Author: State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania Title: Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania... 191 3 Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa. Copyright Date: 1913 IVIaster Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg228.11 Proceedings OF THE Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting OF THE State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania HELD IN Harrisburg, Pa., January 21, 22, 23, 1913 State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania Officers for 1913 PRESIDENT. William T. Creasy, Catawissa, Pa. VICE-PRESIDENTS. Robert J. Walton, Hummelstown ; John F. Beyer, Middleburg; P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown. SECRETARY. Chester J. Tyson, Flora Dale. TREASURER. Edwin W. Thomas, King of Prussia. VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM COUNTY ASSOCIATIONS. (Presidents of County Associations for current year.) Adams, Robert M. Eldon ; Beaver, Paulus E. Koehler; Bedford, A. C. Rich- ards; Bucks, John H. Washburn; Cambria, Abram Hostetler; Columbia, T. E. Hyde; Cumberland, H. A. Surface; Erie, Geo. W. Blaine; Lackawanna, A. B. Kilmer ; Luzerne, W. J. Lewis ; Lycoming, Wm. Banzhaf ; Perry. William Stew- art; Somerset, D. B. Zimmerman; Snyder, W. W. Bruner. EXECUTIVE BOARD. All the above named officers. STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1913. Legislative Committee. H. C. Snavely, Cleona; J. H. Peachy, Belleville; Ralph Gibson, Williamsport. Exhibition Committee. Prof. F, N. Fagan, Chairman, State College. C. A. Wolfe, Aspcrs ; H. F. Hershey, Harrisburg R. 2 ; J. A. Runk, Huntingdon ; H. W. Anderson, Stewartstown. General Fruit Committee. D. E. Murray, Chairman, Catawissa. Membership in this Committee is composed of one member from each County represented in the Association and such others as the Chairman may request to assist him. Membership and Expansion Committee, One member from each County in the Stat« showing horticultural activity. MEMBERSHIP NAME. Life Members POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Anderson, H. W Stewartstown, York Anwyll, Harry L Harrisburg Dauphin Atwater, Richard M., ... Chadds Ford Chester Banzhaf W. H. Muncy Lycoming. Barlow, Thos. W Fort Washington Montgomery. Bartram, Frank N 1639 Race St. Philadelphia Philadelphia. Bennett, Eugene B Easton, Route 3 Northampton. Blaine, George W North East, Erie. Blessing, David S 4 N. Court S., Harrisburg Dauphin. Boltz, Peter R Lebanon Lebanon. Boles, McClelland T Hanlin Station Washington. Boyer, John F., Middleburg Snyder. Brinton, William P Christiana Lancaster. Chase, Charles T Devon Chester. Chase, Howard A Union League, Philadelphia Philadelphia. Cooper, C. A 1000 Highland Ave., Coraopolis, . . Allegheny. Creasy, Hon. Wm. T., . . Catawissa Columbia. Crouse, E. A Gettysburg, Adams. Cummings Jos F., Sunbury Northumberland. Dickson B. M., 571 1 Elgin Ave., Pittsburgh Allegheny. Dill, Robert North East Erie Dunlap, Jas. M Walnut Bottom Cumberland. Dunlap, R Bruce Walnut Bottom Cumberland. Eldon, Robert M Aspers Adams. Engle, Enos B., Harrisburg Dauphin. Engle, John G Marietta Lancaster. Espe, August G Perrysville Allegheny Filbert, R. J.. Fox Chase Philadelphia. Fox, Cyrus T Reading Berks. Freed, A. J Racine, Beaver. Freed, W. A., Racine Beaver. Garrettson, Eli P Biglerville Adams. Good, C. W Waynesboro, Franklin. Grove. W. E.. York Springs Adams. Haddock, John C, Wilkes-Barre Luzerne. Hall, L. C Avonia Erie Hartman, D. L.. Little River. Fla Hartman, George R., ... Biglerville Adams. Hartman, L. E Etters York. Haverstick, Paul E Lancaster Lancaster. Heard. R- E.. Buffalo. N. Y Hill, Wilham D., North East Erie. Hoopes. Abner West Chester Chester. Hostetler, Abram, Johnstown Cambria. S"«^' «^- ^,V ^ Newcastle Lawrence. 5"5' T "«*" ^ Greensburg Westmoreland. 5"«' k «'r Greensburg, Westmoreland. Hull. D. W., Waymart, Wayne. Johnson, Mrs. F. C Dallas, Luzerne Jones, J. F. Willow Street Lancaster. Jonf s. S. Morris West Grove Chester. Ke"". H M., . Gettysburg. R. 5 Adams. Koehler, Paulus E Monaca Beaver. Landis, Israel, Lancaster Lancaster. Lightner, Wm. A Landisburg Perry Loop, A. I.. North East Erie. Lord, John . . Wyoming, R. i Luzerne. Macneal. Wm. H Parkesburc: Luzerne Maffet, Miss M. A., 264 S. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne. JJartin J. O., Mercersburg Franklin. McClelland, J. B Canonsburg Washington. McCormick, James Harrisburg, Dauphin NAME. POST OFFICE. COUNTY. McFarland, J. Horace, . . Harrisburg, McKee, J. M., Washington, McLanahan, J. King Hollidaysburg, , Meehan, S. Mendelson, . Germantown Mitchell, Ehrman B., ... Harrisburg, , Moon, Henry T., Morrisville, Muller, Adolph, Norristown, Myers, Levi M., Siddonsburg , O'Connor, Haldeman, ...13 N. Front St., Harrisburg, Pannebaker, Wra. M., . . Virgilnia, Virginia, Rankin, Chas. C, West Chester, Reist, John G., Mount Joy Rick, John Reading , Rinehart, E. S Mercersburg, , Roberts, Horace, Moorestown, N. J., Rush, Perry M., Sycamore, R. I Satterthwaite, Fred'k G.,Fallsington, Searle, Alonza T., Honesdale, Shaffner, Jacob, Harrisburg Shallcross, Frank R., ... Frankford, , Sharpe, Miss E. M Accotink, Va., Smedley, Samuel L 2442 Bryn Mawr Ave., West Phila delphia, Snavely H. H Willow Street Stem, Dr. J. C, Lemoyne, Strasbaugh, E. F Orrtanna, Swank, Luke H., Johnstown, , Thomas. Chas. L King of Prussia Thomas. Edwin W., .... King of Prussia Tyson, Chester J., Flora Dale Tyson, Edwin C Flora Dale, Tyson„ Wm. C Guernsey, Van Deman, H. E 3630 13th St., N. W., Washington, D. C, Walton, Robert J Hummelstown Weaver, Abram, Windber, Weimer, E. A., Lebanon Wertz, D. Maurice Waynesboro Wertz, Geo. M., Johnstown Westrick, F. A Patton, R. 2 White, Arthur H Pulaski Wister, John C, Germantown, Williams, Irvin C, Royersford, Woods, Edward A., .... Frick Bldg., Pittsburgh Youngs, L. G., North East Annual Members Butler Aspers, 214 S. 1 2th St., Philadelphia, 309 Valley St., Lewistown, New Park, Vineland, N. J., State College State College, 17 Battery Place, New York City, Lewistown Glenshaw, Lock Haven, Tunkhannock West Chester Mifflintown Northbrook, 1726 Regina St., Harrisburg, .. Annville, Lancaster West Chester, R. D., West Chester, R. 3 Aspers, Manor Berea, O., Adams, Harvey S., Adams, W. S., Anderson, A. J Anderson, H. M., Anderson, H. M Armstrong, John Atkinson, D. Watson, . . Atkinson, Robert E Atwater, C. G Aurand, Chas. M., Baenerlein, Adam A., . . . Baird, A. T Baker, H. C, Baldwin, Jos. H., Banks, William, Barnard, C. P., X3al l1cS| A • *■ *f •■••••••*• Barnhart, Albert, Barr, Frank S., Bartram, Geo. H., Bartram, Maurice G., . . . Baugher, H. G Baughman, F. E., Bean Spray Pump Co.. . . Dauphin. Washington, Blair. Philadelphia. Dauphin. Bucks. Montgomery. York. Dauphin. Chester. Lancaster. Berks. Franklin. Greene. Bucks. Wayne. Dauphin . Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Lancaster. Cumberland. Adams. Cambria. Montgomery. Montgomery. Adams. Adams. Adams. Dauphin. Somerset. Lebanon. Franklin. Cambria. Cambria. Lawrence. Philadelphia. Montgomery. Allegheny. Erie. Butler. Adams. Philadelphia. Mifflin. York. Centre. Centre. Mifflin. Allegheny. Clinton. Wyoming. Chester. Juniata. Chester. Dauphin. Lebanon. Lancaster. Chester. Chester. Adams. Westmoreland. NAME. POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Beaver, James, Mifflinburg, Union. Behrhorst, C. E 417 7th Ave., Pittsburgh Allegheny. Bell, J. Alvin Lawrence Washington. Bell, Robert Harry, State College Centre. Belt, J. E Wellsville York. Benn, M. L., Coudersport Potter. Bergey, James Mifflintown, Juniata. Bitterman, J. W 325 Walnut St., Steelton Dauphin. Blair, Chas. P Monaca Beaver. Blessing, A. F., Linglestown Dauphin. Blessing, David S., Reading, Berks. Bolton, W. P., Holtwood Lancaster. Book, Isaac H Honey Grove, Juniata. Borst, Theodore F., ....15 Beacon St., Boston, Mass., .... Bostwick, D. C, North East Erie. Bouton, Chas. S., Springdale, Ark., Bower, Chas. W Harrisburg Dauphin. Bowers, E. C East Petersburg, Lancaster. Bradden, Geo. E Harrisburg Dauphin. Brenneman, John W Willow Street Lancaster. Bretz, Chas. E., 109 Market St., Harrisburg Dauphin. Briggs, J. S Norristown Montgomery. Briggs, Thomas, Newtown Bucks. Brinkerhoff, H. J., Lees Cross Roads, Cumberland. Brinser, Ephraim Falmouth Lancaster. Brinton, S. L., West Chester. Chester. Brinton, William, Timicula Chester. Brooke, R. G., Schwenksville Montgomery. Brown, E. L., Charlotte, N. Y., Brown, H. H Spring Valley, N. Y Brown, H. B North East, Erie. Brown, William 2108 Myrtle St., Erie Erie. Brown, Wilbur J., 1617 N. 52nd St., Philadelphia, ...Philadelphia. Bruner, W. W., Paxtonville Snyder. Brunges, Howard F Tunkhannock, Wyoming. Brunges, S. R Tunkhannock, Wyoming. Bucher, Dr. I. Reily, . . . Lebanon, Lebanon. Bullers. A. J Brookville, R. 6, Jefferson. Bullock, W. H., Honesdale, R. 3 Wayne. Burke. Paul H 3428 N. 21st St., Philadelphia, Philadelphia. Burgess, Nelson W., .... Pittston, Luzerne. Butt. G. Will North East Erie. Card, Fred W Sylvania Bradford. Cecil, R. E., Sewickley, Allegheny. Chandler, W. H Scranton, Lackawanna. Chapin, Irvin, Shickshinny, Luzerne. Claar, William Queen, Bedford. Clark, M. N., Claridge, Westmoreland. Clegg, William S New Bloomfield Perry. Clouse, W. H 414 Shaw Ave., McKeesport, Allegheny. Clovis, A. E JoUytown Greene. Cope. Jr., Francis R., . . Dimock, Susquehanna. Cocklin, B. F Mechanicsburg Cumberland. Cocklin, J. A., Siddonsburg York. Collins, Daniel J Wawa Delaware. Collins, S. C Bainbridge, Lancaster. Comfort, Henry W Falsington, Bucks. Conley, H. D., Etters York. Cook, E. H Erie, R. 7, Erie. Coray, W. H., Pittston Luzerne. Coursen, I. H., Wyoming Luzerne. Couse, Norman W., .... North East Erie. Cox, J. W New Wilmington, Lawrence. Crago, Wm. H Carmichael, Greene. Cramer, W. J., Waymart Wayne. Crawford Bros North East Erie. Criswell, Robert T., .... Chambersburg Franklin. Critchfield, N. B Harrisburg Dauphin. Crowell, Arthur Avondale, Chester. Crowell, Ralph T., 3242 N. 13th St., Phila., Philadelphia. Crowell, Thos., Avondale Chester. Cummings, J. W New Wilmington, Lawrence. NAME. POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Curstead N B., Oliphant Furnace Fayette AJaroy, k. U., 804 Continentatl Bldg., Baltimore, Md Bsr-c. %^: .:::::::: ^?e7d^r "^•. .::::::••:••••••••• g^a^"-- &: 1f."S:. •::;;:;:: L"sri.rS J.. ^ : : : ; • ■ ■ • • • ■ • '^^ Denlinger, Amos B Strasburg, R. 1 ^' fv" o^* Derrick. B. B .' . Unityvilll . . ' Lancaster. Detwiler. William P., ... Phoenixville, . . ! ! ! ! ! ! '. ! ! ! ! ! " * ! * ' * SX"*^* Dewitt. J. A Falls w • Dickey Samuel 4 Chalmers Piace/ Chicago! iVl.; * ^ ^°"''"'^* Doan, John Lindley Ambler, ^ ' ' ' vr«„*„«„ , Dulles, John W.. .'^^' . . . . ! West Chester. ! ! ! ! ! ] ' ] " ' * * Chester ^' Duncan, B. S Hollidaysburg. Bla?r Duncan, P. F Duncannon. Sf'i; Dusman, W. F Hanover. y^"^' Edge, Samuel, Jackson Center '.'.'.'."." Mercer Edmonds, J. R., Hagerstown, Md ! ] Mercer. Elder, Irvin C. , Chambersburg, * ' t?m«i,i;« Ellis, David M., Bridgeport, S?". '"' Emerson J. B.,' i 40 ^ 41st si. New' York City ' ' * ^^"t^^'"^^- Eppley, Fred W., New Cumberland .. .^ . Cumberland is^al^oo!: ^.u'-'^r^:'^. ''" '''''-''''-' 'SP?- Everhart. G. W., ......lYork, ....::.:: Vnl Fagan, F. N State College, .....';.';;.'; Centra Fassett, F. H Meshoppen w ^•• Fassett. Wallace. .' MehoSJSny. ;::::::; wlnZnl' Felty, G. B. O.. ' Millersvilk . . . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " * ' uSter Fenstermacher. P. S Allentown LehSh Femald, Geo. H., ...... North East gne Fertig, F. R Lebanon. jT:„^„ Fidler, W. B., Aspers, :::..:. aS^« Fins'" a' ^^""'' ^" •••flff?n^H°'""""^^"- PhiladeiphiW; : pSelphia. FisTerVa;::::::::::sdS^^^^^^ i3f^""^- Flinchbaugh. F. T .i York, ....'... i! i! i! i '• .' l^Zt Florex Gardens, The . . North Wales. ... IrJJi' Floyd, Fred W., . . . ' . ! ! ! Dillsburg, .:..::: Montgomery. Foreman, A. S.. Greencastle .*;.'; PranirUn Forry, L S Spring Grove *. '. ; '. '. '. ; ; York * Forsyth, Samuel Jarrettown \r«r.f „««,-«, Foster, T. C. .! Lewisburg i'.i.'.i'.Unron ^' Frantz, S. P.. . . Luzerne union. Frear, Edgar c. :::;:: Factoryviiie. •::::::::::; wvo'^nTn. Frederick, T. J. Springchurch. ... f^TrnL Fullerton, H. B Medford, L. L Armstrong. runk, Sheldon W Boyertown p.,^t,o Gardner. Jr., L. M York Springs •*!!!.*!!' Adam; Garrahan, R. H., .' Kingston. .!".•. Luzrjne Garrettson, Frank Aspers, a5™ ' Garrettson, John Aspers .'•'..'.■.'.■.'.'."■ Adams' Garrstson. Robert, Flora Dale a3™ Garver, H B. 137 E. Water St., Middletown,' ! ! '. ! DaSSiin Garvey. Thos. Q 443 W. Chestnut St., Lancaster, . . Lancaster Gelder, Chas. C, Princess Anne, Md., i^ancasrer. §S,' Ra'fpi;:^^'. .^°'; . : : ^ti^^^^^i: . '.'.' . ^'''^'^^^' * • • EJ"^^j;p?«- e!eS.VG.:-::::::::;:galSInMiiis::::::- Glick. Henry C Lebanon . ' T^Ennn" Good, Martin R.. Blue Ball T»noXV Grabe. W. H., ..! Butler. .......; pf,?w * Gracey, R Newville .';.' PMriwion^ Graybill L B Refton, ' . . . . ! ! ! ! i! ! ! i! ! .' '. i^rcaster Green, Jr., James. Creighton luJllll^l' Greishaber. J. A. Wes? FaiVview, ! .' .' ] : ! ! ! .' ' * .' cim&nd Griest. A. W.. Curtis Bay, Md., ..:.;:.:..• NAME. POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Griest. C. A Guernsey Adams. Griest. Frederic E., .... Santa Lucia, Oriente, Cuba. Griest. Geo. G 30 Church St.. New York City, . . . Griest, Maurice E. 105 163rd St., New York City, ... Graper, A. W.. Pittsburgh. Diamond Market, Allegheny. Gross. W. E., Danville, Va Guillaume, L. R., Brookside, Centre. Haberman, Jos Baden, Beaver. Hahne, Frank Dubois Clearfield. Haines, Miss Mary M.. . . Cheltenham Montgomery. Hall, Robert W Bethlehem, Northampton. Hardt, C. W., Camp Hill, Cumberland. Harper, Wm. Warner, . . Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. Harris, Joseph, Shamokin Northumberland. Harris, Philip Light Street Columbia. Harrison & Sons, J. G., . Berlin, Md Harrison, W. O., 531 Wood St., Pittsburgh Allegheny. Harshman, U. W., Waynesboro, Franklin. Hartman. Dr. G. W 801 N. 3rd St.. Harrisburg Dauphin. Hartman, William Etters York. Harvey, Frank L., Foxburg, Clarion. Harvey, William B Westtown. Chester. Hawkins, Chas. A., York York. Hawkins. E. B Delta York. Hayman. Guy L., Northbrook Chester. Hazard, Willis Hatfield, . West Chester Chester. Heilman, J. R., Palmyra, R. 2 Lebanon. Heilman, R. P Emporium Cameron. Heisey, S. A Greencastle Franklin. Henderson, J. C, Petersburg Huntingdon. Herr, Frank H.. Millersville Lancaster. Herr, John D 216 N. Duke St., Lancaster. Lancaster. Hershey, C. A., Tillie Adams. Hershey, H. F., Harrisburg, R. 2. Dauphin. Hershey. H. S East Petersburg Lancaster. Hibshman. E. K., State College, Centre. Hibshman. Geo Ephrata, Lancaster. Hile, Anthony, Curwensville, Clearfield. Hilliary, E. D Telegraph Bldg.. Harrisburg, Dauphin. Hinkle, Horace York York. Holdridge, F. L., Tidioute Warren, Holmes, Jr., H. L., Paxtang, Dauphin. Horstick, J. F.. Paxtang Dauphin. Hopkins, D. G Orefield, Lehigh. Houck, F. E., Dallas, Luzerne. Howard, Josiah, Emporium. Cameron. Howe, Homer B., Wellsboro, Tioga. HuflF, B. P., Roanoke, Va Hyde. T. E Bloomsburg Columbia. Hyde. A. A., Manns Choice. Bedford. Jacobs, Daniel Clarence,. Gettysburg, R. 5, Adams Jacob, P. A Wellsburg. W. Va Jaques, Mrs. Elizabeth H.,Germantown Philadelphia. Johnston, C, B., Warren. Box 82, Warren. Johnston, J. C. M New Wilmington. Lawrence. Jones. D. W Ebensburg Cambria. Jordan, J. H., 1104 Diamond Bank Bldg., Pitts- burgh, Allegheny. Kane, J. A Biglersville, Adams. Karmany, Carl S., Lebanon Lebanon. KauflFman, Chas., Stony Creek York. Keeney, A. C. Laceyville Wyoming. Kell, Reuben H., Blain, Perry. Kendig, Dr. J. D Manheim Lancaster. Kester, R. P Grampian Clearfield. Ketchum, E. M.. North East, Erie. Kidder, O. S., North East Erie. Killam. B. F., Paupack. Pike. Kilmer, A. B Springbrook. Lackawanna. Kister, U. G., Etters York. Kitner, Joshua New Bloomfield, Perry. Kk>ck, W. J Pitman, Schuylkill. COUNTY. Blair. 8 NAME. POST OFFICE. Kloss, D. S Tyrone Klussman, F. C Millvale ',,',", Aire^henv Knuppenburg D. A.. .... Lake C^rey. .... Wvomfni^* K?a1^;\^^^^ LatTster Kraybill S. S Mount Joy. R. i. ! .' ! ! ! ! * LaSSs er Krebs. Harry B Mercersburg. . . pSin Large, MUs Ka.herine, ' ! : 0?rtann"' . "; . .'.•. AdamT"' l2uh"T/° H h' ,'='°»- ""' S«-. WashingtonVD.c:; .' ! i• McSr;.'' G^'s!- .::•••• irc„^°"'^' ::::::::: le'i'iVe "'■- " V,;* ^'^'■' ■^'■•' ■p'">»^'>p';ia. :::::: Phliatl^i,... ^"!nP°^'.- Washington. McLaughlin, Jos. M North East Erie McMurray, J. G Canonsburg, .'.*.*! .■.'!! Washii McMurray, Levi A Canonsburg. R. 4 ington. McSparran W. F.. Furaiss • '. :::::*"'Lrncaster Mechling, Edw. A Moorestown, N. J i^ancaster. Meisenhelder, Robert N., Hanover ' VnrU Mendenhall, J.. Howard, Glen Mills ''.''.'*."" .""' Delaware ^^J'T!''::.:::::'^y.ni. ■•••Hi' Sfl^•K^"v.;:;:r=•■R•^•••••••^^ Mickiey; i w., '. [ '. [ '. ! ! ! Fairfield.; :.':.:::.:::: Sif "'"''• ^'^^°"^"' A. C. Monessen i i ! i.": i! Westmoreland. NAME. POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Miller. Daniel L.. Waynesboro Franklin. Miller, Jas.. Waynesville, Dauphin Miller. Maris T Kennett Square Chester ' Miller, Phillip Beaver Falls Beaver Minter, Mrs. D. G Arendtsville Adams* Moon. Jas. M 21 S. 12th St., Philadelphia Philadelphia. Moore B S^ • • Kulpsville Montgomery. Moorehead, E. T., North East Erie. Moorehead, R. E Mooreheadsville, Erie. Moorehead, R. J North East. Erie! Morgan, Miss Jessie T., . Ambler Montgomery. Morse, J. C, Susquehanna Susquehanna. Mottier, C. H North East Erie Mourer, Eby Mercersburg Franklin. Moyer, H. B Cape May City, N. J Murray, D. E Catawissa Columbia. Musgrave, John K Camp Hill Cumberland. Mussleman, C. H Biglerville Adams. Myers, C. E State College Centre. Myers, C. N Hanover York. Myers, Geo. P Biglerville Adams. Myers, Harry C, Siddonsburg York. Myers. John R Siddonsburg York. Myers. Wm. A Siddonsburg York. Neal, H. C Dravosburg, Allegheny. Nevin, J. D Easton, R. 3 Northampton. Newbrough, W. H. ..... Lansing, Mich., Newcomer. Aaron, Midvale Franklin. Newcomer. W. S Glen Rock York. Nissley. A. H Bamford Lancaster. Nissley, Walter B State College Centre. Norris, H. E North East, Erie. Northrup. A. M Ashley Luzerne. Norton, W. M.. W-ymart, R. i Wayne. O Connor, Haldeman, . . . Virgilina, Va Beaver O'Neill, William C 328 Walnut St., Phila Philadelphia. Oliver, C. R Portersville Butler. Orton Bros.. North East Erie. Orrtanna Canning Co.. . . Orrtanna, Adams. Oyler, Geo Gettysburg. R. 5 Adams. Parke, John B., Horsham Montgomery. Patterson. Jas. A Stewartstown York. Peachy. J. H., Belleville. Mifflin. Peck. W. H 3rd Nat. Bank Bldg., Scranton. . . Lackawanna. Peirce, Ernest F West Chester, Chester. Pelton, J. L., North Girard Erie. Pennel. Jos.. Wawa Delaware. Pennel, Samuel F.. Lansdowne Delaware. Pennock, Edward A., Chatham Chester. Perham, W. E., Pleasant Mt Wayne. Pershing, Thed.. Pineville Bucks. Pickle. J. H., Millersville, Lancaster. Pierce. B. R North East, Erie. Pierce, Geo. R., North East Erie. Pierce, H. W Wilkes-Barre Luzerne. Pollock. Geo. B Wyoming Luzerne. Pomeroy, John H Chambersburg Franklin. Pratt, B. G 50 Church St., New York City. . . Pnckett. J. W., Aspers Adams. Purdy. H. L.. Sunbury Northumberland. Pyle. Robert West Grove Chester. Raffensperger, Chas. E., . Arendtsville, Adams. Rakestraw, Thomas Kennett Square, Chester, Rawle, Francis West End Trust Bldg., Phila., Philadelphia. Rawling, Henry Moscow Lackawanna. Reese, C. G., Elizabethtown Lancaster. Reese, S. G., Elizabethtown Lancaster. Reisner, J. E. Shippensburg Cumberland. Reist, H. G., 1 10 Avon Rd., Schenectady. N. Y.. Repp. Albert T.. Glassboro, N. J Rhoads, Miss Rebecca N., Belief onte Centre. Rife, J. L., Camp Hill Cumberland. Rinehart, Geo. W York, R. 4 York. NAME. Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S., . . Rice, Amos E., Rice Daniel, Rice, F. G Rice, Oscar C, Richards, A. C Richards, N. F Riches, Piver & Co., Richie, Arthur L Robinson, A. Blaine, . . . Rohland, Otto Root, J. W Roof, T. J., Rose, William J., Rothenberger, A. K Rawsthorne, Edwin, Ruhl, Harry F. Ruhs, Miss Annie Rumbaugh, C. E., Runk, J. A Ruof, Clarence Ruof, Frederick Rupp, D. C, Rupp, H. D Russell, N. W Russell, Stewart S Sampson, H. O., Schell, Walter S Schweitzer, E. A Seeds, Walter W., Seidel, J. A Shank, H. L Sharon Fruit Farm, . . . . Shattuch. J. H Sheadle Sisters, Shoemaker, Seth W Shorb, Albert Shuman, E. H Seigfried, A. H., Siegler, Franklin Sierer, Dr. A. L., Silvis, Bert W Sloan, E. H Smedley, Walter Smith, C. M Smith, J. Russell Snavely, G. J., Snavely, Hon. H. C, Snavely, J. R Snyder, C. B., Snyder, E, Bane, Snyder, Jas. W Snodgrass, David P., . . . . Somerville, Dr, H., Sonneborn, Jr., Henry, . . Stanton, Jas. F., Starr, W. C, Steele, Emeiy Stein, Geo. E Stephens, A. W., Stewart, Dr. J. P Stewart, William, Stichter, Geo. B., Stitzer & Reed Stough, William H Stough, W. W Stover, F. S., Stow, W. L Strain, Thomas, Straith, M. C, Strode, A. D 01 POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Lorane, Berks. New Bloomfield Perry. New Bloomfield Perry. Monroeton Bradford. Biglerville Adams. Schellburg, Bedford. Schellburg Bedford. 8 1 Fulton St., New York City, . . . Riverton, N. J., North East Erie. Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. i, Manheim, Lancaster. Rummerfield Bradford. 413 Market St., Harrisburg, Dauphin. Pennsburg, Montgomery. Pittsburgh Allegheny. Manheim Lancaster. Pittston Luzerne. Irwin Westmoreland. Huntingdon, Huntingdon. Hummelstown Dauphin. Hummelstown Dauphin. Shiremanstown, Cumberland. Rupp Bldg., York York. c#i iCy XV* Oy ••••••••••••••••••• ••• x!#nc« Erie, R. 6 Erie. Scranton, Lackawanna. Harrisburg Dauphin. Egypt Mills Pike. Birmingham Huntingdon. Marysville, Perry. Lancaster, Lancaster. Newport Perry. Erie, R. 6 Erie. Jersey Shore Lycoming. Scranton Lackawanna. Hanover, York. Hamburg Berks. Selinsgrove, Snyder. 320 S. 44th St., Philadelphia, Philadelphia. Mechanicsburg, Cumberland. Export, R. I Westmoreland. Orangeville Columbia. 904 Stephen Girard Bldg., Phila., . . Philadelphia. Lewistown Mifflin. Swarthmore, Delaware. Cleona, Lebanon. Cleona, Lebanon. 125 Liberty St., Harrisburg Dauphin. Ephrata, R. i, Lancaster. Jacks Mountain, Adams. Box 734, Harrisburg Dauphin. Canonsburg Washington. Chest Springs Cambria. 401 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, . . Philadelphia. New Stanton Westmoreland. New Brighton Beaver. Kingston Luzerne. East Prospect York. Hoboken Allegheny. State College Centre. Landisburg Perry. Pottsville, Schuylkill. Millmont Union. Adamsburg Westmoreland. Shippensburg Cumberland. Bowmansville Lancaster. North East Erie. Cove Road, Merchantville, N. J., . . Ambler, Montgomery. West Chester Chester. NAME. II POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Strode, Marshall D., ... West Chester, Chester. Strong, Robert J Shiremanstown, Cumberland. Stull, James B North East Erie. Sunnyside Orchard Co., . Tyrone Blair. Surface, H. A Mechanicsburg, Cumberland. Taylor, B. C, Chester, Delaware. Taylor, Ralph Whitf ord Chester. Tennent, J. G Westfield, N. Y., Thomas, Carl B West Chester, Chester. Thomas, Jackson M., . . . Emporium, Cameron. Thompson^ Jr., John I., . Lemont, Centre. Thorpe, Francis Newton, North East Erie Throne, S. E York York. Todd, Henry Arnold, . . Doylestown Bucks. Toston. W. R., Clear Spring, Md Trimble, Stephen M Chester, Delaware. Trostle, F. C York Springs Adams. Trump, Geo., Muncy Lycoming. Turk, Jesse C Euclid Butler. Tyson, A. R Norristown Montgomery. Ulman, L. W Carrolltown, Ohio R. 5 Vallerchamp, M. F. New Berlin Union. Van Kuren, S. J 326 Madison St., Chicago, 111 Vensel, J. D Saltsburg Indiana. Wadhams, Miss Lydia F.,275 S. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne. Walter, K. C Selinsgrove, Snyder. Walter, William Blairsville Indiana. Walton, Richard C 11 12 Morris Bldg., Philadelphia, ..Philadelphia. Watson, Mrs. H. F 356 W. 6th St., Erie, Erie. Waterson, W. F,, Cleveland, O Watts, D. H., Kerrmoor Clearfield. Watts, R. L State College Centre. Webber, O. G 1905 Lafayette Ave., Baltimore, Md., Webster Basket Co Webster, N. Y Werder, O. E 5500 Columbia St., Pittsburgh, . . Allegheny. Werner, Harvey O., State College Centre. Wertz, S. H 129 S. 2nd St., Reading Berks. Wheaton. E. H Knoxville Tioga. Weise, H. Benson, Parkesburg Chester. Wickersham, R. A., Mechanicsburg Cumberland. Wilder, H. J., Bureau of Soils, Washington, D. C, Wiley, W. E Stewartstown York. Williams, John L Dickinson Cumberland. Williams, J. L Gettysburg Adams. Wills, F. A 1206 Montgomery Ave., Phila Philadelphia. Willson, J. C Wallace Run, Lycoming. Wilson, B. F Aspers Adams. Wilson, Jos. E Canonsburg, R. 3, Washington. Wilson, Capt. J. L Overbrook Philadelphia. Wilson, R. J Library, R. i Allegheny. Windle, Francis West Chester Chester. Wingert, J. K Chambersburg Franklin. Winship, Lional, Moscow Lackawanna. Wirt, Charles 129 Cliveden Ave., Germantown, .-Philadelphia. Witherow, R. T Punxsutawney Jefferson. Withrow J. C Vanport Beaver. Wolfe, Chas. A Aspers Adams. Wolff, C. W Greentown pjke. Wolff, Dr. W. E Arendtsville Adams. Woodward, Albert L 410 Arch St., Philadelphia Philadelphia. Woodward, Laura E West Chester, Chester. Woolman, Anna 21 N. Highland Ave., Lansdowne, Delaware. Work, Paul Ithaca, N. Y Worrell. Hibberd B 217 Manheim St., Germantown, ...Philadelphia. Wright, A. Cooper Hummelstown, Dauphin. Wright, Robert C Broad Street Sta., Philadelphia, . . Philadelphia. Wynkoop, J. W Erie, R. 5 Erie. Young, Willard S 218 Briggs St., Harrisburg Dauphin. Zercher, Andrew J Conestoga Lancaster. Zigler, Amos, Elizabethtown, Lancaster. Zimmerly, H. H., State College, Centre. CONSTITUTION. ARTICI.E I. — Name and Object. The name of this oragnization shall be The State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania. Its object shall be to foster and encourage the development of horti- culture in the State of Pennsylvania. Article 2. — Membership. Any person may become an An- nual Member of this Association by paying one dollar ($1.00) to the Secretary, such membership to expire on the first day of the following annual meeting, unless renewed. Any one paying ten dollars ($10.00) to the Secretary at one time shall be entitled to Life Membership. Persons of distinguished merit in horticulture may be elected to Honorary Membership for the current year, by a majority vote of the members present at any regular meeting. Article 3. — Officers. The officers shall consist of a President, three Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual meeting, to hold office for one year, or until their successors shall be chosen, except that the retiring Secretary shall edit the report of the annual meeting at which his successor is elected. No one may serve as President for more than two consecutive terms. These elective officers shall con- stitute an Executive Board in conjunction with an additional in- determinate number of Vice-Presidents whose names shall be an- nounced by the Secretary at the annual election of officers. These Vice-Presidents shall be the regularly elected Presidents of any County Associations, organized in Pennsylvania for horticultural purposes, whose Constitution is approved by the Executive Board, and whose income from annual membership dues during the pre- ceding year was not less than ten dollars ($10.00). In order to secure admittance to this Board, the Secretary of such County Association shall certify to the Secretary of the State Association that the applicant has been duly elected to serve as their President for the current year and shall also submit a statement showing number of members and amount of dues paid for the preceding year. All officers must be members of the Association in good standing at the time of their election and shall assume their duties at the close of the meeting at which they were elected. Article 4. — Quorum. Twenty-five (25) members of the As- sociation and five (5) members of the Executive Board shall consti- tute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article 5. — Standing Committees. The following Standing Committees shall be appointed by the President to serve during his term of office: A Committee on Legislation, to consist of three (3) 12 13 members; a Committee on Exhibitions to consist of five (5) mem- bers; a Committee on Membership to consist of one (i) member from' each county in the State showing evidence of horticultural activity, and a General Fruit Committee, consisting of one from each county represented, with a general chairman of the whole, each member of the General Fruit Committee to have the privilege of appointing two assistants. Article 6.— Annual Meeting. The Annual Meeting of this Association shall be held during the month of January in each year, at such time and place as the Executive Board shall determine. Article 7. — Amendments to the Constitution. This Consti- tution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members pres- ent at any annual meeting, provided such amendment shall have been presented to the Secretary in writing at least sixty (60) days prior to time of holding the annual meeting, and by him referred to all members in connection with the announcement of said meeting. BY-LAWS. Article i.— Duties of the President. The President shall be the executive officer of the Association and of the Executive Board, and shall preside at all meetings of either body, designating one of the Vice-Presidents to serve in his stead when necessarily absent. He shall pass upon all bills and accounts of the Association before they are ordered paid by the Secretary ; he shall appoint all dele- gates to other Associations and all special and standing committees of the Association unless otherwise ordered. Article 2.— Duties of Vice-Presidents. The Vice-Presidents shall serve on the Executive Board and any one of them may be called upon by the President or the Executive Board to assume the duties of the Chair at any meeting. They shall also actively repre- sent the Association in its various lines of work in their respective counties. Article z.— Duties of the Secretary. The Secretary shall be the recording, corresponding and accounting officer of the Associa- tion and of the Executive Board ; he shall incur no expenditure of a large or doubtful character without the sanction of the Business Committee ; he shall secure the written approval of the President on all bills or claims against the Association before drawing his order on the Treasurer for the payment thereof ; he shall attend all meetings of the Association and of the Executive Board and shall keep a faithful record of their proceedings; he shall sign all certificates of membership and all Diplomas and Certificates of Merit, awarded by the Association. All money received by him shall be promptly paid to the Treasurer. He shall have charge of the Association's books and papers and shall be responsible to the Board for all property placed in his charge; he shall be the cus- todian of the Seal of the Association, and shall have authority to S rt 14 affix same to documents when needful ; he shall seek by all suitable means to secure the fullest announcement of the meetings of the Association in this State, as well as in adjacent states, when such shall be found desirable. It shall also be his duty, yearly, to pre- pare for publication, the Annual Report of the Association, to- gether with such other matter as he shall deem proper, he being aided in the selection of such matter by an advisory committee of the Executive Board. As recompense, the Secretary shall receive all necessary expenses, and such salary as may be determined by the Executive Board. Article 4. — Duties of the Treasurei. All the funds of the Association shall be paid into the hands of the Treasurer; he shall disburse the moneys of the Association that shall come into his hands only upon order of the Secretary, countersigned by the Presi- dent; he shall keep the moneys received by the Association for Life Memberships as a distinct fund, and shall invest the same under the advice and direction of the Executive Board, applying only the interest accruing thereon to the purpose of the general fund. Im- mediately upon assuming his office and before entering upon his duties, he shall execute to the Association an official bond with suf- ficient securities conditioned for the safe-keeping and disbursement of the moneys of the Association, and for the proper discharge of the further duties of his office, in such sum as shall be specified by the Executive Board, the premium on which shall be paid by the Association. This bond shall receive the approval of the President, and shall be deposited with the Secretary. Immediately preceding the annual meeting, he shall submit to the Executive Board a writ- ten report showing the amount of money that shall have come into his hands during the year, the sources from which it has been de- rived, and the deposition made of the same. This statement shall be published in the Annual Report of the Association. Article 5. — Duties of the Executive Board. The Executive Board shall enact all rules and regulations for the management of the affairs of the Association, determine the salaries of its officers, and assume the control and management of its exhibitions ; it shall have power to displace any officer of the Association for neglect of duty or abuse of position ; shall fill all vacancies by appointment to continue until the next annual election ; and shall hold at least two (2) regular sessions during the year, one of which shall occur at the time and place of the Annual Meeting of the Association. It may hold other meetings when called by the Secretary under the advice or direction of majority of the members of the Board at such times and places as may be deemed most convenient, but in all such cases, each member must be duly notified of the time, place, and object of such meeting ; it shall carefully guard the interests of the Association, watch over its finances and provide for its necessities as they shall arise ; it shall appoint from its own number three mem- bers, who shall constitute a Business Committee for the year, and upon which the Secretary and Treasurer may not serve ; and it shall submit to the Annual Meeting, through the Secretary, such report 15 upon the condition, general interests and prospects of the Associa- tion as it shall judge necessary or expedient. All important meas- ures shall be submitted to this Board, but may, by the Board, be re-submitted to the Association for recommendations. Article 6. — Duties of the Business Committee. It shall be the duty of the Business Committee, upon application of the Secre- tary, during the recess of the Executive Board, to advise with him as to the expediency of making any contemplated but questionable and the Treasurer just prior to the annual meeting and submit writ- expenditure for which occasion may arise during such recess. The Business Committee shall also audit the accounts of the Secretary ten report of its findings to the Executive Board. Article 7. — Duties of the Standing Committees, (i). The Committee on Legislation shall inform itself in regard to such exist- ing laws as relate to the horticultural interests of the state and bring the same to the attention of the Association, at the same time re- porting any additional legislation which in their judgment is de- sirable ; when so directed by the Association, it shall cause to be in- troduced into the State Legislature such bills as may be deemed necessary and shall aid or oppose any bills introduced by others which directly or indirectly affect the interests of the fruit grower. (2). The Committee on Exhibitions shall suggest from time to time such methods and improvements as may seem to them desirable in conducting the exhibitions of the Association, as well as other fruit exhibitions throughout the state, and with the assistance of the Executive Board, shall arrange the premium lists, and have charge of all the exhibitions of the Association. (3). The Committee on Membership and Expansion, with the co-operation of the County Vice-Presidents, shall bring the work of the Association to the attention of fruit growers throughout the state, and by such means as they deem best, strive to increase the membership. (4). The General Fruit Committee shall carefully and thoroughly investigate the subject of fruit culture in general. Each local committee of three shall collect such useful and interesting in- formation in relation to the subject as may be in their power, and embody the same in monthly reports, to be made to the general chairman ; such reports to be by him examined and embodied in his annual and semi-annual reports. Such other Standing Committees may be created by the Execu- tive Board from time to time, as in its discretion may seem de- sirable or necessary. All Standing Committees shall report to the Annual Meeting in January, any information of value to the Association or its mem- bers, that may have come to their knowledge during the year, as well as any scientific theories, deductions or facts that in their opin- ion may be useful in advancing the object for which the Association is laboring. i6 Article 8. — Nomenclature. The Association shall adopt the nomenclature of the American Pomological Society. Article 9. — Amendments to By-Laws. Amendments or addi- tions to these By-Laws may be made by a majority vote of the Executive Board at any meeting, but if objection shall be made, the same shall "lie upon the table" till the next regular meeting of the Board. These By-Laws, or any one or more of them, may be sus- pended for the time, by order of a majority of all the members of the Association present and voting. A proposition in the general meeting of the Association for an amendment or addition to these By-Laws shall be referred to the Executive Board for considera- tion and decision but the Association may submit therewith its advice or request. SUMMER MEETING. September 10th and 11th, 1913 In connection with the Fruit Growers Association of Adams County. