Author: State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania

Title: Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association
of Pennsylvania... 1909

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1909

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg228.7

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110 2 State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania.

245 00 Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania ...

246 1 $i52nd-56th have title: $aProceedings of the ... annual meeting of the
State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania

246 1 $i57th-67th have title: $aProceedings of the State Horticultural

Association of Pennsylvania for ...
246 1 $i68th has title: $aProceedings of the ... annual meeting of the State

Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for ...
246 1 $i69th- have title: $aProceedings of the State Horticultural

Association of Pennsylvania for ...
260 Harrisburg, Pa. $bUnited Evangelical Publishing House.
362 0 1909 (50th)-1958 (99th)
515 Beginning with proceedings for 1924 (65th annual meeting)- published as

issues of Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news
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the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania.
780 10 State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania. $tReport of the State

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830 0 Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm.

PROCEEDINGS

1- ,!

i

OF THE

;
/

'•'

STATE HORTICULTURAL
ASSOCIATION

OF

PENNSYLVANIA

FOR 1909

^

HARRISBURG, PA.:
Pub. House of the United Evangelical Church

1909

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

OF PENNSYLVANIA

ENOS B. ENGLE

Who has served this Association as Secretary for
thirty-five years, has this year asked to he relieved
from the duties and cares of the office. While no
longer an officer, Mr. Engle's heart is in horticul-
tural work, and the Association is promised his con-
tinued presence and encouragement. (See report of
Committee on Resolutions.)

The incoming Secretary, under whose care this
book is published, feels that the above is due Mr.
Engleand is assured that his many friends will be glad
of this opportunity to keep his likeness before them.

OFFICERS FOR 1909

PRESIDENT.
Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg.

„. ^ ^ VICE PRESIDENTS.
Horn W. T Creasy, Catawissa.

£• K- t? !^^" Meshoppen.

R. M. Eldon, Aspers!

RECORDING SECRETARY.
Chester J. Tyson, pj^ra Dale.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.
Wm. P. Brinton, Christiana.

pt • Av n^u TREASURER.

Edwin W. Thomas, King of Prussia.

MEMBERSHIP

LIFE MEMBERS.

Bartram, J. Hibberd. West Chester, Chester Co.

Boyer, John F., Middleburg. R. D. No. 4, Snyder Co.

Boltz, Peter R., Lebanon. Lebanon Co.

Bnnton. Wm. P., Christiana. Lancaster Co.

Chase, Howard A., Philadelphia.

Chase, Charles T., Philadelphia.

Cakler. Dr. James, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. (deceased).

Cornelius, Robert. Philadelphia Cdeceased).

Cummings. Joseph F., Sunbury, Northumberland Co.

Creasy, Hon. W. T.. Catawissa. Columbia Co.

Engle, Henry M., Marietta, Lancaster Co. (deceased).

hngle, John G., Marietta, Lancaster Co,

l-.ngle, Enos B., Chambersburg. Franklin Co,

l-.rmentrout, Hon. Jas. N., Reading, Berks Co, (deceased).

I'ox, Cyrus T., Reading, Berks Co.

Garrettson, Joel V., Flora Dale, Adams Co.

Good, C. W., Waynesboro, Franklin Co,

Hacker, William, Philadelphia (deceased),

Hartman, D, L., Littleriver. Fla,

Hayes, Charles P., Phialdelphia.

Heyser, Jacob, Chambersburg, Franklin Co, (deceased).

Hiester, Gabriel, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co.

Hildrup. W. T., Raeligh, N. C. (deceased).

Hiller, Casper, Conestoga, Lancaster Co. (deceased).

Ijiller, Peter C, Conestoga. Lancaster Co. (deceased).

Jioopes, Josiah, West Chester, Chester Co. (deceased).

Huff, L. B., Greensburg, Westmoreland Co.

Hull, Burrell R., Greensburg, Westmoreland Co,

Landis, Israel. Lancaster, Lancaster Co.

McCormick, Harry, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. (deceased).

McCormick, James, Harrisburg. Dauphin Co.

McLanahan. J, King. Hollidaysburg, Blair Co.

Martin, J. O., Mercersburg, Franklin Co.

Mcehan, S. Mendelson, Gcrmantown, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mitchell, Ehrman B.. Harrisburg.

Pannebaker, Wm. M., Virgilina, Va.

Reist, Peter S., Lititz, Lancaster Co. (deceased).

Reist, John G., Mt, Joy. Lancaster Co.

(3)

Scribner, Prof. F. Lamson, Knoxville, Tenn.

Shaffner, Jacob, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co.

Snavely, H. H., Willow Street, Lancaster Co.

Swift, Rev. H. P., Mr. Oliver, Allegheny Co. (deceased).

Thomas, George B., West Chester, Chester Co.

Thomas, Edwin W., King of Prussia, Montgomery Co.

Van Denian, H. E., 3630 13th St., N. W., Washington, D.

Wcrtz, D. Maurice, Waynesboro, Franklin, Co.

Woods, Edward A., F'rick Building, Pittsburg.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Barry, P., Rochester, N. Y. (deceased).

Downing, Charles, Newburgh, N. Y. (deceased).

Ellwanger, George, Rochester, N. Y. (deceased).

Edge, Thomas J.. Harrisburg.

Garber. J. B.. Columbia. Pa. (deceased).

Heiges, Prof. S. B., Saxe, Va.

Meehan, Thomas, Germantown, Pa. (deceased).

Michener, Dr. E., Toughkenamon, Pa. (decased).

Parsons. Prof. S. B., Flushing, N. Y.

Parry, N. J. (deceased).

S. S.. Lancaster, Pa. (deceased).

Watson. Chambersburg. Pa.
Rutter, John, West Chester, Pa. (deceased).
Saunders, Wm., Washington, D. C. (deceased).
Stitzel, George D., Reading, Pa.
Thomas. John J., Union Springs
Warder. Dr. John A., North Bend, O. (deceased)
Wilder. Marshall P.. Boston. Mass. (deceased).
Wickershaw, Dr. J. P.. Lancaster, Pa. (deceased).
Willetts, Rev. Dr., Philadelphia (deceased).

ANNUAL MEMBERS FOR 1909.

C.

Parry, William,
Rathvon, Prof.
Rowe, Hon. D.

(deceased).
N. Y. (deceased).

Adams. W. S., Aspers.

Anwyll, H. L., 114 Herr St.. Harrisburg.

Arnisby. Dr. H. P., State College.

Asper, D. C. Aspers.

Atwater. Richard AL. Chadd's Ford.

Baird, A. T., Island.

Banks. Wm., Mifflintown.

Barlow. Thos. W.. Fort Washington.

Barnard. C. P., Northbrook.

Bergey, James. Mifflintown.

Berkey, Edwin A.. R. D. No. 3, Easton.

Bolton. W. P.. McCall's Ferry.

Boyd. J. C, Guy's Mills.

Bracken. J. W., Hollidaysburg.

Brinton, Sam'l L.. West Chester.

Brooke, R. G., Schwenkville.

Bucher, Dr. I. Riley, Lebanon.

Carter, J no. L, Chatham.

Christman. Jas. M., Fort Hunter.

Cocklin, E. H., Siddonsburg.

Coursen. I. H., Wyoming.

Critchfield. Hon. N. B.. Harrisburg.

Cumbler. H. B., Logania.

Cummings. R. M.. Montandon.

Demming. H. C. Harrisburg.

Deming Co., Salem, Ohio.

Denlinger, Amos B., R. D. No. i, Gor-

donville.
Duncan, P. F., Duncannon.
Durell, Chas. A.. Reading.
Ebersole, Sam'l W.. Hummelstown.
Eichholz, Henry. Waynesboro.
Eldon, Robert M.. Aspers,
Ellis. D. M., Bridgeport.
Klngle, Ezra B., Marietta.
Fassett, F. H., Meshoppen.
Fenstermaker, P. S.. Allentown.
Fertig, Fred. R.. Lebanon.
Foster, T. C, Winfield.
Frame, N. T., Martinsburg W. Va.

Gass, W. J., Paxinos.

Good, Martin R., Narvon.

driest. C. A., Guernsey.

Gross. Joshua W., Harrisburg.

Grove, W. E., York Springs.

Gump. Dr. S. H., Bedford.

Haines, A. S.. Westtown.

Haines, Mary M.. Cheltenham.

Harper. Wm. Warner, Chestnut Hill,
Philadelphia.

Harris, Joseph, Shamokin.

Harshman, U. W., Waynesboro.

Hartley. A. D., R. D. No. 3, Pottstown.

Hartman, L. E., Etters.

Herr, Daniel D.. Lancaster.

Herr, David S., R. D. No. 7, Lancaster.

Herr. Jno. D., Lancaster.

Hertzog. P. H., Lewisburg.

Hess. Chas. C, Phillipsburg.

Hibshman, Geo., Ephrata.

Hostetler, Abram, R. D. No. 3, Johns-
town.

Howe, H. B., Wellsboro.

Hull, D. W.. Waymart.

Hunt. Dr. Thos. F., State College.

Ide, Silas C, R. D. No. i, Alderson.

Jamison. J. E., Swales.

KautTman, E. F.. R. D. No. 3. York.

Kerr. W. M., 608 Bourse, Philadelphia.

Knuppenberg. D. A., Lake Carey. j

Kready, W. S., Mount Joy.

Krewson. Jas.. Cheltenham.

Laub. H. H., Jr., Lewistown.

Lee. Ross F.. Bedford.

Lewis, W. J., R. D. No. i, Pittston.

Leyder, J. S., Thompsontown.

Loop, A. L, North East.

Longsdorf, C. L., Biglerville.

Lockwood, H. C, Mt. Pocono.

McGowan, H. G., Geiger's Mills.

McSparran, W. F. Furniss.

MacKall, R. C, Beaver.

Macneil, W. H., Parkesburg.

MacVeagh, W. F., Williamsport.

Matifet, Miss M. A., 264 S. Franklin
St.. Wilkes-Barre.

Martin. Hon. A. L.. Harrisburg.

Mayer, Dr. L H.. Willow Street.

Middleton, T. Elliott. Boiling Snrings.

Miller, Norman G., Marion.

Moburg, F. O., Rochester, N. Y.

Moon, Sam'l C, Morrisville.

Moon, Wm. H., Morrisville.

Meyers, C. E., State College.

Myers, Levi M.. Siddonsburg.

Nesbit, J. W., Oakdale.

Newcomer, Aaron, Midvale.

Newcomer, D. S., Hummelstown.

Nissley, S. K., 14 E. Chestnut St., Lan-
caster.

Patterson. Jas. A., Stewartstown.

Persing, E. E., Sunbury.

Pratt, B. G., 50 Church St., New York
City.

Prickett. Josiah W.. Biglerville.

Rakestraw, Thomas, Kennett Square.

Reel, Geo. L.. Columbia.

Reinhart, S. B., Mercersburg.

Richardson. F. W., Paoli.

Rick. John. Reading.

Rinehart, Geo. W., R. D. No. 4, York.

Rife, Jacob L., Camp Hill.

Rittenhouse. Dr. J. S., Lorane.

Root, A. W., Manheim.

Root, J. W., Manheim.

Kuof, Fred., Hummelstown.

Rupp, D. C. Shiremanstown.

Rush. Jno. G., West Willow.

Satterthwait, A. F., 334 Spring St.,
Middletown.

Saylor. J. C, Pottstown,

Schaeflfer. Dr. N. C, Lancaster.

Scholl, Calvin P., R. D., No. i, Halifax.

Shalcross, Frank R., Frankford, Phila.

Siegler, Franklin, 320 S. 44th St.,
Philadelphia.

Snavely, H. C, Cleona.

Snavely, J. R., Harrisburg.

Snyder, Geo. S., R. D., No. 2, Millers-
burg.

Stein. Geo. E., East Prospect.

Stephens, A. W., Lewisburg.

Stewart, Prof. Jno P.. State College.

Stewart, William, Landisburg.

Stoney, R. J., Jr., 424 5th Ave., Pitts-
burg.

Stover, F. S., Bowmansville.

Strode, A. Darlington, West Chester.

Strong, Rob't J., Shiremanstown.

Surface, Prof. H. A., Harrisburg.

Trimmer, G. A., Mechanicsburg.

Tyson, Edwin C., Flora Dale.

Tyson, Chester J., Flora Dale.

Tyson, William C, Guernsey.

Valentine, C. R., Skinner's Eddy.

Wadhams, Miss L. F., Wilkes-Barre.

Wagner, Geo. A., R. D.. Landisburg.

Wallings, Don, West Chester.

Watlon, Rob't J., Hummelstown,

Watts, Prof, R. L., State College.

Weidner. A. L. Arendtsville.

Weise, H. B., Parkesburg.

Wertz. Geo. M., Johnstown,

Wheaton, E. H., Knoxville.

W'hite, A. R., Duncannon.

Wilbur, Harry, Bethlehem.

Widler. Henry J., Dept. of Agriculture,
Washington. D. C.

Withrow, J. C., Vanport.

Winner, W. G., Calvert.

Wright. A. Cooper, Hummelstown.

Yentzer, J, R., Conestoga.

Youngs. L. G., North F^ast.

Zercher. Andrew J., Conestoga.

Zinn, W, H., Dauphin,

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

FIFTIETH ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania,

HELD AT

Harrisburg, Pa , January 19-20, 1909

The Fiftieth Annual ^Feetin^r of the State Horticultural Asso-
ciation convened in the Uoard of Trade lUiilding at Harrisburjr at
two o clock Tuesday afternnon, January 19, 1909, with the Presi-
dent, Mr. Gabriel Hiester, in the Chair.

The President.— The meeting will please come to order. The
tirst thing on the program is the reading of the minutes of the last
meeting. Will the Secretary please read the minutes?

The Secretary read the minutes of the last meeting, and thev
were approved. ^

The President.— The next number on the program is roll-call
and collection of dues. If there is no objection, I would say that
the members shall call on the Treasurer just after the close of this
session and pay their dues. Tie will be here when we adjourn

Nominations for members of the committee who shall nominate
the othcers for the coming year are now in order. I will appoint
the committee that you nominate.

The meeting nominates: Dr. I. IT. Mayer, Mr. Chester J.
Tyson, Mr T. p. 1 Terr, Mr. I>. S. I^Vnstermaker. Mr. J. llibberd
Bartram, Mr. II. C. Suavely and Prof. IT. A. Surface.

The President.— I will appoint these gentlemen as a committee
to n^ninate officers for the election to-morrow morning. Reports
of officers are next in order. Is the Treasurer ready to report?

(6)

7

The Treasurer, M. Edwin W. Thomas, thereupon read the fol-
lowing report :

Treasurer's Report.

Edwin W. Thomas, Treasurer, to the State Horticultural Asso-
ciation of Pennsylvania, Dr.:

Receipts.

Cash balance January 15, 1908, $95 10

Annual dues for 190S, collected at Lancaster, 100 00

Annual dues for 1908, received since 13 00

Annual dues for 1909, received in advance, . 4 00

Donation, 150 00

Total receipts, $3^2 10

Credit by Amoiuit Paid Out.

To Howard Paules, janitor service, $6 00

To John W. Backett, elevator, i 00

To T. D. Herr, sundries i 78

To "The Wheatland," account hotel bills, ... 10 00

To Chester J. Tyson, Gen'l Fruit Conim., . . 44 5©

To M. E. Rodrock, stenograi)hic services, ... 50 00
To Enos B. Engel, Secretary's salary and

sunrdies 9^ 57

To Publishing House United Evangelical

Church, 83 42

Total expenditures, 288 27

By balance, cash on hand, 73 83

$362 10

The President.— As an auditing committee, I will appoint ^Ir.
W. C. Tvson. :Mr. D. C. Rupp, and Mr. J. L. Rife.

The' report of the (kMieral Fruit Committee is next in order.
Is Mr. Tyson ready to report ?

Mr. Tyson then read the following report:

Report of the General Fruit Committee for 1908.

CiiKSTKR J. Tyson, Chairman.

In presenting this report for the season of 1908, the Chairman
extends his thanks to the corresi)ondents who have made prompt and
satisfactory replv to the many inquiries. Blanks were mailed to
several persons in each of the sixty-seven counties of the State.
I^esponses have come from forty-seven of them, Butler, Clinton,
Cumberland, Elk, Favette. Forest, Fulton, Huntingdon. Indiana,
Jefiferson, Juniata. Lvcoming, :\rcKean, ]\Tontour, Philadelphia, Pot-
ter, Snyder, Susquehanna, Tioga and Venango, being silent this
year. If any person from any of these counties, hearing or reading

8

this report is willing to help with the work next year or knows of
someone else who is competent, the Chairman wm apprcc ate hk
senchng m the names and addresses appreciate ins

spots, nearly all sections of the' State ^^.rT co.f I"!' ^™T

nac™"' "tm. "JT" T!''''T °f f'-'^-">S an<l snow i on"e
places, lliis was followed by < roiitli extentlini^ uiti, h,t\r i?

ra,n, over two three and even four nionths ^s nflne e< fl e
setting and subse,|nent growth of many frnits a, w h h r

:ir;':Lr;ie=:'fpS™;inr "^ "^-' '- •>-'' '» ^-:^

apples.

The year 1908 seems to have been decidedly an off year for an
pies in Pennsylvania, only five persons out of ;, Im n.lrn.i ^''\^^-

sons, however, have found it a poor hearer \\.ll.., r ^

Ripe as an excellent ;>:r:e;^",;ef:i^^oSTple''"''' =*"" ""''''
Ar»il^., '■"',"? ''•'''"' "f ""^ '="•■■ •^•""'"'•>- an.l early fall varieties-

two r;::?'for""j::h':','; :tr' *'""""'' ,*""''' ''•''^- =" '^*'^' ™- ^^
,r;;„ ■■:„:"s ,'TS, "re,';":",' °» ™P ?»■:

n...r^^ ^''i^'' niajority of our correspondents prefer the barrel n. .,-

of our tclan 4™ V tTr^^^^ 'n-'" '" T'"''-""*^' "'"■■ "•'"■'^'' "'«"^'
annl« i/, reccne. tlie handhng of sccon( grade and cull

apples ,s a very ,n,portant n,atter. Their proper ""disposal often

settling the question of profit or loss. In the first place it is very
important to provide boxes or crates to receive them from the
sorting table to avoid unnecessary handling. Most of our corre-
spondents use their culls for cider or sell them to the cannery,
evaporator, or for bulk shi])ment. We are glad to report that only
one man recommends barrelling second grade apples and we wish
to make an urgent jjrotest against the practice as most harmful to
the trade in better fruit. Dispose of your seconds at home or ship
them in bulk, or better still produce no culls and by thorough
spraying, good culture and hand thinning jiroduce only first-class
fruit.

Pears.

There has been a good or better than average crop of pears
throughout the State and in most places the quality is reported good.
Where poor or only fair, neglect of tree and lack of proper spraying
is the usual cause.

lUight is the one great enemy to pear growing and in some
places has almost put an end to the industry. No remedy is known
other than the timelv ap])lication of knife and saw, but it is com-
monly believed that the germs of this disease enter most freely
through the tissues of rapidly growing wood. Therefore, pear trees
standing in sod and growing slowly are less liable to blight than
when cultivated and making a rank growth. This has been the ex-
l)erience of many of our correspondents. Scale is also reported as
a serious enemy.

Fifty-one reports tell of profitable growing of the Keifer pear,
when well grown and properlv handled, several saying "more so
than formerly." Its comparative freedom from blight and scale
injury and its early and regular bearing habit are strongly in its
favor.

Peaches.

The peach crop has been a fairly good one, only seventeen re-
])orting a failure, A few persons report having had very large
crops but this was not at all common. The correspondents are about
evenly divided in regard to weather conditions, some de])loring the
dry weather, others finding in it a blessing. Certain it is that
brown rot was much less prevalent than usual this year and that
thoroughly cultivated orchards suffered but little from the drouth.
Yellows, borers and scale are named as the most serious enemies to
peach growing. Only a few reports mention brown rot and curculio
this year.

A large majority of the markets acce])t the four-eighths bushel
round basket with favor, while the six basket carrier is found sat-
isfactory for fruit of the best (luality. A few persons recommend
smaller baskets, especially for retail selling.

In answer to the (juestion "Are peach trees being planted?''
nine persons answer "no," nineteen answer "yes," and a great
number say "to some extent." The counties in which considerable
l)lanting is re])orted are liedford, IJerks, lUicks, Chester, Dauphin,
Franklin, Lancaster. Lebanon. ^Fontgomery, Mercer and York.

The Carman peach is highly recommended as a hardy, frost-

lO

resisting variety, liaving succeeded the past season under condi-
tions which destroyed the buds of nearly all others.

Plums.

The plum crop was good in a few places but a large majoritv
reported no crop this year, in manv cases the conditions for settin'cr
of fruit haying been quite unfavorable. "^

Curculio and brown rot seem to be the most serious enemies to
successful plum growing. A few reports speak of black knot and
ban Jose bcale, the latter especially on Tapanese varieties.

The vote for best varieties for'honie use gave a tie for German
i rune and Lombard, next lUirbank, Abundance and Damson P.rad-
shaw and Green Gage. W'ickson, the Chairman's choice of 'all the
Japans, received only three votes. If making a list from our own
experience, we should say: Red June, Climax, W'ickson, Satsuma
dreen Gage and Shropshire Damson.

Thirty persons report profitable growing of plums and twenty-
three say *'not i)rofitable." ^

Cherries.

Reports show the cherry crop to have been a fairlv good one
although some varieties and some localities failed entirely.

r>rown rot, which is easily controlled bv spraving, and'birds are
given as the most serious enemies, also black knot, rose bugs cur-
culio and black aphis. Leaf blight, which is serious in manv places
IS easily controlled by spraying.

Early Richmond is named oftenest as the best varietv for homo
use. Montmorency comes next, then (;overnor \\\^hI P.lack Tar-
tarian, Napoleon and English .Arorello. Windsor had only four
votes and Ida three.

Grapes.

Grapes are reported as growing successfullv in nearly all sec-
tions of the State, though commercial growing is practiced in only
a few places. -^

lUack rot is the great enemy to grape growing but can be
very largely controlled bv bordeaux spraving. In some places the
rose chafer dt.es serious injury but those who sprav frcnuentlv
with bordeaux and arsenate of lead will have verv little trouble in
this respect. Injury by grape curculio is very largely prevented
111 the same way. ^ j i

Small Fruits.

}n answer to the question. 'AVhat varieties of strawberries arc
best, we were almost overwhelmed with names and are more than
ever convinced that there is no best variety for all places and con-
ditions Rubach received most frequent mention, followed in order
by W/ilham Belt, Haverland, Sample, Glen Marv, P.randvwinc
Gandy, Senator Dunlap, Sharpless and Aroma, and a host of other
mentioned only once or twice.

n

Of the raspberries, Cuthbert, red, and Greeg, black, received
the same number of votes, followed closely by Kansas and Cum-
berland, both good black varieties.

As usual Snyder leads the blackberries in popularity; next in
order come Eldorado, Kittatiny, Erie and Ancient Rriton.

Very few persons report success in growing dew-berries, the
winters being most too severe for them. Where they grow well,
the Lucretia dew-berry is an excellent fruit, and to our taste excels
any of the black-berries.

Potatoes.

A large majority of the correspondents agree that there is no
better crop for planting in the young orchard than potatoes, their
fertilizer and culture requirements being well suited to the needs
of the trees. A few persons prefer general gardening with peas,
beans, tomatoes, sweet corn, cabbage and melons. Two suggest
strawberries and one friend from Lancaster says tobacco.

Very few persons in the State have found the past season
favorable for the potato crop, continued drouth through the most
of the growing season being the cause. The most destructive en-
emies in unsi)rayed fields are blight and the Colorado beetle. When
thoroughly and frequently s])rayed there need be no loss from
either.

Many persons have learned to control ])otato scab, the most
favored way being to soak the seed for one hour and a half in a
solution of two ounces of corrosive sublimate to sixteen gallons of
water. Formalin, or formaldehyde, can be used in the same way,
one pint to sixteen gallons of water.

A few of our rcj^iorts recommend ])lanting potatoes in checks,
thirty by thirty inches u]) to forty by forty inches, but most persons
prefer to plant in rows varying from twenty-four to forty-two
inches apart. Thirty-six inches is most favored and is well adapted
to cultivation and spraying with two horse tools. Some growers
plant as close as ten inches in the row, others up to twenty inches,
more correspondents preferring twelve inches than any other dis-
tance. A good number named fifteen inches, which we believe to
be about right under most conditions.

Spraying.

We are glad to report that spraying for insects and fungi seems
to be steadily increasing, but we are sorry indeed to report the
deplorable fact that seventy per cent, of our correspondents tell us
that spraying is not thoroughly done. LTntil this condition is over-
come and the percentage at least reversed, our State cannot expect
to make much progress in its war against these enemies. We will
venture the assertion that fruit growers in the Hood River \^allcy
of Oregon could report lOO per cent, of thoroughness and that in
this very matter of thoroughness lies the secret to their great suc-
cess.

Reports seem to indicate that only in districts where fruit grow-
ing is followed, at least to some extent commercially are growers
awake to the possibility of controlling the codling moth. We

.s. of course, the feature ul 'ich ' rc'-o „ , t 'o iLnl'TZ

Scale seems to be held in eherW -it lon^f f • i , ,

frr,ac^)4 '■'ilT ''V' '-?^^'^^'^^^'!^ flrr;^ ^r ed

"It ?<-^('f :,;:;;pt::.rVa:. lore^sca^:^--^- '"■ - -^-^ -"

in their use. niatter of vital importance

Orchard MaiKK/cniciif.

expecte,! fron, T'ennsyir.la a.J^e gr,!;:;;: "''■'""'^' """-^ '"='" ^^'^

p'Scn-fto t ofV:ar- .;'::rT:.f;r" ^^^ '"'-'' '■-■"*'' ■>-- '^'

Orchard Values.

vah.e'^'f rs ?sMft;;=:^'r.;:/ "At[',' f""'^ --'^ ^"" ^,'-- "•<^ .

that an apple tree nlinte 1 i^ n l, * n \ ""'' '^"'''"c^PoiKlcnts sav '
en<I of on'e'vear " or'^'L, " ll " '' t /' f "" T"' .«"'-'"fi =>' '"i
rate of one dollar per year a, IH.V. , ' '*'''"■' "'"wses at the
twenty years or n^o^^^ \i;;.:;; ,'' / , ''--- --!■!"- "p to

growers cloubi:d tl^'^^alVs^in' hr^re^orU "■^''■^- ^'°' '•' ^^^^^

13

Coorf Roads.

Feeling that the fruit grower and market gardner is probably
more interested in the imiircwement of country roads than almost
any other citizen, we have asked (|uestions along this line.

The question of good roads seems to be a decidedly live issue
in all parts of the State. A large majority of our correspondents
favor the building of main roads entirely by the State. ^lany of
them are opposed to ])utting the State's money into one main road
or parkway from ] Philadelphia to Pittsburg, feeling that it should
be divided between the counties on the basis of present road mileage.
This is also the view of your Chairman who is utterly opposed to
])utting all the available road money into one road for the use of a
comparatively small class to the exclusion of road improvement in
the balance of the State.

Throughout the rei)orts runs a decided note of dissatisfaction
with the administering of the ])resent road law. The feeling Is
strong that the roads built by the State in the past few years have
cost far more than they should have done, running as high as
$22,000.00 per mile for one i)iece of road in Lancaster county. The
freedom with which "extras" are charged up raises a natural ques-
tion in the minds of interested i)ersons. Contract for a piece of
road 8,300 feet long in the Chairman's own district was let at
$19,500.00. which was about $3,000.00 above the estimate of the
Department ; alterations and changes were made from time to time,
many of them ajiparently favoring the contractor and the price of
the finished road was $27,971.00, or $17,688.00 per mile, $8,400.00
more than the contract price and an advance of just about 70 per
cent, over the estimated cost as i)rei)ared by the Highway Depart-
ment and i)resented to the township su^iervisors to secure their
sanction for building the road.

The President. — This report is now open for discussion. If
you have any questions to ask the Chairman of the committee he
will be i^leased to answer them, and if you have any criticisms to
make, or any suggestions to offer, he will be glad to receive them.

Mr. Jamison. — Would it not be pro])er for us to extend a
vote of thanks for that full reixirt? Tf you want that as a motion,
I will make the suggestion as a motion.

This motion was duly seconded, and carried.

The President. — T am pleased to extend a vote of thanks from
this Association to Mr. Tyson for the excellent report.

Prof. Surface. — While the subject has been touched upon by
the Chairman of this committee, T would like to ask whether there
are any of the members here who have ever used salt to cure pear
blight. 1 have not had the time to try it myself, but would like to
hear from the members here. I have had reports from several
parts of the State saying they had used salt for pear blight. It was

=,t;;^HSiSH- ;rT=---
I have not „sc<l this romclv „ vsolf r"^,, 1 Hko Zu^T' '"'"'^
one wlio has used it I havb letters frn,, i , '''""■ ^™'" ''"-^

.his c^outd l/e^f" *-' "■""'•' '"''- ''™f- ^^•■••"^ '" '^'l "^ whether

l^n - -- J r -sr iie^rr £';i ™

closltothetree;th'^'lnltwLV;UZ;.l:,:'''-'^ "'" ""' ' "-"-^

C-.ene!^aNw7,!n':r.:r;,l'io.:'tt%i:r 'P^ '"^ ''''''""''" '" '"^
the rqwrt from P.erks C„in I ?, i " '" ''"""™''^""" «ith

report' in referenee to tlSsali J,Je's;a'le''""'' '""'"^"'"' '" '■^^^' '■"■^

The President.— I w,,„l<| |,k,.. to sav th-it \rr V i

many ^ears cliairnian of tl,c (leneral Frn^f rt !: ■ '7' ^°''
last four or five years he has re'out o1 ^^^^ '"" '"' ""

State'*o'f- m^f"!, 'rrrof'llel:;;''",/'- ' ^'•^' ''''' '" ^ '■"«'•"--»'-
from. Thev had their nee nfi ^, ^ '■"^' f^""'' ^'«'« *« c""!---

I.ynehb„rg.-a,;;r!t'!;.a; 'ervl; ^elU h;;""t,': "'" ,=?"" /"'' "'
very large to-day-much ,ar,er tl^.rTha'v^e hie,? -m.abTo'f

IS

seeing; still that meeting at Lynchburg was a larger one, and very
well attended by memljers from the hundred counties of the state
with the exception of those in the southwestern corner, where hey
have nothing but coal and ores, and grow very little fruit.

SAN JOSE SCALE.

By Cyrus T. Fox.

The discovery of the San Jo.se Scale's presence in Pennsyl-
vania was first made known in December, 1894, and in a report to
the State Hoard of Agriculture made by the undersigned in the
following month, remedies were given whereby it could have been
successfully resisted. Copies of this report were ordered to be
printed, but there was the usual delay that is ex])erienced in getting
out State documents, and a fire in the State printery aggravated the
matter. When the reports finallv reached the writer's hands they
were sent to every newsj^aper in Peiuisylvania, with the request that
the facts concerning the scale be i)ublishe(l. Many editors courte-
ously acceded to the request, and some called attention thereto in
their editorial columns.

Had there been a general compliance with the instructions given
in the information sent out at that time (14 years ago), the present
very general warfare that is being waged in Pennsylvania against
the pest W(ndd be unnecessary. It would seem, however, that it
takes a long time to secure an awakening in such matters. Where
only three cases of the presence of the "scale" were reported in
the winter of 1894-95, and these were comparatively isolated, the
progress of the insect was so rapid that in the course of a year it
had made its appearance in 12 counties. This was largely due to
the fact that scarcely anything was done to combat it. At the end of
the next three years there was scarcely a county in the State that
was exempt from its ravages.

Even now the San Jose Scale is not being fought by growers
as it should, and it has been found necessary to start a special train
through the state with spraying material and outfits and a corps of
instructors to arouse farmers and fruit growers on the subject.
Thousands of dollars are thus being spent for the giving of "ex-
pert" information. Notwithstanding all these efforts, it is doubtful
if the farmers of the State will unite in maintaining the warfare of
their own accord. For that reason we have answered question No.
2. on spraying, by saying that the work is being thoroughly per-
formed "when done by the representatives of the State."

There is no question as to the efficacy of the work of that sec-
tion of the Department of Agriculture known as "Fxonomic Zoolo-
gy," but it is to be feared that too much reliance will be placed by
farmers upon the prospect that this movement will be continued by
the State authorities, and that to secure the preservation of their
orchards all that will be necessary will be to request the Economic

i6

Zoologist to send alone a spravine- "exnert " iamVI. i,;. 4.c^ ^
work will be ,lo„e witho./an, :^p::^l^ t^ttHi^^ "''"" ""
co.M,f l^VS «1 fV™f' theT'^' iV ^"f «-■'-'''>' large appropriation

a all-„„,x,rtant. an.l the orchanl l,e consequent vneKect^fn

an,l possessing as she d^ a pie ,eltl''of ' '''' '•' ''"T^ °," "'^ '■'*•
shonl.l stand at the verv iu i , 11 """^"'^ '"'^ '""^ '"'•"^"'''"'
climate par inilar v in H.i ''^''^"'"K "'■•• ^ew York, whose

fortle apple K Pen vl"' "' '"I"'"' '^ ^" '"'>■ f^'oraWe
Iionors a e not t^ken To w'"" 'V.'l^'.''?^-<^ •-•, ""'e care that her

'o England w ere ?^-n.«r '"'''• '^PP'''" ''"'^ ''^"'K exported
frni . ^O e ealer in' Ri, ,'nf'-T '"''', '"'"'^ '" "'"«'"^'' for fa.Kv
season it. tcl se of I- n^ .'"•'' ' '."'". ^'"P"'c"t^ .hiring the

variety 'of 'at:! :iL^;iZnH:i>i;;,r'in'zT;:it'rvo
;~i: :nu. oZ:*'rr'i'et!'7;t';'r ■;' ■•■',->' --rof-^^o^

the n-inesap-or^M.;:;;;: itTk T vig'^The V^;T •"■" '''"'^ "^^
popular, has been relegated to the rear Tl i Vo.? T '"■ ""'^V'^'-y
sylvaina favorate fa native of \^ 1 V"^."" ^"'Pcrial, a Penn-

Vireinia thnf Jtr K^ • ' ^ "'"'^ county), is doing so well in

^ Molina, tnat It IS be ng duite t'eiierpllv t.io.,t„.i t. s " "tii m

I>crfection in the Old l\S^ ^^ ^^'^^^ '^ *^ ^'"^^^t^"''

17

ter varieties of apples for Pennsylvania. It is not only the variety
that will yield the most bu.shels that should be planted, but that
variety which is most wanted by the markets and which will pro-
duce the best returns in dollars and cents. We not only want quan-
tity, but we want what will yield the best returns on the market.
1 should like to hear this question discussed here to-day.

Mr. J. D. Herr. — In the article read by Mr. Fox, reference is
made to the fact that fourteen years ago it was almost impossible
to interest the farmers of the State in San Jose Scale, while to-day
that subject is one of the utmost im])ortance to them, and I hope to
hear this subject fully discussed as we go along.

Prof. Surface. — There is one point in that excellent communica-
tion that I want to press a little farther ; it is impossible to arouse
the interest of the public in something that has not gone far enough
for them to see the importance of it. Fourteen years ago the Scale
was not serious enough to arouse the interest of the public to the
im])ortance of fighting it. I hit let us go to-day to the counties that
have had the Scale, like llerks, ^'c^rk, Adams, and some of the
others, and announce that there will be a public demonstration in re-
gard to the San Jose Scale, and there will be a larger attend-
ance than at any other agricultural meeting. They have had enough
of it and they want to conrtol it. And we find that the men who
are most successful in its control, are the men who have come most
to our meetings and have followed these denominations from day
to day. These are the men who have the largest crops of fruit, be-
cause they have been obliged to see what it means.

Regarding the subject which Prof. Watts brings up, in refer-
ence to the varieties which should be planted as the commercial
winter ai)ples of the future, that most depends upon the education
of the market. If the market of the future calls for a firm red apple,
orchardists will continue to plant the Hen Davis or Gano ; if it
wants (|uality. then the yellow a])|)le. like the Grimes Golden will
be the best variety; if it wants a red apple, we can give them the
red Oimes, the Jonathan, but I think the time will come when the
market has been educated, that it will not ask what the color of
the apple is. but what is the variety, the same as they do in the
potato to-day. When the public becomes educated up to the fact
that variety is the standard of excellence, we will be able to sell the
Stayman Winesap in preference to the IVn Davis. The r)en Davis
is 25 cents higher in the Philadelphia market than it is in any other
place, while the Grimes Golden is way down the list, simi)ly because
the public has not been educated to variety as the standard of ex-
cellence, rather than color.

Mr. Youngs. — It strikes me that the question of api^les is quite
a ([uestion of locality as well. \ow, what succeeds well with you
here, would not succeed with us up in our part of the State, and
in selecting a standard winter variety, you must also take into con-
sideration the locality. I am a Pennsylvanian, have always lived
here, and was born here, so that T am pretty close to home in Penn-

i8

sylvania, and I certainly think if I were going into the apDle irrowina
business, I would do it right here on the I'lls of elster'nllS

Prof. Stewart.— \\'hat variety would you grow ?

