobe usually projecting a little, and sometimes

having a slight median cleft.

(4) Palpi with straight distal margin, and slight end hook.

(5) Moveable hook strongly developed.

The Brachi/tron group may have two pairs of tubercles on the median
lobe, which are perhaps remnants of galeae and laciniae. Ana.v, as a naiad,
develops towards simplicity. Eudimenlary setae on the palpi may be seen i»
the early stages of the naiad ; but they disappear later. The Aeschninae are
a fairly archaic type.

4. Libellulidae. Libellula quad) imacidata, Linn. (PI. VIII.,

fig. 4).

(1) Mentiim wide and somewhat triangular, subinentum

narrow.

(2) Median lobe projecting and triangular.

(3) PflZ/)/, very large, sub-triangular, very much spoon-shaped.

(4) Lateral and mental raptorial setae present, the latter

being sometimes in two series.

(5) Moveable hook small and slender.

(6) Distal border much developed.

The mask hides the face well, but is not so good a raptorial instrument.
It perhaps acts as a spoon to catch small animals. In Orthetnnn cancellatitm,
Linn., there is a raised central line, and on each side there are a number of
small teeth with a small spinule between them.

5. Calopterygidae. Caloiiteryx splendens, Harris (PI. VIII.,

fig. 6).

62

(1) Somewhat diamond-shaped.

(2) Setae none on mentum ; about two on each palpus, but

perhaps of little use.

(3) Mi'diflii lobe very deeply cleft in the mature naiad, though

less so in earlier stages. (Archaic.)

(4) Palpi slender ; three teeth — the end hook and two

between it and the moveable hook.

(5) Moveable hook well developed.

It has been suggested that the cleft may be of use to get rid of rejected
remains of food (?).

iB. Lestinae. T.estea spoma, Hans. (PL VIIL, fig. 6).

(1) Shape much as in Aririonidae.

(2) Eaptoiial setae — two on moveable hook, one on lateral

lobe, a row of a few on mentum.

(3) Median lobe cleft.

(4) Palpus with large teeth of various shapes.

(5) Moveable hook well developed, bearing setae.

Teeth increase in size as naiad develops. Presence of setae on moveable
hook is an important feature.

7. Agrionidae. Iu-i/thro)iiiiia naias, Hans. (PI. VHI., fig. 7).

(1) iVfl,s/<- lengthened, contracting basally ; mentum short.

(2) Raptorial setae — lateral and mental.

(3) Median lobe prominent, triangular.

(4) Palpus having end-hook fairly developed.

(5) Moveable hook moderately developed.

Homology of the parts of the dragonfly labium.

Archaic.

Naiai..

Imago.

Submentum
(=cardines).

Submentum
lengthened.

Submentum
reduced.

Mentum
( = stipites).

Mentum
lengthened.

Mentum
(with squamae).

Median lobes
= ligula
= subgalea.

Distal part of
mentum
= ligula.

Distal to
mentum.

Galea )
Lacinia )

Lost, or
nearly so.

Lost, or
nearly so.

P (Lateral lobes.

a,}

ft. (Moveable hook.

Lateral lobes

developed.

Moveable hook.

Lateral lobes

developed.
Small or lost.

63

As already mentioned the mask is an altogether unique structure
in the Animal Kingdom. It is made suitable for the use to which
it is put by the lengthening of the mentum and submentum, and
the alteration of the tip of the palpus into a moveable hook. The
mask appears at first sight to be an unwieldy implement, but it is
capable of being worked with accuracy and great speed. It
posseses much power, and it has been stated that if the naiad is
held by the extreme tip, it can easily lift its body up to the support.
The mask can be shot out so that its tip extends to some considerable
distance in front of the head, and this lengthy grappling arm, com-
bined with the sideways movement of the palpi (lateral lobes), and
the assistance of their teeth, constitutes a formidable instrument for
the capture of prey.

Should a tiny red worm or other apparently dainty morsel be
sighted, the naiad creeps stealthily along by slow degrees, so as not
to call the attention of the prey it hopes to catch ; or perhaps just
as frequently it waits till the prey of its own accord approaches
sufficiently near. At any rate when within measurable distance,
which, if one maj^ judge from occasional false shots, it cannot
always gauge with great accuracy, the naiad puts into action
the powerful muscles by which the mask is operated, shoots it out
with lightning speed, seizes the prey with the moveable hooks, and
with equal speed brings back the mask with the pre}^ in its grasp.
Wriggle as it may the prey is helpless, and the action of the mask
brings it in front of the mouth, where the first maxillae and
mandibles soon make short work of it, struggle as it may and often
does.

I am afraid I have brought forward a somewhat uninteresting
subject, and I know^ I have treated it most inadequately. As a
matter of fact our knowledge of the evolution of the remarkable
dragonfly labium is none too complete ; but we see clearly that the
steps of the process by which natural selection (or some other method
of adaptation) has evolved from an original pair of second maxillae,
the strange yet very efficient odonate mask, are well worth investiga-
tion, even if the objective may be difficult of attainment.

64

Notes on the genus Zygaena.

By T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.'E.S.—Reacl December IQth, 1922,

I must apologise for the obvious shortcomings of this paper.
When invited to do something with reference to the Zygaenas, I
had a faint hope that something of interest might be written, as I
had at least 2,000 larvae, all bred from selected parents and carried
to the second generation. Circumstances, however, have decided
otherwise, for out of all those larvae I only bred about two dozen
imagines, the remainder dying as pupae. Instead of the imagines
developing they rotted, and the pupae were filled with a black fluid,
so that one was unable when opening them to obtain the results,
and, from a Mendelian point of view, all one can say is, that the
black and yellow forms follow these lines. Confluence, which will
be dealt with later, apparently does not follow any rule.

The result of pairing black and red, and yellow and red, always
produces in the first generation 100% of the type; a pairing of these
types produces a percentage of the aberration, but on this occasion
the results obtained were too small to give any definite figures, and
the only pairing obtained of black x black was infertile. Newman,
who has bred the yellow form in large numbers, shows that this
follows Mendelian lines, and he has obtained pairings, yellow X
yellow, which produce 100% of yellow.

In regard to confluence, one is of opinion that this result is caused
either by temperature or atmospheric conditions, with a greater or
lesser tendency in various colonies to produce this form. One has
on many occasions bred Z. trifolu from selected parents with the
following results. A pairing of two of the most extreme confluent
forms, in the first generation produced the type, i.e., with spots 1
and 2 separate, 3 and 4 connected, and 5 free; there were also a
few of the form orobi. The result of several pairings from these
produced an overwhelming number of orobi, i.e., with spots 3 and 4
disconnected, but not a confluent form was obtained. On the other
hand confluent forms may be obtained from any pairing, generally
in the first generation, the greatest number obtained from any one
pairing was from a brood, type x black, which in the first genera-
tion produced about 27 typical and ab. orobi, and 11 showing vary-
ing degrees of confluence. From observations made over several
years, confluence appears to be caused by similar conditions to those
which produce blueness in the females of the Lycaenidae.

65

The range of the true Zygaenas is entirely Palaearctic, extending
from Ireland in the west to Japan in the east, being found in the
greatest numbers in Italy, Greece, and the shores of the Black Sea,
then gradually decreasing in numbei-s until in the extreme east of
their range the family is represented by one species only, Z. niphona.
Their area north and south extends from Norway, Sweden, Russia,
etc., to Palaearctic Africa, not being found south of the Atlas
Mountains. The greatest numbers are found on the shores of the
Mediterranean, gradually decreasing as one proceeds north, until
in the extreme north of their area one species only is to be found,
viz., Z. exulans, which in the most northern portion of its range is
found at sea level. This species as its habitats approach warmer
climates lives at higher altitudes, until in the south of Europe it is
only found on the higher mountains. In the British Isles, situated
as they are in the extreme west, the species are few in numbers,
there being in all seven, viz., tilijiendulae, trifulii, lonicerae, melilati,
exulans, minos, and achilleae, with two forms which Tutt considered
to be distinct, viz., hippocrepidis or tutti and trifoUi race palustris.

The ova of all the species are very similar, being oval in shape
and of a yellow or greenish colour, with a transparent portion at one
end. These are laid in batches with several rows overlapping, and
normally they number from 100 to 150. If, however, ova are laid
by a virgin female their position is different, for then only a few ova
are laid, seldom more than half a dozen, in a batch, and are never
overlapped. The only variation that has come to my notice is with
scabiosae, which lays a normal batch of eggs, but apparently covers
them with some kind of secretion, much after the style of the
Mantis. The eggs hatch in about ten to fifteen days. It is practi-
cally impossible to differentiate the larvae in their first stadium, but
after the first change they begin to exhibit the characteristics of the
Zygaenas. After feeding for eight to ten weeks they hibernate.
The larva spins a pad of silk, after which it moults, the colour
changing to a pale drab with a semi-transparent appearance. The
change of skin is effected in a manner different from other larvae ;
the skin splitting the entire length of the body, and the edges curl-
ing over leave the larva entirely free. After resting for a period it
walks away, leaving the skin quite perfect.

In the spring the larvae bask in the sun, and after a few days
again cast their skins, the colour changing to the tints previous to
hibernation. Tutt states that the larvae feed before this moult, but
from my own observations I cannot agree with this statement, as I
have never found the slightest trace of their feeding. It is at least
the fact that if kept in a tin without any food they will successfully
complete this operation. After feeding for a week or two a propor-
tion of the larvae again change their skins, but instead of taking a
step forward they hibernate for another winter, and in some cases
this will happen two or three times. Thus they may on occasion
live in the larval state for three years.

66

They very rarely emerge without hibernation. The species which
most commonly do this are transalpina and stnechadb. Among the
British species this has occurred in trifoUi. Still, so-called second
emergences in nature must be looked upon with doubt, as it occa-
sionally happens that larvae that have commenced hibernation a
second time, after a period of remaining torpid, will commence
feeding and produce imagines several weeks after the species is
normally over. This probably happens in nature far more frequently
than actual second emergences.

As regards food plants : although the various species feed on a
number of herbaceous leguminous plants, such as Lotus, Hippocrepis,
etc., with the exception of two species so far as known, viz., jixnctiim
and sojpedon, which are stated to feed on Erynt/iitDi. Prac-
tically all will feed on Lotus comiculatus as a substitute. Purpu-
rails, however, prefers wild thyme, but will eat T.otus if nothing better
offers. The larvae of the majority will hibernate comparatively
easily; but those species whose habitat is the higher altitudes, which
normally would spend the winter covered with snow, it seems
practically impossible to hibernate successfully when they are taken
away from their natural environment.

The most successful method of hibernation that I have found is,
immediately the larvae cease feeding to put them in tins and keep
them quite dry. A few pieces of virgin cork give the larvae a good
foothold, and they will readily settle down. The greatest enemy is
mould, and every particle of food must be removed. The greatest
mortality takes place when the larvae come out of hibernation, and
care should be taken to prevent them waking up too early in the
season. For one reason, Lotus is difficult to obtain, and secondly,
if feeding commences and cold weather intervenes they will almost
certainly hibernate a second winter. When full fed the larva forms
the well known boat-shaped cocoon : this is almost universal, but
different species affect different positions. For example: fiUiwudulae
usually is to be found attached to the top of a grass culm, while the
early brood of trifolii is most difficult to find, being generally
attached to stones, or on the ground, where the cocoon most closely
resembles its surroundings ; the late brood generally pupates on
rushes. Doubtless the method adopted agrees with the surrounding
country. The early brood of trifolii, living on dry chalk hills, is
able to fix its cocoon on the ground without undue moisture ; but
the late brood, living in marshes, if fixed to the ground would be
almost under water. Neither of these cases is invariable, as I have
found cocoons of the early brood affixed to a hawthorn bush quite
eight feet from the ground, whilst I have found the palustris form
almost on the ground. In the case oi filipeiuhdae, both types, the
early form in marshes, and the late form on the chalk, construct their
cocoons in a similar position ; while scabiosae attaches its cocoon to
trunks of trees.

67

When working the Zygaenids, one very often finds two species
flying together, and pairing often takes place between distinct
species ; but in the majority of instances the resultant ova are
infertile. Still there are records of hybrids having been successfully
reared. The following species have been found in cop : —
fiUpendulae $ x achilleae J .

do. X ephialtes.

do. X lonicerae.

do. X hi/ipocrc/iidis (? ticntsalpina).

do. X 111 inns.

do. X trifolii.

Hybrids were most successfully obtained by W. H. B. Fletcher,
who obtained fertile crosses between tilipendidae x lonicerae and
trifolii X lonicerae ; with the former, fertile ova were produced and
successfully reared, but on these being paired only infertile ova were
produced ; as a result of the latter pairing, not only were the hybrids
reared, but these on being paired produced fertile ova. On several
occasions Fletcher obtained pairings between filii>eiidiilae x trifolii,
but in every case the result was infertile ; and he states that he
doubts whether this cross would ever give fertile results. However,
in 1920,1 obtained three such pairings, with the result that two of these
produced infertile ova, but those from the remaining pair were fertile.
The latter I divided with Mr. Tonge and we were both successful in
rearing imagines. Two pairings of these hybrids were obtained, but
both were sterile. The hybrids produced were curious. It is usual
in trifolii and in filipendiilae, that when the former produces a six-
spotted race it is ahvays the female that first acquires the sixth spot,
and it is not until this feature has become plentiful that one finds
any males bearing the sixth spot. Although there has not been
found in England a colony of trifolii showing this aberration, it has
been noted on the Continent. In fdipendnlae it is always the male
that first loses the sixth spot, and it is by no means rare, especiall)''
on the North Downs, to find filipendiilae with this spot greatly reduced,
although I have never actually found it absent. In the hybrids the
result was the opposite, 50% of the males had the sixth spot
developed in varying degrees, the remaining 50% were five-
spotted ; but in the females there is no trace of the sixth spot. On
.three or four occasions I have found on the same ground where
the pairings were obtained, males with this sixth spot, which might
possibly be wild hybrids. It is of course impossible to dift'erentiate
the females, as they are not to be distinguished from the true species.
Cross pairings may be readily obtained between the early form of
filipendiilae and the late or true filipendiilae, and as the emergence
of these is extended it is always possible to obtain late examples of
the early form, and early examples of the late form. These, if put
together, will pair quite readily.

In regard to the early form of filipendiilae, which Tutt considered

68

to be a distinct species : with all respect for Tutt's powers of obser-
Yation, one cannot but consider that in this case he acted without
properly considering the matter, as there is not the slightest doubt
that these two forms are one and the same species, and certainly so
in the colony from which he took the specimens that he named
hippocreiiidix. I have examined a number of specimens from his
series, and they are a rather small race with the sixth spot weakly
developed. If taken alone they might be thought to be a species in
a genus where the species, although being quite distinct, show a
marked superficial resemblance ; but other colonies fail to show the
characteristics noted by Tutt, although they correspond exactly to
the true fiUpendulae. Furthermore, the larvae of both are identical;
the appendages are not to be differentiated, and finally they pair
readily, the result always proving fertile in the first and subsequent
generations. It often happens in the localities where true filipendulae
occurs that an odd specimen will emerge in May, and on the ground
where tutti occurs it is sometimes possible to find belated examples
a month or six weeks after the brood is over. If true I'dipendulae
are fed on the succulent marsh form of Lotus they grow to a larger
size before hibernation than if fed on Lotus cornicidatus, feed for a
shorter period after, and the imagines emerge several weeks before
the proper time of emergence. This appears to be conclusive that
tutti and filipendulae are one and the same species. In fairness to
Tutt, one can only say that in trifolii the early form always appears
on the chalk hills, and the late brood on marshy ground. Like tutti
and filipendulae, trifolii and palustris will pair quite readily, but in
this case the late form is very much larger, so that it is possible
that in one case the more succulent food causes a more rapid growth,
and in the other it causes, after a prolonged period in the larval state,
a larger and heavier insect.

The Zygaenas show considerable variation, but the same general
type of variation runs through the whole genus. First of all we
have the various forms of colour : with one or two exceptions the
normal colour of the forewings is green or blue-black with spots or
bands of scarlet or crimson, and the hindwings of the same colour
with a margin of blue-black in varying depths. It is of fairly
frequent occurrence to find the crimson spots and hindwings changed
to pink and the blue-black of the forewings slatey blue; this is
generally accompanied by some degree of malformation, so that
possibly this form may be the result of some injury to the pupa.
The red colour on occasion changes to orange or lemon yellow : this
form may occur anywhere, and is a recessive, and possibly if this
was analysed from the Mendelian point of view, it would be found
to be a red from which the factor for intense colour has been
eliminated. In the other direction the normal colour may be in-
tensified, becoming black through varying shades of brown ; this
also is a recessive, and probably is a red to which an additional factor

69

for intense colour has been added. The other colour variation is of
the rarest occurrence, in fact I can find only one example. This is
with the red spots and red of hindwing changed to silvery white,
the darker portions of the wings and body being normal. It is diffi-
cult to account for this form, but perhaps the following may be
suggestive. This aberration occurred on the same ground as the
black ones, and one cannot but think that without the melanic form
the white could not occur, and therefore is an aberrant form of an
aberration. When a red loses the factor for intense colour the result
is yellow, when a factor for additional colour is added to the normal
red the result is brown or black ; if in turn the factor for additional
colour is eliminated from the melanic form, it seems reasonable to
suppose that, owing to the change that has taken place in the pig-
ment, the result would be white. I had hoped to test this theory by
breedmg from this white $ , but it was impossible to obtain the pair-
ing ; the melanic form is lethargic, and it is extremely rare to see
one on the wing even on the hottest day. Also it is quite different
in its resting position from the type, which sits with its wings laid
tightly along the body ; whereas the melanic form sits with its wings
spread, much after the manner of a Lycaenid sunning itself. The
white one remained for over a week refusing to move, even if placed
in the sun, and seemed quite devoid of sexual attraction. JVIales
would walk over her without exhibiting any interest, although this
was the only female in the cage, with at least a dozen males.

The next type of variation to be considered is in the spotting of
the forewings, and in this respect the Zygaenas may be grouped as
follows : —

With six spots as in filipendidae.

With five spots as in lonicerae.

With three blotches as in cnvieri.

With four spots with the 5th and 6th joined together as in
acJiilleat'.

With five spots and a lunular blotch as in camioUca.

And with the spots confluent as in txirpnralis.

In the five- and six-spotted forms the spots may coalesce in the
following manner : 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, or with any combina-
tion of these spots, and in extreme forms the confluence may extend
over the whole surface of the forewings, as in riibiciindiis, an ex-
tremely local form found in Italy. Speaking generally, the varia-
tion of the group is limited, and the same type runs through the
whole genus, and this feature, together with the slight difterence
between the various species, makes the family very complicated and
the species difficult to differentiate, an examination of the genital
organs giving little satisfaction owing to their similarity.

Again, a certain race of a species may vary in a certain direction to
such an extent that it strongly resembles a distinct species, so that
differentiation with any certainty is almost impossible. Instances

70

of this are seen in trifolii, tyan.talpina, and filijienclulae ; the first
named species has five spots, but local races have been found on the
Continent which develop a sixth spot. Trmisalpina commonly shows
two distinct forms with five and six spots, thus overlapping /z7/jj(?»(f»-
lae, which occasionally develops a five-spotted form ; when this
happens in some of the smaller races they are very difficult to differ-
entiate, although the brighter colour, and generally the position of
the spots, allows one, after experience, to separate them with some
degree of confidence. The same difficulty is shown in certam races
of jnirpitralis and achilleae, especially in some of the forms from Asia
Minor. In regard to confluence, it is curious that some species are
particularly prone to this form of variation, as in the British species,
trifolii and loniccrae ; although undoubtedly very closely related,
trifolii regularly produces confluent aberrations, and it is almost
impossible to collect this species in any locality without getting this
form ; in some seasons it is so abundant that at least 50% show con-
fluence in some degree, whereas with hmicerae confluence is of the
greatest rarity, even such a minor form as the coalescence of spots
3 and 4 is difficult to obtain.

Teratological forms are abundant iu this genus, examples having
one or more wings reduced in size, or with the wings of unusual
shape being especially frequent. Rarer divergent forms, such as an
extra leg or wing, have been obtained. Dr. Chapman reported
having taken a female e.vnlans with extra wings ; and Christ\% trifolii
(see "Entomologist," vol. 27, p. 258) with what may be described
as three forewings and no hindwings. The absence of one or more
wings is of frequent occurrence ; and several instances have been
recorded of imagines being taken with larval heads. This prevalence
of congenital aberrations may perhaps be accounted for in a simple
manner. The tenacity of life in the Zygaenas is well known, and
the pupa being very soft, and without any great measure of protec-
tion from the cocoon, it is liable to sustain injuries that in many
other species would prove fatal. In Zygaena the accidental crush-
ing would not cause death, but some malformation would result. A
pupa that has met with a casualty of this nature nearlj' always pro-
duces an imago with dark green or blue of the forewings changed to
a slatey colour; this may be local, or may cover a considerable area.
A pin prick on the wing cases of the pupa will produce an imago
with a small round hole in the wing surrounded by this slatey blue
colour.

As an example of the vitality of this genus, it is possible to open
a pupa and extract the imago some time before it is due to emerge,
and the msect will continue to live, but of course will not expand
its wings or in any way develop. A female so treated will attract
males, although I have never been successful in obtaining a pairing
with examples so treated. This tenacity of life is conspicuous
through the whole life-cycle, with perhaps the exception of the ova

71

stage, with which I have never experimented. A serious injury to
the larva does not apparently cause it any great inconvenience.
An incision, or the removal of one of the claspers, causing much
bleeding, will be survived, and in the ensuing ecdysis will be com-
pletel}' healed ; an injury such as this will retard growth and cause
the subject to lag behind its fellows ; it will finally succeed in
pupating, but the cocoon will be a very poor structure, consisting of
a single layer of silk without the lining, which causes the opaque
finish so well known. An injury to the larva seems to cause an
absolute lack of the fluid which supplies this finish ; and the larva
may even pupate without attempting to make a cocoon. The imago
will duly emerge from an imperfect cocoon, but will be malformed ;
but in the case of a pupa that has had no cocoon, death is more
likely to ensue. This want of a cocoon seems to be more or less
fatal, for the removal of a perfectly healthy pupa from the cocoon
will often be followed by death, although it will stand extremely
rough treatment when in the cocoon. Death does not appear to be
caused by the absence of protection, but by the insect not being in
a position which enables it to emerge.

The vitality of the imago is extraordinary. Cyanide of Potassium
is of very little use in killing the Zygaenas ; and crushing the thorax
is of no use at all. The poison they seem most susceptible to is
chloroform, which causes stupefaction in less than a second, and if
the moth is then put into a cyanide bottle death follows without
recovery.

The only enemies of the Zygaenas seem to be Hymenopterous
parasite^, by which they are very frequently attacked ; but they
seem to enjoy absolute immunity from the attacks of birds. I have
collected Zygaenas abundantly on a ground that was overrun with
fowls. To test the matter I tried my own birds with the larvae of
trifnUi ; the first one or two put in the fowl run were greedily
attacked and killed, but on no occasion was one actually eaten ;
finally the fowls would not touch one. These birds had never seen
a Zygaenid larva previously. I then tried with fowls in a pen, which
had been running over the burnet ground alluded to previously, but
these birds would not even look at them, although a Lycaenid larva
thrown to them was instantly devoured. The objectionable feature
of the Zi/j/aena larvae seems to be small beads of an oily substance
which are exuded by the larva immediately it is touched, apparently
from several segments, but I have never been able to decide from
where this actually is exuded. I have tried on several occasions to
taste the fluid, but it is either tasteless or else the quantity is too
small to allow its appreciation. A similar oily fluid is present in
the imago in fairly large quantities, but instead of being colourless
it is orange, and when a freshly emerged specimen is pinned this
exudes freely from the wound, but the quantity decreases as the
insect gets older — a very old and worn insect will have little or none.

72

That this fluid is volatile is shown by the fact that the insects when
in the cabinet seldom, if ever, go greasy.

I conclude, as I commenced, by expressing my regret that I have
not been able to deal with this interesting group in a better manner,
for I had intended giving some notes on breeding, with special
reference to Mendelian laws. Unfortunately, I promised that which
circumstances would not permit me to fulfil.

73

ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS

OF THE

Sout^ ycrnboiT ^ntomologiciil aiitr Hatural JtstorD

^ocietu.

Read January 2oth, 1923.
By E. J. BuNNETT, M.A., F.E.S.

LADIES and GENTLEMEN, it is gratifying to hear from the
Eeports of the Council and Hon. Treasurer, that the Society
is in so flourishing a condition, and the outlook for the future
so hopeful.

It is particularly satisfactory to hear of records broken in several
directions : — The present number of actual members (211) consti-
tuting a record; the attendance at the Annual Exhibition (180 to
190) another, and the present financial position of the Society a
third. Besides the legacy of the late Lachlan Gibb, bequests from
late members and gifts from others during the last year or two
have resulted in valuable additions to our Library, Collections and
Cabinets.

The manner in which the Society should celebrate its fiftieth
Anniversary was determined by a general vote, and the universal
approbation expressed by the seventy or more members who attended
the supper at the Holborn Restaurant, on October 19th, bears testi-
mony to the success of the course finally adopted. As an account
of the Jubilee Celebrcition has been already presented in the
Council's Report, further remarks upon the incidents of that
occasion are superfluous. By common consent it was one of the
most enjoyable meetings ever attended by members connected with
this Society.

We regret to have to record the death, since our last Annual
Meeting, of six of our members.

Lachlan Gibb, F.E.S., who joined the Society as a Life Member,

74

in 1884, passed away on the 1st of March, at the age of 68 years.
His business interests in Montreal prevented his regular attendance
at our meetings, but while at home in this country he usually
attended both the field and ordinary meetings, and was a frequent
contributor to the Publications Fund. His generous bequest to
this Society of the sum of two hundred pounds is a substantial
memorial to his sympathy with its work and undertakings.

Vincent Egbert Perkins died on April 3rd, at the advanced age
of 91 years, at his residence in Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucester-
shire. A naturalist with a wide range oi interests, and an enthu-
siastic collector from his boyhood, he was, in his latter years chiefly
attracted towards the Aculeate Hymenoptera, among which he
added to the British list the species Crahro (jonaijef. He was F.E.S.
until within a few years of his decease, and a member with us from
1880 to 1921.

Gilbert Storey, P.E.S., who joined us in 1913, passed away at
the early age of 31 years, in Egypt, on April 5th. An entomologist
of great promise, he received an appointment in the Entomological
Section of the Ministry of Agriculture in Egypt, and at the time of
his decease was engaged as Technical Secretarj^ to the Cotton
Research Board.

Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S., who died May 3rd, was
elected a member of this Society in 1904. His extensive knowledge
of European butterflies was largely acquired during his frequent
excursions to various continental countries. He will be well
remembered by many of our members as one of the secretaries
during many years of the Entomological Society of London.

Arthur Horne, who had been a member of this Society since
1889, died in September last, at the age of 60 years. The distance
of his residence in Aberdeen from London prevented his attendance
at our meetings. He possessed a collection of British Lepidoptera
considered to be one of the finest in the country. It was remarkable
for its varieties, and included long series of various individual
species from all parts of the British Isles.

H. H. Druce, who died in Septenber last, was also for a short
time a member with us. Among the numerous monographs and
papers from his pen, his work on the Li/caenidae remains preemi-
nent. His fine collections were purchased by Mr. J. J. Joicey, and
are now in the Hill Museum, Witley.