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania HELD AT Harrisburg, Pa., January 21, 22, 23, 1913. The Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania convened in the Board of Trade Build- ing, (Second Floor) Harrisburg, at 1:30 P. M., Tuesday, Janu- ary 21, 19 1 3, with President Creasy in the chair. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS To the Officers and Members of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania: The fruit grower, during the past year, in Pennsylvania met with many discouragements. In some sections peaches were a total failure, cherries less than half a crop, and apples not up to the standard for an off year. Much of this failure can be attributed to the very mild early winter of 191 2, with the severe cold winter following, which, in many sections, practically killed all the peach buds, and damaged the wood of many fruit trees. The scale insects are multiplying especially outside of the unsprayed orchards, and unless spraying is carefully and well done, thousands of fruit trees will die in the next few years. Nor are these all the troubles — the codling moth and fungous diseases must be controlled if good fruit is expected. But, upon the whole, Penn- sylvania is making rapid strides in her fruit industry. Hundreds of thousands of trees are planted annually. Many of these or- chards will be failures and their owners will become discouraged and perhaps lay the blame to the rosy pictures so often drawn, tell- ing of the great amount of money made in the fruit business, for- getting that fruit growing requires careful attention, knowledge, skill, and right locations in order to make it successful and profit- able. 17 i8 There has started a craze for planting apple trees all over the United States. You may say there is not going to be an over- production of apples. This year, in many sections, the apple grow- ers have sold their fruit very cheap, and thousands of bushels were left to waste in the orchards for want of a market. I believe there will be cheaper apples for the consumer, providing a system of dis- tribution can be worked out for getting the fruit to the consumer more cheaply. This is the greatest problem that faces the fruit grower to-day. Increased production means more apples for con- sumption. If the prices of apples to the consumer were cut in half the consumption would multiply by four, or more. The high price to the consumer is not all the fault of the middlemen. One of the principal factors that enter into this increased cost is that of storage. If the apples are picked and sold and shipped into the large cities where rents are high, and every move of the fruit adds more cost, they become more expensive to the consumer than if held by the grower until the market is ready for them. Much of the storage in the East should be close to the producer, in order that he can con- trol his fruit until the consumer needs it. The cost of producing fruit in the future will be higher. Some of the reasons being the increase of disease and insect pests and higher cost of labor and land. Perhaps nothing would be more timely than calling attention to the census of 1910 as a criterion of the value and money made in our fruit industry. In the late census, Pennsylvania ranked third in the production of apples, having 8,ocx>,ooo bearing trees, produc- ing 11,048,000 bushels of apples valued at a little over $5,500,000.00 or about 50 cents per bushel, or 70 cents for each bearing tree, while the average in the United States was 56 cents per bushel and 55 cents per bearing tree. In the production of pears, Pennsylvania ranked fifth in the number of trees, and fifth in production, having 797,000 trees of bearing age and producing fruit valued at $356,000, or about 45 cents to the tree. The average value of pears per bearing tree throughout the United States in 1909 was 53 cents. New York received a fraction more than a dollar per tree and California received about $1.17 per tree. Pennsylvania, as a peach state, ranked 15th in the number of bearing trees and value of pro- duction, the average value of the fruit per tree in our state being 57 cents and the average in the United States being 30 cents per tree. Peach growing in our state is more or less of a gambling busi- ness, sometimes you strike it rich and often lose. In the production of cherries, Pennsylvania ranks second, as well as in the number of bearing trees, having over a million trees producing 475,000 bushels. The value of the fruit per tree in our State was 85 cents, average value of the fruit per tree in the United States a fraction over 61 cents. California received $2.00 per tree. The value of our plum crop in 1909 was $396,000.00, from 744,- 000 bearing trees, or 53 cents per tree. The average for the United States was 44 cents per tree. Pennsylvania produced in 1909, 34,000,000 pounds of grapes, valued at $851,000.00. The average value of production per vine is 16 cents, and in the United States it is 9 cents. Our State ranks 19 fifth in the grape industry. The values given are those at the place of production. From these census reports it will be observed that in Pennsyl- vania the value of the fruit per bearing tree and vine is above the av- erage in all kinds of fruit except pears. But the average value of ap- ples per bushel is ^o cents, while the average value of apples per bushel throughout the United States was 56 cents, and at the same time the value of apples per tree in our State was 70 cents, while the average value of apples per tree throughout the United States was 55 cents. Hence is seems that we are producing a tremendous lot of unsaleable fruit. This means better methods must be more general in fruit growing, and further we do not dispose of our windfalls and culls to the best advantage. Every fruit community should have its storage plant, cannery, evaporator, cider and vin- egar plants. How many fruit sections are prepared to utilize their entire fruit crop? Now is the time to prepare for this end of the business. Another important question is the cost of a barrel of standard apples, that is a barrel of apples that are of required size, free from worms or other blemishes that would mean a loss of any part of the apple. In nearly all businesses, the cost of production, plus a reasonable profit, is the selling price of the products of the factory, and for this reason we should have an idea of the cost of a barrel of apples, and if one fruit grower produces them for less than the average cost, or produces them less than other fruit growers, he is adding to his profits. If we take the census reports of the crop of 1909, we find that the average value of a bushel of apples on the farm in the United States is 56 cents, and counting three bushels to a barrel, we would have $1.68. From this amount we must subtract from 1-4 to 1-3 for culls, the value of which would not exceed 20 cents per bushel. In taking the least number of culls possible, which is 25 per cent, we find the average value of a barrel of standard apples, in the United States, to be $2.04, and to this should be added the package and packing, making a charge of 50 cents additional or a total value of the barrel of apples at the orchard of $2.54. This value does not include losses which are bound to occur. If the average production of a bearing tree is 55 cents and we count 35 trees to the acre, the production per acre would be valued at $19.25. This is not a large income and certainly represents very little, if any, profit on the method, or rather lack of method by which the average apples are produced. It is reasonably fair to assume that from these figures the cost value and farm or orchard value are not far apart. Or in other words the profits on the av- erage way of growing apples do not exceed the profits of well man- aged farms, which give the owner less than four per cent, for his investment. So that in adding the losses to the cost value, I believe that the cost value of a barrel of apples including the package is near the $2.50 mark. These figures and conclusions are based upon conditions as we find them and not what they should be, but they are given as a guide to show what a barrel of apples costs the av- ao erage way of growing them. I will venture one more conclusion from these deductions, that fruit growing in the near future will only be in the hands of people having skill and experience. Fruit packages should have a neat appearance, and if sold by measure they should be put up in full measures, and the sooner we get laws compelling that a quart of strawberries shall be a full quart and a half bushel of peaches shall be a full half bushel, the better it will be for the producer and consumer. Then again too many grades hurts the trade. We hear about XX, XXX, XXXX, Fancy, Extra Fancy, Fine Choice, Choice, Choice No. i. Choice No. 2, and so on. Uniformity in grading and packing, with but few grades, will tend to lessen confusion in the trade and bring more even prices for good fruit. The State Horticultural Association has been working in harmony with the State College, the State Department of Agricul- ture and the various county Horticultural Associations. Our State Economic Zoologist, Professor H. A. Surface, is doing good work for the fruit growers of the State, but we suggest that the demonstrations be held only two years at a place, in order to reach as many communities as possible. The discovery of new diseases and insect pests and the pre- vention of spreading those already in existence is one of the prime objects of this department and we are pleased with the good work that is being done along these lines. It has long been an established fact that experimentation to be successful must cover years of time. This is as true of fruit growing as other experiments in agriculture. Professor J. P. Stewart, of our State College, is working out problems at the Col- lege and in experimental orchards in different sections of the State that have already proved of great value to the fruit growers and these experiments will be more valuable as years go by. Other branches of Horticulture are receiving attention at the College, and I hope the State will make the necessary appropriations to carry on this work in a manner becoming this great state. Horticulture in all its branches is but in its infancy. With our large amount of heat material in the earth, good soil at cheap prices on top the earth, and air and sunshine still free, winter gardening offers great opportunities for those who wish a profitable and pleasant winter occupation. The National Apple Show was held at Spokane during the sessions of the National Grange, in November of 191 2. I had the pleasure of spending some time looking over the exhibits. And one advantage that the Northwest has in its favor is in its careful grad- ing and packing of its fruit. The apple growers of the Northwest have had more apples than they could dispose of, and in traveling through some of those states I saw trees that were not picked on account of the low price for the fruit. The Northwest, under irrigation, is producing some of the finest apples, but at the high cost of the land, and the immense num- ber of trees planted, it is a question whether the apple business i f 21 will be as profitable to them in the future as it has been in the past. The National Apple Show offered $15,000 in premiums and prizes. From this we should take a hint, and in some way our State Horticultural Association should have money for prizes in order to show our fruit. It would be of great benefit to the State and it should assist the growers in this work. The joint meeting last year of the Breeders* Association, the Dairy Union, and the State Horticultural Association, held at Pitts- burgh, was a great success as far as exhibits were concerned, and the best fruit show our State ever held. But on account of the inclement weather the attendance was not as large as anticipated and the associations met with a loss which was made up by private subscriptions and from the treasuries of these organizations. The deficit should be met by an appropriation from the State. In conclusion let me emphasize the statement that has often been made to this Society. "We have all the natural advantages in Pennsylvania for growing fruit of the highest quality and the best markets in which to sell it, all that we need is men properly trained for the work." Let us make every effort to make Pennsylvania the greatest fruit state in the Union. Mr. Robert M. Eldon, Vice President, was called to the Chair, by the President. REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE. By John D. Herr, Chairman, Lancaster, Pa. A report on horticultural conditions in Pennsylvania must em- brace in its data the facts and figures of two great classes of fruit growers and market gardeners. We have, first, the commercial orchardist, increasing in number in our state, who directs his efforts toward growing fruit on an extensive scale. He sells his crop to the commission house or buyer, through whom his product reaches the retailer and finally the consumer. Secondly, we have hundreds of smaller producers having a few acres, who not only grow their crops themselves, but dispose of them in the nearby retail markets. The amount of business done by the latter has been much underes- timated. Pennsylvania, with her teeming population of nearly eight millions of inhabitants, many of them employed in industrial es- tablishments of our cities, earning good wages, and are liberal pur- chasers of our horticultural products, affords the best markets in the country. Surrounding the cities are scattered fruit growers and truckers who dispose of their crops in the local markets nearby. This is an ideal, economic arrangement since it not only disposes of unnecessary middle-men, extra handling and long freight hauls, but also supplies the city dwellers with fresh products at a reason- able price. In this report we shall endeavor to keep in mind these 22 two classes of growers, and as faithfully as possible, record the progress and problems of each during the year. The crop of apples for the entire state was about 50% of an entire crop. This was the "off year" with Adams County, York Imperial orchards. Franklin County records 30% of a normal crop, while Wyoming records 60%, and Bedford, 40%. On the whole, the quality of the fruit was good, especially where spray- ing of fruit trees is a general practice. Poor quality is reported from the generally scale infested south-eastern portions of the state, although not by any means confined to that section. The time has passed by whea we may expect to grow apples of good quality and free from blemishes, without following the most up- to-date methods of orcharding. This is fully realized by my corres- pondents who replied to the query as to the quality of fruit grown in their section, with such phrases as "Good where sprayed ;" "Very good where cared for;" "Sprayed, good; unsprayed, poor." The natural quality of apples that may be grown in this state under proper conditions need not be emphasized before a Pennsylvania audience, as it is well known that it is "as good as the best and better than most of the rest." At least one grower in Pennsyl- vania has for several years sold quite a large part of his crop in Portland, Oregon, and San Francisco, Cal., in competition with the fine apples of the Northwest. The price of apples has been lower this season than last, owing, no doubt, to the heavy crop throughout the country, especially in the North and Middle west. Common varieties sold for $2.00 per barrel in the orchard. Boxed apples are quoted at from 80 cents to $2.50 per bushel. Apples in bulk, 70 cents per bushel, 60 cents per cwt. Cider apples, 25 cents per cwt. Some correspondents report few buyers. But grow fine fruits, properly pack it in attractive form, and buyers will find it to their advantage to take our crops. The most destructive pests of the apple tree and fruit are the following names in the order of their importance: Codling Moth, San Jose Scale, Borers, Field mice, Curculios, Oyster-shell Scale, Leaf-blister Mite, Collar Blight, Wooly Aphis, Crown Gall, Apple Red Bug, Caterpillars, Scab and Railroad Worm. More damage is reported by field mice during the past season than for any one year for a long time. This was due no doubt to the length of time the ground was continuously covered with snow. Among the means used to prevent injury by mice girdling young trees, the most successful I have observed anywhere is that used by Dr. Joseph Kalbfus, Secretary of the State Game Commission at Harrisburg. In his orchard on Benvenue Island on the Sus- quehanna river, I have seen his fields literally honeycombed with the burrows of field mice a couple of years ago. He reports that he has practically exterminated them in a single season by the use of the following poison bait : Soak i peck of corn or wheat in water thoroughly, pour off the water, dissolve ^ grain of strychine in hot water, using about a quart; pour this over the grain in a tub and stir it thoroughly with a stick, after that add about 2 pounds of brown sugar dissolved in water, letting it stand for sev- , 23 eral days, dry it and it is ready for use. Drop the grain in the tunnels or runways of the mice, care being taken to cover the bait with earth so as to prevent birds and poultry from eating it. The impulse given to commercial planting still continues, al- though in a somewhat abated degree. Thirty counties reporting an increase in planting, while forty reported similarly a year ago. I, personally, know of one-half dozen orchards of 200 acres or more, set out last spring in this state. Five large orchards have been planted in Lawrence County alone. The most notable phenomenon in the peach orchards of this state during the year was the freeze of last January, which de- stroyed many trees and 95% of the crop of peaches, according to our correspondents. The total loss to our peach growers having been enormous. An earnest effort has been made to gather data from which we may make a deduction on the effects of altitude on the freezing of peach buds, but there is a considerable lack of unan- imity on this point; neither has my own observation reassured me that altitude alone is the governing factor. In Franklin County, orchards 800 feet above the sea level bore considerable fruit. In Lancaster County, those above 870 feet were more or less immune from the freeze; in Cumberland County those between 800 and 900 feet; In Clinton County, above 900 feet; In Tioga, above 1,000 feet; In Venango, above 1,200 feet; In Luzerne and Bedford, above 1,400 feet; In Cameron, above 1,500 feet and in Centre, above 1,700 feet bore more or less of a crop. On the other hand, in spite of these definite statements some observers see no significance in alti- tude as a preventive of freezing of peach buds, and attribute the immunity of some orchards to other causes, such as the character of the soil in which the trees grow and methods of fertilizing. In the opinion of the writer, there are several causes contributing to the almost universal destruction of peach buds by freezing, last winter. While it is true that the temperature in many parts of the state was colder during January, 1912, than for fifty years; having been reported as low as 20 and even 35 degrees below zero, the buds were rendered more liable to injury during a spell of warm weather in December previous, which lasted two weeks and during which time the buds in orchards on southern slopes became greatly swollen and even burst open. Such buds invariably were killed by the freeze, without regard to elevation. Orchards on protected northern slopes escaped and bore a crop, although at relatively less elevation. Many peach trees infested with scale insects and borers, or containing immature wood, were killed by the cold. While there were comparatively few peaches produced in the state, the price was not much higher than the preceding season ranging from 75 cents to $1.75 per basket. Most of these sold were grown in neighboring states. The most destructive pest of the peach tree in our state is the peach tree borer. One year ago it was reported that San Jose Scale and Yellows were the most damaging pests. This year thirty-two reports mention borers as the most common cause of injury to the trees, while fifteen named San Jose Scale and Yellows; the plum Curculio follows with twelve votes, and Monilia rot with eight. 24 There is today no entirely satisfactory means known to pre- vent damage to peach orchards by borers. The plan of hunting and cutting them out with a knife must be depended upon to save the trees from injury by borers, but it is laborious, and at the same time increases the injury to the trees. Various preparations have been tried out at State Experiment Stations and are recommended, but there is an evident lack of uniformity in these. I am now try- ing out on infested trees in my own orchard several preventives including the arsenical lime-sulphur solution, and sludge, lime in the form of thick white wash, and certain grades of asphaltum, but thus far the results have not been sufficiently definite to justify any recommendations whatever. The subject of peach tree borers is most serious in this state. The planting of the peach in the com- mercial way is reported as on the increase in twenty-five counties; the balance either not reporting or else stating no increase. The yield of pears was less than an average crop on the whole, although Kieffers bore heavily, and sold in the local markets at prices ranging from 50 cents to $1.00 per bushel. Other varieties brought 75 cents per one-half bushel basket. In consideration of the heavy fruiting habits of the Kieffer, and its freedom from insect pests and fungous diseases, there is likely to be more of this variety of pears grown in the future. Other varieties than the Kieflfer are being destroyed by Twig blight in forty-five counties. In as much as no cure other than the heroic measure of cutting out infected parts is known for pear blight, it would seem that many varieties of pears, much prized for their quality, may soon be destroyed in our state. The most profitable plums grown in this state are, as a rule, the American and European varieties in the north and west, and the Japanese in the south-east. The varieties recommended most of ter are the following : German Prune, Lombard, Bradshaw, York State Prune, Green Gage, Abundance, Burbank, Wickson and Satsuma. Prices received were 10 cents per quart, 40 cents per pound basket, $1.00 per one-half bushel basket and $1.00 to $2.00 per bushel. Nearly all sold in the local markets. Sweet cherries bore less than one-half a crop, probably due to injury from the cold of winter, and sold above 10 cents per quart. Sour cherries yielded over 60% and brought 6 to 10 cents per quart in the local markets and 4 cents per pound was paid by canneries. Cherry growing has not been extensively exploited. Our largest growers of this fruit are located in Erie County. In the commercial grape growing district of Erie County the crop was 50% of a full yield, and the following prices prevailed ; 10 to 15 cents per eight-pound basket and $20.00 to $35.00 per ton. In nearly all other sections of the state grapes are grown for family use or to sell in the local markets. When well grown they sell for higher prices in competition with shipped grapes, often bringing 20 to 25 cents per eight-pound basket. The yield of strawberries was large, averaging 85% of a full crop. Practically the entire crop found ready sale in the locality, bringing 5 to 20c per quart, and $1.50 to $3.00 per crate. The average price being about 12c per quart. Raspberries and black- : > 25 berries yielded less than one-half a crop, and prices ranged from 7 to 1 8c per quart and $2.00 to $4.00 per crate. Considerable dam- age is reported to raspberrry canes from Anthracnose, for which disease the only remedy is extirpation of the affected stalks and seasonable fungicidal treatment of the remainder of the patch. The recent development of the celery industry in the northern part of the state, mainly in Tioga County, deserves especial at- tention. Here in the narrow valleys of that rugged country, on soil transported thither ages ago by glacial action which was not long ago considered of little value, has grown an ex- tensive area devoted to celery growing. Hundreds of acres are planted of this toothsome crop, and yields in a double sense, a golden harvest. And now we may enjoy Pennsylvania celery on our tables during the enitre fall and winter seasons. I have not at hand definite statistics about this year's crop, but mention this industry principally to direct attention to what is being done in the horticultural field, so long neglected in our state where in- dustrial development has been paramount and overshadowing. The time, I believe, is not far distant when Pennsylvania, with all her many advantages, will be acknowledged the greatest horticultural state in the Union. Moved and carried that the report of the General Fruit Com- mittee be accepted and printed in the proceedings. Prof. Surface. — There is one question in my mind that I thought I would like at some time during this meeting to bring before these people for the sake of getting personal information and also to bring it out: I refer to the varieties of fruits that were most and least injured by the cold last winter. To start the discussion I would say that I have been informed that in the northern part of the state Hill's Chilli peach proved to be one of the hardiest varie- ties. I notice a very considerable amount of injury to the apricot, English walnut trees and the quinces, and to some of the other semi- hardy trees and shrubs, and also to the white Mulberry tree. Particu- larly if we can get any facts bearing about the hardiness of good va- rieties, I feel that it should be brought out at some time during the session, if this is not the proper time. Chairman Eldon. — One small part of an orchard in Adams county that is composed of Salway's was tested hard. It was on a sunny bank and there was danger of them being frozen, but the crop was entirely too heavy, although the thermometer was 19 or 20 degrees below zero last winter. If you have anything in respect to your own orchard in the matter of freezing we would be glad to hear it. Prof. Surface. — In 50 acres of peach trees the only variety that was frost bitten was Crosby. Mr. Engle. — I know of a man who had two orchards, one had no fruit whatever and the other which had considerable elevation — seven or eight hundred feet — had a good crop. That seemed peculiar to me, inasmuch as even on a higher elevation some people had no crop. It must not have been the altitude altogether. It seemed strange, in some counties, for instance in Adams, many trees were frozen and badly injured, and in York County, I saw trees in nurseries frozen there. In one county almost all the young trees seemed to be injured more or less and in the other one it not only had sustained no severe injury but they had some peaches. Down in the neighborhood of the York County nursery, especially in Stewartstown, I think they had quite a lot of peaches, the buds were in good condition and they didn't show any signs of injury whatever by severe cold. Secretary Tyson. — I want to commend that excellent report of the General Fruit Committee. I know that getting up a report of that kind means a lot of work and I feel that this one has been gotten up in very good shape. The matter of winter injury is a pretty serious problem. I had an opportunity to notice serious winter injury to apple trees last winter not only in our own section, but in Virginia and West Virginia and in Maryland and heard of it from other places ; actual killing of trees over fifteen years old in some cases which I would have thought almost impossible, and serious injury of trunks and limbs on other trees. The weather conditions last year— while severe all over — seemed to have taken strange freaks of hitting hard in some places and allowing other places to go free. V. Stoneroad. — I would like to know which is the hardiest variety of peaches? E. C. Bowers. — Speaking of hardy varieties, in Lancaster County, the Greensboro peach was less susceptible to frosts than any other variety— where other varieties were damaged — they stood the winter weather better. Mr. Detweiler.— I have an orchard in Montgomery County, and as my neighbor had any amount of peaches and I didn't have any, I examined it closely. I have an orchard at 390 feet elevation, and within ten miles of me on each side to the south and to the north, orchards had quantities of peaches last year, at Pottstown, and ten or twelve miles away, and their altitude was about 475, or just below 500 feet and on the south the altitude was about 500 feet and they had a great many peaches. The varieties were the same as in my orchard. In 800 trees I had five peaches. According to the thermometer, north of me their coldest there was 9 degrees, but my thermometer registered 24 degrees below zero. That is what I noticed in our section. E. F. Peirce.— I don't think it is as much a question of ther- mometer as the atmosphere. I know in several places where the lower side was frozen and the upper part was not frozen. In our section I know of two nurseries, not a very great difference in J 27 altitude and not a particularly great difference in the soil, all the oeach trees in one nursery were frozen, every tree, and in the other one not one. As to which is the hardiest variety, I don t know, but to take it for granted that we are going to have another winter would we discard any first class varieties? The Elberta was a very strong robust grower, but it was injured by the frosts last winter. The early varieties were not hurt so much as the late varieties. Hill's Chili was the hardiest wherever I knew it last year. I don t know that anyone would stop planting Elberta when we don t have more than one or two winters in a century like last winter. Mr. Lewis.— It seems to us that is altogether a matter of other conditions rather than the extreme cold or the altitude During the spring of 1909 we set out 400 peach trees; during the winter of iQOQ-io about one-third of the peach trees were frozen during that Winter and the temperatui*e was never lower than 6 degrees in that orchard. In 1910-11 the temperature was as low as 6 degrees and I never saw even the smallest branch injured in any degree, so it seems it is something else besides the extreme temperature. F W Card. — My own orchard was a striking example of the different methods of handling trees. On the top of the hill every- thing was kept pretty well evened down. Over the fence north of that; which was approaching the lower ground, there was a cover on ihe ground during the winter. On that part which was bare, a large percentage of trees were killed. On the other side where the cover was on the ground not more than two or three were killed— a most striking example of the influence of conditions of the soil. Howard A. Chase.— Among my earliest experiences in fruit growing, particularly in apple growing I recall the winter of 55 and '56; that many young trees that had been planted one and two years in the State of Maine, were killed by a warm spell in Janu- ary followed by excessive cold. We found there that certain va- rieties were uninjured; while the Baldwin were killed outright. We found further that in the higher elevations with northeast ex- posure there was less injury than on southern exposure. The warmer the location the greater the injury. My observation is that 7his applies to a great extent to peaches, although whatever your experience may be in one place in peaches it may not be the experi- ence "n another. I have in mind in the eastern part of this state a little orchard where the normal conditions were ^^^f'^'i'l^l^J^'^^^^ apple crop, being so sunny, and yet there is a current of air through that section that nine years out of ten there .is a good crop^ As a general proposition with a northeast exposure the chances are bet- **''* As regards hardiness of peaches, I think all will agree that we have a raci of peaches that will stand more cold than the Crawfords and many other old varieties. You have to experiment on your own farm and find out for yourselves. 