Mr. Youngs.--As I have said, I don't think I would name anv
variety because what succeeds with us up along the Niagara belt
on the shores of Lake Erie, would not succeed hfre Wrfrein tl e
famous Chautauqua belt, and the grapes that succeed lest with 1 e
growers in that d strict, succeed bes't with us also b t f we e
going into the app e growing business extensively, I tl hik I would

Prof. Stewart.-In reference to this apple question I have
been for a long time somewhat undecided in reference to apple o?

b en r"ce?v^:;; l^^"* /'"^ '^'f' ^V'''' '''' ^'^'^'^ ^'^ ^'^ ^'-iTha
been receiving 2S cents per barrel more on the Philadelphia market

than any other kind, but if you will look at the New Yorrmarke^^^^^

you will find that the ]>.en Davis brings from $3 to $3 2s a barre '

while the last quotation for P.aldwins is $s. You see the New York

market is becoming educated. Then, again. see the T^.aThan

bang ciuoted at $5. while the Pen Davis isM^nly $3. Nov tl^re ar"

other things against the Pen Davis in this state, and one of these is

Its susceptibility to the San Jose Scale. I don't know of anv other

single variety that has seemed to be so susceptible as th^PeA^)av[s

The Gano has seeme<l to be almost as suscJptible, and so have one

or two others, but on the whole, the Pen Davis seems to be U e

;^ac::i b^ tt^;-^^^- - ^^'-^ ---- ^ ^^^--^ ^^ ^^rz^

er nt lliinrTi;' T'' tT'-^ ^'''''' '^^"""' ^^"^ "-l-^'>'^>' '^ '^ ^ < "
tertnt thing. The Pen Davis is ])oor as regards ciualitv. It is some-
Si '' '^''^'^^''^'r ^''f^' ' '' '' ^'''^'' ^"^' ^^ tile .saving IS "" d-
paiiite 1, and people take to it because of its prettv aDDeara, ce
Ju.st Ike the Peii Davis, they buv it bv the eve. NW Uu tak^^^^^^
Raspberries. There is the Marlboro'', for instance ;tiirCuthbert is
far superior in quality, but the market wants a berr tl^i is hr4

"r':h;pe"l^rthe'"H "^' '\^ ^'""'l''^''' ^^'^ '^ the 'n.lrklt iii be^t-
ter sliai)e than the other, and so the market calls for it so that

here are really two sides to the question-the demand of the e e

uhich IS for appearance, and the demand of the palate wl ich ,^'

i;^ buve/ i w ir;:^''^""^^ ^'^^ ^ "^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ c^^, lu the 'e .
a^e bu}er, is still too prominent a factor for us to ignore.

n...i'^/'/^"''^°"'"~?^'- '^^**""^'' '^ ^^''^'^'i^ the kev-note Now the
aZle oT.n" '^^^'r "1""'? '" ^^"'■^^^^^^ -^>'tl-^v want "'red

hf tl^"s o im r b,:r if ^^^^^'■^' ^'^ TT- '^'^ ^'^-^^^^^^"^ ^^ ^he favorite
n this countr) but there is no doubt that for shipment to Fncr-

land or across the sea, the P.en Davis carries well, it looks Jell, aiK]

19

remains firm, and is therefore a good export apple. A friend of
mine asked me recently what I thought of the Pen Davis apple, and
I told him it beats none all to pieces. He wanted to know why,
and I said because we can raise them when we can't raise anything
else. Now, the market is usually not discriminating, because the
buyer of the apples does not eat them, as a rule; he sells them.
Once in a while, they get to know a little something about the qual-
ity, but as a rule, the dealer buys them only to sell them. A dealer
who had been buying apples from the West the last few years came
to my place last fall, and wanted to see our orchards and asked
whether we had any a])ples ; I was not home, but my son told him we
had, and asked him what kind he wanted ; he said "I want any kind
but Pen Davis and the Jiellfiower." My son said: "We have not
got the Pen Davis, we have the Gano. "\Vell," he said, "that is what
I want."

Mr. Hale. — Alay I, as a stranger, say a word?

The President. — You are not a stranger, Mr. Hale, and we are
always glad to hear from you.

Mr. Hale. — The San Jose Scale has been the cause of a great
deal of exi)ense in our orchards, and it is the public, in the end, who
will have to pay the bill, just as is the case where my friend here
on the left said that the people who buy the I'en Davis don't buy it
to eat, but to sell; the consumer i)ays for it.

A few weeks ago I was up in New York State where they
raise a great many apples and i)ears. Two strangers came in there
to buy, one of them a buyer for a large firm, and the other a ])rivate
gentleman of means ; the buyer did not look at the Pen Davis, but
he paid more per box than }ou were speaking of per barrel, for what
he wanted. The other man, too, was in search of quality; he
bought them a bushel at a time, and had them sent to his home, but
he would not buy the lien Davis: he called it a corkleg, only covered
with skin. Traveling up and down the coast, as I do, from my New
luigland farm to my Georgia farm, I have apples offered me at the
station and on the train, and 1 have been tempted over and over
again to buy the Pen Davis: when real hard up, and my flask was
empty 1 have occasionally bought the Pen Davis, then vowed
diat if God would forgive me. never to do it again. The people
who pay your bills, who pay for your improvements, and for your
farms, and for your horses and tools, and your fertilizers, they are
llie consumers. The consumer is the fellow you have to get up
.'igainst in the long run. and what you want to do is to make your
apples so good that instead of buying a few P>en Davis now and
' lien, he will eat a dozen ap])les a day .and his wife will want them,
<ind his children will want them, and there you have your market.
<'ive them something good, and they will like it so well that they
will pay you for it. H you want to get the consumer to buy your
fruit, make it so good that he can't do without it. You want
color, and beauty to attract the eye. and in addition to that you
want quality to attract the taste. This is what you people of the
Horticultural Association want to bear in mind,

20

Dr. Mayer.— I think the professor on my right is on the right
track in nivestigating the profitable apples for Pennsylvania. Now
quality, as the gentleman has said, is one of the first considerations
yuantity is not the prime consideration, important as that is Riirht
over here is an apple that sells at 35 cents a quart box, and I don't
believe it beats some apples that are not attractive enough to com-
mand that price The first demand for an apple now is that it must
be attractive, and then must have all the quality we can get into it.

Mr Geo H. McKay.— I am not a raiser of apples, but I am an
eater of aj^ples, and I keep them in cold storage \Mien I first
went into the market fifteen years ago, the l^,en Davis was the high-
est priced apple on the market. Then the Baldwin and the Greenhig
came in, and they, to some extent took its place. Finallv an apple
came on the market which attracted the attention of the stores and
sold for fancy prices. I tried to find a good market for it, and sent
several barrels to Boston and Philadelphia, with instructions to have
them taken home and used, and then report to me. The report came
that they were a good eating apple, cooked well, baked well, and
made good pies. That was the Stavman Winesap. Prof Surface
may have looked at the markets in September, and found the P.en
Davis commanding a higher price, but if he were to go to market
now, he woukl find that the Stayman Winesap could not be had at
any price. The Stayman was sold out the ist of Januarv. and
Jonathans will bring $5 to-day, and T don't know but vou could get
¥\ while Ben Davis is down about where it was. ' This simplv
shows you what the Stayman Winesap is doing. The Ben Davi^
IS hke the western apple, good to look at, but not quite so nice to
eat. Ihc Ben Davis is a fairly good seller in the Philadelphia
market, but New \ ork and Pittsburg want a little higher grade It
does not do so well there.

A Member.— AA'hile all this is verv interesting, T was at a meet-
ing at the CaHisle Indian School, and I heard Prof. Surface there
recommend the P.en Davis as one of the best apples to grow T had
a laugh all to myself, because I had four or five hundred busheN
and was going all over the country trying to .sell them and couM
not.

Prof. Surface.— Is there anyone else liere who was at that
meeting. I would like to have somebody to make good on that.

Mr. Gossard.— I think I can help Prof. Surface. T am tli.
superintendent for one of the Fruit Growers of Franklin Countv
and we stated that we got a higher price for the Ben Davis thai
for any of our other ai)ples, and Prof. Surface said that was o /
course, the apple for us to plant then.

Prof. Surface.— There is the point. T am glad there was son^ ■
one to corroborate me. Col. Middleton said he was selling his Be 1
Davis apples at $4 right in his orchard : that the Ben Davis wa'^ i
money producer right here in this region, and T said, of cour^ .
under those circumstances that is the apple for you to plant

2t

A Member. — Can you sell the Ben Davis twice to the same
dealer ?

Prof. Surface. — Once ; the second time you sell him the Gano.

Prof. Watts. — I rather like the suggestion made by ]\Ir. Hale
that we make our fruit so good that peo])le can't do without it.
About this apple — I will not name it — why say anything about it at
this meeting? I heard another name for it up in Xew York State;
you know it is usually ])ut on the table along with a few other
apples, and they call it there the "Stay" apple. I asked how it
got that name, and they told me it always stayed on the table.

The gentleman in the rear who spoke of the condition of the
Philadelphia market is all right. The unnameable a])ple is now sell-
ing at $3, while the Stayman could not be had for less than $6.

Mr. Youngs. — Last year the ai)ples that ripened slowly, like the
Northern Spy, were up to the normal in quality, while those that
ripened earlier were very dry and defective in quality. The latei
apples received the benefit of the rains that came on after the long
dry spell we had, while the earlier apples suffered as the result of
that drouth.

Mr. McKay. — In reference to Mr. Wertz's ap])les, I want to
say that I visited his orchard, and he had some of tlie most splendid
apples I ever saw. He sold some of his first Jonathans, I think,
for $4, and not long before Christmas the dealer retailed them for
$12, while the l»en Davis was bringing only $2 to the producer.

Mr. Good. — The gentleman says the dealer sold them for $12;
what did the producer get ?

Mr. McKay. — He received the $4, and that was the highest I
have ever known the market to go.

Mr. Newcomer. — We get a better quality of Ben Davis on a
good sandy, or sandstone soil than on any other it is grown on.

The President. — We have gotten a little away from our sub-
ject and while it is very interesting, I think we had better go
l)ack to our subject, and take up the next number on the ])rogram,
which is closely allied to it — an address by IVof. Stewart on the
result of Orchard Experiments. While Prof. Stewart is getting his
map ready, I want to announce the following committees :

Committee on Nomenclature and Exhibits: IVIr. I. Hibberd
Bartram, Mr. H. C. Suavely, Mr. J. D. Herr, Dr. I. H. Mayer,
Mr. D. Z. Detweiler and Mr. F. H. Fassett. I would like them to
report on these apples by to-morrow morning. I have made this
committee large so that they may be fully able to advise themselves ;

22

we have some of our older fruit growers here, and thev niav be ahle
to supply the names of some of the unfamiliar varieties ^

tion Mr""F''r'Tr'"''AT' p ".\"'^,-)"'^'' Agricultural Orga.iiza-
tion J\lr. E. C. Tyson, Mr. R. il. Eldon, and Mr E B Kntrip

Committee on Resolutions: Mr. R. M. Eldon' Air AW
Stephens, and Mr. E. E. Persing. ' ' ^^ '

Prof. Stewart will now make his report on the result of Or-
chard Experiments. '"uu oi wr-

ORCHARD FERTILIZATION.

Prof. Jno. P. Stew.vrt, .-Isst. Professor of Experimental Horticul-
ture, Pennsylvania State College.

In fruit production, there are at least four factors that are
essential in securing maximum profits. Assuming that loca m and

Ind'snS "■' ^'TV^''^ "[^ ^°" "'^''^igement, fenilization? pruning
and spraying. Each must be right. No one of them can be sing ed
out and made to carry the load of others left undone. Any onf or
part of one neglected may become the crop-limiter of that orcTard
and the extra care devoted to the others is lost. The tnSi of thi
principle is emphatically shown in figures which we have recent Iv
collected in a study of costs and profits in fruit growing Tl e e
figures show that in the case of the apple net profits lave actual v
increased with expenditures up to more than $,^ per acre for pro"

one'"itr; turns'^ "M'""°'^- '^'"" '" f""* Irov^ing as els'vfere
one ^ets returns exactly in proportion to what he intelligently puts

T^Zl ? .'1""''''"' "" !"t<--'>iKence, we look into one of the most
complex of these pro<luction-factors. orchard fertilization

neelec'Jed tT l7f'' '' ''''°','' '"'''?'^ fertilization is not being

feftniza ion Tin f h '"f « '''°"'' "'^' *''" ^'==^ "^ ^''^ °^<^''«^d
fertilization bill is about $2,000,000 per year. Fruit farms ex-
pended 30 cents per acre for fertilizers as compared with 4 cent ^,
M 71^' f^ farms and 2 cents per acre on stock farms. Whe her
tie auTstion "Af h""^ wisely ma<le or whether it is sufficiJlt 1
orchard Wihvf, '^^v?^^ "'"'^' '^'<= '""^'^ "° <=-^act system of

be baled °" '"''"™'' ''^'^ "P°" ^'"'^h one maj

arebls^ed on Wh!/'""^!'"°" T" '" °P^'^''°" o-" '-^commended
are based on four things: (1) analyses of trees and their crons- (2)

general experience and observation; (3) orchard survevsind (a)

Fr:xam"'le anaf" ^""'^^ ''''' ''^ '^^°"« and i-Js'^^'c^ak^poi 2
J^or example analyses show that an acre of bearing apple trees take-

aVe^h^^^, ash°'lnPe°''*/^' ^^ Pf^ >'^^'-- I^"' the^'facrth^t the^
hat it ad,m n, f. ^ ' "°i* '"■"y? ^'"^^'' t'^^t they must have it or

&•!,■=:. ffr^iii::!-: "- '-^ - «--"^ ---'-^^ ■•-

There are similar weaknesses, with the other sources of evi-
dence. General experience and observation fail because of their
lack of checks and their local application. Orchard surveys fur-
nish the wide application and are very valuable on this account, but
they can not completely isolate any one factor, and they are confined
to current practice. Experimental studies are confined to com-
])aratively few trees and soils, hence, must be more or less local.
They also require long periods of time. But in spite of defects, each
of these sources of evidence furnishes something and the final solu-
tion of the problem will depend upon them all.

In this discussion, we are concerned with the experimental evi-
dence. The apple is not an easy crop to deal with experimentally.
The difficulty of getting uniformity in soil and varieties over the
large areas required, the perennial nature of the plant with its re-
sulting food-storage for early spring growth, the continuous crop-
ping without chance for rotation, and the sensitive and fickle bearing
habit are a few of the difficulties that face the investigator. They
make it necessary to forget some of the methods found applicable
to other crops, and they require that the whole problem be studied
from its foundation.

In view of these difficulties, there is a very fair amount of
experimental evidence already at hand. Three valuable, long-time
experiments have been made. The first of these has been in opera-
tion at the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm in England, since
1894. Up to the close of the 14th season, there had been almost
total absence of effect of manure of any kind. In a more recent test
on poorer, sandy soil, they report that manures and especially stable
manure, are having a very beneficial action.* The absence of ef-
fect in the longer experiment was explained by "the fact that trees
draw their nourishment from a very large area, and from a very
considerable depth, * * * * * * * * ^,^(-| i^ence, are very little af-
fected by surface dressings.''* This experiment is of value in show-
ing that some orchards are limited by something other than manures
and fertilizers. It is also interesting in the fact that while the ex-
periment as a whole shows no results from manures, yet it is re-
l)orted that certain July a])])lications of nitrate of soda produced
distinct effects. The applications of nitrogen in the regular experi-
ment were made in February. While this experiment undoubtedly
has the values indicated, yet its full application to our conditions is
somewhat inadvisable because of the marked dift'erence in English
conditions, and the fact that the experiment is being conducted on
dwarf trees.

The second, long-time experiment is the one made at the
Geneva Station, New York, and reported in 1907 by Professor Hed-
rick. This gives the results of twelve years of annual applications
of potash and phosphate, at the rates of 169 lbs. K2 O, and 129
lbs. P2 O5 per acre. The trees were 43 to 55 years old and the
soil is a medium heavy clay. The results as a whole w^ere consider-
ed negative, since the annual increase in yield of all varieties on the
treated plots barely paid the cost of the fertilizers and their appli-
cation.

* Letter of Spencer U. Pickering, September, 1907.

^4
The results in detail are shown in Table No. i. The first three

22T The' I'ftf '''1'"^'" ^T' ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^'^ ^^P-t, page
225. The last three hnes we have calculated from them, since the
trees were set 48 to the acre.

Table i.

Nczi' York Results. Potash and Phosphate Applieations. i

2 yrs.

Baldwin

Fall Pippin

Roxbury

Annual Av-
eraKes(Bu.)

Y iel d per
tree, . . .

Treated ,.

Not

I'reatedi

Treated

Not

K. I. Greening Northern Spy

Not

y ie I d p e r
acre, 421.4

Benefit,.

i7?_l ?i50j 7.23 \ 6.,8 ' „.,6 , 8-5. I 8 38^'_8^l_7.9o_ __5 35

408- 347- I 296-6 535-7 408- 5 i 402.

.2 4186 37Q.2 I 2568

Percent.
Benefit, . .

»3-4

504

127.2

■ 16.32

122 4

3.1 per cent.

17 per cent. ) 31.5 per cent.

-3.9 per cent.

42 per rent.

. K1 ^,"^ Jijclgment, one of the most striking things shown in this
table IS the d^erenee in response to fertilizer made by the different
varieties. The Baldwin and R. I. Greening were prLtically unre-
sponsive, ^yhile the Spy and Roxbury show an annual average bene-

Z niTJ r '^^ ^V r'^' P"' ^''"- ^^ ^^^ "^t P'-^y to add fertilizer
to the Baldwin and Greening trees, while even at the low price of

^i a barrel the Spy and Roxbury returned a net profit of nearlv
tlt7thp''"r """ f^ T'-r^ '^'^ i^rtW\zov. This apparently indicates
rl/v .T "1 ""V ^"'^^ '""'■ "^^'^ sometimes depend upon the va-
riety fertilized. But it should also be remembered that only phos-
phates and potash were applied in this experiment, and it is stated
dsewhere in the report * that "leguminous cover crops plowed under
in the orchard have usually produced beneficial effects the same on
the next season, and that "it needs nitrogen, or humus, or the
physical condition to be obtained by plowing under organic matter."
In other words, nitrogen or humus is apparently the crop-limiter in
this orchard and until this need is met, little or no advantage can be
gained by apphcations of other forms of plant food. Hence, we
conclude that instead of being negative, the least that can be said

tinn nf f^f ""^^"Vr ^^'^^ ^^ ''^^^^'^ t^ortial results from the applica-
tion of certain fertilizers.

The third experiment is in Afassachusetts, a preliminary report
of which has been kindly furnished us by Director r,rooks.t This

fl^i'^IlT",'!! ^^^"/"»"i"8: at the Massachusetts Station during

the last 30 years. The trees were planted one year after the ex-
perinient was started and the plots contain three trees each of Bald-
win R. I. Greening Roxbury and Gravenstein. The soil is a "mod-
erately heavy, grave ly loam, with a moderately compact Tclav) sub-
soil and IS reported to have been "highly exhausted, chiefly by the
production of hay, before the experiment started." The treatments
and results we have arranged as shown in Table 2.

* Page 23,. Bulletin No. 28g. N. Y.. Geneva S'ation.
f Letter from Director Brooks, Novembei 30, -.g-.^.

25

Table 2.

Massachusetts Experiment on Apples, 1889-1909.
(Treatments and Yields per A., to date.)

Plot

I

2

Wood
.Ashes, 1'

ron

3

Bot
600

4

5

Annual Treat-
ment

Manure,
10 Tons- Acre

Check

le and K C 1
and 209 lbs.

Bone and Low Grade
K 2SO4 600 and 400 lbs.

Present Average
tiirth. . . .

37-75 "

31-94-

i«

37"

30.554

35 42

Ratios of Girth,..

140-

118.4

100 i

113

131. 5

Total yields lbs..

17288. s

10150

3354

10958 5

15971-75

Ratios of yields .

5«5
5

301

1

too

4

327

476

(Quality

3

2

Here we have some very positive results from the application
of fertilizers. In growth, the trees of the treated plots show an in-
crca.se of 13 to 40 per cent, over the checks, and in yields, they show
benefits of 201 to 415 per cent. The quality of the fruit is also im-
proved in all plots except that receiving the stable manure, in which
it is poorest. Manure, although most efficient in securing growth
and yield, fails so completely on quality that it takes relatively low
rank in final value. The mo.st valuable returns clearly have come
fro mplot five, where ground bone and low-grade sulphate were used.
This plot also shows a surprising gain over plot four, which differs
only in the use of the muriate instead of low-grade sulphate of pot-
ash. Whether this superiority is due to the magnesia in the sulphate
or to a harmful eff'ect of the chlorine accumulating from the mu-
riate, or to a soil difference can not now be stated. It is being
further studied by the Massachusetts Station.

Thus we have before us the results from three experiments in
orchard fertilization, running for 14, 12, and 20 years respectively.
One shows no results, another partial results, and the third shows
very beneficial results. Altogether, they show for a certainty that
plant food is a crop limiter, but not in all orchards.

To obtain additional evidence, the series of experiments now in
operation in this state were started, as you know, by the Pennsyl-
vania Kxperiment Station in April, 1907. The series is without the
merit of age as yet, but we trust that it has some of extent and plan.
An idea of the extent can be obtained from the fact that the records
of the past season required the handling of S2 tons of fruit from
2,268 trees. These trees covered nearly 50 acres, and involved ten
soil types and twelve varieties. Young orchards to the amount of
42 acres in addition were set during the season.

Before examining the records in detail, we shall outline briefly
the work as a whole. The problem placed before us was to de-
termine and study the causes that affect yield and quality in apples.
\\'c based our work upon the general proposition that the growth
and development of any plant vary with the limiting factor. The
l)ossible environmental limiting factors for all plants are moisture,
food, heat, light, carbon dioxid and oxygen. Some of these factors
are beyond tlie control of man and, hence, it was decided to study
first the influence of those that are more or less within his control.

26

We, therefore, are now studying (i) the influence of plant food as
affected by fertihzers; (2) the influence of moisture as affected by
soil management; (3) the influence of cover crops; and (4) the in-
fluence of heredity as shown by propagation from best individuals
and by variety. '

Figure i.

PLAT I

II
III

lY
V

\i
vn

VDI

IX

X

XI

XII

XIII

XIY

XY

XYl

K J 1 H G

F E

D C B A

►S

CHECK ^
NITROGEN & PH

OS.
ASH

H (KCI)

NITROGEN & POT

CHECK

PHOS. A POTAS»

PMOSA KaSO^

CHECK
N.P.K
NITROGEN
CHECK

• • •

• • 1

p (acid rock)

p (raw rock)

CHECK

* * * • •

STABLE MANURE

• f • • .

• f

LIME

• » • .

■

t • •

CHECK

YORK IMPERIAL JONATHAN

Influence of Fertilizers.

This experiment is located with D. AF. Wertz, Franklin Co.
Others with Tyson Bros., Adams Co., S. M. Brown, Bedford Co.,
and at State College.

The plan of our fertilizer experiment is shown in Figure i. The
fertilizers are applied annually at the rates per acre of 50 lbs nitro-
gen (N), 100 lbs. phosphoric acid (P2 O5), 150 lbs. potash (¥12 O),
1,000 lbs. of hme, and 12 tons of stable manure. The results from
three orchards ranging from 9 to 19 years of age are shown i
table No. 3. ^ &

in

Table 3.

Pertilker Results, Three Experiments Combined, 1908.

INFLUENCE ON YIELDS. TOTAL YIELDS. LBS.

I 1 2

3 4 5

6

7

8 ; 9 10

II

12

13 14

15

16

X

N PNK X PK

PKa
SO4

X

N PK N X

i Acid
Phos.

Raw

• Phos.

X

Manure

Lime

X

1

3337 51174344

1416 2135

1 109

931

2286

2034 1467

707

475

882

1370

643

80

Percent
Benefit

90 58

70

15

1
987 55.5

-45-2

-55-8

59-7

-22 9

INFLUENCE ON COLOR. PER CENT. COLORED.

69.2 \ 50.8I56.2 58.5l66.4l 55.2 I47.9I 35

Per cent

Benefit -14. 8 -5. 91

37.6I60 I 589 I 69.3 I53.7 49 2 6j 6 I75. 9

«i.4 38

16.9 -18.4

'3-5

-II. 7

-4-6

INFLUENCE ON SIZE. AV. WT. IN OZS.

4.42 I 5.035.2915.0115,221 5.45 (5,221 4.97 ! 5
Too vari.ible to deternune Ijcnclit on size.

.5«l5.

051 5. 65 i 4.87 i5. i8| 5,18 I s. 18 5.49

Iniluence of Fertilizer Elements. Per Cent. Benefit. 2d Year.

By compari.-^on of the results from the different combinations
shown in table Xo. 3, it is possible to obtain figures showing the in-
fluence during the i)ast season of the individual fertilizer elements.
Their eft'ect upon yield and color is shown in table No. 4.

Table 4.

Element. Yield. Color.

Nitrogen, 47.25 per cent. —17.87 per cent.

Phosphate (P2 O5), 5.8 per cent. 1.56 per cent.

Potash (K2O), 19.00 per cent. 10.15 per cent.

Manure, 59.7 per cent. — 1 1.7 per cent.

J^i'iie, — 22.9 per cent. — 4.6 per cent.

This table shows that both nitrogen and stable manure have ma-
terially increased the yield and decreased the color of the fruit. It
also shows phosphates to have had but little influence on either
yield or color. This seems to be largely because this element failed
so completely on the plot where it was applied alone. Where it was
used in combination, phosphoric acid showed some distinctly bene-
ficial results. Potash has shown moderately beneficial results on
both yield and color, and lime has apparently decreased both. It is
hardly believable that lime actually has the harmful eftect indicated
here, and it will be interesting to see whether or not the indication is
maintained in later developments. It is probably one of the tran-
sient conditions, which make necessary the long periods required in
orchard experiments.

The strong influence of nitrogen both on fruit and foliage is
one of the striking features in these experiments to date. This is
particularly true in the Bedford County experiment, on a thin, ex-
hausted, stony clay. Its effect in relation to the time of applica-

I

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

II

12

13

14

15

16

17

16

18

20

28

tion here we believe also to be significant. The first application was
made in the form of nitrate of soda as a top-dressing on July 8
1907. Not only was the effect of the nitrogen plainly evident before
the close of August and during the remainder of the season, but the
trees of these nitrogen plots came out again into leaf much greener
the following spring and showed as marked diiferences in late May
of 1908, before the second application as they had shown in the
preceding autumn. This undoubtedly has a bearing on the time for
app ying soluble, transient fertilizers to such perennial plants as
apple trees.

Coupled with the Woburn experience, it indicates (though it
has not proved) the advisability of delaying such applications until
the seasons growth is well advanced, but not completed; in other
words until the plant's supply of stored food is about exhausted and
available food becomes a limiting factor.

Figure 2.

ABCOEFGH

I
TILLAGE

ABCDEFGM

VII
SOD MULCH

. II .
TlLLAGEd MANURE

•VIII ....
SOD MULCH

• • • .

in

• • • •

* • •

IX

• • • •

SOD MULCH a

• • . .

a MANURE
• • • .

• • • •

TILLAGE a COM
• • . .

• • • .

FERTILIZER

• • • .

• • . .

COM FERTIL

• « . .

IV
•TILLAGE a COVERCROP

X

SOD

. . . . V

TILLAGE, CO>
• • • •

■ • • •
/ERCROP

* • • •

a MANURE

* • • •

.X

SOD aN

• • • •

I . . . .

1ANURE

* • • •

TILLAGE

• • • •

VI f

• • . .

• • • .

COVERCROP a

• • • •

• • • .

COM FERTIL

• • • •

All

• • • •

SOD a CON

• • • •

* * . .

1 FERTIL

• • t •

21

22

23

24

23

26

27

28

29

30

31

35
3C i|

37

3e

3£
4C'

29

Influence of Soil Management and Manures.

The experiment figured here is located in Bedford County, with
J. R. Sleek. Others with J. H. Ledy, and with John A. Nicodemus,
Franklin County, and with F. H. Fassett, Wyoming County.

Figure No. 2 shows the plan of our soil management experi-
ment. Soil management is so closely related to the use of fertilizers
that it has seemed inadvisable to completely separate them. This
experiment, in addition to comparing the different systems of man-
agement, tests the value of commercial and stable manures in con-
nection with each. The stable manure is applied annually at the rate
of 12 T. per acre and the commercial fertilizers at the rate of 30
lbs. of nitrogen (N), 60 lbs. of phosphoric acid ('P2O5), and 100
lbs. of potash (K2O). On the sod-mulch plot, all grass is left in
the orchard and an additional mulch of straw at the rate of three
tons per acre is applied annually.

Table 5.

Influence of Soil Management on Yield, 1907, 1908.

Young Orchards

,., —.,, Tillage and Cover
Clean Tillage ^ ^^^.^p

Sod Mulch

Sod

Yields 1907, .....

Yields 1^8

Totnls a years, ....

Ratios,

Ratios,

4037 lbs.

13651

17688

100

3359 'bs.
16112
19471

no

too

4425 lbs.

18692

23"7
«30
118,5

4481 lbs.
>5473
19954
H3

Mature Orchard

Yields 2 years,
Ratios

Table No. 5 shows the yields obtained from the different systems
of soil management during the last two years. Results for both
years are given here because the current year's crop can be more
directly influenced by cultural methods than by fertilizers. The re-
sults given here, and those in the later tables on young orchards,
have been obtained by combining the yields from three orchards of
six to fifteen years of age. The mature orchard is thirty-five years
old.

As shown in the table, the young orchards have yielded better
under the sod-mulch and sod treatments, while the mature orchard
is best with tillage and cover crop. Sod-mulch in young orchards
.shows 30 per cent, better yields than clean tillage and i8^> better
than the cover crop method, while in the mature orchard the cover-
crop is 40 per cent, better than the sod-mulch. If these differences
are maintained by later results, they would indicate that the mulch
treatment is of value in developing and establishing the bearing
habit in orchards which have reached bearing size and age. Also
after this habit is established, the present results clearly indicate
that tillage is to be preferred.

30
Table 6.

InHuencc of Manures on Yields,

1908.

31

Table 9.

1908

Young Orchards Unfe.tilized Manure

Com. Fertilizers V

Young Orchards

Yields, lbs

23669
100

4153a
176
III

34316 H
145 ■

100 H

Unfertilized

Manure

Com. Fertilizer

Ratios, . . ,

Average Wt. in ozs 7.30-

Kutios, 100

7.79
105,3

Ratios, '. '.

8.26-
II5-8

Mature Orchard

1

Mature Orchard

Yields, 2 years,

Ratios, . . .

34635
»5i

26540
116

22881 1

100 ^m

5.65
122.5

Ratios

too

5-47
118.5

^^

Table No. 6 shows the yields obtained under different methods
of manuring m their second year. The orchards are the same a de
scnbed under table No. 5. The young orchards have rest^^Lkd to
the treatments while the old orchard apparently has lo^ Both
commercial and stable manures show di'stinct benefit in yields

orbotlTa^^^^^ '"'' ''' '''''' ^"^^^^^-^^^^ "^ ^^- '^-^ "^ -chards

Table 7.

Influence of Manures on Color, 1908.

Young Orchard j Unfertilized

Manure

Com. Fertilizer

Average per cent of color.
Ratios. ....

59.89
too

48. 34
81 5

Mature Orchard |

Average per cent of color,.
Ratios. . .

88.3
loo

84.7
96-

86.45
98-

Table No. 7 shows the results obtained durincr the past vear on
he influence o complete fertilizers and stable manured upon colo

per ent in'tt nil" '^^^'V'- ^^'' '^'''''^'' ^''^'^^^'^ ^^out 3
per cent, in the old orchard and 20 per cent, in the voung. ^

turitJ the X?T •" '''^'^' '' ^'''^'''^'^y '^""P^>^ ^'"^ to delayed ma-
general e^ t'T f r^'^l '" f'' >'^""^ -''^'^^^^^ J^ecause their
de lav^d Tw T ^^'^ ;l^^^r Jias been greater. Had picking beei.
f ela>ed a few days on the manured plots, it is quite likelv that the
differences in color would have vanished. ^

Table 8.

Influence of Soil Systems on Size. 1908.

Young Orchards

Tillage

Till;

ige and Cover
Crop

Sod Mulch

Sod

Average Wt. iu ozs. .
Ratios of systems . .

5.9-
102-

6,03-
104

6.02
104-

5 79
too

Mature Orchard

1

Average Wt. in ozs., .
Ratios of systems, . .

S.47-
1.09

5.02-
100

Tables No. 8 and No. 9 shows results of the past season in re-
gard to the effect of soil systems and manures on the average size
of apples.

Both manures and tillage-with-a-cover-crop have increased the
size of the fruit. This is desirable in old orchards, but rarely so in
young as the fruit in the latter is already likely to be overgrown.

In the prosecution of the work as a whole, some interesting
data have been gathered upon things a little aside from the mam
lines which we may briefly mention here. The most important of
these are on the extent and depth of root-growth, the influence of
soil .systems on moisture, anrl their influence on the sticking qualities
of certain varieties. As to results, suflice it to say that apple roots
extend much farther laterally than is generally supposed, reaching
.sometimes more than three times as far as the spread of the
branches. Soil systems during the ])ast season varied greatly in
ability to conserve moisture. On a moderately porous soil in Wy-
oming County, tillage held the moisture much better than a three-
ton-per-acre. sod-mulch system and was vastly superior to sod even
when closely cropped and the grass left on the ground. On the
tillage plots, under these conditions, the sticking qualities of Bald-
win apples were greater by 52 per cent, than on the sod-mulch plots.
Northern Spies, however, under identical conditions, showed no ma-
terial dift'erences in sticking qualities.

To summarize the present status of orchard fertilization we
would say that :

(i) Plant food is a crop-limitcr in some orchards and in others
it is not. Hence, it is a question whether the orchardist should apply
manures in quantity until he has evidence that they are needed in
his soil.

(2) There is generally little use of applying fertilizers without
at the .same time giving jiroper attention to the other factors of fruit
i>roduction, viz: soil management, spraying, pruning, and general

'I'chard care.

(3) After the other factors are right, if the trees are deficient
'II growth, foliage, or fruit, it is probable that an application of fer-
tilizers will jiroduce beneficial results.

(4) The indications are that nitrogen has more value as an
"rchard fertilizer than is generally accorded it, though it should
lie used judiciously on account of its effect on color. It can be used
most freely on the earlier soils or in localities with rather long

32
growing seasons. It is probable tliat failure to secure results nn
apples from the application of potash and phosphates may be ofte
due to a deficeut mtrogen supply, which thus becomes tYelimihi

irx:°;rst b^'St " '''''"' '" "'^ ""-'^ '--' *'^« ^^

been ^^u^^Lf ftf r^cllliXSc a'cid^^L'd plsV.t 't^,::
known "■"^'''' ■^"'"'■^'•^- ''"'^^ ^•'^^<^' ^«'-- °f tWs is no" J
(6) Where plant-food is needed, we can not now improve unon
the general recommendation of stable manure or legumTifons cover
crops alternate w,th a fertilizer carrying about 1o lb of nitrogen"
60 lbs of phosphoric aci.I, and 100 lbs. of potash'l^er acre ^ '

are tha the 0^7?--. ""'' '-'"'"' "i fertilisation, the indications
are mat tlic proper soil management for most situations is tillage
«^th a legununo.,s cover crop while the orchard is yo u,g fol owed
by a nuxe, lemummous sod or sod-nndch when bear fg aee an
s.ze ,s reached. Aiter the bearing habit is established a^ret^'rn
t.llage every second or third year should be made hicreasinrtlc

of ti;r}%it°' '""^•^ "■'■'" "" ''' °f '"^ °-"-" --■ the Snlls

,!,„ iPf Pi-esident-If you have anv f|uesti(,ns you wish to a.k
the Professor, we will he glad to receive them.

a steeT;ide hm™''"-'' '" '"•" •'^•^"" '-" ''"^S^ hold goo.l on

Our ^'o/k^Tfi^r'*^!''*, '''■'■"'''%"' '■•" ^""'^elv different matter.
<nir «ork is to find „nt what is the effect of the various system.

Is di" inctlvT't"'"' "" rV- '^^fi'"' "'«' 'i"«Se a!,,! cov?r c"

ishtl I \ledr^lM'i '■'i''' '," "'''^■'' "'^' ''ea^i"S '""'it is estah
iisned. In the side-hill orchard, it would not ahvavs he nractirabi,.

to apply this svstem. because thcv woul.l wash, b.U if vo ca .m

-iTff rem ;n,n";i!;V • ''"'" T "•">'/"^' effect -there wo.il.M 'v
nirrcrtnt trom that in any other orchard.

(lentl^wL^Hu^^^T^^^' question lia,. hcon asked here, to what
tpth XN ere the orchards cultivated and with what ininlenients -
that IS, on old orchards-and for what pnrpose? ""'^'^'"^"^s.