Among notable Entomologists of other societies deceased in the
past year occurs the name of William Lucas Distant, who passed

75

away on the 4th of February. He was a contemporary of Bates and
W. F. Kirby, a prolific writer on Exotic Insects from various parts
of the world, and for more than twenty years was engaged in the
arrangement of the Rhynchota, etc., at the Natural History
Museum, South Kensington. Some of his more important publica-
tions were his " Insecta Transvaaliensia " and a " Monograph of
the Oriental Cicadidae."

On April 12th the death occurred at Cairo of Arthur Bacot,
Entomologist to the Lister Institute, whose researches into the
causes of Trench fever. Plague, and Yellow fever, have been of
immense value.

On the 27th of August, at his residence in the New Forest, David
Sharp, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., departed this life at the advanced age
of 82 years. An interesting account of the life and works of this
great naturalist is given in the Obituary of the " Ent. Mo. Mag."
for October, wherein he is referred to as " the doyen of British
Coleopterists, one of the most distinguished Entomologists of our
time, and whose name is a household word wherever our science is
pursued." Perhaps his most important work was his contribution
to the " Cambridge Natural History "—the section on " Insects," to
which the greater part of two volumes is devoted, being from his
pen. A number of members of this Society were personally
acquainted with him, and his decease will long be felt as a deplor-
able loss to all interested in scientific entomology.

I have written here for the first time a short account of a fifteen
months' sojourn in the land of " Oar Lady of the Snows," and I
request your kind forbearance if you should find the matter of more
general than scientific interest.

My aim has been to convey, though in a feeble manner, some
idea of what life in that great country is like from a naturalist's
point of view. My intention was to include both Flora and Fauna
in my sketch, but I found that the short time at my disposal this
evening would make it necessary to omit the remarks on one or
other of these kingdoms.

The botanical pages have therefore been excluded, on the sup-
position that they would most likely be of less interest than the rest
to the majority of my fellow members. If on some future occasion
the omitted portions should be likely to prove acceptable, I shall
have much pleasure in offering them as a separate paper.

76

Some Notes on the Natural History of Manitoba.

On the long railroad journey in mid-March of 1911, from Halifax
to Winnipeg, which occupied three days and nights, the snow lay
everywhere, deep and brilliant, the cold being intense. Through an
occasional clear patch on the frost-covered double windows of the
train, it was possible to survey the passing landscape. This was
mostly devoid of trees, unattractive and monotonous, except during
one beautiful moonlit night, while skirting the northern shores of
Lake Superior. Here the scenery was magnificent; the snow-laden
fir trees and the enchanting beauty of the thousand islets near the
margins of the lake were too wonderful to be passed in sleep.

The venturesome traveller who leaves the warm train at a halt-
ing place in order to exercise his limbs, finds the fresh air and sun-
shine for the first few minutes extremely exhilarating, but the frost
soon cuts like a knife, and produces sharp pain, like that of acute
neuralgia, in the ears, nose, and cheekbones. If in his inexperience
he ignores the cold, he may in the course of a very short time find
himself in need of first-aid for frostbite ! No Canadian defies this
almost tangible enemy, and every precaution is taken both within
doors and without to guard against it.

The house in which I spent the winter in Winnipeg was heated
in the usual manner, by hot air circulating through every part of
the building. Notwithstanding the comfortable temperature thus
obtained night and day, and in spite of the double windows, I
found it necessary in order to secure some daylight, to scrape off
periodically from inside my bed-room window the frozen moisture
accumulated from my breath. In this way I removed about once a
week as much as half a washing basin full of the scraped ice. On
one occasion I had the curiosity to measure the thickness of the
congealed moisture at the lowest part of the windows inside a
lecture hall. The distance of the steam-heating apparatus from this
mass was fourteen inches, and the ice was four inches thick.

In the City Hospital, as I was informed by Dr. Monro, there
were always a dozen or more patients in with frost-bite, some of
whom would be minus an ear or a limb or two on their discharge.
By the middle of November the great Ked River, and its tributary
the Assiniboine, which joins the former in Winnipeg, are frozen up,
and these rivers are not open again till about the second week in
April.

From temperature charts which I kept during my stay in Canada,
the lowest point recorded by me was 36° below zero, but that night

77

elsewhere in the city 40° below zero was recorded, that is 72° of
frost. From my charts I also note that the temperature from the
end of October to the first week in April, with the exception of two
days in this period of five months, never once rose above freezing
point.

Every winter cold " snaps " occur, of duration from one to ten
days, or even longer, the average temperature being about 15° below
freezing point.

After remaining a few weeks in Winnipeg I continued my
journey, on the Canadian Northern Railway, to the little town
of Ethelbert, situated about two hundred miles north-west of
the city ; twenty miles north-west of Lake Dauphin, and about the
same distance south-west of Lake Winnipegosis. For the first forty
miles along this route across the prairie, the course of the Assini-
boine River could occasionally be detected by the line of low trees
bordering its banks. Elsewhere few objects of any kind were visible
over the apparently boundless tracts of snow. From the middle of
April to the end of July I dwelt in this part of the Gilbert Plains.
The township consisted of about a score of frame-built houses, the
majority of them situated in a single row parallel with the railroad
track. The few scattered homesteads in the near neighbourhood
were occupied by Galicians. The subsequent year was spent in
Winnipeg, whose rapidly growing suburbs, however, offered fewer
facilities for the collecting of plants and insects. The following
notes and observations refer mostly to the natural history of this
northern district.

The thaw was just commencing on my arrival in this little
settlement. Before the ground was visible it was reported to me
that the " crocus " had already made its appearance. On investiga-
tion, this, my first Canadian flower, proved to be the Pasque Flower,
Anemone patens var. nuttalUana, a species verj^ similar to our very
local A. jiuhatiUa.

From that time the snow rapidly melted, and every day brought
to light fresh forms in increasing variety. Later on, as the wilder-
ness began to rejoice and blossom as the rose, there appeared such
a wealth of beautiful things in this immense wild garden of Nature
that it became impossible to collect more than a comparatively few
of them. Accordingly I endeavoured to select chiefly such as were
not included in the British flora and fauna.

Only a small proportion of the land in this swampy district had
been cleared by settlers, who were, with but few exceptions.

Galicians. The only " roads " were mere clearings, leaving exposed
the black soil, rich in humus to a considerable depth, and remark-
ably free from even the smallest stones. No hedges, no green grass,
almost no roadside ditches or bridges over hollows and streams, the
few exceptions being usually the competitive achievements of par-
liamentary candidates. In wet weather these roads were often
impassable to pedestrians, and occasionally even to horses, when it
would be necessary to make a detour of several miles before regain-
ing the track.

One Sunday afternoon my friend Dr. C. C. Monro (who was in
charge of a medical mission in Ethelbert, and whose grandfather
was the Fraser from whom the river in British Columbia received
its name), drove me in his buggy to give me an opportunity for in-
specting a typical farm and homestead. The outward journey of
six miles was delightfully pleasant, the ground dry and firm and the
weather sunn3\

During the afternoon, in this hospitable house, a terrific thunder-
storm broke overhead, and the rain came down, as it frequently
does there, in amazing torrents. On the homeward route most of
the country was inundated, and in some parts the water reached
the horse's belly and even flowed over the floor of the carriage.

The uniform flatness of these wide prairie and bush regions makes
drainage extremely difficult ; many a " quarter-section " of land
such as this is entirely useless for cultivation. Naturally such
swampy country abounds in frogs, and here were myriads of both
the common species and the much larger and handsome Bull-frog,
Baua Juilt'si)ia, whose body, without including the limbs, may
attain a length of eight inches.

There are no "silent nights" in summer. The eternal croaking
of millions of these batrachians makes night in their vicinity
hideous. It was amusing to find in repeating the Chorus of Frogs
— ppeKeK€K^^ Kod^ Kod^ — how naturally Aristophanes has imitated their
cacophonous clamour. Sometimes I sat on a fallen trunk in view
of their watery haunts. Startled by my approach all would have
disappeared, and, except in the distance, not a sound could be heard.
Presently one little head would appear above the surface, uttering
the familiar note, then another, followed by numbers in quick suc-
cession, until after five minutes or so the concert would be again in
full voice and the hubbub as great as ever. As I lay in bed in the
irame building, dignified by the name of Hotel, I could still hear

79

the everlasting croaking, but then just far enough away to be not
altogether unpleasant.

A more agreeable midnight sound was the frequent whistle of the
Whip-poor-will, Ant/iostomits vociferus, which to my unaccustomed
ears was delightful. Here again we have natural sounds reproduced
with great fidelity in the name of this charming songster, especially
when the words are loudly whispered. Incidentally I may add that
many a time my nocturnal slumbers were disturbed by a wretched
cow that came and lay on the ground exactly beneath my window.
She was provided with a bell, hung round her neck, and in her un-
ceasing efforts to drive away tormenting mosquitos, seemed never
still for a moment. It is against the law for domestic animals to
be allowed to stray in this way, but the local magistrates are some-
times themselves the worst offenders.

A small and usually shallow stream, the Fork River, takes its
rise some ten miles from Ethelbert, flowing eastward into Lake
Dauphin. In spring this is swollen by the melting snow, and
abounds with fish, chiefly one known as the "sucker," which attains
considerable size and a weight of several pounds.

Every small boy provides himself with a trident, roughly forged
by the local blacksmith, and attached to a ten-foot pole. With this
he skilfully spears the fish as they come down stream, and in this
way provides his family with a very good breakfast. One evening
three men called at the houses offering for sale their day's catch,
which consisted of over a hundred fish, mostly " suckers." Half a
mile from the town there was an old beaver-dam which still
obstructed the course of tha river with an accumulation of logs and
branches, but this animal is becoming rarer, such as survive migrat-
ing further north.

Formerly the most characteristic animal of the prairie region
was the buffalo, but chiefly on account of the enormous value of
the "robe," as a complete hide is called, it has been hunted to extinc-
tion as a wild animal. There were several full grown buffaloes
roaming over a strongly fenced portion of the Assiniboine Park, in
the city of Winnipeg, but these, like the herds preserved in Yellow-
stone Park, in the United States and elsewhere, can no longer be
considered wild animals. In fact one, feeding close to the wired
fencing, actually approached within reach of a handful of grass
which I offered it through the wide meshes of the fence. In the
same city may be seen a magnificent stuffed specimen, in the
Carnegie Library.

80

After the Buffalo the largest Canadian animal is the Moose,
Aires viacJilis, but although still fairly numerous in Northern
Manitoba, the advance of civilisation threatens its extirpation also.
Both inside and outside many houses in Winnipeg and other towns
of the Province, the enormous horns of this noble, and usually in-
offensive animal, are displayed as trophies of the chase. One of a
party of Winnipeg gentlemen, hunting in the White River district,
brought down a fine specimen weighing eleven hundred pounds.
The horns alone are very heavy, being solid, sometimes weighing as
much as eighty pounds. The Moose is " protected " during part of
the year, and at any time only a limited number are permitted to
be shot by an individual hunter. Moose venison is excellent, as I
can testify from experience, though my host up north would not
have offered the dish at that season to certain officials in the city.
It was with great regret that I had to decline, on account of ill-
health, the invitation of an old trapper to accompany him in his
buggy with my camera and his gun on a four days' Moose-hunt in
the Blue Mountains — a " bluff " of low hills some twenty miles
distant.

In the northern districts of Manitoba the bear and wolf are by no
means uncommon. The former is the comparatively small and in-
offensive American Black Bear, Urs}(s iniiericaniis. During my visit
to the neighbourhood I was not so fortunate (or otherwise) as to
catch sight of a living one, though there were certainly some about,
for one was observed on the railway track within a mile of the town.
Later on, at Christmas time, when bear-steak is an advertised item
on the menu of the big hotels, I saw a fine specimen suspended by
its hind legs, at a butcher's stall in Winnipeg market place. This
still retained its splendid hide of jet-black hair. During my resi-
dence in the city, one was reported seen in the streets at night, and
on another occasion timber-wolves ventured as far as some of the
outlying houses in the suburbs.

The Timber-wolf or Grey wolf. Cants occidentalis, is a formidable
beast, and is justly the creature most dreaded in the Province. At
Ethelbert it was reported to be an occasional visitor during the
winter months. I managed to secure a photograph of a couple of
these savage animals, as they trotted unceasingly around their
strongly wired enclosure in River Park, Winnipeg.

Far commoner was the little Prairie wolf, or Coyote, Caiiis
latrans, which is but little larger than a fox, and whose howling so
frequently rends the midnight air and sets all the dogs in its vicinity

81

howling. Time permits mention of only two other mammals — the
Gopher and the Musk-rat, both characteristic of the Canadian
fauna. The former is known as the Thirteen Striped Ground
Stjiiirrel {('itelliis tridecemlineatiis). This extremely pretty little
creature was very common, and comparatively tame. It was a joy
to remain quite still and watch them at the edge of a field. One
would pop up suddenly out of its hole in the ground and sit on its
haunches, very erect and vigilant, with its little paws folded on itis
white furry breast, in the very attitude of a tiny child repeating a
lesson.

The Musk-rat, Fiber zibet/iicii.'^, is a rodent of the size of a small
rabbit. Like the Beaver, it has semi-webbed hind feet and a
flattened scaly tail, very useful adaptations to its amphibious life.
Musk-riits likewise resemble the Beavers in their gregarious habits
and their highly developed skill in the construction of dome-shaped
huts of interwoven reeds, etc., mingled with clay. It was amusing
to watch the playful gambols of these little folk from the opposite
margin of a small sheet of water situated within a few hundred
yards of the town. Their beautiful soft fur was, and still is, in
great demand ; the skins at that time being worth to the captor
from one to two dollars apiece. The cost of a fine Musk-rat coat in
Bond Street is outside the precincts of Natural History !

One of the most beautiful birds was the Golden Oriole, Oriolus
ijalbula, which was quite common in the north-west, its brilliant
yellow plumage flashing like a golden sunbeam. Among others
were the Blue-jay, Kingfisher, the Cedar Waxwing, Atnpelis cedro-
riiin, and a White-throated sparrow, Zouotiichia albicollis. The
Black-throated Loon, Vriiiotor aicticns, frequenting the lakes, is a
clumsy bird as big as a goose. The Canadian Robin, Menda iiiii/ra-
toria, does not belong to the same genus as our little friend, but is
a red-breasted thrush, of the size of our own song-thrush. A pair of
these birds constructed a nest on the naked beams supporting the
railway bridge across the stream mentioned, over which the trains
thundered twice daily. Four blue eggs were duly deposited in
this nest, but before they were hatched the nest was destroyed by
Bome mischievous youngsters. Without loss of time a second one
was constructed in an exactly similar position, and within a yard or
two of the site of the first. After two eggs were laid herein the
nest met with the same fate as its predecessor.

In the bush, where I seldom ventured very far, having been
warned against the danger of getting lost, I often heard a remark-

82

ably loud noise, as if some one was tapping a tree-trunk with an
axe or hammer. After being informed that these sounds were made
by the Drummer Partridge I soon became accustomed to them.
This bird is the Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa muhellatus var. toijata. The
sounds are said to be produced by the bird beating a log or tree
trunk with its wings.

Another closely allied member of the Grouse family, and of
somewhat similar appearance, is the Prairie Hen, TijnipanucJnis
americaniis. In size it slightly exceeds that of an English pheasant,
and being in great request as a table delicacy falls a frequent victim
to the sportsman's gun. Once, having penetrated rather deeply into
the dense undergrowth, I was startled to find myself almost tread-
ing upon a pair of these birds. The cock, displaying the handsome
plumage of its outspread tail, resolutely stood its ground, while his
mate speedily scuttled away with her brood. With apologies for
my intrusion, and with all the dignity at my command, I discreetly
beat a retreat.

Two species of Woodpecker were often seen and heard, both in the
Ethelbert bush and in Winnipeg parks and gardens. One was the
Great Spotted Woodpecker, and the other, I believe, the Hairy
Woodpecker, Dendrocopiis villosus. On one occasion, while walking
by the river side in Assiniboine Park, I saw a young boy shoot down
a bird with his air-gun. The heartless lad coolly walked off without
even troubling to examine his victim. On searching the spot the
bird proved to be a Spotted Woodpecker, and at my request Dr.
Monro, who accompanied me, kindly dissected out its wonderful
tongue. This retains the strap-like ligaments which, passing
beneath the scalp, almost completely encircle the skull and extend
beyond its base. The tip, as may be seen, is finely barbed, and the
separate barbs again still more finely serrated.

In spring time thaw sets in about the middle of April, when the
ground, after having been hidden throughout the Province by the
accumulated snows of the preceding five months, again becomes
visible. In an amazingly short time flowers and insects reappear,
revived after their long sleep by the now genial rays of the sun. In
collecting specimens I was principally occupied at the time with the
Manitoban I^lora. Incidentally I captured such insects as I could
find time and opportunity to pursue, chiefly for the purpose of
ascertaining what species occurred in the locality. Unfortunately, I
kept no entomological memoranda. My remarks on the insects will

83

be confined to the specimens I have brought for exhibition this
evening. Beginning with the Lepidoptera: —

Papilio titrnus appeared to be plentiful in the open parts, flying
fast over low shrubs and flowers.

Enchlo'e ausonides and Pieris protodice are respectively represented
by the female only.

Colias Christina ^ is followed by a short series of ('. ennjthente,
including a $ with the costal portion of the forewings and the
whole of the hindwings fuscous; both sexes of the lemon -coloured
and smaller seasonal form, and a white ? , var. pallida.

Danais archippiis was abundant about Winnipeg. One sunny day
I counted thirteen within the space of a few square yards in the
middle of the road in Portage Avenue, the chief street of the city,
where the trams are most frequent and the traffic is heavy. From
the nature of the repast on which they were apparently feasting with
much enjoyment, it was evident that a beautiful appearance is not
always accompanied by habits of refinement.

Vanessa antiopa, the first butterfly I saw there on the wing, proved
to be fairly numerous around Ethelbert as soon as the snow bad all
disappeared. In the following season I remember taking a speci-
men from a shop front in Winnipeg, where it is commonly known
as the " Morning Cloak."

The two species of Folygonia, P. interrogationis and P. satyrun,
are probably not common as a rule in Manitoba. I could have
taken plenty of the latter in the more open parts of the bush, but it
is most likely a very local species, and it may be doubted whether
any entomologist had previously visited this somewhat remote
district, only portions of which had at that time been surveyed by
the Government. I think the cabinets at South Kensington do not
contain a specimen of P. satyrus from the Dominion.

Basilarchia arthemis and Pyrameis cardiii were not infrequent.

Of the three species of Aryynnis taken, A. cyhele appeared to be the
most numerous, the others being A. atlantis and A. lais.

Three species of Brenthis include B. friyga, B. bellona and B.
myrina.

Phyciodes tharos was moderately common. P. hanliami, of
which I took two specimens, is of some special interest as being not
well known. It was described as a new species in the " Cana-
dian Entomologist " for 1904.

Erebia discoidalis was occasionally flying in the more open parts.

84

The Lycaenids inclade L. couperi, L. scndderi, L. melissa, L.
saepinliis, and L. argiohia of the form maniinata.

Also a pair taken in coitu of Everes comyntas, and two species of
Heodex, H. hdaides and H. Ju/lla.

' The Hesperiidae are represented by two species of TJianaos, T.
icelus, and T. naevius ; others of the family are Cocceus jvjlades and
Par a try one hobnmok.

Of the 33 species exhibited, ontinpa, eardiii, and aryiolufi are the
only ones occurring in Great Britain.

Of the few moths I submit to your kind inspection the two
Sphingids may perhaps be found of some interest.

The first is a very dark and I believe not frequent form of
PacJn/sphinx }iiodesta, the type being considerably lighter and
of brighter colour. The only two of this form in the British
Museum were from the United States. The second is Haemor-
rhayia thyfibe ab. cimhycifonnis, a species which Mr. Tarns informs
me he never met with in the Province of Alberta.

Attaciix polyplieiiiu!^, and the two Catocalas, C. unijiuja and C.
relicta are well known characteristic North American species.

The beautiful silk-moth, (^allosawia pmmethea, is, T believe, the
largest Canadian insect. The photograph shows a female (n.s.)
kindly lent me by Mr. W. Mitchell, of S. John's College, Wpg., who
took it at Carmen, Man. The measure of this specimen across the
wings is 14-2 cm.

Callhiinrpha lecnntei well merits its generic name, especially when
resting with wings closed.

Cidaria [Kidype) yot/iica will no doubt be recognised as the North
American representative of our hastata.

Pihndojdiora flarida is a bush species, and Enno}i)os antuMiitaria is
familiar as a British insect.

Stheiiopisquadriyiittatus, (jonospileia ciispidea, Sabulodes lorata, and
Xant/iotype crocataria complete the list.

I should like to take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude
for the great kindness I received at the Natural History Museum in
getting my specimens named, especially from Capt. Eiley in identi-
fying the butterflies, and from Mr. Tarns the moths.

Gaudily coloured short-horned grasshoppers were very much in
evidence. The few exhibited were captured in the vicinity of
Winnipeg, and include the sexes of Hippisciis ajiiculatus, in which
the basal area of the hindwings is crimson, and Circotettix verruca-
latim, where the similar area is of a lemon-yellow tint. The last

85

named is one of the locusts which have been observed in the act of
cultivating their musical talent by stridulating, not during flight,
but while at rest.

The delicate little gauze-winged Oecanthus <iiiatlripiistnlatnx, Beut.,
is a near relative of the Italian cricket, O. pellncens, Scop., whose
attractions and accomplishments have been immortalised in a par-
ticularly charming chapter in " The Life of the Grasshopper,"
by Henri Fabre. He praises " the purity of the note with its soft
tremolo," and says, " I know no prettier or more limpid song."

Some of the North American Hemiptera-Heteroptera are of com-
paratively enormous size. Amongst such is the Giant ^Yater Bug,
Benacus (iriseii^. In general appearance (except for its size) it
closely resembles our Water Scorpion, Xcpa cinerea, but the caudal
appendages that characterise the Xepidae, in this family (the Belos-
tomatidae), are retractile, and do not function as respiratory organs.
Americans call this insect the " Electric Light Bug," on account of
its propensity for making excursions away from its aquatic element
towards any bright light. With regard to their depredations
amongst the finny tribes, Howard observes : " The fish ponds in
Washington, since the advent of the electric light, have become so
greatly stocked with these bugs {Belostomatidae) that they are a
serious detriment to fish raising." At certain seasons, in the streets
of Winnipeg, scores of these creatures might be seen, after dusk,
lying stunned or mutilated at the bases of the electric-light
standards along the paved side walks — often half a dozen or more
beneath a single light. I once picked up, in a few minutes, as many
perfect specimens as I required, some of which are now before you.
In the one set with expanded wings the width from tip to tip
measures exactly ten centimetres.

The four species of Diptera are of interest on account of their
relation with man.

KcJiinoiinjia aUjem is a member of the large and important family
of the Tachinidae, which family Howard describes as " the most
beneficial group of Diptera, with the possible exception of the
Sijrphiis tiies." The larvae of this family are all parasitic upon
insects, chiefly caterpillars, of which they destroy enormous num-
bers, a fact only too well known to Lepidopterists, who occasionally,
though all unwittingly, take great pains in rearing these tiies.

The six British species of this genus do not indue alieits, but in
Meade's List of British Tachinidae, E. gnma is described as "the

86

largest of the British Muscids," but is not common, and has been
breel from cocoons of Bomhyx trifolii.

The next two belong to a family of evil reputation, the Tabanidae,
known popularly as "Horse-flies," " Gad-flies," etc.

Major E. E. Austin (who kindly named the Diptera for me) in-
cludes Tabaniis and Chri/sops among the " four principal genera in
which occur the majority oi the species that have hitherto attracted
attention by reason of their blood-thirsty habits." He adds, " The
blood-sucking females are persistent tormentors of human beings
and domestic animals." One of these is Chrysops carhonaria, which,
in common with most other members of the family, is capable of
carrying the bacillus of anthrax. The other is Tabaniis affinh — one
of the worst offenders in Ethelbert — where it is known as the "Bull-
dog." My specimens were all taken from window-panes inside
dwelling houses. Its bite is sharp and painful, as may w^ell be
imagined from a microscopical examination of its mouth organs,
which in structure and arrangement bear a striking resemblance to
those of the flea. In both Tabaniis affinis and Pidex irritam the
principal surgical instruments are the blade-like triangular
maxillae, which in Tabauus have their inner margins extremely
finely serrated. This formidable tool in the case of the latter is, as I
find by micrometer measurement, five and a half times larger than
that of the flea. Add to this fact the advantage of power of flight,
and it is no wonder horses and cattle are terrified by its attacks.

Anthrax alcijon is included in the family of the Bombyliidae, the
larvae of which, like those of the Tachinidae, are also entomo-
phagous. I do not remember seeing another, and as this species is
represented in the Natural History Museum by a single specimen,
it may perhaps not be very common.

The last insects to be mentioned shall be the mosquitoes. Up in
the undrained bush these execrable pests existed in such numbers
as to make life to a newcomer almost unendurable. In June and
July their attacks were unceasing except during the hottest hours
of sunshine and the early hours of morning. On walking out of
doors it was a common custom for nearly everyone to pluck a leafy
branch, usually of the choke-cherry, to be used as a switch or fan
for driving oft' the mosquitoes. The necessity for keeping this in
constant motion was extremely fatiguing, and largely detracted
from the enjoyment of out-door life. If one desisted for a moment
to examine a plant or insect, it would be at the cost of receiving
fresh bites from the gnats. But for wearing snow-boots over others,

87

to iDrotect the ankles, leather gloves, a handkerchief or netting over
head and neck, coat-collar turned up and tobacco in full blast, I
could never have obtained some of the plants now in my possession,
especially' those from the bogs. In such attire, with the thermo-
meter at 80° in the shade, it can easily be understood that botanising
was not in all respects a delightful occupation. On reaching the
hotel, troubles were by no means at an end. In spite of my having
barricaded, as I supposed, every possible means of ingress, I often
spent hours before getting to sleep in vaia endeavour to slay the
last of the enemy in the room. A single flaw in the meshes
of the doublj' wired window frames was certain to be
descried by the diabolical cunning of these little imps ; moreover, a
few always managed to effect an entrance into my bed-room with
me, concealed about my clothes. When at length I succeeded in
falling asleep it was only too often to be awakened by the " tinkle-
tinkle," announcing the approach of that miserable cow bringing
her little lot ! In the evenings, a perforated pail, packed with damp
leaves and twigs, was kept burning till bedtime, at the entrance to
almost every house. This gave off a volume of pungent smoke and
was called a " smudge." No device was so effectual in keeping out
the mosquitoes. I have even seen a smudge attached to the extremity
of the pole of an ox waggon, with the pail swinging to and fro
between the heads of the oxen, and giving off a pillar of smoke that
reminded one of the passage of the Israelites through the wilderness.
On the window panes inside the unprotected dwellings, the mos-
quitos congregated in scores and hundreds. ]\Iany were frequently
to be seen with bodies so distended with the blood of their victims
that they had the appearance of little animated bottles of red ink !

The only specimen I brought home proves to be Aedes {Ochlero-
tatiis) jiinictor, Kirby. As Isaac Walton philosophically observed,
" Every misery that I miss is a mercy " ; and not the least of the
blessings accompanying life in our little island is its comparative
freedom from the biting gnats.

In conclusion, bear with me while I endeavour to recall a typical
evening stroll, after a da}' of glorious sunshine, in that great country,
which I for one shall never see again.

I send a message to my good old friend the Postmaster, who lives
in the four-roomed shack he erected long ago with his own hands,
of rough- hewn logs. He will be ready as soon as his day's work is
done. I put on a light rain cloak, as the evenings are always chilly,
although the day may have been burning hot.