28 Prof. Surface. — Some may want to know how you could tell by looking at a peach tree whether it had been injured or not. This is something of great importance for if the fruit buds have been destroyed that is the opportunity for pruning the trees severe- ly, and thus producing a strong growth for the next year. The first evidence of winter injury where it may be compara- tively slight, is of course shown in splitting open the buds and find- ing the brown in the inside. If that is found in the majority of cases, that is evidence that the buds have been injured. In nearly all peach trees you recognize that there are ten times as many fruit buds as there should be peaches borne and consequently one should not rush rashly to the conclusion that because a large part of the buds are injured you will have no crop. I predict that we will have more broken fruit trees this year than any time before. There is an evidence that there will be a strong peach crop in this state from the present outlook, but that might change in two or three nights. If there is a very heavy crop there will be more breaking of trees than there would have been a year ago. Question. — I would like to ask the Secretary, what were the first evidences of injury to the apple trees by freezing? Secretary Tyson. — In answer to that, I would say that in a good many cases the first evidences were failure to start buds; in other cases the trees put out leaves at the ends of the branches only, leaving long branches nearly bare, and there was quite a va- riety of evidence. In some cases trees put out leaves and seemed to be in fairly good condition for two or three weeks and later died, showing that the tissues were injured, not sufificiently to stop put- ting out of the foliage with the moisture of the spring, but as the season advanced and moisture decreased they died. There was pretty good evidence as to resistence of different varieties. In a small orchard of summer apples made up of Summer Rambo, Yel- low Transparent, Williams Red, Wealthy and Wagener — 60 per cent, of the Summer Rambo trees were killed to the snow line, the trees were two years old ; and yet no injury was noticeable on the Yello,w Transparent: the Wealthy showed some injury. Here and there in low places or pockets in orchard. Wealthy trees were killed and some others were injured. Wageners showed no injury and Williams Red only a little. Wm. P. Brinton. — I would like to emphasize the necessity for air drainage. P. S. Fenstermacher. — I would like to ask the question, how was the temperature? Secretary Tyson. — I can't tell you how the temperature was. It was variously reported from 18 to 26 degrees below zero. The point is that under identical conditions some varieties escaped and ) 29 others were badly injured. In another orchard, trees planted rather shallow so that the roots were more or less exposed, suttered badly. NOTES FROM THE ENTOMOLOGICAL FIELD. Prof. H. a. Surface, State Economic Zoologist, Harrishurg, Pa. I am sorry that I cannot afford you the pleasure of looking at some slides that were made for this particular occasion, but there is too much light to-day, and we may show them to-night or to- morrow night when the room is darker. It puts me to a disad- vantage, after I had prepared to talk upon the slides made ex- pressly for the purpose, to be obliged to talk Practical y extern ooraneously, and yet there are some entomological features that a^worthy of record. I believe that it would be a good plan for this association to have a regular Entomologica Report to keep up the records from different sections of the state throughout the vear. This past year has not been without its peculiar conditions. Different insects have continued to go unchecked in this State others have appeared in certain parts in remarkable numbers, and others have been reduced by artificial and natural agencies. ThTApXseed Chalcis is an insect which deposits its eggs in the seeds before half-grown, and those apples become remarkably deformed and stunted." You would be surprised to know liow prominent it is in the northern section of Pennsylvania Deformed appks not more than one-half inch across, are found abundantly on the trees, with practically no good apples. It has destroyed Uiousands and hundreds of thousands of bushels of apples in this State Our inspectors who have been working on those orchards saylhat this insect has been by far the worst pest of that region, ifdemands our attention, as it is gradually spreading in its area and seems to be coming southward. It passes its winter in the seed of the apple and matures into the adult stage in the spring. One can find^t in ?he fall, and even at this time of the year, by cuttmg open the litlle deformed apples that are under the trees, and finding it in the seeds themselves. . ^^^u^.-t. Another insect that appears to be aboundmg m the northern part of the State and has played havoc with early apples and es- D^ally sweet apples is the Railroad Worm or Apple Maggot It Fs found In practically the same region as that infested by the Apple Seed Chalcis. It is called the "Railroad Worm," because .t bores like a railroad tunnel. It feeds on the fruit while ripening, and not on the trees It remains in the fallen fruit from one to two weeks, °n real warm weather it shortens up its period and comes out sooner. You wm s"e it by slicing the apple and finding brown spots or streaks in the fruit. It is almost the exact ^^-j.^f ^Jf P"tad flpih and is difficu t to see. You will find the little black neaa whth ^ook Uke a minute black, shiny speck. It makes the fruU decav readily It is carried chiefly by fruits that have fallen from fhe trees andare washed along streams. It has been carried down 30 from upper waters of the Susquehanna river, as tar as Harrisburg. It is also to be destroyed by the destruction of the fruit. There is no means of spraying that will check the Apple Maggot after the egg is once deposited in the fruit, but as it remains in the fruit from one or two weeks after it drops on the ground it can be destroyed by destroying the fallen fruit or pasturing with hogs or sheep. Its injury can be prevented by killing the adult fly by spraying the lower branches with two pounds arsenate of lead and three gallons molasses in forty-seven gallons water when the flies are first seen, which is when the fruit is about half -grown. Another pest that seems to be worse, in the northern part is the Leaf Blister Mite. It is a serious past because it will infest the leaf and fruit of the apple and pear. It deprives it of its vital func- tions. It cannot mature the present fruit crop, neither can it set strong fruit buds for the next fruit crop. This is a Mite, not an insect, not a disease, but is more naturally classified as a spider, as the Mites are classified with the Spiders. This particular pest is readily destroyed by spraying, using the lime-sulphur spray as for the San Jose Scale. I must go on record by what I say in these recommendations, and when I say anything as strongly as that, I say it because I have seen it done. When it is sprayed thoroughly with the strong lime-sulphur solution, just as the buds appear, it will clean it up. This past year was an unusual year for the Datana or Red Humped Apple Worm. It comes in the fall of the year and clings to the twigs and to the mid-ribs of the apple leaves, curving the head and the rear part upward making a bow, living in clusters of great numbers. It is not uncommon to see this. Last year was unusual from the number of trees that were stripped from them. This is killed by spraying with an ounce of arsenate of lead in each gallon of water. It is better to spray while young, because young larvae are more readily destroyed than the old. There are different important reasons for taking these insects in time; one is that while they are young they are more easily killed, and two pounds of Arsenate of Lead paste to fifty gallons of water will destroy them, although twice that amount can be used without any ob- jectionable results. The San Jose Scale did not multiply as rapidly this year as usual. Much of the San Jose Scale was killed by freezing last winter, but not enough to eliminate this pest from the orchard. Some say it can be destroyed by winter freezing, but if this is ever going to be done it would have been killed by such a winter as we had last year. Every winter all of the San Jose Scale that has not reached a certain size perishes by freezing, and all that has gone beyond a certain size also perishes by freezing. Now if there has been a very severe winter they reach a narrower margin or limit for the living. We must never imagine that a pest that has its origin in Northern China will be killed out by a severe winter that we can stand in this country. It is true that the Scale is checked by spraying; there's no doubt about that. Thoroughly satisfactory results have been had throughout this State, and people 31 are more encouraged than ever before to go forward with the use of the lime-sulphur solution in the control of this pest. I can cite some remarkable instances of orchards that have been practically thoroughly cleaned up by this material. Nothing has been found so effective, so cheap, so sure to kill the scales, nor so free from injury to the trees. The Grape Berry Moth has been a great pest during the past year. The moth lays her eggs in the skin of the grape berry, and the worm or larva binds two or three berries together with a web, making the fruit foul, feeding within it, and rendering it unfit to use. It has been very serious through most of this state, but it is held in check by spraying with arsenate of lead. I have in mind, particularly, a gentleman just across the river, Dr. Bashore, who told me that with only a cheap hand sprayer which cost him but a dollar, he was able to clean up this pest and produce magnificent and perfect grapes on four home grape vines that he had, and I know of others who controlled it by spraying when the fruit reached the size of a bean and again when it was almost full grown. The Plum Curculio is very destructive. It seems that the de- struction by this pest is so great because it has been given so little attention by fruit growers. The injury by the Plum Curculio has been worse than usual. These persons who sprayed just after the husks fell from the peach or plum, using again the Arsenate of Lead, with or without lime-sulphur solution, were successful in controlling this pest. It has been found also an advantage to spray when the leaves first come out and the adult Curculio first com- mences to feed, before they feed on the fruits themselves. The Bark Beetles have continued on their work. I prophesy that injury by the Bark Beetle will become much more conspicuous during the next two years ; we will hear much more about it dur- ing the next year or two than we have in the past, for the reason that the trees that were injured and weakened by winter freezing will be attacked much more by this pest; consequently I would recommend you to beware. There is no remedy for the Fruit Tree Bark Beetle while it is in the tree. What can be done, is to invigorate that tree by pruning, fertilization, and spraying, and in many cases it will outgrow the effects of the Bark Beetle. I saw this done in many places; I remember in one of Mr. Heister's orchards where we saw the trees were outgrowing the ef- fect of the Bark Beetle, because they were invigorated. The Bark Beetle rarely if ever attacks a healthy tree, but when it is declining, the Bark Beetle hastens its death and now at a time when our trees have been injured by the winter freeze of a year ago, it will take them a great many years to fully recover from the effects. While they are weak is the time to be on your guard against such pests. Spraying with a lime-sulphur solution, in which the sulphur is in excess, will help to prevent attacks on trees from Bark Beetles, for they will not enter into the trunk of the tree where the sulphur deposit is present. With our smaller crops, which also come under the general name of ^'horticulture" (and I shall be glad to see the fact recog- 32 nized that horticulture means the care of all kinds of plants), we have the Potato Stalk Borer which has continued to multiply and is causing an immense amount of annoyance in the State. It is chiefly in the southeastern part of the State through Adams, York, Lan- caster, Chester, Berks, Montgomery and Lebanon counties where the Potato Stalk Borer has been most injurious. The vines seem to wilt down or turn yellow. When split open they are found to contain larvae or slate colored beetles about the size of a house fly, but its wings were not present. It stunts the plant, stops the growth, and causes the stalk to die. I have recommended that the stalks be pulled and burned with all the pests. Dig the stalk out as early as possible and burn it up, because for awhile the larvae remains in that vine, but finally go into the ground to spend the winter, consequently, if a man burns the vines he uses the oppor- tunity to destroy the pest. Another insect that was unusually numerous this past year and which was reported to me for the first time, is the pest commonly known as the Pickle Worm. From Lewistown I had a report of this insect destroying many cucumbers, and from several parts of the State I received specimens for the first time, although some years ago I found it near New Cumberland. The Pickle Worm is abundant and destructive in the southern states, but has not been reported as a common or injurious pest in this State. It may gradually work northward, and we may hear more and more of it. As certain insects work southward, so we will anticipate that south- em insects will gradually work northward. Destructive pests are on the increase, not only from the imported pests of foreign countries, but others in our own country. I have several reports of this pest found in cantalopes, and watermelons, cucumbers and squash. To many of you, several of these insects that I have mentioned are unknown, and you don't realize what they are. Let us put ourselves back to twenty years ago when San Jose Scale made its ap- pearance, and you can see the importance of being thoroughly warned as to the appearance of such pests. Such knowledge would have saved valuable orchards. The Pickle Worm makes several holes, as though one had stood at some distance with a shot gun and shot into it. Of course it starts the fruit to decay and renders it unfit for use. I have not had opportunity to experiment with this pest, but mere spraying of the fruits will destroy the pickle worm be- fore it enters the fruit, under the same principle exactly, and with the same material and formula, as for the codling moth. Arsenate of Lead again can be mixed with Bordeaux Mixture to insure against blight, which is so common and destructive to the cante- lopes and melons. The Corn Ear Worm was bad, especially in sweet corn. It is one inch and a half in length. It has been proven just during the past season that spraying with arsenate poison on the silk of the corn, repeated again in a week, the same spraying as for codling moth, will poison that silk so that the worm which gnaws its way into it will be killed as it starts to gnaw into the ear of the corn. 33 The Peach Tree Borer has been unusually bad during the past year, and is one of the most serious enemies of the peach trees. You may know that I have stated in my Bulletins that the Peach Borer could be controlled by the application of Lime-Sulphur So- lution in the summer time, but I never had an opportunity to prove it so definitely as last summer, and I have a very gratifymg report of President Banzhaff, of Muncy, President of the Lycommg Coun- ty Horticultural Association, wherein he said that by followmg the directions that I gave him, and spraying or washing the trunk of his peach trees with the Lime-Sulphur Solution and Arsenate of Lead through the months of June, July and August, he cleaned up the Borer of his peach trees. He said he had a neighbor who made the application in June, and then said he did not believe in it because it did not kill the insects with one application. Of course he had no good results. Unless we make more than one application of the material we can't expect to clean it up, and I am now satisfied that a faithful application of a Lime-Sulphur Solution, with the arsenate of lead, one ounce to each gallon, will prevent the Peach Tree Borer. We applied it to all of our peach trees in the middle of June and July, and the latter part of September we saw the brown saw- dust coming out. We found the borers are on the outside of the trees It meant that the young borers feed for the first month on the outside of the trees before they get inside. They were young borers that came from the eggs laid after we stopped using the Lime-Sulphur Solution and if I had made other applications, we would not have had any of them. That little borer which we think is frozen can be taken in and thawed out and will be as alive as ever. Mr. Detweiler.— How far do you have to get the borers away? Prof. Surface.— So far that v/e can get rid of them— 2 feet. Mr Banzhaff had cleaned his up only when he gave a treatment three times and he said, "I expect in the future to give a fourth treatment in September." Put on the Lime-Sulphur Solution the same as the San Jose Scale Solution. Use it strong enough. I put it into the tank of our tractor sprayer that is geared to the wheels, then put on two leads of hose, taking the caps off the nozzles (1 have the short extension rods, each with an eighth turn). Ihe horse goes down those rows, and the rotation of the wheels gives the power to throw the liquid through the hose. We throw some of the liquid on one side of the tree, and then turn on the other side, then swing the nozzle to the next tree. We take two rows that way as fast as the horse walks. We have an extensive orchard and would not be without our traction sprayer. It goes out in such a stream that it washes around the tree. If there is any gum, it should be removed first. By that method each tree gets pretty nearly a pint of liquid. If there are borers there, remove them by hand before washing. If there are no borers we don't go down deeply, just make a slight groove in the soil around the tree. After I give the treatment I don't want to leave it open, it makes an ideal place for 34 worms to get back in there again. We mound up that tree and keep it mounded afterward. A doctor at Center Hall treated his old trees with a caustic potash solution and I examined those trees and I found that the borers were killed under the bark. The round headed Apple Tree Borer goes into the heart of the tree. The one that we call the Peach Tree Borer attacks the peaches and the plums. It will injure and kill a plum as well as a peach tree. It just goes under the bark. Question. — How deep in the ground do you go ? Prof. Surface. — I clean away the soil to the depth of a couple of inches, unless the borers are deep in the ground, then I go down. Then I put this material say one to two feet above the ground. I send out another jet on the other side of the tree, one-fourth to one-half a pint, which goes on each side of the tree. If in the spring you see a mass of something that looks like sawdust, in the gum you know the borers are there and then you get after them. Sometimes the worms are one-fourth of an inch long, and they run from one-fourth of an inch to one inch. Question. — Though the borers may be in the trees, having ap- plied the material, should we hunt the borers ? Prof. Surface. — The borers quit breeding and come out about the middle of June. By the 20th of June, and from then on, they commence to lay their eggs, so don't make the application later than the middle of June, and that will keep them out for the next year. I have never had any injuries to peach trees or any other kind of trees, shrub or vine, from dormant application of lime-sulphur solution. I have watched carefully for some backing up by other State Entomologists, and otherwise, and only lately have I found the statement made that the lime-sulphur solution will not injure any tree, shrub or bush. A Member. — How about the use of white lead to keep out the borers? Prof. Surface. — I have used it on some of my trees with good results. I know of a friend who killed some peach trees apparently with the use of white lead and linseed oil. He put on a very thick coat, and that may have been enough to injure the tree. I wouldn't recommend this for peach borers, for the reason that Lime-Sulphur Solution does the work. Mr. Wilson. — After the eggs are hatched, don't some go over a season before they change into the adult stage, making them two years old? Prof. Surface. — I don't believe the Peach Tree Borer would pass through the entire summer in the larval state. I think they would all mature by mid-summer; near the latter part of July. I 35 think those laid in the fall are the ones who make the late crop for the next summer. A larger percentage of them will winter kill, but there are a lot of them that will survive. Question. — How about the borer in the wild cherry? Prof. Surface. — I have never seen the borer in the wild cherry. That brings up the question of the destruction of the wild trees. Horticulture will never be on a proper footing until trees of that nature are done away with. The Apple Aphis is found in many orchards. It has been found that a great deal of winter spraying with Lime-Sulphur Solution has not been sufficiently strong to kill the Apple Aphis. It has been recommended by some that it can be killed best by spraying with tobacco extract, but I have found unmistakably that when a tree is infested with the Apple Aphis the first trace you can find is the shining black eggs on the twigs, especially around the limbs at the rings indicating where the growth of this past summer commenced. Just about the time the buds are bursting the Apple Aphis hatches. If the spraying is done at that time, but before the leaves have expanded, you will kill the Apple Aphis and also the San Jose Scale and the leaf Blister Mite. I have sprayed mine before they expand and that spraying has not injured the foliage and has cleaned up the Rosy Apple Aphis. I have seen it done positively, and with certainty I know it has been done with success. Question. — Can you spray just after the buds commence to burst ? Prof. Surface. — I sprayed peach trees a year ago last spring when one-fourth of the blossoms were open, with a strong lime- sulphur solution, and it did all the good I expected, and no visible harm. Question. — Aren't the peaches too far advanced when you have apples and peaches together? Prof. Surface. — I have peaches with apples and I have not, in my own case, had objectionable results. I have had no trouble from that. I sprayed last year my peach trees after practically one-fourth of them were in bloom. I would not recommend spray- ing when the trees are in bloom, but before the blossoms open you can spray with a strong lime-sulphur solution and not kill the blossoms. Question. — Is it not true that Lime-Sulphur Solution of San Jose Scale strength, will kill every peach blossom that is open ? Prof. Surface. — I suspect that it would. I sprayed with the Lime-Sulphur Solution as full San Jose strength when about one- 36 fourth of the blossoms were open. Whether it killed the ones that were out I did not care, because I knew that nearly all the buds were healthy. I would not recommend spraying anything while in bloom with any kind of material at all. Spray before the blossoms open, but you can safely spray your trees when the blossoms are far enough out that you can see the pink in them. Question.— What solution do you use for the Apple Tree Borer ? Prof. Surface.— We have again proven the efficiency of carbon bi-sulphide where the apple borers are present. We put it in a can and inject it into the hole, and close that hole with clay. There IS an orchard near Waynesboro owned by Mr. P. N. Amberson, which was badly infected with borers. The apple trees were vigor- ous; they were about eight to ten years of age. He injected car- bon bi-sulphide and then covered the holes with clay. He said afterwards that he couldn't find a live borer in the orchard. This will work for both the round and flat-headed borers. I have not found anywhere that it has injured the tree. I have used it and have seen it used and have never had occasion to see it fail. Question. — Is there anything in having the sap poisoned to kill insects ? Prof. Surface.- No, there is not. Throughout this State there have been men at work vaccinating trees with one and another kind of material ; in the counties of Lehigh, Berks, Lebanon, York and others. You would be surprised at the thousands of dollars that have been taken out of the pockets of tree owners who had their trees vaccinated and paid from 50c to $1 for vaccination. Question.— I heard it worked all right? Prof. Surface.— I heard it also. There is a gentleman in this room who will bear testimony to what I am going to say, that it worked so well in a gentleman's orchard near Landasdale— he had paid a dollar to have his trees vaccinated and thought it worked very well, —but a year after that it was found that the trees were dying and the owner was ready to prosecute the man. I was over at the Kutztown Fair and person after person told me that their trees had been killed by this "Tree Tonic and Scale Poison." In York County there was a man commenced to vaccinate trees last summer, and I sent the material to be analyzed. I re- ceived the report that it was simply sulphur and iron rust with a little rosin in it. Over in Mercer county it was started. They re- ported that they had paid a dollar to have their trees vaccinated, and they said they couldn't see that it had done much good. Both the round-headed and the flat-headed borers can be pre- vented by first spraying or washing with the Lime-Sulphur Solu- tion, the same as for the peach tree borer. I don't believe that in five or six thousand apple trees on my place you will find one borer. 37 I never have found one yet that I recall. I think the Lime- Sulphur Solution keeps them clean. In all of our spraying we treat the trunks of the trees with the top, with everything. It would not be necessary to do it as frequently on apples as on peaches. I would give it in June or July. Question. — Do you use white lead and oil? Prof. Surface. — ^Yes. I know only one person who injured his trees with White Lead and Oil. It is like giving a person who is ill a cold bath. You take a tree that is not vigorous and you cover it with white lead and oil, and it will seriously injure that tree, and you paint a healthy tree and it will not hurt it. I sent for sulphur of different kinds and tried it. I made up Lime-Sulphur with the material of different grades and I tested it carefully; I found a peculiar thing; The commercial ground sulphur, with the same kind of lime, made by the same method, gave me much stronger solution than even the expensive flowers of sulphur. A man can make a lime-sulphur solution of a good quality with an ordinary open kettle and without any knowledge of chem- istry. The formula: Two pounds of sulphur and one of lime for each gallon of water, boil from three-fourths to an hour, but not longer. It must be settled or strained at once. If you let it stand with the sediment it will crystalize much more readily. The Cone-strainer Funnel. — I had but one report out of a thousand who said he couldn't use it satisfactorily, and after I wrote him to pour the liquid on the top of the cone he replied that it worked all right. This strainer is simply a wire cone, made to stand upright in the funnel, with apex of the cone upward. Pour the liquid so that it strikes the apex and goes down into the funnel. The May Beetle, or June Bug, the White Grub. I never be- fore heard of such an abundance of White Grubs, or larva of May Beetles, in this state, from Butler and Mercer counties clear across into Monroe county, in the east. Men reported to me that they found as high as two dozen in one hill of potatoes, and they were certainly very destructive. The White Grub or Grub Worm is the larva of the June Bug or May Beetle. Question. — Is the potato stalk borer the one that you find in the Jimpson Weed ? Prof. Surface. — I think it is not the same kind. Question. — Once in a while in the garden I find one the same as in th'e potato stalk. Prof. Surface. — There are two insects that bore in the potato stalk, one is a small curved grub that is the larva of a beetle that never gets one-half inch long, the other is a worm that may get to be an inch long. The former is called "The Potato Stalk Borer," and the latter "The Stalk Borer." 38 is it 2,"tr'''"'~'^''* '*^"'^'' ^°'^'° Stalk Borer is white in color, Prof. Surface.— Yes, sir, the larva is pure white. Question.-The adult beetle that we find with black wings? Prof. Surface.— It is slate color. Question.— I find that same one in the Jimson Weed. u ,P''°f- Surface.— The borers that I mean will live in the art, chokes and rag weeds and will not only bore in potaoes but attack tomatoes chrysanthemums and sunflowers. P°"'°^=' ""* attack ,l,,f (A ^^^ «?^"ption of the Chestnut Blight, the worm or erub Che tnut rh.,t'?"*'.'%^y ^^' "'^ most serious enemy of^the cultural men .n7f.P'°''"'''°" ^^'J^^^" »P by some of our Horti! of haf ,reevil ToHrft^""""P ''"""'" °^ "'^ devastating effect chestnut wiHnn°.t^ remams as an unconquered enemy of the Weeviror krva ^"^ satisfactory remedy for the Chestnut i„ct **■"■ .^",'?''T,T'^^' ^^= *•'« experience of my brother Thev lost practically half of their chestnuts. At the ist nkkine out of 140 bushels we took 40 bushels out that were womv^' w^ ?nW i^"" *° Pittsburgh and they said the^ simpYy ™uld ^t tolerate the worms crawling around there. My brZer has^iven up paymg any attention to chestnuts on account ofX grub ^ the StL°r\asrrerwerdrvlrbr ^'^^ hf' Lancaster County. I'don'tTnow h^w fl westTex'nded" tlTuI^l^ t^^. * ^^'y •'^'J hail storm. We mTght usHs weli we got'nVco'rn "Onr f! °"^ neighbors to have'hIiTt bIcaTse me Ine dav "i ^n.'^l T ^?™'"' ^^^ "'"« a<:™s- He told me one aay, 1 don t know what is wrone with the mm " \kt1 walked out to look at it and we found aVhi,^« Vfi k' ^ Tfllf r'.*^^^,.rf PJ-tically 'ruined by the 'crub Worm ^^Thlt L anf r^XT ' ""'' ^""^' ' "°"^' ^^'^ ^^ Wirthere T ^Z?^* ?/^''fa<:«-— I do not offer a remedy for the Grub Worm I would rather give a remedy for something'wrknow more kboS' There is no good remedy for the Grub Wo?m. By 1 wh^^ L the fall as late as possible you may reach a great many of tS but if r Gruh 'w °'' ''Ir t''^ ^°5 '^' P^^^ does n^t reach down to the Grub Worm. We know that chickens, turkeys, and p°g7eat 39 them readily. Pigs root out many. The skunk or pole cat will take them out in great numbers. There is no good remedy known for them. APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEES. As Committee on Resolutions, the Chairman named the fol- lowing : W. J. Lewis, E. B. Engle, C. A. Griest, S. L. Brinton and Fred W. Card. A Committee to solicit members was named as follows: Levi M. Myers, Chairman; Edwin W. Thomas, John D. Herr, Bruce Dunlap, J. L. Rife, Neff Richards, A. O. Finn, Cyrus T. Fox and Marshall Strode. As a Committee to Nominate Officers for the ensuing year the following were named by the Meeting and appointed by the Chair : John F. Boyer, Enos B. Engle, John D. Herr, D. E. Murray, Samuel L. Brinton, Harry M. Keller and W. J. Lewis. JOINT SESSION, TUESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 2ISt, I913. Hon. N. B. Critchfield in the chair. The Chairman: The first item on our program for this even- ing is an illustrated lecture on "Agricultural Progress in Pennsyl- vania," by Prof. R. L. Watts, Dean of the School of Agriculture at State College, Penna. I now have the pleasure of introducing to you one who needs no introduction to an audience of Pennsylvania farmers. Prof. Watts will have the floor. Prof. Watts. — Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: I con- sider it a very great pleasure to come before an audience of Penn- sylvania farmers and citizens of the state who are keenly interested in the development of agriculture. I feel that my friends are with me here on the platform and in the audience. A member of one of these associations approached me some time ago at State College and invited me to speak on this occasion and suggested a topic. He requested me to say something about the agricultural work at State College and I assumed that this would be my topic until I arrived at the auditorium and examined a copy of the program and found that the topic was, "Agricultural Progress in Pennsylvania," so that I shall first have a few remarks to make along this line and then I will speak more specifically of the work in agriculture at State College. I rather like the sound of the topic that has been assigned to me, "Agricultural Progress in Pennsylvania." I was reared on a farm in this State, and then went to State College and took a course in agriculture. I heard the jeers of stu- dents there who were not interested in agriculture. There were just four of us taking agriculture at that time. I have always believed in the agriculture of the State and it grieved me to see how little attention was given it, and now I am delighted with the splendid 40 progress agriculture is making in Pennsylvania, and I am reminded of a story 1 have told at Farmers' Institutes. A farmer had mUked nonr?7?r' '?T^ f"t "^"'^'^ *« '"'»' '° the springhourand fhe r^Hk to r "/' °^ 'he pails into cans that were ufed to ship the milk to the city. He then returned to the barn to get a team and wagon to convey the milk to the depot. During his absenc™ three frogs got into a can of milk. The farmer returnid, bu? dX't hluled'toT; H "^"'^'?^'' ^''' P'^«** °" the cans and the cans hauled to the depot. After a time, while the milk was on the way !^iH -w^' *^° °^ *e frogs engaged in discussion and one of^he sa d'"I^o^[t'."tw T^ P''?*"' h°^ «" we get out? " The other said, 1 don t see that there is any possibility of our saving our lives • therefore we might just as well fold our feet and go to fhe bottom' dead frogs." And that's what they did. But thf third froerea- soned that as ong as he had life, there was no use Zng uf and he began to kick and he kicked so hard and so lonland so'oer- ^h, J ^i If ?' *'**" *"^^'^'' ^'°"S' that he finally chlrned a g?eat ttrfb/S^hir-llr''^' •'^ ''''"''' ^""^ ^"''^ '"'° *e cit/a^l , ^ ^T' 'r^''? has been a great agitation along agricultural lines o? h,mf/h°^ T^ *".^ """f'y P'°P^' ''^"^ to think th"s bi?chunk rfn^ T 1 f ''i*^" "Churned and now it's time to hop on and take a nde. I had a letter recently from a man in New York who wns and on Long Island, and here is the question he put to me "I h^e three thousand acres of land on Long Island. Do you suppose^t would be possible for me to place a man on this fam whoTnder- stands his business (of course we all understand our business as farmers) and make a clear profit of three hundred dollars to thi acre on three thousand acres of land?" He was sincere a^d meant JJ'hat he said. Another man in Philadelphirwho "as makTnra Kri ^° "' ^ '"°"'^ ^^°t^^ "I am get ing a I^ary o fne hundred dollars a month. I have saved twelvf hundred dollars Would you advise me to give up my position and go to fhe coun: h?thouJSV ^'T,f u ^''°?' " ^"^''^" He wL a dentist but rn„nfr"^M''°"'''r'^''^ *""^'^^ hundred dollars and go out in the farming. "^ " *"'" "^^' '" """^ "'^''^ ^ """g ^t • u.^hat sort of success do you suppose I would make to start [^ hf .T""^"' •"'■'"u? ^h°es ? What sort of success d"you uppose the best farmer in this audience would make to go into a factory and attempt to direct its efforts? We wouldn't elpect to succeed but a lot of people in the cities seem to think he?can buy fams and make a success of them from the start. Our dw friends^o r°^ Tl'll '^^i ^^T*"S '^ °"^ °f the most complicated eTteroises perience.