^U^h^t]l^7- ' ' n '" ''''T''' "^"'^'"^^- '^ four-indi cultivation
niir t, the rn T, "" -^'T' ""^' ''^"'^ ''''^^ ^^^^^^ unnecessar'

ac M sc or ^ ,.^'^^'"^'^^^^'"^^"t^ "^^'^1 were plows, or d<n,l)le
» 1 , N>adnis: harrows, followed hv snrin-tooth 'in<!

impkment th.t will thorou^ddy stir up the soil and keep the weed-

iip

Prof. Surface—If it should he a rocky soil, would it he hroke,
Prof. Stewart- Yes, unless there was too much rock.

33
Prof. Surface.— How late do you till ?

Prof. Stewart.-Up to the ist of August, this year, although
there was very httle tillage done in July, there was no need of it
either to preserve a mulch or to kill weeds. The reason for this
tillage up to August was that we wanted to sow our cover-crop at
that time. This was hecause we thought the chances were better
then for enough moisture to get the seed started. And there is
fall"^ m'^wtl""'' ^^'^^ '" "'"""^ Pennsylvania orchards for proper

Prof. Surface.— What do you sow for the cover crop?

Prof. Stewart.— A combination of alsike and medium red
clover thi.s past year. We have added hairy vetch in some cases, and
have used it and rye in others.

Mr Good.— I would like to ask the gentleman if cultivation
especially where ,t is a little hit rocky, so as to bring the roots near
the surface, does not injure the roots a few years afterwards^
Iheii, another thing: don't the cover crop in the orchard absorb a
great deal of the moisture that the tree should have just at that
time— the latter part of the summer?

Prof Stewart.— I don't know of any injury from cultivation,

and as for the demand for moisture, I mav again call atten-

lon to our results in the Wyoming Countv orchard this year, whert

tillage and cover crop increased the .sticking qualities of Baldwins

52 per cent, over the mulch system.

dro 3^^* Goo«^-— And yet you say that tillage causes the fruit to

Prof. Stewart.— Xo, the effect seems to be quite the reverse,
the hgures show this and it is not necessarv to argue one way or the
nther. Aow, as to the question as to whether tillage injures the
roots of the tree. I suppose that we have some soils that are so
shallow that a three-inch tillage would take up all the soil that
there is for the apple roots, but orchard soils shoulrl be deeper than
that if you expect the trees to grow properlv. If vou have soil
nf a proper depth, a three-inch tillage will not injure the tree We
have records from over 15,000 acres of bearing orchard in Orleans
younty, A. \ ., and they show an increase of over 40 per cent in
favor of tillage as compared with sod svstems under approximately
similar care otherwise. This shows that whatever injurv the roots
may have sustained has not interfered with the yield, which is what
we are after.

A Member.— Do your results applv to the peach as well as to
the apple?

Prof. Stewart.— Of course, thev cannot applv as well to the
peach as to the apple, as these figures were all derived from ex-

34

periments with apples, but other records show that any stone fruit
requires even more cultivation than the apple.

A Member.— How about commercial fertilizer for peaches; is
that any benefit ?

Prof Stewart.— There is a good deal of difference of opinion
about that, and little experimental evidence. TTo^^•eyer in an or-
chard survey of Niagara Countv. N. Y., in which T had the pleas-
ure of participating, it is found that out of about 8,000 acres of
peach orchard, 80 per cent, of the orchards are receiving fertilizers
of some kind, either stable manure or commercial fertilizers, or both,
and these orchards are making much larger financial returns than
the others. T can't give vou the exact figures. T have them in mv
office but thev are distinctlv greater where fertilizer is being used,
about $20 to $45 per acre I believe, and these are five-year results,
not the results of only one year.

A Member.— What fertilizer would you use— potash, or nitro-
gen or phosphorus, or all combined?

Prof Stewart.— That is a question that can onlv be settled bv
actual tc^ts in the orchard. Vou will notice the summarv that I
closed with : that summarv will guide vou in the use of fertilizer as
well as anvthing T am able to tell vou at this time. ?.ut there are
several things vou must do in connection with putting on fertilizer.
You can't expect it to do the work of tillage, nor of any of the
other essentials in the care of the orchard. These things must be
done or vour fertilizer mav be thrown awav. After thev are done,
if there is a deficicncv in either wood, fruit or foliage, the chances
are that an application of fertilizer will produce beneficial results.
Now what fertilizers shall vou use? People have alwavs been
talking phosphorus and potash for fruits and vet our greatest effects
thus far are coming from nitrogen. This doesn't mean that tlic
other elements are not needed and it mav vcrv well happen that
where nitrogen is lacking, this lack mu'^t be met before any benefit^
can be realized from the potash and phosphates. For the present, 1
would recommend the use for general conditions of a fertilizer con-
taining 30-60-100 pounds per acre of actual nitro^ren. phosphoric
acid and potash, rcspcctivelv. To bring up the nitrogen this can
be alternated with an eight to ten ton application of stable manure,
and supplemented with a leguminous cover crop or a permanent
cover.

The Secretary.— T should like to ask if one has an old appl'
orchard that has not been cultivated, if it is advisable to plow it up
three inches, or less?

Prof. Stewart.— T should say that T would plow it up if it i
not now producing satisfactory results.

Prof. Surface. — What depth?

Prof. Stewart.— About three or four inches: if vou do cut <
a great many of the old roots the effects will show incrca'^^ '

35

yield, and that is all the argument that is necessary, I should say.
If the orchard is doing well, however, it would not be advisable to
make any radical changes. We can over-till orchards as well as un-
<ler-till them, in my opinion.

Mr. Hale. — What is the risk?

Prof. Stewart, — It aids fire-blight, for instance. And in trees
just coming into bearing, our present records seem to show that it
delays fruiting. In such orchards, in our experiments, the sod-
mulch system shows an advantage of 30 per cent, over clean tillage.

Mr. Gossard. — Do you think that apple trees that are treated
with stable manure are more subject to twig blight than those that
are treated with commercial fertilizers?

Prof. Stewart. — That simply resolves itself into this, it seems
to me : twig blight is caused by bacteria, which are largely trans-
ferred by insects during the blooming period and during other
I)eri()ds of succulent growth. The insects become inoculated by
visiting the gummy masses that exude from active blight cankers
nn the limbs or trunks of trees, in which the bacteria pass the win-
ter. Many twigs become inoculated in this way every year, but it
is only those of succulent growth that are badly injured. Therefore,
tiie fertilizer that does most to produce the succulent growth is the
one that does most to spread the blight. IJarn-yard manure as shown
by the ^Massachusetts records, already presented, will produce a
somewhat greater growth than commercial fertilizer, hence, it is
likely to be a little more conducive to blight.

A Member. — I would like to know whether there is any ma-
te rial difference between cultivating three inches deep in an old
• nxliard with a spring tooth harrow, or a three-inch cultivation with

a plow.

Prof. Stewart. — I doubt whether you could get a three-inch
cultivation with a spring-tooth harrow.

I'm afraid some of us are inclined to be too tender on
ti'sc old roots, and we often fail to do things we should.
1 omctimcs think that fear of injuring the apt^le roots is simply an
»-• use for not getting out and doing the work. I have recently
li ■ le a study of costs and i)rofits in fruit-growing. T have noticed
^' ost interesting relation between the cost of production and net
ni^ns. Of course, you know the man who does nothing for his
"rJiard and gets nothing back from it. In that case, the cost of
pi' luction is zero, the return is zero. Up in Orleans county, N.
^ ., the records from the 15.000 acres of which I spoke a while ago
shf.w that the average annual cost for five years in producing and
in r keting the fruit is about $50 per acre, about v$35 of which went

barrels, packing and so on. The average net return is $61.40
!' acre. I have the figures from an orchard here in Pennsylvania.
tl' exact figures, where $116 per acre has been put out for cost of

36

production and marketing, and the net returns are $274 per acre.
In an Oregon orchard, where the cost of production and marketing
was $380 for an acre, the net returns were $900. Notice that the
higher the cost of production the higher the net returns were. We
must remember that there are several essentials in fruit growing, and
in order to succeed we must l<x)k after them all. The neglect of
any one may reduce returns from the whole orchard.

Mr. Hale. — The orchard is simply a factory in which a man
invests his capital, and the finished product must be so regulated
that it will restore it to him again. Of course, we must waste money
to begin with, and the returns are slow ; we must plant and prune,
and cultivate and fertilize. Some time ago the Atlanta Constitution
sent out inquiries to the large ])each growers as to what it costs to
handle the growing peach in order to get the best returns— the best
prices on the market, and the answers showed without a doubt that
those whose cost of production was low, also got low prices ; those
who had the greater expense also got the greatest returns. \Vc
can't get something for nothing anywhere in this country, and the
returns shown by our Ex])eriment Stations everywhere all point one

way.

The gentleman on my right asked the professor something about
the feeding of his orchard. You must ask the tree some questions.
The most successful orchards have been built up by men who con-
sulted their trees and gave them what they required. Regard each
tree as an individual thing, and study the local conditions attached to
it, and then give it what it needs, and you will get the best results.

Prof. Surface. — It has been recently said that in tilling an old
orchard for the first time it is necessary to cut back the branches
so as to make them balance with the root branches. I want to ask
Prof. Stewart if that is the right hypothesis.

Prof. Stewart. — T don't know that it is absolutely necessary to
cut back the tree in renewing tillage in an orchard. The tillage sys-
tem is going to conserve more moisture. The roots that you cut
ofi* will be (juickly restored by fibrous roots, which ])erhaps will
enable the tree to get as much moisture as necessary, so I don't bt-
lieve there is anv real necessity for the maintenance of that so-calld
balance that we have been assuming, between the top and the root-.
Of course, there is ])robably more or less of a balance there, but F
believe that the greater amount of moisture that should remain ri
the soil under tillage will sup])ly the tree, even with the shortened
roots, so T doubt the necessity of maintaining that balance. Of
course, in an orchard that has been neglected in the matter of tillajre
and pruning, we will be compelled to do more or less pruning, but -
to whether it is absolutely necessary to maintain this balance, I 'lO
not think it is.

Now, then, one other word: ^fr. Hale takes exactly the posi-
tion that I wanted to see. You can not get something for nothiraf,
exce])t possibly in the case of plant breeding: our plant-breedi ig
friends would have us believe that thev can increase returns with -nt
increased expense. But in regard to his factory analogy, there i a

37
little danger there. Because with the idea that our orchard is
exactly like a factory, we have sometimes thought we could mcrease
our returns by cutting down the cost of production Here is where
the analogy ceases. You can increase profits m factories by cut-
ting down the cost of production, but usually this is not the case in
fruit production : here, you will find it necessary to increase the cost
of production rather than decrease it because we are dealing with a
perishable product, but with that amendment, 1 am heartily in favor
of Mr. Hale's experience as to cost.

The President.— Is the Auditing Committee ready to report?

Mr. W. C. Tyson, Chairman of the Auditing Committee, then
read the following report, which was accepted :

"We, the undersigned, have examined the Treasurer s statement
of accounts, and find the same to be correct."

(Signed)

^ ^ W. C. Tyson,

J. L. Rife,
D. C. Rupp.

Mr C J Tyson.— The Fruit Growers' Association of Adams
County 'received a communication from State College recently, re-
(luestiiig that our exhibits here might be sent to them for use in
their class work. We should be glad to accede to this if the Asso-
ciation is willing.

The President.— That rests with the exhibitors. The fruit is
simply on exhibition here, and remains the property of the exhibi-
tors. If vou wish to send it to State College, we will try to see
that the Adams Countv exhibit is not disturbed in any way.

Before making the announcement that we will take a recess, 1
want to sav that the Treasurer is sitting at his table, ready to receive
vour dues; and that it is necessary to have your dues paid before
vou can receive the publications of the Society. I hope every one
'will take advantage of this, and pay the same.

Mr Chester J. Tyson.— Right here is a point that has occurred
to me, and that is that we do not get enough new members in these
meetings- there are people who come here to our meetings, but who
•ire backward about making themselves known. It a committee were
appointed to see these people, we might be able to increase our mem-
bership considerably.

The President.— Do you make that as a motion?

Mr. Tyson.— Why, yes: I move that the Chair ai)point a com-
littee of ten to canvass and see what can be done towards increas-
ing our membership.

This motion was properly seconded, and carried.

The President.- In addition. I would like to say that any one
'A ho is interested in Horticulture is welcome to join us ; we have no

38

initiation ; all that is necessary is to pay your dollar, and you be-
come a member and receive the report of the Society.

If there is no further business, we will now take a recess until
quarter of eight this evening.

TUESDAY, JANUARY 19, 1909, 7.45 P. M.

The session came to order with President TTiester in the Chair.

The President. — T will name the following committee of ten
to secure new members : ^Tr. K. C. Tvson, Mr. Calvin P. Scholl.
Mr. D. C. Rupp, ^Tr. W. C. Tvson, ^fr. F. H. Fassett. Mr. W. S.
Adams, Mr. T. H. Coursen, ^]r. John G. Fngle, Mr. A. W. Stephens.
Mr. H. H. Suavely.

The Secretary took the Chair, while the President delivered his
annual address.

President's Address.

Fifty vears have passed with all their successes and failures
since this Societv was established.

For a half centurv a comparatively small company of men.
drawn together bv their common love of fruit, flowers and trees,
have meet annually, to exchange views, to renew acquaintances, and
add somewhat from their experience to the general fund of Horti-
cultural knowledge.

For nearly fortv vears T have met with them. Tn viewitig the
present audience I look in vain for many faces that were familiar
in the early days, faces of men who were respected not onlv on ac-
count of their horticultural knowledge, but who were loved for all
those qualities of mind and heart that make good comrades. Soni'.'
are in distant states, some are prevented by ill health, and man\
are resting from their labors, and reaping the reward of a well
spent life. Put while T miss the faces of those strong, good, lov-
able men of the earlv days, T see occupying their seats t(vdav vouul-^
men, full of enthusiasm, courage and state pride, ready and able t'
take up the work which they have laid down, and push it with equ.i'
diligence and success.

We meet to-dav to celebrate our bi-centennial anniversary. :
seems to me that this is a good time to ask ourselves the question
Ts it worth while? Do these meetings pay? Are we getting or
of them as much as they cost ?

At one of the first meetings which T ever attended. Preside-
Josiah TToopes made use of these words in his annual address:

"We are designed to be social beings, and he who would concc
an important discovery and refuse to assist his less fortunate frici i
with the benefit of his experience, is an enemy to the cause an I
should be shunned as such. Let our lasting endeavor be to render
some real lasting service to Horticulture, and by the simple act ' f

'V>

39

each in<,ivi<lua. -en*er re.atin. t.^ many little item^ "^^ ^;;:jP™!

"•"^Itdng the first fiftv yea. <^ ^^^tT^^'l^!^^^'^
aone nothinsr more tha>. e-Konrago ^" l^^P ^^ ; f„, the com-
„„,tual helpfnh.ess. this «'"'"S;ess to <lo son et k ^^^^.^^^ .^

„„„ good withont ^P--' 5;»>V,;," ,rn\,e^n,ore. The early
wonUl have pai.l well, r.ut t has <u ne ^^^^^ ^^^^

"^'^T'^'^'m "t^ftheruX n^^ oT hard as a side li.'^e to genera,
to-c av. Most of them Kept a . ina „,„rkct Cold storage was

farming, and sold the IJ^«";^' >" '^^J;\^,^i ~cry nook and eorner
unknown. Radroa.ls had not 1?"^,<^'J^'^ '/^,„,th Northern grown

of the eountry. <:a^'->'l'K .;'-"'''?^\"; pattern ^^^
fruits South, \\estern fruits Ea> . ? "' '•^, '^", ' '^ orchard in such
lo to-dav. Their oh ect was to hm d "^ '^"^^j .'^^^.j^a good apple
a wav as to furnish the owner and ns local tow" «'* J ^1,,^,

for every day in the year, and t ^ ? many <lifferent counties
fruits. So we fin.l that hese men '}^"^S " "an> ^i^ ^^^, ^„.

^tJ^^^trr. Ste:;t:;!ng several di«erent va-

"'^"When Dr. Hunt accepted the position of Director of the Ex-
perin,ent Station and Dean ..the ^-^'-^ , °/,,-'^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ can

College two years ago. he ""^^,'""?^ ,'*';, "' ^f,er a lengthy dis-
the Experhneut Station do for •"rt'™^^,-^, ,„„„,,er of our mem-
cussion which -as part.apate^l 1 h a o^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^

hers, it was decidc<l that )^f."""'" ' .. , t,,^ conditions existing in
biUtv of the .lifferent vane les "^ /""' " "^I'time had come when
the various fruit sections of the ^t^ '^•'^^^^X^Th kinds as would
we shoul.l plant in ^^^'^'^"^ "' "^^^^ "„\hi^ particular locality,
reach their highest .legree o Perfect on "" '^'^ P „f j,,^ state

ami so Dr. Hunt «='^/,;'<;'' ^" ^^^^^ ^s,at on for that pnrpose,
under the direction of the ^-^P"""f'" ' ' iuients in orchard man-
aiKl at the same time start a ^^"J^, ,"' <;^,!^f;X; This work was
agement. inclu.ling cultnation ami f^/ .'''f ""•

placed in the ha-uls ^f.l,:-^4^p,^f Stewart is greatly aided hy
In making this trnit surv<.> _i,„ost everv old orchard vis-

the work of these early menihers, Tn «'";"'' ^;">, ^ ...t manv
ite,l he fin.ls most of the ^t^'^'^"' "If.'^'^X,, ,%Vir lest.^^so with.nit
others, with usually three or f«"^^•"^;;,•''f,'^"iI.t;g owing in a
auv theorizing he is ahle to say . .fi' *'" V^" are nerfectlv safe
cenain locality, and succee.hng a.hn.ra >■ ^ " ^s with their ex-
in planting it." So you see '''^^^ ?' "'=^' "I'kepralive the interest
change of views and "<^ ^^S^/,, ,7™!^; ''Te'ts^ varieties, in all
in fruit, have furmshe.l the P[<^''"' "?'> /^, '..^ „aved the wav for
parts of the State, an.l under all co";'f ";•,'=; f, ^^Z'\^,., and "have
Ihe profitable planting of ^"'.X^rExpSent Station can draw
furnished the source from w lah ""'^, '.r^P"^?'" i,,,.c,tigations.

•"-•wr^;^ f^o^r Xdt s'g tL^ri iin of ti. cen.

I

40

tiiry to have the information that has been accumulating during
the first half, and to have the interest and enthusiasm that has been
encouraged and kept alive in our members by these annual meet-
ings.

We have now reached the commercial age. The markets of the
world are open to us, and here we are confronted with new condi-
tions. In order to succeed and hold our own in the general market
we must not only study varieties and methods of cultivation, but
business methods generally.

Dr. Hunt in his first address before this Association said: "I
do not wish to underestimate the importance of barter, but the most
important element of success is the economic production of a high
class article, whether it be an apple, iron or broadcloth."

I am glad to have the endorsement of so high an authority to
the idea that I have been advocating for a number of years. That
in our future planting, (piality should be the first consideration, that
in the selection of varieties, location and system of orchard manage-
ment, we should always keep in view the i)roduction of fruit of high-
est quality. We are now just beginning to appear in the general
market. If this Society by i)recept and example can induce the fruit
growers of the State to plant and grow quality, and pack honestly,
we can meet any conij^etition that may arise, and easily place Penn-
sylvania at the head of fruit growing states.

It is regretable that we must have page after page of laws
on our statute books relating to pure food, and an army of inspectors
and detectives to enforce them, and now we have another proposed
law known as the Porter IJill. which will be introduced at Wash-
ington this winter to regulate the packing, grading and marking of
fruit, which in its i)resent shape will re(|uire another large army of
inspectors to enforce. In my oj)inion the only additional law we
need is one that will define the exact size of the several ])ackages
used in the general market, and re([uire the name of the packer to
be placed thereon, and let each fruit section, and each individual,
profit or lose by the manner in which the fruit is packed. Let me
illustrate my point by a short article which appeared in one of our
trade papers under date of October 30th, as follows:

"Xew York, October ^o.

"At this writing Steinhardt & Kelly have received some 10 or
12 cars of Hood River apples packed under the terms of their con-
tract with the Hood River Apple (irowers' Union. The apples
that have been coming along arc fruit that nn'ght very aptly have
been grown and plucked in the (harden of Kden itself. It would be
impossible for the artist to paint ])rettier apples than these Hood
Rivers, and the best of it all is that in the top, bottom, sides and
middle of the boxes they are all the same— so much alike in color,
conformation and unblemished beauty that one can not tell 'tother
from which. No higher standard of packing is humanly possible
and the contents of the cars already received fully bear out the
statement of H. M. Huxlev.

''By this magnificcjit kind of pack the Union is not only helping
Steinhardt & Kelly to work out on a big deal in a successful manner,
but it is also helping itself and the Hood River W'dley beyond all
words. For car after car to turn out with every apple in every

41

box a perfect specimen of its tribe is the biggest and best advertise-
ment that the Hood River section could ever get."

It seems to me we do not need laws and inspectors so much to
enforce business honesty among fruit growers, as we need leader-
ship. Let each individual member of this Society make up his
mind that he will be a leader in his community, and will try to m-
duce others to follow his lead. In this way and in this only can we
establish a reputation that will be proof against all competition.

You will notice in the short sentence which I quoted from Dr.
Hunt's address, he referred to the economic production of a high
class article. By economic production is not meant growing a ciop
with the least possible exi)ense. It has been found that when money
and labor are judiciously expended on any farm crop, the net profit
will steadily increase up to a certain point. After that point has
been passed, while there may be a slight additional gain from the
added care and expense, it is not equal to the cost. How many of
us have ever reached the limit of profitable expenditure in the care

of our orchards ? • 1 1

We have not nearly reached the limit of economy m the produc-
tion of our crops, there are a number of important questions that
must be answered before we can hope to reap the maximum profit
from our orchards, to answer which requires a knowledge of the
great principles which underlie all plant growth, animal growth, and
the chemical and physical changes that are constantly occurring in

the earth itself.

Our large mining, manufacturing and railroad companies long
airo began to realize the importance of having technically trained
men for their work, and at last the farmer is getting his eyes opened
to the importance of the subject. ^

The 500 farmers who met at State College during Farmers
Week about the Tst of January, and listened to the lectures, asking
'luestions and taking notes, and discussing the last topic among
ihemselvcs between times, show very clearly that they appreciate
ihe importance of this technical knowledge.

I am glad to be able to say that at last State College is pre-
i)are(l to train men for this work. Dr. Hunt has gathered about him
;i corps of able assistants and proposes to give Pennsylvania an
:ii,Ticultural school unsurpassed by any in the United States.

We of course are most interested in the Horticultural side of

his school. He has shown his interest in us by i)lacing at the

■load of that dei^artment Prof. R. L. Watts, one of our own mem-

Ihts, a selection that gives universal satisfaction. The amount of

j'VM^d this department can do us is only limited by the means furn-

'•hed by the State for its support. lupiipment is badly needed as

i'.ie dei)'artment is new. Prof. Watts must have green houses and

•ibnratories before he can do effective work. I would suggest that

• nr Legislative Committee take up this matter and bring all i^ossible

iflucnce to l)ear ujxmi the Legislature this winter to secure the

eded equipment.

It is gratifying to see the interest which the railroad compan-

^ are taking in our welfare. .As you all know the Cumberland

^ alley road recently placed a special train at the disjwsal of our

i'conomic Zoologist for several weeks, which enabled him to visit

42

all the leading fruit districts in the great Cumberland X'alley, and
demonstrate the use of the various sprays and sprayers ni a much
more thorough manner than has ever been done before. I am sure
the farmers ai^preciate the courte'^v of the railroad company, and
the officers of the company believe that the results will justify the

expenditure. i t ^i • i

Owing to the changed conditions under which we work, 1 tliink
the time has come to change somewhat the character of our future
conventions. In mv opinion we should have three days sessions in-
stead of two. and 'should have a hall as near the convention hall
as possible for our fruit display, and for the display of all kinds
of orchard supplies and e(iuii)ment.

Some of our sister states have been doing this for several
years, and find that it adds much to the interest and usefulness of
the meetings. I mention this now so that the members can talk it
over informally, and give their views to the members of the Execu-
tive Committee. , • ^ xr .
We should devote one session to market garden subjects. Aot-
withstanding the fact that we have exce])tional advantages of soil
and climate for market gardening, our neighboring states of New
Jersey, Delaware and Marvland furnish nearly three-fourths of the
produce sold in our local markets. As many of these crops can be
grown to advantage in voung orchards before the trees come to a
bearing age, it is highlv i)roper that they should be considered in
connection with the cultivation of our orchards, and that we should
urge our market gardners to join our Association, and work with
us for the upbuilding of Pennsvlvania Horticulture.

I would suggest that our Legislative Committee examine very
carefully the proi)osed amendments to our game laws, which have
been i)repared bv the State Sportsmen's Association, and will lie
])resente(l to the 'Legislature for adojDtion this winter. It is highly
impc^rtant that the property rights of the farmer should be pro-
tected. We should see that no law is passed which takes from tlie
farmer the right to protect his crops at all times from their enemi-s.
whether in the form of beast, bird or man, and no one is so comi-e-
tent to determine who are his friends and who his enemies as the

farmer himself. ,.,••• f

I will now close bv extending to you a very C(^rdial invitation to
our Centennial Celebration, which will be held on January 19, 1959-

The President.—! am glad to say that we have with us one )f
our oldest ex-members — one who needs no introduction, but wh nil
I am glad to present to you — Prof. S. P>. Heigcs.

Address of Prof. Heiges.

Mr. Chairman and fclloiv members of the State IforticuJtiiral J ^'O-

tion:
I little expected when T left the mild climate of Mrginia lat
I should be honored by being presented to you as the oldest men ')er
of the Association. I feel as if I were the youngest man staii ^^g
among you.

43

It certainly affords me great pleasure to be with you once more.
I have come for two purposes— for the purpose of seeing again the
older members of the Association, with whom I have met in earlier
vears and also for the purpose of looking into the faces of the
Vounger members wdio have taken up the fight. It is with a feel-
ing of great pleasure, and also of great sorrow that I appear before
vou to-night. My heart would be a heart of ice or adamant if it
'did not respond pronij^tlv to the old. warm hand-shakes, and the
warm greetings that I received here this afternoon. Many of the
older members have gone over to the other side. The Bard of
\von puts into the mouth of Mark Anthony at the bier of Julius
C.Tsar the words: ''The evil that men do lives after them; the
^rao(\ is oft interred with their bones :" but of these older members
who have departed. I have known nothing but good. There is no
class of men more honest, more honorable, more truthful than
fruit growers. The verv nature of their occupation makes them so.
I have not come here with any set speech ; I have merely come
to take you by the hand, those of you who are my old friends, and
to meet 'the new ones but I want to recall to your memory some of
the older friends and members who have passed away. If I have
omitted anv. it is simplv l)ecause my time has been too brief to do
more than 'glance over 'the history of the Association since its or-
ganization. , , , . 1 -i. r
The first meeting of this .Association was held in the city ot
Lancaster half a centurv ago: I was not present, but T had the
pleasure afterwards of meeting the first president. Dr. Eshleman.
\ truer, more genuine, better man never lived. He was followed bv
Mr. A. W. Harrison, of Philadelphia, a man whom I knew well.
The third president of the Association was Mr. R. A. Orider. of
P.ethlehem I have taxed mv memory over and over, but cannot
recall that I ever met him. The president for 1862 not only served
faithfully, but he lectured on potato culture in various parts of the

State. Till 1

The fifth president of the Association, whom I had the pleas-
ure of meeting, was Dr. James Calder. of Harrisburg. at one time
president of the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania. A more
genial, honorable and upright man. and a better husband and friend
never lived. The three or four years I was a member of the State
P.oard of Agriculture. I lectured with him at Farmers' Institutes.
F-.arnest. honest, truthful, his influence made itself felt in whatever

lie undertook. att /^ r

The next president of the .\sosciation was D. W. dross ot
Harrisburg. a druggist, and horticulturist, who had personal con-
trol of a small vineyard a few miles from home. T have nothing but

good to say of him.

Dr. James Calder was again elected president in iShS, and aftei
him followed Josiah Hoopes of West Chester, who wrote one of our
most valuable horticultural books. "Evergreens of America." For
reasons known only to himself, he declined to serve after being
vlected. and his position was filled bv the vice-president. Mr. IT. i\I.
i'.ngle. Of the years 1874 and 1875 I shall not speak. The presi-
dent was from the county of York.

In 1876 Mr. Edwin Satterthwaite was elected president. He

44

was an extensive pear grower, and long before the experts at Wash-
ington discovered how the i)ear blight was carried from one tree
to another, he gave us his experience, showing the influence of the
distribution of pollen. Dr. W'aite, of the Department of Agricul-
ture, made some of the most valuable discoveries in horticulture, but
^Ir. Satterthwaite had, unknown to Waite, anticij^ated these dis-
coveries several years before they were announced by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

After the years 1877 and 1878, during which Mr. Josiah
Hoopes was aga'in elected president, ^Ir. Henry M. Engle, the first
vice-president, served during 1879. He was from Lancaster county,
and an upright, honorable, genial man ; a cultivator of the Paragon
chestnut, which he introduced to the horticultural world.

As Pomologist of the Department of Agriculture, during the
second administration of Cleveland, I was able to introduce this
chestnut into \'irginia. There were no native chestnut trees in cer-
tain sections on which to graft them, but Charles lialtet, of Troyes.
France, one of the most eminent horticulturists of the last century,
suggested grafting them on the oak, and ])articularly the red oak:
we issued a small bulletin, and sent scions throughout \'irginia, and
I am i)leased to say, we were unusually successful.

To-day I received from the family of Charles I'altet the an-
nouncement of his death, in which are the names of his wife and his
sons and daughters, his grandchildren, his brothers and brothers-in-
law, his nephews and nieces and his cousins and cousins-in-law, to-
gether with the societies of which he was a member : he was recog-
nized in this country, and in Europe, where he was known by his
writings, as one of the most honorable and honest men, as well as
one of the mo.st eminent horticulturalists.

From 1880 to 1884 this society honored by the i)residency the
Hon. George D. Stitzel. of Reading, an honest, earnest man. From
1885 to 1888 he was succeeded by Calvin Cooper, to whom I am
largely indebted for being called to the position of Pomologist of the
Department of Agriculture. At the meeting of the State P>oard at
P>ethlehem, he was the member from Lancaster county, and Gov-
ernor Pattison the presiding officer. ^Ir. C()()i)er rose and offered
a resolution recommending my a])pointment to the position of I'oni-
ologist of the Department of Agriculture. It was the hapi)ie-l
moment of my life, when, after the reading of this resolution .t
was unanimously adoi)te(l. Governor Pattison requested Secretary
Edge that this resolution be sent to the Hon. J. Sterling Mortor.
Secretary of the Department of Agriculture, with his strong ])cr
sonal endorsement. My appointment hung fire for five month .
My assistant, Mr. Taylor, afterwards told me that ^Jr. ^lortc
had told him he had so many api)licants for the ])osition that 1'
was in a quandry whom to ai)point. He sent for Mr. Taylor t'
come over to his office one dav, and directed him to write to Thom:
Meehan, regarding my qualifications. He was just about to writ'
when he again received a message from ^fr. Morton, saying 1
need not write, that he had received a letter from Mr. Meehan, an
I was appointed. I wish T could tell you, ladies and gentlemen, t
the little good I was able to accomplish during the four years th:
I held the position. As I have already said, I was instrumental

45
introducing the Paragon chestnut into Virginia, and with the as-
sistance of the Minister to China, Mr. Denby, I mtroduced the cul-
tivation of the Chinese persimmon in this country. After brmging
crreat pressure to bear on the Chinese, Mr. Denby was finally able
To secure some scions. I instructed that the ends should be covered
with paraffine, and covered with finely powdered charcoal and
sent to us. Upon opening the tin cases, I found that the charcoa ,
instead of being finely powdered was about the size of a hazlenut,
or even an English walnut. The following year we got Mr. Denby
to send us another lot. This time they came in the same style.
Mr Denbv, however, sent a lot of seeds from choice specimens
that he had bought. These seeds were propagated and we sent
the trees to several different states, chiefly California and Floncia,
and from these seeds we have cultivated this persimmon in this
countrv. Again, mv predecessor, Prof. \-an Deman had wisely
tried to secure from Sicilv scions of citron trees. They are very
iealous of their fruits over there, and guard them carefully. In-
stead of sending citron scions they sent the three varieties of their
most worthless lemons. Of course this fraud was detected when
fruit was produced in California and, perhaps, in Horn a.

Application having been made to me for scions of the true cit-
ron Secretarv Morton directed me to obtain them through I rof.
Fairchild, who was in Europe studying the diseases of the cotfee
tree in order to take charge of the coffee industry for the Dutch

Government in lava. . ^^rr . ♦u^.ic

We also conducted a series of experiments in different methods
of root grafting, at the suggestion of Secretary Morton, who was
a strong advocate of "whole-root" grafting. Selecting a dozen 01
more of the varieties in general cultivation in the apple-growmg
states, several hundred scions of these varieties were grafted on
whole roots, an equal number on the upper halL and an equal num-
l)er on the lower half of the seedling roots. These were all culti-
vated preciselv alike and at the end of the first growing season an
c(iual number'of each method was taken up. calii^ered, n\^a^"^^^ f
to height, and root development compared. No percei)tible ditttr-
cnce in the different methods could be discovered.

The second season all the trees were cultivated alike and at
its end the trees were subjected to the same test as the former
vears, with 110 perceptible difference of growth in either nicthod
'\ complete set of these varieties, grafted by the three different
methods was sent to the Exi^eriment Stations of all the apple-grow-
ng states with the recpiest that they be planted, cultivatec in sim-
ilar manner and to carefully note : diff-erence of growth, vitality, time
'>f fruitage and productiveness.

Of course vears will be re(|uired to answer all of these questions
m such a manner as to benefit the nurseryman and orchardist.

Mr H. C. Snavelv, whom I had the pleasure of meeting here
Ibis afternoon, succeed'ed Mr. Cooper, and served during i88t) an(
1890. He is one of the most successful growers of small fruits and

1 teaches in this section of the State. , , . • ^1 4. •„

Next came Mr. :Moon, and there is no slander in saying that in

appearance and in fact, he was a full moon. o^^ x.

I again was honored by election to the presidency from 1897 to

46

i899> and from 1900 to 1904, IT. A. Chase, of Philadelphia, served
as ])residcnt— one of the most successful orchardists m the State
of Pennsylvania. From 1904 to 1908 your most worthy chairman
has filled'this position. 1 have not only known him as president of
this society, but it has been my pleasure to have been with hmi at
Farmers' Institutes, and he has been an honorable and faithful
laborer in that capacity.

This is the brief list of the gentlemen who have served as
president. We have, however, with us this evening, a gentleman
who for many years acted as treasurer— :Mr. J. Hibbard Bartram,
whom I have not seen for many years.

Of the members who have died, there is one who was to me
as a brother— I liram Engle of :\larietta. Now, of these soldiers
who have died, I wish I had the time to make up a list. Standmg
at the head of the list was that honorable, upright, genial man,
Brother Sisson, whose heart was so pure and whose hands so clean
that he could stand up and tell a story for which I would have been
hissed from off the platform, and whom the State honored by hav-
ing his portrait in one of its reports. I was with him at Somerset
when he met with his accident. I was at another hotel, but I went
to see him, and he said to me. "Brother Heiges, I have fought a
good fight, and mv time has come." I have come here for the pur-
])ose of telling his story and that of the other leaders, to these
younger members of this society, on whom will soon fall the burden
of leadership, so that they may know what the old soldiers have

done.

One of the first members from my own county was Jacob
Cocklin, a noble, honorable gentleman ; his son is here to-day. Then
there was the lion, (k^rard C. Brown : and another known to the
older members of this Society— Peter Lint, who surprised us by al-
ways having a basket of fine :\laiden Blush apples on exhibition in
January— fine and firm, and free from specks. He called upon me
a few months before his death. He said, ''T will never meet the
Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society again, so I'l tell you the secret
of the' ^laiden Blush a])ples : I always selected the largest, and
finest specimens, and put them in a basket, which I hung by a strong
twine in the well, just about two feet above the water"— a process
of cold storage, ante-dating the cold storage as we use it to-day.
Then, I must not forget that clean Quaker, Edward Jessup, a son
of Jonathan jessup, who came up from North Carolina : he was
fruit-grower, 'carpenter, blacksmith, engineer and everything else,
and proved successful in everything he undertook. He disseminated
the York Imperial. During my residence in Washington, two other
states claimed to be the originator of this valuable apple, and one
man wrote me from New York that its very name proved it to have
originated in New York — "Vork Imperial." Another man wrote mc
from the South, saying it had been discovered there and known
as "Johnston's Fine 'Keeper" — spelling Johnston with the "T." But
that it was due to Jonathan Jessup that this fruit was disseminated.
I know, because Thave seen the letter written to him. now yellow
with age. by Andrew Jackson Downing, brother of Charles Down-
ing, one of' the greatest horticulturists this country ever produced.
He laid out the grounds of the Smithsonian In.stitute. and lost hi?