88

We stroll along the railroad track, walking tediously upon the
sleepers. There is no danger! Only two trains pass each day, the
one going northwards in the evening, and the same one returning
the following morning. Even little children are accustomed to
walk often several miles, barefooted in summer, along the track.
Indeed it is the principal thoroughfare for pedestrians. We see no
paths, no fences, nothing made by man, except the single line of
the railroad, bounded on either side by the virgin bush. The wide
margins are overgrown with low plants, lovely flowers, and curious
shrubs. We go as far as the great solitary " hemlock " left standing
on the broad clearing. We sit and rest here a few minutes while
the daylight fades. Darkness falls swiftly, and we soon rise to
retrace our steps turning our eyes heavenwards. There, high above,
stretched across the starry sky, almost from horizon to horizon,
depends a diaphanous curtain of soft and faintly emerald light.
Like most delicate fabric of gossamer it hangs, as if caught up on
unseen supports, placed at frequent intervals and at varying heights
in the firmament, but throughout its length of nearly uniform width.
Now the light increases in intensity, only to fade as speedily into
obscurity. Never for a moment is it at rest. While one watches a
patch here growing each second more bright, the remainder
becomes fainter till it completely vanishes, only to break out again
the next moment as brilliantly as ever. The amoeba is not more
protean in its changes of form.

After a few minutes, all too brief, the glorious vision disappears.
The silvery drapery, woven on celestial looms, is withdrawn by
invisible hands into illimitable space. The display is over, and
the constant stars alone remain to light us on our homeward way. On
one occasion only I saw this magnificent phenomenon of the Aurora-
borealis presented in all the colours of the rainbow.

Before quitting the chair I wish to ofter my sincere thanks to the
Council and Members for all the assistance and kindness I have
received in my efforts to perform, to the best of my ability, the
duties connected with this office. My best thanks are also due to
the Council for their kind wish to nominate me for election as your
President for a second year — an invitation which, mainly owing to
my indifferent health, I regret I was unable to accept.

My final duty is the extremely pleasant one of uniting with you
all in extending a hearty welcome to our new President, Capt, N.
D. Kiley, F.E.S., F.Z.S.

89

My successor is already well known not only amongst ourselves,
he having been a member of this Society for the past fourteen years,
but as a member of the Council of the Entomological Society of
London, and as one of the able Editors of " The Entomologist," as
well as the author of valuable contributions to that and other
scientific journals.

But " good wine needs no bush " !

May the excellent reputation of the South London Entomological
Society continue steadily to increase, and may the shadow of our
new President never grow less !

90

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

FEBRUARY dth, 1922.
The President, Mr. E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S., in the Chair.

Miss Alice K. Lock, 77, Grove Hill Road, S.E., was elected a
member.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of a second emergence of
BrentliiR sdene. The specimens were taken in Abbot's Wood, Sussex,
by Mr. E. P. Sharp, who found the species fairly commonly there
at the end of July and early in August, 1921. The specimens
showed little difference from those of the first emergence, except
that they were slightly smaller.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited specimens of a large form of
the same species, which is racial in the Isle of Arran, together with
a short series of a small-formed race from Headley, and specimens
of the type form from Ascot, for comparison. He also showed an
example of Taeniocampa, which appeared to be intermediate between
T. mnnda and T. gracilis. It was generally thought to be an
aberrant form of T. incerta.

Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited species of British Anthoiin/iitlae
(Dip.) :-

1. HtjlepJiila sponsa, Meig., said by Mr. J. E. Collin (" Trans.
Ent. S. Lond.," 1920) to be rather uncommon, but which Mr.
Andrews had met with not uncommonly.

2. The following species of Li )ii no phnra, which were dealt with by
J. E. Collin in his consideration of the genus in the "Ent. Mo.
Mag." for 1921, viz., L. marina. Coll., L. cnrata, Coll., L. a'eria.
Fin., L. e.vfinrda, Pand., and L. scrnpulosa, Ztt.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a species of Galeodes, taken in a bed-
room at Three Anchor Bay, Cape Town. The family is distributed
in a number of species in S.E. Europe, Africa, and Asia, and is
usually placed between the spiders and the mites. Nocturnal in
habit, their palpi have been enormously developed and look like

91

long and robust legs, while the first pair of legs have been modified
into palpi, and instead of terminal claws, as found in the three pairs
of true legs, end in a sort of cushion similar to the palpi proper,
forming a second pair of feelers. Both cephalothorax and abdomen
are segmented. All are more or less venomous, and will attack and
kill small mammals, birds, lizards, locusts, and in some districts
bite sleeping camels. The specimen exhibited was either infected
with a nematode worm, or its last meal was off a worm, half an
inch of it extending from its mouth.

Mr. Grosvenor remarked that a similar species was extraordinarily
abundant in Northern India, where the soldiers were troubled con-
siderably at night by them, as they crawled into their bedding, and
the urticating hairs on their legs caused painful irritation.

Mr. Blenkarn exhibited Cri/ptocephalns coryli (Col.) from Mickle-
ham with a spot developed on each elytron ; also an aberrant form of
Pln/llodecta laticollis from Killarney, December, 1921.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner, on behalf of Mr. Greer, of Stewartstown, Co.
Tyrone, exhibited the following aberrations he had recently
obtained: — Eucldo'e cardannnes $ Sih. viaryinata ; J orange blotch
streaked with black scales ; 2 small form ; 2 ab. radiata ; 2 with
faint orange streaks on forewings above and below. Melitaea a>in')tia
2 , a dull obscure form. Pararge meijera ^ , with apical blotch
reduced to a small dot ; J with double apical ocelli. Folyonnuatus
icoiiis, 3 with faint red marginal spots on upper side of hindwings,
below ab. icaiinus; ^ 2 gynandrous specimen; 2 marginal red
spots extended and band-like.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited the following aberrations of British
Rhopalocera : — Aylais urticae, a fine suffused var., costal markings
suffused, tha two normal small discal spots represented by one
minute speck on each wing, hindwings dark and suffused, blue
marginal lunules entirely absent on all wings; captured Thun-
dersley, Essex, May 9th, 1920.

Fieris napi, $ asymmetrical, central spot in right forewing almost
missing, unusually large on left wing ; captured April 29th, 1920,
Thundersley.

An/i/nnis papliia J , central markings much suffused, rest of
markings greatly reduced ; captured New Forest, July 22nd, 1920.

Kncldoe cardamines $ and 2 , both with central black dots in
hindwings; well defined and conspicuous in g : bred March 19th,
1920, Purley, Surrey.

Pieris brassicae, series of 12 specimens with black spots in fore-

92

wings, forming a graduation from a mere speck to well developed
spots ; bred from wild pupae during the past ten years.

He also showed a fine pencil drawing by himself of a hybrid
between a pheasant and black grouse, and pointed out the special
characteristics.

Mr. Enefer exhibited the Dodder, Ciiscnta ejathi/muni, parasitic on
gorse, and a section of the Mistletoe " sinker " in the branch of an
apple tree ; also an oak branch anastomosing with another at right
angles.

FEBRUARY 23rd, 1922.

Mr. C. Cheeseman, 30, Clayton Road, Peckham, S.E., was elected
a member.

Lantern Evening,

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a series of slides to illustrate the
results of colour photography of insects by the combination of a
magnesium flashlight with the Paget process.

Mr. Main then read an extract from Fabre on the field-cricket,
and illustrated his criticism of it by a series of photographic slides
of its life-history, as demonstrated in his own terraria. He also
showed photographic slides of the Wolf-spider, Lrjcosa sp., and of
its life-history similarly observed.

Mr. Frisby exhibited slides showing the Serotine Bat, nest and
eggs of the Little Grebe, the Wild Duck, and the Moorhen ; British
orchids in situ, etc.

The President exhibited slides of the liverwort {Marchantia poly-
morplia), showing remarkable proliferous growth when the thalli
were rotting under water; several fairy-flies [Myniariilae) which
oviposit in the ova of other insects, the beautiful tracheae of a
beetle, etc.

Mr. Syms shewed slides of the ova of the butterflies Bithys
giierciis, Ituralis betidae, Thecla iv-aibnm, Strymon ftriini, etc.

Mr. Tonge shewed a series of the ova of Geometrid species,
including Boaniiia consortaria, Thera jiiniperato, Dysstroma tntncata,
Pac/tycneiiiia hippoea.stanaria, Anticlea hadiata, Lobophora lialterata,
Liydia odnstata, Nyxda lapponaria, etc.

Mr, Staniland exhibited four slides showing the galling of the
trunk of a wild crab- tree in North London by the Woolly Aphis
{Kriosoma laniyera). The galls were exceptionally large, and were

98

thickly encrusted with the Coccid {Mt/tilaspia), known as the
" Mussel-scale." The slides showed the trunk at the present time
(March, 1922), and during July, 1921, when the aphis and its wax
were plainly visible. Galls from the smaller branches, and those of
the root form were exhibited at a previous meeting.

Three slides illustrated points in the life-history of Si/r]>hiis ritri-
jjennis. The first showed the newly hatched larva, just over a
millimetre long, to show the hatching spines. These spines point
back and assist the larva in emerging, by preventing it from slipping
back into the egg. They drop off within an hour after hatching.

The next slide was a curve to show the average number of aphids
sucked during the larval period. The number rose from 20 the first
day to 110 on the last day of feeding (16th day) ; a drop to 20
occurred on the day after the moult, i.e., on the 8th day.

The third slide was of the first four anterior segments of the full-
grown larva, to illustrate the mouthparts, spiracles, etc.

The final slide was of the underside of a specimen of P. icanis,
taken at Fleet, in 1908 ; without spots on the margins.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited slides illustrating —

1. An ant apparently pinned by a thorn to the midrib of a leaf
underside, which was found in some numbers by Dr. A. Moore in
Ceylon. The real explanation is, that the ant on feeling ill from
the attacks of a fungus, seizes a projecting midrib of a leaf and dies
thus. The fungus then sends out its fruiting spike from the back
of the ant's head and from the membrane of the neck, giving the
appearance of a thorn.

2. The nest of Os)ina rttfa (Hym.) in a door lock, found by Mr.
Hodson, F.Z.S., at Enfield. It contained over sixty cells in a mass,
which was most unusual both as to number and arrangement.

3. A ? E)npusa paxperata (Orth.) from S. France (sent by Mr.
Goodman], and the egg mass laid by the same.

4. A series of slides illustrating the life-history of Cnnwentzia
psociformis {Conio))teriji/idae, "mealy wings "), depicting the cocoons
on a tree trunk, the emergence from the pupa, eggs, larvae, pupa,
etc. He also showed two colour drawings of larvae of Sciuidalis
alenrodeformis and Coniopteryx pyipnaea.

MABCE 9th, 1922.

Mr. G. C. Champion, A.L.S., F.E.S., an original member of the
Society, was elected an honorary member. Mr. L. C. Bushby, of

94

Bromley, Kent, and Mr. A. M. Massee, of Sevenoaks, were elected
members.

Captain J. Kamsbottom, F.L.S., gave a lecture on " The Sym-
biosis of Fungi with the FertiUzation of Orchids," and illustrated
his remari<s with lantern slides and diagrams.

The following is an abstract of his remarks.

" The lecturer began by remarking on the living together of
different organisms, each benefitting from the association. This
phenomenon is known as " Symbiosis." Examples were mentioned
such as a lichen, association of fungus and alga ; ginger beer plant
(Californian Bees) yeast and bacteria ; bacterial nodules on roots of
peas, beans, and other leguminous plants. An exceedingly common
example is the association of fungi with the roots of flowering
plants. There are two types of fungus root or mycorhiza ; one
which is frequent in forest trees where the fungal hyphae occur as
a mantle around the roots, and the other in such plants as heather
and orchids, where the fungus mycelium is within the tissues of the
root. The case of the orchid was then considered in detail and
illustrated by lantern slides. It has long been known that orchid
seeds are very difficult to germinate, in fact, they will not germinate
in the usual way, but a certain amount of success is obtained by
sowing them on the soil containing the parent plant. Bernard, a
French observer, found that if the fungus was extracted from the
roots of the orchid and grown in pure culture, and the seeds planted
thereon, the majority of them germinated. This explained the
previous failure. The fungus is necessary before germination can
take place. The seed of orchids, unlike most plants, does not show
a differentiated embryo- or baby plant. The cells at one end of the
seed are, however, usually larger than those at the other. When
the seed is sown on the medium containing the fungus the threads
of the latter pass into the larger cells. Development then proceeds.
The small cells at the further end of the seed undergo rapid division
and the growing point of the stem is laid down and leaves given oflf
in succession. After a short time the growing point of the root
appears and the young root absorbs its way through the swollen
tissues, and finally becomes free, and in doing so misses the zone of
tissue containing the fungus. It thus happens that the young root
is at first quite free from the fungus, but after a short while becomes
infected from the soil. A culture of the fungus and a flask con-
taining an enormous number of orchid seedlings was exhibited.
Slides showing the culture houses at Messrs. J. Charlesworth's

95

establishment at Hayward's Heath, were shown, and the lecturer
paid a tribute to the memory of the late Mr, Charlesworth, who,
without any scientific training, successfully applied the methods of
the laboratory to the raising of orchids on a commercial scale, achiev-
ing remarkable results with Odontoijloi^i^tnii hybrids and bi- and
trigeneric orchids."

MARCH 23rd, 1922.

The death was announced of Mr. Lachlan Gibb, F.E.S., a Life-
Member, and during the past two years a member of the Council
of the Society.

Mr. Goodman exhibited a fine aberration of Aif/ynnis aglaia, in
which the black blotches across the discal area of all four wings
were enlarged and united to form a conspicuous and irregular band.
It was captured last year at La Grave, in the Dauphine Alps.

Mr. Grosvenor exhibited a short series of Callophrys avis, bred by
the late Dr. Chapman in 1911, and presented by the Misses Chapman
to the Society.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited specimens of the remarkable silver
Satyrid, Aygyrnjihorus an/enteiis, from Chili.

Mr. Jackson reported that he had seen a specimen of Sesia stella-
tarum in Moorgate Street.

Mr. W. S. Bristowe read a paper on the Spiders of Oxshott and
neighbourhood. (See page 1.)

APRIL ISth, 1922.

Mr. A. A- W. Buckstone exhibited a series of strongly marked
forms of Bienthis etqihroxyne, taken on high ground at Horsley^
Surrey, and stated that a considerable percentage of those taken had
the black markings much pronounced, a variation which seemed to
be almost absent in those taken in the valley much below. He
suggested that possibly the individuals of the former race were
subjected to greater extremes of temperature which had registered
in this way. Single specimens of the same species, taken at Horsley
and at Oxshott, had the ground colour of all the wings inclining to
reddish. Two further examples had irregular xanthic blotches on
the wings ; one from Oxshott had the ground colour a rich red-

96

brown. Another from Oxshott had the underside of the hindwings
almost of a red colour, devoid of markings.

He also exhibited a specimen of var. obscnra of Cleoceris viiiii)ialis,
from Yorks, together with the typical form and an intermediate.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited the following taken from pines by
beating, at Oxshott, viz., Panolis ])iniperda, larvae of Ellopia jirosa-
piaria (faaciaria), an imago of Chnjsopa vulgaris, and larvae of C.
prosina, which feed on C/ieriitex lands (also exhibited).

Major Cottam reported that he had taken both P. piniperda and
Pohjploca fiavicornis in mid-March, at Oxshott. It was stated that
P. piniperda in some seasons came to sallow blossom, though in
.other years not one would be seen.

APUIL 21th, 1922.
Mr. K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Messrs. A. D. Hobson, of Highgate; W. Rait Smith, P.E.S., of
Bickley ; and A. G. West, of W. Dulwich, were elected members.

Mr. E. E. Green, F.E.S., gave an account of " British Coccidae,"
with black-board sketches and numerous coloured figures of species
and their depredations. (See page 12.)

Mr. Grosvenor exhibited a store box containing the displayed
collection of the species of the genus F.ndrosa {Setina): E.irrorella,
E. roscida, K. kiihltceini, E. aio-ita, with the named forms and local
races from many localities, from the late Dr. Chapman's collections,
and which were to be placed in the British Museum.

Mr. Step exhibited, on behalf of Lieut. G. E. Step, a living speci-
men of the Salamander {Sala)iiaudra )iiaculosa), found under a heap
of stones by the roadside in the Foret de Boulogne, at Easter. Its
discovery was due to the finding of a dead specimen with an incision
in the abdomen, pointmg to the probability that, in spite of its
warning colours, it had been attacked by a raptorial bird which,
however, had declined to make a meal of it. The occurrence of the
species so far north was considered unusual.

MAY nth, 1922.

Mr. C. B. Leechman, of Parley, was elected a member.
Mr, Hugh Main exhibited Zeryntlna {Thais) polyxena, bred from
a larva taken at Hy^res ; and some wingless sand-beetles, Pimelia

97

anffulata, belonging to the Tenebi-ionid Heteromera, from Egypt.
The latter were feeding readily on ripe banana.

Mr. E. Step exhibited a large gall on sallow, from the dunes at
Condette, France, from which a number of small Diptera {Cecidn-
iinjia sp.) had issued; also much smaller Hymenopterous inquilines.
Specimens of both species were shown. Also larvae of Cleora liche-
nan'a, from the same locality, where they were abundant on April
14th, feeding on the lichen Uamalina caliraris. Several of these had
been parasitised, and three pure white cocoons appeared a few days
later, from which the Hymenopteron exhibited had emerged since.
One of the Cleora larvae had spun up (May 10th), utilising the
lichen as covering.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a number of species of Lepidoptera from
New Zealand, which had been captured by Maori boys and sent to
him. They included Vanesm (/oimrilla, Chri/sophanits naliistitis,
Deileniera ossiuiilata, etc.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited specimens of the " Brown-tail
Moth " and the " Gold-tail Moth " and read the following note : —

" For many years we have been calling the Brown-tail by the
specific name of clirysoryhoea and the Gold-tail ai<rifiiia or
siiiiilis, but it seems that in this we have been quite wrong. In
recent conversation with Mr. J. H. Durrant, who has been spending
a good deal of time on the correct naming of species, I learned that
we should call the Gold-tail rlui/ftorrhoea. This species appears
to have been first described by Linnjeus who distinctly says that
the species to which he applied the name chri/sorrhoea has the apex
of the abdomen yellow bearded. (" Syst. Nat.," Ed. X., p. 502.)
As subsequent authors appear to have wrongly applied that naine
to the Brown-tail it remained for someone to find a name for it,
and this Donovan did, calling it jilineorrhoea. He figures b- th sexes
with larva, etc., and says "abdouien bearded and fuscous at end."
(" Don. Brit. Ins.," vol. xvi., p. 89, pi. 555.) The genera in which
we have been accustomed to place these two species also appear to
need revision, their brief synonymy being as follows : — •
Brown-tail.

Xi/iiiiiia, Hb. {= luiinoctea, Hb., in error, Staud. = J(7«.crt,

Walker.)
phaconhoea, Don., ISVd — chnjsorrlioea, Staud., etc. (Non
Lin.)
Gold-tail.

Leiicoiiia, Hb., 1805 { = Arcturjiis, Germar, 1811 = A'///>;oc-

98

tes, Hb., im2=Porthesia, Steph., 1828, and "Stand.
Cat.").
chrysorrhoea, L., 1758 { = similis, Fues., 1775, " Staud.
G&tr = aurifl,ta, Schiff., 1775 = Fab., 1787)."
Mr. L. N. Staniland exhibited the Buprestid beetle, Melanophila
acuminata, taken in a field at Walberswick, Suffolk, a species
usually associated with pines which are either burning or have very
recently suffered from the effects of fire ; and on behalf of Mr.
Massee the Curculionid beetle, Anthojwtinm cinctns, from E. Mailing,
Kent, in December, 1921. This was a species new to Britain.

Mr. Blair, for Mr. Dods, exhibited the "stick-insect," Caraiixins
morosiifi, of an unusual reddish-brown colour, instead of the normal
dull grey brown.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the striking Longicorn beetle,
Phoeincocenis dejeanii, sent to him by our fellow member Mr.
Lindeman from Eio de Janeiro, Brazil. The males are remarkable
for the extraordinary development of the last ten apical joints of
the antennae into long lamellae.

MAY '20th, 1922.

Field Meeting — Ranmore Common.

Conductor, Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.

This was a whole day meeting. The way traversed was hitherto
unknown to most members of the party. Train was taken to
Bookham station, whence the western of the two roads
leading southwards was followed. This lead by lanes and field-
paths almost direct to the western end of Ranmore and introduced
to those present some very promising collecting grounds on the
northern slopes of the chalk hills. Insects were not abundant in
numbers, although a considerable list of species was reported,
including some sixteen species of Rhopalocera. Wild flowers were
at their best^and several places were noted as having the white form
of the bluebell. The one or two members of the party who knew
the birds by their note reported a few uncommon species, including
the grasshopper warbler. The very welcome tea was obtained at
the post office near the church, and the early evening was spent on
the common and in the woods leading to Burford Bridge Station,
whence the return home was made.

99

MAY 2Mi, Vyii.

Mr. Step exhibited an abnormal blossom of Cowslip {Priwnla
veris) and contributed the following note upon it: — "At the Field
Meeting at Ranmore, on May 20th, Dr. Cockayne handed me an
abnormal Cowslip flower he had gathered. It consisted of a large
inflated calyx with eight lobes (instead of five), 12mm. in diameter
with a length of 18mm. It was split at one part and one free edge
was coloured with the full yellow of normal corollas. Within were
two somewhat shrunken corollas which had no limb. They had been
pronouncedly protandrous, for the anthers, which emerged from the
mouth of the tube, were empty and brown. The position of the
anthers indicated the "thrum-eyed" form of flower, in which nor-
mally the capitate stigma reaches only half way up the tube; but in
this case the stigmas were protruded beyond the tube 4mm. and
5mm. respectively, though they were included well within the calyx
and they had not been pollinated. The umbel of flowers was
represented solely by this monstrous blossom."

He also exhibited pairs of the beetles, Xecrophoras vespillo, h., and
Silpha thoracica, h., taken at Ockham Common, in and around a
dead toad.

On behalf of Mr. Coppeard, Mr. Step exhibited a remarkable and
extreme example of fasciation in the common buttercup {liannnculns
acris) from Sidmouth, Devon. The united stems made an irregular
riband quite two inches across. The flowers were normal.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited the asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi,
which was now very abundant at Enfield on asparagus foliage.

Mr. Enefer exhibited some indelible ink which he had made from
the petals of 7m germanica.

Mr. R. Adkin read a paper, " The Lepidopterous Enemies of
Man." (See page 26.)

jt/xVB mi, v.yi-1.

Mr. Edwards exhibited fossil shark's teeth, Oxyrhina, from the
English Red Crag, Walton, Suffolk, and remarked that the mem-
bers of this genus were found both in the Cretaceous and Pleiocene
periods.

Mr. E. Step exhibited a female of Vei^pa (jevmanica that came into
his study on May 30th. In appearance it was almost entirely black,
the clypeus and the anterior pair of legs alone showing any yellow.

100

Apparently it had just emerged from hibernation, havmg spent the
winter in some part of a chimney where it had got very evenly
coated with a fine deposit of soot. The clogging of the spracles,
and consequent death of the insect, had been averted, doubtless by
the hibernating wasp's habit of folding her wings close to her sides.
At first, viewed from above, she was entirely black ; but as soon as
boxed she began to clean her face, eyes, and forelegs, soon accumu-
lating a little ball of soot in the process. Fearing that the cleans-
ing mi-ht be completed, she was transferred to the cyanide bottle.

The°exhibitor sought to impart a mild flavour of humour to his
exhibit by introducing it as V,.pa carbonaria, sp. nov.-an imposi-
tion that might have succeeded elsewhere.

Mr Enefer reported the finding of three larvae of Acromrta aim,
at Penzance, in August, 1921, from which he had bred one imago
and an ichneumon, the third still remaining in the pupal stage.
He added a short account of the life-history and distribution of the
species in the British Isles.

Mr Step reported that of the Cleora lichenaria larvae he exhibited
at a previous meeting only one had developed an imago. The rest
had extended their feeding two weeks beyond the larva wh.ch had
pupated, and now all of them showed cocoons of ichneumons on

their bodies.

Mr Grosvenor referred to the fact that the larva of Attacus
atlas, in India, when ichneumoned, similarly extended the period of

its feeding.

Mr Withycombe exhibited a specimen of the Neuropteron
Chrysopa dnrsalh, bred from a larva beaten from the pmes at
Oxshott, in 1921. The only known localities for the species were
Oxshott (in 1900), Kings Lynn, and Colchester. He reported that
the dragonfly, Ubdhda depressa, was ovipositing freely at Straw-
berry Hill, on June 7th. Many ova were extruded per minute.
Thev have a gelatinous covering and appear to come oft in a stream,
but directly they touch an obstacle they come off singly and become
attached. As they sink through the water they probably adhere to
the leaves and stems of water plants. Mr. Blair remarked that
Chrysopa perla seemed to him to be more common than usual this

year.

Mr. Coulson reported the capture of a specimen of Phry.rus Irvor-
nica on a doorstep at Merton, Surrey, on May 15th.

Mr Bunnett exhibited ova, larvae, and imagines of ^Jdasoma

101

popidi (Col.) from Oxshott, where tbe species was very common just
now.

Mr. Preston exhibited butterflies from Macedonia, including
Fontia daplidlce, Anthochaiis craineri {belia), Leptosia sinapitt, etc.

Various reports of the occurrence of Colias crocens (edusa) were
made. On the N. Downs seven specimens ; in Huntingdonshire on
June 6th ; and elsewhere on May 25th and 28th.

JUNE 22nd, 1922.

Mr. Turner sent for exhibition, from Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
a flower spike of Orchis incarnata, L., and one of the Buckbean
[Memjanthes tri/'oliata, L.), both abundant in the marshes there.
He also sent an entire plant of the Salt-marsh Arrow-grass (Tri(ilo-
chin iiiaiitiiiinni, L.) in fruit. He reported that the Bee Orchis
[Op/nijs apifera, Huds.) was plentiful on the Downs towards the
Needles, but with very short stems. Both our native species of Iris
(7. psi'iidacorns and 7. foetidissifiia) were flowering and abundant, the
former in the marshes, the latter on the chalk slopes and in woody
places. Kespecting insects : he found the first brood of Paranje
aein'tia worn, the second brood just emerging ; hnt E. jn it ina was
the only abundant species — more so even than Crambi. He had not
met with Zipjaena trifolii, but a chance acquaintance had reported
the capture of six specimens.

Mr. Staniland exhibited specimens of the large Coleoptera
Petr<)<inathi(x i/iijas and Archon ceiitanntn from the Gold Coast.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited the Neuroptera — (1) Osiiii/Ihs clirysops
(male) alive, and a spirit specimen of the larva, which has very long
sucking jaws and is amphibious in habits, living on banks of streams
among moss. (2) Sicilis lutaria and a living larva of the same,
which lives in mud at the bottom of the ponds. (3) Jtlione fnnca
from Australia, and spirit specimen of the larva sent him by Dr. R.
J. Tillyard. This larva is a blind, white grub, that lives in sandy
soil, and feeds up on cockchafer larvae. (4) Fsip^/iopsis leonina,
from Afriea, and a spirit specimen of the larva of P. elei/ans, from
Australia, also sent by Dr. Tillyard. This last larva lives under the
bark of Eucalyptus trees, in a similar way to that of the !Snake-fly
[liaphidia) in this country. (5) Stenosmylus excicux, from New
Zealand.