*'^ should not expect success without either capital o? ex- I want to make an inventory of the forrP« fr^n.vv,*- o*. i • Pennsylvania for agricultural Irol^L'^^^olT^^^^^^ are at work and there will be other mighty forces To eet behfnd this splendid movement for the develo^ent of agrifS^ Pennsylvania. Let us take stock, first, of the forces that we Lv^ had for a considerable length of time ^^^ 41 The first is the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. I need not more than refer to the splendid work accomplished by the State Department of Agriculture, the part that the Farmers' Insti- tute Movement has played in the development of agriculture, and all the other forces that have been at work for years. We should also mention the State Grange. It has been and will continue to be a powerful factor in the development of Pennsyl- vania agriculture. And then we have the agricultural papers which have been coming into our homes as far back as I can remember. When I was ten years of age, I recollect the Farm Journal, which came every week, and when a mere lad, I remember looking forward to the coming of this paper into the farm home every week as well as other papers that I need not mention, which have been powerful forces in the development of Pennsylvania agriculture. Then we have a large number of farm organizations that have been more active in the past ten years than formerly. Some of them are represented here to-night, the Livestock Breeders* Association, the State Horticultural Association, the State Bee Keepers' Associ- ation, the State Poultry Association and others, that have definite, specific purposes, and I want to go on record as saying that these organizations which have distinct purposes should be maintained and fostered. I think, so far as possible, these organizations should be self-supporting. A man will derive greater benefit from an or- ganization when he pays a dollar or two or whatever the member- ship fee may be, and the membership should be so large that these organizations will be self-supporting as far as possible. We ought to have, in the Horticultural Association, two or three thousand members, and the same is true of the other organizations which have been formed for specific purposes. I want to say that, as members, we should be more active in promoting the work and then let the State make an appropriation, if necessary, so that the results of the meetings may be published, prizes offered and the work conducted to the very best advantage. We have one other factor that has been in existence a long time, that I shall speak of more definitely in closing my remarks— the Pennsylvania State College. Your College, not mine, not Presi- dent Sparks', not the trustees', but the Agricultural College of Penn- sylvania, or rather, the School of Agriculture of the Pennsylvania State College. This institution belongs to the people of the State. It has been and will continue to be a powerful factor for the pro- gress of agriculture in this state. There are other factors that have come into play more recently of which I wish to speak in making an inventory of agricultural forces. The conservation movement that has gone on so vigorously for the last few years, has been a powerful factor in Pennsylvania, for the farmers are thinking to-day more about the conservation of our soil than we did ten or fifteen years ago. We realize that it is not only our duty to care for the soil so that we will be able to make a living, but to handle it in such a manner that our sons will be able to make a living. We are thinking more about the forests and 43 Srs S. 'ir'Snt n °//--y'van.-a than we did ten the mountains ff our Sta?e than t^H*J' f *= "'^ '^''^^ ^^^^P over thinlcing more about the conservation of th'"/'^" ^^o. We are our boys and girls to-darhan'Tver before %l^'"PP*<^ "P '" movement is doing great service fnrfh ■ : ^''^ conservation and win continuei^have'aT^^endou: S "" °' ^^--^'vania yer/eSsi^SLlintt^^^^^^^ ^^^'^ ^.—t speak in the development of aSture un tn fv'"."'^'^^"x'^ ^' * f3<='or are schools that are doinlsomeSifn^* ^'•' ',""^- ^ «="=e there as a whole, in Pennsyrania^ate n^n/"."" ^^"^""'•e. but the schools for the agriculture of the S?ate B„?T^ ^ '^'^^ ^"r"""' °^ ^°* schools of Pennsylvania are destined to L"' '°°'' ^°'^^'"^- ^he agriculture of the State and I «h^ir J ^° ^ ^'■^^* "^""^^ ^ot the about this question later. ^''^ something more to say fa^l's^inSateLe tfep^JnTjif* ^f- Host of the It IS a great factor and we musTrtno^" *.^^ '"'°"' ^''a' '""^ans. tion is a great problem To-Z I d,wfl" ^' '?'=''• Transporta- connection with our rura devLnLn? ^?°'Z °^ ^"^ P'°t"em in attention than that o7 transport ''°* "'^' '^ ^^"^^'^'"S "ore havel^ Arf ^ou'usfng^^^ C vou^ '^^P^"' P-'. and now we Th s is a movement that we started.nf t K"f- ^"^^ ^"^^"^ ^'°'" *'? deal for our country. Then corses th^P^ ^\'T " ^"' *^° ^ S^«at cussed at the Grange ConfereZ. t^^ Postal Express that we dis- and it will also help us °"'^^^- ^ "'^''^ve this will come eoodtan^ytLf trgs^t'^ernSr:^^^^^ *f ''r- -"^ ^ course, we are going ?o have go^d roa J, l?^^ '"^^'"^' '''"• "^ keep from being skeptical on thrrln J^ '^ '"°''« ^J'^cu" to One thing is certain, however tha??h.^''.^'°".";?" ^"^thing else, be greatly improved! ' ^^^ ""^'^ of Pennsylvania will partlih:Te":;t;:,::;roVaSur*i^\H - -p-'-t enthusiastic about this. I used to L ' '" ^ 'f S^'^" ^ f^cl rather market every day during the sum^^ . ''^' gardener and sent to that I know something fbout the Txoenr T" "','^". ^«g°"s so over rough; hilly roads and haulinl rt^ °^^ marketing produce And what will the automobUe truck I T P'?.''!'",? '°"S ''^^'^"'^es. done for one New Jersey man over at n, k '^" ^J" ^"^^t it has eighteen horses with one motor truck ^^^''^.'°- He has placed from Philadelphia and makes four rios » S i''"' "^''*'"" ""«« or 20 tons a day ; and the fecrfinJ 1 S ^^^^^ ''ve tons every trio large number of market wlgot^lar"^ nl' ?v'° "/"^ horsJs, tife kept up, and a lot of driversfnd th^^me^ l tonf. °^ ''^™^== *« ^e tl^ese expenses are now avoided T ^L* ^ •° ^et to market— night who have done the sarie thinl f'l '"^""°" other men to- to market by the motor truck anH^ f""* ^^"^ ^^^^" their produce than had been possible by teams '^^"^Po^ed it much cheaper 43 Now I want to speak on the question of clubs. You know the club is being used these days to try to force us into all sorts of things. All kinds of clubs are being organized, but what I have in mind, particularly, is the com club, the potato club, the strawberry club, the flower club, and clubs of this sort. I believe that Pennsyl- vania in five years from now will have fifty organizations of this kind where we have one to-day. The western states have caught the spirit where this club work has been started and is doing a pow- erful work, especially among the boys and girls. Let's have the same movement right here in Pennsylvania. I don't care who starts it, whether it's the Department of Agriculture, the Grange, the County Fair or some other local organization; let's have or- ganized clubs everywhere and offer prizes and encourage the boys and girls to produce the best under scientific management. It will raise our standards and ideals. You have heard what Pusey Cloud has done in Chester County. He is the boy who came up to State College and took a winter course and later took the first prize for his corn at Columbus where the National Corn Show was held. People heard about it and said, "I wonder if I can't get some of that seed com of Pusey Cloud's," and they went over to his place and saw the corn and saw it was better corn than they were grow- ing, and their ideals went up and an old farmer said, "I have been growing corn all my life, but I never saw corn like that," and the first thing you knew that boy was selling seed corn throughout that community. I want to bring out, not the profit that came to Pusey Cloud, but the uplift that came to the communiy because of Pusey Cloud's activity. Then we must begin with the boys and girls, if we want our agriculture to prosper. Now, the State Fair. We are going to have a State Fair. It will be a great factor for the development of agriculture in this State. I hope every man here will work hard for the State Fair. We ought to have had it long ago. Then we have the County Expert Movement. I don't like the term "expert" very well and I think there are farmers who are more expert producers than the men who are sent out and called experts or advisers, but don't lose sight of the fact that the boy who has had good high school training and four years of college and has been compelled to study the fundamental, the underlying principles upon which agriculture is founded, this boy may not be able to tell you how to plough better than you have been ploughing, or how to seed better than you have been seeding, or how to prune better than you have been pruning, but he can tell you how to com- pute fertilizer formulas and what kind of lime to buy and what effect it will have on your soil. He can bring to your place the science of agriculture, although he may not be as practical as you. I understand, though, that not one of these advisers are ever em- ployed for this county work unless they have been reared on the farm, so that they have had practical training. The point we wish to make is that they are bringing the science of agriculture to the people as they have learned it in the college and that it is yours if you want it. ififf; 44 State''°W^?;i^riL'paif'^ ""•^■^ ^°J "-e agriculture of this to come there wm be co?oo?ratin[^ """' '""^"y- •"" « *e years in the selling of our produce i.^~oH'"^"V?P'*='^- Co-operation, heard the cSngressma^at the cSVonf '''■ "°^ "^"^ «* y°" story of how prices increase from fh.."^''^ yesterday tell his farm unitil it gets into the handT.f*^ ' "* ""^ P™^"'^^ '«ves the here a little experience I have h/rf 1 consumer? I might relate how prices increase Ttoylarsaeo? wen/* '?k 'S-'i"^'"^ ""^ J"^' growing district and I found thf ? th^f L° * ^^'^^'°° <=^"^^y cents a dozen from the packers of Vof *»™«" were getting ten found the merchants at State ConL?^^'°?r ^ ^^^ ^oml and at five and ten cents a stalk nr^!^ 7"^^'^"'"? ^^'^ same celery for which the producer received nni"'/° ^'-"^ ^ ''°"" ^°' celer^ prices increase thrWgh the KinTi^f '"^^f"*'' Y°" "^"o^ how the merchants got to Hvei- Are vr.^/- '"'^<^'™«"- B"t, "Haven't ness?" Why, yes, put them oL^nf f "^ '° P"' *^«™ °"' "f busi- farming and help prXeroreweathwf ""^'" '^''" ?° '"'° from the farm into the hands of thJlnnc^ "'^"^ '° ^^* "'^ P'-oduce as fresh condition as we can and at th. U f ^ '•??" ^= ^« =^". « leave us a profit. We are not If! ! '?"'«st possible price and still are honest middlemen I have .somf I'^'r/^" middlemen. There men-but we want to get closer tnTh/ "* ^"^"'^' ^^° "« '"'ddle- phsh this in the near /uture consumer and we will accom- m farmers than ever before I don^^tn^ becoming more interested church thinks we are biggw sinners .nH Z^^l^V '' ^^^^'^'^ the any other class, but I kfow hat^fnW '"'' ""' °°=P«' ""o^ than country churches than ever before a^tff ^'^ /"°'* interested in .t means a better moral tone and ^ bet ./°°^ -f" '," *'"'' '"t««=t; rural community The chVTrh 1 ^"^ spiritual tone in every very much yet, L it will We nr;'""'"' t^' ."°* accomplished an active interest in our business and •^^''"''''^' "'^' ^"' take social standpoint as weU asln" ^egois seLe"""""""^' ''°'" ' facto^^Kre^:^ 3' Y'ou^iT"'"^^- ^^ ""-^h' add other help the farmer. As I was nZin^ n "^ .T^"^ ^"-""^ '^ere are to story came to my mind. A bov Z 1'' ^-'^ T'°"^ fa«°^s, this ran out from a saw mill and he hL "'I? '" * ''"='' °^ water that Presently he saw a famer coming H^ " force-pump in his hands. ditch and he began Tsmi e Td^otTis* hos^e' d ''°"^^'\^ °^ '''' already for action. The moment th^Vo, ^ '^°"'" '" the ditch pump was put into action "nTa lil . '"^'" ^^* "^'"' t^e boy, the the clothes of the farmer PresentlvV?^'" °^.^^'" soon so;ked and began to fling mud at The bofwhfchSttr^ l'"" '"^^ least and he kept pumpine with all k; • ^ ' .""'^f b'm in the passed, I said to the boy^'^*?S^ S^^oves boxing with send you to this college to ha^^^^^^ toL'^'"^ '" ^''' "We didn't education, to study liter Ju.I - ^ ^°^ ' ^^ sent you to set an value and not boxV K s ^Tdn^ '"^ °^^^^ subjects of re^ kept up her boxing.^ A few Tir. ?.r" u° ?°^^" ^"t the giri teacher in a back woods dlTric^ U '"/ ' ^^""^ ^ position^as the school and one day one of th. u l'^^^ ^o^ne large boys in the teacher informed ^the boy hatT"'.' ^T ^^^^^ «nrul/and for punishment and the larger totheVakn^^ ^^^^^ ^^hool time she began to use the fod the wj K 'It^'^' ^"^ ^^^^^ the made a pass or two at her and th.n It^t ^'''^^^'' ^^^ed up and edge she had obtained in coj^ge by box^^^ ^^ ^PP^^ ^he knowl knowledge in power, but it is not Lr^ •?• • ^^ f.^>^ sometimes that applied the knowledge and got resuU Vh J' ^^^^'^'^' ^^^' ^^^^^er -un ess we apply the knowledge or sd^n- '^""^ '' ^'"^ '" ^^'"'^'"^ results. "^'^""S^^ or science we possess, we don't get might^dS^fn^' tterg;L?auL^"f ^^-^ ^^^^^ College, we haye the Experiment Statfon ^Ttlt^^^^^^^^^ research work^ 'We time to research work; in od^^er tordf ?l! ""'" "^^^^^^"^ ^" their ascertain the truth regarding a uesHnnc' / '^ ^'^ endeayoring to mers of Pennsylyania.^ Swe hlye th^ • ^^^^-^""^ ^^ ^^e far- mstitution. Large numbers of PennlylyaniJTf^''^^""^ ^^^^ ^^ o"^ for instruction in agriculture T J?o /? ^"^^^ ^'"^ ^^ the college quite a large numbfr of boys also 11''^.'^"^^^ ^'^ ^^vin^l coming to State College because tl J J ? ?^^^^ ^^^^es, who arl what they want, wf haye boys f%mM '^"^'^^^ ^^" ^^t there Maryland and other States who h/v^ ^^T J^'^^^' ^^^ York, jng. After we haye conducted exoerlmeT' ^fL^^SrriculturaI train-' breeding or whateyer it may be we w^" '."^'^^ fertilizers or stock the farmers of the State^ so thar?hr. ^ ^^""^^^^ *^^ ^^^ults to general line called extens^n work whtr-^"' "'"f-^^^^^ ^^e third m our college organization Now w^th .1,' ^^.i^^^ingly important we wil show the\iews MZst7a^ft"^ 'l''% ^l"^^ ^'" ^"^"^1, Agr.ult^ and Experiment ^^^1^^:^^^:^%^ diyisi^LK^^^^^^^^^^ we haye fiye schools or Experiment Station. Then we have in th^'^^^ of Agriculture and different departments, incMin J th^ , •'^^''^ organization, eleyen cultural work, such as'Botany |g L^hnr"? p^^^ ^^ ^"^ ^^n- Chemistry, Agronomy, Animal ffiandrv P^"^""- ''°"' Agricultural Dairy Husbandry, Forestrv pl"! • ^^^' Experimental Pomology tural Chemistry, Ind each of 'thesf d^/f "^ Horticulture, AgS there are instructors and ass s ant. ^^f-^""^"*" ^^^ ^ head and then We shall first take up the Tork ^.^^^^^^^^ Z^'^ '^' ^^"^us heads fnA'h'^°\","^ '^' ^ork which th^sDeLnP^r."^^"^ ^^ Agricultural for the public schools of PennsvLnl^ 1^ "] '' endeayoring to do iniportant and should be fostered bvth. p^? ^'"^ ^^^^ ^^is work is plish more along the lineTf' agdc^/^^^^^^^^ order to accom- ^ricuitural education for the public 4jr schools of the State. We haye established a summer session in which the teachers are taught agriculture and the sciences relating to agriculture, and school gardening is an important feature of this work. (From this point the lecture was illustrated with lantern slides about seyenty yiews showing yarious lines of progress at State College. ) ° We have here a picture showing students at work, students from the public schools making gardens, and at the College, during the coming year, it will interest you to know, that we will take students boys and girls from the fifth and sixth grades, and assign them definite plots on the College farm for garden work which will be conducted under the management of the instructor in charge of the course. A teacher, in accomplishing work of this kind, should improvise as much of the apparatus as possible, because ordinarily funds are short for this sort of work, and he should do it also for the purpose of showing the children that they themselves can make these devices that are in use on the farm. This view shows a seed setting device, a home-made affair. This is a cigar box in which you see a collection of insects. Boys and girls should learn to recognize early in life the various insect enemies of the farmer and training of this kind is very useful from the standpoint of instruction. It IS important for the students to learn to know the life history of the various insects. Here is a flower-pot with an ordinary lamp chimney used as a breeding device, where the insects can feed and where various stages of their development can be observed. This work appeals to children and is interesting to them. A careful study should be made of the soils of the various parts of the State. Here we have a piece of apparatus made of a tray and box and lamp chimneys, which serve the purpose very well. Studies of the various kinds of soil may be conducted with this device. You can also prepare bottles in this form to make experiments on the cap- illary movement of water in soils. This is a photograph of the same exhibit that you will see in the Horticultural Show here at Harris- burg. I want to call particular attention to our work with apples. A very large number of Pennsylvania farmers are interested in the growing of apples and will be interested to know that the College has over 3,000 trees in the experiments with apples. We do not say this at all in a boasting way, but to bring to your attention the magnitude of the research work along this line that is being con- ducted by the State College. We are now able to draw general con- clusions of value to the fruit growers of the State. While we are har- vesting not less than 8,000 bushels of apples annually, these experi- ments are being conducted on different soil types, so that the results in one place may not be of very great value to fruit growers who are operating on other soil types. You can see the importance of conducting these experiments on the various types of soil which are adapted to the fruit industry. On the left of this picture is shown a fertilized tree that has been fertilized with a balanced ration, and it is loaded with fruit, while on the right no fertilizer was employed and the trees look like shade trees and there is v^ry littl^ fruit on 48 wh?re ^^:^Sr:^t^^Z^^i^ Bedford County, the tree next to it produced onlvtimn^''^ ^^^u'"^^ conditions, some instances of f^rom 250 toToo^^^sPhels tn J^^'^ '^^ ^^'" « proper use of fertilizers, ^-his S^ X^il • "'%^<='-e. due to the penments in Bedford County The n^^^t't ^'^^, °^ °"e of the ex- jcene, in a Bedford Count/ orchard wL."^ '^'" *''°"' ^^ °'-chard fruit are being harvested and where we h=,v.'"™'"'f ''"^"««*= "^ results from the use of fertilSers ^n .. ^^"^'^ '""^^ splendid experiments, the Department nfW .connection with the apple conducting experimen^ts ,^th .p^vfnTr^ir"*^ ^^-r'^^^ '^ ^"^o ers are particularly anxious to h^v5 ""^'^"^'s- The fruit grow- that will not injure the foCe or fruT^n '^i^^' ^°' P*^<=h^^ very careful study to this street L/u ^■■•, Stewart is giving on the left and unsprayed treefon ?h. r' I!? T,r^^^« sprayed tree! the work in the Dliry Denartm "f r^^'"'- ^^^'" "ow take up first class in dairy hu^sbanXy or "n It If; ^^T^^Ph of the College, and the gentleman on your lefM,M"^n '",""« *' State the first professor of dairy husbLndrv t1 .,'^"'■'^5'' ^"^o was been made since that time.^ Here is anoth/. •^"'^°?' PJ°S'^'' has building. Later we got the new h .ll^" "^l^'^":' '" *^^ old dairy struction and equipmwt, and a bunte„''''l'\'^'"°^^™ '" con- tion to 700 or 8^0 students "ndain^ hi =h ^ "^ J -" ^'"^^ '"«"■«=- are also conducting a commercS ^rt^"'^'^ '""^""^ ^^e year. We wenty-five farmers about sSteCoIIerr-'^\u^^° hundred and to this building, and it is made into futter"^ h'''"' "'"'^ ^"'^ "^^^^^ the various dairy products Thom^iu'. ''''■^^*^' "=« cream and work and it is also necessarv in Z ■ '"/P'^- '" "^^^ ^or research the students how to produe^the variout H '• '°" ^"/"^ '" t^^^hing important line of work at tL fV,iL J^^"">' P-'oducts. A very ture is stock judgin/ ? w ^^^ ^".^ *'^« School of Agricu? club work ref3 t^o a whi k Z7 Te" *^ ^^"^effect fsThe a good animal from a poor an maf so Zt T"' r.' '"'^^ *" ^"°^ meat cattle is carried on to good effect v' '"^f"^ °^ '^^''Y ^nd of students judeint hor.!« ;„ ?u • '• Xo" will see here a class interesting ind ^s?fmu?a«„V" We I'TfuT' u'^^' ^°'^ '' ver^ methods are used, the boTs take a klnlf- T*'"" ?"<^'' P^^tical and get more out of it It if ,1 u^" '"'*''^'' « their work .tself than to study about it in text bo^^ks" Ke*° ''"'j ^''^ ^"•'ject of horses purchased for feed.W .^ • ^^'^^ "'« ^ave a carload ested to know that part of them Tr^"^'^''' 7°" ^'^^ b« mter- reason to believe that this when f^dTronerl'' " 'fl'^^^, ^"'^ ^^ have for horses. These students are iud^fnr ^' '^'" •'"^''^ ^ ?ood feed ■s carried on just as carefully aiifeithTv, 'T'"' ""'' "^is work we regard it just as important These Thil ^ ^'^^^ ^"'""^'^ ^nd rows, were bred and raised at th/ fVn ^* !"""^' Berkshire bar- ternational Stock Show and were arlof \f ^''^'^''^'^ ^^ 'he In- at the Show. This picture show/^ f ? ^^^ P"^^ winning pens on one of our farms for Ihehou^J^o'f °/ ^""'^^t' >'= beinf Ssed ventilated, and seems to meelXr/ds^'e"^ Je^f a^°d"1t Is t^ 49 expensive to construct. We will be glad to give plans for these houses to anyone desiring them. Here we have some Shropshire lambs exhibited at the fairs last fall and now in use at the College for instruction work. They make excellent lawn mowers, and are used on the campus at State College, where they are very effec- tive and not wasteful. These sheep were not allowed to graze on the entire campus, but on a part of it, and I think we are agreed as farmers that this kind of lawn mower should be used more gen- erally throughout the State. We have thousands and thousands of acres of waste land in Pennsylvania that should be utilized in pro- ducing wool and mutton and it is too bad that the dog nuisance of Pennsylvania prevents greater progress in the sheep industry. Ex- periments are being made at the College with cows as well as with beef cattle, but more particularly with beef cattle in open sheds. These animals are being fattened and seem to thrive better in the open shed than in warm barns. This is interesting, because it is a means of reducing the cost of feeding and getting better results. This shed is open on three sides. This Hereford steer is two years old and when put on the marked weighed 1,620 pounds and brought 12 cents a pound. The price, therefore, received or paid for the steer was $194. This shows the great possibilities in Pennsylvania with our large areas of good grazing land. With the possibilities we have in this State to grow corn, why not produce more steers of this type for which markets are paying such liberal prices today? We also have a herd of Aberdeen Angus and here is a bull of this herd. In this connection, it seems to me that the farmers of the State should get together and form co-operative breeding associations, so that two or three might go together and get animals of this type, which would mean very great improve- ment of our livestock. Here is the herd of Aberdeen Angus feed- ing on the College farm. They receive nothing but blue grass dur- ing the summer and silage in the winter. This experiment is being made to determine the cost of keeping breeding cows. Now I want to show you a few views, illustrating the Department of Agronomy. These students are studying soils and their adaptation to different crops. Every student must take this fundamental work. This is a general view of the experimental plats at State College, which attract attention, you might say, throughout all the civilized countries of the world. In importance, this experiment is placed next to the experiments at Rothamstead, England, by many soil specialists. There are 144 plots, ^ of an acre to the plot, rep- resented in this experiment. It is the longest continuous experiment with fertilizers in the United States. It has been in progress thirty- one years and we have gotten some very positive results which may be had in the reports of the Experiment Station. A four-year rotation is started with corn, followed the second year by wheat, the third year by oats and the fourth year by hay. You will notice that production decreases as you go toward the plot that received nothing. There you see the results on the same plots when they were in hay, the hay being clover and timothy, but without any additional fertilizer, but the residue of fertilizer used for the wheat showed up in the hay. On the left you see the large piles where 50 manure and lime wero i.^-j _■ piles where Itae oX Vas teH^r "?^ "'ddle plot you see the rifle larger. This is^aSer vL „^'''°*%°^'''« '^^ ^e oL a 'Z '°'^' °^ "'^ P'°'« m the distant o!!'" ^7"^'"' ^o^^^ and you deavoring to encourage the S?r» P"''^^ ^^^ crops we are en been conducting experiment, fn^f? ^'^'^'^^ ""^hes and we have .ng ploughin oV&ches deep^ltHn ''" P'^^^hing, ^ompar! and the results from the three-vearl P'°"«'",nff '2 inches deep deeper ploughing. Of cour^? ^*v *^' ^""^ a" 'n favor of the' ducted longej in order to be cekafn',,'? ^t^ ^"' should be con! ploughmg^ This is a phototranh nf .^' *° *.''^ ^""^1 value of deeo wheat. These experfmen^'have [e ^n T''^ '"' P'°' "^ »" '« a^g ThisraV.fe[; t^^t' t r'" - puwfs^Tf^ tu^^„T^« Of the Colle A*no\t ;;KrotedT°"^'' '^^ '~n ^^i form" w™' r*^ "■"'^resdngesults'^ which P°'''°^^' ^'^ ^« h^ve form. We also have an exDeriWnfoi ^'"^ ^^e" "" bulletin same t,me and grew unde? exactlv the P'^"'' '^"^ started at the special strVorvVeSL^ o" If^^^^f «'"' ^ ^f dev^ng distmct varieties of corn anrf ,^„f ? ^' *^^ frequently sneak nf our experiments and those efsel?'' !2'' '' ^^' bee/ shown by tm^othy and other grasses may be devlneH ■'^''''"'' ^"ieu'^s of >s of great commercial importanre f^D ^^^^ .J"*' ^s well, and this say a few words relative to the w? ^^""sy'vania. We will now II a tract of land in Union countv-^y """'^ of the Collegr Her^ th. woods and study the "det^flf KSt^^'^r^'f"*^ «° "^^' i"*' -f s^rthtir^ ; --^ s'houM°L""'^ ,°^ '^"<1 ^i™K th^s'a'n oT *!'.°"^l"''' ^""^ thou! S" tM - -^4^^^^^^ -t p^irx'o?^^^^^^^ le ^^:^^oft: tree sometimes will t^ke the nliS, !?f l°"/°"'' '^^'- This young smaller growth in the forests sfc t X^ ^ -"^ ^J 51 are brought out in the various courses. The boys not only study the growth of forest trees, but the operating problems as well. Here they are at a logging camp, studying the operations at a skidway. Here they are studying the loading of logs on the trucks and the next view shows the American log loader putting the logs on the trucks before going to the mill, and this view shows a steam skid- der that is used in some parts of the State. This shows another line of work done by the forestry students, the estimating of tim- ber, which is a part of the course. This shows the home of a ran- ger in the western country and a good many of our students go west after completing their courses and take up the work in the great forests of the Far West, and establishing forests on land that needs reforesting. We want the same kind of work accomplished in this State. Here the students are studying the stumps of trees, to determine their past history, to know how many years will be required to produce the same kind of tree. Leaving the Forestry Department, we will show a few slides illustrating a work that has attracted attention in foreign countries. We refer to the work of the Institution of Animal Nutrition of which Dr. H. P. Armsby is Director. This shows a steer in an air-tight chamber. It is con- structed in such a manner as to be absolutely air-tight and every- thing that the steer or animal consumes is measured, and samples are taken, and all the waste products are also analyzed and the quantities determined, so that Dr. Armsby and his assistants know exactly what the steer has utilized and what the waste products are. The Institute of Animal Nutrition is studying fundamental princi- ples and the results already obtained have great value when applied to the practice of feeding farm animals. Here we have another view, showing the apparatus, much of which is very delicate and complicated. That chart shows the energy expended by the steer when he is standing or when he is lying down. The arrows which you will see here and there over the chart show the additional energy expended by the steer when he gets up in the stall, showing that he is consuming more food, utilizing more energy, than when he is quiet. This is the pump in the calorimeter building that draws the water through the calorimeter and automatically takes samples so that we may determine the exact results. This is the last view, which we will show. It illustrates the growth or the increased enrollment in the School of Agriculture. I don't know whether you can see those figures on the left or not — I don't think many of you can, so I will read them for the purpose of indicating the tremen- dous growth we have had in the School of Agriculture, so far as the enrollment of students is concerned. You will notice at the top, just 9 years ago, we had 32 students enrolled; 8 years ago, we had 94; 7 years ago we had iii ; 6 years ago we had 210; the next year, 337 ; the next year, 479 ; the next year 638 ; the follow- ing year, 824, and this year we have an enrollment of 973. Now, I don't believe there is another agricultural college in the country that has made such a record, the tremendous development of in- structional work and increase in students of agriculture. Here is the situation, that if the school continues to develop or to receive students as it has done in the past, in four or five years from now 52 the enrollment will be double whof v • equipment is furnished for this w^^^^^^ %k'°^^^' Provided proper to us from a I over th^ <5fo/ u ^^' ^^e students arp ^r.^- farm; that is tryf^J^^'.^^^-"- they want to know how'tf agriculture. Some rimes the aSn^'^ ^^1' *» ^'"dy PrS does not educate the boy away from fh ?'""^ "'hither the cde^ that certainly is not the care UhThlp ^^""•, ^ '^^"t to say hS because practically all our boyrwant L "2"'^'^*"'^ State CoIIeg^ of them cannot, becau<;e tuL 7 ' '° ''^turn to the farm ^^^' equip farms, but' the deslretfhere •"' "^T *''« «oney tobuy^' to the farm. The workis both or." I'-^^l^^ ^" '"stances, to return P^-^Pf "f men for the seArice of'^Ih^ n ' ^"'" technical. We " " at Washmgton, Soil SuT^y °L , ^^^Partment of Agriculturl search work and all sorts oTJ^-' *^^<^hers, extension work « tare. I thank you for°you? attenttn.'"'' '"" ''^"'"»«"' o"agricuf WEDNESDAY MORNING, JANUARY o,r„ SESSION, ^^ ".-BUSINESS Creasy^ wire5,a!^zedThetJueo'f''fH by President William T >ng out a correct report of fts nrn ^^y.^«'=«? a meeting by eiv^ vantages from reports^hat are given out '"/'' -^"^ ^'=° the ^is^ad- that everyone should be car^fM ? <.? * P'^omiscuously. He urp«l o get the news to the puW,^^"„' h"e rithtT"' °^ ^h^ assocS rectly,^aj,d be careful what is sa^ outsM^ "" """^ ^^P°« 't cor- the follo;hfg''Jeport';a?^-t"en;"^ '''"'"'''''' ^^^ -"ed for, and ^^^ ^^^^'"p:^7^!^^ Association for J. Walton, Hummelstown ^^' %^'^/"'f: Vice Presidents, Robert d1". Tr«°^"' ^■•''^'"b"rgT-Secrfta"rt'The';t"' t^''^'"-" "a'nd uale Treasurer, Edwin W Thomas Kin^/'^"" J. Tyson, Flora John F. Boyer, W T T ., • o , "^ °f Pruss a. "7 - -"- -- B^HfeVE.^Mu^rS.^- ^^^^^^^^^ Nom-na^g cZ^iuTC'l^^.^,-"-'^^- ^^^ the report of the Commhtw has m'de^rS^'anH .?°"='"«tion and By-Law, the t.ons to be made, the cha?rwi?lU^o Ynt'.^;'-'"^."'''" "»«'"«- are ready to proceed to the elec^loHf ?he offi?ers. ""' '^ "°' ^^ banifcffi-J3Thrh*:KSi^^^^^^^^^ - -- the 53 Motion was seconded and carried. Secretary Tyson cast the ballot for the officers, and President Creasy declared the officers of the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association, as read by the Secretary, as being duly elected for the ensuing year. At this time there was a short recess allowed for the receiving of new members. * The vote on amendments to the constitution was then taken up. Secretary Tyson was asked to read the first amendment. Secretary Tyson.— According to our Constitution these amend- ments were presented in writing some time ago and were printed in our last report and distributed to each member. We may now take them up for consideration, and vote. The first amendment proposed is an addition to Article 3 of the Constitution, which has to do with the office of president. The proposed amendment says : "No person may serve as President for more than two consecutive terms." * President Creasy.— The first thing in order is to have a motion made in regard to that amendment. It was moved and seconded. This office as president is a position of honor, really and the object of the amendment to the constitution is to extend these honors, and I really think it is all right, as far as I am concerned. Prof. Surface. — There is another point besides that of honor which is so well expressed by our president. Any man who has at heart the interests of horticulture of the state, and the idea of pro- moting those interests, can work it out in two years' time if at all, and then get the activity of another strong man and let him put his personnel into it for two years and in that way advance the association as rapidly as possible. Motion carried. SECOND AMENDMENT TAKEN UP. Secretary Tyson. — The second amendment relates to Article 6 of the Constitution, which I shall read first. (Article 6 read by Secretary Tyson). The amendment to Article 6 proposes omit- ting the phrase "during the month of January" and it would make Article 6 read, "The Annual Meeting of the Association shall be held each year at such time and place as the Executive Board shall determine," leaving out "during the month of January." It was moved and seconded that the amendment be adopted as read by the secretary. Edwin W. Thomas. — Mr. Chairman, I very seriously question the adoption of this amendment. During the month of January ^^^^^tlS^^^^^^> and we want to often^Si^cS^TSit wis'th'e"!'!? I "^^^^ ^hat question was always had the sentimentTn favof "f hilT""'*?^ ofl,pinion-we the time of the year when the nr.[u °^^'"^ " '" January. It is assured of better meetings |S ^;;%«°^« ^t leisure anZwe ai fruits gathered in and in December 1 T'°" ^^ ''^^^"'t our attendance that we have in January iZi^^ * ^^^P^?' *° ''ave the >s the best time for the meetin^^' "" '°"'^ '""« '" January uary o^"DecImW*"^^e\ltldt sZ^ held in Jan- By-Laws, so that members can nr^L ^^^"'^^ *""« ^xed in the ments for the fruit show were made » T\' ^^''"^- ^he arrange! •pg and lots of people c^uld not"e nofifii!? r'"?" J"=^°^« '^e meet- t"»e fixed. I agree that Janua^t the tst ^nt'' "^ ' "''"'"^ could^take^fr^m'ouTVork ^nlhTJ^'^'J^'iy.?^ """^^ time that we and the point that Mr Fox maSe k ."*'' i December as Janua^ question now before us I hoW iLf F°°'' P"'"* '" "-elation to the to exhibit here, and who say *lf tt/exhmi/°° ^^^'^ ^''o ^^"''d them to show their fruits Yhe m^n *r^'"°" ""'"^^ 'O" late for who ,s in the business of puttfng Ws?™,/';" P^/^^^ional grower' P'f f^"' and put them into col?stora~ LTr'''T''°'^^<=' ^^ <^an crowds out the amateur fruit grower wl ^ * *•"! January meeting Wagener Jonathan or Grbief Sn^h. V"' ''^^^ '^^ Wealthy! before the holiday season. I see no 'J^^ ""^l^ P*^^^'' their best much time in December as in fanua^ I "^^''^ ^ ''^^^ "Ot as and those that are showing ud best^^" f.,^°°V' *^ ^^hibi's here cold storage. I want to ^f v {^ ft. *^°'^ ^^t have been put in sent fruit In my Sg ,haf was notT toT' *^^^ ^"^ "e" who cause they were too lite. w7oJht!^u° ''^P"* °" exhibition be- the wmter for the advancemen" of horticutore "''""^ ^^^"^ '" Howard A. Chase Tn a t face yet we may be making a m7s?ake;?^''^ IT'* °"'" ^end, Sur- exh,b,t pushed to the fronti c?n u„ctinnr-.f ""P* ♦" "^^ve a fruit We hope to have a State Fair^n fh» *]"' """^ annual meetings that that is the place where the t.T" ^."*'^'""- ^^ ^^ems to me merca fruit grower should exhitotheT /™f ^'?^" ^nd com! exhibition in connection with our Hntff u •' ^"^ "'^^ ^^^ fruit a secondary matter. We^me here to .t? Jl'^^.^""'"^ should™ mg and we know if we hav^a Fruit eS"^ Horticultural Meet- is difficult to get the people here a? h. t^ '!?" ^* ^"""^^ Place it Meeting has been called Lookfn^ fl "J^ "'a* ""'^ Horticultural our Fruit Exhibitions can Kd! TflTth'.^ -^ ^'^^\^«''-' "'^S, pn-xhi^t^tcrnS-^^^^ ter. Let it be understood ^^^'o:;^:.