47

life in a steamship accident during the time of President Tyler ; this

Iter read as follows : "Friend Jessuj).-! have received thy basket

yerv fine apples; it is the Imperial of late keepers, and very

tilie' an'd as thee says it originated near York, Pennsylvama, I would

sn<^L'est the name of York Imperial."
''^ "Thy friend,

Andrew Jackson Downing."

It received its name in the first i)lace from ^Ir. Jessup as
-lohnson's Fine Winter," owing to the fact that it was found first
nn the grounds of Mr. Johnson near the banks ot the Codoru^. The
t ee grfw along the highway and it was noticec that market-men a
Ley passed by and school children got most of the fruit ; there did
lint seem to be much appreciation of it by the owner. Mr. Jessup
undertook to cultivate it, and introduced it as .\I°>l"f " \^;;V\\",'-
tcr " The trees could not be sold, and to get rid of them Mr Jessup
took them out to a gully along the highway lea( ing from \ork to
l>.altimore and strewed them there. Then the shrewd, economu:al
I'ennsylvania Dutchmen picked them up and P^f ^ed the Mr.

lo.sup said: "They will not plant anything else; Iiii glad the> Mil
•plant these." That is why the comity of York is the home, and the
great producer of the York Imperial. ATor.prPnn

Then, I must not forget that fine tenor singer, Mr. ^^lercereaiu
lie was an Englishman, who came to this ccnintry as a member ot
Madame Seguin's English (^pera Troupe; that was l^^f^^^^/^/^^^^fy^
when (;rand Opera was popular, and the company soon ^^^^]^^^^^^^^^^
and Mr. Mercereau began the cultivation of fruit at Cataxvissa,
where he was very successful, and introduced a very fine straw-
lurry, called after 'the English statesman. Gladstone.

'If I had time, I could talk to you for a long time of the older
members of this society. Younger members you have ^^e^^^^ you
ihe example of some of the finest and most noble men, and I want to
siv to vou that I have never known fruit growers t(. be anything
hut honorable, honest, upright men. from Maine to California. an(
troni Washington to the Mississipi)i \alley I have never knoun
r.nc of them to do a mean, contemptible, dishonorable thing. (Ap-
plause). Keep on ; be courageous, be honest, be energetic, he uk us-
tnous, be honorable, be just, and don't be afraid of work. Work is
■o blessing that Cod has conferred uiK>n us. Work is not a curse.
There was no curse imposed on us for the sins of our first parents
^'an was not cursed. The Bible says "cursed is the earth —not
1 ,-.,1— but "cursed is the earth, for thy sake."

I leave vou with the promise that I hope to see you ten years
l-K-ncc, when' some of you younger men shall have gray hair, with
ilv: thought, and with the i)rayer :

JJlicn comes the earning tide.

Jilien Life's Safuniax is gone.
Well cast our icorkinq dress aside

And put our Sabbath garments on.

Mr. Good.— I am acquainted with the gentleman who has just
sp .ken for a number of years, and was very much mterested in Ins

48

talk— particularly in his ])ersonal talk, and his reference to the per-
simmon. I wonder whether he is resjionsihle for the ''simmons
heer" that was used as a possum chaser for the possum and "sweet
'taters" that they have been feasting :\Ir. Taft on down there in the
South?

The President.— We have with us one of our older members
and former ])residents, :\Ir. Howard A. Chase, from whom we shall
be glad to hear at this ]K)int.

Mr. Chase.— I appreciate this invitation to speak to you to-night.
Mr. Heiges has referred to many of our older members. I shuokl
like to refer briefly to a few more who were leaders with us, but now
meet with us no more. — such men as Thomas Median , William
Parry and one or two others. These men met with us at Williams-
port ; it was a meeting long to be remembered. These men. men
rich in experience, rich in thought, made our meetings both pleas-
ant and profitable. Year after year it was my i)rivilege to meet with
them and with others whose names 1 cannot now recall, at the
various meetings throughout the ?tate. Much have I learned, much
have I yet to learn in horticultural matters, but when I look here
to-night at this fine display of fruit. 1 think you will agree with me
that it is n(n a matter oi great surprise that at the Paris Exhil)iti()n
the fruit grown in Pennsylvania won the first prize for excellence,
for some forty-six varieties exhibited and what was done there, is
done here. While in |)oint of size, perha])s. or beauty of finish, our
apples cannot reach the standard of those raised on the Pacific coast,
when it comes to (piality. our l\Minsylvania apples are far superior
to them. Put. gentlemen, this is the material side of our work. Xo
man on this floor here realizes more than I do the imjxortance of
Pennsylvania's being and becoming one of the great fruit growing
states of the Union.

P.ut, gentlemen, let us consider for a moment the ornamental
side of our work. I realize that, working as we do. and keeping at
it daily, we have an excuse for not paying more attention to the
ornamental side, but let us pay a little more attention to our yards
and our lawns. We need not ])urchase expensive shrubs. Right
here in Pennsylvania, out in our woods, and on our hillsides, we can
find as fine shrubs and plants as any one could wish, with which to
ornament our lawns, v^o let us consider this feature. Two years
ago 1 went up to the mountains for a few days rest, and during t1 e
few days I was there I was busy taking up shrubs in the woods
and carrying them down to the little yard and planting them. T '-
day people stop and look at that little garden, and ask where thc>e
beautiful shrubs came from, and are surprised to learn that tlvy
came from the hills around them.

Ladies and gentlemen, when T came here to-night. I did not ex-
pect to say a word, but I am glad of this opportunity to say a word
about those brother members who have gone; if it were left to ine
to write the epitaph of every brother who has gone over the ''Ore at
Divide," I might truthfully say that he was faithful to his God. :o
his country, and to his fellow-men.

49

The President. — Now, ^Ir. Hale is going to tell us some of the
things we are up against. Mr. Hale has learned how to push away
most of the things that bother us, and we want to learn how to do
it, too.

THINGS WE ARE UP AGAINST.

By J. H. Hale.

^fr. President I did not intend telling stories this evening, but
when the good brother comi)limented Brother Heiges about the per-
simmon, and talked about the 'simmons beer, it was rather a dan-
gerous subject for one who has just come up from Georgia. It re-
minded me of the colored brotlier addicted to gambling; he was
])laving his favorite game with some of the other colored gentlemen,
and when he found he was losing i)retty steadily, he said, "Let's us
give up what we has been a doin' and name what is good eatin', and
the fellow what names the best gets the pile." The others agreed,
and then thev started, each one taking a turn, until it came about
the fourth man; he said. "Well dar's possum, and dar's sweet
taters. and dar's watermelon, and dar's 'simmons beer," and then
tlicy set up a howl '*for sure, dat niggah done named all de good
Uiings dar is to eat." So it is with these gentlemen ; they have done
said all the good things, until there is but little left for me to say.^

Yesterday I met a horticultural friend of mine, and I told him
tliey had asked me to come over here and talk about the things we
are up against, and 1 hardlv knew what to say; I asked him what
was the chief thing the horticulturist was up against, and he said:
'ITe is up against himself more than anything else," and I said,
"Amen." I think we are up against ourselves as the most serious
lu-ojiosition to be worked out. and that reminds me of another story.
\ young bride who had recentlv been married was congratulated
liy'all her friends on having a model husband. She felt very good
<.\er this until she went home and looked in the dictionary for the
'iefinition of "model," and found it meant "a small imitation of the
real thing," and that is the real proposition. We are up against
model orchards.

One of the things that the average orchardist is up against is

t>o many varieties. The old stager who has been through the mill,

■\m\ then out of it, and the business man who starts out to go

ib.rough the mill all make this mistake. One of the most successful

a,:;ricultural teachers I ever knew turned his attention to orcharding

'iie ])ast few years, and against his own knowledge, and the advice

r his friends, planted three times as many varieties as he should.

i) commercial orcharding keep the number of varieties down to a

'^ ry few of the best for your location.

Another thing we are up against is the advice of our friends,
'iien the nurseries give us mixed varieties; and there are so many

so

ol<1 fivoritc. tliat we woul.l like to have tliat tlie mirscry gets in some
verv ec?o I wo k an.l .line times out of ten. between the advice of
your 1r!en.ls! an.l the wiles oi the nurseryman, you plant twice as

iiTin\' \-'irieties as YOU should. ■ , .

•The there is another consi.leration. Xear y always our trees
come o us in poor condition. <liie to cheap packing aiul ha.l haiid-
Cb the rairoad company. an<l then we sit <Unvii and write the
fservi an hat his tre -s are ba<l. Yet no doubt they were firs
das^trees v en he shippe.l them, an.l yet often reach yon all .Iried
u» and wit al,parentlv no life. Instea.l of sitting down ami wri u.g
the 1 rserv rn-it'will do no good anyway, tie next lot will be
St as bad-1 irv the trees in a moist, cool, shady place for a few
la^^ give them the moisture they need, then m a week <hg up and
iiU fnd ten.1 carefully, an.l 9.S per cent. -iU pn ,ab >• .n- One
of niv best near trees lav root up m the sun for eight or ten <ia\s.
I 1 ri'lit /or a week, an.l then t.iok it up and p ante. -t^-<' ' -
it is st-m.lin" as fine a tree as vou want to sec. S.) .lont worr>
ev^rv ii e v.'^u get a .Irie.l-.nit nursery tree. Don't cuss out the iiur-
:: y nan Uio much. Nine times out of ten it will n.,t accomplish
vour imrnose while intelligent han.lling will bring results
^ TlZw; are up against small fiel.ls. an.l uusnitable l..cations.
It nka es\ne to bear vm, people lan.l the high ,pia litv o l>eiinsyl-
\,da apples • t is the 'same thing with \erm.,iit an.l Michigan and
ev "vw ere el e. I'ach man believes he has the best frj.it right there
1 1 s IK tivc- tate. That is a g.K-.l i.,.lication : in onler o succee-
on ha e g..t t.. believe in v.n.rself. h. onler to s..ccee.l bes >t, n
w n>bablv have to w.,rk right ..ear where yo.. were b..r..
Tl er ir s .ne g.x«l thi..gs farther ..... s.,.netimes. a...l when yo..
Irthe^e: th" are iust alit.le farther o... a..d ;' ''" ;,'^-' ^ ^
Mcrnin ind s(/vou could tro on uutd vou land ni the 1 acitic ^ >ecan.
ifr nine in OS- > t of Umi vou will find the best place n^dit witlun
^n Ss tnu where y<.u were born. Of 7--- ^---^l;;:^'^;;!
nrettv hard time, especiallv if you take hold of the old farm an
rv to 1 ke <oniethin^r out'of it, but vou nn.st w,n out if you uo.k
hard V v<>ur brains^n<l trv to fit vour<elf into vour surrounding^

saw an a<lverti<enient the other <lav for a man to ^"^^ ^'^^tak 1
sa e of a wonderful ,)atent medicine, warranted to be Profitable >
the undertaker and 1 want to assure you, younj,^ men, and old im .
"Cs a!ul old maids, and the whole of you, that if x.m uudertak
to follow the ways of this society, it will work ;d n^ k ^ ■._
lines It is not all honey, and it is iK^t all vine-ar. There is a
erful lot of pleasure in fruit culture-in hndin.^ ;^^^<^*7^'^7;" ^^.^
le Istacle in the wav. 1 find successful horticulturists all o -
\moriei ind thev are not the ones who started on b.asy Street, tin >
aVrthe ine V o s'lrted out <letermined to succeed ancl even umU r
advert conditions thev <lid succeed: they know ^^^^^'^^Z^^'
hi the soil that can be brought out, and thev undertake t^; " .^
out, and they succeed, with whatever branch of horticulture tlu >

""^^The;^ comes the (,uestion of "how far apart shall T P^;;^ n;.
trees ^" I alwavs sav that is a local ciuestion : one nian will tell y- 1
so far and another,' another distance, and so on. but to me it i-
solves i^elf hito a local (,uestion. .Ml my life I have been growir •

51

peaches, but lately for the last 10 or 12 years I have been planting
anple trees to keep me when 1 get old and lazy. I am afraid the
trouble with most of us is that we get lazy before vve get old 1
started to plant one peach orchard on light thin land, twelve feet
anart but by some carelessness, we got an eleven foot pole, and
before we found it out the trees had been growing tw;o months. It
has been discussed by horticulturists, and cussed by drivers who had
to drive the teams with plows and harrows through it. A corre-
spondent in Canada who had heard of this close planting, finally
decided he would make a visit to the States, don t you know for
the purpose of seeing this orchard ; he told me he had followed my
example, onlv had gone farther and planted his apples 32 ft. apart,
and then between them he had planted the peaches 16 ft apart,
and between the i^eaches. plums 8 ft. by 8 ft., and then he said.
-What do vou think about it?"' I said, "I think you are a damn
fool" •'W'-what?" he said, horrified; "why, 1 made a trip to the
States, don't vou know, for the purpose of seeing you and Prof.
IJailev, don't 'vou know"— r>ailey of Cornell; in view of what he
said to the En'glishman. T think he is a pretty good fellow From
inv place the Englishman went up to see Prof, llailey, and he told
him the same thing about close planting that he had told me, and
that I had said he was a damn fool; "Xew, what do you think of
that--" he asked Prof. P.ailev. Pailey said, "Why. Ha e is generally
ri<dit" Now. of course, vou can understand why I love hailey.
It^ook that blessed Englishman a year to get that through his head
and then he saw the point and laughed, and wrote me a jolly good
letter and I suppose he is laughing yet. These interp anting prob-
lems cannot be worked out in any scientific manner, by theory ; it
means just plain cverv dav hard work, observation, anc adapting
vourselves largelv to local conditions, varieties, etc., which reminds
me of the storv 'of the two scientific gentlemen who went hunting
one summer in 'the Rockv Mountains, cami^ing out; finallv one night
thev came uimmi the shack of a hunter, who agreed to take them in
for' the night, and give them something to eat. In the corner of the
one room there stood a large stove, standing about 8 ft. from the
]iott(Mn on stakes. The hunter was out, and the two scientific gen-
tlemen began to discuss the reason for putting the stove up in that
manner; one of them finallv came to the scientific conclusion that
it was i)ut ui) so high, because heat always rose first and the quicker
I'c could get it up there at the ceiling, the quicker it would naturally
tall again, and distribute itself through the room and so get most
iieat at least cost. The other had another scientific explanation,
t quallv i)lausible, and each thinking he was right, they made a wager
on the' subject. Thev decided to ask the hunter, so when he came
in. thev said to him, "vou have a nice warm room here, but now tell
'-. wliv do vou set vour stove u]) that way?' "Oh, he said, 1
It it uj) that wav he'cause I lost a i)iece of pipe when I crossed the
iver. and had to' put it up that way or not at all. That is just
: e wav with the orchard; theorv and ])ractice do not always agree.
was 'glad to hear the report of that Professor— 1)y the way you
ive so many professors here that T am beginning to wonder wheth-
' vou have anv real, evervdav practical men— I mean orchardists—
-It he had fro'm different sections of the state, showing a tendency

52

to thin out the apples, when half grown, just as we do peaches and
plums to secure better fruit. That shows decided progress over
five or ten years ago. But we must be making progress all the time.
We are sj^reading out more in all orchard matters, and we must keep
up with our ]:>rogress by improved methods in every branch of our
work.

Here comes the question, how shall we get the heads of the old
trees down where we can properly spray and thin the fruit ? That is
the question, how to cut the old high headed trees down so we can
get at them and how to spray so as to get the best results. Matters
of this kind were not discussed ten years ago, but we will have to
do it from now on, and we will do it. Most of the old trees stand
twenty, thirty, forty feet in the air, and at least one-half the top
must come off. A few of the nurserymen are beginning to adopt
the method of lower headed nursery trees, following the hints from
the growers who will have them. If you cannot get the lower
headed trees from your nurservmen, get yearling whips, and make
your head where you want it. We cannot any longer afford to climb
ladders to get our fruit. For the outside of the tree a short ladder
may be used, but the best way is to try and grow our orchards so
low' headed that we can do away with ladders altogether. I have in
Georgia considerable of a peach' orchard : it covers a thousand acres,
and we sometimes gather more than two hundred carloads in five
weeks, and nary a step-ladder, or any other kind of a ladder have
we used in that orchard, and I don't propose to use any in my or-
chard in Connecticut.

Then comes pruning. The gentleman this afternoon spoke of
turning up the roots of the trees, by plowing, but made a discrim-
ination between the jieacli and the apple. That is just the point:
there must be some discrimination between pruning and the old
promiscuous slashing, once in four or five years will not do for
the modern orchard. A little bit at a time, is the way to prune.
There is no hard and fast rule but the way that will let the sunlight
and air in is the best wav. I use a good many Italians on my place
in Connecticut. They are natural tree pruners, and once I give then^
an idea of what is wanted I get good results.

The question of culture comes next. Now, the question is a
very important one, whether culture of the mind of the orchardist.
or the land in which his orchard is planted. We want thorough
preparation before planting. We must not only have^ good toi)
plowing, but we must have a sub-soiling if it is anything except
gravelly or light sand. We want as thorough preparation of lan<I
for the new orchard as we want for the garden, and when the trc<
are once growing, we want thorough cultivation early in the sprin,'4
of each and every year. That is where we often fall down. Mosl
farmers have so much else t(^ do in the spring that the orchard must
often wait until the last. We lose a great deal of the very best^
wood growth by neglecting early culture. We in Connecticut ar ■
about the same latitude as you in Pennsylvania — probably a littl'^
farther North, but if I can have onlv one good cultivation in

season, I want that from the middle of April to the middle of M.i •
I used to talk a great deal about keeping orchards clean in fruitin :

time, but I would rather see the orchard clean during the fir-t

53

growing month of spring than during the last two or three months
of the season. If possible, by all means cultivate frequently the first
three spring months with a cover crop on the land through late
summer and fall. The question of what manner of culture must
(k'ljend largely upon the soil, the trees, and your own opportunity ;
the implements do not so much matter ; anything that will keep the
land well broken up will do, particularly during the early part of the
season, though of course the best modern implements are to be pre-
ferred So many of us grow cover crops of crimson clover — one of
your advantages with it here in Pennsylvania is that it often winter
'kills. If it continues to grow, and comes up nice in the si)ring, you
are tempted to leave it for another week, and then it looks good
again, and you decide to leave it for another week, and then it begins
to bloom a'nd it looks so ])retty that you want to get your wife or
your sweetheart out to see it, and she admires it so that she has two
or three friends to whom she wants to show it, and so you have it
pumping the moisture out of the land. Never mind what happens
in the s])ring: you want to get cultivation early, and a coyer cro])
put on in August if possible, and anything that tends to interfere
with your early cultivation in the spring is a temptation of the devil.
l\arly cultivation is necessary for a good, vigorous growth of the

orchard.

Now, about the feeding of your orchards. It has been dis-
cussed here this afternoon, and the papers have discussed it, but it
seems to me that the tree itself will tell the observing orchardist
what it needs better than any one else can. The successful orchard-
ist will i)rune well, and feed well, and cultivate well, in order to
bring about the highest degree of fruit (levek)pment : 30 of nitrogen,
()0 of phosphorous, and 100 of potash per acre, is the proportion
usually used, but I would say this was just a little bit stingy to
vour trees. I believe I would pretty near (loul)le that if I could bor-
r. .w the money, and some of you are so good-looking that I would
not hesitate to borrow money of you. I have in years gone by
l)orrowed money to buy fertilizers — hundreds and thousands of
dollars, because I could not aft"ord not to do so. If you have more
trees than vou think you can afford to feed liberally, cut do\yn half
(.>f them an'd feed them that are left full rations. Conunercial fer-
tilizers produce the best results. We have been talking for some
y-.-ars — es])ecially the scientific fellows — that peach trees did not
iioed nitrogen, but it is well to keep some nitrates on hand, and feed
■ to vour orchards when foliage growth tells you its needed. I
-ukf not apply nitrates after July, but during May or June I would
itch each individual tree, and any that were not quite as green as
] should like I would give a little nitrate. I never buy a mixed fer-
' lizer; the dealer figures that $10 worth of nitrates, $10 worth of
osphorous, and $10 worth of potash, and says three times ten is
rty. I do not believe in feeding his pocketbook quite so liberally
; that, at the same time I feed my trees all they will take up:
-'oo to 1,500 pounds ground bone, 400 to 500 pounds of muriate of
i lash, and 200 ])oun(ls of nitrate of soda per acre annually, it
I vs me to use. ^'ou want that tree to make a good return to you,
s- • feed it well ; don't be stingy with it ; and, after all, it is ''the other
fallow" who pays the bills in the long run. You simply advance it;

54
and the more you intelligently spend on it. the more you will get back

^ ^^ Another thing we are up against is the vSan Jose Scale. I got
nearly mobbed in Western New York a few years ago for saymg
that i believed it was a blessing. lUit 1 think it has caused many ot
us to wake up. We were too much in the habit or lettmg our or-
chards alone, and it came along, and made us look after our or-
chards, or lose them. Thousands of orchards got no attention what-
ever until the time of fruiting came, when they went ni to i)ick the
fruit but the scale made it necessary to give them at least some at-
tention The little bov upon ])eing asked whether he knew the
difference between the quick and the dead, said " Yes ; those who gc)t
out of the way of the automobiles were the ([Uick ; those who didn t
were the dead." So it is with the San Jose Scale: if we are not
quick to look after it. our trees will be dead : while fighting the scale
which we must or lose our orchards, we have also learned to feed
and prune and cultivate our orchards a little better, and they are
showing their gratitude for the attention. Thousands ot trees died
during the earlier years of the scale, but we have become better ac-
quainted with it. and have learned how to control it, so that instead
of a curse, it has proven to be a blessing in disguise. It has made
us acquainted with our trees, and when you become acquainted with
a' good thing, you usually learn to love it. When you l)ec.)me bet-
ter acquainted' with people, you love them better. 1 he meanest
"critter you have in your neighborhood— I hope you haven t inany
of these but you will 'find some in almost every other community-
has some goo'd traits, if you come to study them, and you must love
them for these traits while forgetting all others as much as you
can I had occasion, not so long ago, to drive up the inountain, to
see an orchard, so 1 hitched up old IMossom and started out. Hall
way up the mountain, we came across the biggest and the meanest
loo'king dog I ever saw: lilossom hesitated, and I duhi t hke his
looks, but there was nothing to do, but to face him : so I urged
lilossom on, and said to the dog. "Why, good morning, doggy : tlii>
is a pleasant morning for you and me to be taking a trq) up the
mountain," and that dog looked brighter and better for the kind
word I don't know how much better he really was, but he looUcl
better just for those few kind words. I like good and sweet thini:^
—most men d(^men, women, dogs, flowers, anything that is gc^^l
and true, and its all about if we but oi)en our eyes. So m this mat-
ter of the San Jose Scale : it forces us to inspect every indivKlua
tree and become accpiainted with it, and as we become acquainted
witli it, we become attached to it and want to care for and improve
it in every way possible. Anv spray that we use to kill scale, eitli^i
lime ancrsulphur, or anything else, but especially with the lime ai d
sulphur, we also get rid of the fungous growths, and get bet-
ter and more healthful trees, so the scale is a benefit to us after a l'.
and if we don't i^rofit by it, 1 hope we will get something— shall l
say worse?— no, better than the San Jose Scale to stimulate us . •
do our full duty by our trees. Of course, we have the codlii.4
moth and the other moths and growths, but in fighting the scale, v
fieht them, too and to see their effects, you have to go to mark- 1
and see the fruit offered there. We go to market, and see some f"

55

Xrant set aside ten cents or a qnarter of tbat for something
e^rew he, decorate their tahles. and fee.l the.r saise of beanty
. r^^Pv are fin(hnir that thev get the same henefit from $i.7b

r.rth oi c^!:Th cents -<f^;^[^'^r^^^^f]^:^z^

tlu-v would tret from $2 worth of ••grub. Now, beautitui irniis
n\he tab e^re just as attractive as beautiful Howers and if our
u crowers will just realize that if they gro^y beautiful as wel
"«„Kl fnUts hey will not only send actual foo.l into the homes of

d^'consume.^ bt,\ something that will appeal to their sense ot the

'""'Tben'ue'have the trouble of winter and spring freezing, fol-
low ine warm weather ; von can overcome that in a measure by se-
le t I ymir h Usidcs an<l hill tops for your orchards where tie

emnerauire is from five to eight .legrees higher than it is m he
o winds in times of greatest drop in temperature. This question
of ex rem" frost is one of the most serious things we are up against
Thlse frosts come upon us from year to year, often at the turn the
biuk are pretu- well swollen, and often do serious damage. Those
of you wh 1 ave a hillside orchar.l are more ..rtunately situa e
with ega o frost than those whose orchar.ls are down in the
V- lev For the man in the valley, the best thing he can do is to see

W his t ee s in a goo.l. healthv condition, protects by a good

"alth co::r crop: it'wiU stand ™![,'-V7-"'\ '^;;'\ .^ ^tlic' iZ
is not covered. The cover crop will help to keep back tlic mia .
L„d i^^i this wav be some sliglit protection against freezing. The
oi^s on f s^rhig frosts at blooming time is to my min.l one of the

'osserUnis' general propositi,.ns we "e np aganist m tl c .-
n-nl states in latitude of rennsvlvania and a little bout li, and inc
worst of it s we have it regularly. Like the wulower who was
■dm to be mar C.1 the fourtirtime to a wi.low a.ul sent wor.l to bis
tr M 1 to c me to the we.l.ling, it was not going to be an amate r
ner r na°.ce this spring frost matter is n..t an amateur perform-

nceTZare<ar thing; it comes with .listressing regularity, and

he'oi^ thing'-we can do to guard against it is '<; -'-"t o- ^-f >™

very carefully, pr..K.^a.eg.x,.^^^^e^^^^^

use cover crops. .A ^^S'lar v a ' ' ■ , ,,^, ,„j,,

the trees in your orchard, wink halt a nine "1' ' , j

vour neighbors- orchard remains unscathe, 1 ' l'^^.^";";™ 'J J ^^jj^ ,
happen in mv own immediate neigbborhoo.l. .sO feet extra elevation

"'"■'Vlfcn" we'll 've'the .niestion of proper thinning. We can a<ld
.renth t 'the P o luction .f finer fruit by thinning at the right tmie.
^ if ian be d<!ne by a certain amount of ^1^^^'^:^^^;;^^'^'^
1 have a friend who grows only one <|i.arter ^^^/^^'l' '".^, '[j^^ '•,!„.
he thins them, aiul he gets more from his '!> arter acre than he aver
•lop nnn wts from bis whole acre: he gets at least htt\ per ccni
Ire "uittoni his trees than his neighbors do, an.l it is of mticb

56

greater size and beauty. I know a man who has half an acre of
strawberries, which are reguhirly tliinned, and makes money by the
thinning. We will all get up to these things by and by, and make
money by so doing. The orchardist who grows apples and plums
and pears and peaches and does not thin them is making just as
much of a mistake as the man who does not till his land every year.
Thinning has as much to do with fine fruit as spraying has. That
is why 1 rejoiced when I heard your chairman of the General Fruit
Committee report eight or ten of his correspondents advocate thin-
ning their apples. 1 have heard men say, "It costs too much ;" it
does cost something, but vou are simply advancing the money, and
will get it all back in the higher prices you can get for your improved
fruit. Beginning early in the summer, the same as with your spray-
ing, thin out vour apples and peaches, and the result will surprise
you. In time,' this will be the general jiractice, but we must educate
the orchardist up to it. It is like the man who saw in the paper an
advertisement to send a dollar and learn how to cure his horse from
slobbering. He sent the dollar, and got 1)ack the advice, ''Teach him
to spit." That is education of a kind at least. The fruit grower
must be educated up to his fruit: he is slobbering all over the
market with fruit that is not up to the standard of what it should
be because he does nr)t do the things he must do, and one of these is
to thin his fruit. He thins for good peaches now, and in lo years
from now he will be thinning his other fruit, or be beaten in the
market by those who do. Those of you who thin your apples, raise
your hands (two hands raised). Perhaps next year there will be at
least three. Now then, how many of you thin your peaches? Raise
your hands. Ah ! that's better ; I see (juite a number of hands uj).
You have been more used to thinning i^eaches, but this idea of thin-
ning apples is a comparatively new one. Now, another question.
We pick our tomatoes as they get ri])e : how many of you pick your
apples the same way? Our ])eaches are picked as they ripen, but
how about our apples? How many of you pkk your ajiples at tw(^
or more picks when they get ripe, and how many of you pick your
apples when they are matured? Raise your hands. I see five hands
up. How manv times do you pick them? Three — four — five —
sometimes half a dozen times'. That's good. I have seen in Western
New York the wonderful apple orchards you have all heard about,
but they don't i^ick the Baldwin's until oncrfourth or more of them
are on the ground. And then they pick the matured ones and the
immature ones all at once.

Now, as to apple packing. In New York yesterday I heard
a consumer ask the dealer whether the apples in a certain barrel
were the same all the way through : on the top they looked fine.
The dealer declared he would guarantee nothing except what was on
the top; he said, "I don't know whether they arc good apples, bad
apples, or anv kind of apples ; all I can guarantee is what I see on
the top." We will have to change our way of packing a])])lcs, as
well as of picking apples ; we will have to ])ick them as they mature,
and then grade them and pack them uniformly and when we have
secured the confidence of the dealer in our method of doing this,
there will be no trouble about the price. We have got to get over
this idea of picking up our mature and immature apples all at once

S7

and shipping them in the market without uniformity. They should
be properly graded, and i^acked in such a way as to attract atten-
tion, with not a single specked or unattractive apple among them.
( )f course, I am speaking now of gilt edge fruit. Make the con-
sumer want your product, and he will pay for it. You are, if it
costs extra to do all these things, just remember, you are simply
advancing the money it takes to do it. The consumer will gladly
pay the whole bill and a good big profit on top.

We used to take the best fruit and put it on the top, but the
business proposition has changed, and we have got to have the same
kind of fruit all the way through each and every package. You
don't sup])ose that this beautiful fruit that comes from the W^est
looks the same here as it does when it comes from the tree? Not
a bit of it. They were careful to select it, shipping only the perfect
specimens, and to wrap every single specimen by hand very care-
fully. Most of this work is done by women — that is, the wrapping.
And by the way, if you want honest and careful grading, take
women and girls to do this work. Let the men do the heavy work
— picking, rolling the barrels, handling boxes and baskets, and taking
them to market, but when it comes to grading let the women do it.
They are more honest than the men. and they have a quicker eye,
and a quicker perception. I don't know that they deserve any
(.redit for that ; they were sim])ly made so, and cannot help it ; they
can't be otherwise, and I'm glad of it. If you live near enough
to the market to do so, and can haul the fruit to market ; your fruit
will fare better. If you cannot do this, and must depend on the ex-
press companies, you will find that even your best fruit is likely to
suffer at their hands. In shipping by express we are up against a
serious proposition. They are in position to do as they please m
regard to handling and promptness, and the fruit growers are sim-
l)ly at their mercy. Whether this organization, and the other organ-
izations combined can bring any pressure to bear on them, I don't
know, but it is a serious, serious proj^osition. We have found it not
only cheaper, but safer to ship by freight whenever possible. If
you can get enough fruit together to take a car you will have a bet-
ter chance to get your fruit into market in better time and condi-
li'»ii than any other way, and the cost will be considerably less.

I used to think that we had a pretty serious proposition in the
c -mmission man: that he was simply trying to take advantage of
iIk- fruit grower but a better acquaintance with the men in this line
of' business has convinced me that the average commission man is a
li lie squarer man than the average fruit grower. That is, of course,
in my own state, and some others. 1 lere in Pennsylvania it may be
<liiTerent. You are all honest and sf[uare, and it is the commission
n n and the express companies that (U) the juggling. But the com-
1^ mission man has to work just as hard for his living as you and I
h'lve to. Look up your commission man, get acquainted with him,
a: d get him to come up to your orchard, show him your way of
lt'!idling fruit, show him that you are doing honest and careful
gr.iding, that you are reliable, and he will go back, and begin to ad-
V* rtise your fruit. \\'hen you begin to pick your fruit, ask him to
sdid down a man to see how you pick it, and how you pack it for
bi'ii, and he will go back and get a little more money out of that

58

fruit for himself and for you too. If you are doing business on
a large enough scale, get a good newspajier re])orter out to your
orchard, if vou have to pay his railroad fare or carriage hire,
or anything else. Get him to believe in you. get him to believe in
vour trees, and it will pav : there is always a good story to be had
out of a good crop of ffuit. You may convert your commission
man and retail fruit dealer from a good many of his unsatisfactory
wavs of fruit handling and selling, if you show him you are trying
to do better We must use the commission man in a good manv
wavs and more and more through him. reach the consumer. It
must 'be done bv honest packing, a high c|uality of fruit, making it
iust a little bit 'better in the middle, if i)ossible, than it is on the
top- then put on vour own labels, telling just what it is. and who
grew it and get the consumers out to vour orchard : give them a
taste of your fruit, and sell them a lot more for double what it is
worth and it will pav vou. 1 could tell you of some large orchard-
ists to'-dav who are' selling direct to the consumer, sometimes two
and even 'three hundred miles away, once they get their accjuaint-
ance and get their faith. It is verv profitable, indeed, (.nee you get
their faith, and get into this business of direct family trade through
high qualitv and honest i^ack of your fruit. • , x^ „

The next thing the i)each grower is up against is the ^ ^'I'^^^^'^-
That is something we are likelv always to have with us. The first
indication of it to most observers is when they begin to see a itt e
pennvroval like sprouts on trunk or main branches, and a little
hecti'c bfush or red spots on the fruit, with red thread like lines run-
ning through the flesh. We are up against not knowing what the
Yellows is two or three vears before it first shows itself in this wav.
and bv that time it has reached serious proportions. At the fir<t
si<rn o'f it. take that tree out of the orchard; if it is on a Sundav
morning don't l.egin to leave it over Sundav. Tull it out then and
there • if it is on a Sundav morning, get out and burn it before yon
go to church, even if vou don't get to church that dav. Xo mattoi
whether vou discover it in Tulv or in September, take it out. and take
it out at 'once. I si^eak thus feelinglv. because I grow peaches inore
than anv other fruit, and 1 have struggled against this dread ^ el-
lows an'd in some small decree overcome it. I told vou that the
nicrger is a born gambler. We have three or four hundred of them
oirmv place (k)wn in Georgia, and we have to have watchmen nig it
and (lay. So when we catch one in any oflfense not altogether in tlic
nature V)f a crime, we hold a court of our own on the place. I
am usuallv the judge, and the superintendent is the prosecuting at-
torney, or' he is the judge, and I am the i)rosecutor. \\ e do this io
save these poor fellows from being taken to court and delivered to
the rigors of the law; down there they are i)retty hard on the nv.^
ger on princii)le. Well, on (^ne such an occasion. I was acting '-
judge in the case of a colored brother who had been caught gam •-
ling- the superintendent was the i)roseciitor, and he made out I '^
case' After he got through, I began to ((uestion the darky, b't
could not get much satisfaction out of him. then one of the (iM' r
niggers came to me and said "Caj^'n. I'se a good deal older nig«j r
than you is. and I don't think vou are going the right way to get t: o
truth'; you'se questioning the nigger what's got the money ; if yon '-^

.S9
uints the truth, ask the follow what loses." And my experience
has alwavs been that you get nothing out of the nigger wha wins ;
to get at 'the bottom of a thing you must ask the nigger wha loses,
so it is with the Yellows; I'm the nigger what loses, and I know
there is no salvation unless you discover it and root it out two or
three vears earlier than vou generally do.

In (^Tadicating the lirown Rot. the self-boiled lime and sulphur

wash, two or three sprayings of it in summer ^^'^^1 P^^^">.';f;:^-\X
trol it Certain varieties seem to invite it more than others, lake
he Carmen peach, for instance; it is hardy in bud, delicious, of
drmalitv. an(l a prolific bearer, but we find it seems more liable
t thiTn,t 'than mos\ of the other varieties. W here an orchard has
become infected with this I5rown Rot. you must be P^epared to
fight it bv burning all rotten peaches. Leave no "junimies n he
tiee. Sp'ray with lime and sulphur when dormant and with self-

^"'^'vdu'liink v(ni are up against it in y(.ur peach planting here
because of the comi^etition of southern peaches, ^''^^■;:^y;i^'^J^
do not be discouraged; this competition is no move to be feared
than the Rocky Mountain ai)ides in comi)etition ^^l^h yc>nr a^)p e^^
The southern peaches are beautitul in ai)i)earance, but they do not
ha^^eth" highVialitv and delicious fiavor that y^^^^^^^^
svlvinia neaches have— or v(nir eastern apples. \ (ni have tie ad
mt^^ elf 1liat high cpialitV here in Pennsylvania, -d in a<Uhti(>n
to that v(m have the advantage of close i)roximity t(. soim ot the
l:;d;ng n^kets. These western pe(.ple have t(. ^^^P three^jmi^nd
miles in order to reach our markets. Land out there sells at a
lisa (1 (Ulnars an acre because of this craze tor ^-'t ^'^--"^j^j
Here in IVnnsvlvania just as good fruit growing ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^
'i a nuich more reasonable figure. If ycni grow the right kind of
apple an caches and put them on the market in the right way, y(.n
will need to fear nothing from this western and southern competi-

^'''"'l had some notes here about shipping i^ackages. precooling. etc.
but 11 time is about up. I thank vou for your attentu^n. I you
have anv cuestions to lisk, I shall be glad to answer them, but I
loubt w'hether you want any more to-mght.