Mr. Buckhurst exhibited a specimen of Hesperia malvae ab. taras,
taken at Effingham.

102

Mr. 0. R. Goodman exhibited (1) an example of Parnassius apollo
var. provincialis, taken in July, 1921, at St. Martin Vesubie. This
race is densely scaled with white, all the black markings and spots
being much more reduced than in the type. The marginal band of
the hindwings is absent, and is much reduced in the forewings. It
approaches in appearance to Parnassini^ delitis, but without the red
pupils in the black spots at the tip of the forewings. The stalk of
the antenna is sparsely ringed with black. (2) An example of Par-
nassius deliits, probably from Pontresina. The general colour is
faint yellowish white, with the black markings smaller than in
apollo, and without a marginal band to the hindwings. Two of
the black spots at the tip of the forewing are pupilled in red. Stalk
of the antenna markedly ringed in black. (3) An example of Par-
nassius, probably from Pontresina, which he considered might be a
hybrid apollo xdelius. All the wings were heavily scaled in black
and with pronounced marginal bands to both wings, as in typical
apollo. The three black spots at the tip of the forewings were all
pupilled in red ; also the spot on the hind margin. The antennae
were almost identical with those of delius, and differed very much
from those of apollo, both in marking and shape.

Mr. Syms exhibited a larva of Ruralis betulae, spun up for pupa-
tion, and a full fed larva of the Coleopteron Onthophfujus vacca in
its cell.

JULY I3th, 1922.

Major Stuart Maples, of Monkswood, Huntingdon, and Messrs.
Henry Candler, of Broad Eaves, Ashtead, and Eric Branston Watson,
of Winthorpe Grange, Newark, were elected members.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited three specimens of Graunnesia tri-
fp-amiiiica {trili7iea), from Abbot's Wood, where, he said, the species
had been taken unusually commonly at sugar in June this year, and
had shown considerable variation. Two of the specimens shown
were dark grey in colour, having a decided melanic tendency, with
indistinct, pale, transverse lines, while the third example was
reddish brown, with darker red-brown lines.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited living larvae and pupae of
Pip-anieis cardui, and called attention to the variation of the pupae
both in ground colour and in the colour of the spots. The ground
colour varied from pale grey to blackish; the spots were silvery on

103

a few specimens but golden on the majority. The larvae were of
the two forms, the light and the dark.

Miss A. K. Lock exhibited an aberration of Brentliis enphrosijne,
taken on June 5th, at Worth, Sussex, with the ground colour of a
uniform pale yellow, the spotting remaining normal.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited the following items brought by him
from the South of France. 1. The larvae of the ant-lion, Palpnres
lihelhdoidea, and said that those obtained the previous year had
failed to produce imagines. 2. Specimens of a Tenebrionid beetle,
Piwelia sp, 3. Cases of the large Psychid, Psi/che rillosella,
and a large number of young larvae which had emerged from one of
them. These were very active in their own tiny cases. 4. The
blackbellied spider, Lj/cona narhonenaii^, described by Fabre, which
with some care could be obtained from its burrows by enticing it
with a small stick. 5. The spider, Clothn didandi, found under
stones at Ste. Baume. He pointed out that the web of this last was
a conspicuous affair supported by numerous " guy ropes," and con-
sisted of two layers, between which the spider laj^ awaiting her prey.

6. The Myriapod, Scittigera aianeoides, noted as the species of which
Latreille ascertained the poisonous nature of the bite of this family.

7. The larva of the local butterfly, Tliais nniiina, of which the birth-
wort, Aristolochia, is the food plant. He also described the pit of
the long maggot larva of the Dipteron, Leptis vennilio, which
used that device for the capture of ants. He had succeeded
in breeding one specimen. There were also innumerable small
scorpions and active geckos to be found in the same neighbour-
hood.

Mr. Cheeseman exhibited the living larvae of Attacns cijnthia and
Saiiiia cecropia, two large silk-spinning Saturniids. They feed
readily on privet, and would also eat lilac.

JULY \rjth, 11)22.

Field Meeting — Horsley.

('oiiditctor, F. B. Carr.

A very pleasant meeting was held over the ground well known to
the S. London Society, and reported on at length on several previous
occasions. The morning party traversed Clandon Downs and pro-
ceeded by Newlands Corner to Netley Heath, where they were met
by the afternoon contingent.

104

JULY -27 th, ld22.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited the natterjack toad (Bnfo calatnita)
from the South of France. It was remarked that formerly it was
to be found in various parts of Surrey, but had not been met with
in any numbers of late.

Mr, Step exhibited several species taken on the occasion of the
Society's Field Meeting at Netley Heatb, July 15th, including
Ariiactiis ))njstacei(s (Hym.) ; Volucella iielliicens, Callipliora enjthro-
cephala, Mijiatropa fiorea (Dipt.) ; and Straiit/alia ariiiata (Col.).

He also showed two living reptiles which Mr. 0. K. Goodman
had sent to him from Vernet-les-Bains, Pyrenees : a fine example
of the Southern Smooth-snake [Coronella (jirondica, Daud.), and a
small specimen of the Wall Lizard {Lacerta mnralis, Merr.) with
two tails. The Coronella is very like our rare native species, but
rather more slender and a little longer. A striking identification
mark is seen on the head, the l)lack streaks from the angle of the
mouth to the eye being continued across the prefrontal shields from
eye to eye. In this example the black mark behind the head, which
usually assumes some resemblance to the letter U, is asymmetrical.
It is a native of the S. of France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy ; and
has been reported occasionally from the African side of the Mediter-
ranean. Like the more northern species {C. onstriaco) its food is
said to be lizards, which it appears to hunt at night when these are
at rest. It is exceedingly gentle and makes no attempt at biting.
The scales are without any indication of a keel and perfectly smooth,
so that it can glide backwards as easily as forwards.

Mr. Eobert Adkin exhibited a shoi't series of Ciip'ulo minhniis,
taken on the Downs near Eastbourne in May last. The specimens
generally were of large size, and some much dusted with blue
scaling. One underside had immaculate hindwings.

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited the burnet moths Zi/i/aena
anthyllidis, Z. tiansal/nna, and X. scahiostie, sent to him by Mr. 0.
R. Goodman from the Pyrenees.

Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited the larvae of Xe)iio)ia riridata from ova
laid by a female from Witherslack, and larvae of Bapta temerata,
beaten during the Field Meeting at Horsley, on July 15th.

Mr. Barnett exhibited series of Brentliii> eitp/nosi/ne from S. Devon ;
and reported that he had taken Kmatun/a atoinan'a as late as June
22nd.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a series of the race ale.va}iilriiia of

105

Melitaea aitiinia from Kisilsk. on the Ui'al Rivet', in the S.E. Ural
Mts. of Russia, together with other races for comparison, including
proviufialin, hibernira, merope, and others from Corsica and Bavaria.
The Ural race was characterised bv' the submarginal band of the
forewings not being costally margined by black, and by the abund-
ant light yellow markings of the forewings.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited a living specimen of the large Staphy-
linid beetle, Ewks /urtns, from the Pyrenees.

Mr. Bell exhibited larvae of Cernra bifida, C. fnrcnla, and Noto-
donta 2/Vcrtr, bred from ova found in the woods near Hatfield, in
June, 1922. The ova of the Cenira moths are said to be invariably
deposited on the upper surface of leaves, but these ova were on the
undersides of the leaves ; and on July 22nd he had found ova of (J.
furciila at High Beech, again on the underside of the leaves. He
also showed a small larva of StaiiiDpus fagi, beaten at Hatfield on
July 7th. It was found on an isolated beech tree, and assiduous
beating failed to obtain others. On the stems of sillow he had
found ova which were studded with bristles and opened with a lid.
These hatched, and the larvae obtained attacked and sucked dry
the larva of one of the " hook-tip " moths. They were probably
ova of a Hemipteron.

JULY -lOth, V.)-2-2.

Field Meeting — Eastbourne.

Conductor, Robert Adkin, F.E.S.

Sixteen members and friends, the majority of whom had travelled
from Victoria by the 9.45 a.m. train, assembled at " Hodeslea " for
an early lunch, which having been duly negotiated, they set out for
a ramble along the lower slopes of the South Downs, towards
Beachy Head. The weather was fine and an enjoyable afternoon
was spent among the butterflies and moths that abound in those
parts. Among the more notable species met with may be mentioned
Colias croceiis {ediisa), of which some three or four specimens, the
first of the descendants of the immigrants of the spring, were taken.
Agriades coridon appeared to be only just coming out, several speci-
mens secured being in very fresh condition ; Zggaena filipendulae
was found in countless thousands, but among the large numbers

106

examined only very few showed any unusual variation, the best
forms being two or three in which the red markings tended to form
longitudinal streaks. Melanippe rjaliata and EuhoUa bipimctaria,
with many Pyrales, flew up from the grass frequently, and of Stenia
piinctalis, which some years ago was a very abundant species in the
neighbourhood, but which it was feared had disappeared from it,
some half a dozen specnnens were dislodged from the herbage. As
the afternoon was drawing to a close the party wended their way
back to " Hodeslea," where Mrs. Adkin had a substantial tea
awaiting them, after which, and a little time spent in the garden,
they made their way back to the station and took the 8.20 p.m.
train for London.

AUGUST IQth, 1922. •

Mr. D. W. Seth-Smith, of Si, Elsworth Road, N.W., was elected
a member.

Mr. Tonge exhibited a specimen of Maleivjdris (Larentia) salicata
bred from an ovum laid by a female captured last year at Langridge
Fell. The larva fed on bedstraw.

Major Gillett exhibited a unique black-banded aberration of
Agrotin corticea, with two specimens of A. cinerea, a light J^ and a
dark $ form; also two forms of A. exclauiationis. They were all
taken in his light trap.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited the larva and imago of Ledra anrita
(Hemip.), and the English Cicada, Centrutns coniutiis, both from
Box Hill, and the latter also from Farningham. He also showed
the scarce beetles, A(/riliis si}iiiotus and liliinoinacer attelahoidea, from
Oxshott.

Dr. Robertson exhibited species of Lepidoptera he had taken at
Grindelwald in early July, including Fieris napi var. hryoniae, Albn-
lina p/ieretes, Zipiaena acUilleae, Z. piirpKralix, Acidalia iuniiorata,
and Cranibiis iin/ellits.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of eighteen specimens of
Arctia rillica, reared from larvae picked up on the Parade at East-
bourne, between the middle of March and the end of April last. He
said that for some years past he had been in the habit of taking any
Arctiid larvae that he happened to see crawling about on the Parade,
and from them he had usually bred either all A. caia or, as in the

107

case of 1921, about ten A. caia to one A. villica. This year he
found in all about two dozen larvae, of which three or four died,
two were killed by an Apanteles parasite, and the remainder pro-
duced only A. villica. Mr. Newman had informed him early in the
year, that he had found larvae of A. caia exceedingly rare in such
localities as he had worked for them, but that those of A. villica
were unusually common ; this appeared to agree exactly with his
own experience as related above, and it would be interesting to know
whether it also agreed with that of others in other localities.

Mr. Tonge noted that Arctia rUlica was common at Eeigate and
Deal.

Mr. Ham remarked on the scarcity of Arctia caia near Oxford
this year, whereas it was generally common there.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a series of species of the Bombycine
genus Antomeris [Hypercldria) from North and South America; and
contributed the following note : — ■

" The genus Automeris {thjpercluria) is a characteristic feature of
the forest regions of South America, particularly of Brazil, where a
considerable number of the ninety named forms occur. Species of
the genus are also found south to the Argentine and north to
Central America and Mexico, one species, A. /<>, penetrating as far
as the Eastern United States and Canada. All the species have the
same general facies, shades of brown with a very conspicuous ocellus
on the hindwing, generally with contrasted rings, and the forewings
more or less obscurely lined or banded, with an ocellus on the under-
side only. A few species have bright yellow clouds on the hind-
wings. A. io is the only very strongly sexually dimorphic species,
the forewings and most of the hindwing ground of the male being
bright yellow. The larvae when young have very long spikes on
the back, those near the head being branched. Each of the terminal
points of these spikes is furnished with a rosette of fine spines
around a very long central one."

Several species exhibited were sent over by Mr. F. Lindeman,
from Cordova, San Paulo, and Rio.

Mr. Carr reported Colias crocens (^editsa) at Oxshott, apparently
freshly emerged. Other members had also met with the species.

Mr. Ham reported that Poh/f/onia c-albuni continued not only to
maintain itself around Oxford, but had appeared even in the city
itself.

108

AUGUST 2ith, 1922.
Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., in the Chair.

Mr. T. L. Barnetfc exhibited a long series of Brenthis selene from
S. Devon, which showed two forms of the female in about equal
proportions, one having the ground colour lighter than the other.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited the larva of the " Festoon " moth,
Limacodes testiido, beaten from oak at Oxshott ; also examples of the
Pentatomid Hemipteron, Acanthosoma interstinctiiiii {(jruentii), from
the same locality.

Mr. Sims exhibited male and female specimens of the large ear-
wig, Labiiliira riparia, from its Bournemouth locality. In captivity
it burrows under the sand, and feeds readily on the larvae of beetles,
scraps of fish and meat, bread, flies, etc. He had seen it carry a fly
in its forceps. Mr. Main remarked that his specimens, when bur-
rowing, scratched like a rabbit, throwing out the sand behind.

Mr. Main exhibited the spider, Clotho diiraiuli, from the South of
France, and read an extract from the "Life of the Spider," by
Fabre. He showed a photograph of the spider in situ, (1) the web
with debris of insects stretched out on the lower surface of a flat
rock ; (2) the web with surface layer removed ; (3) the next layer
partly removed, showing the spider and its egg mass ; (4) the layer
completely removed with the spider fully displayed.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a number of exotic species of
"whites," Pieridae, to show the extreme development of brilliant
coloration with total, or almost total, suppression of the white on
both surfaces. The species shown were Appias nero, ^ and $ ,
from Java (brilliant orange red), Appias placidia, from the Moluccas
(uniform sooty brown on both sides), Delias uiinis, from Borneo
(black red, blue, and yellow). Pareronia }diocaea, from Mindanao, and
P. tritaea, from the Celebes (both black, brown, and green).

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited pupae of Papilio iiiachaon, and read
the following note : — " In June last I received a dozen larvae of P.
machaon, of Norfolk origin. Two of them died as larvae, and of the
remaining ten, one spun up on the midrib of a garden carrot leaf
which had been given them as food, another on the glass bottle that
had contained the food-plant, and a third on a thin stick of a dark
colour that had been placed in among the food-plant and was sur-
rounded by it. All these three pupae were of the usual pale
yellowish-green colour. The remaining seven larvae all attached
themselves to dark-coloured sticks that had been stood up at an

109

angle with their tops resting against the sides of the cage, and away
from the food-plant. The cage was simplj'- a white deal box stood
on end, the lid being replaced by green leno, which formed the front
of the cage. All seven of the resulting pupae on the sticks were
putty-coloured, with broad blaclf stripes along the sides and under-
parts, and black all over the wing cases, givmg the whole of the
pupae a very dark appearance. Similar variation sometimes
oecurs in Pierid pupae ; but he thought this was one of the most
marked cases that had come to his notice."

Mr. H. Moore, on behalf of Mr. Enefer, exhibited a Longicorn
beetle found in a case of Canadian produce at Unity Wharf, Dock-
head. It was subsequently identified by Mr. K. G. Blair as Stro-
inatinni afiperiihnn, White, a native of Cochin China. Mr. Enefer
has made further enquiries, and he found that goods from China
and the Straits are also received at the wharf, so that it can be
safely concluded that its association with Canadian produce was
accidental.

SEPTEMBER Wth, l'Ji'i\
Exhibition of Obdkks othkr than Lepidoptera.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a large female specimen of Sirejc
{fiijas. It was taken in the garden of a cottage in Eastbourne, in
July last, and when set measured 70mm. (= approximately 21-
inch es) in expanse.

Mr, W. J. Lucas made the following exhibits: —

Orthnptfra. — A large brown example of Mantis i-eli(jiosa, Linn.,
taken by Major J. J. Jacobs, in South of Spain, in 191L

Nenrnj)tera. — Pour examples, $ $ , ? ? , of Pal/iares libdliilnidt's,
Linn., taken by Major J. J. Jacobs, the first at Sierra de Carbonera,
on May 27th, 1912, the others at Algeciras on June 23rd, 1911.

Pairs of the three European species of Xewoptera for comparison
— N. hipcniiis, lUiger, taken by Major J. J. Jacobs, at Sierra de
Carbonera, on June 3rd, 1911. A^ coa, Linn., taken at Corinth
(Rev. F. D. Morice, he believed). May 15th, 1912. A', siiniata,
Olivier, J taken by P. J. Barraud, in Macedonia, June 6th, 1917 ;
the ? probably from Syria.

HynifiKiidera. — Two 2 specimens of the scarce IIynienof)teron,
Metliora icliiieiiinonidea, Latr., taken by himself in tbe New Forest,
one on August 27th, 1922, the other a few years ago.

110

Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited the following species of Diptera : —

1. Dioctria oelandlca, L., a species he had looked for years to find.
It was taken in one corner of a field only, near Farningham. It
could be easily recognised by the zigzag black markings across the
forewings.

2. Catabomba pi/rastri, L., $ var. unicolor, Curt., from Shoreham,
Kent.

3. Urophora cardiii, L., bred from thistle galls, found at Shore-
ham ; parasites bred from the galls were also shown.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the curious " flue-brush " beetle,
Rhina barbirostris, from S. America.

Mr. F. J. Coulson exhibited (I) Xi/lophasia inonoi/lypJia var. infus-
cata, taken August 2nd, 1922, at Wimbledon Common ; also alight
brown form from Merton, Surrey.

2. Boarmia yeinmaria, one ^ and three 2 ? of a blackish
speckled form, bred in 1922, from ova of a wild female taken in
1921, at St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex. Examples of the normal
form bred with the above specimens, and two var. perfnmaria forms
bred from Wandsworth Common larvae, were shown for com-
parison.

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited eggs of the following Raptores
from Northern India : —

1. Pondichery Vulture. Found at the village of Jamsher, Jul-
landar District of Punjab. The nest is very large, instances have
been known where the material used has weighed two to three cwt.
One QQg only is laid, and the nest is always placed at the top of the
highest tree in the district.

2. White-backed Vulture. These birds are gregarious during
nesting, several nests often being in one tree. They are placed at
any height from the ground, and contain one egg, rarely two eggs.

3. Egyptian Vulture. The nest is usually placed at a height of
14 to 20 feet from the ground, generally on the main trunk, where
the boughs commence to branch out. Two handsome red-mottled
eggs are laid.

4. White-tailed Eagle. A common carrion feeder in the North
Punjab. The nest is placed in a thorn bush about 15 to 20 feet
from the ground, and two white eggs are laid.

Mr, Step exhibited living examples, male and female, of the
Pyrenean Newt {Mol(je pyre)iaei(s = a>ipe)) which he had received from
Mr. A. de B. Goodman, who had captured them in a stream on the
Porte Gavarnie route at an elevation of 600 feet. Its distribution

Ill

is restricted to the Pyrenees, where, according to Gadow (" Cam-
bridge Nat. Hist."), it prefers lakes which are fed during the whole
of the summei' with water from the melting glaciers.

Apart from colour, the Pyrenean Newt is much like our Crested
or Warty Newt {M. cridata), the skin being rough with closely set
warts, and the tail thick and powerful, flattened slightly from the
sides. Viewed from above, it will be seen that the muzzle, instead
of being rounded is truncate, the tip between the nostrils being quite
straight. Of the present pair the female is the larger, her total
length being 5J inches, whilst that of the male is only 4^ inches ;
and there is a difference in the proportions of tail and body, that of
the male being slightly less than half his length, and that of the
female slightly exceeding the length of head and body.

The general colour of the male is a greenish yellow-brown, darker
on the upper parrs, where there is a distinct, though interrupted,
yellow vertebral line from behind the head ; the underside with a
broad longitudinal band of dull yellow bordered with dark spots, the
tail with an orange keel and cloaca dull grey. The colour of the
female is darker, more approaching olive above, but orange below —
the cloaca reddish (Gadow says " bright red "). The vertebral line
is only slightly indicated, and chiefly along the tail.

Mr. C. L. Withycombe exhibited the following species of Orthop-
tera : — FJmptisa erjena, Charp., and Oedipoda t/ermanica, Latr., from
the S. of France, 1921, with Psophiis stridnlnn, L., from the Pyre-
nees, in 1922. The two last have red hind wings. He also showed
a Mantid from the Straits Settlements, with a short prothorax and
ill-developed forelegs, which are in the Mantids usually strong and
raptorial.

Mr. Enefer exhibited the following Coleoptera taken by him at
Miirren, in Switzerland, during August, 1922 : —

Clems apivoriis, Strauffalia qiiadrifasciata, both feeding on cow-
parsley; Carabitu arvem^is, the spotted pine- weevil, A>//*(ir//.s (jennanux,
the two last on fir-logs ; also a living CarabiiH aiiratiin.

He also showed the yellow crab-spider, Thouiisus ojuistns, one of
the wolf-spiders, Lycosa and two fine 3 banded orb-spiders, Epeira
faaciata taken near Clarens, Lake of Geneva, and communicated the
following note of his observations : —

" Taken on May l6th, both fed fairly well upon flies and small
moths, but after the 19th the larger of the two refused food until
the 27th, when it accepted a fragment of a fly. During the interval
it became greatly reduced in size, and I was very pleased to find that

112

a large cocoon had been formed, about the size and very much like
a large gooseberry. The cocoon was attached firmly to the side of
my collecting box by silken cords, and it was most interesting to
watch the elaboration of the beautiful covering of webbing, that
ultimately closed the aperture at the top."

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited one of the wolf-spiders, Li/cosa picta,
sent to him by Mr. Bristowe, from Oxshott, and also the tubes of
silk spun in the sand. Also a crab-spider from S. France, and
referred to Fabre's description of the young spiders spinning a fine
silk thread, and being carried while attached to it for along distance
by the currents of air. They soon assumed the colour of the flowers
frequented by them. On the flower heads the full grown spider
caught bees, while the young first began by capturing any minute
insects which settled on the flower head. He next showed a Scara-
bnt'iis beetle, from Cyprus ; and the native cockroach, Ectobiiis
pameri, from the New Forest.

Mr. Cheeseman exhibited a striated form of Poli/oiniiiatus icayns,
from Surrey.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited the following Coleoptera from the
Harpenden district, taken in 1921-2: — Pa)ia;iaei(s bijnistiilatiis, a
local species, Cassida ln'inis/i/uiej-ica, Stiliciis stibtilis, Qiiediiis otliiiii-
£)isis [talpaniiii), Aleocliara apcvUcca, the two last from moles' nests,
IJcfiart/inia deiiticnUis, AutherojiliOf/Ks 7ii(/ricoriiix, and A. pallena.

Mr. G. E. Frisby exhibited the following Hymenoptera : — Amino-
pliila hiffii, described by the late Mr. Edward Saunders, in 1903, from
specimens t<i,ken in the summer of that year, in Jersey, and its very
close ally AiiiDio/i/iila hirsiita. llruibex nistiata, from St. Ouen's
Bay, Jersey.

Also specimens of both British species of Sajnpja, the counnon .S.
B-pinirtafa, and the very much rarer ,S'. claMcoruis, the latter until
recently being only known from the records of Shuckardand Smith.
Now known from several localities; those exhiijited being taken this
summer near Hastings, with one specimen from Wrotham, Kent.

Mr. Stanton exhibited some Coleoptera of economic importance
and read the following notes: — " Bnic/ms ruriiiiaiiiis and B. al/inis.
— For some years Coleopterists have called a large Bnir/ms, intro-
duced into Britain on beans from Mediterranean regions by the
name BnicliKs alllnia. In conversation Mr. Blair has suggested
that the name Ih-Kclttis affinis should be applied to quite a different
species, and on this understanding it seems necessary to discover
whether the Diurhiis a/finin of English collectors is merely a large

113

southern form of Bruchiin mfiinanux or a distinct species. It ma)''
be mentioned that a preliminary examination at the Pathological
Laboratory would seem to suggest that rufinianus and the Mediter-
ranean species are distinct, but further specimens are still required
to settle the point satisfactorily. In general appearance the Medi-
terranean insect is larger, more robust, and usually more distinctly
marked than B. riifiniaitus, but no constant character is yet avail-
able to distinguish them. The characters given in Fowler's " Cole-
optera of the British Isle," do not appear to be constant. From the
information at present available the Mediterranean form does not
appear to be reproduced in England, or ever to be found in English
grown seed."

" Bnichtis obtecti.is. — A species of doubtful origin but now almost
cosmopolitan, extending from tropical to temperate regions. Fre-
quently introduced into Britain in French bean seed. Existing
information seems to show that the insect cannot stand the English
winter in the open, though it undoubtedly breeds in seed stores. In
its life-history Brnchits obtect us d'lEevs from all indigenous species in
the fact that it can breed on dried beans. In America it is a well-
known pest, and is there the chief bean-beetle.

" Ant I 10 nomas cinctiis. — Anthoiimnus ci)ictiis, of Roller, was first
recorded as British by Mr. Harwood, in the "Entomologist's
Monthly Magazine" for October, 1921, from a specimen he had
obtained the previous August in Kent. The insect had, however,
in the spring of the same year been bred by Mr. F. R. Petherbridge,
of Cambridge, from larvae found by him in Norfolk. These larvae
were feeding in the unexpanded truss or leaf buds of apple. In the
present year further specimens have been obtained from the Norfolk
locality, where the beetle is doing appreciable damage. Anthoiionms
cinctus is well known on the Continent, where, however, it is a pest
of pears rather than of apples. It is not yet possible, of course, to
Bay whether the new species will prove of the same economic im-
portance in Great Britain as the Apple Blossom Weevil. It is also
difficult to suggest whether the insect is a recent importation or an
undetected resident. In this connection it would be of assistance if
Coleopterists would be on the look out for the beetle and record any
discoveries. The insect appears to be more easily taken in the larval
than in the adult stage.

Mr. Stanley A. Blenkarn exhibited four drawers of British
Coleoptera, containing species of BeinhiiUuin and other ground
beetles, many species of water-beetles and of Chri/tioineliilai', including

114

the rare Bemhidinm nigricorne, a series from Yorkshire, the local
species B. stephensi from Charlton, B. ephippiiim from Pett Level,
Limnaeum nigropiceits from Ventnor, Lebia ci/anocephala from Box
Hill, etc.

Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited five larvae of Sphinx ligustri, from S.
Cornwall, of identical parentage, but showing wide variation in the
intensity of the purple stripes on the sides. In the more extreme
forms these were expanded into wide blotches.

On behalf of the Society the Ashdown collections of Cocdnellidae
and Odonata were exhibited.

The President exhibited a specimen of the dog-stinkhorn, Mutiiuis
caninus, much less common than the common stmkhorn. Mr. Lucas
remarked that he had found a number of the beetle Silpha tlwrocica
feeding on the caps of stinkhorns.

Mr. Barnett reported that Mr. Coppeard had met with both
Phryxus livornica and Agriiis convolndi in S. Devon. Mr. Tonge
had observed the crab-spider attacking Lepidoptera. Mr. Withy-
combe said that he had met with the spider Kpeira fanciata in Great
Britain. There were numerous reports of the occurrence of Colias
croceus {edusa).

SEPTEMBER 23?- J, 1922.

Field Meeting— Effingham and Ockham Common.

Conductor, Hy. -J. Turner, F.E.S.

This Field Meeting was held on ground well known to members
of the Society, and reported on on several previous occasions.
Nominally larvae-beating was to be the object ; this, however,
was found not very productive, no special captures being made.