^^:.:,^^^^^ ^^^ 55 time during a definite month and preferably the month of January rather than the month of December. ^ 't .u^^* ^fP^'—^^ those ICO people that had apples for exhibition, if they couldn t get ready for January, would they have been ready the last of December? I don't think that argument should have any weight m regard to fixing the time. The time of meeting should be specified. We are inclined to be governed too much by commit- tees and by outside resolutions. I would rather have the time and everything of that kind fixed on the floor right in the presence of all here so that every man could have a vote. Therefore I would be opposed to giving the time of meeting into the hands of that committee. I would prefer it to remain as at present, some time in January. Prof. Surface.— It is not that the people who have written me about it have not had time to get ready, but the fruits have gone. It has come too late. They cannot send fruits for exhibition purposes. Mr. Chase.— Prof. Woodbury, of Indiana, is here and as they had some experience in Indiana, we would be glad to hear from him. .u TD^""®^* 1^* 9- Wop^ibury, Lafayette, Indiana.— Gentlemen of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Association,--when these things come up, perhaps the experience of an outside member's work, which has been along somewhat parallel lines, may prove of interest. I have been Secretary of the Indiana Horticultural Society for several years, so I have been closely in touch with the work and we have been through exactly this same problem. Formerly the Indiana Horticutural Society held its regular Annual Meetings in Decem- ber. We had a room in the State House, set aside by legislative action for the Society's Meetings, and in years past we had our fruit shows at the time of the annual meeting and we tried to crowd the fruit exhibit into the small quarters which the society had, and we didn t grow very much. Three years ago we came to the con- clusion that something had to be done. About the same people would bring about the same kind of fruit year after year and about the same people would get the premiums and there were probably ten or twenty who made exhibits at that regular Fruit Show held in connection with the Annual Meeting of the society. Three years ago we broke away from that idea, having in mind, just the same thing that Prof. Surface spoke about, that of getting the horticul- tural work before hundreds of others in the state who had not been in the habit of coming to the meetings,— men who were just getting interested,— reclaiming old orchards and men who were beginning to have some good fruits, but men who couldn't be brought in touch with the society. We had an apple show in the state. Sizing up the situation we decided the first year to have it in November, as being a time when the fruit was all in and a time early enough in November so that the earlier varieties would not be all gone, but Started in to'^eUta old f^S^h'^^'--^ '" ^ They got inspiration at the Fru^>%^^^ ^°' '^e idea of pack ns cultural interests of he staTe fh^" "^""^ "«<^l^more "f the h^rt " pS" r-"*«'S s?'^^^^^^ vve nave the report of th#» A,^«t ^i sted in the business whatever business is necessarv ^'^t- ^''"^ Committee, and we do divorced from the meetWof^th J^*!!'- T' ""^ «"' show w^h^d been a move in the right direct.^ ^°"''^' ^""^ ^« f^^' that k has Question. — Whprp ri;^ Prof. W db 1 '" '°"' ""'' '" '''""■"'"^• state. Last year we put $i,6olTnto jt ' ^PP'-oP"ation meet.?gr— «- ^"^ ^^- ^how effect your^ state horticu.t„ra, Prof. Woodburv T th;t^u v ^^f «°'^ ^?"' '■' ^"d it intereste7tht^°°''/'''>^ ^^^ '"t. We got we ^.S^^'i"]'"""^' Society. The rest of ^h°P''= '" '^fe work oftl^e -gathered from the sky^ abov: 'Z ^ t^^at^^.f -e?rh{ Question.-What is your state approp nation? 57 Prof. Woodbury.— Two thousand six hundred dollars, but that IS not al available for general purposes. It is not all available for the Apple Show. This year a bill has been introduced to put the Apple Show proposition on a sounder basis and relieve the show people of a lot of embarrassing begging that we had to do before. If that goes through, the Apple Show in the future will be on a better footing than it was. We are keeping Indiana money at home by means of the Apple Show. We are teaching the investors the opportunity that the state offers in contrast with the opportunity of the west and northwest. We are teaching the general public that the Indiana apple is worth looking for and worth getting in- stead of the poorer qualities of the northwest. ' Prof. Watts.— In Pennsylvania it is difficult for our people to assemble from the different corners of the State and I don't believe that we could get a representative attendance at two hor- ticultural meetings. It is a large state and it would materially re- duce the attendance on both occasions if we would attempt to hold the Fruit Show at a different time. Mr. Lewis.— In regard to this amendment, it does not state the time of the meeting. It leaves it in the hands of the Executive Committee. We always have an Executive Committee in which we have the fullest confidence, and we may well leave this matter in their hands. Mr. Fox.— It is all right to leave the matter in the hands of the Executive Committee but we have a President and three Vice Presidents selected by the association, and one Vice President from ten, twelve, or fifteen county associations. How many of those men will be present to fix a time for this meeting? It will be in the hands of the President, one Vice President and the Secretary to fix a time for the meeting. Why not let it be known in the Annual Journal, the time of the meeting. There should be a definite time and the matter not left to one, two or three persons to fix the time of meeting. A Member. — Last year we had the same fight over at Pitts- burgh and I presume the last several years. Why not decide this matter once and for all and end it? We proved that the time to hold this Convention was during the month of January, and I think there is sentiment here that will stand for that. Mr. Good. — This Executive Board is composed of our Presi- dent, Vice Presidents and the Chairman of the Local Associations. We were told by one of the speakers that they have full confidence in this Committee, that they think they have the interest of the association at heart. All the action they take is illegal unless they have a quorum of that committee. If I thought I couldn't attend I think I would resign and have someone who could attend the meet- ings take my place. Our committee is too large. There ought to be some arrangement to have a committee of five or seven and they 58 pi h?v'/r f„rn-d transact.the busines. I believe the of this meeting, whether it be Novimh i^"'' ^°'' ^" '^e the time the table. ^ '"^''^ ="d supported to lay this matter on Motion carried. te ol?l?f ^ SSgllthr/ '^i^'r J^^y state Horti- its official delegate to this meeting '''"^' °^ ^'verton, N. }., dentSs?^^'"''-' ^- «• F-ett was called to the chair b, Presi of /•?e'e^peTrenul":?udt"f"'o°rch" '^ °"'""« "^e present status bring to you the greetings of hf h"""- ^"'''^"=' t° Pennsylvank f not competitors; we are^not rival, n"' ^^"" growers ^ We ^re 1... >-«;!?;'.";**■ ,c;a»j ^ .^^ 59 tablished a generation ago, the officials in charge of them were looked upon with more or less suspicion and their early efforts at the experimental study of agricultural problems were regarded by the great majority of farmers and fruit growers as having little connection with the daily business of the practical man. The ex- perimenter of the earlier day was looked upon as a theorist, an office man and the distrust with which his ideas were received found wide expression in the opprobrious phrase "book farmer." This attitude on the part of the practical man has very largely disap- peared. From an attitude of indifference and distrust the practi- cal farmer has come to look upon the work and the results of the investigator as fundamental to his success and as the starting point of his own operations. I think this is particularly true of the feel- ing of the fruit grower toward the corps of investigators who are working on the problems which pertain to his business, the wonder is not that the experimenter of a generation ago was looked upon as a faddist, and a "book farmer," but that the attitude of the prac- tical man has changed so completely in such a short time. The tendency nowadays is toward the other extreme. The practical man is almost too eager for the latest, up-to-the-minute, undigested re- sults of the investigator. There is almost too great an insistence for the last whisper or suggestion of science. There is too great a desire to snatch the half finished coin of truth from the hand of the designer and throw it down in the market place still hot from the melting pot. In this tendency there is danger. There is danger to the prac- tical fruit grower and to his business, to the scientific honesty of the investigator and the integrity of his results. In states where the agricultural interests are organized and awake, where the latest applications of science to the growers' problems are immediately seized upon and put into practice, the pressure upon the investigator for definite information about unsolved problems is tremendous. Too often he yields to the temptation to be content with a half truth, with an experimental result whose bearings are not fully known and the reasons for which are not thoroughly understood. The investi- gator is asked so many questions whose answers are not yet fully worked out and his opinion is held in such flattering respect that sometimes he is tempted to say things he doesn't know. He may have an opinion and when others seem quite sure that his opinion is bound to be correct it is small wonder if he sometimes acquires a little of the same feeling himself. In defense of the investigator, I am bound to state, however, that these instances are relatively rare and mischief wrought by such a wrong attitude on the part of the investigator is insignificant compared to that worked by the attempt of the practical man to force his results into applications he never countenanced himself. Our methods of study and experiment are still far from per- fect. Men thoroughly equipped in mind and heart for research are scarce and are being turned out of our colleges in insufficient num- bers. Often our funds are so limited that it is impossible to do our work as well as we know it ought to be done. It is neverthe- less true that better experimental work in orchard management is 6o £SE^P^^A^.::r ^ f.- "-ore hammered'^ anrf J' ""''"'tatingly ten vearfr"^ ^°''''' have experience T^/,1 "^^^e matters was b^Z^\ /•" ,"'* P^st the contradktorv tI'^'P"'""'^' '= of thTutmost v^?-"'*'.^ "P°" '°'^^' the effort rdisclverthr"' ^^P-"«ents have bee„ „nH 'Vl°^'^" why tree? hM,T . * "^^"ses of these mntlL- .^ undertaken in KnTh^e p^::^^^^ '^^^ztiSir^^' ^^^^ ^^^r^'lrf,^;^^ ^een stood In ,81, M "?.'""* °^ *«> app kation !fr"K 1°'' "'^s^ o'd fruit trees Wc^T' ^o""' °f New ^rsey onh?t ^/ '^"^'- «"der- ting and cultural tt ^l"! '"^'^"""end^^ons con;/ ^ ''°°'^ a*""" ttdt""^„^"S^^^^^^ £fees"XZ|I- ?:^t°5K- =X^^ recommending- tLrthi'c,,^ discusses the operah'nnc ^ '^^"^« ^ct inat It will stand 61 "about two inches deeper than it stood in the nursery." The rela- tive advantages of spring and fall planting are set forth with the identical arguments pro and con which are invoked in discussing the subject today. In regard to pruning Mr. Cox says, "The tops of young trees should never be shortened in lest it should produce a growth of suckers ; I would recommend in preference that they be thinned if found too heavy." The relative merits of cultivation, cropping and grass are discussed with the preference all for culti- vation. "The looser the ground is kept," he says, "for the first and indeed for several succeeding years, the more vigorous will be the growth of the orchard— in the luxuriance and color of the foliage of contiguous plantations I have found every stage of cultivation strongly marked ; those orchards which have been two years under cultivation exhibited a striking superiority over those which have been but one year under the plow ; while these, in their turn, sur- pass the fields in clover or in grain both in the quantity and size of the fruit When the ground can be spared from cropping, four or five furrows on each side of a row will be found a most eligible mode of promoting the growth of a young orchard." "All fallow crops are most favorable to the growth of orchards, at every stage of their cultivation ; Indian corn, potatoes and vines are preferable to oats and barley ; and these again are more favor- able than winter grain. Buckwheat is among the most beneficial crops for the promotion of the autumnal growth of the trees. Clover is by many farmers believed to be injurious to young trees; its tendency to check the growth will be found, I believe, to be in proportion to the air and moisture which its growth may keep from the roots Clover, while it occupies the ground must prevent cultivation; so far I apprehend it will be pernicious, but probably not in a greater degree than any other luxuriant and deeply rooted species of grass, absorbing the moisture and exhaust- ing the strength of the soil which covers the roots of small trees." These century-old directions for tree setting are still repeated in nearly every horticultural meeting. The ideas advanced in re- gard to pruning young trees have stanch adherents on the floor of this hall. Ten years ago the statements about the advantage of cul- tivation would have passed current also. But here came in the contradictory experience of practical growers. There were certain successful apple growers in Ohio and New York state and Pennsylvania who didn't cultivate. They came down from their hill orchards with fruit that took the premiums at the shows. We can imagine their defeated competitors exclaim- ing, "What ! do you mean to say that the orchards which produced that fruit weren't cultivated? Why, don't you know that the fruit from uncultivated orchards can't be better than ours; you have no right to grow it better without cultivation." But the heritics from the hills pointed to their premiums, invited inspection of their orchards laden with highly colored fruit and said no more. They had no need to. Then arose a violent controversy among the fruit growers. The rival camps marshalled their forces and bombarded each other in association meetings and through the horticultural press. The investigators were appealed to by both sides and ex- 62 was reopened, for a new trtt "L'^"'*'^ ■°". ?od and sod mulch progress We have a MnsTderahl! I'^' 'r^?t.gations are now in ing on the question Cch tef«mot T"'^''"" °^ '^'''l^"" bear- eral witnesses are still To be ctS L*'^' ^^"u '^'^"" "'""S'' ^^- seemed almost as contradictory Loth.r," °^ '''" ,'^P^" testimony soon appeared to the spectators tL? ft. -'"5°°^ °^ ^^^ '^y^en. It ing. The judges haveTt sa^d * 1 U. '1^^^^ '"'^'^' ^ ^'^Sr^^- otre^idt vS3 f =^^ instructors teafh our s^LenTs "n^th^^ °'''^'?''' ' W"^^' ^^all my at Purdue? What are the underlvW P^P^««^nt "f Horticulture of science which govern the reaction! nf fh ^'f ^""^ ^''** "'^ '^^^ ods of soil treatment? "^^a^t'ons of the tree to various meth- Agricultural Experfment S atio^ inTh""!" '\°^ t''^ New York Rochester; last Lll I had the nV"re nf ^" v^^^ "'"^^ard near Stewart's experiments in this state I Lv! "'"""^ ? ^^^ °^ Mr. of our eastern growers with ho e of Coforrdo°aT.h^p'''-i"^*°''^ The current results of these .,nfi„;h, j • ■ "^* Pacific coast, indicated, have been held to hr.. fl-*.*^ 'nvestigations as I have tradictory. The resuiVs hate bLn apS T''. """^^ °^ '^^^ ^^- of the argument. As I have seen ?hf'^'' '° *° P''°^« both sides at harvest time, and as I have discussed"?he "^P?"^"*-' orchard with those in charge, I have been m^r^ *''!, "J^^t'ons under study the fact that the various pices of work snf'' '"°''t ""P^e^^ed with and pams-taking are in f undament7 accord^'in V -f ^ T "'°™"«'' disagreement. If there has he^n o fi„!i ' '" ^P"« of superficial tative results of unfinished experimentT'^ro" *? *° "^"^^ '^e ten- be of too wide application it has Wn ., f^^'^ *°° ""'^h, and to position has existed it has b In o„ the part o "thf " ^t '"f" ^ '^''■ no less (rather more) than on the cart nff^P"'^'^''.''^' S^-'owers furnishes another illustration of the radir.fli,^ >nvestigators, and SiSa^ft^olTrir^^^^^^ Puhli^d^S^Z-Jot^^ of the orchard, however irfa?riv tloT7'f' =PP"cation.^ ^he soH orchard soil in New YorkVnH L^^^' °^ * ^nsiderable area of count. This is the vl^w of "the author wh^ T'"^"'^ °" t"^' =>- conclude that if fertilizers have no vaL^^ri.-''^ ^7'- "0"« """st no value m many other orcha^rds" .^^'"nU" fe^'owe^er^^^ f r > >. :,'( \l \\ • \i f f\ »' * 63 ,ffnrt is made to extend the application of the results beyond soil :f s^n^Lrcharacttr. The summary of conclusions closes as fol- '""^'''Prom the data at hand there seems to be but one interi.reta- t!nn J thT results of this experiment. An analysis of the soil be- Vr^ Ae exoerTmenrwas begSn shows that at that time there was, frthlupper fo^t of soil, eSough nitrogen per acre to last mature 1. tr5l isHears • of phosphoric acid, 295 years; of potash, apple trees >»3 years 01 Pn P j ^ 4;^'^ storehouse, tillage, ^i^e^crops a'Ld'^oo" h^vf made available all the plant food *'"lt mavTe' ntessary to fertilize some apple orchards in New York "u^ch cases wfl/be found on sandy and gravelly soJs on Unds very subject to drought, on very shallow soils and on soils QuHe devoid o humus. Some soils may squire one of the chief ^Jlments of fertility; some, though /;-;«<>^'^' "'*•* ''"' *'^ which usually constitute a complete fertilizer. A fruit grower may assume that his trees do not need f ertihz- ers if they a^^gorous and making a fair amount of new w^d^ ? J thP trees are not vigorous the drainage, tillage and sanitary IditVn'oltreUtrd/should be 'oo^ed to first and the^fe^^^^^^^^^^ f;se?s^^srern^ol"^^^^^^ mSon'ast'Xher an orchard 'needs fertilizers and what """'And vet these conclusions, reasonable and moderately as they -l£€reter^^d^^;relLrnrf^er:^^^^^^^^^^^ Tnfor hkrraX%VstV'--r '" Thinlrv '' ' ''"" the beggar who asks me for a quarter isnt hungry. In Pennsylvania the result, of fertilizer experiments have been nnite different Your own Professor Stewart has found that fer- T" ?^ 1 "fs sandv or eravelly, subject to drouth, shallow or de- fir^ent L humus " Surllv thwe no lack of agreement here between fhtcu rentTsults of'th^ different experin^ents o d.ffe^^^^^^^ nf «;nil It is entirely natural that investigators in the heat ot worK ^houM bl mo" deepV impressed with the things th^t come ung their own direct observation and that to a man who is ge"'ng abundant results with fertilizer it should seem that the burden of oroof is on the other fellow; it is natural that he should feel that flrtHizers should be regarded as good until proven useless It s natural that the man who has fotind fertilizers useless under his different condWorshould feel that they must be regarded as us^ fess until proven profitable. So far as the actual and comparable results go, however, they are in harmony. /..,;ii,„e vs sod In the Geneva work on cultural methods, ( tillage vs. soa I it ■^^^ 64 mulch,") at the Auchter orchard near Rochester a preliminary re- port was published in 1909. At the end of five years the treatment was reversed on half the orchard, tillage replacing sod and sod succeeding tillage. In addition to the change in treatment six rows were treated to nitrate of soda broadcast at the rate of 300 pounds per acre annually. I saw that orchard last fall. The nitrate treat- ment on continuous sod has gone far toward equalling the effect of tillage and clover-cover crops. Professor Hedrick says that form- erly he probably attributed too little importance to the role of ni- trogen. Nitrogen is proving valuable in that orchard. I am not here to analyze all the bearings of this experiment; I wish to emphasize this single fact which is showing more and more clearly toward the close of the experiment. I talked with Professor Stew- art while viewing the results at harvest time in one of the Pennsyl- vania State College experimental orchards. On an unfertilized row there was only an occasional apple ; the trees of the next row which had been manured heavily were laden with fruit and had made a vigorous growth in addition. I said, "What is the single thing that your fertilizer experiments most clearly prove?" He replied, "The importance of nitrogen." Here once more we have a fundamental harmony under superficial contradiction. Let us look more closely at the situation in regard to the in- vestigation of cultural methods. The Ohio Station published a bulletin in 1906 reporting the results in growth and yield of first crop in a young orchard, parts of which were managed in different ways. The results seemed to indicate that sod mulch was better than tillage. The first published results of the Geneva work in the Auchter orchard seemed to contradict the results secured in Ohio. What was the reason? The Horticultural press of the time was full of contraversial discussion of the relative merits of sod mulch, tillage and various other modified methods. The real fact of the matter was that the opposing parties were talking about two dif- ferent things. I didn't realize to what an extent this was true until I had seen the orchards which were constantly cited as examples of the various methods. In southern Ohio I was shown an orchard under so-called "sod mulch" management. There was a mulch a foot deep about every tree extending out as far as the branches. It had taken years to accumulate the material. The owner had cut over marsh lands and hauled in quantities of grass and sedge for mulch. The orchard ground would not begin to furnish sufficient quantity. In examining this old undisturbed mulch it was difficult to determine where mulch left off and soil began. The condition was similar to that in a deep wood where you pull away the decaying leaves, accumulation of years and find the black mould full of the white roots of plants. In the young experimental orchard at Wooster, likewise, the trees had been heavily mulched with ma- terial hauled in from outside. A wheatfield had been mowed over a few weeks after harvest and the stubble and weeds hauled in about the young trees. In the Auchter orchard only the grass which the soil produced was used as a mulch and this has been cut and allowed to lie where it fell. Both systems were called sod mulch. 6s Thev have little in common from the standpoint of conservation of same meamng at ached to *!,5f"*„ jil^fmiiar A mulch produces country, the >:e?"lt« ha-*= "°t^b«n ^^^ ^Te orchard". So does it a good effect m southern "hm on rna ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ .^ at the Experiment Station at booster on y g ^^^.^^ in Mr. Hitching's young t^f^^.^.^'XLt tKes ™*""'^ produces ^"^'^H%15rM%UchiSs^^^^^^^^ -'-^^ 4'°''' '■" a good effect in ^r- Hitcmngs , ^^^ ^^^^^^ Station is the sod plot of the A«cte^°^X experimental orchards of the working with so does it m ^ .^^ ^^ ^^ ^.jh- Pennsylvania State College. ^"'^= J^^. . 5 jjj t ;„ a ma- out fei^tilizer in the mature Aucher orchard and so^d^^^^^^ ^^^^ ture orchard in Professor Stewart s ^o^^ ^ Wooster the State College Report i^nV \" *^J°";^h yomig orchards in the mulch was superior to ''"^f ^X^^'"f„d agreeing with results last work of Pennsylvania S'^te College, ana agre S contention year in Indiana and also with Mr- H.tchin^ ^g ^^ ^^ ^^^ for several years past. How those things w^ ^^^ ^^^ .^ .^ To s^Te^hat'iL^re o '|: o-h^^^^ does a good deal i" e™mg Uat cultural method is best Ce;ta,nly the soil type *e r g ^^_ of the ground, the availability of '"anure and Mner s ^^^^ terial have an important bearing. t is mcreasinglyap^ as these various J-''^^^ -'J^.rirower ^ U^^^^^^ ^^ the experiences of the practical g'^"^^^ , factors of the prob- r^'TrX'Si' otrT^r^ defiln™^^^^^ plant lem and ignore tne oinerb. wu g ^_„,,^p mulch or commercial food or humus, the great --e^Xw"? response o cultivation. It fertilizer may entirely overshadow the Response to ^^.^ is becoming increasingly apparent that results on one lyp cannot be made to apply to other types. auestions small portion of it. l^et us conu"uc relations to each other, pieces together and get them in their "S*;^ relat ons to i!i science of horticulture, a science for the investigator to perfect and the grower to profit by. Mr. McSparran. — I have followed this most admirable address. I would like to ask Prof. Woodbury what his opinion is between these two methods of orchard management, the sod culture or clean culture ? Prof. Woodbury. — That is one of those questions that I had in mind when I said there were some things that we do not know as much about as we did ten or fifteen years ago. I could have told you then which was best. I can't now. It seems to me that as this work goes on and as more evidence comes in it is more and more apparent that this is a local question. There are in Indiana many orchards which respond very profitably to cultivation which have been unprofitable in sod, which can be made profitable by cultivation with of course such spraying and such pruning as is necessary to protect the crop. Whether that cultivation is best always, I serious- ly doubt. I think that when the returns are all in we will find that it depends a good deal on the character of the ground, on the availability of mulch material and other factors which are local. That mulch proposition might be dwelt on. A good many orchard- ists have accepted this sod mulch method, thinking it is an easy way out. They will find themselves very much mistaken if they ex- pect large profits from those orchards. It has been our experience in Indiana that if moisture is conserved so thoroughly by mulch as to be comparable to the way it is conserved by clean cultivation, it must be more thorough and must require more material than the average man thinks of when he thinks of mulch orchards. There are places where we can gather a great quantity of material at little cost. There are a good many farmers that grow wheat that have no profitable outlet for their straw. There are a lot of straw stacks rotting down in parts of southern Indiana which would be available for the hauling. There are other orchards where tillage isn't practicable and where mulch material is not available. Question. — Can any further conclusions be drawn in the case of young trees ? Prof. Woodbury.— Our own experiments have not gone far enough so that we feel like making any positive statements. Last year our mulch trees grew better— young trees that have been set three years, but the cultivation was not half done and the mulch was thoroughly applied. Question.— What would you suggest for those orchards where the mulch is not available? Prof. Woodbury.— I would suggest that all the material that the ground produced be utilized for the benefit of the orchard. As the trees approach maturity there will be less mulch per tree. In some of those cases at least, a fertilizer applied to the ground will 67 be found profitable. Fertilizer and using all of the mulch which the ground produced will be the most feasible way. Question.— In an orchard which has been started by the mulch system and kept up for ten years, what effect would that have m drv seasons ? In this mulch system the tendency would be to keep the root system to the top, while under tillage, the root system wouUi be deeper. In dry seasons what effect would there be on that orchard ? Prof Woodbury.— I don't know how far this idea of root system coming much closer to the top of the ground, goes. Question.— Can you modify any plant root system at all? Prof. Woodbury.— You are asking me soniething I don't completely know. Cultural methods and soil conditions probably Sect the root development but to just what degree I cannot tell you We have found this in these old mulch orchards. I have seen southern Ohio orchards that have been thoroughly mulched with a toe quantity of material in which the roots certainly did feed ?othf surface of the ground and you get down under the top you find a perfect mass of fine rootlets. We certainly don t get that St at'^the surface of the ground under tillage. Whether its lack \L detriment to the tree, I can't say. In our experimental orchards we have so or 60 trees planted out, of each variety simply with the Mea of pulling them up to trace the development of the root system and when hft has been carried to maturity we will know better than we know now, what the effect of cultural methods on root de- velopment is. Prof Surface.— I would like to ask what has been Prof. Wood- bury's experience with insect attacks and attacks by mice? Prof. Woodbury.- The mouse risk and the fire risk are cer- tainly two things that the mulch man has got to take into consider- ^^''^^The fire risk is a very serious one and the field mouse is an- other thing that must be thought of. It is possible to protect the trees by different methods. One which we use more than any other is a wire screen, and not crowding the mulch right up to the trunk of the tree,vbut leaving a space a foot or so not covered by mulch especially during the winter. In that way we can pretty well get around the difficulty of the mice. Secretary Tyson.— I would like to ask whether you have ob- served injury from the mice burrowing into the ground and work- ing into the roots of the trees ? Prof Woodbury.- 1 have occasionally observed that they would get down about the crown of the tree, but have also noticed that in that case the trunks of the trees were not protected and the .iklfc^ 68 mice started in at the surface of the ground and went on down under the mulch that was right close to the trunk. A Member. — I move you Mr. Chairman that this organization is in favor of clean culture of young trees up until the time that they are fifteen years of age. A Member. — It seems to me that this is simply a case of per- sonal opinion and not one that can be settled by vote. PROCEEDINGS OF WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, JAN. 22, I913. The meeting was called to order by Vice President F. H. Fassett. INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS AND COVER CROPS, ALONE AND WITH FERTILIZATION, UPON THE YIELD, GROWTH AND COMMERCIAL QUALITY OF APPLES. Dr. J. P. Stewart, Experimental Pomologist, State College, Pa. At the outset it may be well to call attention to the fact that the relative value of the various cultural methods used in orchards is not dependent upon anyone's opinion. It is not a matter of sentiment, nor can it be settled by vote. It cannot even be settled generally by the results of any single experiment or group of ex- periments, although they should be very valuable. It can be settled with certainty, for any given orchard, only by asking the trees. Whether this is done by the investigator or by the orchardist him- self, however, the question must be put perfectly fairly, with neither prejudice nor preference, and with the sole idea of getting the actual answer of the trees and stating it wholly impartially and without the slightest personal interest in the outcome. This is the attitude that we have undertaken to maintain in all our experimental work, and especially in the experiments with cultural methods and cover crops. Moreover the present report is to be considered only as a report of progress and not as a state- ment of final conclusions. The writer is free to confess that some of the present results are different from what was anticipated, and hence is reserving judgment on them until further results are se- cured. But our anticipations are not necessarily correct, and the present indications may not be changed. Hence our present re- sults are given just as they stand, with such comments and cautions as now seem pertinent to the writer. In the discussion following, it will be observed that our pres- ent results are derived from nine experiments located in different parts of the state on seven different types of soil, and involving 1991 trees, 588 of which (in experiments 331, 333 and 337) were planted in connection with these experiments. Four of the experi- ments,— numbers 217, 218, 219 and 221, — were started in 1907, and 69 the remainder in 1908. The growth data are f t^'"^^/.^""^"""*^ measurements of all the trees at definite pomts on the trunks ana She data^n yields are secured from the annual production of fruit which is studied from three view-points,-those of yield color and Tveraee size The total amount of fruit thus examined, dunng the pist five years, is 1,149,702 pounds or about 23,000 bushels. The focationrsoils, pres;nt ages of trees, and other general features of our cultural-method experiments are shown in Table i. TABTP T —LOCATION AND OTHER DATA ON OR- raARDCULTURE EXPERIMENTS, CONDUCTED BY THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE. Expt. Soil No. County Types Varieties Age 1913 No. of No. of Trees Treat- ments 217 Franklin 218 Franklin 219 Bedford 221 Wyoming 331 Centre 333 Centre 336 Chester 337 Mercer 338 Lawrence Totals 7 Montalto Loam Hagerstown clay loam Frankstown stony loam Chenango fine sandy loam Hagerstown silt loam Hagerstown silt loam Chester loam Volusia silt loam Volusia silt loam York Imp. & Gano 20 yr. York & Albermarle 14 & 21 York, Jonathan, B. Davis & Gano, 10 to 12 Baldwin & Spy, 4© Baldwin, Stay- man & York, 5 Baldwin, Stay- man & York, 5 Smokehouse & Stay man, 10 Baldwin, Spy & Rome, 5 Baldwin, ^4 10 358 400 320 115 288 120 105 180 105 12 12 12 6 8 12 3 4 3 1991 — I The addresses of the owners of fe oghards m wh^ch h^^^^^ ments are located are as follows : 217, J. «' ^edy. t,. ^^yf^^l 'p ^ Ed. Nicodemus, Waynesboro ; 219, Jos.^R^^^^^^^ Pomology, |^rCoJf/gt^l36"A.^^^^ 337! ^- ^- ^- ""^-^ ^-^^^^^^^^-^^^^ °^ — --' with special reference to their effect on the trees. GENERAI, PLAN OP THESE EXPERIMENTS. The eeneral plan of our cultural-method experiments is shown in Fieire I Its main purpose is to determine what combination of fXre and fertilization give the best results under the different ^ondMont Lvolved, and evfntually to d^ermine why these resu are obtained The plan s followed in full in the first tnreefP*" menu of Table i, with only minor deviations in such matters as Sers'of trees 'and relativ'e positions of *« plots Jn the other pvnoriments for various reasons, certain of the treatments nave be?n omhted, and in the young orchards of experiments 331 and 70 337> single plots involving intercrops have been added. In experi- ment 333, the entire attention is given to a comparison of cover crops, one of which is a permanent cover and has received tillage only at the beginning of the experiment. The essential features of these modifications can be seen in the treatments listed for the different experiments in the tables that follow. I. Clean tillage 40 trees IV. Tillage & Cover crop 40 trees VII. Sod-mulch 40 trees X. Sod 40 trees 11. Tillage & Manure 20 trees V. Tillage, cover- crop & manure. 