The President.— Are there any (|uestions? If so. :Mr. Hale
will be glad to answer them.

Prof. Surface.— I hnv high d(^ you head your apple trees?

Mr. Hale.— I have about 15.000 trees that are headed from 15
to 18 inches high.

A Member.— How far North are you?

Mr. Hale.— Latitude 40 to 4^-

A Member.-l low do y(ni detect the Yellows three years be-
lOre it is generally discovered?

6o

Mr. Hale. — T slioiild have to take you to the orchard, hut the
first indications T have found are j^enerally in the thick setting of
the leaves up in the tops. 1 have seen the leaves eight inches long
and two inches wide, set not more than half an inch apart on a rap-
idly growing central branch.

A Member. — TIow deep would you have the cultivation?

Mr. Hale. — Three, four or five inches : rather five inches than
anything else.

Prof. Surface. — W'hat inii^lenient do you cultivate with?

Mr. Hale. — Every ini])lement of soil torture that I have ever
heard of — plows, si)ring tooth harrows, disc harrows — everything I
have ever heard of. 1 have some rocky land where the stones are
very thick and we use evervthing we have ever heard of — anything
that will loosen u]) the soil.

A Member. — What next ?

Mr. Hale. — Oh, well, we get a slow-going ])air of horses, and
go over it with a sharp i)low, lengthwise, and crosswise, and con-
trariw^ise — any way we can get around those stones: if you were
to come there you would probably want to know where the land
was : you would not see anything but stones.

A Member. — What varieties of winter apples is it possible to
raise in your section ?

Mr. Hale. — Oh, well, there is the P.aldwin, the Rhode Island
(",reening, the Rome I'.eauty, the Jonathan— they are all winter
apples.

Prof. Watts. — Are you including the Rome Beauty in your list
of high quality apples?

Mr. Hale. — It is very much better with us than here in Penn-
sylvania.

Mr. Eldon. — How do you get your Italians, and how do you
like them?

Mr. Hale. — They are mostlv from the North of Italy, and love
the land and love to work in it. Once get one good man. and
you will soon have a lot of others. I always have more than I can
use. IVIost of our men spend the winter in New York as waiter>^
at hotels. I believe if you w^ent to New York to-dav you would find
some of our men waiting on you at the Waldorf-Castoria, or some
other joint.

Mr. Eldon. — W1iat do you have to pay for that class of labor?

6i

Mr. Hale.— A dollar and forty cents a day, and a house to
live in Alen with families have a house, while the rest live m a
barracks. There is a good big garden on the place, and the men
seem to take delight in working it ; it looks like a veritable flower
garden.

Prof. Surface.— Do you have a cover crop for the peach trees,
and cultivate the same as for apples ?

Mr. Hale.— Yes.

o

Id?

Mr. Engle.— Do you cultivate for young ai)ples the same as for

Mr. Hale.— No.

Mr. Good.— You spoke about having weeds for a cover crop ;
do you allow them to go to seed ?

Mr Hale.— Yes : I love weeds. There are a great many peo-
i)le in my country so lazv that they would not cultivate their crops
if it were not for the weeds. I would rather have weeds than no
cover crop at all.

Prof. Surface.— What about peaches as a filler for apples?

Mr Hale.— As a theory it is all right, and I have one orchard
where for twelve vears I have had peach as a filler, and they have
paid for themselves and a fine house and barn on the land, so t
have a fine apple orchard that will not cost me a cent. When the
peaches are out of the way. I shall probably change the method of
cultivation somewhat.

A Member.— How far are your trees apart?

Mr. Hale.— The apple 36 ft., and 18 ft. for the peach trees.

Prof. Surface.— How long do you carry the peach trees?

Mr. Hale.— Fifteen or sixteen years— j"^^ as long as they bear
well.

Prof. Surface. — Do the api)le trees suffer?

Mr. Hale.— Yes ; but the ])eaches furnish the money to pay for
that sutferuig.

A Member.— Don't you break your plows in going over those

tones?

Mr Hale.— Oh, ves ; but we have some factories in Connecti-
ut which make sharp knives and i^lows, and we must patronize
hem and keep them busy.

62

Prof. Surface.— How long do you keep your peach trees profi-
itable ?

Mr. Hale. — Just as long as they live. I have never known a
tree that was so* old as not to be profitable. Some of the best
bearers I have ever had are trees eighteen and twenty years old.
I don't believe that any tree, peach or apple, should be cut down as
long as it lives and bears well.

Prof. Surface. — I asked that question because at a i)ublic meet-
ing some time ago 1 made the remark that 1 expected to kee]) my
peach trees alive and profitable until they were twenty-five years
old, and I was accused of being visionary and laughed at. 1 simpl>
wanted to see whether 1 was not right.

A Member. — When and how do you apply fertilizer ?

Mr. Hale. — Usually with broadcast machine and plow it in.

A Member. — On this particularly low-headed tree, how do yoif
get the borer?

Mr. Hale. — 1 do it by proxy, the Italians get them.

Prof. Surface. — 1 low do you keep those low trees from lyin
on the ground ?

Mr. Hale. — A tree that wants to lie on the ground, we keep
shearing and working at it constantly.

Prof. Surface. — What kind of a cover cro]) do you ])rcfer?

Mr. Hale. — Crimson clover and Cowhorn Turnips.

A Member. — What time do you ])lant it?

Mr. Hale. — The 5th of August, as nearly as we can.

Prof. Surface. — In Cieorgia or Connecticut?

Mr. Hale. — Connecticut.

::>

A Member. — What do you do with the turnips

Mr. Hale. — Oh. just leave them in the ground. Sometimes we
use Russian \ etch with them.

Prof. Watts. — What is the idea of using Cowhorn Turnii)s
with the Crimson Clover?

Mr. Hale. — Along the early part of August we often have a
damp spell, followed by a very dry s])ell. and the little clover plants

63

l,oein to suffer. Then the turnip makes a sha.le for the httle
clover, au<l in the winter they make a sort of mat for it.

A Member.-How long <lo you leave it go in the spring before
you turn it down ?

Mr Hale -That depends on the locality, and on the amount of

like too many heads.

A Member.-How do you get in to the low trees to plow ?

Mr Hale — W^ell we plow to one side of the tree, and use a
chain a HtYi: longer^Ln tire whimetree. an<l then we try the other
side, and plow it just any way we can.

A Member.— Do you plow close to the tree ?

;:i::^^:<i I tlr^iXf tl^ro:;': Ud then fed the trees well.

Prof. Surface.-How ,lo you plow the .oil-i.i the .lirection of
the tree ?

Mr. Hale.-Sometinu.s towar.ls the tree, sometimes away from
it — anyway we can.

A Member.-Don-t yon think the cover crop causes some rot?

Mr Hale -We know that a succession of cow peas causes too
nu,cl"uUrogen. an,l that causes rot, hut in a peach orchar.l we can
grow something else.

A Member.-Don-t you have to plow cow peas a uu.nber of
times ?

Mr. Hale.-Oh, yes : and they bob up serenely every time.

A Member.— Do you sow them after corn?

Mr Hale-Xo- it would be too late to grow them but if you

that will he all right.

A Member.- Wouhl that he sufficient to give enough nitrogen?

Mr Hale-T don't know : von will have to ask the tree ahout
that. Yo!;^:^;-t tell ilnvu here what is going to happen n, Glaston-
burv.

64

Mr. Good. — What is the idea of the cover crop? It does not
prevent the evaporation of the fertiHzer.

Mr. Hale. — It is to protect the roots.

Mr. Good. — And cover the land?

Mr. Hale. — I don't want any free land.

A Member. — How do you prevent the land washing on tht
hillside ?

Mr. Hale. — Well, we have a little trouble in that respect. On
one sharp hillside, we set in alternate rows, so as to catch any soil
that may wash.

A Member. — Is that a peach or an ai)ple orchard?

Mr. Hale. — An apple orchard.

Prof. Watts. — What kind of a spraying machine do you use
on the hillside?

Mr. Hale. — A good barrel pump and you will be suri)rised to
learn that in some of my orchards we spray altogether with the
knapsack sprayer. This is due to the fact that I employ a great
many Italians, and they like best to w^ork as they have been accus-
tomed to do in Italy and I have found that when you let a man
work in the way he is used to, he will do a whole lot better work,
and do it more cheerfully, than he would otherwise. One of my
best men, the foreman of the ])lace, has a little vineyard out on the
hill back of his garden, to make his native wine to take the place
of the poisonous tea and coffee we use here. He used the knapsack
sprayer there, and he figured out that it would be more economical
to use it in the orchards, and so I sent over last year and got half
a dozen more. Now we spray this hundred and fifty acre orchard
of three or four year old trees entirely by knai)sack. These Italians
are happy in their work, and so do good work : give me a man or
woman that is happy in their work.

Prof. Surface. — What do you do for borers ?

Mr. Hale. — Dig them out and sit on them.

A Member. — What do you do about the twig borer?

Mr. Hale. — I have no trouble with them at all.

Prof. Surface. — That is because your trees are healthy.

Mr. Hale. — Yes ; my trees arc all healthy.

A Member. — Do you sjiray your peach trees in the summer
with lime and sulphur?

6.S

Mr. Hale.— No; I have never done it myself, but they have
been doing it in Georgia and one or two other states the past two
years.

Prof. Watts.— The same strength as is usually applied to apple

trees ?

Mr. Hale. — No ; I believe not.

Prof. Surface.— It is a good thing for winter, while the bor-
deaux is an excellent thing for summer.

Mr. Hale.— Yes, but not so good as the lime and sulphur.

The President.— Gentlemen, you will have time to work the
pump on Mr. Hale to-morrow, and in order that some of us may
have time to catch our cars for home, it will be necessary to ad-
journ pretty soon. .

I would like to have the Comnuttee on Nommations report as
early in the morning as it is convenient to Dr. Mayer.

Dr. Mayer.— I would like to have that committee meet right
here in this room immediately after adjournment.

Adjourned until Wednesday morning.

WEDNESDAY MORNING, JANUARY 20, 1909.

Nine o'clock A. M.

President Hiester in the Chair.

The President.— I have here a comnuniication from the Cam-
bria Countv Horticultural Society, stating that Mr. Abram Hos-
tetler was elected a delegate from that society to the State Horti-
cultural Association: I have also a letter from Mr. Settlemeyer
stating that the Cambria County Horticultural Society was organ-
ized last Saturdav with 108 members. 14 of them ladies. Another
county heard fn^n ; we shall be glad to hear from every county in
the State in the same way.

Mr. C. J. Tyson.— I would like to add that at their meeting on
Saturday Mr. Hostctlcr was elected president.

The President.— So much the better ; I suppose he is a mem-
ber of our Association ; if he is not, he should become one at this
meeting.

Mr. Hostetler.— I just want to say at this time that I became
a member of this Association last year.

m

The President.— The next thing will be unfinished and new
business. The Committee on Fruit is not ready to report at this
time- we will hear from them this afternoon. We have quite a lot
of business, and but little time to get through with it. Is the Com-
mittee on Nominations ready to report?

Dr. Mayer.— The Committee on Nominations begs to make the
following report :

For President— Gabriel Hiester.

For Vice-Presidents— Hon. W. T. Creasy, F. II. Fassett, R.
M. Eldon.

For Recording Secretary— Chester J. Tyson.

For Corresponding Secretary— William P. Brinton.

For Treasurer — Edwin W. Thomas.

The President.— What shall be done with this report?

Mr McSparran.— Our committee has made excellent nomina-
tions: I move that their report be received, the committee dis-
charged, and the Secretary be instructed to cast the ballot for the
officers as nominated.

The motion being seconded, was carried by unanimous vote and
the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot of the Association for
the gentlemen as named.

The Secretary.— In accordance with the instructions of the
Association, I take pleasure in casting the ballot for the folWing
officers for the coming year: President, Gabriel l^iestej- ; \ ice-
Presidents, Hon. \\\ T. Creasy, F. H. Fassett, R. M. Eklon ; Re-
cording Secretarv, Chester J. Tyson : Corresponding Secretary, W U-
liam P. Brinton,' and Treasurer. Edwin W. Thomas.

Mr. Fox.— In the adoption of this report of the Committee on
Nominations, I have noticed that the old officers of 1908 were re-
elected with the exccjition of one. I know you had a good set ot
officers' during 1908. I know of ^Nlr. Hiester's devotion to the cause
of Horticulture, and I think vou can all be proud of having a man
like Air Hiester at the head of the Horticultural Association ot
Pennsvlvania for the coming year. I know all the other officers
Mr. Brinton goes back to the early days of this Association, and
Mr. Thomas is one of its old stand-bvs.

I regret to notice that one name has been dropped, and I know
that name has been dropped at the request of Mr. Engle himself,
because he no longer feels able to do this work in connection with
the other work he is doing. He has been a faithful worker for
many vears, and I think he deserves a vote of thanks from this
Association. He has been Secretary for many years, with the ex-
ception of two years, while he was absent, and your humble servant
filled the place. He gave his time and service cheerfullv, and 1 wisli
to move that a rising vote of thanks be given to Mr. Engle, the re-
tiring Secretary.

This vote was seconded and unanimously carried, and a rising
vote of thanks for his faithful services was tendered Mr. Engle.

The President. — T want to assure you, gentlemen, that I ap-
preciate the honor you have done me in re-electing me President,
and the confidence you have shown in me. I don't know whether it
was wise. I have always tried to merit your confidence, but I don't
know whether it was wise to keep a man at the head of the Asso-
ciation until he begins to feel that he owns it — but when I begin to
show signs of that, just warn me at once.

I join with my friend, Mr. Fox, in regretting that Mr. Engle
has declined re-election. The name of Engle has been associated
with this organization for so many years, that it does not look like
the old association without the name of Engle to represent it, some-
where. But since he has declined, I am glad to see in his place a
young man, who is so well able to do the work, and I am sure that
we will go on, and in no wise lose by the change. I am sure that
Mr. Tyson will have the support of this association in the future, as
Air. Engle has had it in the past.

Mr. McSparran. — ;\t the meeting last year, at Lancaster, we
had a fine exhibit of fruit, and I requested the Association to turn
tlie fruits that were not taken back to the Women's Christian Tem-
l)crance Union. I want to express to the Association the thanks of
these ladies for the fruit turned over to them. I have been told that
tlie habit of eating ap])les is a counter-irritant to the habit of drink-
ing wdiiskey, and I am sure we could devote our fruit to no better
cause.

The President. — Do you mean that the ladies are to eat the
apples? Or are you a member of the Association?

Mr. McSparran. — No; I am not a lady. My wife is a member,
and I pay her dues, and in that way, i)erhaps. become an honorary
member.' But I am authorized to thank the Association in behalf
of these ladies.

Mr. Youngs. — If in order at this time, I would lik< to say a few
words. It occurs to me that it would he a good idea for the society
to have a "Field Day," that is, a sunnner session, when we could
f;et together and review the actual work of the .Association. I
l:ave attended quite a number of these meetings in New York State,
?.nd it strikes me that their pattern is quite worthy of emulation.
I would merely throw this out as a suggestion, if the Society cares
'1 adopt it.

The President. — Do vou make that as a motion?

Mr. Youngs. — I would prefer the motion to come from some
ic a litle nearer the work of the societv than I am, but in order
< get the thing started T will make a motion to that effect.

The President. — It seems to me that the princi])al objection
t ' a summer meeting would be the fact that it would come at a time

68

when the men actually engaged in growing fruit could not well be
away from home for two or three days. If a tune could be set tor
September, or a little later in the season, it would be all right.

Mr. McSparran.— I move that this matter be referred to the
Executive Committee.

Mr. Youngs. — I second that motion.

This motion was carried, and the matter referred to the Ex-
ecutive Committee.

Mr. Youngs.— I did not intend this meeting to take the place
of the regular meeting. It would be merely a supplementary meet-
ing.

The President.— C )ur regular annual meeting is fixed by the

Constitution. ^^ , ^ . . ... .

Is there any further business? Tf not, the next thmg will be
to fix the place for our next annual meeting.

Mr. Fassett.— In selecting a jdace for the next meeting, I ex-
tend a cordial invitation to the society to wend their way up to
Wyoming Countv, amongst those hills where we grow the Northern
Spy It has been the i)ractice of the society to revolve just around a
little circle here, and to meet with the fruit growers of York, Adams
and Lancaster Countv, or here in llarrisburg. They no doubt offer
splendid inducement; to the society, l)ut we think we are entitled
to a little encouragement from the society. We have the climate and
soil to grow good fruit, and we want yon to come and meet with us
and see what we are doing. Consider this well before you decide
to hold the next meeting right down in this mellow pocket. We
want you up there at Tunkhannock, Wyoming County.

Mr. Youngs.— While vou are getting out of your regular
beat«^ whv not go a little farther and come to Erie County. We
are n^t so much growers of the apple, although it is an ap])le grow-
ing countrv, but everv other fruit known to horticulture in tlii-^
State is grown u]) there. We have pretty nearly boxed the horti-
cultural compass— grapes, and cherries and plums— and they grow
to perfection ui> there. It occurs to me that you might come u])
there for your summer meeting. If vou would get up say in bep-
tember it 'would not interfere with vour business as fruit growers.
Our latch string will be out. The 25th of Septcml)er is the time we
usuallv begin to harvest the Concord grapes, but any time prioi
to that would be acceptable. The early varieties of grapes will be
well ripened, and we could take you through our vineyards, ani
over prettv nearlv the whole Chautau(|ua field by trolley. In fact,
you can go all the wav from lUiffalo to Chicago by trolley. W <-
would be very glad to have you come over there to see us. Nov. .
we always get more or less one-sided in our views if we do not gti
away, and I think we are entitled to some of your consideration.

Mr. Snavely.— It has lieen quite a long series of years siu' "
this society has visited our little city of Lebanon. We have a htt e

69

city of about twenty thousand inhabitants and it is f [een «J ^^^^^
vears since the Association last met with us, and I think the time
Tafcor;!" when Lebanon wants another visit ^T,^^]^
cultural Association. We can give you a hall ^ ^.^^^./'^ ^^^%^'/^'^^
as t is and if you bring three times as many exhibits we can take
re of t'em. We have good hotels^ and our people wi be ga^Uo
welcome you. 1 bring this invitation by advice of the Lebanon
County Horticultural and Agricultural Society.

Mr. Chase.-I would be delighted to have this Association
meet a ;ear hence in old Strouclsburg, that is Instonc ground, and
I rnnidlv increasing fruit growing district, but I appreciate the fact
diS^lt i^ r^^ff^o^one side of^he State. -;;^^-w— ^ -
cess, and expensive to get there. In view of that, 1 rise to second
the motion for Lebanon.

A Member.-I want to emphasize Lebanon as a railroaa cen-
tre Then we have a hall four tniies as large as this, and the last
few year onr people are jnst beginnin^^ to waken up There a e
,nK- a few who really know how to grow f ru,t, an<l tlunk he ob-
i,^' of the society shouhl be to help those who really wa,,t to be
bd»e"l ami so when it conies <lown to voting. I would ask yon to
coilsi-tr liel,,hig those who really want to grow fruit, and <loi, t
know how.

Mr. McSparran.-The greatest good to the greatest number
sbond be onr aim. .\s the gentleman from Wyoming has sai.l, the
'joni'ndUal .Lsociation ha!; revolved annnid a conip^^^^
centre ever since its existence ; I larrishurg. W est Uicstcr. l.enanon.
my^burg, and Lancaster. The result has '>-;f ' '-^^^f ; ;
ship has been drawn from aroun.l this centre. I ^^ S" to \\ > omm
or Erie we will be going into new districts. cnnsyhama is ni
?, rtu aie in oulv one thing-its geography an.l tol-fjf ';''> •^^;\,^'^

divided by the mountains, and it is »'-"» ^,'"1'°'? belon/to le
Western man East, an.l the Eastern man West I be'ong to tiie
Stock Breeders and when we meet at llarrisburg. we have ver)
few Weltern men an.l when we meet at Pittsburg, we have only a
ew Eaiern e We shoul.l be very glad in.lee.l. to have you
^me to Laiicllter again next year but I realize that this wonl, ,»
bo fair and I think we should take advantage of these invitations
to go inu: a new centre, and, if possible, increase our membership,
and arouse more interest in the Association.

Mr Knuppenberg.-We have just begun our work in Wyom-
ing County, ami also in l>.ra<lford. The people ^Jiy^-;^. ^'^^d fight"
crinnincr to be instructed in the matter of growing fruit, and UKUt
Tng e San lose Scale, and they are asking for more -.1 to gr^^^^^^
frui and it would seem to me that you gentlemen could do no hing
bX'r^^n to ^ive us a little lift up there. .We v-J cl exte^^^^^^^^^^^^^
most heartv and cordial welcome to you and invite you to "le^t ^^^^^
us at Tunkhannock in Wyoming foimty next ear T, ^^^^^^^^^f^
want to make a motion that the Association hold its next meeting
in Tunkhannock.

70

Mr. Fox. — I do not want to knock Tunkhannock, but I am
afraid they have no daily nevvspai^ers there, and it is very important
that there should be a daily newsj^aper where we meet. The last
time we met at Reading, we had io8 members. I don't know how
many you have here. 1 am not authorized to invite you to come
to Reading; I have been away a little while, and I don't know what
my standing is in my home society, but I know you would be very
welcome. Now, Lebanon has three daily newspa])ers, and one of
the Senatorial districts is made up of Lebanon and part of Lancas-
ter, and I know from what my friend, Mr. H. C. Suavely, has said,
that you will be very welcome to come to Lebanon, where they have
daily papers, people interested in horticulture, and a room four
times as large as this one. Vou have crowded quarters here, and
it is well to take into consideration a desirable room in which to
hold the sessions of the Association. I think you would, therefore,
be wise in selecting Lebanon as the next meeting place.

Mr. Hostetler. — T represent the newly-born Horticultural So-
ciety of Cambria County, and I was instructed to ask you to come
over there to us for your next meeting. I need not tell you that
we are interested in horticulture, when we had our first meeting
on Saturday, and started our Society with io8 members, 14 of
whom are ladies. Johnstown is situated in the southwestern part of
Pennsylvania, and has a distributing ])o])ulation of about 200.000.
Carload after carload from New York and other centres is unload-
ed there, and from there distributed to this upwards of 200,000
l)eople, which includes all of Cambria and Somerset, and a good
portion of Westmoreland and Indiana. Therefore, T would heartily
invite you to come to the city of Johnstown. We have three daily
papers there, and will promise you all the newspaper advertising
you want ; and even more — a picture of the president and some
of the representative men in the papers.

Prof. Watts. — I only want to say that this invitation has come
as a surprise to me, and yet it is not a surprise because T know the
interest of those people in horticulture, and their warm welcome to
friends. Now, it seems to me that the State Horticultural Associa-
tion should go to any place with a definite object, and one of its
objects should be to increase its membership. I am not in favor of
meeting in ITarrisburg everv other vear. I think we should meet
at Johnstown next year, and the following year in the new Horti-
cultural TUiilding at State College. I'll tell you why we should go
to Johnstown; thev arc just beginning to take an interest in the
work of the Horticultural Association ; they grow fine fruit over
there, and the people are an.xious for encouragement. A young man
from there came to me recently, and asked me if I did not think it
would be a good thing to organize a Western Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Association. I told him "no." That instead of organizing
sucli a society, thev should become members of the State Horticul-
tural Association, which covers the entire State. That is the reason
why I think we should go over to Cambria or up to Wyoming, and
to every other part of the State, so as to increase our membership,
and our interest in every section, instead of only one little centre.

71

\t Tohnstown we have lots of good halls good hotels, three papers
*a^ d be kind of people to welcome us. P.y all means come to
Johnstown ; you will do more good there than at any other place,
i think.

The President.-It seems to me that the only way to settle this
,,uestion is to accept all of these invitations, and have a monthly

'"''''fZ'Z~l Ihlfi'nferest, an.l to receive all these invitations
We hav^ never ha.l so manv before. an,l it pleases me to see the
h^terest I don't know whether it would be well to settle th.s now
among yot,rse°ves. or to turn it over to the Execufve Comnuttee to
settle, and avoid any dispute that nught arise.

Mr Hale.— Yestenlav, whe.i I heard the report of your worthy
Treasitrer which showe.l'..,, pai.l n,embers last year of the grea
State of Peuisvlvania Horticultural Society. I was surprised. It
fl o del have « . 2 oco. It might have been, had you scattered your
n ,"e i ws I, the litTstate of Connecticut. har.Uy larger than some
f V f cou .tie we organized our State Pomological Society fifteen
^entv ears' ago: at the first meeting we had between 17$ a-ul
2^ memle^s and we .leci.le.l to visit the fruit growers m every sec-
.f?, ,f he Siate an<l hold two or more summer meetings. It got to
r h ee or four live snin.er meetings right out an„>ng the trees and
,,H ts wdiere c.nsi.lerable time was .Icvoted to discussion, and some

sir ;'ir£' s:r, J,i£v i?;3.r.;ti-,,r ^^^^^^^^^^

"*' e'^X.'" "Kti.! «. 0.0 „™,p,pc,.i taw n.ny .....pwe'.

are represented here to-day?

A Member.— The Secretary gives them a report.

Mr. Hale.-He has other business to attend to besides running
after the papers.

The President.-They have the legislators to watch just now.

Mr. Hale.— They probably need it too.

A Member.-I would like to second the motion to meet at
Tunkhannock.

Mr Youngs -T was over in New York at several of their
meet^g; Tnd thev shamed n.e when I compared their attendance
witl ours. Now, as has been said here, it seems to me that we are

72

going in a rather prescribed area. So far as the 113 members are
concerned, if I cannot double that on the Lake Shore, I will make
up the difference out of rny pocket. We have a larger membership
in our local society. Your worthy president knows that we raise
fruit over there. I have sixty acres in grapes, and am only small
fry when it comes to grapes ; I have more orchards in other fruit
than in grapes. I have more plums. Two years ago I came over
here to talk on brown rot, and curculio, and I am surprised that peo-
ple have not controlled that yet. We started on that fifteen years

ago.

Now, I know it is a long ways over there, but you will find our
latch string out over there in Erie County. We have good accom-
modations there, and it is easy of access. If you cannot come to
my own town of North East. I am willing to go to Erie, fifteen
miles away. I know it will do you good. We raise gooseberries
and currants, besides the grapes and ether fruits, and all during the
season, Heinz of Pittsburg, has his man on the ground, watching for
the best fruit, and selecting it with care. Come to Erie County,
and let us show you what we are doing there.

Mr. Creasy. — I have listened to this discussion, and have got-
ten some new ideas. This idea of a summer meeting out under the
trees is a good thing. Tf we have a summer meeting, T would like
to have it at Lebanon, right out under P.rotlier Snavelv's trees.

I think it would be a wise thing to turn the whole matter over
to the Executive Committee, and let them find out what each place
has to offer in the way of railroad facilities, hotels, and other ac-
commodations. Now, I think the railroads might give you some in-
ducement if they find out what you are trying to do.

Mr. Hull. — I think this would be a good plan, and I move that
the matter be referred to the Executive Committee.

Mr. Fenstermaker. — I would like to rise and second the motion
to go to Lebanon. "Sir. Suavely is a host in himself. The place is
easy of access, and our membership is right here in this locality.

The President. — Is the motion to refer the matter to the Ex-
ecutive Committee seconded ?

This motion being duly seconded, a vote was taken which re-
sulted in a division. A rising vote was then called for, which re-
sulted in the carrying of the motion, and the matter of the place
for the next meeting was referred to the Executive Committee.

Mr. Fox. — Who is the Executive Committee ?

The President. — The elective officers constitute the Executive
Committee. We will now take up ^Ir. Youngs' talk on Grape Cul-
ture.

Mr. Youngs. — Mr. President and ^[embers of the Pennsyl-
vania Horticultural Association. It certainly affords me great pleas-
ure to come here and see you, and to watch the warm interest in

73
horticulture that is shown in the State of Pennsylvania. It was
mv privilege to come over here about six years ago, and agam two
years ago, and now to-dav, and each time I find a warmer mterest
than before and I am glad to see it. . . ^

Now I know I come from a section where my own interests are
at present 'somewhat different from those of most of you gentlemen
in the horticultural line. I come from a town which grows the most
grapes in the world and that town is in Pennsylvania. I should be
^lad to have the summer meeting come up there.

THE GRAPE IN PENNSYLVANIA AND MODERN
METHODS OF CULTURE.

Rv L. G. Youxr.s.

Pennsvlvania makes no ])retensions as a grape growing state,
and a few of its people are aware it stands fourth in importance as
a producer of the grape. That her acreage can be increased greatly
goes without saving, provided care is taken to control black rot,
and the funges diseases grapes are heir to. Our neighboring State
of New York has several well defined sections where grapes are
grown in a commercial wav. The most important of her districts
"are the Chautauqua and Keuka Lake districts. The Erie district
of Pennsvlvania is reallv a part of the Chautauqua fh^trict, and my
home town of North East is the parent town of the Chautauqua
belt, and ships more cars of grapes than anv other town in the belt,
and more cars than anv other in the world. , , t> •

I have a little leaflet with me. It was issued by our local Lusi-
ness Men's Exchange. It has some information about yields ot
grapes and other fruits and may interest vou. . , 1 -i

I will take up now the question of vineyards, suitable soils,
air-drainage, etc. These questions I shall discuss from the stand-
point of the commercial grower. If I can answer any questions
later for the amateur or home grower. I shall be glad to do so.

In planting the grape we prefer a loam or sandy soil, well under
drained if anv of it is inclined to be wet. Remember the grape
like most fruits, while a modified P.aptist, does not believe in total
immersion. X'inevards on extreme low lands are more subject to
fungous diseases than on uplands, because of poor air drainage anc
ni(.st of the lands are either clay or peat, which is not an ideal soil

for the grape. . , , .

In planting the vinevards, land that has been used for some
cultivated crop the previous year is to be preferred, and is plowed
all the way from 6 to 12 inches in depth according to the whims of
the planter, some being advocates of shallow, some of deep plovving;
liowever fit vour ground thoroughlv and mark in checks^^ Now
vou will find Concord grapes set 8x8 ft., 8x9 ft., 9x9 ft Of these
checks 8x9 ft. is the one now most generally used for the Concord
^^rape This gives 605 plants to the acre. Delawares and light
wooded varieties are usually set closer, using 800 to 1,000 vines to

m

74

the acre, but many have tlie rows the same distance apart, i. e., 9 ft.
The distance of 9 ft. is not an arbitrary one. bnt most of our grape
wagons, gang plows and cultivators can be used to better advantage
in that width of row.

The checks are now furrowed one way with a double furrow,
using a large plow and a man on the beam on the return trip of the
team. We are now ready for planting, and for this a root known
as a I year i root is used, and is prepared in this way. You see we
have a root left with 7 to 8 inches of root on each side and should
remove the loose dirt from our furrow according before we com-
mence planting. A few planters use the whole root, but I do not
think as good results are obtained. The tendency when the whole
root is used being to bunch the whole root system along under the
wire, something to be avoided. A cultivated crop is often grown
between the rows the first year, but it is a questionable practice, and
T think it is better to cut out the nurse crop and give good cultiva-
tion.

The spring after setting, the vine is trimmed back to two buds,
and is given thorough cultivation the same as it should have the first
summer until last of August.

We now come to the second spring after planting, when if the
vines have made a satisfactory growth, thcv should be again cut
back as they were the previous season, and not allowed to fruit,
but granting the growth to be good, we are ready for the ''staking
and wiring" of the vineyard. For this, chestnut posts and stakes
are preferred, but any of the lasting woods can be used. T.engths
of 8 to 9 feet for posts and stakes are the rule. At the end of each
wire a post is used with a brace 10 feet long, and stakes are set to
every three or four vines of Concord grapes throughout the row.
On these two wires of No. 9 soft wire are strung, the first 30 to 36
inches from the ground, the second usually 24 inches above the
first. A few vinevardists have used a third wire, but the practice
is now an obsolete one, and I will not further consider it. Tn
stapling, the wires are stapled to the stakes, seldom to the posts,
which would be a bother when wires have to be restrctched. One
or two canes can be brought up from the ground, tied t<i the bottom
wire with twine, and to the top wire of the trellis with No. 20 soft

wire.

Some tie to the bottom wire only the first vear, but the practice
does not commend itself to me, because it is apt to give a lot of dirty
grapes. The second year of fruiting more canes are brought u])
from the neighborhood of the first wire. In thrifty vineyards four
and even five canes are sometimes used the second year, but 1
think three or at most four would be better. The natural tendency
of fruit raisers is to overcrop — particularly is this the case with
grapes, and too much caution cannot be exercised in the matter.
These canes are tied in a fan shape, if the fan system of tying is
used. Now while this and the arm system is generally used in our
vineyards, quite a few are believers in the Kniffen system, in which
as usually practiced with us two canes are carried to the top wire,
over and then tied down. Another modification is to carry tw<
canes to the bottom wire and two to the top wire, and tie at riglit
angles to the main vine.

75

The single post or stake system, while it has much to recom-
mend itself to those who grow for home use, is almost unknown in
the Lake Erie belt. Along the Rhine the vineyards are all laid
out on this single post system. , c ^ • ^

In the arm system, the arms are carried along the tirst wire at
right angles to the main vine, and laterals are tied that come from
these arms to the top wire for the bearing wood for the next season.
This system does away to a great extent with the tying with twine
to tiie lower wire, for after a few years, the arms become quite a
permanent fixture, and are only removed when injured, or it be-
comes necessary to renew them. Now while there are other sys-
tems of training the grape, and zealous exponents of them for the
commercial grower, those mentioned pretty well cover the subject.

Summer i)runing is no longer practiced in our vineyards, but
we do some tying of laterals that get in the way of the cultivator.
Cultivation should be thorough, at least five, and better, eight times
The first tool used after the brush is removed and the vineyard
tied is the bore shoe. Of these there are several makes. The Mor-
gan now made bv the Syracuse IMow Co.: the lUickeye, made by
P. P. Mast, SpriiigfiehhO., and there are some other candidates for

public favor. ,

In laying by the vineyard the ])revious year, we prefer to leave
it slightly' ridged under the wires. The horse hoe is used to remove
this ridge, and any fugitive weeds or grass that has strayed in The
horse hoe does not count as a cultivation. Its use is immediately
followed by plowing the vineyard with the gang plow, using three
or four plows, and plowing to the depth of about three inches.
Some plow twice during the season, but most of the growers only
once doing the balance of the work with the lever harrow and a
horse cultivator which has disc wheels to guide the tools in the vine-
yard. ,. , r i.1

Before the vines are laid by. we turn a ligh' furrow upon them.
This covers all exposed roots and leaves us the ridge I spoke of for
the horse hoe to remove the next season. The furrow is turned with
a light one horse plow, or with the horse hoe blade reversed. Lay
by the vineyard luly iS to 25 with a crop of crimson clover cow
horn turnips or something to furnish humus or nitrogen or both.

If I had advocated fertilizing vineyards 15 years ago, some of
my neighbors would have thought I was a fit subject for a hinacv
commission, so grounded were they in the faith that vineyards did
not exhaust fertility, and while vineyards are doubtless less exhaus-
tive than many crops to the land, vet grapes come every year, they
are always demanding some element of fertility, and we must hus-
l)an(l our resources or eventually have poor vineyards. Starvation
rather than neglect is the history of the noor vineyards of our belt
and it is contemporaneous to th.e Christianity of the Metho(list
brother who said he had been a member of the Methodist church for
fifteen years and it had not cost him a cent. :VIay the Lord have
mercy upon this kind of a Christian and this kind of a fruit raiser.
We really have no use for them here.

We have found it necessary of late years to supplement the
other labor in our vineyards with sjirayincr with bordeaux to control
rot, and with arsenate of lead to control the grape berry moth and

^

the grape root worm (Fidia \'itici(li). If rot lias been in evidence
the season before in the vineyard, take no chances. Spray, and if
a Hvid brown spot about one-(|uarter inch in (Hamcter appears on
the young leaf verv earlv in the spring, spray, for this is the danger
signal to the grape grower and antedates the appearance of the rot
on the fruit. If there is no rot, spraying is often delayed until
after blossoming, and arsenate of lead is added to the bordeaux at
the rate of six pounds to the lOO gallons to control the berry moth

and the root worm.

The root worm, whose habits and life cycle was not very well
understood a few years ago, is the fly in our ointment at the present
time, but we are not on the ragged edge of anxiety as much as we
were We can successfullv fight them, and the matter is up to us.

bur member of Congress, Mr. T.ates, succeeded in securing a
special appropriation of $7,000.00 for carrying on this work, and wc
have had three government specialists studving the habits and life
cvcle of the pest for a couple of seasons, and with their aid, wc are
getting prettv well accjuainted. The bug is not what the Irishman
called one of the 'Mommed foreigners," but is of American origin.