Mr. C. L. Withycombe reported that the following Neuropteroid
insects were taken by Messrs. Blair, Lucas, Step, Syms, and himself.

Beating was carried out in the pinewoods mainly, the following
insects being captured. Chrijaupa vulgaris, several specimens, all
green ; llemerohius stigma, one female and several larvae ; the
scarcity of species of Heiiierohins was very noticeable as H. stigma,
especially, is usually more or less common all the year round ;
Conioptergx pygmaea, over thirty specimens, all $ ? (C.L.W.) ;
Conwentzia psnciformis, one ^ (E.E.S.) ; larvae of Eaphidia notata
and R. maculicollis were found sparingly under pine bark, two being

115

found on the outside of the trunks, killed by Etiipnsa lainpi/ridannn
(E.S. and E.E.S.). A few Psocids were taken : Lac/iesilla pedicii-
laria (C.L.W.), Ectopsocus brii)i/.si (K.G.B.), Klipsociis ivestiroodi and
Stenopsociis crnciatus (K.G.B. and C.L.W.).

Near the great pond, on birch bushes, the May-flies Cloeon siniile
(K.G.B. and C.L.W.) and Heptagenia siilphurea (K.G.B.) were
obtained ; also two Caddis-flies, Oecitis ocluacea and Mustccides
qiiadrifasciata (K.G.B.). From the same small birches a full fed
larva of Acmnicta leporina was beaten (C.L.W.).

Among the plants noted : — Helvella crispa, Fpipactis latifoUa (in
bloom), Calla palustris, Knophorum pulijstadiUm (Cotton grass).

SEPTEMBER 28th, 1922.

Mr. Edwards exhibited the fungus Pleiiyotits yevoliitn'<, found at
Blackheath on the trunk of a felled poplar.

Mr. Sperring exhibited further specimens of the dark race of
Brenthis euplirosyne from Lincolnshire, taken this year.

On behalf of Mr. Coppeard he also exhibited a dark suffused
aberration of the same species from S. Devon, a specimen of Aphan-
topus hyperantus, in which the R. hindwing had a partial double row
of eye-spots, an Epinepliele jnrtina with additional dots on the fore-
wings, and another partially xanthic.

Captain W. Crocker exhibited a series of aberrations of Ayriades
coridon, taken this year at Royston, including ab. obsoleta J and ? ,
ab. striata, ab. roystonensis, ab. seinisyiiyrapha closely approaching
ab. synyrapha, females streaked with g colour, brown suffused
females, ab. maryinalis S s, asymmetrical specimens, ab. caernlea,
etc.

Mr. N. D. Riley exhibited for Mr. Hirst, a specimen of Fabre's
"Banded Epeira " [Ayriope bniennicJii), the first to be found in
England. It was taken at Rye, Sussex, by Mr. Frank Sladen, early
this year. He also showed specimens of the Gorse Red Spider
{Tetranyclnis lintearins, Dufour), one of the spinning mites. There
were large numbers on the web, which was found in Devonshire.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited the following Pentatomids from the
Harpenden district: — Acaiithosoma tristriatiun, Sehinis bicolor,
Eysacoris inelanocephaliis, and Podops innncta.

Colonel R. H. Rattray shewed a series of lantern slides from his

116

own photographs of Indian birds' nests. The following is a summary
of his remarks.

The country is very varied, and the conditions under which the
photographs were taken were often most difBcult. In the plains
the heat was often so intense that it was impossible to place one's
hand on the sand ; in the hills on the other hand it was cold, and
the country was frequently covered by forests and dense under-
growth. The Thrushes and warblers were first dealt with ; the nest
of the Great Indian Reed Warbler [Acrocephalns stentoreus) being
built in dense reed beds, which can only be approached in a narrow
punt, owing to the depth of mud and water. The Paddy-field Reed
Warbler (A. auricnla) builds its nest slung between the stems of a
reed growing on the floating islands of peat and weeds, a most
inaccessible locality, and rarely approached. The Short-billed
Minivet {Pericrocotim brerirostris), a most brilliant bird, the male
clothed in vivid scarlet and black, makes a most beautiful little nest,
carefully covered with cobwebs and lichens, and attached to the ends
of the boughs of the tallest trees. A slide was shown of the only
authentic nest of the European Golden Oriole in the Indian limits.
Passing on to the Flycatchers— to photograph the nest of the White-
browed Fantail {Rhipidnra albifrontata) in the intense heat of May,
ice has to be used to prevent the film melting off the plate. Among
the Redstarts the Plumbeous Redstart {RJn/acornis fiiUfiinoms) is the
only one found in the Himalayas (up to 13,000 ft), where it builds
in small hollows near water. The Common Weaver-bird {Ploceus
haya) is very like our Sparrow, and it builds in large companies,
which suspend their nests from the outermost twigs of the boughs
of trees. On one occasion he had climbed out to a nest, which
overhung the water, when the bough broke, dropping him into the
stream. When he laid the nest on the ground a very poisonous
snake wriggled out. These nests are wonderful structures, the
strips of grass are passed through backwards and forwards and the
rough edges hold together, preventing the structure being dragged
to pieces. The Finches and Larks were next dealt with. A sub-
species of our British Nightjar, of a lighter colour, occurs at about
7.000 ft. in the Himalayas, and has similar habits and precisely
similar eggs. Our common Moorhen has also quite similar habits
in India/ ej^cept that it frequents larger stretches of water. The
nests of several waders were shown, including a slide of the Pheasant-
tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chiriiryns), &hird with very long toes,
which runs with ease on the leaves of water plants in the larger

117

lakes of the country. Its nest is a mass of floating rubbish, the
eggs often touching the water. The Plovers and Snipes were illus-
trated ; also the River Terns, which last breed in colonies on the
sand spits which are often seen in the middle of a river, the nests
being depressions in the sand, unlined, and fully exposed to the
burning sun at the end of May and June.

Mr. Coulson exhibited an abnormal structure, dish-shaped, made
by Saturiiia pavonia as its cocoon, it having got entangled in its own
threads and unable to spin normally. He also showed a series of
aberrations of C()enon!/iii)>ha ixniiphiliis.

Mr. Mera exhibited living larvae of Culias cr«cei(s {edusa) from ova
laid by a female captured at Eastbourne during the Society's Field
Meeting there on July 29th. He also showed a series of Triphaena
fimbria, bred in 1922, from Epping Forest larvae, and a specimen
from Ipswich, typical of many taken there in and about 1880. This
latter specimen was a uniform light brown colour, in contrast to
those from Epping, all of which were much darker in general
colour; he suggested that during recent years the species appeared
to have become darker.

Mr. Enefer exhibited CalUnioipha tjitadripinictaria [hera), found
resting on vine leaves in a vineyard at Clarens, near Montreux,
Switzerland. He also showed specimens of Eiebia pronu'e taken
resting on clover on the mountain slopes at Miirren, in Auo-ust.

OCTOBER lith, V.)->-2.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited the fungus, L'lavaria stricta,
found at the base of tree-trunks at Blackheath.

Mr. Turner exhibited a photograph of L'lacan'a pistillaris, taken
by Mr. Step about twenty years ago in Norbury Park, and stated
that he had found a considerable number of this singular funpus on
Eanmore Common, under beech trees.

Mr. Withycombe exhibited a female hornet, IV.syjof crabro, caught
flying over a tram-car in Walthamstow.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited (1) the recently hatched young of the
yellow form of the slug Ari(i)i ater, found under a stump of a tree
in Epping Forest ; (2) the larvae of a glowworm, Ldmpi/ris Insi-
tanica, from the south of France, and said that they fed readily on
snails and slugs ; (3) a black-bellied spider, which much resembled
the S. France wolf-spider, Lycosa narboneims, but which was not

118

found in holes as that species is, but under stones. The cocoon of
eggs is carried by the $ parent until the young appear, when they
are carried on the back of the mother ; (4) a small black scorpion
which occurred under stones, and was found by him, sparingly, on
the heights above Avignon, but was abundant at Pont du Gard.

Mr. Step exhibited a small snake from the Pont du Gard, sent to
him by Mr. Main, It was subsequently reported as Tro/iidonotiis
viperinus.

Mr. Blenkarn exhibited the Coleopteron Ma<idalis carhonaria,
taken at Mitcham on May 28th, and stated that the species had not
hitherto been taken further south than Sherwood Forest. He also
showed EhijucJiites pubescens, taken at Westerbam on June 12th, not
uncommonly.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a colour drawing of a c? Agriades
coridon, from Koyston, with various streaking of 2 coloration,
especially on the hindwings, and the left fore wing much clouded
with brown on the costa. He also showed an extremely pale Epitie-
phele jurthia from the Chilterns, having only a very little dark shad-
ing towards the base of the wings and traces of orange on the disc
of the forewings.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited lantern-slides (1) showing points in
the economy of a large scorpion, which he stated was viviparous,
and carried its young, for a long period after birth, on its back ;

(2) the larva of the Dipteron Microdon, which was generally con-
sidered to be a scavenger in the nests of ants where it lived ;

(3) the early stages of the rose-chafer, Cetonia aiirata.
Mr, Dods exhibited Ian tern -photographs of plants,

Mr, Lucas exhibited lantern slides of the eggs and larvae of the
snakeflies, Rhaphidia notata and 7?. maciilicollis, pointing out the
specific distinctions of the species ; of the pupal jaws worked by the
imaginal jaws inside ; of the young larva of Chri/sopa peiia, which
crawled like a Geometrid larva ; of the lace-work cocoon of Heinero-
bius ; and a portrait of the late Dr. Sharp.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited lantern-slides (1) showing the development
of the Dog-stinkhorn, Miitimis camiuis ; (2) the development of the
Common-stinkhorn, Phallus impudicns ; (3) a species of " Earth
star," Geaster ; (4) ovaries of a " stick insect " ; and (5) eggs of the
woodlouse, Porcellio scaler, with newly-hatched larvae.

119

OCTOBER 2Qth, 1922.

Mr. F. T. Vallins, 372, Sherrard Road, Manor Park, E. 12, was
elected a member.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited his series of Diacrisia wendica, with its
various local races, aberrations, and mongrel forms, in illustration
of his paper (page 48).

Messrs. 0. R. and A. de B. Goodman exhibited the following
species of Pierids, all taken by them at Pont du Gard, on July 3rd,
1922. S and ? Pieris rapae compared with $ and $ P. vianyii,
the latter species being probably referrable to var, rossii ; 3 P. yiapi,
of the extreme summer form napaeae, with markings on the under-
side of the hindwings practically absent, and on the forewings
approaching the form of P. manni, with which it was taken. They
also showed ^ and ? P. napi in which a sub-costal spot was
strongly developed near the apical blotch.

Miss Alice K. Lock exhibited a specimen of Agrins co)ivolntli in
perfect condition, taken at rest in a garden at Sidmouth, S. Devon,
on September 4th ; and also a female form of Colias crocens {edusa)
near var. helice, but intermediate, taken at the same place in
September.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited a long series of bred Pyrameis
cardui, from Oxshott parents, a selection from some 500 specimens
which emerged. Among the forms produced were (1) five speci-
mens with a pale blotch in the centre of each forewing; (2) a series
with blue centres to the eyespots on the hindwings ; (3) six speci-
mens which have one of the nervures running through the white
blotch on the forewings of a pink colour ; (4) a specimen with the
dark patch in the centre of the forewings divided ; (5) a series in
which the wings bore a curious waxed appearance ; and (6) a speci-
men with an extra white spot on the forewings below. They all
emerged in Julj and August of the present year.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a sample of flour infested with the
beetle Tribolinm ferrnginenm in all its stages.

Mr. A. W. Mera exhibited a series of Diacrisia }iiendica, bred,
from W. Sussex, in 1922, and an undersized female of a smoky
colour, bred some years ago from the London district.

Mr. Enefer exhibited a $ specimen of Orgyia antiqiia, bred from
a larva taken at Clarens, Switzerland, on August 24th.

He also exhibited the roots of the Scarlet Runner bean, pointing
out the bacteria nodules upon them, and explained the symbiotic

120

relations existing between leguminous plants and the nitrifying
bacteria.

Mr, Main referred to the farmers' custom of growing leguminous
plants and ploughing the crop into the soil in order to enrich it for
the main crop to be grown following.

Mr. Bunnett noted that the roots of the bean were poisonous.

Mr. Step said that the lupine was a common crop plant in South
Europe for the same reason. The Scarlet Kunner was naturally a
perennial, though grown in this country as an annual owing to its
failure to survive our winter.

Mr. Tonge exhibited his series of D. mendica.

Mr. R. Adkin then read his paper, " IHacrisia mendica its History
and its Varieties." (See p. 48.)

In the discussion which ensued Mr. Mera referred to the difficulty
of carrying on a race in captivity after the second or third genera-
tion. Mr. Newman had bred it in large quantities generation after
generation, but that was on the growing plant in an outdoor cage,
where in fact, after eight years, he found it difficult to get rid of.
He reported that he had obtained a sooty black female from Box
Hill.

Dr. Cockayne contributed the following remarks : — " The experi-
ments of Onslow have shown that the pale cream coloured form of
male is dominant to the dark brown one, but that there are many
factors for lightness and darkness involved. From my crosses of a
very pale form of Irish male and English female I obtained in the
second generation males as pale as the palest Irish ones. On the
other hand, a correspondent in Dublin by interbreeding Irish
)iiendica gradually got darker males, until he had some as dark, or
nearly as dark, as the average English males. No doubt he was
extracting recessives. Irish males vary very much in colour; many
are darker than the first cross between pale Irish and English
viendica, and a few are as dark as the paler English ones.

"The name ruKtica is unfortunate in that it covers a number of
forms bearing different factors for colour and not a genetically
homogeneous race, but since we cannot distinguish these different
forms by their superficial appearance, it is convenient to retain it
for the pale Irish and Eastern geographical races. The various
kinds of spotting are very interesting, and I am sure these are due
to a number of Mendelian factors, although my own data are in-
sufficient to prove it definitely. The insect is unsuitable for exten-
sive breeding experiments owing to its susceptibility to a disease,

121

which is thought to be conveyed through the egg from one genera-
tion to another, and which gradually increases in virulence. But
for this mendica would be an ideal species for the study of the
inheritance of minor variations.

NOVEMBER dih, 1922.

Mr. Boris Jobling, 52, Charleville Road, W. Kensington, Mr, C.
H. H. Stokes, 107, Queens Koad, Upper Norwood, Mr. G. E. Bryant,
163, Gloucester Terrace, W. 2, Mr. E. Meek, 119, Kempton Road,
East Ham, and Lieut. J. C. Seabrook, 8, West Warwick Place,
Belgravia, were elected members.

The President exhibited a sample of pepper on which a number
of beetles were feeding. The species was identified as t'tiiius tectiis.
He also showed a spray of oak leaves rolled by the weevil Attelabus
nitens, with the beetles in situ.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited a long bred series of Siiilosuma
menthastii, from pupae obtained at Broadstairs, and referred to one
example which, by its white texture and absence of spotting, had
much the appearance of *S'. nrficae.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the following Coenonijiiipha forma
from many localities in the Palaearctic region. CoeiiDinjiiipha ip/iis,
C. aixcutia var. satijrion and var. danriniana ; and contributed the
following notes . —

1. CoeiKmytupha arcania. — This species is always distinguished
in its typical form or race by the very irregular submarginal band
of white on the underside of the hindwings, with a row of large
perfect eyespots on the outer edge, of which the apical spot is out
of the alignment across the other side of the white band, and almost
embedded in the general dark ground colour. This form occurs in
many parts of Europe, but as a rule not in elevated areas. A form
with a very black extended band on the forewings, with a somewhat
less irregular white band, is known as ab. insiibrica.

2. race satyrion. — This is the mountain form (considered as a
good species by some) which is very prevalent in the High Alps from
4,000-7,000 ft. It is generally of a mouse grey coloration, more or
less marked as the locality is more or less elevated. The white
band on the hindwing is of even width throughout, with a row of
eyespots almost in the middle, the upper one being in alignment
with the rest. The series taken at Rarer See was somewhat inter-

122

mediate in general colour, being less of a mouse grey. It is a small
form.

3. form darwiniana. — This is a form which occurs in the southern
Alps, and is more or less racial, with the white band uniform in
width, but the apical spot is not in alignment ; the row of eye-
spots lie as in the typical form, and are in many specimens much
enlarged ; the general colour of the upperside is much darkened
with the black areas somewhat extended.

When shown in mass these three forms were clearly distinct and
well marked.

4. C. iphis. — This species is closely allied to C. arcania, and
occurs in numbers locally over a very large area of the Palaearctic
region. Series were shown from the Rhine, Belgrade, Modling
near Vienna, the Hohe Tatra, the Alps, etc., with specimens fromN.
Central Asia, and Thian-shan. They all somewhat resembled forms
of C. an-ania, but were readily distinguished by having only rem-
nants (generally two irregular clouds) of a white band on the hind-
wings below, and on the upperside were uniform blackish brown.
The eyespots vary from none to a complete row on the hindwing
below, and are small and very sharply defined. The race mahome-
tana, from the Thian-shan, are delicately dusted over with white
below, the race iplii)ia, from Central Asia, has the eyespots bordered
with orange ; and those of a darker shade were known as ab.
snb)Ui/ra.

Mr. W. J. Lucas read a paper entitled "The second maxillae
(labium) of the Odonata, more especially as the mask of the naiad
stage," and illustrated his remarks with a series of lantern slides.
(See page 57.)

NOVEMBER 23rd, 1922.
Annual Exhibition.

Messrs. A. de B. and 0. R. Goodman exhibited four cases con-
taining 83 out of the 118 species of butterflies known to inhabit the
French Pyrenees and adjoining districts; collected in July, 1922.

I. Insects from Vernet-les-Bains, in Eastern Pyrenees, and from
Pont du Gard, near Nimes. Papilio podalirlua var. feisthamelii, the
dark southern form of the summer brood. Pieris manni, showing
the characters distinguishing it from /-*. rapae. Enchloe enpJienoides,

123

the "Gloire de Provence." Laeosopis roboris, common, flying around
ash treng at Yernet like Bitlu^s ijuercus. Very brilliant 2 form of
Chri/sd/ikanits hijipothoe from the Aude Vallej'. [.aniinden boetinis.
Everes argiade.i. Apatiira ilia var. chjtie, taken near Vernet at a
height of over 3,000 feet. Very interesting series of Ar;/yuiiis
cydippe, with fine forms of var. dendoxa, and a form of var. chlnro-
dip/ie, which has not been recorded previously from the French side
of the Pyrenees. Mditaea dicti/inia var. verneteiisix, a constant race,
less darkly marked than the Alpine form. Brenthis selene and B.
eHphr<isi/)ie, dark forms from the Aude Valley. Melananjia larhesis
and M. (jnlathea. Lachesis entirely replaces r/aZat/iea in the Pyrenees
Orientales, and the two only overlap in the Valley of the Aude.

II. Insects from Gavarnie, in the High Pyrenees, altitudes of
4,000 to 7,000 feet. I'ania.-^Hins apollo with very dark scaled 2 s
var. brittinfieri. Colias phicoiiione. Polyoiiiinatiis orbitnlns var.
obert/tiiri, a rare Pyrenean form. P. pyrenaica, a very rare species
confined to the High Pyrenees. Jhenthis pales, large and darkly
marked. Very interesting series of 2 s of Melitaea didyma, showing
variation from bright orange to steel grey, var. alpina. Hexperidae,
several species of this puzzling family. Erebia epiphron race pyre-
naica, the Pyrenean form. Krebia iiia}ito var. cnnstans; this all black
variety occurred this year in numbers, although for years it has only
been taken singly. /'-'. styyne with interesting $ undersides. E.
fforyiiie, another Pyrenean species. A'. )iielas race Icfebvrei, replacing
the L'j. nielas of the Austrian Alps. Epinephele paaipha'e, from Vernet.
Coenonyiiipha ip/tis showing great variation, from the Aude Valley.

Lord Rothschild exhibited a series of over 500 British Arctia caja,
including many aberrations, together with larvae, pupae, and para-
sites. He also exhibited for comparison a series of Continental
European typical specimens and aberrations, and the various Asiatic
and American geographical races of A. caja. He drew special
attention the Armenian and South Caucasian A. caja race
iviskotti, Stdgr., as being dimorphic, the J having white and the 2
rose-coloured hindwings. The Japanese race is distinguished by its
large size and heavy marking, while most of the American races
have red tegulae (patagia auct. plur.).

Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited a series of about 700 Sannt/iripiis
revayana, containing all the named forms except ab. xayittata.

Mr. E. E. Green exhibited a small collection of miscellaneous
Arthropods from Ceylon, including a large hunting spider {I'oecilo-
theria fasciata). This is one of the reputed bird-eating spiders. It

124

has not been seen to catch birds, in Ceylon ; but has been found
devouring small mice and lizards. It lives in holes of trees, etc. A
large Coccinellid beetle, which preys upon the Aphid Oregma bam-
biisae. A " Cobra mantis," with expanded shield covering the
thorax. A large Blattid, which lives in decaying tree trunks, in
company with Passalid beetles, which it somewhat resembles. A
brightly coloured Cicada (Plati/plem-a nctoi/Kttata). A " Lantern fly "
[Fnlyora niacidata) with apex of head produced into a long horn.
A Pentatomid {Catacanthiis incarnatiis), locally known as the "Cari-
cature bug." When viewed head downwards it has an amusing
resembance to a very sunburnt face, surmounted by a glengarry cap.
A Scutellid (TetrartJdna rarieiiatci), which rivals a Buprestid beetle
in the brilliance of its metallic tints. A Reduviid {P/tijsonjnchiis
tiibercnlatiis), which preys upon Millepedes many times its own size.
A brilliantly metallic Elaterid beetle. A black and white Elater
that sits on charred stumps of wood, where it becomes almost
invisible.

Mr. Green also showed a series of Pt/rameis canliii, raised from
larvae taken by Mr. J. J. Lister at Cambridge, on Carduus lanceo-
latns. They show little variation beyond a slight tendency (in one
or two specimens) to ocellation of the postmedial series of spots on
the hindwing. Also a short series of Envanexsa antiojia, raised from
larvae taken by Mr. Lister at Gavarnie (France), on Betida.

Mr. H. A. Leeds exhibited many aberrations of Lepidoptera
captured in 1922, among them being — -

Melanari/ia (jalathea. — (1) Blackish border about double the usual
width on the L.h.w.; (2) black area considerably increased; (3)
borders of all wings golden tawny.

Aphantopiis Injiierantns. — ab. caeca ^ and $ .

Stri/iiion priDii. — ab. /itornas + ab. anticofnlvior -\- discoidal spot
on f.w. $ .

AgriadeH tlieti^. — ab. piiitcta + all>oli)ieata + well-scaled cream-
coloured broad crescentic band from costa, almost parallel with
hind margin, turning inward inside inner margin of L.f.w. ^ .

Kpinepkelejurtina. — Three specimens with additional spots below
the apical eye.

Arggnnis aglaia. — Heavily black marked inner half of all wings.

Coenongniplia pamphiliis. — (1) Dark basal shade on lower half of
L.f.w.; (2) hind wings uniform colour below except small white dots;
(3) many bright red-brown streaks on L.h.w. below ; (4) extra spots
below apical ocellus.

125

Plebeiiis ae(ion. — (1) Outer half of all nervures whitish, black
spotting very prominent ; ab. anticoradiata + ab. flavesce)ts ; (3) ab.
l('()(l<iriix -\- tiny marginal spots below ; (3) ab. croceopost + ab.
caendeocuneata + *^b. albniiiarginatna -\- ab. pastero-iiiipiinctata +
ab. caeriden-cuneata + pale ground with streaks towards apex of
forewings, ? upper ; (4) almost black J , no orange, with large
blue wedges on h.w. upper. — ab. n'Kjvescens + ab. caerideocnneata.

A(jriades coridon. — (1) Border of f.w. composed of very large black
wedges, pointing inwardly ; (2) ab. niended-sidjuiiraiitia + ab. albi-
puncta + ab. f aider i, $ upper ; (3) black spots of all borders as
completely ringed as in ^ ab. /nntcta, J upper; (4) ab. antico-
jiincta ; (5) &h. cori/doiiis ; (6) ab. palUda-ohsoleta; (7) ab. bi-I-nUp'um
+ ab. antico-siuif^tro-striata ; (8) ab. seviiamiata + ab. ]>(>stno-
obsoleta + almost unspotted border of h.w. below, ? ; (9) many
other compound abs.

Riiiiiicia pJdaeas. — (1) ab. intennedia -\- ab. partini-schiuidtii + ab.
caudata, $ ; (2) ab. ignita -\- ab. candata + ab. iiiannipinu-ta -\- ab.
radiata + ah. caendeopiinctata-major, 9 upper; (3) and other com-
pound abs.

Alicia niedon. — ab. discreta, ^ under.

Adopaea flava. — ab. partiiu -pallida + 2 heavily scaled creamy
streaks on L. h.w., $ upper.

Polijiuiniiatiis icanis. — ab. (juadripimcta-anticostriata, $ under.

They were nearly all from Hunts and Herts.

The Rev. G. Wheeler exhibited two large boxes of varieties and
aberrations, including the type specimens of Loweia siibalpina var.
briinnea, N. semiargus ab. striata, Albidina plieretes ab. caenilcopiinc-
tata, and others ; also very fine striated specimens of Glaiiropsyclie
cyllarnH (underside), Heodes riif/anreae var. zennattoisia and l.oweia
gordius (upper-side). There were also fine series of ramasxiiis optdlo
ab. fiifa, Apatuia iris ab. iole, A. ilia var. clytie and ab. eos, Pararge
viegera ab. alberti, Hesperia malvae ab. taras, etc. Many other aber-
rations were included showing obsolescence or excess of spotting,
among the former a specimen of Agriades t/ietis kh. hrodeli and one
of P. icarus ab. persica were the most remarkable.

Miss L. Cheesman exhibited the "Camel-spotted Cricket," a
Japanese longhorned grasshopper {Diastraiimieiia luannorata), which
is a pest in greenhouses, where it is introduced with orchids from
Japan. An egg was deposited in sand directly the insect was intro-
duced into the case. The species belongs to the Phasgonurid
Locustids, and is an exception to the rule of 4-jointed tarsi, by

126

having only 3 joints to the tarsi, and therefore was formerly placed
in the Gryllidae, but the ovipositor is flat, and there are other
structural differences. It is recorded as destroying silk-worm eggs
in Japan, and also as being injurious to plants by Keh. Investiga-
tions made by Boss, 1914, in hothouses in W. Prussia showed that
it only attacked very young shoots of plants, apparently for moisture.
Allied species are carnivorous, and the present species feeds on ear-
wigs and millipeds. In confinement it feeds on raw meat, fruit and
vegetables.

Dr. G. S. Robertson exhibited specimens of Catocala fraxini,
originating from a specimen captured at Horsham, Sussex. The
very dark specimen was of the 2nd generation from the original, the
intermediate and the pale specimens were of the 4th generation.