20 trees VIII. Sod-mulch and manure 20 trees XL Sod & Manure 20 trees III. Tillage & Com- mercial fertilizer 20 trees VI. Tillage, covelr- crop & com- mercial ferti- lizer 20 trees IX. Sod-mulch and commercial fertilizer 20 trees XII. Sod and com- mercial fertilizer 20 trees Figure I. Plan of Pennsylvania Orchard Experiments on Cultural Meth- ods, Cover-Crops, and Manures. As indicated in Figure i and Table i, our complete experi- ment on cultural methods compares the four principal methods of managing orchard soils and it is duplicated, wholly or in part, in several localities on a wide range of soils. Each method occurs without fertilization and also with it in two forms, both applied annually. The stable manure is added at the rate of 12 tons per acre, although 8 to 10 tons would probably be ample. The com- mercial fertilizer carries all three of the elements usually considered important, at the rates of 30 pounds of actual nitrogen, 60 pounds of "phosphoric acid" (P2O5), and 100 pounds of "potash" (K2O) per acre. About half of the nitrogen is carried in nitrate of soda and the other half in dried blood, requiring about 100 pounds of the former and 150 pounds of the latter. The phosphorous is carried in acid phosphate and the potash in the high-grade muriate, con- taining about 50% K2O. At present retail prices, such a fertilizer costs about $12.80 per acre. Here again our results indicate that a reduction of at least 10 pounds in the phosphoric acid and of 50 to 75 pounds in the potash would usually be equally efificient, and would effect a sav- ing of about $2.60 to $3.65 per acre. In ordinary practice, also, part or all of the nitrogen might be obtained by growing legumes or by the use of manure, although this has not always proved to be really economical. The manure used in our experiments, — at $2.50 per ton, which is about as low as it can be obtained and ap- plied,— costs nearly 2^ times as much as the fertilizer we are 71 using and its benefits do not average materially better More actual plant food is being also added in the manure, since the amount ap- plied should carry about 120 pounds of nitrogen, about 80 pounds of P^O^, and no to 115 pounds of K2O. 1^1 All the tillage plots are plowed early in May and are kept cul- tivated until about the middle of July, when those receivmg the cover crops are seeded to such plants as crimson or medium red dover, and hairy vetch. On the other tillage plots, cultivation is stopped at about the same time as on those receiving covercrops, but no seeding is done and only such vegetation as comes up na- turally is obtained. , . • ^.i,^ ^^ On the mulch plots, all herbaceous growth remains m the or- chard and it is mowed at least twice during the season. The hrst cutting is raked to the trees as a mulch and the second is left where it falls In the older orchards also, about three tons per acre of outside materials, such as old straw, swamp hay buckwheat straw or other vegitation, are brought in annually to form an additional mulch around the t;ees. In the younger orchards much less outside ma erial is needed, and in some of them a satisfactory mulch has Sen maintained from the growth between the [ows, after one or t^^^^ initial applications from the outside. Our mulch method, therefore differs s'olwhat from the so-called "Hitching^ plan t^ diffe-nc being primarily in the maintenance of a definite mulch under tne trees whh r^aLials brought from outside sources when necessary As a meanrof conservini moisture, the definite vegetative mulch is verv much superior to the other plan. • j j •., ^„„ S^ome real protection against mice must be provided m any mulch system. This can be done by screens, poisons, or proper TaHngs-Cd especially by maintaining a clear space for about a foo out from the bases of the trees. In ordmary practice, also, the best resuts with the mulch system can doubtless be obtained by using lelSmlnous plants of relatively low moisture draft such as hairy vetch to act as the permanent cover and to furnish at least part of Ihl rnuUh Although essentially an annual, this platit frequently lasts fairly well for two or more seasons after a single .seeding This Is especially true after the soil gets properly inoculated, and where the winters are not too severe. We also know of an or- chardist who is apparently maintaining it permanently by giving it a rather tliorough discing about mid-summer or after the seeds have matured in considerable abundance. RESULTS IN YOUNG ORCHARDS. The effect on wood growth thus far obtained in one of our young orchards at the College are shown m table II. These trees Lre planted in the spring of 1908, in a rather depleated soil of Hmestone origin. In the first 5 P'ots, the soil was plowed in the fTof iqo7, Ind prepared about as for corn before plantmg in the fo owinTspring. In the last three plots, no tillage was given either immrdiate y before planting nor since. The trees were simply pTanted with a spade in the thin, old pasture, and a mulch of about ?«) pounds of straw was placed around each tree, together with 1 72 screen protectors against mice. Since then there have been one or two slight additions to the mulch from outside sources, but in the main it has been maintained satisfactorily by the inter-growth, in the manner indicated above. The average gains made by the trees under these different treatments for the first five years are shown in Table II. TABLE II.— INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS ON GROWTH, YOUNG ORCHARD. (Average Increase in trunk girth, first 5 years, in Expt. 331.) Plot Treatment Av. Gain Inches i3 Clean Tillage, 3.68 2 Till., Intercrop, & Cov. Crop, » 3.67 4 Tillage & Cover Crops 3.61 B Till., Cover Crop & Manure, 4.51 6 Till., Cover Crop & Fertilizer, 3.92 7 Sod-Mulch 4.61 8 Sod-Mulch and Manure, 4.86 9 Sod-Mulch and Fertilizer, 4.85 Gain over Clean Tillage Inches Per Cent. —.01 — 0.27 —.07 —1.90 0.83 22.56 0.24 6.53 0.93 25.27 1. 18 32.07 1.17 31.80 3 The numbers of treatments here correspond with those stated in Figure i, except in the present plot 2. It involves an intercrop, and hence is diflferent from any treatment named in our general plan. In this table and also in the field, it is very evident that the untilled trees have made the best growth in the present experi- ment. This may be partly due to the absence of root pruning under the mulch, but the chief benefit thus far seems to be connected with moisture conservation, rather than with the plant food added. This appears in the fact that the only tillage treatment which has shown much improvement in growth, is the one in which manure is applied, and even its gain is surpassed by the mulch alone in plot 7. In plot 8, where the manure is added to the mulch, thus practically eliminat- ing its moisture-conserving effect, its gain over the mulch alone is only a quarter of an inch on the average, or a gain of about 65^ % which may be properly credited to its plant food effect. This plant- food benefit is practically duplicated by the fertilizer applications of plots 6 and 9, the remaining benefit on the latter being apparently due to the mulch. In plots I, 2 and 4, there is very little difference, — less than a tenth of an inch in the averages. The slight advantage now pos- sessed by the clean tillage alone is again probably connected with its lower demand for moisture as compared with the cover crop used in plot 4. It is notable, however, that the net influence of the cover crops in this case has been to check rather than to benefit the growth of the trees. To the close of the fifth year, therefore, the cover crop has made no visible return for itself, so far as the trees are concerned. It has consisted chiefly in a mixture of red and crimson clover sown about July loth to 20th, and only the 73 last three covers have been really good. In plot 2, the intercrops have been potatoes, peas, mangel wurzels^ and sweet corn, with the fertilization considered best for each. They were kept at a reas- onable distance from the trees, and the intervenmg spaces were cul- tivated until mid-summer and again when the cover crops were sown, which was after the intercrops were removed and hence was usually rather late. None of the intercrops have proved especial y profitable, and neither have they proved any serious detriment to U^e trees as compared with the other tillage methods, since their check to tree growth is slightly less than that pf. the coyer crops sown in the mid-summer. These results are similar to tho e ob- tained by Emerson at the Nebraska Station, and reported to the close of the second year in 1903, in their bulletin 79, pages 14 to 17. Results in the Mercer County Orchard. Additional data are available from another experiment started by us in 1908 in Mercer County, the latter portion of which is fairly sfmUar to the experiment just considered In the P^esent^f Pf^^" ment the treatment of plot 12 corresponds with number 2 in the Experiment just considered. The usual tillage and coyer crops havebTen mLtained on plots i to 12, u^ng rye chiefly as the cover on account of the lateness of some of the intercrops. Plot 13 has receTved t llag^ alone, and 14 has been mulched as in experiment 331 the morl often. The results on growth are shown m Table III.' TABLE III.-INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION AND CULTURAL METHODS ON GROWTH, YOUNG ORCHARD. (Average Increase in Trunk Girth, first five years, Expt. 337-) Plot Treatment I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 Inches Check (Unfertilized) 3-28 Nitrogen & Phosphates, 37o Nitrogen & Potash, 3-5i Check 3'^' Phosphate & Potash, 3-94 Complete Fertilizer, 473 Check, 4.47 Manure, yy; Lime 4-6I Check, 3.91 Tillage & Cover Crops, 3»o Tillage & Inter Crops 3O0 Clean Tillage 372 Sod-Mulch, • 4-32 Average Increase | Gains over Normal Growths. % In. • • • ■ .44 .11 • • • • .14 .60 • • • ■ .32 .58 • • • • .28 ■ • • • .13 .72 1317 3.24 * 3.68 14.53 753 14.39 * 7.78 3*62 20.00 Here again the trees receiving the mulch are showing decidedly the best growth, tho their advantage is not quite so great as in ex- o^rimentN^i The cover crop in this case is proving slightly TettTr than^ciean tillage alone, probably because the relative im- 74 portance of moisture and plant food seems to be reversed here. But the advantage on the cover crop plot is still too small to show any profit. The intercrop here has been vegetables, — chiefly potatoes, beans and peas. They show the lowest tree growth of any of the cultural methods, but their deficiency is very slight and it is prob- ably chiefly due to their location, which has been somewhat wetter than the others. This has now been corrected by tile drainage. As already intimated, the conservation of moisture seems to be of less importance than plant food in this orchard. This is not surprising to one familiar with this Volusia soil type and also with local conditions. Even at that, however, the response to fer- tilization shown in the first ten plots is somewhat greater than we had expected in so young an orchard, and in a similar experiment at the College this response is not duplicated. The latter result is more natural in the case of young trees for several reasons. The particular demands of the trees have been operating for only a short time, most of the food of the leaves is annually returned to the soil, the mineral content of wood is rather low anyhow, and in reality comparatively little of it is being formed in a young orchard. For these reasons we usually do not expect much response to fertilizers in the case of young trees. The response here is rather irregular, but in general it in- dicates the value of nitrogen and phosphates, which corresponds with our results on this same soil type in the Johnston orchard, in which older trees and both yields and growth are involved. The chief irregularity here appears in plots 8 and 9, in which manure is showing less effect than we would naturally expect in the light of their behavior elsewhere. This irregularity appears to be much greater in the percentages than in the actual average gains on these two plots, an effect which is brought about by the abnormally strong growth on the check plot 7, possibly due in part to leaching or cross- feeding from plots 6 and 8. Beyond this, however, we offer no further comments on the present results, and we are awaiting further returns. Results from Cover Crops at the College. Similar data, bearing especially on the value of cover crops, are available from another of our experiments at the college. The crops used in this experiment are stated in Table IV. These crops are plowed under annually and the usual orchard tillage is given on all plots excepting the alfalfa. The latter plot was plowed only at the beginning of the experiment, at which time the soil was limed, manured and inoculated and otherwise prepared as usual for alfalfa. The liming also was extended to the other plots. The initial stand of alfalfa was unsatisfactory and it was therefore turned under at the beginning of the following season and immediately reseeded to the same crop. Since then nothing has been done with this plot, except to cut the alfalfa two or three times a season and apply it as a mulch about the trees. The mulch ob- tained in this way has been considerably more than was needed to keep down the growth immediately around the trees, and some 75 of it therefore has been hauled away. As the mulched area en- larges however, this condition will not continue. The relative value of the vadous crops, as indicated by the growth of the trees, is shown in Table IV. TABLE IV.-INFLUENCE OF COVER CROPS ON TREE 1 A151.I!. V ^j^Q^^j^^ YOUNG ORCHARD. (Average Increase in Trunk Girth, first 5 years, in Expt. 333.) Average Gain over Plot Cover Crop Increase Original size Rank Inches % la Med. Red Clover 3.82 83.65 W lb Mammoth Red Clover, 373 92.2» 11 2aAslike 378 104.32 » 2b Crimson Clover, 4-34 45-40 3 3 Hairy Vetch 4-42 160.07 ^2 tSicr^s;-::::::::::::::::::::: I 4?g - 5 Oats and Peas ::::;:;:;;;; t^« ;t9i 8 6 S^S' . Idi 138.92 5 9 B&heatr:::: 4.58 137.30 6 19 Alfalfa 5-09 ^6^63 i^^^^ Here again it will be noted that the mulched and untilled trees are distinctly superior to the others in their growth Also it is shown that alfalfa can be safely and satisfactorily used, ^ a young orchard at least, when its growth is prevented by a mulch from competing directly with the tree roots. , . . , u For use as a permanent cover and as a basis for a mulch, alfalfa is thus shown to be a very satisfactory plant. Its nitro- gen-fixing and its perennial habit are much m its favor, when used Is indicated above but its strong affinity for moisture and also for the nitrogen in the soil would suggest caution in using it in direct competition with tree roots. More work is needed on this point however, and much more work is needed on the relative values of various plants for permanent orchard covers and mulches, and on the best methods of handling them. Almost nothing has been done along the latter line. Hairy vetch, as noted above, has many of the qualities most needed for this purpose, but definite and compara- tive data on it thus far are lacking. . , .„ ^u u f Among the annual covers, used along with tillage, the best tree-growth has been made in connection with hairy vetch, i his is not surprising when we remember that it furnishes nitrogen and has a very low demand for moisture,— two of the most im- portant requisites for a plant to be associated with trees, i he sur- prising moderation of its moisture draft in comparison with other crops can be seen readily in the furrow slice when these plots are crossed with the plow. We have had cases in which the soil under the rye and alsike plots was practically dust dry, while that under ■Iff* f ;. 1? 76 the vetch was turning up almost too wet for plowing. Under these conditions, the clovers were about intermediate in the moisture con- tent of their soils, with the advantage somewhat in favor of the crimson, especially after seed formation had begun and their veg- etative growth had been checked, while the conditions under the frost-killed annuals were more like those under the vetch. The importance of these differences in moisture can be ap- preciated when it is remembered that only the moisture of the soil in excess of 8 or lo per cent, is available to plants. On some of these plots the trees were evidently practically in a state of draught while those on the vetch plot were almost too well supplied with moisture. Crimson clover has come next to the vetch in its relation to tree growth. This again is not surprising, but the low position of the mammoth and medium red clovers is wholly unexpected, since they seem to be very much like the crimson clover in their more im- portant characters. It seems quite probable that the growth deficit on the latter plots is due to some unfavorable feature of the soil rather than to the clovers, because their growth has not been very satisfactory until the last two seasons. It is also possible that the greater amount of winter-killing on the crimson plot, which re- duces the growth and moisture-loss in the spring may have some- thing to do with its advantage. In the case of all the other crops, the present effects on the trees are doubtless largely due to their relative effects on the moisture supply, which has already been noted as very important in this orchard, in Experiment 331. The rye influence has not been so bad as might be expected, because it has been sown late, — not earlier than the first of September, and it has always been mowed immediately around the trees when it began vigorous growth in the spring. The cowpeas and soy beans, on the other hand are sown some time between June 25th and July 5th. Cul- tivation is therefore reduced and the crops make a vigorous growth, thus undoubtedly competing rather seriously for moisture and materially checking the fall growth of the trees. The gains in nitrogen and humus from these crops, therefore, have evidently not yet compensated for their reductions in the moisture supply. The gains with the rape, millet and buckwheat are larger than might be expected, and in the case of the latter cover they may be partly due to a slight advantage in location. Here again however, our results with this class of crops are not materially different from those of Emerson at the Nebraska Station, which were published in 1903 and 1906 in their bulletins 79 and 92. These crops are all frost-killed annuals, tho the rape is much more resistent and usually a few plants will survive the winter. They therefore do not compete for moisture in the spring which* seems to be to their credit. Their competition in the fall, also, has not been so serious as that of the other frost-killed crops here. As winter covers, the millet is the best of these three, — chiefly because of its greater ability to hold the snow, — and the rape is the poorest. The latter usually withers away and disappears almost 77 completely during the winter. The buckwheat, also, furnishes but Sdrect protection to the soil, but it does seem to exert a mys- er ously good influence on its physical condition -makmg it looser mellower and more congenial to moisture. Its general effect is Sras good as that of millet, however, and even the latter does norvet impress the writer nearly so favorable for our conditions as the hal^? vetch, and possibly the crimson clover. From present fndications however, and with their low cost of seed, either millet, Se Tbuck^^^^^^^ likely to be much more valuable m many cases than many of the plants now sown for orchard covers. Summary fol Results in Young Orc/»ard^^-Looking back over fV,P«;e exoeriments we see: (i) that the mulched and untilled apple trees have SmW made a better growth during the first five vears thin any of the trees receiving the usual tillage and cover- crops sTmUar results are reported from the Ohio Station, m their '""lT)'i's'c:'mVa%d with clean tillage, followed by weeds or nther natural growth, the addition of cover crops has not yet re- :^edTa maS gain In certain cases they have^^^^^^^ to check the growth of the trees somewhat. These and the results Immedttely following are similar to those reported from the Ne- braska Station in their bulletins 79 and 92. .,, ^ . , A) The addition of vegetables or other tilled intercrops ac- companied by proper fertilization, has not materially reduced the growth of th'e'treL, as compared w^»l ^other t^^^^^^^^^ In one case the resulting growth was slightly better than that ot tne adLcent trees receivin| tillage and midsummer cover crops '^^'U) Considerable variation has appeared in the v^^^e^^f cover crops as measured by their effects on tree growth. Thus far, hairy vetch and crTmson clover have proved best among the leguminous covers and ,^1 et, rape and buckwheat have been best among the Zn-le^min^u Their influence on the moisture supply, in both Ln Kring, is often more important than their relation to humus and Vf^^^^oo^^ ^^^ ^^^ d very effective as a mulch nroducer and as a permanent orchard cover, when its growth is ZltlZ^iromco^^^ directly with the tree roots The exact eS of the iTtter competition and the relative values of a f alf a and certain other plants as permanent orchard covers have not yet been determined. Results in Orchards of Early Bearing Age. The next group of results is obtained from orchards ranging from 6 to 20 ylars old, if we begin with the age of the youngest at the start and finish with that of the oldest at P/esent The ex- oeriments directly concerned here are the first three md.cated in Tabk I and they each involve the entire plan shown >" Figure I. These experiments were started in 1907, in orchards already planted Ld hence i was not always possible to get all the conditions as un^orm as might be desirld. Such irregularities as are present, howe™r. hav" been corrected for in our calculations so far as pos- 78 sible. Owing to some serious attacks of "collar-rot" and other diseases, also, one of these experiments. Number 217, was termi- nated in 191 2 and a similar one started in another part of the orchard. The results thus far obtained from these experiments on the yield, growth, average size and color of apples are shown in Tables V, VI, VII, and VIII, respectively. The yields, color and average size are given for the five-year period from 1908 to 19 12 inclusive, thus omitting the yields of 1907 which naturally were affected but slightly, if at all, by the treatments of the first year. In the growth, however, the averages are given for the entire six-year period be- ginning with 1907. The yields are obtained by weighing and re- cording all the fruit from each tree, and the growth is determined by measuring all the trees practically annually at definite points on their trunks. The data on average size and color are obtained by the random- sample method. This means that as the fruit is picked and weighed, a sample is taken at random from each basket and of sufficient size to make at least two bushels of fruit of each variety from each plot. This sample is weighed, counted and carefully examined for amount of color. The averages for each year on all characters except growth are brought together and averaged to obtain the present data on each experiment. These mean values in turn are averaged in each of the tables to obtain the various averages shown in them. In the growth tables, the figures given are the average increases in trunk girth for the whole period covered. The results secured are shown in the following tables. TABLE v.— INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS ON YIELD. (YG. BEARING ORCHARDS.) (Average Annual Yields per Acre during last 5 years, 1908-12.) Treatment Expt. Tillage Cover Crop Mulch Sod Without 217 Fertlzn., 218 219 Av. per A Rank, With, 217 Manure, 218 219 Av. per A Rank, With Compi^ete ... 217 Fertlzr 218 219 Av. per A Rank, bu. 96.0 129.5 21.9 79.1 4 bu. 121.0 110.4 23.6 85.0 3 bu. 174.3 108.S 55-5 1 1 2.7 I bu. 140. 1 110.4 19.9 go. I 2 169. 1 155.8 52.3 Z25.1 3 151S 145.2 30.2 log.o 4 213.0 105.9 59.1 136.0 2 260.5 1 15.9 35.0 137.1 I 170.4 182.3 47-5 133.4 I 195.3 133.3 53.7 137.6 3 218.2 "53 44.4 139.3 3 187.7 126.6 33.5 115.9 4 79 TABLE VI.— INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS ON GROWTH (YG. BEARING ORCHARDS.) (Average Increases in Trunk-girth, 6 years, 1907-12.) Treatments Expt. Tillage Cover Crop Mulch Sod In. In. In. In. Without 217 910 969 9-05 8.92 Fertiuzation 218 989 1009 10.71 8.78 219 10.01 8.94 10.87 7-05 Average Gain 9.67 9-57 10.21 8.45 Gain over Sod i4-4% 133% 20.8% Rank 2 3 i 4 With 217 988 913 9-19 906 Manure 218 11. 15 10.32 10.52 10.55 219 11.65 11.20 11.75 10.06 Average Gain 10.87 10.33 1047 9-89 Gain over Sod 28.6% 21.0% 23.9% 170% Rank i 3 2 4 With Complete 217 958 10.22 10.29 8.51 Fertlzr 218 9.38 963 ".25 9.63 219 II. 19 11.37 11-92 10.08 Average Gain 10.05 1041 ".'S 94i Gain over Sod 18.9% 23.2% 32.0% 11.4% Rank 3 2 i 4 TABLE VII.— INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS ON THE SIZE OF APPLES (YG. BEARING ORCHARDS.) (Average Weights of Fruit in Ounces, 5 years, 1908-12.) Treatment Expt. Tillage Cover Crop Mulch Sod oz. Without 217 4.90 Fertilization 218 5.68 219 3.81 Average Size 4.80 Gain over sod — 3-4^ Rank 4 With 217 Manure 218 219 Average Size Gain over Sod Rank With Com 217 4.85 Fertlzr 218 548 219 4.55 Average Size 4.96 Gain over Sod — .2 Rank 4 oz. 4.82 6.01 3.73 4.85 -2.6% 3 ox. 5-22 6.14 4.74 5-37^ 8.04% I OS* 4.94 5.68 4.30 4.97 S.53 6.15 463 5-44 9.5% I 4.98 6.26 4.43 5-23 5.03% 4 5.42 591 4.83 5.39^ 8.44% 2 5.42 5.84 4.56 6.03% 3 4.99 6.00 4.27 5.09 2.4% 3 5.72 6.44 452 5.56 11.9% I S4I S.83 4.63 6.44% IH il' 80 TABLE VIII.— INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS ON THE COLOR OF APPLES. (YOUNG BEARING ORCHARDS.) (Average per cent, of fruit colored J^ or more, 5 years, 1908-12.) Treatments Expt. Tillage Cover Crop Mulch Without 217 Fertilization 218 219 Average Color % Gain over tillage alone . . . Rank With 217 Manure 218 219 Average Color % Gain over tillage alone Rank With Complete 217 Fertilizer 218 219 Average Color % Gain over Tillage alone Rank % 71.1 76.4 77.5 75-0 % 67-5 83.2 72.6 744 —0.7 4 % 77.1 74.8 82.9 783 4.4 2 Sod % 81.0 76.0 86.2 8z.o ai I 64.0 64.5 66.0 64.8 —13-6 4 68.8 73.9 74.5 724 —3-5 2 64-3 69.6 633 65.7 -12.35 3 68.9 74-7 77-2 73.6 —1.8 I 64.6 74.7 70.0 69.8 —6.9 4 64.6 71.6 70.6 -5.8 3 69.7 69.6 74.2 7i.a —5.1 2 72.7 70.0 77.3 73.3 —2.2 I These results are naturally much more complicated than those in the young orchards considered above. The differences, also, are less distinct and much less uniform in their trend in many cases, and the relative values of the several treatments are more variable in the different soils and localities. Part of this variability is doubt- less connected with the natural unsteadiness, in yield especially, that is generally characteristic of trees in their early stages of bearing. The extent and importance of the latter influence, however, can only be determined by further results and perhaps by additional ex- periments. . But in spite of the present difficulties a few pomts are fairly clear. In the first place, it may be noted that the sod treatment has uniformly resulted in the poorest growth and the best color of any of the treatments. This is doubtless simply due to its has- tening influence on maturity. On yield, thus far the sod has usually exerted a stimulating influence, which is especially notice- able in connection with manure. The exceptionally high average in this case however, can be traced primarily to the unusual yields in experiment 217, and in the other two experiments it is notable that four out of six of the other treatments with manure are against this average. The same is true of the sod average obtained in the series without fertilization, as shown in Table V. The present yield benefits from sod, also, are evidently being secured primarily as a result of mild injury, as is shown by the fact that sod trees are making the least growth of any of the treat- 81 ments, and in the series receiving commercial fertilizer they are also showing the lowest average yield. Grass sod growing over tree roots, therefore, must generally be considered an objectionable treatment. The Value of a Mulch. — In terms of fruit, it will be noted in Table V that our annual mulch applications alone have given an average increase of about 35 bushels of apples in two of the ex- periments, and has resulted in no gain over sod in the third. These differences might be greater if the trees were larger and in another experiment on older trees, as shown in Tables IX and XII, it will be observed that the mulch has given a maximum annual gain of 76 bushels per acre for the last four years. In the absence of fer- tilization during three of those years, the average annual gains from the mulch were 22 bushels per acre, which also happens to be the average shown by it for all three of the experiments in Table V. When fertilization is added in these young or "adolescent" orchards, however, the benefits from the mulch have usually been reduced, and in the presence of manure they have disappeared en- tirely, so far as the average yield is concerned. In other words, on these medium-sized trees, the three-ton mulch has apparently been heavy enough to interfere somewhat with the action of the manure. This interference has been less with the commercial fertilizers, es- pecially in the case of growth, and it does not appear at all, as shown later, in Experiment 221. From the present data, therefore, it appears that such a mulch as we are using can not be relied upon for annual gains, of more than 20 to 35 bushels of apples per acre in the younger orchards, and not more than 75 or 80 bushels in those more mature. From this it is evident that one is restricted to the use of relatively cheap materials in maintaining the mulch, if it is expected to show a definite profit. Where the materials for it can be grown between the rows, or can be obtained in such form as swamp hay, buck- wheat straw, or possibly damaged straw of other kinds, its use seems to be practical in many cases, tho not in all. As compared with the other treatments in these experiments, it will be noted that the mulched trees are usually retaining their superiority in everything but color of the fruit. Their margin is considerable smaller, however, than that in the recently planted orchards discussed earlier, and in a few cases it disappears entirely in favor of some of the tillage treatments. The latter cases are found chiefly in the heavy soil of experiment 218, which is rather unexpected because this soil is almost the same as that in our ex- periments 331 and 333 above, in which the mulch has proved very satisfactory. Incidentally it may be noted that thus far the tillage and cover- crop treatment has surpassed the mulch in but a single average and that is the rather surprising one of color, when used in connection with manure. In a few other individual cases, — especially in ex- periment 218 — ^the covercrops have also excelled slightly in certain other characters. In general, however, with the exception of ex- periment 218, the mulch treatment has proved very satisfactory for 82 orchards of the present age, when the cost of materials is not too high. The Value of Cover Crops.— Just as in the young orchards considered above, cover crops again have very largely failed to come up to the expectations. In yield, as compared with tillage alone, they have shown a couple of 25-bushel increases,— both in experi- ment 217. In practically all other cases, however, their gains either have been very small or totally lacking, with the results favoring the other treatments. These results again may be connected to some extent, with local conditions and with the unsteadiness and youth of the trees, tho the exact importance of these influences is not at all certain. In two of our older orchards, experiments 221 and 338, the benefits of tillage and cover crops, together have seemed to be quite im- portant,— amounting to about 122 bushels per acre annually as compared with sod in the latter case. Just how much of this is due to the cover crop, however, can not be determined from the particular combinations that are under comparison in those experiments. On the other hand, the present series does contain comparisons bearing directly on the value of cover crops ; they give the average annual returns for 5 years from three experiments on three markedly different soil types ; and their indications are certainly not without significance. These indications are to the effect that many orchards, and especially those in the early stages of bearing, are not likely to be materially benefitted by the addition of cover crops. Where the humus is very deficient, and perhaps in older orchards, cover crops may be expected to give better results. Other matters, such as the relation of cultural methods to fer- tilizer response or utilization, the influence of fertilization in reduc- ing the differences between the various cultural methods, the rel- ative values of manure and the present commercial fertilizer in con- nection with the different treatments, and something of the relation between soil type and the response to all these treatments, might also be considered here if space permitted. They can be seen fairly well by examining the tables themselves, however, and some of them will be referred to briefly in connection with results that follow. Resui^ts From Mature Orchards. One of the following orchards can hardly be considered mature, since it is now only 10 years of age, but it is considered in Table IX, along with 24-year-old trees of experiment 338 because the experiments are of the same type and they thus admit of briefer treatment. These two experiments, 336 and 338, are what we have called "combination experiments" because they involve two distinct series of plots, — one on fertlizers and the other on cultural meth- ods. Only the latter series is considered in Table IX, and the treatments correspond with numbers IV, VII, and X of the general I I 83 plan shown in Figure I. No fertilization has been used on the present plots except once, in 191 1, when a commercial fertilizer analyzing about 6-10-6 was applied uniformly over all the treat- ments at the rate of about 600 pounds per acre. The results from these two experiments on the four characters of yield, growth, size and color, are as follows : TABLE IX.— INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS ON YIELD, GROWTH, SIZE AND COLOR IN APPLES. (Annual Yield per Acre and total growth increases, 1908-12, and average size and color, 1909-12.) Bxpt. Expt. Total Yield Inc. Inc. in Growtli Inc. 336 338 Yield* over Sod. tr. girth over Sod. bu. bu. bu. % in. % Covercrop, ..47.8 312.9 1 142.0 72.5 8.33 414 Mulch, . . . ....57.0 266.4 1030.2 55.6 7..10 239 Sod, ...23.1 190.2 662.4 • • • • 5.89 • • • • Av. Size Av. Size Aver. size Inc. Average Color Inc. in 336 in S38 Size over Sod. Color over TilUse oz. oz. OZ. % % % Covercrop, . .6.77 4.24 5.50 12.0 62.0 • • • • Mulch, ..6.48 4.06 5.27 7-3 69.9 12.7 Sod . . .6.01 3.82 4.91 • « . • 74.4 20.0 These results show greater benefits from the tillage and cover crop treatment than any of the experiments thus far considered. In every character except color this treatment here shows very decided gains over sod alone, and with one additional exception, it is also surpassing the mulch by considerable margins. To be more particular, as compared with sod, the cover crop trees are making 41% better growth, with 72% better yields, which amounts to more than 122 bushels per acre annualling in experiment 338, and the fruit is 12% larger. As against this, the sod fruit is 20% higher in color. Their gains and losses in comparison with the mulched trees are similar, but with smaller differences, and as usual in the younger orchard the mulched trees are again showing the better yields by about 10 bushels per acre annually. These results are likely to be considered much more "ortho- dox" than those in the three earlier experiments, because they are more nearly in line with much of the current opinion. The other results are more extensive, however, and are just as truly the re- sponses of the trees concerned. The exact effects and the relative values of cultural methods, therefore, as well as those of fertiliza- tion, are apparently very much influenced by local conditions. As already noted also, it is impossible in the present cases to determine how much of the credit is due to the covercrops and how much to the tillage. In view of the rather unfavorable results 84 from cover crops in the direct comparisons above, however, the present benefits can hardly be largely or positively credited to them without more definite evidence. Relative Commercial Quality of the Fruit.