I will next take up the harvesting and marketing of grapes.
The harvesting of Concord grapes in our section usually commences
about the 25th of September. The picking is mostly done by
women ; the price varies from one cent to one and one-half cents
for an eight-pound basket ; for the 40-pound crate three and four
cents are paid. One hundred and twentv-five to 175 baskets of
eight pounds is a dav's work, but some extra swift pickers pick as
high as 200 baskets per dav. The cost of the eight-pound baskets
with cover is about 2 cents each. The cost of the 40 pound crate
is 6 cents. ^XTost of the i)acking is now done in the field. A light
stand is used, holding three baskets. When a basket is full, the
picker, who is known bv a number, places her number on the banc Ic
of the' basket: also the number of baskets she has picked during the
dav and places the basket under the vines out of the way of the
gathering wagon. The driver, whose dutv it is to keep the pickers
supplied with emptv baskets, keeps the tallv of the baskets he hauls
to the field, and also sees that the pickers' count of picked grapes
agrees with his when he hauls to the storage house. P.oth the
pickers' and his own count are given each day to the owner or
manager of the vinevard, and bv him credited.

The grapes remain in the storage house from 24 to 48 hours,
when they are covered and hauled to the station, are loaded into
refrigerator cars, after being inspected and pronounced satisfactory,
and if the weather is warm, are iced with about four tons of ice. A
car is loaded with baskets, to to 12 high and contains 3,000 to 3,300
baskets. In inspecting a load of grapes, the inspector endeavors to
examine some baskets of each picker's packing and if her work is
slighted or imi^roperlv done, her number leads to detection, and she
has to correct the fault in the future or she is discharged.

The bulk of the grapes is sold bv the growers themselves, who
are organized into an association, with a manager, secretarv and
board of directors, who retain one-half cent on a basket and $r.oo
per ton on bulk grapes as an expense fund for loading and market-
ing. If this is more than sufficient for the purpose, the balance is

77

returned to the grower. The sales of grapes are pooled in periods
of three days, each grower receiving the same price that have ship-
ped in that time. All the large associations keep a representative or
aeent in the principal distributing centers, like Chicago, Pittsburg
and New York. If from any cause, the market becomes bad, the
asent notifies the home office and shipments cease for a time to that
Doint If the markets generally become disorganized, word is passed
to the growers and picking and k)a(ling is suspended until the

"^^^ The manufacture of grapes into jellies, unfermented juice, etc.,
is becoming quite a factor. We are building such a factory at my
home town of North East. The plant has a capital of ha f a mil ion
dollars and is expected to be one of the largest in the United
States ' This will materially aflfect the shipment of grapes from oui
station, and give us a home market for much of the i)roducts of our

vineyards. , , , • • 4.^.. ^u«

The trimming of vineyards is mostly done in winter. 1 he
brush is removed from the wires and hauled out then or in early
spring with a horse hitched by a chain six feet long to a pole 15
feet in length. This does the work very well and better than would
seem possible. The brush is burnt, broken stakes replaced wires
tightened in the si)ring, and the tying is done by women, who are
paid from 1 2K> t<> 15 cents per hour for their labor.

Women help board themselves in the boarchng houses which
the growers have built for that purpose and furnished with stoves,
tables, chairs, bedsteads and mattresses. The pickers provide their
own sheets. (|uilts and provisions. lUitchers. bakers and grocery
wagons visit those away from the towns and keep them supplied

throughout the season. ^,„^,,„

\Ve have found it necessarv to insist upon certain rules among
our help A fixed rule for retiring is among the most important.
There are alwavs some among the girls who will keep late hours
if we allow it. and by (Hsturl)ing the slumber of the tired ones put
your whole force on'the "drvdock for repairs the next day. ihe
work is not plav, but it is healthv and will perhai^s often save a trip
to the Hot Spfings or ^rount Clemens and leave more money in
their pockets. We call this the grape cure and are particular to
extol its virtues when we are short of help ; so you see we are not
entirely disinterested in recommending it.

Now in an article of this kind I cannot, for want of time, go
into all of the details. Some things I have doubtless left obscure
to voii I have only mentioned the two packages that are most used,
but, as a matter of fact, nearly all varieties are init up m smaller
packages ; Delawares and Catawbas in two. three and tour pound
baskets. Many Niagaras in 20 pound baskets with raised cover.
Well you may determine from the tenor of this article that 1 am
somewhat of an optimist. The fact of the matter is we do not have
any pessimists in our section of the country. W e think we have
ahnoU as much cause for self amgratulation as the convivial in-
dividual who had been out with some boon companions and had
to be carried home at an earlv hour in the morning, llis friends
conceived the idea «^f leaving him in a cemetery they were passing,
to sober up and then concealed themselves to await developments.

78

He finally came back to semi-consciousness with the dawning light
and staggering to his feet looked at the memorial tablets and said :
"Well, if this isn't the resurrection morn, and I am the first man on
the ground."

If a bit of this spirit has crept into this article and if I have
said anything I will be sorry for, I am willing to be forgiven. At
any rate I am going to extend the olive branch of peace. I am going
to invite you to be our guests, the guests of the Horticultural So-
ciety to Erie County, which is located at North East, at your next
annual meeting. Our invitation is in the hands of your secretary
and we hope you will avail yourselves of the opportunity to come
and visit us. We \\\\\ make your stay pleasant and profitable. \Vc
will hang our latch strings out. We have abundant hotel room for
such of you as w^e may not be able to induce to come to our homes,
and my friend Watts of State College, will be your guide and see
that you get back home reasonably sober.

Now we have met as "ships that pass in the night." You have
been kind to a stranger from Jericho. I sometimes lose my temper,
but never my memory, and in thanking you for your patience and
indulgence, I hope I may be allowed to say that I have enjoyed
meeting you again very much. I will carry away most pleasant rec-
ollections of this meeting. If any of you should become birds of
passage through (nir country, come and see us. We will be blood
i)rothers. This invitation has all seasons for its own. I thank you.

The President. — Are there any questions that you would like
to ask Mr. Youngs? H so, he will be glad to answer them.

A Member. — I wish he would explain to us how to prune the
currants. I have quite a patch.

Mr. Youngs. — Well, now, that is not so much my business,
but we grow a great many currants. We prune back about one-half
of the growth, perhai^s two-thirds of it. We control the worm with
arsenate of lead or Paris Oreen. Now, with that i)lant we have
practically boxed the compass, and our leader to-day is the Presi-
dent Wilder; for a pure white, we use the White Imperial.

A Member. — I use the Red Cross, and find it very satisfactory.

Mr. Youngs. — The trouble we have with the Red Cross is that
the market is not always ready to take our berries, and the Presi-
dent Wilder is in better condition to stay on the bushes awhile than
any other, up in our section. Thev will hang on the bushes for weeks
when the others will wither. We send a good many to Pittsburg
on the afternoon trains, for sale the next morning. The returns
are 'phoned to us about ten o'clock in the morning, so we know the
condition of the market from day to day.

A Member. — Do you advise spraying before the crop is in
bloom ?

79

Mr. Youngs.— H you are troubled with the rot. I don't be-
lieve that in all the grapes we raised, we had any rot last year,
and we had 1,070 full cars of grapes go out from North East, be-
sides local shipments. Of course, with our vines in this healthy
condition, it is not necessary to spray so much, but in order to
control the anthracnose and mildew, which comes on the stems of
the fruit we have to use bordeaux sometimes during the season. In
order to control rose bugs, we add to our bordeaux six pounds ot
arsenate of lead to the hundred gallons.

A Member. — How often do you spray?

Mr. Youngs. — That depends on weather conditions. Last year
we had an abnormally dry season, and we only sprayed the greater
part of our best vines twice. Most of it was done in one spraymg.
The spraying remained on the vine, and that was all that was neces-
sary to control the worm.

A Member.— Is it safe to spray when the berry is nearly
grown ?

Mr. Youngs. — T would not do so with arsenate of lead : that
is poisonous. We treat with lead right after the blooming time,
when the berrv is small, and we have never had any injurious ef-
fects. It is estimated that in order to get any ill results from spray-
ing, it would be necessary to eat about two tons of fruit at a time.
That is the amount of arsenate of lead we would get from these
small grapes.

A Member. — At what time does the rot usually affect your
croi)s ?

Mr. Youngs.— Well, when we were in the kindergarten class
wc did not understand rot very well, and we waited until it ap-
l)cared in the full-grown berry. Now we know that when we see
a speck about the size of a pinhead turn black, it is rot, and it is a
danger signal. When you first see the small red-brown spots on the
leaves, about ((uarter ()f an inch in diameter, then it is time to hitch
up and spray your grapes.

A Member.— I never had the rot until two years ago, and then
it attacked the full grown berry.

Mr. Youngs. — You did not know how to look for it. When
>ou first see the little round reddish spots on the leaves is the time
to spray. After a little while you will get so that you can easily
Ictect it.

A Member. — Do you use commercial fertilizer?

Mr. Youngs.— Why. yes: we use quite a lot of it. We like
u) buy our nitrogen from' nature, and so we get crimson clover;
if we are not always able to i)roduce enough, owing to natural con-

8o

ditions, we have been using nitrate of soda, about 400 pounds to the
acre, putting it on in three applications. You get quicker results
this way than any other way. If you need potash, you can get it
from the potash sellers.

A Member. — In pruning, how many buds do you leave?

Mr. Youngs.— Well, in a young vine, I would not exceed 25
or 30 — probably not over 25 the first year, and in an older vine
about 40 or 50 buds is all you want. The tendency is to over-crop.

The President. — This discussion is very interesting, but in
order to cover our ground, we will be obliged to pass on to the next
subject. Prof. Watts will now speak to us on "Modern Truck
Farming."

MODERN TRUCK FARMING.

By R. L. Watts.

Mr. Chainmin, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I consider it a s])ecial i)rivilege to address this Association on
Vegetable Gardening because I believe the subject has been neglect-
ed in the discussions of horticultural societies in the East. The
growing of fruits has received the most attention from organized
eastern horticulturalists and it is exceedingly gratifying to note the
growing interest in market gardening. I feel that the programs for
the annual meetings of the great eastern horticultural societies are
not complete without several topics devoted to the growing of vege-
tables in the open ground or under glass.

Some of the eastern states as Maryland. Delaware, New Jer-
sey and Pennsylvania possess unusual advantages for the growing
of garden crops. The great fertility of soil and favorable climatic
conditions in these states make it i^ossible to grow a full line of
vegetables and the easily accessible markets pay the best prices for
vegetables of high quality.

Agricultural Kxperiment Stations are giving more attention
than formerly to investigations with vegetables. Tnusual interest
is being shown by several stations at this time. ex])eriments arc bein<^
conducted along important lines as companion cro^iping, the propei
use of fertilizers, and the breeding of plants of superior merit, ft
is believed that our Experiment Stations will in the near future
furnish data of great value to growers of all kinds of vegetables.

There are two general classes of vegetable growers. First,
those who are growing a great variety of croi)s on either a large
or small scale : and, second, those who are producing s])ecial crop-
on a large or small scale. Growing a varietv of crops possesses
certain advantages: first, the possibility of following a desirabk
rotation and, second, it furnishes a variety of vegetables for market
at different seasons of the year with less probability of flooding!
the market with a supply greater than can be disposed of to ad-

81

vantage. With a variety of crops there is little danger of serious
losses from fungous diseases and insects and it is also less difficult
to maintain soil fertility than when a special line of cropping is fol-
lowed. On the other hand, growers who produce special crops are
likely to become masters in the business, securing the largest yields
and the finest quality. As a rule, the specialist has less difficulty
in selling his produce at good prices because he is better known than
the general grower. The cfuestion whether a man should produce a
variety of crops or confine himself to a few vegetables depends
largely upon local conditions and facilities for marketing.

The growing of a great variety of crops on a large scale is usu-
ally confined to farms within easy reach of large cities. The busi-
ness is generally satisfactory because the producer deals directly
with retailer, jobber or commission merchant and he does not take
as great risks as growers who must ship by rail.

One of the best examples of a market gardener and fruit grow-
er producing a variety of crops on a very large scale is Mr. Horace
Roberts, of Mooresto'wn, X. J. Mr. Roberts has about 1,000 acres
of land, nearly all of which is devoted to the growing of fruits and
vegetables. The most unique thing about Mr. Roberts' farming is
that his usual practice is to buy run-down farms, plant them in or-
chards, and by growing vegetables between the fruit trees, pay for
the farms from the sale of vegetables during the first two or three
years. This businesslike method of farming has for its primary
l)urpose the grcnving of orchards which are very i^rofttable after
reaching a bearing age, and yet, the vegetables grown between the
trees are very remunerative regardless of the fruit trees which re-
ceive, the best kind of care with this system of tillage. Companion
cropping is ])racticed to the fullest extent on these New Jersey
farms. A typical plan is to set apple trees with peach trees for
fillers. Dwarf ])eas are generallv sown for the first early crop with
rows about five feet apart. Later in the spring, after danger of
frost, a row of tomato or other vegetable plants is set between the
peas. After the last picking of peas, the vines are cultivated into
the soil and the land between trees devoted entirely to tomatoes
and other crops until late in the summer when a cover crop is
started. Crimson clover is the most valuable crop used on ^Fr.
Roberts' farms as well as on most other truck farms in New Jer-
sey. It is ideal, because being a legume, it gathers free nitrogen
from the atmosphere and when Allowed under furnishes rich or-
ganic material to feed crops that may be i)lante(l in the future. If
tomatoes and other vegetables are harvested too late to give a good
start of crimson clover, rye is sown. Xo land is allowed to lie
bare on these farms if it can be avoided.

Another plan commonly i)ractice(l on the Roberts' farms is to
l)lant peas followed with beans drilled between the rows of peas and
the beans followed with crimson clover. Peas are used most ex-
tensively for early spring planting. Two hundred and fifty acres
were i^lanted last year, using as inter-tillage crops, tomatoes, cab-
1)age, cucumbers, watermelons, muskmelons, sweet corn and a few
other vegetables. The method is satisfactory in every particular and
it should be i)ractice(l more largely. Another unique plan used is
to set strawberries early in the sjiring in rows five feet apart, the

82

plants placed two and one-half feet apart in the rows. About the
first of June, tomato plants are set in every other space ni the mid-
dle of the strawberry rows. The plan has been found very satisfac-
tory, giving a heavy crop of tomatoes and the vines of this vegetable
do not seem to interfere seriously with the growth of the straw-
berries, so that a full yield is obtained the following spring. With
this plan, peas are also drilled between the strawberries. ^Nlost of
the produce from the Roberts' farms is hauled on wagons eleven
miles to the Philadelphia market. ^ ^^ tt i

I wish to mention in this group of truckers, Mr. C. C. Tiulsart,
I^Iatawan, N. J. Mr. Hulsart is one of the prominent Grange
farmers of New jersey and the most striking thing in his fanning
is that he is an enthusiast on growing practically all the seed used on
his farm. He exercises the greatest care in selecting seed of aspara-
gus, tomatoes, peppers, sweet corn and other vegetables which are
being grown for the New York market. He believes that a gardener
cannot afford to take chances buying from seedsmen who find it im-
]x)ssible to exercise a close supervision over much of the seed of-
fered to the trade. Growing your own vegetable seeds is a com-
mendable ])ractice, provided it is done with care and intelligence.
During the ] ast vear, I have met quite a large number of growers
who have secured bv careful selection some fine strains of vege-
tables. Many of the vegetables placed on the market as novelties
have had their origin on farms of progressive market gardeners.
Examples are Earliana tomatoes, Jenny Lind muskmelons and
Roberts' watermelons. These two melons originated on the farm
of Horace Roberts, ^fanv truckers and market gardeners in Mary-
land find it desirable to save their own seeds. This work has Jieen
conducted to such an extent in some sections that special strains
have been developed that are used almost entirely in such localities.
It is not possible for the gardener producing a great variety of crops
to grow all of his own seeds especially if he is giving attention to
vegetables which require certain soil and climatic conditions for the
production of the best seed. For example, it seems to be difficult to
grow good celery seed in the eastern part of the United States.
The most of the' seed of the self-])lanching varieties comes from
France, while seed of late varieties such as Golden Queen and Giant
Pascal are mostly grown in California.

One of the most successful and progressive market gardners in
Pennsylvania is M. Garrahan. Luzerne County. He has two sons.
R. H. and Ernest, who are just as enthusiastic in their work as their
father. A careful studv of their business shows that their success
is due largelv to two factors. First, the use of the best seed that
can be procured, and second, the most liberal use of commercial fer-
tilizers and stable manure. ^Mr. M. Garrahan has been a very care-
ful breeder of vegetable seeds for many years and he has developed
a type of Wakefield cabbaee which some consider superior to better
known strains of this variety. All kinds of seeds which may be
grown successfullv with existing conditions are produced on the
Garrahan farms. 'There is no stinting on this farm in the use of
manure and commercial fertilizer. Manure of the highest quality,
containing practically no litter is secured from the stables in the
hard coal mines and this fine manure is especially good for green-

83

house crops and vegetables grown in the open ground which re-
quire manure that is free from coarse litter. It is not an unusual
thing for these gardeners to apply twenty-five to forty loads of
manure per acre. Commercial fertilizer, home mixed, of the high-
est grade is used most freely. From one to two tons per acre is
considered about the right amount on this farm for most crops. An
important factor in maintaining soil fertility on the Garrahan farms
is the use of crimson clover. An effort is made to have all ground
covered with this legume during the winter season. A few years
ago when visiting this farm, I found a field so densely covered with
crimson clover that a bare spot as large as your hand could not be
found in the entire field. The following spring this clover, covered
with manure, was plowed down and fertilizer used at the rate of a
ton per acre. With such liberal feeding, is it any wonder that
yields of potatoes run from three hundred to four hundred bushels
on this Luzerne County farm? Numerous examples might be
given of other men in various parts of the East who have been highly
successful in the growing of a variety of crops on a large scale.
The rotation of crops with such farming is a factor which should
not be overlooked.

The gardening operations of Hon. R. F. Swartz, Monroe
County, are of more than usual interest. Mr. Swartz conceived the
idea some years ago of growing vegetables on a large scale and sell-
ing at retail to consumers in the summer resort regions in the coun-
ty. He grows a long list of vegetables which are in demand with
summer boarders. With such a line of farming it is important to
secure highest quality. This is accom])lished by the selection of
proper varieties and by growing the crops as rapidly as possible.
There is no question about the fact that succulence counts for more
than anything else and it cannot be secured unless the growth is
rapid. Nitrogenous fertilizers are used extensively. Yields are
large and the business as a whole is most satisfactory. Companion
cropping is practiced to a considerable extent.

Thousands of farmers throughout the East are growing a va-
riety of crops on a small scale. A large percentage of them live
near enough to cities to market by wagon, hauling an assortment
of vegetables with other produce as butter, eggs, potatoes and
fruits. The vegetables most commonly grown on such farms are
cabbage, tomatoes, sweet corn, peas, beans and other vegetables
that may be grown successfully with existing conditions. The pro-
duce is often sold at retail and profits are necessarily large. It is
a desirable form of market gardening for farmers who find it con-
venient to attend market regularly.

There is another class of vegetable growers generally spoken oi
as market gardeners who usually operate in close proximity to large
cities. We often find such men cultivating vacant lots and an ef-
fort is made to perform all work in the most thorough manner.
This kind of farming may be found on Long Island and near everv
large city. The land where such gardening is followed is usually
ligh priced and labor also expensive, but close proximity to the
market makes it possible to put his vegetables on the market in the
best condition. In nearly all cases the manure can be secured at a
minimum cost. With liberal manuring, the land is kept at a high

84

state of fertility and this makes it possible to intercrop and have
one crop follow' another in cjuick succession.

May I call attention to one little farm on Long Island which
I visited several vears ago. It contains eight acres and gives steady
emplovment to thirteen men during the entire season. One team
is kept busy the vear round hauling manure from the city. 1 his is
applied several inches deep every year, making the soil a great store-
house of plant food and a reservoir of water ready for the crop ai
all times The owner of this farm told me that his crops never
suffered for want of water. No commercial fertilizer is used on

this farm. . . ^ .

Market gardeners following this extensive system intercrop to
a great extent. For example, the first sowing in the spring of the
vear may be lettuce with rows from ten to fourteen inches apart.
After the lettuce is cultivated for the last time a row of beets is
drilled between the rows of lettuce. The lettuce is soon harvested
and then the ground is given over to the beets and after this crop
has received its last cultivation, some other crop as carrots or tur-
nips is drilled between the rows. P.y this system of cropping it is
possible to remove from four to six crops during the season and,
with proper management, such cropping is very profital)le.

Another line of gardening which is popular m many sections
is the growing of special croi^s on a large scale. Examples of this
line of gardening is the production of early cabbage m the Nor-
folk and ^\)Uth Carolina districts and other sections of the South :
lettuce and celerv growing in Florida: Danish P>allhead cabbage in
Xew York ; tomatoes for shipment or canneries in Maryland Dela-
ware and manv other states: onions in Ohio, Michigan, Massa-
chusetts and other states where the crop is gnnvn extensively : cel-
erv in the Kalamazoo district: peas in Xew Y()rk : cauliflower on
I^ng Island: and asparagus in Xew Jersey. There is less worry,
perhaps, with this kind of vegetable farming than any other line
The grower attempts to thoroughly master every detad connected
with the crop and a few vears of exi)erience enables him to select
the market which pavs the best price. A common practice is for the
product to be sold at the railroad siding when there is often the
keenest competition of city buyers. Examples of this may ^^e fouiK
in Caroline Countv. Md. A great many general farmers would hnd
this method of cropping profitable. Some men are using land for
potatoes when, t^erhaps, early or late cabbage or toniatoes would
be more profitable and the cost of production, perhaps httle greater.
With a special line of cropping, rotation should be followed, plant-
iug when possible on clover sods. Without rotation, the planting o
these croi)s on a large scale is likelv to prove disastrous because ot
increasing trouble with diseases and insects.

Manv growers in all sections of the Ea<t find that special crop-
ping on a small scale pays the largest profits. For examp e dairy-
men whose soils have been built up to a high state of fertility often
find that some gardening is very profitable. It may be a few acre^
of cabbage, cauliflower, onions or other crops which thrive and d-
their best because of the verv rich soil in which thev have beer
planted. I have seen a number of farms where a few acres oi
special crops have made unusually large j^rofits. Some of these

85

men possess more than usual skill and by confining their efforts to
one or two crops they become thoroughly informed concerning every

detail. . . , r^ £

A rural mail carrier in Pennsylvania makes large profits from a

very small acreage of Danish Pallhead cabbage. lie fertilizes
liberally, cultivates thoroughly, uses the best seed and sets strong
plants. Mis annual yields are large and the highest prices are se-
cured. , ,1^4.

\nother exam])le of a grower who secures the largest returns
is M. L. Ruetenik. of Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Ruetenik is a grower
of lettuce under glass but cultivates several acres of celery from
which gross receipts are usuallv about $1 ,200 per acre. I lis methods
are radically different from those used by most growers. Golden
Self-lilanching is sown in the greenhouse about the first of :\larch.
Sprayings with bordeaux mixture are made at intervals of ten days
until the plants are set in the open ground. The plants are set at
intervals of six inches in rows two feet apart. Xo manure is appliec
before transplanting. Thorough and frecpient tillage is given until
the i)lants are six or seven inches high when manure is used as a
top dressing at the rate of forty tons per acre. Xo further tillage
is given the plantation. All water is applied by sprinkling. Ihe
method has proved entirely successful.

Hull P.rothers, Wavmart, Pa., are celery specialists. ihey
plant annuallv onlv three acres of land, but returns from this small
acreage are larger than from manv farms of one hundred acres or
more Two things are especiallv striking about the farming of
1 lull P.rothers. First, the use of an unusually large amount of com-
mercial fertilizer: second, close planting. Over dght tons of fer-
tilizer were applied this last vear on three acres. 1 he fertilizer cost
over $100 per acre. The soil is a black muck, naturally acid, and
as commercial fertilizers are used extensively this firm finds it nec-
essarv to applv lime to prevent the soil from becoming very sour.
Earlv celerv is grown more extensively on this farm than late cel-
ery ' The rows are three feet apart and i)lants four to five inches m
the row With such high feeding, Hull Prothers are of the opimon
that close planting has little influence on the size of plants. Ihe
crop is blanched bv means of boards. Planching begins early in
\ugust and is continued until the crop is sold. Twelve inch boards
are placed on each side of the rows and held in ])lace by means ot
strong wire hooks. The boards when not in use are stored care-
fullv to protect from the weather and to prevent warping. \\ hen
boards are used, about ten days are recpiired to blanch the celery

readv for market. . ,. , , • .1

There is no better example of specialized gardening than on
the Patapsco Xeck, near P.altimore. Md. I attended a Farmers In-
stitute in this section a few years ago, and had the pleasure of meet-
ing many aggressive growers. They understood all the details con-
net'ted with the special croi)s receiving their attention.

I have described various methods emi^loved m market garden-
ing but the fundamental i)rincii)les are essentially the same m every
case Growers evervwhere find it necessary to use modern methods
of tillage Large crops are seldom grown without the use of liberal
quantities of fertilizers. The soil must not become depleted in

86

vegetable matter and, therefore, stable manure and green crops are
used extensively in all sections. Good seed must be employed to
secure the best results and more attention is being given every year
to this important factor.

Methods of marketing are being studied more than ever before.
Growers have discovered that the appearance of their produce has
more to do in securing good prices than anything else. Every pos-
sible effort is being made to ])lace the vegetables on the market in a
neat, attractive condition. Greater care is exercised in the selection
of packages. Many growers claim that small packages are the best
for various reasons. Special means of attracting attention are being
employed, such as the use of narrow blue or red tape for bunching
asparagus, rhubarb and celery. We have learned that careful hand-
ling in the harvesting of vegetables counts for a great deal and that
too much care cannot be exercised in grading and sorting. All of
these items are important in securing good prices and I believe
that the most imi)ortant lesson to be learned by the average market
gardener is the skillful marketing of his vegetables.

If there are any questions I can answer, I shall be glad to do so.

A Member. — What would you do for the maggot which causes
so much injury to our cabbages?

Prof. Watts. — Tt has been suggested that we use small card-
board disks, and sli]) them over the plants very early. Carbolic
acidlMiiulsion has also been used with good effect.

Mr. Youngs. — In the early days of my fruit grovving I had
to do something for a living, so I raised cabbages. We had the
maggot, und we used saltpeter water. It will kill the worm and
hasten the growth of the plant. Up in Waterford they grow cab-
bage very largely, and near Ashtabula, I have seen thirty-five and
forty acres of growing lettuce. Ashtabula, of course, is in (^hio, but
near enough for us to annex it.

Mr. Hale. — I was deeply interested in the gingery talk of Prof.
Watts. That is what the horticultural society of which I have
talked, tries to impress upon its members — that the selling end is the
])rofitable end of the cro]). The trouble with our fruit growers has
been that they never go near the cities, to watch the markets. They
stay at home and look after the growing end of the work. What
vou want to do is to go to the market and meet the men who buy our
fruits, and see what they want and what they really are buying, and
when you do so you will notice that it is always the attractive look-
ing product that brings the highest prices. A product of high qual-
ity loses a good deal of its selling j)ower if it is presented in an un-
attractive manner, while a product of high quality, presented so as
to catch the eye, will catch the \n\rsc of the buyer as well. I don't
doubt that red ribbon that the professor was talking about was cot-
ton tape, which the grower bought for about half a cent a mile.
Right down in the asparagus district of Chicago, near South Water
Street, the ^Tichigan shippers send in their product, and I have
seen the boxes come in old and dirty, kicked around there for awhile,

87
and finally find their way back to the owner— regular "old sub-
scriber" boxes, I call them-tied with coarse twme, and show mg all
over the same sandy soil. Then near them I have seen another lot
in clean, white boxes, with the owner's name stencdled on then^ and
the asparagus nicely grouped and tied up with a pink nbbon What
was the chfference? Why, the "old subscriber" brand sold at 6
Tents while the '^est girl" brand sold at 10 cents. There was that
asparagus jumping from 6 cents to 10 cents just because the grower
had known enough to put it on the market in an attractive man-
er i knew neither of these growers, and could only judge them
from their boxes, but there was no doubt as to the business sense
and judgment of them. It made some trouble to group and tie up
this arparagus, but it paid 4 cents more to put the "best girl brand
on th J maVket than it did for the "old subscriber" brand The
marketing end of our produce is the one that needs to be emphasized
very strongly to growers.

Mr. Youngs.-Why not use a rubber band in P""ing up as-
paragus and rhubarb and celery .-anything of that kind. It looks
better than twine, and is quicker.

Prof. Surface.-Some of you may wish to know the Retails of
the carbolic acid emulsion ; they are published in the ^f et;n of e
Division of Zoolog>^ I think for April, 1907. ^\ e ^J.^'^^ ^ ^j^ ^^^^^
of our experiments, and they are in accordance with what 1 rot.

Watts has said.

Mr Hostetler.-May I sav that T have used that emulsion with
considerable success and it has the advantage of being cheap.

The President.-I am sorrv that I am obliged to curtail this
subiecf it is verv interesting, but it is necessary to pass on to the
next '^^^^^ report of^^rof. Surface on Orchard Inspection

and Demonstration Work in Pennsylvania.

REPORT ON ORCHARD INSPECTION AND DEMON-
STRATION WORK IN PENNSYLVANIA.

Prof. II. A. Surfaciv.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

The subject upon which I have been requested to speak is that
of the Inspection and Demonstration Work done in Pennsylvania.
We" know, instituted an important work mT^emon stra-

in Orchard^ in regard to controlling pests, ^^^^^y^^^^^
Scale W^e have seen the need of this, and the matter is an im
no? ant one to us all. We must all work together to rid our or-
portant one 10 "^ «* ^ | ^^n the so-called

Prof' tsoHn al .r;;.! rr^f'so'r WouM-be could tell us what to
do wXut soUing their hands but that day has passed; we must

88

all get out and work and soil our hands to fight these pests, and
help the other fellow. On the other hand, we have never seen the
day when the people demanded scientific information in such a prac-
tical manner as they do to-day. They want to he shown how ;
not left to work it out by themselves according to some other per-
son's theory. I think it would be a good thing to have a demon-
stration market gardcMi in every county in the State, with Prof.
Watts or some of his assistants there, (lemonstrating it to the pec-
pie. That was the only way to teach how to control the San Jose
Scale — to demonstrate it to the people, and as the result of these
demonstrations. I have had the pleasure of seeing thousands and
thousands of trees that would have been cut down for firewood
saved and produce first class fruit for the owner which sold for
thousands of dollars as well.

It is this, then, that the knowledge which the State has been
giving out for some time from our State Experiment Station up at
State College and by our own Dei)arment here, has brought about.
Instance after instance, we have, of orchards that have been saved
through this work ; hence the necessity of demonstration. Hut be-
fore I say anything about demonstration, I wish to say a word about
inspection.

The first thing necessary to know, is for a man to know when
he has these pests on his ])remists. Once in a while I receive a
letter from a man who says his trees are affected ; what shall he do?
He might just as well write to a veterinary surgeon and tell him
that his stock is sick, what shall he do: without telling him what
kind of stock it is, or describing the disease. The first thing you
have to do is to learn to recognize the symptoms of the different
pests, and then treat each thing in a definite manner. Then, again,
some men read the results of experiments, and have trouble in mix-
ing the different ingredients ])r()])erly, and they do not get the re-
sults : or they may not know how to spray thoroughly. So it was
decided to organize a course of inspection in this State to be made
by a reliable corps of demonstrators under the supervision of the
E)ivision of Zoology of the Department of Agriculture. Since in-
augurating this insi)ection we have insi)ected 4.500.000 ap])le trees,
over 2.500,000 ])each trees, and over one-third of a million pear
trees, and nearly a million of plum and other trees, making a grand
total of over 8,000,000 trees. And some counties we have not en-
tered because we did not have the funds to extend the work. As to
value, would you let a man cut down one of your fruit trees for
five dollars? Xo man with even the slightest knowledge of the
value of a tree would do that, but taking that low figure as a basis,
I will state as my o])inion that there are over $100,000,000 worth
of fruit trees in the State of Pennsylvania, to-day, and there is con-
siderable more ])lanting being done. Nurserymen will tell you that
five, six, or even ten years ago their sales fell off" considerably, l)ut
to-day they will tell you, also, that for the past two or three years
their sales have been larger than for the six or eight years previous.
What does this mean? The people are taking courage. A way has
been found to control the scale, and with the scale under control
we will soon have as fine orchards as there are to be found any-
where, producing a first class quality of fruit.

89

In speaking of this work, I should like to show you these pic-
tures. I will leave them here, so that those of you who wish to do
so, can look at them at noon. They are pictures of the Demonstra-
tion train on the Cumberland \'alley Railroad. The Cumberland
X'alley Railroad placed at our disposal for over three weeks, this
train, consisting of a baggage car and passenger car. and from this
train we talked to large numbers of farmers showing how the trees
were to be treated. You will see how interested the people were, and
how they even stood out in the rain for hours to hear us talk, and
followed us from place to place in many instances. It simply shows
that our fruit growers are in Cctrnest, and that is a hopeful sign. I
think, Mr. President, this will be a very good place for me to stop.

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 20, 1909.

1.30 P. "SI.

The afternoon session came to order with the President, Mr.
Hiester, in the Chair.

The President.— I will now call on Mr. Hale to tell us about
"The Clearing. Planting and Culture of Rough Land Orchards."

THE CLEARING, PLANTING AND CULTURE OF
ROUGH LAND ORCHARDS.

P,v J. H. Halk.

0

I saw an advertisement in the i:)aper the other day. which read
something like this: "Wanted: a man to drive a pair of mules, of a
i^^ood Christian disposition." and in tackling this rough land i^roblem,
you want both men and mules of a good Christian disposition, in

order to win out.

I was born and brought up on a Connecticut \^alley farm. The
land rolled back in the hillsides, and into the rocks and stones, but
I never attemi^ted to handle rough land myself until I got into the
')rchard business some years ago. After I had been in it for some
vears, I received a letter from a young man. saying he was working
in a factorv. but wanted to get out into the country : that he loved
the land, and loved to watch things grow, and he was positive that if
he could get out and get some rough land, and cultivate it. he would
win out. I wrote him that if he loved the land, and loved the
llowers. and loved the ])lants and trees, he would win out. but the
l)etter the location, the better. Sometime later T heard from him
again : he said he had secured the land, and would like to get sev-
eral thousand voung trees, to be j^aid for by the ist of July. I
did not know the voung man,— knew nothing of him except what
he wrote— but I liked the wav he was going about things, and I
decided to let him have the trees. Now, here is the point : On the

90

24th of June 1 received a letter from him, asking what on earth he
was to do; that he had promised to pay by the ist of July, and
found now he would not be able to do so before the 8th or the
loth of the month. Most men, if they pay any tmie durmg the
month, think it is all right, but here was this young man, askmg
what he must do to be saved because he could not meet his obliga-
tion on the very day he had said. I wanted to see a man of this
kind- he was 65 miles awav, but I went, just to see the man. And
I vvas glad I went ; he had planted his trees on the roughest land
I ever saw, and the rockiest land. Xo farmer here in Pennsylvania
would begin to think of undertaking to plant an orchard in any-
thing like that kind of land. But this young man was hard at
work ; he was trying to work it in every possible way— sometimes
plowing, sometimes grubbing,— cultivating it in every way, and any
way he could. It was an eve-opener to me. 1 lere was my opening.
I wanted to increase mv acreage, and it was practically impossible
to get any kind of an oVchard down in the valley. And I had be-
fore thought mv hill lands too rough and rocky. We want the
clearest-skinned,' and the finest colored ])eaches and apples, and up
there on those hills is the place to produce them. T thought that
what this inexperienced man could do, I could, and T really got my
first eye-opener to the possibility of planting orchards upon the
rockv hills of the northeastern section of the Ignited States, Penn-
sylvania, New York and Xew England, after planting largely on
rough lands about home and wanting more acreage.

A little later I came upon another question, and that was the
selling of our product. T looked up a section of our state where
there were some 400,000 ])eople in 5 cities and towns within a 15
mile driving distance of a centre where there was no orchard that
could deliver direct. To be able to sell direct to retail dealer or
consumer means the greatest profit to the orchardist. But there was
no land of easv tillage that 1 could find that was good orchard land,
but there was a hill farm of 100 acres divided into sixteen fields by
stone fences: stones in the land by the hundreds of tons to the
acre, from a stone as large as a wash tub, down to the size of a water
bucket. But the opportunitv was there to sell the orchard product
if we could produce it. Adjoining these sixteen fields was a brush
pasture, 60 acres practicallv covered with all kinds of trash from
six feet high up to 30 or 40 feet. Adjoining this was a larger piece
of rocky land, covered mostlv with a growth of chestnut timber.
This land was put in the tax list at $5 per acre, and the owner swore
it was not worth that. When I wanted to buy it, he asked me $2(\
Where he got this difference T dont' know— yes, I do : it was becau-'
it was not the right sort of land for him ])ut was all right for 111 '•
He had no faith in the land, and did not expect to make anythn .^
out of it, so he thought he would make something out of me whr "
he had the chance. Well, I bought it, and my orcharding frieiv'^
thought I had gone crazv. They said. "Why, you can't till th' t
land," but I made up mv mind that I would take another lesson frn- 1
my young mechanic, t went to see him. and I made a deal wiii
him. whereby he was to sell his tract, and come over and talc
charge of that orchard of mine as a sort of partner and foreman.
The first thing we did was to get rid of the stones from tho e

91

walled in 16 fields. Where the land was level, we dug ditches and
filled in with stones. Then after we turned the sixteen fields into
one, we had to dig out a lot more stones and bring them to the
surface; we had so many that there was no surface; it was all
stones. Then we broke up the land; in breaking it we broke a
good many plows, and a good many wagons, and some of the com-
mandments,—not all of them, but some of them, I will admit.