Mr. Harold B. Williams exhibited his series of Enchloe cardawines,
L., including the type specimens of ab. caulosticta, Williams, and
ab. radiata, Williams (" Trans. Lond. Nat. Hist. Soc," 1915, pp.
67 and 69-70), and specimens of other named forms, particularly ab.
citronea, Wheeler, ab. ochrea, Tutt, ab. conimaciilata, Obth., ab.
turritis, Och., ab. minora, Selys, ab. dispila, ab. quadripunctata,
Fuchs, and var. hibernica, Williams. Also series illustrating the
minor variation in depth of colour of apical markings and orange
blotch, and in size of the discoidal spot.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited series of Diacrisia mendica, including
typical males from Sussex for comparison with race rustica from
Co. Cork, race venosa from Co. Tyrone, and the mongrel race
obtained by crossing Sussex males with venosa females, which he
had named race mistura. He called attention to the greyish tone
of colour of race venosa as compared with the yellowish tint of race
rnstica, and pointed out that in the mendica and venosa mongrels
this grey tone of colour was intensified, and contrasted strongly with
the sandy brown colour of the mendica x rustica mongrels known
as race standfussi.

He also showed a series of /it'/.se co?? roZt;»Z/, captured in his garden
at Eastbourne, in September last.

Mr. L. T. Ford exhibited a short series of Peronea cristana, from
the Isle of Wight, and pointed out a form approaching ab. purdsy-
ana, hitherto only taken at Folkestone.

Mr. Turner exhibited two old Entomological books, " Insectorum
sive Minimorum Animalium Theatrum," by Thomas Moufet, pub-
lished in London in the reign of Charles I., 1634, and " De anima-
libus insectis libri septem," by Ulysses Aldrovandus, published in

127

Bologna, in 1602 (a reimpression of 1638), and called attention to
the numerous quaint illustrations.

Mr. A, A. W. Buckstone exhibited IJreutJtis eiiphroxyne, an under-
side with striated markings, from Heme, Kent; B. selene, one very
strongly marked and speckled with black, from Ascot ; Vanessia io,
dull brown, bred from Lancashire larvae ; FAlnpia prosapiaria, two
of a grey form, bred from Oxshott larvae ; Tephrosia consonana, a
melanic form, from Maidstone; Aplecta nehidom var. ro6,so»/ and var.
thomsoni, both from Delamere Forest ; Crocallis elintinaria, extremes
of light and dark banded forms, bred from Wimbledon; Gonodontis
bidentota, melanic forms, bred from Leeds.

Mr. Bateson exhibited specimens illustrating the forms of the
leaf in Primula sinensis. These can all be represented as resulting
from the combinations of three pairs of factors, any of which may
be present or absent. Three of the forms are known in horticulture
as ■palm, fern, and oak, the two last being recessive to the normal
palm. Moreover, the edge of the leaf may be smooth, as normally,
or crimped, having a great multiplication of minute lobes along the
margins, as in other crispated varieties. Fern x Oak gives F^^ palm.
By intercrossing, all combinations can be made, which may thus be
factorially defined. The normal smooth palm is POS, the fern pOS ;
the oak poS ; palm crimped, PUs ; oak crimped, Pes ; etc. In the
crimped forms the number of marginal lobes increases in combina-
tions containing the old sinensis type of flower, those with stellata
flowers having fewer lobes. For example, normal smooth palm has
about 120 points; smooth fern, 180; T^aXm cvimT^ed stellata , QSO ;
palm crimped sinensis. 1,440.

Mr. A. W. Mera exhibited a series of Psilnra nwnacha, bred from
1914 to 1918 from parents originally taken in Eingwood and North
Kent. The melanic tendency being fully maintained to the last,
the males were the darker of the sexes as a rule.

On behalf of Mr. Copeland, Mr. Mera exhibited some fine examples
of Catocala nupta with smoky lower wings, taken at Loughton on
September 12th, 1918.

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a pair of the hybrid Sphingid luciani,
Denso. The crossing is obtained from pairing Peri/esa elpenor 3 with
Pergesa porcellus ^ . The result is an insect decidedly nearer the
female parent, porcellus. There are, however, several of the male
parent's characteristics, such as large subdorsal black spots on the
first abdominal segment ; the strong olive coloured costal area of
the forewing, and the heavy black costal area of the hindwing. The

128

abdomen also is strongly olive, with only a very little pink suffusion,
instead of being strongly pink with a little olive suffusion, as found
in ]-iorcellus. Several minor male characteristics are also noticeable,
and in general the colour tone is much more like elpenor, although
a majority of the characters are like those of porcellus,

Denso says this hybrid occurs in Nature, as also does the reverse
cross, named standfussi.

Mr. W. Brocklehurst exhibited a gynandromorph of Dri/as paphia
taken in the New Forest, July 18th, 1922, and Notodo)ita tritopJius,
taken at light, at Bedford, May 13th, 1907.

Mr. W. Gifford Nash exhibited a gynandromorph of Z>. paphia
and valezina, taken in the New Forest, July 24th, 1922; Ari/yiuds
aiilaia with deficient scales ; underside vars. of Melitaea ciii.via ;
vars. of A. coridon from Eoyston, including a nearly black male ;
examples of var. pliinibescenft and gynandromorphs ; vars. of Poly-
owwatiis icanis, striated, obsolete, and minute ; vars. of Adopaea
li)ieola, pale and dark forms.

The Rev. J. E. Tarbat exhibited a short series of Xylophaitia
womxjhjpha from six different localities, the most interesting being
a raelanic form from Mucking, Essex, intensely black, like similar
forms from Witherslack, Aberdeen, etc., and a very pale specimen
of the same species from Freshwater. He also showed a couple of
varietal forms of Dynstroma [Cidaria) trnncata, one with very suffused
grey upper wings and grey underwings, from Freshwater ; the other
a very beautiful form with a wide dark band on the forewing, taken
at Bramcot.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited his 1922 captures of A;niades tJwtis,
showing extreme variation in colour and marking, including fine
striated forms ; a series of the 1921 undersides to show the contrast
between the hot and cold season coloration ; very varied series of
Melitaea atJtalia from Kent ; compared series of M. aurinia from
different localities ; a long series of Xylina semihrunnea bred from
ova after many years' attempts ; almost spotless to heavily banded
forms of Mitiias tiliae ; many named forms of Abraxas j/rossiilariata,
including exquiseta, varleyata, lacticolor, i(ichalca,ce)itripnnctata, etc.;
both broods of Polyr/onia c-albiini and var. /iiitc/iinso)ii; living pupae
and imagines of Colias cincens (edtisa), from ova laid by a September
caught $ ; living pupae of P. c-album from ova laid in August.

Mr. E. T. Bowman exhibited a series of Polia clii var. nlivacea ;
two examples of NuDwria pulveraria, in which the outer margin of
the transverse bands merges into the ground colour of the sub-

129

marginal area, and an aberration of woak coloration, due in all
probability to lack of pigment in the scales.

On behalf of Mr. Arthur Dicksee, Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited—

1. Homoeosis in Papilio horishanus male, from Formosa. On
the underside of the left forewing, between nervure 4 and 5, is a
patch of the brilliant red and black of the underside of the

hindwing.

2. Aberration of male of P. thaiwamis, from Formosa, together
with a normal male and female. Instead of the hindwing being
rounded it is of the squarer shape of the female, but even more pro-
nounced, and it shows a greater attempt at a tail.

3. Eight specimens of ^.^/r/fls aimjdon and of A. wuzomsis, from
Colombia. They prove that Friihstorfer in Seitz is wrong in stating
that the female never has a blue mark on the hindwing. In some
of these the blue mark is very distinct, and blue scales are present
in all except one. He is also incorrect in stating that the female
tvom Brazil is the only one with red on the hindwing. Red is
present in more than half the series.

Colonel R. H. Rattray exhibited Cupulo winiimoi ab. semiobsoleta,
a g with only five spots showing on the front wings. A g with
striation commencing ; while the forewings are normal the spots
on hindwings show a tendency to lengthen out. Ab. striata. A <?
exactly similar to one taken by Mr. Joy m 1905. The forewings are
absolutely without any trace of spots. The hindwings have on lower
margin four black streaks of considerable but varying lengths, and one
line very black on basal costal area, no other spot showing on hmd-
wings. " It was taken on June 4th, 1922. Plebeius aeqan ab. duplex,
a 9 ''showing on each side a different tint of female colour, the right
side of both wings strongly marked with light blue, the left a dark
fuscous without any blue scales ; it is not gynandrous. Another
example, but not so strongly marked, was taken the same day
within a few yards of this one. A pathological specimen with all
four wings symmetrically light grey coloured, the underside mark-
ings showing through very plainly, taken in 1921 on same ground
as last shown. Agriades thetis [bellanjus) ab. addenda <? , a <?
with a patch of emerald green on the basal area of forewings. This
specimen was taken home alive in a pillbox and killed with cyanide,
leaving it in bottle not more than twenty minutes, nor was it pos-
sible for any damp to have got at the specimen. A g with a large
oval bar of a dark leaden colour across each forewing. These bars
are almost symmetrical. Examined under a high power of the

130

microscope the scales are seen to be all more or less crumpled and
to have failed to develop normally ; there are a few blue scales
mixed up with the dark ones. The specimen was taken during the
fine dry spell in June last, and it is improbable that damp got to
the wings before capture. The marks were seen before it was netted;
taken same day and place as the one with green patches. Plebeiiis
aegon. Four ^q with similar symmetrical makings as last; all
caught in a very restricted area on same day. Scales in similar
condition to those of bellart/Ks under microscope. Adnpaea flava.
A $ with a glistening white patch on forewings ; the hindwings
are a pale golden yellow. Zygaena filipendulae. A J with right
forewmg having confluent spots, left forewing normal. Hgpocrita
jacohaeac. A $ with the red line on costal area of forewings joined
to the two spots on end of wing by strongly marked red scales ; the
line on lower side of wing approaching very near to the lower spot.
It was taken wild.

Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited four specimens of IVo/^.s.srt in, captured
on Dartmoor in August, 1922, showing considerable variation in
colour of border to forewing, and in colour and size of surround to
"eye" in hindwing ; two specimens of Arggnjiis cydi/ijie (adi/ijie)
captured in the New Forest, one having reduced markings on fore-
wing, the other, captured July, 1922, with enlarged markings to
borders of wings and heavily marked olive-brown hindwings ; with
two specimens of A. aglaia, one a small suffused specimen taken on
Dartmoor, August 10th, 1922, in fresh condition, and the other a
light specimen from North Kent.

Mr. B. H. Crabtree exhibited—

1. Var. of Arggnnis aglaia entirely devoid of black markings on
the upperside, these being replaced hy silver. Taken by the late
Eev. F. B. Newnham, at Church 8tretton, Salop, July, 1917.

2. Var. of A. aglaia with the forewing black and shot with dark
green with a few fulvous spots on disc. Church Stretton, 1897.

3. Var. A. aglaia underside, heavily splashed with silver; the
spots near thorax and body coalescing. Taken by Mr. M. J. Harding
at Church Stretton.

4. Var. Brenthis eiiphrosgiw with the forewings of upperside
nearly spotless, hindwings with inner area black and radiated to the
margin. Taken near Haver thwaite.

5. Series of varieties of Agriadea t/ietis and of A. coridoii. In the
former were a blackish male upperside, one slate coloured, and one
very green. A male underside forewings richly radiated and hind-

131

wings whit^ Several ab. obsoleta of both sexes, etc. In the latter
were lilac, blue, and dark uppersides. A finely radiated male under-
side, a female obsoleta with cream-coloured area to all wings.

Mr. L. F. Hammond exhibited an aberration of Ancia medon,
captured in Abbotts Wood, with white coloration of entire insect
replaced by dull smoky grey or lead colour, this applying even to
the thoracic hairs and underside of abdomen, legs and palpi.

He also showed a fresh specimen of Epinephele jurtina of a pale
silvery grey, with just a tint of brown in the sheen all over same.

Mr. Hugh Findon exhibited a large collection of Australasian
Mollusca and contributed the following notes :—

" The general interest of the exhibit lay in the fact that the New
Zealand shells, which formed the greater part of it, were collected
some 70 years or so ago, by a settler, when little notice was taken
of nature there. Scientifically, it was of interest as corroborating
the hypothesis that Australasia is still in Tertiary times, the shells
bearing much resemblance to our own tertiary and earlier fossil

forms.

" The Triijonia, from Tasmania, are the living representatives of
a genus which has become extinct elsewhere at the end of the
secondary formations.

" The ' horny-shelled " snails, Paryiihanta, are not Helix, but
have their nearest European allies in Testacella, the slug with a
shell on its tail.

" The sea-mussel, Mytilits, is almost indistinguishable from our
own common mussel, but the river mussels are a very early type
and more closely resemble American species."

Mr. C. H. Williams exhibited the season's results of his breeding
Abraxas (jrofi>iitlaylata varieties, and his captures of aberrations of
Agriaden coridon.

Mr. G. H. Cornish, on behalf of Mr. W. Juby, exhibited an
aberration of Rumicia pidaeas, with the usual red band on the
margin of the hindwing represented by small red dots.

Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited the following aberrations of Ayriades
thetis : (1) <? with R. hindwing violet, (2) g ab. obsoleta, (3) 5
exceptionally blue, (4) ? ab. striata.

Ayriades coridon : (1) g ab. obsoleta, (2) ab. striata on R. fore-
wing, (3) ? s ab. obsoleta, (4) ? L. forewing with a pale patch, (5)
a form between ab. synyrajdia and ab. semisynyrapha.

Ruiiiicia fhlaeas : (1) ab. schmidti, (2) $ asymmetrical hindwing
ab. caernleopunctata.

132

Epinephele jiirtiim : (1) $ with pale forewings and fringes, (2)
(^ and ? bleached forms.

Mr. D. H. Pearson exhibited species and forms of Rhopalocera,
mostly continental, taken by himself daring the present year.
MelanaKiia (jalathea. — Dark var. procida from Digne, and var. leiico-
inelas from Digne and Clelles. Erehia lappona. — Banded and pale
forms from Pontresina, a striated form from Mont Cenis. E. alecto.
— Var. plutn from Col de Gallibier. E. t/orge. — Large var. trinpes
from Trafoi and Alp Grion. L. escheri. — Bine and purple 3 s and
2 without orange spots. E. icariis. — Notts, 1922. Various blue
2 s, some with well marked red lunules, and a fine gynandromorph,
left side ^ , right 5 . Melitaea dictijnna. — Light forms from the
Pyrenees, and a very light form from Brian9on. Poli/oiiniiatiis hylas.
— 2 without orange spots and underside with strong orange mark-
ings. Plebeiiis aei/an.— Row of British with forms of var. inasseyi,
and continental forms with $ striated form, and a very large form
from Vernet-les-Bains. KliKjia spini. — Var. from Clelles, with
orange patches on upper wings. Zi/i/nena faiinta. — From Digne. Z.
purpuralis and Z. transalpina taken in copula at Clelles. A drawer
of M. (liih/iiia with a series of the very remarkable dark J s from
Gavarnie, light forms from Clelles and Digne, and several well
blotched ^ s.

Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg exhibited rare South American Lepi-
doptera, including Papilio euterpinns from Ecuador, one of the
scarcest species of the genus, with a specimen of Pereute henjlUna,
a Pierine butterfly, from the same country, which it closely
resembles in coloration and pattern. Also rare moths from Brazil
of the family Satnrniidae, including Copioptenjx sotthounaxi, C.
aemiranns, C. derceto, Loxoloiiiia !<erpentiiui, Ftescj/ntJiia inortii, and R.
hippfldaiiiia. Mr, Rosenberg called special attention to the extremely
scarce female of C. sfl)ithoiinaxi, pointing out the shortened and
broadened tails of the hindwings, as compared with those of the
male.

DECEMBER l&h, 1922.

Messrs. W. H. T. Tarns, 19, Sulivan Road, Hurlingham, S.W.6 ;
F. G. Mann, B.Sc, Chemical Laboratories, Pembroke Street, Cam-
bridge ; and John Robertson, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.2.S., 69,
Bedford Road, S.W. 4, were elected members.

138

Mr. C. L. Withycombe made the following communication, and
exhibited some of the species referred to by him : —

" In the Neuroptera there often appears to be a tendency to
reduction of the hindwings. Whereas this is also seen in other
orders, the tendency is as a rule to complete reduction. In the
Neuroptera the hindwings are generally reduced in breadth but
increased in length. The most strongly reduced foi'm is seen in
CvDce, where the hindwing is represented merely by a slender fila-
ment. The forewings are used in flight, the hindwings trailed."

The following forms were exhibited, showing different stages in
reduction and elongation of hindwings : —

Glennleon indecision, Banks (Queensland, Australia), a fairly
typical ant-lion, but with the hindwings elongated and narrowed
slightly.

Ci/iiiothales (Glenitnis) sp. (W. Africa), with hindwings still more
narrowed and elongated.

Chasmoptera sheppardi, Kirby (Taurus Mts., Asia Minor), a
Nemopterid with hindwings expanded distally.

Neiiioptera bipennis, Illiger (Spain), with very long and narrow
hindwings, only slightly expanded distally.

Larvae of Croce filipeniiis, Westw., were also exhibited alive, from
Pusa, India. This form has not quite so long a neck as the larva of
Neiiinptera ; also the mandibles are not toothed. The larva lives in
dust on floors of outhouses, preying upon bedbugs, Psocids, etc.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a number of Zygaenids reared from
pupae sent to him by Lord Rothschild. He said that they had been
collected indiscriminately on the Chilterns, in the neighbourhood of
Trmg, and to all appearances the cocoons were exactly alike, both
in construction and in their position on the grass stems to which
they were attached; but they produced 57 specimens of a six-spotted
species which was clearly referable to Z. fHipenJidae, and 16 speci-
mens of a five-spotted species. He found that when left to them-
selves the six-spotted species readily selected and paired with the
like, as did also the five-spotted with the five-spotted, but there was
no cross pairing. He said tbat it had been suggested that these
five-spotted forms occurring indiscriminately among noruuil Z.
filipendiilae might be a five-spotted form of that species; he thought,
however, that were that so there would not have been the careful
selection in pairing that he had already referred to. Moreover, in
apparently five-spotted specimens of Z. fiUpendulae that he had very
rarely bred, there was always some indication of the sixth spot to

184

be found on a critical examination being made ; but in tbese speci-
mens there was no indication of a sixth spot. Neither did he favour
a further suggestion that they might be the result of a natural
cross between Z. filipendulae and some five-spotted species. From
the general appearance of the imagines, and the nature of the
cocoons, and the position in which they were constructed, he was
more inclined to regard the five-spotted insects as a form of Z.
lonicerae. He saw no reason why the two species should not occur
in one spot, but he would be glad to have the opinion of the meet-
ing after the members had had the opportunity of examining the
specimens. In this determination Mr. Grosvenor, who also had
reared some of a similar lot, fully concurred, as did other members
present.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited various species of Zn<jaeniilae from
the Italian Peninsula, particularly illustrating the remarkable local
variation and aberration of the beautiful if. transalpina.

Mr. Tonge exhibited series of British Zyt/aenidae, including
interesting aberrations of Z. trifolii, and many confluent forms of
Z. fHipendnlae.

Col. Eattray exhibited various confluent forms of Zygaenidae.

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited most of the forms of the British
Zygaenidae, and examples of the well-known continental species of
the family to illustrate his paper.

Mr. E. J. Bunnett made an exhibit to show the similarity of form
and structure of cocoons in four orders of insects.
Lepidoptera, e.g., Malacosoma.
Coleoptera, ,, Hypera rmiticis.

Neuroptera, ,, Hemerobius, sp.
Hymenoptera, ,, Jr/nieioiiou, sp.
With their respective imagines.

Mr. Barnett exhibited a long and varied series of Hibernia lenco-
phaearia, including banded, mottled, dark, and variegated forms.

Mr. Grosvenor read a paper entitled " Notes on the Zygaenidae."
(See page 64.)

In the discussion which ensued few menibers appeared to know
what particular form was meant by the name liippocrepidis ; the
Zygaenid egg was stated to be colourless when mature and at first
was opaque ; and surprise was expressed that the species of this
family did not exhibit Mendelian characteristics.

135

JANUARY Uth, IQi^'J.

Messrs. H. Baker-Sly, Eden Lodge, Westcotfc Road, Dorking,
Surrey ; J. P. Mutch, " Maytield," Church Road, Bexley Heath ;
C. J. V. Gray, School House, Bradfield College, Berks ; R. C.
Fisher B.Sc, Forestry Museum, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and
L. G. Bowles, 193, Brockley Road, Honor Oak Park, were elected
members.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a pair of the Long-tail ^i\k-moth, Ari/ema
moenas, Dbldy., from Assam, and called attention to the female, less
commonly seen, with tails not only long but broad and ribbon-like.
He also showed a fine aberration of Arctia caja which he was
presenting to the Society's collection.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited the following series of Pt/rauieis
atalanta : (1) Bred from larvae taken wild at Wimbledon in October
last. The imagines emerged during November, the pupae having
been exposed to a warm but considerably fluctuating temperature.
The yellow at the apex of the forewings and on the outer-margin of
the hindwings was very much more pronounced than usual. The
apex of the wings and the outer margin of the underside of the
hindwings were also more conspicuously yellow. (2) For compari-
son a fair sample of a great many captured or bred under nomial
conditions.

He also showed a considerable number of Ai/lais urticae, bred
from larvae taken at Merton in August last. The pupae were
subjected to the same increased but fluctuating temperature as were
those of P. atalanta. The imagines emerged in October and
November. In the majority of the specimens the yellow blotch
near the inner margin is diffused towards the hind and inner
margins, the yellow on the hindwing is also pronounced, and a
certain number of the examples have the veins of the hindwings of
this colour.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the following Rhopalocera from
California: Cdliaa behri, taken by Mr. G. B. Pearson, in the Yose-
mite country, at an elevation of 9,500 feet. This small but beauti-
ful Colias is an extremely local northern species, found at high
elevations in the Rocky Mts. Mr. Pearson writes, " We soon came
to Tuolumne Meadows (anglice-Twamley), and here we encountered
hundreds of (J. behri, flitting from flower to flower (low-lying plants).
Dr. Comstock, F.E.S., coming here later, found them by the
thousand."

186

Parnassiiis clodiiis. — A pair of this small representative of a genus
so dominant in the northern mountainous regions of the whole of
the Eastern Hemisphere.

Nathalis iole. — A beautiful little sexuallj' dimorphic Pierid, prob-
ably the smallest species of the family. The males are of a pale
sulphur yellow ground colour, the females are orange yellow, par-
ticularly on the hind wings ; both sexes have black apices to the
forewings with dark inner margins, but the female has considerably
more dusky markings on the hindwings.

Neophasia tiienopia. — A Pierid recalling the African Belenois
viesentina, but much more delicate in structure, texture and mark-
ings.

A Paper entitled " The Geological History of Insects," was read
by Mr. G. W. Young, F.G.S., with numerous lantern illustrations.

British Association. — Report of the Society's Delegates.

Mr. R. Adkin, the Society's delegate to the Conference of
Delegates of the Corresponding Societies of the British Association,
read the following Report of the meeting at Hull, in September last.

" Although I had made arrangements for representing the Society
at the Conference, I was, almost at the last moment, prevented from
being present, very much to my regret. I was, however, fortunate
in being able to enlist the sympathies of Dr. Tierney, through whose
kindness I am able to submit a short report of what took place at
the conference, as follows : —

" At the meeting on Thursday, September 7th, the following
matters referred to the Conference by the Council of the British
Association were discussed.

(a) The consideration of what steps should be taken, in accord-
ance with the recommendation of the Committee for Corresponding
Societies in 1883, to induce local societies to group tbemt^elves
round local {i.e., District) sub-centres, (i) for the interchange of
information, (ii) for the more economical publication of the results
of research. The constitution and procedure of the Yorkshire
Naturalists' Union, and the Gloucester Association of Science and
Arts Societies, were described, to illustrate the working of such
regional groups of societies.

It may be here pointed out that the South-Eastern Union of
Scientific Societies, to which our Society is affiliated, appears to
fulfill these conditions for the South-East of Enj^'land.

137

(b) As to whether the delegates sent to the Conference might be
authorised to act as local representatives of the British Association
in their respective districts.

(c) In what respects the advantages derived by Corresponding
Societies from their connection with the British Association maybe
increased, or better understood ; as for example in regard to {a)
improved facilities for publication ; {b) help in obtaining lecturers
of recognised scientific standing. A small committee was appointed
to draft resolutions for consideration at the Tuesday session.

(d) The proposal made to the Council by the Corresponding
Societies Committee, " That all Corresponding Societies, while
retaining the power to appoint any member of the British Associa-
tion as their Delegate, may instead (if they so choose), subscribe £1
to the British Association and have the right to send two Delegates
during the year in which the the subscription is received."

" At the meeting on Tuesday, September 12th, the following reso-
lutions arising out of the discussions at the Thursday session of the
Conference, drafted and submitted by the Corresponding Societies'
Committee, were formally received.

1. (a) To invite the scientific societies of Liverpool and district,
on the occasion of the British Association's visit in 1923, to consider
what further provision, if any, is desirable for co-operation between
them, as for example, for scientific research, for the discussion of
regional problems, and for the publication of results.

(b) To invite the Delegates sent to the Conference by the Corre-
sponding Societies to render any assistance in their power in making
known, in their respective districts, the objects and methods of the
British Association, and to communicate to the Secretary of the
Association, the names and addresses of scientific workers and others,
to whom the preliminary programme of the next meeting should be

sent.

(c) To call the attention of the Council to the inadequacy, dis-
continuity, and occasional overlap of scientific bibliographies already
issued ; and to request the Council to consider what steps may be
taken, by the Association itself, or otherwise, to make more system-
atic provision for the bibliography of the departments of science
represented in the sections of the Association.

(d) To request the Council to make such representations as may
seem desirable, to the principal Government Departments, as to the
assistance which may be obtained by them through the local
societies in scientific enquiries involving regional distributions.

138

(e) To call the attention of Scientific Societies to the necessity for
retaining in all offprints from their publications the original number-
ing of the pages, and of providing full reference to the date, place,
and title of the publication from which they are extracted.

(f) To call the attention of the Council to the value of the
Kegional Exhibit arranged for the Hull meeting by the Yorkshire
Naturalists' Union, and to suggest that it is desirable that such an
exhibit should if possible be included regularly in the programme of
the Annual Meeting.

(g) To inform the Conference of Delegates that the present
practice of the Association is, to present a copy of the Annual
Report to each Society sending a Delegate to the Conference, recog-
nising the practice by which one Delegate sometimes represents
more than one Society, and to recommend that in future no delegate
be entitled to more than one copy, however many societies he may
represent ; but that if any Society desires a copy of the Report, it
may be supplied at the reduced price of 10s.

(h) To apply to the Committee of Recommendations for £40, for
the preparation of the Report of the Conference and the Annual
Bibliography.

(i) To recommend that the Kent's Cavern Coiiinuttee be not reap-
pointed.

2. Communications from the Sectional Couimittees of the
Association.

(a) Section C. recommends, as a subject for systematic research
by the Corresponding Societies, the study of Peat Beds and -Siib-
viert/ed Forests.

(b) Section H. commends to the Conference the proposal for an
International Institute of Archaeolof/ij in Rome, in special regard to
its scheme for a bibliography of archaeological literature.

(c) Section K. calls the attention of the Conference to its Com-
mittee on a Primary Botanical Survey in Wales, which desires local
help in its researches."

" III conclusion, I should like to say that I propose to present to
the Society, on publication shortly, the "Report" of the Hull meet-
ing of the Association, so that it may be placed in our library, and
thus be available for reference by our members, many of whom
might not otherwise have an opportunity for seeing it. It will
contam full reports, not only of the Conference of Corresponding
Societies, but of the matters discussed by the various sections of the
Association, many of them being of vital importance to an up-to-

139

date knowledge of many subjects of the closest interest to us as a
Natural History Society, and I earnestly commend the attention of
our members to them." — Robert Adkin.

JANUARY 25th, 1923.

Annual Meeting.