— Assuming that commercial quality in apples is largely dependent on the size and color of the fruit, it would seem to be almost a triple tie between the treatments here, since the gains in size are practically off-set by the losses in color and vice versa. If there is any advantage it is probably with the mulch, as its size seems to be satisfactory and Its color is distinctly higher than that of the cover crop fruit. On the same basis and assuming equal soundness and perfection, the mulched fruit in experiments 217-19 would doubtless be ranked first in commercial quality in about two-thirds of the cases, or in about six of the nine opportunities for comparison. The high average size generally shown by the mulched fruit, when the crops are not excessive is clear evidence of the excellent moisture-conserving ability of a good mulch and this has also been thoroughly demon- strated experimentally. Thoro and proper tillage will also conserve the moisture very satisfactorily, but its action on the color of the fruit is very similar to that of too much nitrogenous fertilizer, the result in either case being a gray and unsightly color instead of a rich red, which greatly detracts from its salable qualities. Other characters, however, such as full development in size, and a normal period of ripening, are also very important in securing the best dessert and keeping quali- ties, and where the tilled fruit can excel distinctly in these respects, it may often more than overcome its usual deficiencies in color. The keeping quality in this connection is obviously of sufficient importance to warrant definite and extensive tests of average fruit from the different treatments, but as yet the facilities have not been sufficient to get this accomplished. Results from the Fassett Orchard. This orchard is fully mature, since its age as shown in Table I is now 40 years. Its results therefore should be typical of orchards in the fully mature class. Our experiment here was started in 1907, and the treatments involved are those numbered IV to IX in the general plan stated in Figure I. The other treatments in this plan were omitted because of limitations in the experimental area avail- able. The results of the present treatment in respect to the four characters under consideration are shown in Tables X and XI. The yields are given for four years only, excluding the first two years instead of one in this case, so as to give the same number of full and off-years to each treatment. This is desirable in the pres- ent experiment because of the marked alternations in bearing in some of the plots, with their full crops not all coming on the same years. The trees here are set at the rate of 27 to the acre. 85 TABLE X.— INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS ON YIELD AND GROWTH, EXPT. 221. (Annual Yields per acre 1909-12; and the Average Growth 1907-12.) Average Yields, 4 years Growth, 6 years Treatments Tillage & Covercrop Sod Mulch Bu. Without Fertilization 345-9 Gain over Mulch, 23.1 Relative Gain 72% Rank, i With Manure, 382.5 Gain over lowest Relative Gain, Rank, 2 With Fertilizer, 372-5 Gain over lowest, Relative Gain, Rank, 2 Bu. 322.8 513.5 1310 34.2% I 438.9 66.4 17.8% I Tillage & Covercrop Sod Mulch In. 5-39 2.20 69.% I In. 3.19 6.72 2.46 57.7% I 4.26 6.06 1.90 45.6% I 4.16 TABLE XL— INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS ON SIZE & COLOR, EXPT. 221. (Average Weights and color of Fruit, 1907-12.) Expt. 221 Average Size Average Color Treatments Tillage & Covercrop Sod Mulch Without Ftlzn 4-79 oz. Gain over cover crop alone Rank, 2 With Manure, 5-45 oz. Gain over cover crop alone, 13.8 Rank, i With Fertuzr 5.16 oz. Gain over cover crop alone 7-7% Rank, 2 5.22 oz. 9.0% I 533 oz. 11.3% 2 5.37 oz. 12.1% I Tillage & Covercrop Sod Mulch % 68.0 79.9 1 1.9 I 65.9 — 2.1 2 72.6 4.6 I 68.9 0.9 2 73.1 7-5 I Taken as a whole, these results shov^r a rather marked dis- tribution of the honors, — neither method showing a uniform superiority over the other on all characters. The mulched fruit as usual is superior in color. It is also ahead in average size in two cases out of three, and its deficiency in the third is so slight that 86 its general superiority in color would probably entitle it to rank first thruout in commercial quality. On the other hand, we find that here, as in the other mature orchard, the trees receiving the tillage and cover crop treatment are making uniformly the largest growth. Whether or not this is also the best growth for trees of this age is less certain. There are some indications that the two plots receiving fertilization, in addition to the tillage and cover crops, are now making rather too much growth for best results in yield, which is naturally the important item in a mature orchard, and in it unnecessary growth is objectionable. In the absence of fertilization also, the cover cropped trees are excell- ing in yield, by about 23 bushels annually, and this margin would be materially increased if the yields for the entire period were in- cluded. This superiority is very decidedly reversed, however, when fertilization is added to both treatments. Under the latter con- ditions, the mulched trees are giving better annual returns than any combination involving tillage and cover crops that we have tested thus far. Their yields, also, have been much steadier than those in the following table, which shows the annual yields from 1907 to 1912, in bushels per plot of about an acre. TABLE XIL— INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS WITH FERTILIZATION ON STEADINESS OF YIELD. (Yields in bushels per acre annually, in Expt. 221.) Treatment 1907 1908 1909 1910 191 1 Averages I9i2lyast4ys. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. 215 493 526 621 413 513.5 145 493 216 612 188 382.S 199 409 560 370 416 438.9 122 639 118 573 161 372.5 Bu. Mulch & Manure 84 Covercrop & Manui e, 117 Mulch & Fertilizer, 38 Covercrop and Fertilizer,. ..129 In the presence of fertilization, the differences here between the mulched and tilled trees in steadiness of yield is very striking. The tilled trees on the one hand are showing a regular and distinct off-year, while those receiving the mulch have shown steady in- creases in yield up to about 600 bushels per acre, followed by a drop of only about 200 bushels. In the latter trees, the off-year has not yet been eliminated entirely, but its influence has been very greatly reducted. At the present time, the average deficit on the tilled and fertilized trees in this experiment is practically represented by the losses in their off-years. The fundamental cause of this difference is very important. Practically it seems that the chief difference in treatment lies in the fact that the tree roots are materially disturbed in one case and not in the other. Strange to say, this disturbance does not seem to have injured the growth, but it, or some other influence not yet recognized, has evidently reduced the yields very materially. The harmful effect on yield of too much pruning of tree tops is now 97 generally accepted, hence may it not be true that similarly harmful effects are associated with any material pruning of the roots? These and other relatively unfavorable results with the ordi- nary methods of orchard tillage suggest the advisability of shal- lower plowing over tree roots, — not deeper than four inches at the most, — and where the conditions permit, it would seem advisable to displace the plow entirely, either with a double-action disc or cutaway harrow, or with a mulch. Is Fertilization Most Effective on Tilled or Untilled Trees? Judging from the Fassett Experiment alone, one would answer this question positively in favor of the latter trees. In table X, for example, the addition of manure to the tillage and cover crop treat- ment has resulted in a gain of only 37.6 bushels per acre, while the corresponding gain from its addition to the mulch is 190.7 bushels or over 5 times the gain on the tilled trees. With fertilizers, sim- ilarly, the gains are 27.6 bushels on the tilled trees and 116.1 bushels on those receiving the mulch. Incidentally, the thinner mulch, under these larger trees, shows none of the interference with ferti- lization noted in the experiments of Table V. Similar inferences may be drawn from the large benefits ob- tained in our untilled fertilizer experiments in the Johnston and Brown orchards*, as compared with those in other experiments in- volving tillage, tho such comparisons are naturally much less direct and exact than those in the Fassett orchard. In Table V, however, with' the exception of manure on sod, we see better average gains in yield from fertilization in connec- tion with tillage, and this is especially marked in experiment 218. In Table VI, similar results are apparent in regard to growth, — the most striking gains from fertilization in this case, being shown by the tilled trees of experiment 219. The benefits from fertiliza- tion, therefore, are by no means confined to untilled trees, and in some cases its utilization is evidently better when accompanied by some cultivation. The exact conditions associated with these different kinds of response have not yet been determined, and this is one of the ques- tions intended for further study, by chemical and physical means, as soon as the necessary facilities are available. The Relative Importance of Fertilization. Thruout these experiments, and especially in the older or- chards, the importance of fertilization has been very apparent. In most of the results from Table V on, it will be observed that the addition of fertilization, either in manure or in commercial form, has largely neutralized the differences developed by the various cul- tural methods when used alone. In some cases also, it has even dis- 4 The fertilizer experiments in these orchards are discussed in our bulletins and Annual Reports on orchard fertilization. 88 tinctly reversed these differences. Similar, tho not exactly analo- gous data, bearing on the same general question, may be obtained from the Johnston experiment by comparing the yields produced on its cultural-method plots with those from certain of its plots re- ceiving fertilization. The figures resulting from this comparison are shown in Table XIII. As already noted in connection with Table IX, the cultural- rnethod plots in this experiment have received one uniform applica- tion of fertilizer, the application being made in 191 1. It has not yet influenced the yields very materially, with the possible excep- tion of the mulched trees in 191 2, but the annual differences for the three preceding years are also given, thus permitting any further comparisons that may be desired. The sod here is not very heavy, owing to the practically complete occupation of the ground by the trees. TABLE XIII.— RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL METHODS AND FERTILIZATION ON YIELD. (Annual Yields per acre, during four years, 1908-12, in Experiment 338.) Treatment An. Yields An. Gain An, Gains 3 yrs. without per acre over Sod Ftlzn. of the Cult. Methods Bu. Sod, 190.2 Sod Mulch, 266,4 Tillage & Cover Crop 312,9 Sod plus Phosphate and Potash 277.6 Sod plus Nitrogen and Phosphate 542.0 Sod plus Manure, 637.0 Bu. 76.2 122.7 Bu. 22. 100. 87.4 351.8 446.8 123. 451. 390. In the present table, it will be noted that sod alone has given a 4-year average yield of 190 bushels per acre. The addition of a mulch has raised the average by 76 bushels, and the substitution of tillage and cover crops has raised it still further, — to a gain of nearly 123 bushels per acre, which is the maximum gain obtained thus far in our experiments from the latter combination. In the latter half of the table, however, we find that the ad- dition of phosphate and potash to sod, without any cultivation, has resulted in an average gain of 87 bushels per acre, while the addi- tion of nitrogen and phosphates has given an increase of about 352 bushels, and manure now shows the enormous gain over sod alone of more than 446 bushels per acre annually. These latter in- creases are thus about 3 to 4 times as great as the best of those ob- tained from modifications in cultural methods alone. These and other results given above indicate that in many cases the character of the fertilization is of greater importance than the particular cultural method followed. This is not always true, however, and before doing any extensive fertilizing of orchards, we 89 always recommend a preliminary local test, on the general plan de- scribed in our recent reports and bulletins on this subject. Sim- ilarly, before making any radical changes in a cultural method, it is always advisable to give the proposed change a careful trial on a typical portion of the orchard, unless one already has undoubted evidence of the value of the change for his particular conditions. Question. — Was the alfalfa seeding done previous to or after planting ? Dr. Stewart. — It was done afterwards. Everything was done after the trees were planted. Question. — In your plowing, how deep do you plow? Dr. Stewart. — Not over four inches over tree roots. Anything more than that is undesirable. Question. — In using fertilizer and manure, how do the costs compare ? Dr. Stewart. — The fertilizer that we are using was com- pounded six years ago when we didn't know as much about fer- tilizing orchards as at the present time, otherwise I would have used a somewhat different fertilizer. The purpose of this series of experiments is to learn something. The fertilizer that we started out with will now cost about $12.80 an acre. This can be reduced to less than $10, however, without reducing efficiency, as already indicated. Question. — ^Would you advise putting a seven or ten year old orchard in Alfalfa? Dr. Stewart. — ^That is a question that you would better try out for yourself on a small portion of it first. When an orchard gets up to ten or twelve years the roots are getting pretty well out through the ground. You will find in an ordinary soil that the roots on a ten-year-old apple tree will extend about 15 feet from the tree. We are extending our mulch a little each year and thus are encroaching on the producing part of our Alfalfa plot and en- larging on the mulch part, but up to the present time the produc- ing part has easily kept ahead. Question. — What kind of Vetch do you use? Dr. Stewart. — Hairy Vetch. Question. — ^What season of the year do you have the best results in seeding? Dr. Stewart. — About the middle of July. "SSRSiT'dKr^ 90 Question. — Can you give any definite formula of a complete fertilizer ? Dr. Stewart. — Our fertilizer formula for bearing orchards is one that carries about 30 pounds of actual nitrogen, 50 pounds of phosphoric acid and 25 to 50 pounds of actual potash. I carry about half of the nitrogen in nitrate of soda and the other half in blood, thus getting a quick effect from the nitrate portion early in the season and the blood prolongs the action through the rest of the season. The above amount of nitrogen is carried in 100 pounds of nitrate of soda and 150 of blood. To carry the phos- phoric acid, one can use 350 pounds of acid phosphate or about 200 pounds of steamed bone meal or 300 pounds of basic slag. We started work last year in several places to find out whether Basic Slag is a better carrier of phosphorus than acid phosphate or "floats." Don't put this general fertilizer on too early. Don't put it on before the petals have fallen; that will enable you to vary the ap- plication somewhat in proportion to the size of the crop of fruit set. Fertilizers are applied for the next year's crop. Hence if the immediate set of fruit be small, put on a light application. If it is heavy, make the application heavier. Question. — Is this the formula for an acre? Dr. Stewart. — Those are amounts per acre for bearing trees, where practically all the ground is to be covered. For young trees I would reduce those amounts approximately in proportion to the area covered. In other words, if I covered only half the soil, I would use only half these amounts. We put it on broadcast. PLANTING AND PRUNING OF YOUNG TREES. By Samuel Fraser, Geneseo, N. Y, The first question is to get your tree. What are you going to buy — a one or a two year old ? You can buy a one year old bud or a two year old graft, the roots of both are of the same age; a two year old bud or a three year root graft, which are alike in age of root. This is the extent of commercial trees. Some men want an older tree but such men are not commercial men. Most of the commercial fruit growers of recent years are using one year buds, or two year grafts, getting as large a tree as they can. Those who take a two year old bud, get a tree standing five to six feet. Trees are measured from the bud to the tip. You can buy them by caliper and height. Varieties will vary in height and caliper according to their individuality. A strong grower like Northern Spy will give you a bigger tree than the Duchess or Twenty Ounce. A ^ inch tree of Twenty Ounce is as big a tree as a % inch of Spy. If the trees are budded or worked from the nursery row they will grow larger than if they are budded from bearing trees. Some 1 91 men are working from bearing trees and under such conditions a ^ inch is just as big as a ^ inch from nursery stock. The same is true of peaches. The nurseryman goes into a nursery row and he will take a branch of this one or that and he will use such for bud- ding or grafting. Decide on your tree ; buy what you want and know what you want and pay a decent price for it. You can get trees for six cents if you wish them, but if you buy Jonathan and Mcintosh and you find they are all Ben Davis when they begin to bear, and you had beaten the man down to the lowest price, don't squeal. You went to skin and you got skinned. If you are looking out for a gold brick you will get it if you go after it. A lot has been said about top working. I did it and I got my lesson. We got good trees, and we tried different ways of working, but the principle is bad. The question was asked, "How about Grimes Golden?" Per- sonally, I may be wrong, on this, but I feel that if a variety has to be coddled I would drop it. We have found in New York with the Twenty Ounce the same trouble you have with Grimes Golden ; also that if we would watch the borers and the mice and the canker — taking care to clean and cut out the latter as soon as it started and tar the wound — and a great many men are going after it, — that we could hold this trouble in check. In this way we can grow Twenty Ounce on its own trunk. Dig a hole just as small as you can. Jam that tree right down and get it sighted. Some of the men have been digging their holes leaving the stakes in and just hollowing out a little near the stake then pushing the tree right up against the stakes. If you have level land and you can mark out with the plow, all right, if you have hilly or rolling or stony land then you have to stake the whole busi- ness. As you dig the holes, dig four and leave one stake, so there will be blocks with 16 holes 4 by 4 surrounded by stakes. Don't take all the stakes out. Leave one stake each way. Hold the tree down to just a little above the bud to allow for settling so that the soil will be a little above the bud. We take two men to fill and straighten up the holes, while one man is mounding and tramping it down tight. Tramping is the one important thing, the tree must be tramped right, and I don't care how tight, for the soil water will not pass into the roots until they are in contact with the soil. Pack the soil as tight as you can. In some places where dynamite has been used, it has left a cavity below ground which may have been full of water in spring, but as the season progresses it dries out and the soil and tree settle. If you are going to dynamite, do it six months before and let the soil settle. A man asked me about dynamiting—I advised him not to, but when a man gets the idea that he is going to use it anyway, you can't stop him. If you have a lot of money you don't know what to do with — some men have money they would like to blow up some way — take it and blow it in somewhere and have a good time. About the top — I like the tree low headed. I prefer three or four limbs. If you begin number one at eighteen inches from the ground then you would go up to two feet for number 2 and then 92 two feet six inches or two feet eight inches for number 3. If you leave four limbs at the top, all coming from one spot just as soon as they bear heavily, if the tree is a Spy or some other brittle wooded variety down go the limbs, especially if you take the center out. If you left the center in probably it would hold together. It is much better to try and distribute the limbs well on the trunk. Shall we leave an open head ? It depends on the condition of the soil and the variety of fruit. Shall we leave the center in? In a variety like Rhode Island Greening, we want to keep our fruit as green as we can, and would leave the center in. We should do the same with Wealthy, but in a variety like Spy, where we need all the color we can get, we would take the center out and make an open-headed tree, taking good care to space the limbs well all the way up. The question was asked, "What limbs shall be take off?" Take off everything you don't want, but don't cut off the ends of the branches you leave. If you decide you want four, then I should take off everything else, but would not cut the tip back unless it were dead. The terminal bud will go into growth ten days earlier than those at the base of the twig. You want the trees to go into growth as early as possible and do everything you can to make the tree grow rapidly the first year. Cutting back to three or four buds is poor business. Question.— How about the top if you left the center in and you wanted to stimulate branch growing? Mr. Frascr.— It might be cut back to stimulate branch pro- duction. If I had all the limbs I wanted and it was to be a variety to be cut out, I would cut it out. If I had not all then I would leave it in. Question.— Would cutting the top back have a tendency to force outside branches? Mr. Fraser. — It would, and I would do it in order to force them out. NS tree. Question. — Would it throw out limbs to balance up your Mr. Fraser.— It probably would. I would leave enough limbs on a while to make the tree grow as quickly as possible. Question. — ^Would you cut the top above a bud? Mr. Fraser. — Somewhere quite close to a bud. Question.— Is there any difference in the direction that bud points ? Mr. Fraser.— No, often it will die back to the next one. r 93 Question.— Would it make any difference which direction that next bud comes? Mr. Fraser.— It might. If the tree had any good, strong limbs I would try and put the lowest limb in the direction of the pre- vailing wind. If you have any strong wind, put the lowest limb in that direction if you can. Question.— Explain what disadvantage there seems to be in top working. Mr. Fraser.— There are so many :— the FIRST is, you lose a lot of time and years of growth ; SECOND, it takes a lot of time and makes a lot of future work ; THIRD, it will often take you three years to get them all worked, and FOURTH, you set the tree back So you have lost three years and your tree won't bear as quickly as a tree handled in the ordinary way. You have a worse shaped tree and you have a lot of work to correct it. This tree will come into bearing quicker than handled in any other way; if let alone it will not give you nearly as much work in the future. We want to do as little pruning as possible. I would not touch that tree until it comes into bearing. It may look thick but when it comes to bear, three or four of those branches will pull down and you can get it in much better shape later. Question.- If perchance I buy a Stayman Winesap and then finally when it comes to bear it was found to be Ben Davis, would you advise top-working? Mr. Fraser.— If when I bought them I couldn't tell the dif- ference I would hire a man to come with me. , . , A young friend of mine started a ten-acre orchard, and grew it until it was five years old, he then began top-work, working away until the trees were nine years old and then pulled them out and started over again. Question.— Didn't you get more growth by cutting the cross limbs out between the first and second year ? Mr. Fraser.- You can take a little out. Question.— Don't you advise taking out the limbs that you know are in the road, when they are young? Mr. Fraser.- If you are sure they are going right across, I have no objections, otherwise I am not particular until they bear. It is a matter of thinning. Question.— You said, make the hole as small as possible. Would you squeeze those roots together to get them into a small hole? 94 T^ Mj- fraser.--Yes sir, I mean that. Why do you di^ a hole? To put the tree in. Why dig a bigger hole ? You want a hole just big enough that you can get in to tramp the soil Zht If the end of that root curls a little bit it doesn't matter. ^ Question.— After you have that one year old tree planted during the summer there will be numerousSide branches would you go over that tree and take them out? ^^^n^nes, wouw Mr Fraser.—No, when the side branches start, let them all come and pick them out the next year. We always put a^ire f^unt oT th'"^- ^' ^"^ -J^ " ^3 wire cloth, nurS%r OnTc! count of the cover crop, if you don't have the guard on in Seo- ember he mice get about the tree. Any time thf cover crop is bL they will work, so we put guards on. It costs aV, cents each and we figure they will last five years before they witl be too small. Question— Do you never cut back Yellow Transparent? bear.^'^* Fraser.-No, we have not cut them back. We let them Question.— How old a commercial orchard have you? est hfndle^X"-^^^^^ '^^" ^^""^ '^^'^ '^ '^^V' My old- Question.— Bearing ? Mr. Fraser. — Bearing some. Question.— What is the percentage loss. ... ^^'.^^^^V^^T^^^^ percentage loss depends upon the wav thev are panted We planted quite a few and our losses hrve been very low. We have had as low as ten trees out of 2 ooo If the fhowTo" ""' '' ''"' '"' ''' ^'^ P^^- I -" be 'lighted to . In all this work I am like the Railroad Time Table I am sub i^l ^"^ '^\"^' ^^'^°"* "°^^^^- J"st as soon as you P^nnsXanb take it'% °'' "^^ T '^^?^ '^^' '' ^ ^^"^^ b^«^^ than I have I wS take It. I was in the unfortunate position of being instructor n one of our institutions for some years, and I had an dd gentler^a^ ^d I said ' Mr' 'aT ^""^r ^' L-"^ I^I-d, call on m^one day "Nn " Z' -^^ ^"^"' won't you tell these students something?" No, he said "you go on with your talk," so at the end of the period I said, "Mr. Allen, tell us something," so he came up and he said "Boys and girls, I have listened to Fraser I X't believe he would willingly tell you a lie, but don't belTeve him" So Jo home and see if it is all right, if it is, take it,7f not, l^ve it abn^' 95 Question. — In digging a hole for a tree, how big a circumfer- ence do you need for the roots? Mr. Fraser. — ^Just as small as I can get it in and get it pounded m. Question. — ^Would you advise having your heaviest limbs to the west? Mr. Fraser. — Wherever your prevailing wind is. Question. — Wouldn't you be careful to have some of the roots against the prevailing wind? Mr. Fraser. — ^You can't always do it. Question. — Do you notice in that one tree that two of those limbs are pretty close together, you would probably take one of them out? Mr. Fraser. — Although being opposite they would not be quite as objectionable. I would like from six to ten inches, between these. I receive a number of questions in regard to this. Not one man out of 100 knows what he is going to do when he gets a tree. Question. — We would like to know something of how you do in the way of pruning after your trees are at a bearing age, do you prune or not? Mr. Fraser. — Sure we prune. Question. — When do you prune? Mr. Fraser. — We prune now, any time now, and we have done some pruning in the summer. We will prune any time the saw is sharp until the fruit is well set. In July when the suckers are started we stub them back. The pruning has been distributed any time up until June. We try to do the heavy pruning when the tree is loaded with fruit buds. The thinning is the important thing to keep it bearing and we have done more thinning this year and we are going to do more as time goes on. That is the important thing in keeping them bearing regularly. Question. — ^Which size or age of a tree would you prefer planting? Mr. Fraser. — If the man is a yearling man, the yearling is the tree to plant; if he is a man that is going to neglect them he had better take a two year old tree. The yearling tree needs more care. If he is going to plant them in a lot and they have to fight 96 with oats and wheat and the hired man and the cow and other things, he had better take a two-year old. Question.— -What influence would heavy pruning have on the bearing of trees ? Mr. Fraser. — We do our heavy pruning the year the tree is going to bear the heaviest. Question. — What do you claim is the result? Mr. Fraser. — It tends to keep the crop more uniform. Question.— How did you get your Baldwin trees to bear so early ? Mr. Fraser.— By leaving them alone. We have men who have been shaping their Spy trees for twenty years, they have been shaping those trees just to get a nice tree and they never got an apple. We have other men who have left their trees alone and they have picked a barrel at seven. The men who are doing the latter are growing apples, the other gentleman has a tree as an orna- ment. It depends on what you want your trees for. If you want them for a living, get apples. If you want them for ornaments, all right. Question.— When they are three to five would you cut them back ? Mr. Fraser.— It depends if there is any wood there that oueht to come out. Question.— A tree that is two or three years old, a Stayman Winesap that threw out laterals, would you leave them on? Mr. Fraser.- 1 would let them alone. Question.— Do you prune when the wood is frozen? Mr. Fraser.— We prune any time that I want to stay out. Question.— Give us an idea in regard to propagating from the nursery row and also from bearing trees. Mr. Fraser.— We have been trying to propagate from indi- vidual trees and my personal opinion has been that we will get some results that will show as time goes on. We have an orchard set and after ten or fifteen years we will give some data that will amount to something or nothing. Question.