Well, we got it ready, in a very crude way, and planted our
apple tree's, thirty-six feet apart each way, and peaches in between,
and then we began to grub round the trees and cultivate the trees
wherever possible, thinking that possibly we might have to use
mulch about the trees on the roughest part of the tract; it looked
like a big proposition, as we had no cheap mulching material at
hand and if we did mulch it looked as though it might be a breeding
place for rabbits and mice, and also borers, which we could not get
at. So we finally moved those stones little by little, year by year, as
we had time, expecting to break a good many tools as we did it,
but the land was rich virgin soil that had never been used. The first
year's plowing or rather rude attempt at plowing, did not make any
show at all, but year by year we have gone over it. Where we could
not reach any soil bv plowing straight, in rows, we cultivated di-
agonally, and eater-cornered and every other way. Where we
could not get to the stumps we had to dig, use dynamite and do every
other thing that could be done. That, of course, left a lot of rub-
bish on the land that had to be hauled away. That, of course, was
expensive but we saved the expense of the dynamite and stone and
stump cartage out of the fertilizer money. The fertility was there
in the land, and we did not have to apply it. Where the dynamite
broke up the land, it was well broken up, and we started in to plow
if we used very short and stubby plows, and bought them by the
dozen and the parts bv the hundred, all costing a lot of money, but
I know it has paid us and paid big in annual fruitage of high

class fruit

Later on in another orchard, I had an Italian partner I will
tell vou about later. I was estimating the first month the cost of
the plow bill^ They footed up for that month $300, and I went out
to give him some sort of a "cussing out." I expected him to get
down on his knees, but there he stood, with his pleased Italian smile,
and when I had finished he said to me, "You no breaka de plow, de
man maka de plow he no have de money to buy your apple and
peach " \nd there is vour whole proposition. We are all tied up
close together. And all must be doing some business if the other
feliow is to succeed. No one can go it alone very long.

Now, to return to this rough land ; after plowing it 111 every pos-
sible direction, we harrowed it with an oak beam, a harrow to
which was attached teeth of Bessemer steel, and we turned the land
a little at a time, turning, rolling and tuml)ling the stones, and no
doubt freeing a little of the potash that we are told is contained
in the granite. These things we did for 2 years, and then it got
into my head to use spring tooth harrows-the roughest sort of an
operation; just like going over your heads, here in this crowded
hall except that the stones are harder than your heads. We kept
this' up and at everv odd time kept on hauling out stones, until we

24th of June 1 received a letter from him, asking what on earth he
was to do; that he had promised to pay hy the ist of July, and
found now he would not he able to do so before the 8th or the
loth of the month. Most men, if they pay any time during the
month, think it is all right, but here was this young man, askin^^r
what he must do to be saved because he could not meet his obliga-
tion on the very dav he had said. I wanted to see a man of this
kind- he was 65 miles awav. but I went, just to see the man. And
I was glad I went ; he had planted his trees on the roughest land
I ever saw, and the rockiest land. No farmer here in Pennsylvania
would begin to think of undertaking to plant an orchard in any-
thing like that kind of land. lUit this young man was hard at
work ; he was trying to work it in every possible way — sometimes
plowing, sometimes grubbing,— cultivating it in every way, and any
way he could. It was an eye-opener to me. Here was my opening.
I wanted to increase my acreage, and it was practically impossible
to get any kind of an orchard down in the valley. And I had be-
fore thought mv hill lands too rough and rocky. We want the
clearest-skinned.' and the finest colored peaches and apples, and up
there on those hills is the place to produce them. I thought that
what this inexperienced man could do, I could, and I really got my
first eye-opener to the possibility of planting orchards upon the
rocky hills of the northeastern section of the Ignited States, Tenn-
sylvania. New York and Xew England, after planting largely on
rough lands about home and wanting more acreage.

A little later I came upon another question, and that was the
selling of our product. I looked up a section of our state where
there were some 400.000 people in 5 cities and towns within a 15
mile driving distance of a centre where there was no orchard that
could deliver direct. To be able to sell direct to retail dealer or
consumer means the greatest profit to the orchardist. lUit there was
no land of easv tillage that T could find that was good orchard land,
but there was a hiirfarm of 100 acres divided into sixteen fields by
stone fences; stones in the land by the hundreds of tons to the
acre, from a stone as large as a wash tul). down to the size of a water
bucket. But the opportunity was there to sell the orchard product
if we could produce it. Adjoining these sixteen fields was a brusli
pasture. 60 acres practically covered with all kinds of trash from
six feet high up to 30 or 40' feet. Adjoining this was a larger piece
of rockv land, covered mostlv with a growth of chestnut timber.
This land was put in the tax list at $5 per acre, and the owner swore
it was not worth that. When I wanted to buy it. he asked me $20.
Where he got this difference I dont' know— yes, I do ; it was because
it was not the right sort of land for him but was all right for nie.
He had no faith in the land, and did not expect to make anythnv
out of it. so he thought he would make something out of me wlin
he had the chance. Well, I bought it. and my orcharding friends
thought I had gone crazy. Thev said, "Why, you can't till that
land." but I made up my mind that I would take another lesson froni
my young mechanic. I went to see him. and I made a deal with
him. whereby he was to sell his tract, and come over and tal e
charge of that orchard of mine as a sort of partner and foreman.
The first thing we did was to get rid of the stones from tho^^e

9t

walled in 16 fields. Where the land was level, we dug ditches and
filled in with stones. Then after we turned the sixteen fields into
one we had to dig out a lot more stones and bring them to the
surface- we had so many that there was no surface; it was all
stones. Then we broke up the land; in breaking it we broke a
good many plows, and a good many wagons, and some of the com-
mandments,—not all of them, but some of them, I will admit.

Well we got it ready, in a very crude way. and planted our
apple tree's, thirty-six feet apart each way, and ])eaches in between,
and then we began to grub round the trees and cultivate the trees
wherever possible, thinking that possibly we might have to use
mulch about the trees on the roughest part of the tract ; it looked
like a big proposition, as we had no cheap mulching materia at
hand and if we did mulch it looked as though it might be a breeding
place for rabbits and mice, and also borers, which we could not get
at So we finally moved those stones little by little, year by year as
we had time, expecting to break a good many tools as we did it
but the land was rich virgin soil that had never been used. Ihe hrst
year's plowing or rather rude attempt at plowing, did not make any
show at all, but vear by vear we have gone over it. W here we could
not reach any soil by plowing straight, in rows, we cultivated di-
agonally, and eater-cornered and every other way. \\here we
could not get to the stumps we had to dig, use dynamite and do every
other thing that could be done. That, of course, left a lot of rub-
bish on the land that had to be hauled away. That, of course, was
expensive, but we saved the expense of the fWnamite and stone and
stump cartage out of the fertilizer money. The ertihty was there
in the land, and we did not have to apply it. Where the dynamite
broke up the land, it was well broken up, and we starte( in to plow
if we used very short and stubbv plows, and bought them by the
dozen, and the parts bv the hundred, all costing a lot of money but
I know it has paid us and paid big in annual fruitage of high

class fruit. . ^ ,. ^ t -n

Later on in another orchard, I had an Italian partner I will
tell vou about later. I was estimating the first month the cost of
the plow bills. They footed up for that month 5t>300, and I went out
to give him some sort of a "cussing out." I expected him to get
down on his knees, but there he stood, with his pleased Italian smile,
and when I had finished he said to me, "You no breaka de plow, de
man maka de plow he no have de money to buy your apple and
peach." And there is vour whole proposition. We are all tied up
close together. And all must be doing some business if the other
fellow is to succeed. No one can go it alone very long.

Now to return to this rough land ; after plowing it in every pos-
sible'direction, we harrowed it with an oak beam a l^arrow o
which was attached teeth of Bessemer steel, and we turned the land
a little at a time, turning, rolling and tumbling the stones, and no
doubt freeing a little of the potash that we are told is contamed
in the granite. These things we did for 2 years, and then it go
into my head to use spring t(X)th harrows-the ^^"^^^^f/.^^I^^^J ,^^^^
operation; just like going over your heads, here in f^^^ ((,^^^,^^^^^^
hall except that the stones are harder than your heads. W e kept
this' up, and at every odd time kept on hauling out stones, until we

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

,!f

92

feel we have them whii^ped, and still there are more stones than
land show on the surface. We have never attempted to move a
stone as small as a man's head. We only pay attention to stones
as large as a washing tuh or a water bucket, and not much atten-
tion to those below the size of a water bucket, because we can get
around or over them. Of course, each year we get down into the
soil a little farther, and the trees keep right on growing, and at 8
years old the apples are beginning to bear, and 1 have never seen
anything more beautiful than the fruit, which we have received from
there for the last 2 years, while the i)eaches have fruited for 10
years. That orchard has been the laughing stock of my horticul-
tural friends, but the results are coming little by little. If a tret
don't grow to suit us, we just grub round it a little more.^ We keep
boosting it, and it comes round. A man said to Pat, "Pat, how
about that dog I gave vou last year?" Oh, said Pat, "he swallowed
the tape measure, and'it killed him." "Oh," said the man, "I see;
he died by inches." "Xo," Pat said, "he went back of the house, and
he died bv the vard." Well, so it is with us finally ; we get it first
by the ya'rd, then by the tree, and then by the acre. It has been
an expensive operation, but on the whole it was a successful one,
because I was right there where the people were who wanted the
fruit. We got them to come out and see the orchard, and gave them
a taste of our nice fruit, and after we got them started we sold it
to them : after thev were sufficiently attracted, and had admired the
beautiful fruit eno'ugh and had ap])reciated its fine flavor enough to
ask the price, we told them that we could i)r()bably spare a dozen
or so one-half bushel baskets for two dollars or two and a half,
and they were glad to get them and tote them away without further
expense' to us. These people jiaid the bills of the work we had done,
and when you don't have to ship away to market, you can make it
up so much sooner and easier.

I never lived on ''Easy Street," and I never want to, if I can
keep mv neighbors interested in the game. The peaches in this
orchard' are now thinning out. We ])lanted this orchard twelve
years ago : ])eaches have recently been stricken with the Yellows and
'will have to go. and the apple orchard now coming in will have
more room and will produce as beautiful fruit as can be pro-
duced anvwhere in America. Right there where the people have the
money to' buv, thev are ready to i}ay the bills, and that is a part of
my proi)ositi'on. The rocks' and stones on the side hills of this
rough land orchard are a protection : there are so many stones
there that there is less danger of washing: they simply can't run
down hill. I have found it better to till these steep side hills every
other row of trees one vear. so that every other row gets tilled
only every two years. We have used clover and turnii) cover crops,
although it has given us a great deal of bother : but it has paid us.
We have added another farm, making in all about 400 acres that is a
beautiful and i)rofitable farm in a section that was a semi-abandoned
farm district. It is becoming a stimulus to the entire neighborhood.
We set out to do something, and the other fellow has followed. I
am satisfied that our rocky lands are those that will give us the
highest flavored and most beautiful fruit and the most net profit
in the long run.

93
Then I wanted to increase mv home orchard, and there was no
farm to be had except a rocky timbered lot xyith a road running
through it, and another field with an old abandoned apple orchard
1>,V removing the fences and walls we made it into one tract and
when we had it cleared we found many chestnut stumps to be blast-
ed out by dynamite. We used the best grade of dynamite that we
could buy, and it took large charges to get them out. A|t^48^"^f
on in this way for a while, I found it would cost me about $200 an
acre to get rk of these stumps, I thought it would be better to plan
trees in among the stumps. Adjoining this there was another fie d
n which therf was a chestnut grove of perhaps 20 years growth^
lu the summer time when the trees were in full leaf we ^^ent in
there and felled the trees in full mass, big and small f "/\ ^th^.[;^ ^^^;
1 [4s cut down in June and July. Then, one absolutely still day
in (October we started a fire clear round the 7.S acres, and 111 a few
minutes we had the whole in a whirling, burning mass, and in one
Ir and fiftv-five minutes it was practically cleared, except some
eavv ml^^^^ and then we found we had stumps with atones be-
tween them. We then surveyed it for apples, 36x36 feet, and while
;:; were planting, digging many of the holes w id. ^^--^n'fore:
count of stones or stumps where trees ought to go, my /kalian fore ^
man came to me and said, "Why you no planta de peach between
I said -Oh I don't know about that, I fear land too rough for till-
age " ' Then Pero said, "I worka for you nine years; you giv-a me
one interest in the orchard, and I planta de peach, and make de
each tree grow like hell." I did so, but Pero's hel is always heav-
eu When he gets anvthing into the ground he loves it and he
nurse. and he pets it, and just makes it grow; it cant help 1
wth hi attention I made a contract with him wherebv he would
la t the peaches in with the apples, every fourth tree to be an app e.
^ It cost a great deal to take out the stumps in the other field by
dynamite, but here we had stumps and stones, and I assure you that
the -tumns are a great deal more serious projx^s tion than the
Itone The stones^vill give up to the spring tooth harrow bu
the 'uniips will not. The first vear we tried to start the growth o
tree K^^^^ round them, and the second year by plowing round
hem aver ittlf as we could, and then with the spring tooth harnnv
a little in ()ne direction, and then in another way. and everv way that
we cmil 1 "^^^ the stumps an<l the stones anc then we

noshed down the ground. an<l plowed it ^.-m. It take. aW
two vears to do any plowing ecpial to one plowing on o In a^ /arm
land; but as long as the trees keep growing. ^ ;. ^^^^ f^ ^j^;^}^;
everv vear that thev do not grow so well, we find ^^'^\\^'ll^^^^^^^^^^
of p'otash or nitrate of soda adds ginger to them, and I lot no
if vou will find a better 4-vear-old orchard of a hundred and fift>
aci^es a vl^re Some work has been going on each year from
W 111^ October, and all the time that has not been taken up
wltl^nlture-that is. October November and I^cen^^^^^^^

been taking out the stones. ^^ %^V''''V'^'''''T -^.sTJ^^^ We

for a dump nile where the cost of hauling away was too great, we
rk t "i; the stones, but naturallv it n.akes jl- trees grow more
and more at the same time. Last year we had a httk ^J^^P f^t
peaches, 'elhng for about $4,000. not c.uite enough to pay for the

94

year's culture, but nearly so, and in another year we expect it to do
so, and then we have the apples coming on, to last much longer than
my natural life time.

Now, in these rough land orchards, it is impossible to drive a
wagon among many of the trees, so we have to use floats, or as
they are generally called, stone-boats, to haul our stones, fertilizers,
spray tanks, etc. As I told you yesterday, we have been spraying
all except our largest trees, and expect to continue to spray with the
Vermorelle Knapsack Sprayer. Our Italians like it best, and after
all, it is results we want. We spray more trees at least cost with
this powerful little pump than any other, and have recently imported
a fresh lot direct from X'ermorelle in France.

Mr. Good. — How do you get the fruit from that farm if you
can't get under the trees with a wagon ?

Mr. Hale. — Make a few special roads for the wagons and
"tote" the fruit by hand to these roads.

A Member. — How much nitrogen for each ])each tree?

Mr. Hale. — I don't know exactly : I generally tell the boys to
take a good handful, and as Pero has a pretty big hand, and a
pretty big heart, and is a pretty good all around fellow, there is no
danger that the tree will get too little. About half a pound per tree,
I should say.

A Member. — Have you the Yellows in that orchard?

Mr. Hale. — This is a new orchard ; only 4 years old : we have
not had it there : in the earlier orchard that I speak of, we have it.
It broke out two years ago, and we lost about one per cent, of our
trees : then about 25 to 30 ])er cent, were damaged, and last year
al3out 40 per cent, developed, and then we began to weed out the
entire orchard, which had, however, been ])lanted twelve years ago,
and paid very well, (ienerally we can keep a i)each orchard profit-
ably for from 15 to 18 years.

A Member. — What do vou s])rav for? And what do you sprav
with?

Mr. Hale. — What for? For the San Jose Scale we spray with
lime and sulphur, mostly. Two or three vears ago we commenced
ex])erimenting with making our own soluble oils ; we also tried the
commercial oils, but the only one we were in any way satisfied with
was the Scalecide. Last vear we made all our own oils, according
to the instructions given by Prof. Jarvis, of our State College Ex-
periment Station, and thev gave excellent satisfaction. This year
we shall continue to do this in our apple orchard and use lime and
sulphur on the peaches. T like the beneficial results to the tree
from the use of lime and suli)hur, but T think the oil will kill the
scale a little easier. You can spray a little more carelessly with
the oils, and still get good results because the oil spreads itself to a

95

certain extent. The lime and sulphur is the best all around spray
for scale and fungus troubles combined, but the oils for the scale
alone, are just as effective and much easier to apply.

A Member. — What oils do you use?

Mr. Hale.— One of my own make about the same thing that
is recommended by our Storrs Experiment Station. The average
farmer in a small way is not always successful in mixing these oils
liimself, and does not get the results he should. And when to be
used in moderate way it will be safer and probably as cheap to buy
Scalecide.

A Member.— Still you think it is very easy to prepare?
Mr. Hale.— Yes ; I find it so.

A Member.— Have you tried the lime and sulphur put up by the
Niagara people?

Mr. Hale.— No; I know nothing about that from actual ex-
perience ; wherever a man is going to use any quantity, it is, how-
ever surely cheaper to make it than to buy it. They can t make it
any cheaper than I can, and bv making it myself I save their profit
and the transportation on a lot of water. I buy my lime by the car-
load, and my sulphur bv the carload, and so get lowest rates. \ou
of this society should combine and buy all your supplies in large
lots.

A Member.— We have used several barrels, and the results
have been ])retty good.

A Member.— At what season do you spray for the San Jose
Scale ?

Mr. Hale.— If I could sprav when T want to, I would spray
about two (lavs before blossoming, but with much to do you can t
do that. In the South we sprav in the fall— finished this season
about the loth to the 12th of December : in Connecticut we generally
commence the latter i)art of February or early in :March or as soon
as it gets warm enough so the men can work comfortably.

A Member.— Do you find any bud damage in fall work?
Mr. Hale.— Never have; no, sir.

Mr. Banks.— Can you make it any stronger than it is generally
used ?

Mr. Hale.— What do vou want it any stronger for? \ye
have experimented with that, and find we get just as good results
in killing scale from t2 pounds of sulphur, and 13 or 14 of lime
to 50 gallons of water, as from anything stronger, so whats the use

96

of any extra expense it will do no good, neither will it do harm ex-
cept to your pocket book.

Prof. Surface. — In view of the fact that it can be applied of
different strengths, it may be just as well to say that it does not in-
jure the tree in any form.

Did I understand you to say, sir, that the oil can be handled
more carelessly ?

Mr. Hale. — Yes ; the lime and suljihur will stick right wdiere it
is put, but the oil will spread round a little more. It is sort of a me-
chanical operation. You usually will kill more scale with the oil,
because you can cover more of the tree, without being quite so
particular in the work of spraying. General lack in thoroughness
in spray work, is the leading cause of most failure to kill the scale,
no matter what the material used.

Prof. Surface. — That is what I wanted to bring out. I wanted
it made clear that it is not a difference in strength, but in the method
of applying it.

A Member. — Then you are not acquainted with Scalecide?

Mr. Hale. — Yes : I have used it in large quantities in both
Georgia and Connecticut. My only objection to it is that it is not
cheai) enough to be used on a large scale. I have spoken to my
friend Pratt about it, but he says he cannot make it any cheaper, and
yet that is the one thing to do to bring it into more general use.

Mr. Banks. — We get the best results from lo of lime and lo of
sulphur.

Mr. Good. — Does the spray give the same results in Connecti-
cut as in Georgia?

Mr. Hale. — IVactically. excejit that my superintendent has felt
that it is rather an injury to the peach trees in the South to use
lime and sulphur. We ajiplied Scalecide and lime and sulphur, and
got the poorest foliage from the lime and sulphur. I did not want
to believe it, and tried to shut my eyes for a year or two, but was
finally convinced.

Prof. Surface. — Did it have a fungous eff'ect?

Mr. Hale.— i'.oth Scalecide and lime and sulphur were bene-
ficial except the yellow foliage when lime and sulphur was used.

Prof. Stewart. — What is there about the knai)sack sprayer that
makes you import it?

Mr. Hale. — Do you know any one in America that makes as
good a kna])sack s])raycr as does \ ermorelle in France? It is made
of the highest quality of rubber, and material in every way, lasts

97

longer and works easier than any American made pump I know of.
I wish I knew where to get one-half as good a one in America; I
would get it here.

Prof. Stewart. — Do you recommend the knapsack sprayer in
the hands of any one but an Italian?

Mr. Hale.— Oh, there are heaps of things that I do myself that
I would not recommend any one else to do : you see, most of us
like to do things our own way, and my Italians are no exception to
the rule, and after all, it is only results that 1 care for.

Mr. Good.— How do you keep these knapsacks supplied?

Mr. Hale.— liy hauling a barrow after them, and letting them
fill them as needed.

A Member.— What proportion of Scalecide did you use?

Mr. Hale. — I can't remember now — about one part to i8 parts
of water I think ; I like to mix these commercial preparations a lit-
tle stronger than the amount that the manufacturers claim.

Mr. Good.— It costs a little more that way, and the trouble is
that we always want to keep our expense down and use as little as
we can.

Mr. Hale.— I think, :\Ir. President, that they have pumped me
dry.

The President.— I think they have gotten off the question ; the
question before us is rough lands; if there are any questions on
rough lands, we shall be glad to hear them.

Mr. McSparran.— In connection with these rough lands, it
seems to me that Mr. Hale could have left those rough hills of
Connecticut, and come here to Pennsylvania, where the land is not
nearly so rough, and where the conditions are good to make a suc-
cess of orcharding with less labor.

The President.— What is to prevent him from coming here
now? If there arc no further questions, we will go on with the
report of Prof. Surface.

REPORT ON ORCHARD INSPECTION AND DEMON-
STRATION WORK IN PENNSYLVANIA.

PRor. II. A. SrRrACK.

(Continued from the morning session.")
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

Mv chief justification in saving anything about this subject
whatever, is that these Demonstration Orchards have been estab-

h'

98

lished in different counties of this State, which show what has
been already done, and what still remains to be done in the future,
and what results may be expected. Many persons have already
seen them, and have seen what has been done; and what has al-
ready been done can be done again.

I am surprised at the enthusiasm manifested; I have seen
crowds stand for hours in snow and rain, and many of them have
followed us from place to place, to try to learn what they can of
this work, and these men are all practical men. When we give a
demonstration of this kind in a real fruit-producing community, and
the attention of the public becomes drawn to this fact, the gratifying
resuh is that almost every time we have larger audiences than pre-
viously in the same community. That has been the record ever
since we made our first demonstration with a barrel pump and a

one horse wagon.

The purpose of these demonstrations is to make clear that
pruning is a necessary part of getting rid of the San Jose Scale
when the spraying application of the insecticide is made, and that
the exact composition of the material (lime-sulphur wash) is not
so essential. You mav put on boiled lime and suli^hur in any way,
and you will have satisfactory results, but the best and most eco-
nomical methods will not come into general use until there are a
few demonstrations with the spray pump. For example, there is
the one-eighth turn to the nozzle, making it possible t(^ spray three
sides sf the tree from one position ; and one man, who has thousands
of trees to spray, has told me that just to learn about this eighth-
turn has repaid him for all the time and expense of attending the
demonstrations.

Then there are several other topics, such as demonstrations in
pruning; it may seem foreign to the subject of scale, but when the
matter is thoroughly investigated, you will find that only by pruning
properly can the scale be controlled and trees invigorated even by
perfect' spraying. The scale spreads its injury by injecting its poi-
sonous sap into the growing i)art of the tree. The results are not so
conspicuous at once, but the poison may still have entered the tree
to such an extent that nothing but ''dehorning" will save it. Prun-
ing will also make it possible to get the nozzle into the tree top in
such a manner as to thoroughly si)ray it. If you will examine
Downing or any other authority on pruning, you will find that lit
says that ''pruning is manuring." A man lierc this morning said
he had helped his cabbage plants by the use of nitrate of soda. The
same thing applies to trees. The tree plant must be invigorated all
that is possible. Now, pruning is not only to remove the dead and
superfluous branches but also to remove the serious and harmful
effects of the insect that has attacked it and invigorate the tree.
After pruning means should be taken to give that tree a good form
of growth, such as fertilization and cultivation. I^esides spraying,
the four essentials to successful fruit-growing are pruning, thin-
ning, cultivation and fertilization, and they are all necessary to a
successful control of the scale.

Cultivate that tree from the standpoint of scale control. To
show people how to do this it becomes practically necessary for
us to go into the orcharding business. This was not our original

99
intention, but I have seen trees so badly infested with the scale that
they were practically dead, yet saved by proper methods. 1 can
show you good trees that would have died if left alone, and yet
saved by proper treatment. We found when we took up the subject
of pruning that we were engaging in a practical work to which little
expert attention had been given in this State We can t expect a
tree to produce good fruit which is in such bad shape that its
branches die or leaves become diseased. We obtain the best results
from trees that are pruned. Mr. Hale spoke of thinning fruit by
means of pruning. We find that necessary. In spraying for the
scale most men have overlooked the necessity of prunmg, or have
not understood that the one accompanies the other to get good
results. // the tree be infested, destroy the seale, and then keep the
tree invigorated until it reeovers from the effeets.

We must keep the leaves healthy, and to do this, we must
spray with bordeaux mixture. Consequently in our method of
demonstrating how to keep the orchard free from the ban Jose
Scale, it became necessary for us to show how to spray, how to
prune and how to keep the tree invigorated, and the leaves healthy
bv spraying with the bordeaux mixture. And as one result of our
demonstrations, we have found that by spraying with bordeaux
mixture so as to keep the leaves healthy, we keep the fruit on the
tree longer. Of course, we went a little farther, and demonstrated
spraying for the leaf spot and other diseases. It was so easy, just
after blossoming, to add a little arsenate of lead for the codling
moth,— one or two pounds to fifty gallons of the bordeaux mix-
ture When we sprayed with the arsenates, such as Pans Green,
or arsenate of lead, we found that we not only prevented injury
by the codling moth, but that the mixture acted as a fungicide as

For spraying for the San Jose Scale, we use home boiled lime
and sulphur. ' It can be used in almost any proportion, but the gen-
eral formula that we use is 17 lbs. of sulphur, and 22 lbs. of ime,
boiled together an hour and then strained and sprayed thoroughly.

We have had some remarkable instances of the efficacy of this
demonstration work that cannot be denied. For example, there is
Mr. C. C. Gelwicks, a banker of St. Thomas. I heard that he was
destroying his fine young apple orchard because it was so badly in-
fested and I asked'him whether he would not hold up until I could
give a spraying demonstration there. He had sense enough to see
that I could not do any harm, if I could do no good, so he agreed
to let me make a demonstration there. I had Dr. Funk go there
with a little bucket sprayer, and he gave a public demonstration in
methods of making and applying the lime sulphur wash. We
sprayed twice that winter. Mr. Kieffer, a buyer, of Chambersburg,
said' "I was in his orchard the summer before the demonstrations,
and I would not have taken his fruit at any price. Then, I was
there the next summer after the two sprayings that winter, and Mr.
Gelwicks said he would give me $5 for any scale-marked apple
that I could find in his orchard. I went through his orchard, nut
could not find a single apple that showed any traces of the pest.
I went across the wav, into a neighboring orchard, and picked up
a marked apple, and brought it to Mr. Gelwicks ; he looked at the

f

lOO

apple, and said, That never came ont of my orchard; I had to con-
fess, and told him that I could not wni his five dollars

Mr. Minnich, another fruit huyer, a neighbor of Mr. K etter,
went to see Mr. GeUvicks' orchard, and Air. Gelwicks offered him a
dollar for one scale-marked apple from his orchard, if he could find
it (I don't know whether Mr. Gelwicks has any fixed sum, or not
it'doesn't look like it.) Mr. Alinnich also looked for a scale-marked
apple, but could not find it.

Now, if we had not given these demonstrations, what would
have been the result? As it is, he is in thousands ^f Molars both
in the returns from his fruit-especially the Grimes Golden, which
is known, I understand, in Chambersburg at the Evening Tartv
apple, because it is demanded and served at evening parties— and in

Now ladies and gentlemen, we are establishing the county dem-
onstration orchards chieflv in the public institutions of the State be-
cause the public has an interest in these institutions, and should have
the benefit of anv good that can be done them, and again to guard
against the charge of favoritism in selecting such orchards, however
unjust. T wish to call attention to these demonstration orchards, in
order that you may refer to them at any time.

LIST OF DEMONSTRATION ORCHARDS IN PENNSYL-
VANIA FOR 1908.

Allegheny Co.. .... Beechmont Farm and Fruit Co Bedford' Pa'

Bedford Co., County Home IhilHniton Pa

Berks Co County Home bhillington. ra.

Bucks Co .... National Farm School Farm School. Pa.

Bufler Co.: ...County Home, Butler Pa.

ouuer V.U.. rnnniv Home Ebenslmrp. Pa.

Cambria Co Loumy riomc, rr.il,rf>Hvt11e Pa

Chester Co County Home Si c i Po

)^i c ^A rL (^r>,intv Home Clearfield. Pa.

Clearfield Co county nome. . . ... ... • • Ri^nmchnra Pa

Columbia Co Bloomslmrg Poor Di.tnct ?lrlisle Pa

Cumberland Co Indian Industrial School HnrHsburc Pa

Dauphin Co County Home, ifJ^rPa

Delaware Co County Home. •••••••• ^!!lt\^^J\nr^ Pa

Huntingdon Co., . . . Industrial Reform School, Kna Pn

Indiana Co Frank Daugherty. munn P-f "

Lackawana Co., . . . Randolph Cnppen Estate. .. . P.n^ls'ter Pi

Lancaster Co.. Home for Friendless Children h^^^^^vr' Pa'

County Home uancasu r, r a.

Lebanon Co County Poorhouse, Jt^.'??."^"' ^^- p,

uenanun vu Un,v>c ^V il lamsport. Pa.

Lycoming Co Uty Home. t *"wistnwn Pa

Mifflin Co County Home. VnrHstown Pa

Montgomery Co.. ..State nsane Hosp, a Danville Pa

Montour Co State Insane Hospital tV r * t>'o

Northampton Co.. . . Carter^ Junior Republic S'nl"';; "^r

Northumberland Co..Odd Fellows' Orphanage, ^''''ni; Pa

Perry Co House of p:mployment, LoysMlle. l^a.

Potter Co.. County Home S?"n V'^^^'V.

rfoga Co. George Hatherill y-^utT^' P"

Union Co J. Newton Glover. pill p7

Venango Co.. Home for Feeble Minded Creensburg Pa

Westmoreland Co.. .County Home, Ureenstjurj,, i a.

Now my friends, it is mv earnest desire personally to attend
to the demonstrations in these orchards this year. T am trying to
arrange my work so as to spend a great deal of my time in the held
this vear and when it is announced in the papers that 1 will he at
a certain' demonstration, I will be there, rain or shine. I trust we

lOI

will be able to show you something that will be of benefit to every
county in the State, and we want every man growing trees to come
to these demonstrations. I am sure that if a man came into this
State who could teach me something more than I knew myself in
regard to anything in my profession, I would make it my business
to go to hear him.

Finally, I hope conditions (legislation and appropriations) will
come round to wdiere I would like to have them so that we will
have in each three counties, one of my men, one man from State
College, and one from Washington, — three orchardists competent
to help the fruit growers of the State save their orchards, — co-
operation of the United States Department, the State Department,
and the State College, — who will meet with local organizations all
over the State once a month, in order to compare notes. How can
we help people unless w^e know what to do? \\'e are placed here to
do service to the public, and are very much i)leased with some of the
results of our service, as shown here to-day in the interest mani-
fested by the public, and in our Demonstration Orchard Exhibit,
by the Ins])ectors.

Mr. Youngs. — I wrote you a year ago in reference to the ma-
terial that was put on the market by the Niagara Sprayer Co. At
that time you, of course, had not experimented with it, but we wish
to know now, what has been the result of your experiments in that
line ? • y

Prof. Surface. — Our further experiment with the prepared
lime and sulphur wash shows that it is as g(K)d a prepared wash as
can be gotten. In regard to strength, we have used it i-8. I have
used it recently i-ii, but am not yet ready to report on it. Rut
there is just one word I want to say. In mixing i-8 you can use
cold water for all sprayers but gas, but in using carbonic acid gas
pressure always use hot water, as the hot liquid does not dissolve
the gas and break up the solution as when cold.

Mr. Youngs. — We have used several carloads of it in my home
town.

Prof. Surface. — You used it as a fungicide. In my report I
used it for scale, and not as a fungicide.

Mr. Youngs. — We used it also as an insecticide, for the leaf,
I and we have been able to get good results, but have had some burn-
ings of the leaf. So far as T am concerned, we were careful in
using it, and I am rather inclined to speak favorably of it.

Prof. Surface. — I used it for potato blight, and it did not burn

"e foliage until I came down to San Jose Scale or winter strength.

Our de])artment entered into co-operation with the U. S.

"apartment in regard to the grape-root worm. We sprayed with

senate of lead at the time the beetles started, and two weeks

' ^er : the number of grubs taken from ten vines in starting was 200,

1 after spraying 25, showing that it is an easy matter to control

102

i. The United Startes Depan..c"t -^^^^^^^

in fruit.

Mr. Eldon.-Professor. what was the proportion of the pre-
pared lime and sulphur wash?

r> ^( Qiirfare —One to eight, of the commercial. I do not
thinkTcan "f mtde^t^ons en'ough to hurt the plant, unless you
Spray when in leaf.

Mr. Eldon.-Is one to eight strong enough to kill the scale?

Prof. Surface.— Yes, sir.

Mr. Eldon.-Well, I used it on peach trees, and found it was
not strong enough.

Prof. Surface.— What power did you use?

Mr. Eldon.— A hand pump.

Prof. Surface.-There is no objection to that if the spraying
was properly done.

TJir. TTlrlnn— T was there myself and T know it was. I made a
thoro'^Jgh^sptvin^^Uh the lim and sulphur, and I know .t w.U
not kill the scale at that strength.

Prof Surface —I used it only once : that was in January of last
year and M^ave seen that i-to' of the prepared wash .s not as
strong as the home boded 17-22.

Mr Fox- \bout a week or two ago Prof. Surface sent out a
warnS in regard to the Brown-tail Moth ; how did you find it?

Prof Surface — T am glad vou called my attention to that : it

down, ana a^ uic> a.v , if «mU alvp pverv man, woman,

along, scratch scratch scratch.^ It. « 1 ?'^^ 4^|;>^, "^^^' s,,,e ;,

child, dog an<l hor^f,'^;, .f, ter in Ht le t^nt on the hranches of
he t'r e "as ™ung a V.4 ^ " has been an unusual in.portation
o i this U on^the stalks of French seedlings a-l 1-o^e^.^par -cu-
larlv the stalks on which the finest roses are grafted J"/l=iJ;^^
diusetlthey appropriated $300,000 last >f ^'° % ^*'^^ J^^ftes

Moth, and ti^ ^^^^^-^s^'^^^xt::^::'^:^^

c°an gr^f ;:^u sJ';,; mtt-bunches or tents, like the tents of the

caterpillar, destroy them immediatel>' by burning. It is the best
and simplest solution of the case. They will also be killed by an>
of the arsenical sprays.

Mr Good.— There is a small worm that bores in the grape,
just as it is ripe. What is that, and what is to be done for it.

Prof Surface.— That is the Grape Berry Moth. Write to the
Ohio Experiment Station at Wooster, Ohio, for their bulletin on it.
They cover the subject fully. Or, spray with arsenate of lead, 3
pounds to the hundred gallons.

Mr. Good.— Then there is another insect that attacks the horse-
chestnut in Massachusetts.

Prof. Surface.— That may be Gypsy ^loth. When it appears
in Pennsylvania I will issue a bulletin on it.

Mr. Youngs.— Have you ever had the Brown-tail Moth before?

Prof Surface.— Not that T know in this State. New York in-
spectors are finding manv of the winter nests now on newly-im-
ported French stock. If 'it once appears in this State, you shall be
told promptly.

Mr. Scholl.— Will fumigation kill this moth on the tree?

Prof Surface.— I could not sav anything in regard to that from
my own experiment, but I had a letter from Mr. Atwood, of New
Ybrk, saving that fumigation will not kill them at the same strength
that it will kill the scale.

A Member.— T am very much interested in this discussion; I
am from Luzerne Countv. and we have never had a demonstration
up there. We want a Demonstration Orchard started there.