Mr. E. G. BuNNETT, M.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Meeting received and adopted the Report of the Council, the
Statement of the Treasurer and the Balance Sheet. The Chairman
declared that the following members were elected to serve as Officers
and Council for the ensuing year : — Prei^ident, N. D. Riley, F.Z.S.,
F.E.S. Vice-Presidents, K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S., E. J. Bunnett,
M.A., F.E.S. Treasurer, A. E. Tonga, F.E.S. Librarian, A. W.
Dods. Curator, S. R. Ashby, F.E.S. Assistant Curator, T. L-
Barnett. Editor of Proceedings, H. J. Turner, F.E.S. Hon. Secre-
taries, Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Corresponding) ;
H, J. Turner, F.E.S. liecorder of Attendances, L. E. Dunster.
Hon. Lanternist, A. W. Dennis. Council, T. L. Barnett, S. A.
Blenkarn, F.E.S., A. W. Buckstone, F. B. Carr, 0. R. Goodman,
F.E.S., T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S., H. A. Leeds, E. Syms, F.E.S.,
and C. Withycdmbe, M.Sc, F.E.S.

The President read his address, in which, after he had dealt
shortly with the affairs of the Society and given brief obituaries of
the members who had passed from us during the year, he gave an
interesting account of a sojourn in Canada, entitled " Some Notes
on the Natural History of Manitoba." (See page 7tS.)

The new President, Mr. N. D. Riley, was then inducted to the
chair.

Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring President, Council,
Officers, and Auditors.

OuDiNAUY Meeting.
Mr. N. D. Riley, F.Z.S., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. J. W. Munro, D.Sc, Green Lawn, Kew Road, Richmond,
Surrey, was elected a member.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited a series of eight aberrations of I'apilio
machaon : (1) Anal angle spot on R. wing ochreous ; (2) both anal

140

spots ochreous ; (3) with narrow submarginal bands and remaining
black markings diminished ; (4) heavily marked black with band of
hindwing joining the discoidal ; (5) heavily marked, the forewings
suffused with black ; (6) narrow hindwings, elongated anal spots,
broad bands, markings of upper wing smoky ; (7) a rich deep
ochreous-yellow ground, captured at Heme Bay, in August, 1857 ;
marking of forewings dusted with ochreous, and orange-ochreous
anal spots; (8) ground colour dull buff inclining to pale drab; a fine
dark var., bred in 1895. All except no. 7 were from Wicken Fen.

He also showed a number of Diptera, very like Bibio niarci,
which had been taken from the crop of a grouse in December last.

INDEX.

Aberrations, Special, of T. incerta
90 ; C. coryli, 91 ; E. earda
mines, 91, 126; M.aurinia, 91
P. megera, 91 ; P. icarus, 91
112 ; A. urticae, 91 ; P. napi
91, 119; P. brassicae, 91 ; A
aglaia. 95, 130 ; B. euphrosyne
95, 103, 130; C. morosus, 9S
P. apollo, 102 ; P. delius, 102
G. trigrammica, 102 ; P. car
dui, 102, 119; A. corticea, 106
B. gemmaria, 110 ; S. ligustri
(larva), 114; A. hyperantus
115; S. pavonia (cocoon), 117
A. coridon, 118, 130; E. jur
tina, 118, 131, 132; S. men
thastri, 121 ; M. galathea, 124
M. thetis, 124, 129, 130; C
pamphilus, 124 ; C. fraxini
126 ; P. monacha, 127 ; C
nupta, 127 ; X. monoglypha
128 ; N. pulveraria, 128 ; P
thaiwanus, 129 ; A. amydon
129 ; C. minimus, 129 ; P
aegon, 129, 130 ; H. jacobaeae
130; V. io, 130; A. eydippe
130; A. medon, 131; E
phlaeas, 131 ; M. didyma, 132
P. machaon . . . . . . 139

Abundance, of spiders under
heather . . . . . . . . 3

Abnormal, large nest of 0. rufa,
93 ; cowslip flower . . . . 99

Additions to, the Library, xv. ;

Collections . . , . . . xv.

Annual, Address E. J. Bunnett,
73 ; Exhibition, 122 ; Balance
Sheet .. .. .. .. xi.

Ants, destructive of spiders, 2 ;
attacked by a fungus .. . . 93

Arthropods from Ceylon . . . . 123

Birds of Manitoba . . . . 81

Books, Rare and Old . . 126, 127
British Association ,. .. 136

Captures by beating pines . . 114

Classification of Coccidae, 14 ;
Paraneuroptera . . . . 59

Clothes moths . . . . . . 39

" Coccidae of the British Islands,

PAGE

A Brief Review of the Indigen-
ous," paper by E. E. Green . . 12
Cocoons, Similarity of, in diffe-
rent Orders . . . . . . 134

Colour variation in Zygaenidae.. 68
Confluence in markings in Zy-
gaena . . . . . . . . 64

Control, Insect . . . . 28, 32

Damage, Amount of, from Lepi-
doptera, 26; during larval stage,
27 ; by the Rhopalocera, 27 ;
by " Clearwings," 29 ; by Bom-
byces, 29 ; by Noctuae, 31 ; by
Geometers, 32 ; by Pyralidae,
33 ; to bee products, 34 ; by
Tortrices, 36 ; to forests, 37 ;

by Tineids 39

Descriptions of British Coccidae,

Short, 14 ; Pyrenean Newt .. Ill
" Diacrisia mendica, its History
and its Variation," paper hy
It. Adkin .. .. 48, 120

Diptera of ]\Ianitoba . . . . 85

Discussion on D. mendica, 120 ;
Zygaenidae . . . . . . 134

Distinguishing characters of the
Coccidae.. .. ..12

Donations to, the Library, xv.;

the Collections . . . . xv.

Distribution of Zygaena. . . . 65

Early race of Z. fiiipenduiae . . 68
Economic importance of the
genus Bruchus .. .. .. 112

Eggs of Indian Raptores. . . . 110

" Enemies of Man, The Lepi-

dopterous," paper by li. Adkin 26
Evening time in Manitoba .. 87

Exhibition, Other Orders, 109 ;

Annual 122

Experimental work with D. men-
dica . . . . . - . . 54
Fasciation in the Buttercup . . 99
Female Coccidae, Characters of

the 13

Field Meetings, Ranniore Com.,
98 ; Horsley, 103 ; Eastliourne,
105 ; Effingham and Ockham 114
Galls of E. lanigera . . . . 92

142

Genus, The, Automeris (Hyper-

chiria), 107; Coenonympha .. 121
GynandromorpLs, D. mendica,
55; P. icarus, 91, 132; D.
paphia, 128; A. coridon .. 128
Habits, of spiders, 1 ; the orb-
spider, 111 ; D. marmorata .. 125
Hibernation in Zygaena, 65, 6G ;
Vespa germanica .. ..100

Homoeosis in P. horishanus . . 129
Honorary member (G. C. Cham-
pion) elected . . . . . . 93

History of D. mendica . . . . 48

Hunting-spiders . . . . . . 4

Hybrids in Zygaenidae, 67 ; phea-
sant and grouse, 92 : P. apollo
and P. delius, 102; Pergesaelpe-
nor and P. porcellus .. .. 127

Hymenoptera, destructive of
spiders . . . . . . . . 2

" Indian birds nests," lecture hy

Col. Battray 116

Jubilee of the Society . . . . 73

Jumping spiders .. .. .. 4

"Labium (Second Maxillae) of
the Paraneuroptera(Odonata),"
paper hy IC. J. Lncan . . . . 57

Lantern, Slides exhibited, 92, 94,

115, 118, 122
Lepidoptera of Manitoba . . 83

Life-history of S. vitripennis, 93;
Conwentsia .. .. ..93

List, of Spiders of Oxshott, 5 ; of
British Coccidae, 14 ; Officers
and Council 1923 .. .. 139

Localities, Oxshott. 1 ; Manitoba,
76 ; Ranmore, 98 ; Freshwater,
101 ; Horsley, 103; Eastbourne,
105; Grindelwaid, 106; Har-
penden, 112; Effingham and
Ockham, 114; Vernet-les-Bains,
122 ; Gavarnie, 123 ; Alps . . 132
Male Coccidae, Characters of the 13
Mammals of Manitoba . . . . 79

Mendelism, in Zygaena, 64 ; in

D. mendica, 120 ; P. sinensis 127
Metamorphosis in Coccidae . . 13
Molluscs of New Zealand . . 131

Mosquitoes in Manitoba . . .. 86

Nests of Indian Birds .. .. 116

New, species of spider. A, 4 ; Aber-
ration of U. mendica . . . . 12G

Night in Manitoba . . . . 78

Nomenclature, Leucoma and chry-
sorrhuea, Nyyvda and pJiaeor-
rhoea, hy I{. Adkin .. ..97

"Notes on the genus Zygaena,"
paper hy T. H. L. Grosvenor . . 64

PAGE

Nomenclature, D. mendica, 48 ;
Diacrisia . . . . . . 51

Number, of British species of
Coccidae.. .. .. ..12

Obituary, 73; Lachlan Gibb, 73,
95 ; V. R. Perkins, 74 ; Gilbert
Storey, 74 ; H. Rowland-Brown,
74; Arth. Home, 74; H. H.
Druce, 74 ; W. L. Distant, 74 ;
Arth. Bacot, 75 ; David Sharp 75
Objects of the Society . . . . ii

Orchid growth . . . . . . 94

Orthoptera of Manitoba . . . . 54

Ova 92

Oviposition in Zygaena, 65 ; in

L. depressa, 100 ; in Cerura . . 105
Papers, List of . . . . . . xv

Parasites of Zygaenids . . . . 71

Past Presidents .. .. . . ii.

Pests, Warehouse, 33 ; Apple-tree,
37; Fruit, 38, 44 ; Hoa^ehold,

41 ; Forest 46

Proliferous growth of M. poly-
morpha . . . . . . . . 92

Protective resemblance, in spiders,

1, 112; in P. maehaon pupa.. 108
Pupation of P. maehaon . . . . 108

Races of A. caia, 123 ; Z. filipen-
dulae (5-spotted) . . . . 153

Rare species P. hanhami, 83 ; C.
avis, 95 ; C. dorsalis, 100; D.
Oelandica, 110; S. clavicornis,
112; A. cinctus, 113; E. fasci-
ata, 114; A. bruennichi, 115;
C. pistillaris, 117; M. carbo-
naria, 118 ; H. convolvuli, 119,
12(3 ; P. euterpinus, 132 ; Satur-
niidae, 132; C. behri, 135 ; P.
Ii vomica.. .. .. 100, 114

Reduction in breadth of hind-
wings in Neuroptera, Tendency

to 133

Retardation of emergence in C.
lichenaria . . . . . . 100

Report of Conference of Delegates
of Corresponding Societies of the
British Association, 136; An-
nual Meeting 139

Rhynchota of Manitoba . . . . 85

Scarcity of A. caia . . . . 107

Second emergence in Zygaena,

6(3 ; B. selene 90

Sight in spiders . . . . . . 3

" Some Notes on the Natural
History of Manitoba," address
hy E. J. Bunnett . . . . 76

" Spiders found in the neighbour-
hood of Oxshott," paper /;// W.
S. Bristowc . . . . . . 1

143

Spider new to Britain, A

Spotting, scheme of, in Zygaena

Spring in Manitoba

" Symbiosis of Fungi with the
Fertilisation of Orchids," lec-
ture hy Capt. J. Rainshotto))i . .

Teratology in Zygaena . .

Trap-door spiders..

Type specimens of aberrations of
Swiss Butterflies, by Ilev. G.
Wheeler . .

Variation, in D. mendica, 52 ; in
Zygaenidae, 68 ; T. fimbria,
117; P. cardui, 119 ; A. thetis
(1921 and 1922), 128 ; P. ata-
lanta, 135 ; A. urticae

Vitality of imagines in Zygaena

Water spiders

Winter in IManitoba

Arachnida
aureolus, Philodromus
barbipes. Tarantula
bruennichi, Agriope
cristatus, Xysticus
cucurbitina, Epeira
domesticus, Oonops
duraiidi, Clotho . .
Epeiridae . .
Euophrys . .
fasciata, Epeira . .
fasciata, Poecilotheria
fimbriatus, Dolomedes
formicaiius. Salticus
frontalis, Euophrys
gibbosa, Epeira
longidens, Tapinopa
ludicrum, Peponocranium
Lycosa
Lycosidae . .
muscosa, Marpessa
narbonensis, Lycosa
onustus, Thomisus
petiensis, Euophrys
picta, Lycosa
pieta, Trochosa
pini, Xysticus
Pirata

piscatoria, Pirata . .
pulcher, Oonops . .
rufus, Macrargus . .
ruricola, Trochosa
Salticidae . .
Tegenaria . .
terricola, Trochosa
Theridiides
vatia, Misumena . .
virescens, Micrommata
Xysticidae . .

PAGE

4
69

77

94

70

2

125

135

aena

70

3

76

1

2

115

4

2

4

103,

108

1

3

111',

114

123

3

2

4

2

3

3

92,

111

4

4

103^

117

111

3

112

PAGE
AVES.

agricola, Acrocephalus .. .. 116

albicollis, Zontrichia . . . . 81

albifrontata, Rhipidura . . . . 116

americanus, Tynipanuchus . . 82

arcticus, Urinator. . .. ..81

liaya, Ploceus .. .. ..116

brevirostris, Pericocrotus . . 116

cedrorum, Ampelis .. ..81

cbirurgus, Hydrophasianus . . 116

fuliginosus, Rhyacornis .. .. 116

galbula, Oriolus . . . . . . 81

glandarius, Garrulus .. ..36

migratoria, Merula . . . . 81

stentoi'eus, Acrocephalus . . 116
togata (umbellatus var.), Bonasa 82

umbellatus, Bonasa .. ..82

villosus, Dendropus . . . . 82

vociferus, Anthostoraus . . . . 79

COLEOPTERA.

acuminata, Melanophila. . .. 98

affinis, Bruchus .. .. .. 112

angulata, Pimelia. . .. ..97

apivorus, Clerus . . . . . . Ill

armata, Strangalia . . . . 104

arvensia, Carabus. . .. ..Ill

asparagi, Crioceris . . . . 99

asperulum, Stromatium .. .. 109

attelaboides, Ehinomacer . . 106

aurata, Cetonia . . . . . . 118

auratus, Carabus .. .. ..Ill

barbirostris, Rhina .. .. 110

Bembidium .. .. ..113

bipustulatus, Panagaeus . . .. 112

Bruchus .. .. .. ..112

carbonaria, Magdalis .. .. 118

centaurus, Archon .. .. 101

Chrysomelidae .. .. .. 113

cinctus, Anthonomu:; .. 98, 113

Coccinellidae .. .. 114

coryli, Ciyptocephalus .. ..91

cyanocephala, Lebia .. ..114

dejeanii, Phoenicocerus . . . . 98

denticoUis, Megarthrus . . . . 112

Elater 124

ephippium, Bembidium .. .. 114

ferrugineum, Tribolium . . .. 119

germanus, Liparus .. ..Ill

gigas, Petrognathus .. .. 101

hemisphaerica, Cassida .. .. 112

hirtus. Emus . . . . . . 105

laticoUis, Phyllodecta . . . . 91

lusitanica, Lampyris . . . . 117

nigricorne, Bembidium .. ..114

nigricornis, Aiitherophagus .. 112

nigropiceus, Limnaeuin .. .. 114

nitens, Attelabus .. .. .. 121

144

PAGE

obtectus, Brucbus

. . 113

othiniensis (talparnm), Quedius

.. 112

pallens, Antlierophagus . .

.. 112

Pimelia

.. 103

populi, Melasoma..

. . 100

pubeseens, lihynchites . .

.. 118

quadiifasciata, Strangalia

. . HI

rumicis, Hypera . .

. . 134

rufinianus, Brucbus . . 11

2, 113

Scarabaeus

. . 112

Binuatus, Agrilus . .

. . 106

spadicea, Aleochara

. . 112

stepbensi, Bembidium

. . 114

Bubtilis, Stilicus . .

. . 112

talparum = othiniensis

tectus, Ptinus

. . 121

thoraeira, Silpba . . . . 9

9, 114

vacca, Ontbophagus

. . 102

vespillo, Necrophorus

. . 99

DiPTERA.

aeria, Limnopboia

.. 90

affinis, Tabanus . .

. . 86

alcyon, Anthrax . .

.. 86

algens, Ecbinomyia

. 85

Antbomyiidae

.. 90

Bombyliidae

. 85

carbonaria, Chrysops

. . 80

cardni, Uropbora . .

. 110

Cecidoniyia

. 97

Chrysops . .

. 86

curata, Limnopbora

. 90

erythrocephahi, Calliphora

. 104

exsurda, Limnopbora

. 90

florea, Myiatropa . .

. 104

grossa, Ecbinomyia

. 85

Limnopliora

. 90

marci, Bibio

. 140

marina, Limnopbora

. 90

Microdon . .

. 118

oelandica, Dioctria

. 110

pellucens, Volucella

. 104

punctor, Aedes (Ochlerotatus)

. 87

pyrastri, Cataboniba

. 110

ecrupuiosa, Limnopbora..

. 90

eponsa, Hylepbiia

. 90

Syrpbus

. 85

Tabanidae, Tabanus

. 86

Tacbinidae .. .. 8

5, 86

unicolor (pyrastri var), Cataboml

a 110

vermiHo, Leptis . .

. 103

vitripennis, Syrpbus

. 93

Fungi.

caninus, jMutinus . . . . 11

i, 118

crispa, Ilelvelia

. 115

Geaster

. 118

inipudicus, Pbalhis

. 118

pistiUaris, Clavaria

. 117

PAGE

revolutus, Pleurotus .. .. 115

striata, Clavaria .. .. .. 117

Hymenopteea.

Apanteles . . . . . . . , 107

ciavicornis, Sapyga .. .. 112

crabro, Vespa .. .. .. 117

degener = pallipes

fuliginosa, Lasius .. .. 6

germanica, Vespa.. ., ..99

gigas, Sirex . . . . . . 109

glomeratus, Apanteles .. ..28

gonager, Crabro . . . . . . 74

hirsuta, Ammopbiia .. .. 112

Ichneumon . . . . 134

iclineumonides, Metboca. . .. 109

luffii, Ammopbiia. . .. .. 112

Mymaridae.. .. .. ..92

mystaceus, Arpactus . . . . 104

pallipes (degener), Polysphincta. . 1 1

picea, Formica . . . . . . 22

quinque-punctata, Sapyga .. 112
rostrata, Bembex . . .. ..112

rufa, Formica . . . . . . 6

rufa, Osmia . . . . . . 93

^'ipyga 112

sylvestris, Pinus .. .. ..21

viaticus, Psammocbares . . . . 2

Lepidoptera.

aebilleae, Zygaena 65, 67, 69, 70, 106

addenda (thetis d').), Agriades .. 129
adippe = cydippe

adustata, Ligdia . . . . . . 92

aegeria, I'ararge . . . . . . 101

Aegeriidae . . . . . . . . 29

aegon, Plebeius 125, 129, 130, 132
aesculi = pyrina

aglaia, Argynnis 95, 124, 128, 130

alberti, (megera ((&.), Pararge .. 125

alecto, Erebia . . . . . . 132

aiexandrina (aurinia race), Meli-

taea 104

alni, Acronicta . . . . . . 100

alpina (didyma race), Melitaea .. 123

alvearia = grisella

amydon, Agrias .. .. .. 129

anatipennellH, Coleopbora 43, 44

aneilus, Melissoblaptes .. .. 35

antbyliidis, Zygaena . . . . 104

antiopa, Euvanessa .. 83, 124

antiqua. Orgyia .. .. .. 119

apollo, Parnassius 102, 123, 125

arcania, Coenonympha .. 121, 122
archippus, Anosia. . .. ..83

Arctia . . . . . . . . 51

Arctornis = Leucoma

argenteus, Argyrophorus.. .. 95

I

145

argiades, Everes . .

argiolus, Celastrina

Argynnis . .

Artaxa = Nygmia

artheniis, Basilarchia

assirailata, Deilemeia

atalanta, Fyranieis

athalia, Melitaea . .

atlantis, Argynnis. .

atlas, Attacus

atra (vinolentella), Blastodacna.

atra = hellerella

atropos, Manduca.

PAGE

. 123

. 84
. 83

. 83
. 97
. 135
. 128
. 83
. 100
. 44
44

. . --- 28

atomaria, Eniaturga . . . . 104

auriflua = ehrysorrhoea ..30,97 98
aurinia, Melitaea 91, 104, 105, 128
aurita, Endrosa . . . . . . 96

ausonides, Euehloe . . . . 83

Automeris (Hyperchiria) . . . . 107

autumnaria, Ennomos . . . . 84

avellana (testudo), Cochlidion .. 108
avis, Callophrys . . . . . . 95

badiata, Anticlea . . . . . . 92

beata (mendica ab.), Diacrisia . . 55
behri, Colias .. .. . . 135

belia = crameri

bellargus = thetis .. .. 129, 130

bellona, Brentbis . . .. .. 83

beryllina, Pereute. . .. .. 132

betulae, Ruralis .. .. 92, 102

bidentata, Odontopera . . . . 127

bifida, Ceiura . . . . . . 105

binaghii (mendica ah.), Diacrisia

53, 54, 55
bipunctanus, Melissoblaptes . . 35
bipunctaria, Eubolia . . . . 106

biselliella, Tineola . . . . 39

boeticus, Lampides .. .. 123

Bombyx . . . . . . . . 49

brassicae, Barathra (Mamestra) . . 31
brassioae, Pieris .. ..27,32, 91

Brenthis . . . . . . . . 83

brittingeri (apolloai'^.), Parnassius 123
brumata, Cheimatobia . . . . 32

brunnea (subalpina ah.), Loweia 125
bryoniae (napi race), Pieris . . 106
buoliana, Rhyacionia .. ..37

caeca (hyperantus ab.), Aplian-

topiis 124

caerulea (coridon ab.), Agriades . . 115
caeruleopunctata (pheretes ab.),
Albulina . . .. .. .. 125

caeruleopunctata (phlaeas ab.),
Rumicia . . . . . . . . 131

eahiritella (passnelia), Ephestia. . 34
caia, Arctia 51, lOG, 107, 123, 135
c-albuni, Polygonia . . 107, 128

calidella (ficella), Ephestia .. 34

PAGE

capitella. Tinea . . . . . . 44

cardamines,;Euchloe .. 91, 126
cardui, Pyrameis 83, 102, 119, 124
carniolica, Zygaena . . . . 69

Carpocapsa = Cydia

Catocala . . . . . . . . 84

caulosticta (cardamines ab.),
Euehloe . . . . . . . . 126

cecropia, Samia . . . . . . 103

cephalonica, Corcyra . . . . 35

ceratoniae (pryerella), Myelois .. 34
cerealella, Sitotroga . . . . 45

Cerura . . . . . . . . 105

Chelonia . . . . . . . , 51

cbi, Polia . . . . . . . . 128

Christina, Colias . . . . . . 83

chlorodippe (cydippe ab.), Ar-
gynnis 123

chrysorrhoea (Stdg.) = phaeorr-

hoea 30

chrysorrhoea (similis), Leucoma

30, 97, 98
cinerea, Agrotis . . . . . . 106

cinxia, Melitaea .. .. .. 128

citronia (cardamines ab.), Eu-
ehloe 126

Cleora . . . . . . . . 97

cleodoxa (cydippe ab.), Argynnis 123
clodius, Parnassius . . . . 136

clytie (ilia a6.), Apatura.. 123, 125
Coenonympha . . . . . . 121

cognatella (euonymella), Hypono-
meuta . . . . . . . . 43

Colias 135

commaculata (cardamines), Eu-
ehloe 126

comyntas, Everes . . . . . . 84

consonaria, Boarmia . . . . 127

consortaria, Boarmia . . . . 92

constans (manto race), Erebia . , 123
convolvuli, Agrius 114, 119, 126

coridon, Agriades 105, 115, 118,

125, 128, 130, 131
corticea, Agrotis . . . . , . 106

corydonius (coridon ab.), Agriades 125
cossus (ligniperda), Cossus . . 29

costalis, Pyralis . . . . . . 33

crameri (belia), Anthocharis .. 101
Crambidae . , . . . . 101,

cribrum, Coscinia (Eulepia) . . 51
cristana, Peronea . . . . 126

croceus (edusa), Colias 101,

105, 107, 114, 117, 119, 128
cruciferarum = maculipennis

cuvieri, Zygaena 69

cybele, Argynnis . . . . . . 83

Cyenia 51

Cydia (Carpocapsa) . , . . 37

146

, Coeno-
. 121,

Diacrisia

51,
123,

cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 123,
cyllarus, Glaucopsyche
Cynthia, Attacus . .
daplidice, Pontia . .
darwiniana (arcania race

nyinpha . .
defoliaria, Hybernia
delius, Paniassius
depuncta (laiendica o?)
derceto, Coniopteryx
Diacrisia . .
Diapbora = Diacrisia
dictynna, Melitaea
didyma, Melitaea . .
discoidalis, Erebia
discreta (medon ab.), Aricia
dispila (cardamines (ih.), Eucbloe
doniinula, Calliniorpba .. 51,
duplex (aegon ab.}, Plebeius
edusa = croceus
elinguaria, Crocallis
elpenor, Pergesa .. .. 127,

elutella (semirufa) (roxbuigii),

Epbestia
Endrosa (Setina) . .
eos (ilia ab.), Apatura
ephialtes, Zygaeua
epipbron, Erebia ..
erminea = menthastri
escheri, Polyommatus
euonyniel]a = cognatella ..
euonynielhi (padi), Hyponoineuta
eupbenoides, Eucbloe
eupbrosyne, Brentbis 95, 1C3,
104, 115, 123, 127,
Euprepia . .
Euproctes = Nygmia
eurytbeme, Colias
euterpinus, Papilio
exclamationis, Agrotis
exulans, Zygaena
fagi, Stauropus
farinalis, Pyralis . .
f asciaria = prosapiaria
fasciata (mendica ab.), Diacrisia
fausta, Zygaena . .
feisthamelii (podalirius race),

Papilio . .
fenestrella = lacte]la .. 41,

ficella = calidella ..
ficulella, Epbestia
filipendulae, Zygaena 65, 06, 67,
68, 69, 70, 105, 130, 133,
fimbria, Tripbaena
flava, Adopaea . . . . 125,

llavicornis, Polyploca
formicaet'orniis, Acgeria (Sesia)
fowleri (coridon ab.), Agriades ..
t'raxini, Catocala . .