Prof. Surface.— I am glad to see this interest, and to hear
requests for demonstration orchards. The only reason we did not
visit every county in the State and establish one, is because our
funds gave out before we got around. I trust this Legislature will
appropriate enough money to enable us to carry on our work in such
a manner that we shall have at least one demonstration orchard in
every county in the State.

The President.— Are there any other questions to ask Prof.
Surface?

A Member.— Is there any fungous that can be introduced into
the orchard that will kill the scale?

Prof. Surface.— Attempts have been made in California and
Florida to do this, but they have not been successful this far north.

I04

A Member. — I will tell you what happened in my orchard.
In looking over my orchard, I noticed that one limb of apples was
covered with dark spots. I took an apple oft' and cut it in two, and
found it had dark spots running in to the core. Have you any idea
what it is ?

Prof. Surface. — That looks like the work of a fungous disease,
possibly Bitter Rot, but 1 could not say positively until I have seen
the apples themselves, or the trees. ]\ly work, you know, lies in the
insects that infect the trees, and I guess I am something like the
doctor who, when he was called in to see a typhoid case, and was
not sure of the disease, decided to give the patient some medicine
that would produce fits, "For," he said, "I'm death on fits." That
subject should go to the Plant Pathologist, but if referred to me,
I will do the best I can.

A Member. — The spot appeared on the outside of the apple,
and went clean in to the core.

Prof. Surface. — What do you think it is? We are always on
the watch for new diseases and new insects.

A Member. — I should like to ask what time of the year this
disease appeared?

A Member. — In September.

Mr. Youngs. — What was the appearance of the spot?

A Member. — It was dark, like the San Jose Scale.

Prof. Surface. — Probably the Bitter Rot. It occurred in a ring,
and that does not look like the liitter Rot.

Mr. Youngs. — We have the counterpart of that in the grape ;
that is the brown rot, not the black rot.

Prof. Surface. — Birds-eye rot, is it not?

Mr. Youngs. — Yes.

The President. — If there are no more questions on this subject,
we will proceed with the program. Reports of the committees are
now^ in order. Is the Committee on Nomenclature ready to report?

Dr. Mayer. — The Committee on Nomenclature is pleased to
present the following report :

Report of Committee on Nomenclature and Exhibits.

Owing to such high average excellence as we find exists here,
the committee had some difficulty in making decisions. Perhaps
errors have crept in for which we crave the indulgence of exhibitors.

105

We would recommend the exhibit of the Fruit Growers Asso-
ciation of Adams County as deserving a Diploma for largest and
best general or "association" exhibit, w^ith Perry County as second
in merit ; and the display by the Demonstrators of the Division of
Zoology, Department of Agriculture of Pennsylvania, while not so
large, was also very fine. Of newer varieties for name \ye did not
find any of more merit than those now in general cultivation.

To R. M. Eldon, Aspers, Pa., is awarded a certificate of merit
for best individual exhibit.

Stark P>ros. Nursery and Orchard Co., Louisiana, Mo., deserve
special mention for best box of apples grown outside the State.
Variety, "Delicious," especially fine.

The exhibit of nuts of various kinds was of such character as
to show that I'ennsvlvania can grow fine nuts successfully. The
English walnuts exhibited by L. C. Hall, Avonia, Pa., were the larg-
est and finest ever exhibited in the State.

For best plates of apples by individuals the following ai
awarded certificates of merit :
S. B. Sheibley, Alinda, best plate Bellflower.
Joshua Kitner. New Bloomfield, best plate Fallawater.
Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg. best plate Baldwin.
F. H. Fassett, Meshoppen, best plate Northern Spy.
E. E. Rice, Aspers, best plate York Stripe.

C. J. Tyson, Flora Dale, best plate Stayman Winesap.
W. S. Adams, Aspers, best plate Wolf River.

W. W. Bover, Arendtsville, best plate King.

R. :M. Eldon, Aspers. best plate Summer Rambo, York Imperial,
Grimes Golden, Smith's Cider.

D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro, best plate Ben Davis.

The following exhibitors made creditable displays of fnu'ts
and are deserving of mention. All the specimens were clean, well
grown and highlv colored :
C. P. Scholl, R. F. D., Halifax, Pa.
Cyrus T. Fox, Reading, Pa.

Fruit Growers Association of Bedford Co., Bedford.
S. V>. Heiges, Dorset, Va.
A. W. Griest, Flora Dale, Pa.
H. M. Keller, Gettysburg, Pa.

C. E. Rice, Guernsev, Pa.
H. E. Wolf. Aspers; Pa.
Rufus Lawver, liiglerville. Pa.
J. W. IVickett, Biglerville, Pa.
Abram Hostetler, Johnstown, Pa.
Geo. W. Settlemeyer, Johnstown, Pa.
H. H. Laub. Lewistown, Pa.

J. Hibberd Bartram, West Chester, R. F. D.. Pa.

M. R. Good, Narvon, Pa.

R. J. Walton, Hummelstown, Pa.

L. ^I. Simon, Linglestown, Pa.

D. Z. Detweiler, Belleville, Pa.
Ira J. Light, Lebanon, Pa.
Benj. P. Hooke, Landisburg, Pa.
Dan'l. Anderson, Alinda, Pa.

io6

D. C. Hayes, Alinda, Pa.

Jacob Stambaugh, Alinda, Pa.

Sam'l. S. Kane, Landisburg, Pa.

H. B. Cumbler, Logania. Pa.

Tressler Orphanage, Loysville, Pa.

C. E. Zeigler, Duncannon, Pa.

W. J. Koch, McClure, Pa.

W. A. Lightner, Landisburg, Pa.

S. M. Lightner, Landisburg, Pa.

Wm. Fosselman, Millerstown, Pa.

Dr. J. Fosselman, Millerstovvn, Pa.

Wm. Stewart, Landisburg, Pa.

P. F. Duncan, Duncannon, Pa.

T. C. Foster, Winfield, Pa.

Oliver D. Shock (English walnuts), Hamburg, Pa.

J. G. Rush (English walnuts). West Willow, Pa.

Prof. Watts.— I would like to sav just a few words concerning
the Delicious apple. It might add to the interest here to know that
it has been found at the Geneva Experiment Station N. Y., that
the Delicious apple grown at Geneva is a better product than the
Hood River Delicious : now, it is possible that we can grow the
Delicious in Pennsylvania as well, and make it better than the Hood
River Delicious.

Mr Youngs.— Not to take up too much time— T had occasion
several years ago to invest in the "Golden" Plum. It is a Japanese
plum that has done good in some sections, but not with us. So there
are manv other fruits that are local, and will not do so well in
Pennsylvania. Let us find out what will do best in our localities, and
stick to that. I would suggest that we go lightly in recommending
any fruits as standard fruits that are not thoroughly acclimated.

Mr. Good.— There is a season for the Delicious apple ; perhaps
this is not the proper season.

Mr. Youngs.— I think the proper season is the propogating
time.

The President.— I want to announce the following committees
which I omitted this morning:

Legislative Committee.
Hon. W. T. Creasy, W. F. AlcSparran and James Bergey.

Allied Agricultural Societies of Pennsylvania.
E. C. Tyson, R. M. Eldon and E. B. Engle.

Chairman of General Fruit Committee.
J. D. Herr, Lancaster.

The President.— Is the Committee on Resolutions ready to
report ?

107

Mr. R. M. Eldon. — As chairman of the Committee on Resolu-
tions, I beg to submit the following report :

Report of the Committee on Resolutions.

Whereas. Mr. Enos B. Engle has served this Association most
faithfully and conscientiously for the long term of thirty-hve

years, and

Whereas, He feels it imperative that he lay down the work

at this time ;

Be it resolved, That the warmest thanks of this Association be
extended to Mr. Engle for his long and faithful service, and that
we express herein our sincere appreciation of his unselfish and con-
scientious work.

Resolved, That the committee representing the Horticultural
Association in the Allied Agricultural Organizations, be instructed
to promote the development of horticulture at State College, includ-
ing a soil survey in its relation to fruit and vegetables.

Whereas. The horticultural interests of Pennsylvania are rap-
idlv becoming a prominent factor in the wealth of the State, and
believing that the State Horticultural Association can be a great
power for good in advancing and guiding this work, and

Whereas, Its usefulness in the past has been very much limited
by lack of funds,

Be it resolved. That this Association do respectfully petition
the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to appro-
priate through the Department of Agriculture the sum of $2,000
for the furtherance of the work of this Association for the ensu-
ing two years.

Whereas. There are in the United States numerous conflicting
laws specifving the legal capacity of a bushel, a box and a barrel
of apples which arc a hindrance to interstate and foreign commerce,

and

Whereas. There has been much just complaint from con-
sumers regarding the grading and packing of American fruit thai
has seriously affected the market at home and abroad, both by de-
creasing consumption and increasing competition from sections
which, because of stringent laws, enjoy the confidence of the buyer,

and.

Whereas, There is now before Congress a measure known as
the Porter bill which has for its aim the correction of these adverse
conditions ; therefore.

Be it resolved. That this Association, while not agreeing with
all the details of the bill in its present form, is thoroughly in sym-
pathv with its general aim, and

'Be it further resolved. That the chairman appoint a committee
of two to confer with similar committees, which are being appoint-
ed bv other horticultural associations throughout the United States
at a 'meeting to be held at the Raleigh Hotel, Washington, D. C,
January 27, 1909, and

io8

Be it further resolved. That this committee be instructed to
secure, if possible:

1st The estabhshmcnt of a legal capacity for a bushel, a box
and a barrel of apples, when packed for interstate and foreign ship-
ment same to be stated in terms of cubic inches, the growers to
have the privilege of using a package of different capacity provided
the actual content is plainlv marked on the package.

2d. The adoption of a standard gra(Hng of the fruit, and mark-
ing of the package in accordance therewith.

^d Requiring that the name and address of the packer or the
person in whose interest the packing is done, be plainly stamped
upon everv package before it leaves his possession. . , ,

4th. Providing suitable ])enalties for the violation of the law
and designating proi)er channels and appropriating sufficient funds
for its enforcement, and

Be it further resolved. That should this bill in its final form be
referred to this Association for approval before next meeting, the
Executive Committee be empowered to take action and. if its ver-
dict be favorable, the Corresponding v^ecrctary shall inform our
Senators and Representatives of our action and demand their sup-
port of the bill.

Wherkas, There has been in the i)ast and still is a vast amount
of Paris Green, arsenate of lead and other forms of arsenical poi-
son which is being sold to fruit growers in an adulterated form
which makes it either ineffective or positively dangerous and

WiiKRKAS. There is now before Congress a bill known as H.
R. 21318, entitled "A bill for preventing the manufacture, sale or
trail si)ortation of adulterated or misbranded fungicides, Paris
greens, lead arsenates and other insecticides, and for regulating
traffic therein and for other purposes," a copy of which is hereunto
attached ; therefore,

Be it resolved. That this Association approves this bill and de-
mands its passage and that the Corresponding Secretary be author-
ized to forward coi)ies of this resolution to our two Senators, to
each member of the House from Pennsylvania, and to Mr. K. F.
Baker, care Thomsen Chemical Company, Baltimore, ^Nld.. Secre-
tary of the Executive Committee of Entomologists and Manufac-
turing Chemists having this bill in charge.

Resolved, That the thanks of this Association are due to the
Stark Nursery Companv, of Louisiana, :Mo.. for their donation to
the Association for distribution at its meeting of two boxes of fine
apples, named Delicious.

WiiKRKAS, Through the death of Mr. 1». K. Johnson, the horti-
cultural interests of the State have lost a valued worker.

Resolved, That this Association express to the family of the
deceased and by placing this resolution upon the minutes of this
meeting, its sympathy and its sense of loss.

WiiKRKAS. Henry Ort, of Mifflin County, an early member of
this Association, and for many years an active worker along horti-
cultural lines, has been called to a higher reward.

109

Resolved, That we hereby express our appreciation of his work
and our realization of the loss we have sustained.

All of which was duly considered and the resolutions approved
by vote of the Association.

In Memoriam.

Mr. Fox offered the following which received the approval of

the Association : r -^ i> 1 r^^„„f„

This Association mourns the loss of two of its l»erks County
members. Tames X. Ermentrout and John C. Hepler, both of the
city of Reading, where they were born. The former was a life
member and at the time of his death was President Judge of the
coiirt^. of Berks Countv. He was "A man among men, honored
and respected bv everybody and beloved by the members of the
bar who practiced before him. Tu the twenty-two vears that he
served on the bench he was noted for his urbanity of manner and
promptness in the despatch of business. He took a deep interest in
the promotion of agriculture and horticulture and his death was a
di^^tinct loss to this Association. John C. Hepler. was, when he
died, suiKTintendent of the Charles Evans Cemetery, one of the
most beautiful resting places of the departed in this country 1 he
deceased was brought up amid fruits and flowers, his father having
been a pioneer gardner and orchardist. For ''^, "^^'"^^f .^^ >'^f;.'
John C Hepler took an active part in the proceedings of the Horti-
cultural Association and attended the meetings. As a pubhc-spirit-
cd citizen, active church worker and nian of affairs, he occupied
a conspicuous ])osition among his associates.

The President.— We should now like to have a few words
from our retiring Secretary, who is about to close his labors among

Mr Engle.— I don't know, gentlemen, that T have much to say,
I am sure. I want to thank vou very cordially for all the kindness
I have received at vour hands all these years during which 1 have
acted as your Secretary. Nothing has touched me more than your
kind ex])ressions of good will.

Mr Fox— Mr President. I have spoken at different times
during this meeting. I d..n't want to take up too much time, but in
"tenhig last night to the reminiscences of Prof. Heiges, T noticed
some n^mes that might have been mentioned. There was Jacob
Stauft-er, Botanist, S. S. Rathbun. l^ntomol()glst, Jacob Lauder, a
fruit grower, all of whom, with Dr. Eshleman, to.)k an active part
and a true interest in the work of the Association. They were
among the good friends who came to our first meetings and 1
certainly felt, in listening to Prof. Heiges T could not but fee-
how many. many, have passed away. Of course I am stil a
young man, but I'can still kx.k back to 1871 when T fi'-^V^i xdn
Association, and in 1882 T was writing up the "^/^^ing of the Asso-
ciation for the Reading Times and Dispatch, of which T was then
the city editor, and T am glad to be here to-day as the representa-
tive of the Reading Eagle. I am sorry that we do not have a bet-

no

ter representation of the press here to-day. There is a great deal
that is sent out by the Department of Agriculture at a meeting like
this that should be sent out through the papers, and brought before
the people. Full reports of our meetings should be published in
the papers of Harrisburg, Reading, Hamburg and Lancaster, and
other places where there are fruit growers. Let us not hide our
light under a bushel.

Prof. Stewart. — In our work on scion selection, we shall ve
very glad to get hold of scions from trees of known individuality,
and if any of the fruit growers here have scions of any of the
following varieties from such trees I shall be glad to hear from
them. I don't want to go out of the State for them, but it is possible
that I may have to. I made this announcement at Lancaster last
year, but have had very few responses :
Grimes, Summer Rambo,

Jonathan, Maiden Blush,

Baldwin, Early Ripe,

Stayman Winesap, Williams Red,

Northern Spy, Salome,

Smokehouse, Esopus (Spitzcnberg),

Rome (Beauty), Tompkins' King.

Paragon,

There are fifteen varieties, and we want to know about in-
dividual trees of these varieties. This is important now because
we have got to get these scions this year. I can go away into other
states and find these individuals under certain conditions, but that
is not what I want. I want to get them here in Pennsylvania, if
possible.

Mr. Youngs. — There are a number of trees grown over on the
shore of Lake Erie, and among them one particular tree — the Tree
of Hospitality. This tree is always in bearing, and we extend to
you a hearty invitation to come over and partake of its fruits.
Come at any time, in season or out of season ; it has all seasons for
its own.

The President. — Now, I would like to hear the report of the
delegate from the Adams County Society.

REPORT OF MR. C. A. GRIEST.

Delegate from Fruit Grozcers Association of Adams County.

The Adams County Fruit Growers Association met on Decem-
ber 15, 16, and 17. We had with us able men from New York,
New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, who talked to us very inter-
estingly and instructively. The meeting oj^ened on Wednesday
afternoon, with the customary devotional exercises, after which
Mr. W. H. Black, one of our own members, read a very important
paper giving an account of our work throughout the year. Prof.

Ill

Baker, of State College, talked to us on the subject of Forestry; he
made a very strong plea for the preservation of our forests, and
urged that every person who had a piece of land without any nat-
ural growth, plant some trees there, and thus get some forest growth
all over the country. We have a great deal of land in Pennsylvania,
which, as :Mr. Hale would say, we are too tired to work ; that land
could be successfully used for tree planting. Mr. Jos. Barton, of
New Jersey, presented the subject of peach growing, but what he
said has been pretty well covered in the different talks during this
session. There are certain things in peach growing with which
every person has to contend— such as ''Yellows" and "Little Peach."
We have heard a great deal about the ''Yellows" and borers, and
mice and scale, pruning orchards and other things that are neces-
sary to successful peach growing. Pruning is as necessary for tnc
peach as it is for the apple, and right here it is, it seems to me.
that peach growers make their mistake. Every one knows that it
is the new wood in peach trees that produces the fruit, and Mr.
Barton made the statement that you should have a new peach tree
every second year. That is, cut away about half the wood every
year. It is a simple matter of going over the tree, and taking away
practically one-half of the wood that is on it at the time. In New
Jersey they prune in the winter time with the pruning shears. Mr.
Horace Roberts, of New Jersey, then presented the subject of
"Chestnuts." Don't understand me to say that his talk was a
''chestnut;" it was not by any means. He gave us a very interest-
ing and instructive talk. He'said the chestnut could be grown well
in rough land. Mr. Catchpole of New York, spoke of the utiliza-
tion of the cull apples. I know that in our county of Adams, the
cull crop is five or six times what it should be. Mr. Catchpole said
that the only right way to settle the cull question was not to have
any culls. \Vhv can't every one of us have our ideal set so high
that we will cuftivate and ])rune, and look after our crops until we
get only good apples? Get them so uniform in size and color that
you have no cull crop. lUit of course, we do have cull apples, and
I am afraid we will continue to have them for some years to come.
The best way of disposing of these culls is probably by evaporation,
or vinegar, or sending them to an apple-butter factory. The next
period was occupied by Mr. Cox of the Ohio State Horticultural
Association, on the general subject of apples. That was a very
large subject, and went all the way from starting the orchard to
getting the fruit to market. He emphasized getting plenty of humus
into the soil, to retain the moisture there. The hills of southern
Ohio are verv steep, and they have considerable difficulty in keep-
ing soil on them, so he mulches. One subject that should be thor-
oughly emphasized at our meetings is that of the necessity of spray-
ing. Inquiry was made of Prof. Surface here to-day what to spray
with. You want to know what to spray for, as well as what to
spray with, and then when you spray, spray throughly. It is a
waste of time to go over an orchard and si)ray it in a poor way.
You don't kill the Scale, and you don't kill the Codling Moth, (^f
course, the tree will last a little longer, with poor spraying, but
you will eventuallv have to cut it down unless the spraying is thor-
oughly done. Another thing Mr. Cox said they were doing in Ohio

112

was a later si)raying with lime and sulphur after the leaves were
out on the trees.' They claim it is better than the bordeaux mix-
ture, and can be applied with perfect safety. Prof. Stewart then
gave us a very interesting talk. I believe I won't say anything
about it, because he ])retty well covered the same ground here.

Prof. Wilson, of Cornell, then showed some charts illustrating
the results obtained from cultivation, from pasture orchards, and
also the results of sod treatment. The charts of sod v. tillage, of
course show that tillage had greatly the advantage, and where hogs,
sheep and cattle had been ])astured in the orchard, it showed that
the hogs were preferable to anything else. I believe that lots of
labor can be saved by turning hogs into an orchard ; they will keep
the soil i)retty well turned up. Mr. Roberts told us how crops can
be grown profitably in a young orchard. It was just as Prof. Watts
told us about it this morning. He says no grain should be used ni
the orchard, excejit ])ossibly corn the first two years after it had
been planted ; no kind of grain at any other time, peas and beans,
cabbage and asparagus and plants of that kind are right. The
last ])erio(l of the last afternoon was occui)ied by Mr. Richard
D. P>arclay on the relation of bee-keeping to orchard culture. Me
showed that it was necessary to keep bees in close proximity to the
orchard. In very many instances the bees have been a great help.

We had three evening sessions, which were jirincipally enter-
tainment, planned to interest the greatest number, not necessarily
fruit growers. The last evening was a lecture by Prof. F. H.
Green, of West Chester, which was in a measure entertaining, but
was full of good lessons. We had good nuisic each evening.

The President. — T am glad to hear such a good re])()rt of the
meeting of the Adams County v^ociety. You see they are able to
hold a three days' institute there, they must have more money than
we have in the State.

Now, as announced this morning, the Caml)ria County Society
has been organized with io8 members, 14 of them ladies: if Mr.
Hostetler is in the room, we should like to hear from him in regard
to this society. It ai)i)ears that he has gone. We will then be glad
to listen to Mr. Fassett while he tells us whafthey are doing up in
Wyoming County.

Prof. Watts. — T want to say for the Cambria County Society,
that although it is newly organized, they mean business over there,
and you will hear from them later.

Mr. Fassett. — Tt gives me great j)leasure to come down here to
the meeting of the State Horticultural .Association. 1 have enjoyed
this meeting very much, and have also gained some very good points.

I want to report to you what we arc doing for horticulture.
We have land in plenty, and when it is all planted in apples, it will
take first rank in wealth with Lancaster. So, T think, worthy fel-
lo^v-members, that you could do us a good turn by bringing some of
the enthusiasm of this society up to us by meeting with us the next
time. We have a local society, which has had a number of meet-
ings, and we are going right on. We mean business, the same as

"3

they do in Cambria County. We have done some things and expect
to do more.

Dr. Mayer. — I wish the gentleman would take time to tell us
about the man who has sold his farm in one of the far-farned
western orcharding sections, and bought one up in Wyoming
County.

Mr. Fassett. — I don't know anything about it.

Mr. E. C. Tyson.— In a recent edition of the Rural New
Yorker, some one asked the name of the gentleman who had sold
his farm in Oregon, and moved to Pennsylvania, so there must be
some foundation of fact in the story.

A Member. — The gentleman's brother is right here.

Prof. Surface. — And is one of my demonstrators, and I am not
ashamed of him, either.

The President. — I wish he would tell us about it.

Mr. Knuppenberg. — I don't know that there is very much to
tell, but I will do the best I can. :\Iy brother lived out on the
Hood River, between Oregon and W'ashington, and was raising
apples on land tliat was worth all the way up to $500 an acre. He
was doing well, but he made up his mind to come back to Wyoming
Countv, where land was not anything like so high, and where he
could ni-'ke a little more monev. I have traveled through that fruit
country mvself. and, in fact, all over the West, and I believe I have
seen as fiiie fruit here to-dav as I have ever seen anywhere in the

West.

My brother sent me the money to buy him a farm. I thought
that was rather an undertaking, but he had sent me the money, so-
I went ahead and bought as I would buy for myself. I bought for
him 260 acres, and he came along with a few horses, and a carload
of stuff that he wanted to keep, and set his orchard with one year
old trees about two ft. high, and you would be surprised to see how
they have grown this year.

The President.— A few years ago it was decided that each
member should try to bring another, and a gentleman said that with-
out anv inducement to oft'er, that was a pretty hard thing to do.
I see he is here to-day with his wife, but he has left his seven
daughters at home : now, T want him to tell us why a man should
bring his wife, and leave his daughters at home.

Mr. Scholl. — Mr. Hiester told us several years ago, when we
left, to come back the next time and bring new members with us.
I asked him what inducement we had to offer a man to come here
and pay his dollar. He said, "We'll send him the report of the
society, and that is valuable." I told him they would have to have
a better inducement than that to induce our Dauphin County farm-

114

ers to come licrc and pay their dollars, and then wait two years on
the report. I have not heard anything of it since, but if 1 have never
done anything else, I have induced the society to get out a report
every year. \\'e don't have to wait two years now.

The president wants to know why I brought my wife, and left
my daughters at home. Last year I took my daughter to Lancaster,
to the meeting of the society, but she, and her friend, were the only
two women present at that meeting. I think that is wrong. My
children are all interested in horticulture, and I think that every
one of us should bring our wives along, and our children, too, when
we can. If the women take hold of our meetings and work them
up. perhaps we can get better meetings. Then, we will let Mr.
McSparran bring his wife along, too.

Mr. McSparran. — I want to say to Mr. Scholl, that if we want
to help get up an interesting meeting, he shall let "the old woman"
stay at home, and bring his girls. Where the girls are, the boys will
be, too, and then we will have an interesting meeting; we want all
the young blood we can get.

But I think Mr. Scholl is mistaken about his daughter and her
friend being the only women ])resent at the meeting at Lancaster
last year. There were several other ladies i)resent.

I think the least this society can do is to make the wives of the
members present, and all ladies attending our meetings, honorary
members.

Mr. Engle. — Just a word in regard to Brother Scholl's state-
ment about having to wait two years for the report of the society.
Our re])orts were i)rinted for us by the State, with the State re-
ports, for it is only with the assistance of the Department of Agri-
culture that we can get them out. The last few years we have been
able to do better. Last year we got the rei)ort out in June, and
this year I expect to get them out in March or April. We will
not have to wait on the State Printer.

Mr. Eldon. — Concerning the new local societies that have been
organized, bring them in to us, and go on organizing others. We
want a little noise ; don't let it die out. Try to get new members ;
I tried to follow out the suggestion regarding new members ; I did
not succeed in bringing the member, but I brought his dollar, which
is almost as good. Now, let us try to unite all these county or-
ganizations, and get six hundred members. 1 like one thing about
these county organizations. Each one does the best he can. and
if the other fellow beats him. it is all right ; he simply goes at it
and tries again the next year, and unless we adopt some of this en-
thusiasm we will go along in the same old way. Now, I am in
closer touch with the Adams County Association than T am with the
State .Association, and I am not ashamed to come here and tell of
their enthusiasm : T think it would be a good thing if we could get
more of it in here.

Mr. Scholl. — T think the Secretary will vouch for the fact that
I have talked the Association up in the upper end of the county ;

I have tried for fifteen or eighteen years to get new members, but
have never been able to induce them to come in. I tell them to
come and listen for themselves, and I think I am right. I know,
and you know, that the talk we get here is worth more than all the
bulletins.

The President.— I had an object in stirring Mr. Scholl up, be-
cause when I stirred him up a few years ago, he stirred the rest
of us up. As I suggested yesterday, we should have a three days'
session. We can't do what we want in two days. I think the mem-
bers should come and bring their wives along, and then we can have
at least one session devoted to their interests. I trust that in another
year we can get the ladies here, and secure a great deal of good to
the home and to the school and to the farm, as the result of their
meeting with us.

Mr. Creasy. — I would like to make a suggestion. In the first
place, publish the time and place of the meeting in all the .Agricul-
tural papers of the State, and then in the daily and county papers
all over the State. I missed the meeting last year because I was not
informed as to the date. Then, as to the reporters, if we can get
them interested and satisfy them that it is to their interests to get an
account of our meetings in their papers, they will come. Now, take
such papers as he "Farm journal" and the "Grange News" — they
should publish a full program of the meeting before it is held, and
a full account of the i)rocee(lings afterward. And the same thing
applies to the daily papers.

Mr. Engle. — Mr. Chairman: I just want to say in reply to the
gentleman, that when I got up this program, I sent 1 50 copies to the
daily papers throughout the State, everywhere, and even took the
time to write to them retpiesting them to print it. Ou\y one of
them sent me a marked copy; that was one of the Chambersburg
papers ; one or two of the others made a small paragraph. I sent
them to the papers here and gave them due notice (^f the meeting.
I don't recall that the Philadeli)hia pajiers gave us a single notice.
T also sent this i)rogram to the American Agriculturist, the Rural
New Yorker, and the Country Gentleman. I didn't even presume
to mail it with a i cent stani]) attached ; I wrote a little notice and
placed a 2 cent stamp on the envelope. I have done all that I could
to advertise the meeting.

Mr. Creasy. — I did not mean to reflect on the Secretary in any
way. I simply want to tell you how to get around that. I know
how hard it is to get the papers interested. Get your members in
different sections of the State to take it up with the papers in their
comnuinities ; send a committee to interview the editor, and make
him understand that it is to his interest to publish these proceedings.
It can't be done from a central point by mail. But let every mem-
ber constitute himself a committee to interest the papers of his
community in it, and the thing is done.

The President. — It is only fair to the American Agriculturist
and the Country Gentleman to say that they have their reporters

ii6

here. The thing we want to talk up is how to get the daily papers
interested.

Mr. Creasy. — I think we should extend a vote of thanks to
the Reading Eagle, and any other paper that has a representative
here to report our meeting. I make a motion that the Reading
Eagle, the American Agriculturist, and the Country Gentleman be
tendered a vote of thanks.

This was amended to cover all periodicals represented here and
was duly carried.

Mr. Fox. — I don't want to stand up in defence of the Reading
Eagle, but it prints more of our proceedings than any otlier paper.
But a mere printed program is not the thing that will interest oui
papers in our meetings. Send a personal letter to the editor, asking
him to publish in full the account of the meeting, or at least some
notes. Get the members in different parts of the State to see the
editors and have them publish it. Now, I am a newspaper man of
forty years' standing, and know what I am talking about. The
Farm Journal, the Practical Farmer, the Southern Planter, of Rich-
mond, and the National Stockman and Farmer will all publish the
reports of this meeting. I will attend to that.

Mr. Jamison. — We have one paper in Juniata County that pub-
lished the program in full.

Mr. Sheibley. — I am from Perry County, and I want to say
that the Perry County papers have published the program in full ;
T attended to that myself. I want to say that the first time T came
lo these meetings, I brought a plate of five apples; the next time,
at Lancaster, I brought five plates ; this time I brought that table
full there at the end, with the assistance of a few friends. It came
in at the eleventh hour, but it is here all right. I could not bring
my wife, because I have none but I am getting some of the neigh-
bors interested.

The President. — I am glad to hear from you, and glad to know
that Perry County is falling into line so nicely.

Mr. Eby. — I, too, represent Perry County, and I also went to
our newspaper publishers and requested them to publish the pro-
gram, which they did.

Mr. Engle. — Just one word in regard to Perry County. One
of our demonstrators, Mr. Foster, has been at work throughout
Perry County, and has used his influence towards having the papers
publish in full the program of this meeting. The papers of Perry
County have been very faithful in that respect, due largely to the
efforts of Mr. Foster and these gentlemen.

The President. — The Secretary has a letter from Prof. Craig,
which I will have him read at this time.

"7

The Secretary thereupon read a letter from Prof. John Craig,
of Cornell, Secretary of the American Pomological Society, asking
that we appoint delegates to a meeting of that organization to be
held at St. Catharines, Canada, in September, 1909.

The President. — Do you care to take any action on this letter ?

Mr. Creasy. — I believe it would be advisable to appoint dele-
gates in case some one should wish to go, and I make that motion.

The President. — It would be at their own expense, you know.

Mr. Creasy. — At their own expense, of course.

The President. — It has been moved that the President appoint
delegates to the meeting of the American Pomological Society at
St. Catharine's, Canada. The great trouble is that the meetings are
always held at our very busiest time. I have been a member for
twenty years, and have never been able to attend a meeting. Is this
motion seconded?

The motion was properly seconded and carried.

The President. — I will try to get some delegates to go there;
I would like to go myself.

Before we adjourn, I want to make an announcement in regard
to the fruit ; the fruit on the table of the Adams County section has
been donated to State College for use in the classes there. The
members will please remember that, and not remove any of it.

Prof. Watts. — We had a very enthusiastic session in horticul-
ture during Farmers' Week up at State College, and before the next
Farmers' Week, we hope to be able to have the lectures in our new
horticultural building, and in connection with them to have a dis-
play similar to the display here, only with each variety grouped
separately; for instance, the Ben Davis group by itself, and the
Winesap, and so on. It will be a strictly horticultural exhibit, and
we would be glad if as many of the members here as possible will
send us of their fruits to be exhibited. If they will send them to
me at State College when they harvest the apples, I will init them
in our storage house up there at the college, and see that they are
properly placed when the time comes.

Prof. Surface. — I would like to say that there are some of the
exhibits from our Demonstration Orchards to the right of the door
as you go out.

The President. — Is Secretary Critchfield here?

Mr. Engle. — Inasmuch as you have called on Secretary Critch-
field, and he is not in the room, I want to say that he has expressed
the deepest interest in our work, and it is only by his assistance that
we have been able to publish our report every year; he is not

Ii8

always with us at our meetings, but he shows his interest in a sub-
stantial way, although it must be clone indirectly. He takes the
deepest interest in the continuation of our work.

The President. — I see Dr. Hunt in the room ; we should like
to hear from him.

Dr. Hunt. — I certainly could not expect to take up your time
at this time of night. I will merely say that I am glad to be here,
and glad to be able to stand on the floor of the Horticultural Asso-
ciation, representing the second highest state in horticulture. I
am very glad to note, as I passed in and out the last two days, and
the last two years, that the agriculture and horticulture of Pennsyl-
vania is coming into its own. I have abounding faith in the agri-
culture, the horticulture, and the market gardening in this State.
I have the utmost faith, because I see the ]x)ssibilities ; and while
it is all right to have the possibilities, you must have some one to
take hold, and the signs of life and growth in the State Horticul-
tural Society give me warrant to believe that we are going to make
Pennsylvania the leading horticultural State of the Union.

The President. — Any other business?

Mr. Fox. — I move we adjourn.

This motion was properly seconded, and carried and the Fif-
tieth Annual Meeting adjourned.

INDEX.

Adams County, Fruit Growers Association of,
American Pomological Society,

Bartram, J. Hibherd, Remarks,

B.

Page
IIO
117

14

Cabbage Root Maggot ^7

Cambria County Horticultural Association, o^

Chase. Howard A., Remarks, 4», OQ

Committee, Nominating ^, ,??

Exhibits,

Resolutions,

Legislative •

Membership

Auditing,

General Fruit

Creasy, Wm. T., Remarks

D.

Delegates, Allied Agricultural Organization

Demonstration Orchards, List

21, 104

22, 107
106

38

7,37
106

72,115

106
100

Kldon, Robert M.. Remarks 'O-' '^4

Kngle, Enos B., Portrait • • ^ J

Remarks, 34,66, 109, 114, "5, 1 16, 1 7

Exhibits, List of ^"^

F.

Fassett, F. H., Remarks ^8, 1 12

Fenstermaker, P. S., Remarks ' ^4

Fertilizer Exi^eriments re

Fox, Cvrus T., Paper • • • : • _ ^\^

Remarks, 14,66,70,109,116

General Fruit Committee. Report of, 7'1^

Good, M. R.. Remarks ^^^'^^'^^,i

Gossard, Wm., Remarks 20, 3^

Grapes in Pennsylvania and Modern Methods of Culture 73-70

Griest, C. A., Paper "°

H.

Hale, J. H.. Addresses V V ' V V " V -i^'l^' S'^

' Remarks 19. 36, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 70, 86, 96

Heiges, Prof. S. B., Address 42-47

Herr, John D., Remarks J7

Hiester, Gabriel, Address, • k" k' 'J '.'r'^ tt-, tV?

Remarks, 6, 14, 37, 65, 67. 97, "2, II3, "S

1 lostetler, Abram. Remarks j%

Hunt, Dr. Thos. F., Remarks, "°

119

I20

J. Page

Jamison, J. E., Remarks 13, i8, 1 16

K.

Knuppenberg. D. A., Remarks, 69, 1 13

M.

McKay, Geo. H.. Remarks 20, 2 t

McSparran, W. F.. Remarks, 66, 67, 69, 97, 1 14

Manures 29

Mayer, Dr. I. H., Remarks, 113

Members, List of, 3

Modern Truck Farming 80-86

N.
Newcomer, Aaron, Remarks, 21

O.

Officers. List of, 3

Orcbard Fertilization 22. 32

Orchard Inspection and Demonstration 87, 97

P.

President's Address, • 38

R.

Resolutions 107

Rough Land Orchards 89-94

S.

San Jose Scale IS

Scholl, C. P.. Remarks 1 13, 1 14

Sbeibley, S. R., Remarks 1 16

Suavely, H. C. Remarks, 68

Soil Management 29

Stewart, Prof. John P.. Address 22-32

Remarks. 18. 32, 33- 34, 35- ^6, 1 10

Sunmier Meeting 67

Surface. Prof. H. A.. Address 87-97

Remarks, 13. 14. 1 7. 20, 32. 62, 87, 96, 102, 103, 104

T.

Things We Are up Against 49

Treasurer's Report 7

Tyson, Chester J.. Report 7-13

Remarks 14. 37. 65

Tyson, Edwin C. Remarks 113

W.

Watts. Prof. R. L.. Address 80-86

Remarks 14. 16, 21, 62, 70. 106. 1 12, 1 17

Y.

Yellows, 58. 6cj

York Imperial, Origin 46

Youngs, L. G., Address 73. 78

Remarks, 17. 18, 21,67, ^8. 79, loi, 106

I ,

END OF YEAR