130
125
103
101

122
32

102
54

132
52
52

132

123
83

12.5

126
52

129

127
128

34
96

125
67

123
50

132
43
43

122

130
51
97
83

132

106
70

105
33

54

132

122
42
34
34

134
117
130
96
29
125
126

frigga, Brenthis . .

fuliginosa, Phragmatobia

lunebrana, Epinotia

lurcula, Cerura

galatbea, iMeianargia 123, 124,

galiata, RIelanippe

ganinia, Plusia

gemmaria, Boarmia

ylaucinalis, Pyralis

gonorilla, Vanessa

gordius (bippotboe race), Loweia

gorge, Erebia

gorgone, Erebia . .

gracilis, Taeniocampa

graminis, Charaeas

granella. Tinea

grisella (alvearia), Melipbora

grossana, Cydia . .

grossulariata, Abraxas 32, 128,

balterata, Lobopbora

banhami, Pbyciodes

belice (croceus ab.), Colias

hellereila (atra) (putripennella),
Blastodacna

Heodes

bera = quadripunctaria ..51, 52,

Hesperiidae . . . . 84,

hibernica (cardamines race), Eu-
cbloe

hibernica (aurinia race), Melitaea

bilaris (mendica ab.), Diacrisia. .

bippocrepidis (tutti), Zygaena 65,
67, 68,

bippocastanaria, Pacbycnemia . .

bippodamia, Kescyntbis . .

bippotboe, Loweia . . 123,

borisbanus, Papilio

buniuli, Hepiabis..

butcbinsoni (c-album ab.) Poly-
gonia

bylas, Polyommatus

byperantbus, Apbantopus 115,

Hypercbiria = Automeris

icarinus (icarus ab.), Polyom-
matus

icarus, Polyommatus 91, 93, 112,
125, 128,

ilia, Apatura . . . . 123,

immorata, Acidalia

incerta, Taeniocampa

infuscata (nionoglypba ab.), Xylo-
pbasia . .

insubrica (arcania race), Coeno-
nympba . .

interpunctella, Plodia

interrogationis, Polygonia

inversa (mendica ab.), Diacrisia

io, Automeris

io, Vanessa . . . . 127,

83

51

38

105

132

106

31

110

33

97

125

132

123

90

31

45

34

38

131

92

83

119

44

84

117

123

126

105

55

134
92
132
125
129
29

128
132
124

91

132

125

106

90

110

121

34

83

55

107

130

147

PIGK

iole, Nathalis 136

iole (ivis ((ft.), Apatura .. .. 125

ipbina (iphis race), Coenonympha 122

iphis. Coenonympha 121, 122, 123

iris, Apatura . . . . . . 125

■ rrorella, Endrosa. . .. . . i)6

jacobaeae, Hypocrita . . . . 130

jurtina, Epinepbele 101, 115, 118,

124, 131, 132

Juliana, Cydia . . . . . . 38

juniperata, Tlieia. . .. ..92

kiihlweini, Endrosa . . . . 96

kiihniella, Ephestia . . . . 33

krodeli (thetis flft.), Agriades .. 125

lachesis, Melanargia . . . . 123

lactella (fenestrella), Endrosis41, 42
lacticolor (gi'ossulariata «/>.),

Abraxas 128

lais, Argynnis . . . . . . 83

lappona, Erebia . . . . . . 132

lapponaria, Nyssia . . . . 92

laricella, Coleophora . . . . 46

lefebvrei (melas race), Erebia . . 123

leporina, Aeronicta . . . . 115

Leucoma (Euproctes) . . . . 97

leucomelas (galathea ah.), Melan-

argia . . . . . . . . 132

leucopbaearia, Hibernia . . . . 134

lichenaria, Cleora. . .. .. 100

ligustri. Sphinx .. .. .. 114

lineola, Adopaea . . . . . . 128

livornica, Phryxus . . 100, 114

lonicerae, Zygaena 65, 67, 69, 70

lubricipeda, Spilosoma 49, 50, 51, 52

luciani /(//ft., Pergesa .. .. 127

lucipara, Euplexia .. ..31

Lycaenidae .. ..64,74, 84

macbaon, Papiiio. . .. 108, 139

maeulipennis (crucifevaruni), Plu-

tella 45

mahometana (iphis ab.), Coeno-
nympha . . . . . . . . 122

Malacosoma . . . . . . 134

malinelia, Hyponomeuta . . 43

malvae, Hesperia . . .. 101, 125

nianni, Pieris .. .. 119, 122

manto, Erebia . . . . . . 123

niarginata (cardamines ab.), Eu-

chloe 91

marginalia (coridon ab.), Agriades 115
masseyi (aegon race), Plebeius ..
medon, Aricia .. .. 125,

megera, Pararge . .
melas, Erebia
meliloti, Zygaena..
raellonelia, Galleria
menapia, Neophasia

91,

132
131
125
123
65
35
136

PAGE

mendiea, Diacrisia 48, 49, 50, 51,

52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 119, 120, 121, 126
mendicana (mendiea ab.), Dia-

crisia . . . . . . . . 54

menthastri, Spilosoma 49, 51, 52, 121
merope (aurinia race), Melitaea.'. 105
mesentina, Belenois .. .. 136

minimus, Cupido . . . . 104, 129

minoi'a (cardamines do.), Euchloe 12(5
minos, Zygaena . . . . 65, 67

mistura (mendiea var.), Diacrisia

55, 126
modesta, Pachysphinx . . . . 84

moenas, Argema . . . . . . 135

monacha, Psilura. . .. .. 127

monoglypha, Xylophasia 110, 128
mortii, Kescynthis . . . . 132

munda, Taeniocampa . . . . 90

murina = mendica .. 49, 50

muzoensis, Agrias . . . . 129

myelins, Crambus .. .. 106

myopaeformis, Aegeria (Sesia) . . 29
myrina, Brenthis . . . . . . 83

napaeae (napi ab.), Pieris .. 119

napi, Pieris .. 91, 106, 119

nebulosa, Aplecta. . .. .. 127

nero, Appias . . . . . . 108

neugtria, Malacosoma . . . . 30

nimbana, Cydia . . . . . . 38

ninus, Delias .. .. .. 108

niphona, Zygaena .. ..65

nupta, Catocala .. .. .. 127

Nygmia . . . . . . . . 97

oberthuri (orbituius race), Lati-

orina . . . . . . . . 123

obscura (viminalis ab.), Cleoceris 96
obsoleta (coridon ah.), Agriades 131
obsoleta (thetis «/'.), Agriades .. 131
ochrea (cardamines ah.), Euchloe 126
olivacea (chi ab.), Polia .. .. 128

orbituius, Latiorina . . . . 123

orobi (trifolii ab.), Zygaena . . 64
padella, Hyponomeuta .. ..43

padi = euonymella .. ..43

pales, Brenthis . . . . . . 123

pallescentella, Tinea . . 40, 42
pallida (eurytheme ab.), Colias . . 83
palustris (trifolii race), Zygaena

65, 68
pamphilus, Coenonympha 117, 124
paphia, Dryas .. .. 91, 128

Parnassius . . . . . . . . 102

pasiphae, Epinepbele . . . . 123

passuella = cabiritelia .. ..34

pavonia, Saturnia .. ..117

pellionella. Tinea . . .. ..39

perfuniaria (gemmaria race),

Boarmia.. .. .. .. 110

148

persica (icarus race), Polyommatus 125
persicariae, Mamestra , . . . 31

pbaeonhoea (chrysorrhoea), Nyg-

mia 30, 97

pheretes, Albulina . . 106, 125

phicomone, Colias .. .. 123

phlaeas, Eumicia . . .. 125, 131

phocaea, Paieronia . . . . 108

Pieridae 108

pingninalis, Aglossa . . . . 33

pinicolana, Kbyacionia .. ..37

piniperda, Bupalus .. .. 96

placidia, Appias . . . . . . 108

plantaginis, Phiagniatobia . . 51

plumbescens (coridon ab.), Agri-

ades 128

pluto (alecto/flce), Erebia .. 132

podalirius, Papilio . . . . 122

Polygonia . . . . . . . . 83

Polyxena, Zerynthia . . . . 96

pomonella, Cydia . . . . 37, 38

porcellus, Pevgesa. . .. 127, 128

Portbesia = Leucoma

procida (galatbea race), Melan-

argia 132

pronoe, Erebia .. .. .. 117

pronubana, Tortrix . . . . 36

prosapiaria (fasciaria), Ellopia 96, 127
protodice, Pieris . , . . . . 83

provincialis (apollo race), Par-

nassius . . . . . . . . 102

provincialis (aurinia race), Meli-

taea . . . . . . . . 105

pruni, Stiymon . . . . 92, 124

pryerella = cera1.oniae
pseudospretelhi, Borkbausenia .. 42
ptorsas (pruni aly.), Strymon .. 124
pulvevaria, Numeria .. .. 128

punctaiis, Stenia .. .. .. 106

punctata = mendica

punctum, Zygaena .. .. 66

purdpyana (cristana race), Pero-

nea 126

purpuralis, Zygaena 66, 69, 70,

106, 132
putripennella = bellerella. . ., 44

pyrenaica, Latiorina . . . . 123

pyrenaica (epipbron race), Erebia 123
pyrina (aesculi), Zeuzera. . . . 29

quadripunctaria (bera), Calli-

morpba .. .. .. ..117

quadripunctata (cardamines ub.),

Euchlo« 126

quercifolia, Eutricha, Lasiocampa 29
quercus, Bithys . . . . 92, 123

radiata (cardamines «/;.), Euchloc

91, 126
rapae, Pieris . . 28, 119, 122

PAGE

resinella, Rhyacionia . . . . 37

Retinia = Rhyacionia .. .. 37

revayana, Sarrothripus . . . . 123

Rbyacionia (Retinia) . . . . 37

roboris, Laeosopis. . .. .. 123

robsoni (nebulosa ab.), ApJecta . . 127
roscida, Endrosa . . . . . . 96

rossii (manni race), Pieris . . 119

roxburgii = eiutella
roystonensis (coridon race), Agri-
ades .. .. .. .. 115

rubicundus, Zygaena . . . . 69

rubiella, Lampronia . . 44, 45
rufa (apollo ((/).), Parnassius .. 125
rumina, Zeryntbia, Tbais . . 103

russula = sanio .. .. 51, 52

rustica (mendica race), Diacrisia

52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 120, 126
rusticella, Monopis . . . . 40

sagittata (revayana ab.), Sarro-
thripus .. .. .. .. 123

salicata, Malenydris . . . . 106

salustius, Cbrysopbanus. . .. 97

sarpedon, Zygaena .. ..66

Saturniidae . . . . . . 132

satyrion (arcania race), Coeno-
nympha . . . . . . . . 121

satyrus, Polygonia . . .83

scabiosae, Zygaena ..65,66, 104

scbmidtii (phlaeas ab.), Rumicia 131
segetum, Agrotis . . . . . . 31

selene, Brentbis 90, 108, 123 127

semiargus, Nomiades, Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 125

semibrunnea, Xylina . . . . 128

semiobsoleta (minimus ab.),

Cupido 129

semiramis, Copiopteryx . . . . 132

semirufa = elutella .. ..34

semisyngrapha (coridon ab.),

Agriades 115, 131

serpentina, Loxolomia . . . . 132

Setina = Endrosa .. .. ..96

siniilis = cbrysorrhoea ..30,97, 98
sinapis, Lsptosia . . . . . . 101

sociella, Apbomia . . .. ..35

sonthonnaxii, Copiopteryx .. 132

Spilosoma . . . . . . . . 52

spini, Klugia . . . . . . 132

splendana, Cydia . . . . . . 38

standfussi /////)., Pergesa .. .. 123

standfussi (mendica rtft.), Diacrisia

55, 126
stellatarnm, Sesia, Macroglossa 95
stocchadis, Zygaena . . . . 66

striata (minimus (i^.), Cupido .. 129
striata (semiargus ab.), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 125

149

PAGE

striata (thetis a6.), Agriades .. 131
stygne, Erebia .. .. .. 123

subalpina, Loweia . . . . 125

subnigra (iphis'(?>.),Coenonyrapba 121
syngrapba (coridon a/j.), Agriades

115, 131
Taeniocampa .. .. ..90

tapetzella, Tinea . . . . . 40

taras (malvae ah.), Hespeiia 101, 125
temerata, Bapta . . . . . . 104

teptudo = avellana
thaiwanus, Papilio
tharos, Pbyciodes.
thetis, Agriades

124, 125, 128
129, 130

84

128

29

134

86

134

102
132
108
128
128
37
83

Eucbloe 126
65,
91,

92

.51,52

thomsoni (nebulosa al).), Aplecta 127
thysbe, Haemonbagia
tiliae, Mimas
tipulifoimis, Aegeria
transalpina, Zygaena 66, 67, 70
104, 132
trifolii, Pachygastria
trifolii, Zygaena 64, 65, 66, 67
68, 70, 71, 101
trigramniica (trilinea). Gram

mesia
triopes (gorge ab.), Erebia
tritaea, Pareronia
tritopbus, Notodonta
truneata, Dysstroma
turionana, Rbyacionia . .
turnus, Papilio
turritis (cardamines ab.
tutti = bippocrepidis
urtieae, Aghiis
urticae, Spilosoma
valezina (papbia ab.), Dryas
varleyata (grossulariata ab.)

Abraxas . .
vauaria, Tbamnonoma
venosa (mendica race), Diacrisia
53, 55
vernetensis (dietynna ab.), Meli

taea
viertli (mendica ab.), Diacrisia
villica, Arctia .. 51,106

villosella, Psycbe . .
viminalis, Cleoceris
vinolentella = atra
virgaureae, Heodes
viridana, Tortrix . .
viridata, Nemoria..
w-aibum, Tbecia . .
wislcotti (eaia race), Arctia
zermattensis (virgaureae

Heodes
ziczac, Notodonta
Zygaenidae

ab.

129

83

131

68
135
121
128

128
32

126

123
55

107

103

96

125
36

104
92

123

125
105
134

Zygaena

Mammalia.

americanus, Ursus
latians, Canis
macblis. Aloes
occidentalis, Canis
tridecimlineatus, Citellus
zibetbicns, Fiber . .

MOLLUSCA.

ater, Arion . ,

Helix

Mytilus

Parypbanta

Testacella .

Trigonia

Neuropteea.

aleurodeformis, Semidalis
bipennis, Nemoptera
briggsi, Ectopsocus
cbrysops, Osniylus
coa, Nemoptera
Coniopterygidae . .
Croce

cruciatus, Stennpsocus . .
Cymotbales (Glenurus) . .
dorsalis, Cbrysopa
elegans, Psyebopsis
excicus, Stenosmylus
tilipennis, Croce . .
fusca, Itbone
Glenurus, Cymotbales
Hemerobius . . 114,

indecisum, Glenoleon
leonina, Psyebopsis
libelluloides, Palpares
lutaria, Sialis
maculicollis, Rapbidia
Nemoptera
notata, llapbidia . .
ochracea, Oecitis . .
pedicuiaria, Lacbesilla . .
perla, Cbrysopa . .
psocil'ormis, Conwentzia..
pygmaea, Coniopteryx
quadrifasciaria, Myatacides
llapbidia . .
sbeppardi, Cbasmoptera .
simile, Cloeon
sinuata, Nemoptera
stigma, Hemerobius
sulpburea, Heptagenia . .
vulgaris, Cbrysopa
vvestwoodi, Ectopsocus ..

PAGE

64

71

80

80

80

80

81

81

117

131

131

131

131

131

93

109

133

115

101

109

93

133

115

133

100

101

101

133

101

133

118

134

133

101

103

109

101

114

118

109

133

114

118

115

115

100

118

93

114

93

114

115

101

133

115

109

114

115

96

114

115

150

Orthoptera.
egena, Empusa
geimanica, Oedipoda
Gryllidae . .

lampyridarum, Empusa ..
marmorata, Diastraniniena
morosus, Carausius
panzeri, Ectobius . .
pauperata, Empusa
pellucens, Oecanthus
quadiipustiilatus, Oecanthus
religiosa, Mantis . .
riparia, Labidura . .
stridulus, Psophns

Paranedkoptera (Odonata)
Aeschninae
Agrionidae..
Anax

annulatus, Cordulegaster
apiculatus, Hippi^cus
Calopterygidae
Calopteryx . .

cancellatum, Orthetrum ..
Cordulegaster
Cordulegasterinae
depressa, Libellula
Gomphinae
grandis, Aeschna . .
Lestinae
Libellulidae
naias, Erythromma
quadrimacuJata, Libellula
splendens, Calopteryx
sponsa, Lestes
verruculatus, Circotettix. .
vulgatissimus, Gompbus. .

Phanerogams.
acris, Ranunculus
Anthyllis ..
apifera, Ophrys . .
Aralia
Aristolocbia
Armaria
Artemisia . .
arundinacea, Pbalaris
Aucuba
Betula
Brassica

caespitosus, Hcirpus
campestris, Luzuia
Ceanotbus . .
Cbrysanthemum . .
cinerea. Erica
communis, Juniperus
corniculatus, Lotus

.. 109

.. 10'.)

.. 126

.. 115

.. 12.5

.. 98

.. 112

.. 93

.. 85

.. 85

.. 109

.. 108

.. Ill

rA).
60, 61

.. 62

60, 61

58, 61

.. 84

.. 61

.. 60

.. 61

.. 60

.. 61

.. 100

.. 00

.. 61

.. 62

60, 61

. . 62

.. 61

.. 61

.. 62

.. 81

., 60

.. 99

.. 29

.. 101

.. 16

.. 103

.. 29

.. 23

. . 23

.. 14

.. 124

.. 31

. . 23

.. 18

.. 22

.. 31

.. 14

.. 15

66, 68

Cotoneaster

Crataegus . .

Cruciferae . .

epithymum, Cuscuta

Eryngium . .

europaeus, Euonymus

excelsa, Abies

Festuca

foetidissima, Iris . .

germaniea, Iris

Hippocrepis

holostea, Stellaria. .

humifusum, Tbesium

incarnata, Orchis . .

japonicus, Euonymus

Juniperus . .

Laburnum

lanceolatus, Carduus

latifolia, Epipactis

lawsoniana, Cupressus

Lotus

maritima, Glyceria

maritimum, Triglochin

nobilis, Laurus

nuttalliana (patens var.), Ane

mone
Odontoglossum
ovalis, Carex

ovina, Festuca . . . . 18

oxyacantbae, Crataegus . .
padus, Prunus
palustris, Caltha . .
patens, Anemone . .
Pbalaris
Phragmites

polystachion, Eriophorum
pseudacorus. Iris . .
Pulsatilla, Anemone
Pyrus

Kibes 16, 17,

Ilobinia
Rubus
Rumex

sanguinolenta, Ribes
scorodonia, Teucrium
sinensis, Primula. .
steliata, Primula . .
sylvaticum, Bracby podium

sylvestris, Pinus
tetralix. Erica
trifoliata, Menyant.hes
Tropaeolum
Ulnius

veris. Primula
vulgaris, Armeria..
vulgaris, Calluna . .

24,

PAGE
. 16
. 15

. 45
. 92
. 66
. 43
. 19
. 18
. 101
. 99
. 66
. 23
. 19
. 101
. 48
. 15
. 22
. 124
, 115
. 15
. 66
. 20
, 101
, 17

, 77
, 95
, 18
, 20
16
43
115
77
25
25
115
101
77
29
29
16
15
31
22
23
127
127
20
37
20
101
28
20
99
22
14

151

Reptiles and Batrachians

aspei=pyienaeus . .
austiiaca, Coronella

. Ill

. 104

calatiiita, Bufo

. 104

cristata, Moljj;e

. Ill

Coronella . .

. 104

^irondica, Coronella

. 104

halesina, liana

. 78

maculosa, Salanianclra . .

. 96

muralis, Lacerta . .

. 104

pyrenaeus (asper), Molge..

. Ill

viperinus, Tropidonotus . .

. 118

Hhynchota.

abietis, Physokermes

. IS)

aceris, Pbeiiacoccus

. 21

Aclerda

. 25

Aleiirodidae

. . 12

alienum (lauri; (hesperi

hi

m

var.), Lecanium

. 17

Antoniua

.. 25

Apbididae . .
Aspidiotus . .

1

. . 12

4, 24

Asterolecaniinae . .

. 19

Asterolecaiiium

. 19

aurita, Ledra

. . 106

bambusae, Oregma

.. 124

bavaricus, Aspidiotus

. 14

Belostomatidae

. 85

bieolor, Sebirus . .

. 115

bituberculatum, Lecanium

. 16

brevicornis, Lecanopsis . .

. 18

britannicus, Aspidiotus . .

. 14

capreae, Lecanium

. 16

carueli, Diaspis

. 15

catapbracta, Ortbezia

. 23

Cbionaspis
Cicadidae . .

1

4, 15
. 75

ciliatum, Lecanium

. 17

cinerea, Nepa

. 85

Coccidae .. .. 12,13

2

5, 96

coruutus, Centrotus

. 106

Cryptococcus

. 21

Dactylopiinae

. 21

devoniensis, Eriococcus ..

. 20

Diaspinae . .

Diaspis

donistborpei, Ripersia . .

1

1

3, 14

4, 15
. 23

Eriococcinae

. 19

Eriococcus

. 20

Eriopeltis . .

. 18

europaea, liipersia
Exaeretopus

. 23

. 18

fagi, Cryptococcus
festucae, Eriopeltis

. 21

. 18

floccosa, Newsteadia

. 23

Eonscolombia

. 20

formicarii, Kipersia

. 23

formicarum, Lecanopsis
fraxini, Fonscolombia
gahani, Pseudococcus
glyceriae, Eriococcus
Rorodetskia, Steingella
Gossyparia . .
gracilis, Parafairraairia
greeni, Eriococcus
griseum = interstinctum
griseus, Benacus . .
balophila, Ripersia
bederae, Aspidiotus
besperidum, Lecanium
bibernicus, Pseudococcus
incarnatus, Catacanthus
inermes, Eriococcus
iusignis, Eriococcus
interstinctum (griseum)

thosoma
inuncta, Podops . .
Kermes

lanigera, Eriosoma
laricis, Chermes . .
Lecaniinae
Lecanium . .
Lecanopsis..
Lepidosapbes
Leucaspis . .
Leucaniinae
Licbtensia . .
longicornis, Exaeretopus
luzulae, Luzulaspis
Luzulaspis
maculata, Fulgora
Margarodes
Margarodinae
melanocepbalus, Eysacor
Mytilaspis = Lepidosapbes 14, 15
Nepidae
Newsteadia

newsteadi, Pseudococcus
octoguttata, Platypleura
Ortbezia
Ortbeziinae
Ortbeziola . .
ostreaeformis, Aspidiotus
paludinus, Pseudococcus
Parafairmairia
persicae, Lecanium
persicae-crudum, Lecanium
phalarides, Pseudococcus
Phenacoccus
Pbysokermes
placidus, Eriococcus
pomorum = ulmi ..
pseudinsignis, Eriococcus
Pseudococcus
Pulvinaria . .

12

Acan

16, 17

14

24

PAGE
14

21
•29

23

21,

152

PAGE

pulverarius, Pseudococcus . . 22

purpurea, Antonina . . . . 25

quercus, Kermes .. .. ..21

Kipersia . . . . . . . . 23

robiniae = sarrotbamni .. .. 16

rosae, Diaspis . . . . . . 15

salicis, Chionaspis . . . . 15

sarrothamni (robiniae) (persicae

va?'.), Lecanium .. .. 16

scirpi, Kipersia . . . . . . 23

Signoretia = Luzulaspis .. .. 18

spbagni, Pseudococcus . . . . 22

spuria, Gossyparia . . . . 20

Steingelia . . . . . . . . 24

subterranea, llipersia . . . . 23

transvittatum, Lecanium . . 16

tristriatum, Acanthosoma . . 115

tuberculatus, Pbysorynchus . . 124

tbesii, Asterolecanium .. .. 19

tomlini, llipersia . . . . . . 23

ulmi, Lepidosapbes . . . . 15

ulmi-candidus, Lepidosapbes . . 15

urticae, Ortbezia . . . . 12, 23

PAGE

variegata, Tetratbina . . . . 124

variegatus, Kermes . . . . 21

variolosum, Asterolecanium . . 19

vejdovskyi, Ortbeziola .. .. 24

viburni, Lichtensia .. .. 17

vitis, Pulvinaria . . . . . . 17

walkeri, Pseudococcus . . . . 22

zebrinum, Lecanium . . . . 17

zonatus, Aspidiotus .. .. 14

Miscellaneous.

arenoides, Scutigera . . . . 103

calicaris, Ramalina (Licben) . . 97

Campodea . . . . . . 57, 58

Collerabola 57, 58

Galeodes 90

irritans, Pulex (Siphonaptera) . . 86

lintearius, Tetranycbus (Acarina) 115

Oxyrhina (Fossil) 99

polyuiorpha, Marcbantia (He-
patic) . . . . . . 92

scaber, Porcellio (Millipeds) .. 118

CORKIGENDA.

p. 127, line 22. For " poS " read " PoS.

Plates.

Pit. I. Dancing positions of Spiders

Pit. n. Oonopi domesticus and 0. pulcher (tibiae)

Pits. III. -VI. British Goccidae

Pits. VII.-VIII. Labium in Paraneuroptera

1

1

12

57

THE ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

For 1886, 1887. 1888^9 (I Vol.),

1890^91 (I Vol.), 1892^3 (I Vol.),

1894, 1895. 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901,

1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906. 1907, 1908, 1909,

1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917,

1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921

Are still in print, and may be had on application to the Librarian.

1886, prioe 1/6; 1887, prioe 2/6; 1888-9 and

1890-91, price 8/6 each; 1892-3, prioe 3/-;

1894, price 2/6; 1895, price 2/-; 1896, price 2/6;

1897, Part 1, price 2/-; Part 2, price 2/-;

1898, Part 1, price 1/-; Part 2, price 2/-;
1399, price 2/6; 1900, price 2/6; 1901, price 2/-;
1902, price 2/6; 1903, price 2/-
1905, prioe 2/6; 1806, price 2/6
1908, prioe 2/6 ; 1909, price 5/-

1911, price 4/6; 1912, price 4/-;
1914, price 4/- ; 1915, prioe 5/-.

1917, price 3/6; 1918, price 4/-, , ^-^

1920, price 5 -; and 1921, prioe 5/-.

1901, price 2/-
1904, price 2/- ;
1907, price 2/6;
1910, price 4/6;
1913, prioe 4/-;
1916, prioe 3/6;
1919, prioe 5/-;

N.B.— MEMBERS are allowed a discount of one third off the above
prices, and some years at half prioe.

i -" "

«r

CONTENTS.

01 iicers and Council

Objects of the Society . .

Past Presidents

List of Members . .

Balance-sheet

Report of the Council

Treasurer's Statement . .

Spiders Found in the Neighbourhood of Oxshott. By W. S. Bristowe . .

A Brief Review of the Indigenous Coceidae of the British Islands. By
E. B. Green, F.E.S

The Lepidopterous Enemies of Man. By R. Adkin, F.E.S.

Diacrisia mendica. Its History and its Variation. By R. Adkin, F.E.S.

The Labium of the Paraneuroptera (Odonata). By W. J. Lucaa, B.A.,
F.E.S. .. ^

Notes on the Genus Zygaena. By T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S. . .

Annual Address. (Some Notes on the Natural History of Manitoba.) By

E. J. Bunnett, M.A.,F.E.S

Abstract of Proceedings . .

Annual Exhibition ..

Annual Meeting

Index . .

PA4B

i
ii

ii

iii

xii, xiii

xiv

xviii

I

12

26
48

57
C4

73

90

122

1.S9

lU

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
,. HiBERNlA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

1923-1924.

1923:— August 23rd; September 18th, 27th; October 11th,
25th ; ^ioveuiber 8th, 22rid (Exhibition) ; December 13th.

1924:— Jauuary 10th, 24th (Annual); February 14th, 28ih ;
March 13th, 27th ; April 10th, 24th; May 8th, 22nd; June 12th,
26th ; July 10th, 24th ; August 14 th, 28th.
LIBRARY OPEN AT 6.30 p.m., CHAIR TAKEN AT 7 p.m.

Mkmbbrs exhibiting specimens at the Meetings of the Society
are requested to be good enough to hand to the Secretary, at the
Meeting, a note in writing of the generic and specific names of all
specimens exhibited, together with the names of the localities in
which such specimens were obtained, and any remarks thereon
which the exhibitors have to make. In the absence of such a note
in writing the Secretary cannot be responsible ior any errors in
connection with his report of such exhibits, or for the omission of
any reference thereto in the Proceedings.

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