— -Are any of those coming into bearing yet? 97 Mr. Fraser. — ^Yes, some of them four years planted are bear- ing and they are reproducing the trees they were taken from. Trees taken from bearing trees are bearing earlier than those from the nursery row. Question. — Isn't it a fact where you don't cut back and get a good stocky head, you get those long straggling limbs and you have to have a lot of props to hold up your limbs. Mr. Fraser. — You won't where the tree goes into bearing early, because it begins to carry fruit and it stiffens. Question. — How would you do in planting a two year sour cherry ? Mr. Fraser. — I would like to have it headed low, if I were planting it. Just let it start with three or four limbs and let it go. Question. — You don't seem to favor dynamiting? I know of trees which have been planted after dynamiting, which grew better than the other way. Mr. Fraser. — I can't tell you anything about that. If they are better I would continue. Question. — How would you branch a peach tree? Mr. Fraser. — After it had grown a year, let three oi* four limbs come out. Question. — Would you cut the ends of the limbs off? Mr. Fraser. — Not if they were well spread. If they were close and had a number of branches I would cut the top back to a place where a limb was coming outward. Question. — Wouldn't you rather use water in settling the ground than tramping it ? Mr. Fraser. — The only trouble is, that we start out to plant 20,000 in a plot and it would take an awful lot of water. Question. — Suppose you had some grade, I mean not per- fectly level, wouldn't it be well for you to shape that ground so that you get water to it? When we plant trees on ground that is not perfectly level, say we have a grade of five degrees, we take the bottom ground out and we draw a V near the tree to draw the water to the tree. Mr. Fraser. — We don't have the water on the surface with us. 98 Howard A. Chase. — I have heard so many new things that I cannot remain silent. The first point that caught my attention was the statement, as a matter of fact, that trees propagated from buds cut from bearing trees do not make as good growth in the nursery as the same variety where the buds were cut from nursery grown trees. My experience is largely the reverse of that— though I would state that the buds from bearing trees were cut from com- paratively young and vigorous trees, trees that were well cultivated, but trees that were at the same time bearing fruit — the results from buds from bearing trees, that were producing the best type of that variety, are giving us much better orchard results than trees grown from buds cut miscellaneously from the branches of nursery trees. Our friend has no use for top-grafting trees. I will grant you that if you can get a satisfactory variety propagated at a nur- sery, it is better to do so, yet I have in mind one block of about 500 apple trees that were planted, knowing that they were to be top- worked. Those trees were budded in the limbs, the variety Smoke House and Vandevere, and I want to see no finer lot of trees than those. In response to the gentleman on the right here, who asked, — "if you planted an orchard of Winesaps and found they were some worthless variety, what would you do?" I don't suppose there is a man in this room who has planted an orchard but what when they came into bearing, he has found that he has made a mistake in some of the varieties planted. It is the simplest thing for a man to top-graft these in their limbs and establish a new head and get the variety that he wants. There are thousands of such top-grafted trees in Pennsylvania that are yielding good re- sults. Then as to the question of dynamiting. I am not a dynamite manufacturer or agent, but dynamite in many cases is no't to be deprecated. If you have a hard clay subsoil, use dynamite; but if you have a soil where the wood-chucks can go down, do not use dynamite. Another thing you will find if you have experimented, and if you have not, try it, that the tree that the first season after trans- plantmg has made the greatest growth at the top has made the slightest growth at the root. Obversely, the tree that has simply lived making only a slight top growth, has diverted its strength in the root, and my practice has been to prune a tree substantial as this one has been pruned. If it does not make much of a growth the first season, I know what it has been doing at the root. Know- ing what it has done at the root, I cut the limbs back so as to force a new growth the second season. Here Mr. Chase showed how he would cut back the main roots of the tree at time of planting, cutting from the under side, so as to make them really bracing. In no case planting without thus cutting them back. 99 THE ECONOMICS OF ORCHARD RECLAMATION. Prof. C. G. Woodbury, Chief m Horticulture, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, This paper presents a detailed statement of the cost and the returns in a number of Indiana apple orchards. The figures have been collected during the past two years in connection with the demonstration orchard projects of the Purdue University Depart- ment of Horticulture. Eight of these orchards are managed in different sections of the state in accordance with detailed direction furnished by the Department. The demonstration orchard work is carried on with two main objects in view, — to furnish permanent centers of interest and all the year round object lessons in good orchard management in communities where the development of fruit growing may properly be encouraged, and to study at first hand, through orchards owned and operated by farmers, and through detailed cost records of every operation, the economics of apple growing. The work is of a thoroughly practical nature in its plan of organization and in operation. It is experimental only in an indirect sense. The data are offered here in current and unfinished condition. I offer no conclusions and make no generalizations at this time. The subject is an interesting one to all fruit growers, whether actual or prospective. The information in regard to the actual costs of pruning, spraying, cultivation and harvesting is not very plentiful. It is only here and there in widely separate localities that fairly com- plete and detailed records have been kept of the actual cost of doing things. In scattered articles in the horticultural press, fragmentary records appear occasionally that are valuable so far as they go. But most of the figures on costs have been estimates. Whatever value may attach to the records here presented comes from the fact that they are not estimates nor guesses but are records of real occurrences and so far as they go are actual and accurate. It should be made clear that the results are not ideal results. The work in the orchards was not done by experts from the staff of the Department, but by the owners. In such case the owners signed an agreement to follow the directions of the Department, to do such work at such times as the Department might direct, to procure such tools, materials, and spray outfits as might be specified and to keep full and accurately such cost records as might be re- quired. The plan adopted after the first year's trial was a form of monthly report blanks, samples of which are included herewith. In no case was an orchard taken as a demonstration project which was already profitable. Some had been neglected for years. Some had been cropped, some pastured. In some cases attempts had been made to spray but owing to poor equipment and ignorance, the efforts to protect the apples from insects and disease and produce profitable crops had been unsuccessful. A possible exception to the above condition is found in the Ft. Wayne orchard which had ICX) been producing crops claimed to be fairly good. The improvement in the performance of this orchard which is admitted by those in charge justifies a strong inference however, that the previous crops were not of extra quality. The owners of the orchards then can- not be called skilled or experienced fruit growers. They had been members of the large class of intelligent farmers who wish to make their orchards profitable but fail through a failure to realize just what work is necessary to properly care for an orchard and just how and when it must be done. The details of this work for our Department are in charge of Mr. M. W. Richards, a member of the staff, and whatever success has been attained by the owners of the orchards are due very largely to his painstaking and expert at- tention. Enough visits are made to each orchard each season to ensure a thorough understanding of the Departments' instruction by the owners. A day or two may be spent in a new orchard in the late winter in getting the pruning work properly started. When it is apparent that the owner understands what needs to be done and has developed enough judgment to go ahead by himself, he does so. Similar visits are made when it is time to do any particular spray- ing, or when the cultivation seems to lag or when the cover crop should be put in. A check plot is left in each orchard in the same condition as as when the treatment started on the balance of the orchard. The proportion between the percentage of sound fruit on the check plot and on the balance of the orchard furnishes an approximate measure of the efificiency of the spraying. This measure is, as I say, only approximate. Samples for counting are made by the random sample method and usually consists of about a thousand apples of a variety from various trees in the sprayed and unsprayed section of the orchard which seem to oflFer typical and representa- tive conditions. The counts are not made by the owners but all data of this kind are taken by persons directly in the employ of the Department. The orchards are of varying size and mostly small. Usually what is known as the "Purdue plot" is only a fraction of the whole orchard ; sometimes it consists of only a few trees. The treatment followed on the Purdue plot is usually followed also on the balance of the orchard but the owner's obligation to exactness in record keeping is confined to the restricted area. It should be borne in mind then that in several cases where records are given for a few trees, those records are only an index of what took place on the balance of the orchard. ^ With these explanations in mind, let us proceed to an examin- ation of the records for 191 1 and for such of the data of 1912 as have been compiled. For conyenience, the various orchards will be designated as they are in our office by the name of the town near which they are located. WORTHINGTON DEMONSTRATION ORCHARD. This orchard is located near Worthington in southern Indiana on the farm of Byron Record. It is ten acres in extent. The lOI varieties are mostly standard sorts and consist of Arkansas, White Pippin, Clayton, Stark, Winesap, Rome, Grimes and Ben Davis. The orchard had never been sprayed, pruned or cultivated since setting and is about eighteen years old. The trees were healthy and vigorous and the location of the orchard good. They had never produced a satisfactory crop. Four sprayings were applied, —April 17, May 2, May 29 and June 25. Home-made lime-sulphur and lead arsenate were used each time and the spraying was all done with a Morrill and Morley, No. 6, Eclipse pump. The spray- ing results were as follows: Grimes Golden Sprayed Unsprayed Codling Moth, 1.3% S. % Curculio. .^ o- ^^ Scab, S% 10- ^ Blotch, 22.3% 30. % Rots - 25. % Sound, 75.7% 11.1% Ben Davis Codling Moth 67% 14.8 ^« Curculio, 31% 9.3% Scab, .! 3.1% 20. % Blotch 47.82' 55.7% Rots 11.7% Sound, 37.6% White Pippin Codling Moth 4.1% 27.2% Curculio 6.6% 26.8% Scab, 174% 23.2% Blotch 18.5% 23.2% Rots 131% Of Sound, 45.2% I- ^^ Sprayed — 162 apples per bu. Unsprayed— 169 apples per bu. Arkansas Black Sprayed Unsprayed Sound 45.5% ^V3% Unsound, 544% ^7 ^^ Clayton Codling Moth, I. % Curculio, Scab, 6.8% Blotch, 70-6% Rots, _^ Sound, 21.5% ' '42% Stark : Sound, 77% -45% Blotch responsible for poor results. Winesap Sprayed Unsprayed Codling Moth, 4% No Scab, 1.2% Check Curculio, 1.9% - Trees Blotch, 2.3% Rots 34% Sound, 78.3% 102 Rome Beauty Codling Moth, 1.2% CurcuHo, 4% Scab, 54.8% Blotch, 19-4% Rots, 6.1% Sound, i&2% No Check Trees From the above results it can be seen that the lime-sulphur solution at i degree Baume was not very effective in the control of the blotch. Labor Report. The Purdue plot was cultivated and kept in fine condition throughout the entire season. The cover crop of cow-peas and oats was planted in July and made a fine growth. Plowing Man — 8 hrs. @ isc $1.20 Team — 8 hrs. @ 20c 1.60 Pruning Man— 48 hrs. @ 15c. Spraying Man — 96 hrs. @ isc. . Team — 32 hrs. @ 20c. .$7.20 .$14.40 . 6.40 Total Labor, Material Report Lime-sulphur — 37}^ gal. Arsenate of lead — 42 lb. Cover crop — cowpeas, . Cultivating Man — 22 hrs, Team — ^22 hrs. Hauling Brush Man — 8 hrs. ( Team — 8 hrs. Cover Crop Man — 16 hrs. ( Team— 8 hrs. ( Harvest Man — 116 hrs. Team — ^56 hrs. ISC. 20c. $3.30 . 4.40 ISC. 20C. .$1.20 . 1.60 ISC $2.40 20C ^ 1.60 } ISC $1740 } 20c 11.20 ...$73.90 IOC. IOC. .$3.75 . 4.20 . 5.50 Total material $I3.4S Total Expenditure, $87.33 Yield Record. From the 1.3 acre Purdue plot 530 bushels were harvested. At a fair price of 75c per bushel, these apples would be worth $397-50- 'The total cost of producing this crop was $87.35. At this rate a net profit of $310.15 was realized from a 1.3 acre plot or $238.57 per acre. Mr. Record, however, got frightened at the size of his crop and the slowness of the buyers, so sold out to the first bidders, for $1.00 per hundred pounds. This made his total receipts from the Purdue plot $265.00. This, minus the cost of production leaves him an actual net profit of $177.65 or $136.65 per acre. GUILFORD DEMONSTRATION ORCHARD. The Guilford demonstration orchard is located on the farm of W. F. Ward, one mile north of Guilford. Mr. Ward is a fruit grower and trucker who supplies the Lawrenceburg and Aurora city markets. His orchard is small and his whole place very closely 103 olanted It is located on top of one of the high Dearborn county hills The soil is especially adapted to the apple and fine specimens are produced in this orchard. Mr. Ward is a busy man and he does not keep the Purdue plot quite as we would like to have it. He has a neighbor whose unsprayed peach orchard adjoins the Purdue plot This makes it almost impossible to hold the curculio in check. The spraying has been done in a thorough fashion, yet the re- sults are far from satisfactory. Mr. Ward has a new double action pump —a Gould Monarch. This outfit develops sufficient pressure and maintains it easily. Toledo Rex lime-sulphur and lead were A very thorough winter spray was applied. Mr. Ward sprayed from every angle and completely covered the trees. The first sum- mer spray was applied April 20, 191 1, the second May 14, the third Tune 2, and the fourth the latter part of June. At the time of the first spraying some of the trees did not have a very heavy set of fruit Mr. Ward skipped these trees. Later in the season all of these trees which were skipped showed a marked scab infestation. The material was put on under a good pressure and very systematically, yet the results were not such as were desired. Rome Beauty Sprayed Unsprayed Codling Moth, 14.% 74-^ Curculio, 50.4% 89.% Scab 11.3% 40.% Blotch (sooty) I74% 8i.S7« Rots 45-32« 84.8% 28.3% 73-6% Stark „ ^ Codling Moth, 8.2% Curculio 52.7% Scab 24. % Blotch (sooty) 27.7% Rots, Mr. Ward did not realize the importance of thorough culti- vation. He started his cultivation all right but when work got pressing, he neglected it and left the ground harden up. Later in the season the soil was again broken up and the cover crop planted. The cover crop made a good growth and will furnish ample or- ganic matter to be turned under in the spring. Labor Report. Plowing Cultivation Man— 15 hrs. @ iSc $2.25 Man— 17^ ^ hrs. @ iSc $2.63 Team— IS hrs. @ 20c 3.00 Team— I7J4 hrs. @ 20c 350 Pruning Man — 24 hrs. @ iSc. .$3.60 Spraying Man— IS9 hrs. @ iSc $2385 Team— 7454 hrs. @ 20c 14.90 Cover Crop Man— 6 hrs. @ isc $ .90 Team — 6 hrs. @ 20c 1.20 Fertilizers Man— 20 hrs. @ iSc Team— 20 hrs. @ 20c. .$3.00 . 4.00 Total labor, Harvest Man— so hrs. @ 15c. $70.30 .$7.50 104 Material Report Lime-sulphur — yoj/^ gal. Arsenate of lead— 42 lbs iSyic $13.00 9c 3.80 Cowpeas, 7 ne Manure, p.oo Total material, $33-75 Total expenditures, $104.05 A crop of 2291^ bushels was harvested from the Purdue plot. Mr. Ward sold this fruit for $225.95 on the local market. The net profit from the 140 sprayed trees was $121.90. Better results can and should have been obtained here. The fact that Mr. Ward has no control over the adjoining orchard makes it doubly hard to control the pests. A very light crop was grown and Mr. Ward marketed in a very efficient manner. FORT WAYNE DEMONSTRATION ORCHARD. r ,'^^^-^ort Wayne demonstration orchard is located on the farm of the Indiana State School for Feeble Minded Youth. The Purdue plot is about two acres in extent and consists of the following varieties :— Ben Davis, Jonathan, N. W. Greening, and Canada Red 1 his orchard when taken was set to peach fillers. These had been left in too long and had affected the growth of the apple trees. 1 he fillers were at once removed. The spraying done in this orchard was under the direction of a very competent man. A Field traction power feature gave very poor satisfaction so a hand sweep was put on the pump and ma- nipulated by four of the home inmates. A presure of 130-150 lbs was easily maintained. Grasselli lead and lime-sulphur were used* The hme-sulphur tested 33 degrees and was diluted at the rate of i>4-50- Two pounds of lead were added to every 50 gallons of spray. One winter spray was applied in March. Scalecide was used at this time. The first summer spray was applied May 2 the second May 17, the third June 3 and the fourth the latter part of June. Thorough work was done in applying the spray here One man worked in the tower and the other on the ground. Spraying. Date M&tcrial Cost Labor Man Team Cost Total March Scalecide, 12 @ soc... . .$6.00 18 hr. 20 hr. 6hr. $3.90 $9.90 May !*-sulphur, lead 0 @ i6c; 18 @ 8Hc.. .. 3-13 10 hr. 5.00 8.13 June 0r^ L-sulphur, lead I @ i6c; 16 @ 8Hc .. .. 312 30 hr. 10 hr. 6.50 9.62 Total Spraying Cost, $27.65 "HoMi: HaMI'Kk" J'lIJ.KKS. Courtesy L. I. Agronomist. 104 Material Report Lime-sulphur— 7oJ^ gal. @ i8Hc $13.00 Arsenate of lead— 42 lbs. @ 9c 3 80 Cowpeas, ygr Minure, 9.00 Total material, $33-75 Total expenditures $104.05 A crop of 229>4 bushels was harvested from the Purdue plot Mr. Ward sold this fruit for $225.95 on the local market. The net profit from the 140 sprayed trees was $121.90. Better results can and should have been obtained here. The fact that Mr. Ward has no control over the adjoining orchard makes it doubly hard to control the pests. A very light crop was grown and Mr. Ward marketed in a very efficient manner. FORT WAYNE DEMONSTRATION ORCHARD. The Fort Wayne demonstration orchard is located on the farm of the Indiana State School for Feeble Minded Youth. The Purdue plot IS about two acres in extent and consists of the following varieties :— Ben Davis, Jonathan, N. W. Greening, and Canada Red. I his orchard when taken was set to peach fillers. These had been left in too long and had affected the growth of the apple trees. 1 he fillers were at once removed. The spraying done in this orchard was under the direction of a very competent man. A Field traction power feature gave very poor satisfaction so a hand sweep was put on the pump and ma- nipulated by four of the home inmates. A presure of 130-150 lbs was easily maintained. Grasselli lead and lime-sulphur were used' The lime-sulphur tested 33 degrees and was diluted at the rate of 1/2-50. Two pounds of lead were added to every 50 gallons of spray. One winter spray was applied in March. Scalecide was used at this time. The first summer spray was applied May 2 the second May 17, the third June 3 and the fourth the latter part of June. Thorough work was done in applying the spray here One man worked in the tower and the other on the ground. Spraying. Date M?-teriaI Cost Labor Man Team Cost Total March Scalecide, 12 @ 50c ..$6.00 18 hr. 6hr. $3.90 $9.90 May !y-sulphur, lead 0 @ i6c; 18 @ 81/20.. •• 313 20 hr. 10 hr. 5.00 8.13 June L-sulphur, lead I ^ i6c ; 16 (l INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE 105 Unsprayed 26. % 11.8% 17.4% 44-1% 21.7% 7.&/0 35-8% Results. Ben Davis Sprayed Codling Moth, .8^ Curculio, !• ^ Scab - Blotch (sooty), Rots, Jonathan Codling Moth, 2^ Curculio, 9.1% Scab 2.3% Blotch (sooty), Rots, Check trees bore lighter crops than sprayed trees. The fruit in the sprayed and cultivated area was much larger but on better colored than that on check plot. Cultivation in this orchard was not what it should have been. A rye cover crop had been planted in the fall of 1910 and had made a fine growth. It was almost impossible to get the manager to turn this crop under. The forepart of June this was done and the orchard well cultivated until July when a cover crop of cow peas and oats was sown. This crop has made a very good growth. Labor Report. Plowing Cultivating Man— 16 hrs. @ 15c $2.40 Man— 10 hrs. Team — 16 hrs. @ 20c 3-20 Team — 10 hrs. ISC. 20c. .$1.50 . 2.00 Hauling Brush Man — 38 hrs. @ iSc. Team— 8 hrs. @ 20c. .$5.70 . 1.60 Digging Peach Fillers Man— 48 hrs. @ 15c. .$7.20 Sorting Fruit Man — ID hrs. @ 150. .$1.50 Planting Cover Crop Man — 3 hrs. @ iSc. Team — ^3 hrs. @ 20c. .$ 45 . .60 Spraying Man— 68 hrs. @ iSc. Team — 26 hrs. @ 20c. Harvesting Man— 61 hrs. @ 15c.. .$10.20 . 5^ .$9.15 Total Labor, $50.70 Material Report. Lime-sulphur- 21 gal. @ i6c $3-36 Arsenate of lead— 34 lbs @ 8j^c 2.89 Scalecide — 12 gal. @ 50c 6.00 Cowpeas and oats — 4 bu 5-oo Total material, $^7-25^^ Total expense, $07.9£ Harvest Report. A total of 425 bushels was taken from the Purdue plot. This fruit was not sold but was used at the hoke. It was worth $1.00 per bushel in the local market. Fruit from this farm won $236.00 io6 worth of prizes at the 191 1 Apple Show, grand sweepstakes and two Sliver cups. Placing a valuation of $1.00 per bushel on the fruit, the profits from this plot would be : Crop value, $425.00 Cost of production, 67.95 P''^^*' $357-05 This is about $357.05 net profit on about two acres. LOGANSPORT DEMONSTRATION ORCHARD. The Logansport demonstration orchard is located at Longcliff the Northern Hospital for the Insane. It consists of about three acres of the best trees of the Longcliff orchard and has a great number of varieties. This orchard has always recieved consider- able care but the work has been poorly directed. They have never yet received a paying crop. It is poorly located both from the stand- point of air and water drainage. The soil is sadly depleted and needs food. Work started out with the application of 600 pounds of 4-8-10 fertilizer to the acre. This fertilizer was made up of Na NO3 acid phosphate, steamed bone and K2SO4. The land was then thorough- ly plowed and fitted. The pruning work this season was not severe as the trees had been cut too much in the past. The spraying heretofore had been done in a haphazard way, the majority of it being done at the wrong time. This season the orchard was spray- ed with hme-sulphur, Grasselli material being used. It tested 33° Baume and was so diluted as to test 1° Baume when used. Two pounds of arsenate of lead was added to each 50 gallons of this I Baume solution. The first spray was applied May 3, the second May 16, the third June 6 and the fourth the latter part of Tune The material was applied thoroughly. A Pomona pump was used and angled Friend" nozzles. Only one lead of hose was used. Ine results obtained were very gratifying. Codling Moth, 5% ^^ sy'..:;-.:;;;;::;:;:;;::::;- '* "" ^^^^^ No. counted, 394 ^ No. sound, 369 ^^ Per cent, sound, 93.6 ?2 Rome Beauty Codling Moth, 2.4% .g gcf, The cultivation here was ideal. The ground was broken the first thing in the spring and put in splendid tilth. It was kept in this condition until the forepart of July when the cover crop was 107 planted. Cow peas and oats were used. The oats failed but the cow peas more than covered the ground. Comparative Sizes of Fruit from Cultivated and Uncultivated Plots, No. of apples Average measured size Cultivated and fertilized plot 21 2.9 in. diameter Uncultivated and unfertilized plot 21 2.4 in. diameter Not an undue amount of labor was expended on this place: — Labor Report. Plowing Man— 30 hrs. @ 15c .....$4.50 Team— 30 hrs. (g 20c » 6.00 Pruning Man — 64 hrs. @ 15c... ........ .$9.60 Spraying Man— S2 hrs. @ iSc $12.30 Team— 16 hrs. @ 20c 320 Cultivating Man— 42J4 hrs. @ 15c $6.38 Team— 42^ hrs. @ 200.^ 8.50 Propping Limbs Man— 13 hrs. @ 15c ^....$1.95 Cover Crop Man— 6 hrs. @ 15c $ .9© Team— 6 hrs. @ 20c 1.20 Fertiliser Harvest Man— 24 hrs. @ 15c $360 Man— 95 hrs. @ 15c. .$1425 Total labor $72.38 Material Report. Lime-sulphur- 48H gal. @ i6c $ 776 Arsenate of lead— 60 lbs. @ loj^c 6.15 Cowpeas and oats, .^ .^ ........ ... 10.45 Fertilizers— 4-8-10, 5200 Total material, $76.36 Total expense $148.74 Harvest Report. Seven hundred and twenty bushels harvested. Crop not marketed, but used at hospital. Safe estimate would be $1.00 per bushel. This makes total value of the crop $720.00 Total expense 148.7S $571.25 Net profit from 3 acres, From all standpoints this orchard has been a success. SEYMOUR DEMONSTRATION ORCHARD. The Seymour demonstration orchard is owned by Judge Ed. Jackson, of New Castle, Ind. It is 35 acres in extent and is located 3^ miles east of Seymour. The poor results derived here are due to the fact that the orchard changed hands twice this spring. The pruning was not attempted at all and the first spray applied late and in a very slip-shod fashion. Spray applied April 21. Material used was Dow 35° Baume lime-sulphur and Grasselli arsenate. Applied with a "Friend" power outfit. Second spray applied May 9. Same material used. Third applied May 30 and the fourth the latter part of June. The men doing this work had never before sprayed so first-class work could not be expected. Only one-half Unsprayed Apples so worthless that no count was made No. Check Trees I08 of each tree was sprayed the first time and the results were noticed at harvest time in the abundance of scabby fruit from these un- sprayed portions. All lime-sulphur was diluted until it tested i** Baume and 2 and 2^ pounds of lead were used for every 50 gallons of dilute lime-sulphur. The results obtained at harvest time were as follows : Ben Davis Sprayed Codling Moth, 3% Curculio, I. % Scab 28.9% Blotch 3.1% Rots, 2.6% Total unsound, 36.6% Total sound 63.4% Grimes Golden Codling Moth, 1.1% Curculio, 5% |P\ 14.1% glotch, 8% Rots, 3.3% Total unsound, 19.1% Total sound, 8o.g% Rome Beauty Sprayed Codling Moth, a% Curculio, S?^K 24.7% 5'otch, 2% Rots 24% Total unsound, 327% Total Sound, \,\ ,(fj.^o Winesap Codling Moth, .2% Curculio g% ^o^h;-::::::::::::::::::;:;:;:;^s^ Rots, i\% Total unsound, .'.'.*.* 29.1% Total sound, 70.9% These are hardly better results than those obtained in any com- mercial orchard but better will be obtained next season as the men are now experienced in the use of the apparatus. No. Check Trees No. Check Trees Labor Report. Plowing Man — 60 hrs. ( Team — 60 hrs. 15c $ 9.00 ! 200 12.00 Pruning Man—3is hrs. @ iSc $47.25 Spraying Man— 458 hrs. @ 15c $68.70 Team— 229 hrs. @ 20c 45.80 Cultivating Team— 23 hrs. @ 20c 4.60 Team— 23 hrs. @ 20 4.60 Mowing Weeds Man— 60 hrs. @ 15c $9.00 Sowing Cover Crops Man— 40 hrs. @ 150 $6.00 Team— 20 hrs. @ 20c 4.00 109 Applying Pertilizers Harvesting Man-i6s hrs. @ iSc $2475 Man-2145 hrs. @ 15c $321-75 Team— 85 hrs. @ 20c 1700 Team— 250 hrs. @ 20c 50.00 Total labor expense, .623.30 Material Report Lime-sulphur— 306 gal $ 49-6o Arsenate of lead— 489 lbs 40-33 Cover crop seed — ^40 bu 55-75 Fertilizers— ashes, manure, straw 25.00 Barrels— 922 @ 27c 249.00 Nails, cleating, etc 4-50 Total material expense, .$424.18 Total expense, ..... ^ . . . . • . • •$i»047-4o The harvest was rather disappointing from the Purdue stand- point as there was too high percentage of poor fruit. The Jacksons seemed highly pleased and they have stored almost their entire crop. We feel that they should not have stored their seconds but rather sold them at once. Their amount of culls is far too low and will affect the selling price of the stored fruit. Grimes Rome Beauty Winesap Ben Davis Fancy I3 bbls. No I 236 bbls. 206 bbls. 10 bbls. 119 bbls. No! 2 138 bbls. 89 bbls. 107 bbls. Culls 13 bbls. 13 bbls. 33 bbls. Culls sold for 75c per bushel. All the rest of the crop was stored. At prevailing prices this crop, less storage, is worth about $3,800.00. , ^ , The crop cost $1,047.48. This includes a lot of renewal ex- pense which will not occur each year. Even at that a net profit of $2,752.50 was realized from this less than one-half a crop from the 35 acre orchard tract. From the 17 acres which bore a net profit of $162 per acre was realized or for the total 35 acres of or- chard a net profit of $81.00 per acre. Even at $81.00 per acre net profit, this orchard is paying 10% interest on a $810.00 per acre valuation. Following is a condensed summary of the foregoing report : At Worthington the total cost of growing and harvesting the crop on the Purdue plot of 1.3 acres was $87.35. This included all spraying, pruning, cultivating, etc. Five hundred and thirty bushels were harvested worth 75c per bushel or $397-50. leaving a profit of $310.15. . ^ , .. . At Guilford the Purdue plot contains 140 trees. It bore a light crop in 191 1. Two hundred and twenty-nine bushels were harvest- ed and sold for $225.95. The total cost of production was $104.05, leaving a profit of $121.90. At Ft. Wayne the Purdue plot contains two acres. There are 65 trees in the cared-for area and 15 trees in the uncared-for check. The crop amounted to 425 bushels worth $1.00 per bushel. The total production cost was $67.95, leaving a profit of $357-05- At Logansport there are 132 trees in the sprayed section of the no Purdue plot. A total of $148.74 including $52.00 for fertilizer was twrnv'"buTerff ""^''^^'^'T ** "°P Seven h™rd' Tnl %u^I ■ u °^ *PP *^ ^^'■« harvested worth $1.00 per bushel ffiT i" ?"^! ^^ *•''« °'"<=''ard were offered $".25 pj^ bSn JnLsta^n^ScS^ ^ P^°«' - '9" °f $571.75 frL fh? inveSt At Seymour the Purdue plot contains •?■; acres It co manure, and plow under some form of ereen mam^r;^^ ' i.^ fore planting the peaches. Do this before^u pSn? b "cfuleTmat take you two. three or even four years to fit such soU for ^eaches^ ON.-. ISI.ANK -IIOMK llAMl'KK. Courtesy L. 1. Agronomist. I20 PEACHES. Prof. F. N. F.-vgan, i-/a(^ Co/%(., Po. hnt ihT"^ '° '°!J"'' f, .warning note, not that I believe it nivself is 1,-, ,f ^'"^ P"H''" "' '^^^'^ ="-<^ i"<--'ined to bel eve i"- hat Ve re-.d ne^rW' °'" ''";"" "V^l" be an over production of appes ones .ust'p, ;rt' ; !:r;d l"rs r" i:i:fier;,red''3 :.';: ^;f -anv "a^S ^^J^^^'^^-S ^ jfee ^^HB afford app e,s at the prices they must pay kch year to m them ^n pease understand that I do not take much stock ° tl'e o^r'„ro duction ,dea of the apple. But I do k.iow there is on an iverea^e" an under production of peaches. I„ manv locallt L; eb not find a large enough production of this good fruit to supnl • the wals nf the usual housewife, not to mention the wants of the ma/ebor Tng'^-U-rinven'rthe?.'' "V '"°"' ''''''' --" of you a^f thi, k" • u.-, \ • ^" ' '"* ^°'' O"" location to produce ncaches " Am I r^ght .' .Agani. you may say we will let Michigan WeTt York Stnfe >.or,heastern I'ennsyhania and Northern C?h o shtp us ourlate' peaches for cannnig and the South Atlantic states and South Cen ral M,ss,ss,pp, valley ship us our early dessert peaches Well let" eZuX" vTr' ^''" "^ "'^"'. r ''"^■•^ ""-^ 'ti" vou will not ha^^ enoigh. You can compete with them and to cmifirm this state Z- • tel lvo,f,|-r[ '"''' '^^'•''^'•^ ^"'' g™'--eO-"en and se if they atd" '.ro"tirti;^:\rd%!th:r"iS^nhen:'' ''-^ - ^-- ''"- .If an=rp t^.e^ rr^eird's I t^^^dj^ .'■he°%oa■;■S^^"ones t/T' ^"°*^ "^'"^ -ore' allM.nt'^tl" uic scocK\ nea\\ ones, indicatincf as we ^tucW fr^p rr^r^fc 41.^^ .^i peach prefers a loose soil. an,l po"pular opin 'on ha'tied his ffct to a light sandv soil. W hen I speak of lio-1 1 snil T „,„ i- i! ■} we speak of it on the farm. ^As\. nlatLV^MlT" r'flT' ifd clay loams and even clavs can be made verv 1,VIit t-^ i,V^> j , pliable, if we install an abundance of organfcmatter"fntn'> "'■ on such soils the roots of the peach will bf ab eTo de e op%nd ob tain plan food, and grow. If one has a clav or loam Ta he^ " sot i and should desire to grow peaches on it. he should wo k we 1 ad manure, and plow under some form of green manuring cons be fore planting the peaches. Do this before you plant beef useTm-fj take you two. three or even four years to fit sudi so fo 'peaches^ INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE 121 Remember the presence of plenty of organic matter is of great im- ^"^ Not for the exact location for this planting. . I 1*^™ '^at in t;,P moi^tainous sections of Southern Pennsylvania, and Eastern ^dSal PennsyTvaia, that late Spring frosts occur very seldom ^ovided the eleva^n is above.the ^-"O^^'^^'^^^^'^^^^^.J^i "tern is as important as organic matter is to soil. Have gooa air " '^The'stock you plant, in a general way -^egardlef of variety I •II Iu^„iH hf nne vear old budded stocks, from a nursery will say should be one year om -J ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ best money you will ever spena. uet g""" ' , , ^^^ enough growth in one season to convince you t^at'hese trees nave established themselves well upon their own T^f .^-^^f^^'ou who t^largest tree or *' smallest but tHaverag^^^^^^^^^^ b^r^Sh^ ^h^^lr IdTSgarli: thi: nursery tree. ?b%=fs?hTy: Te" Sit^thT^^^^ :^S^. ^^ffi^tr^ i^ 3H t ^^at^d IX so don't try to start something new with nature, bne win noi fnr cnrh tricks of mankind. Now ^ to planting distances, I have noted that atbea"ng age the treerfiU up the surface of an acre very completely when tw^ty 122 be done at once after planting in thp «;r.r;«nr it ^t. process of liftine and then tv,. ! ^ -^ '°^^ °^ '^°°^^ '" *e here that naSalanced the ronf? v^r'"^- R«««mber right practice cutting back each \e,'^f"ni; T"^ *^, "^'^ '"'° y«^" What such pruning will do otTer th.n f^ ^ ^ ^J" ""?^^^ ^° ^^^ ?^thr s^^s r ^r-5#7^SY^x^^^^^^ that under such meth^Vof 'prunTni (and bvX' ^'"'^ "v^^ '"^ better location and soil than thousand! of pi? i ^7' """.^ "°' one grower cleared a little over as t slid " $7^"'^ farms have) I Thra''gro7'th';e?o^"f °'''" ^ot ^b^d wfercoti°d ; ra? paid »et^ - 1"5 t&reS:„i:;'urs ^-- '-' iust t^^ut^;^i;:t T^rgaTd^n-'tf:^^^^^^ -* t7b''e/iSS'd^pSnV;rSF'^^^^^^^ future crops asis Se frls° to the Vmh' 'T"°"' '° *>'* *'^ ^"^ nate rows were cultivated two years. ^ *^ ^^*^''" > v^;r 123 ' This subject brings up the question oj adding §|a„^^^^^^^^ peach orchard. The ^dd'tio" f pla"* *°°J' *^j, ^ j/^ge „wnber reports on the peach section of umo. apparent reason P The grape todf^.tdSkS'thevineralive^ Grape vines than the lack of plant f°°4j° ''f P,;"ed by peach trees. During were taken out and '"J^^f f^^ f^^^^^^^ land without the all this time, continued ^"'t'jatwn wa^ S ^^ ^ ^^ addition of any f°!^.f°J"S^'„arto decline the same as did the were harvested ^"d the tr«s ^jega^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ju^n- grapes. During all these years, no ^a ^j^^ ^^ Id to the soil and by the help of tn« '»perime ^^.^ ^^ began to realize they would have to add som^^^^^^ ^^^^^ out of business. So thj hegan aoa g^ ^^^ ^^^^^ gradually ^r^gTn^d Tii^'Sh'-rtrda^^^^^^ a highly specialized peach =^^*tdo not wish to go into the varieties of peaches or the details^of spraying. This information can be had in bulet ^^^ ^^^ different State Experiment Stat ons- i ao J ^^ point that we should not ^"0^ our trees to bear ^^^.^^ ^^ hold up nicely. In °ther w°rds f ' "" P/°^^^ ^^^^ j„„3_ th,„ When the peaches are ^^out the sue oi d ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ SicrXary- hVVf"^^^ sl^eptica>. try this on a few trees this coming season. Question.— What is an average tree? Prof. Fagan._An average tree is one-half to five-eights. „p,-ir;?ie&rd:s?^»-^^^^^^^^ by Yellows. Prof. Fagan.-I can't -y that this h^^^^^^ Unowf bunch Yellows but don't be too pof ^e °* '^at s^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ they of men that marked a lot o* tr*'i, "" j^^t owned the trees hated to were Yellows for sure and the "en ttat ow^ j^^ ^„d the cut them down, but the boys nmrkedtn f^^ ^^^ owners found some njiaterial that woul^ a« ^ ^^ secondary later the same trees had no si^ of YeUow^; ^ ^ erowth that started late in the fall, we Qon ;^ /that branch ^Zws, but as Yellows show up '^ y?^" t,*Xt ttae that you have and the whole tree, if ^ecess^ry. ^Jo " tnc ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ any convictions that it 's Yellows^ ^^uh a Une^ence between them, here and a perf ert "--^hard there w^^^^^^^^ ^,,y ^hile the The one man began batthng against t ^^^^^ y^uo^s other fellow didn't touch It. He said, i I 124 to take these peaches, it can take them." We think the best thing to do is to take them out and burn them. Question. — Did you ever know a man to save the tree by cut- ting off the part that semed to be affected ? Prof. Fagan. — Seemingly so, but he got it in the bud. I can't tell you that it is a positive fact that he did, but nevertheless it looked that way. I would not trust it, I would keep my eye on my tree and as the Yellows show I would take out that tree. Dr. Stewart. — In that regard, I would merely want to say that careful experiments on the subject seem to indicate that when a tree has Yellows in any spot it has it all over and the thing to do is to get rid of the tree. It is only temporizing with conditions to try to eliminate it by taking off the particular parts. That seems to be the present idea and it is founded on the careful experiments that have been worked on the subject of Yellows. Mr. Chase. — I do not wish to occupy the center of the stage but somehow my modesty brings me to the front. This is the most practical talk on peaches I have ever heard. I regret that the Professor did not have a little more time. There was one point that he didn't touch on, although if he had had more time, no doubt he would have spoken of it. I am speaking now of the average planter, the man putting out a few dozen or a few hundred trees. In planting I regard it as very important that you puddle the roots of the tree before you put it in the ground. Make a clay puddle and dab the roots in it, then get them into the ground before they get dry. As to pruning, I thoroughly agree with the Professor as to the importance of not pruning until after the tree is planted, but I would go a little farther than that, I would let the tree — assuming that the weather conditions were reasonably favorable — stand in the ground possibly a week before I prune, so that it would begin to get a little sap movement and when pruned it would be suf- ficiently established to immediately begin to grow, so that it would not stand still and the ends of the limbs dry out. Another thing, after the orchard is established, my pruning as far as possible, I prefer to delay as late as I can in the spring. I am digressing, but yesterday there was reference made to planting apples in sod. Now we must realize that in many places it is about the only thing you can do ; you cannot plow the ground ; but if you are going to plant in sod my advice whether you are planting in a small way or a large way, is to dig the holes in the fall ; if it is ground where you must dynamite, dynamite in the fall. The size of the holes must depend upon the soil condition. Fill the holes with course stable manure — add if practicable a small amount of Kanite. In the spring, fork out the coarse manure to use as a mulch about the tree. Sow on the surface before putting on this mulch, Canadian Peas, and when the peas are beginning to / form before they ripen, cut theles and throw them around the trees,' as an additional ""l*- ,^„ted in new ground I have in mind an orchard mat wv ^^ ^^^ j^^ „„ probably twenty years »g°- J'''^ ^°"^4^i,Vi„ the fall and planted with a shovel plow, limed and s°*" T^^^ere dug in the fall and ^ith apple trees in the s« Jhe holes we .^ J^ ^^^^ TJe^ oT^r mln^re lofseven 'or eight years and possibly '""'The average farmer, busy with everything else, is apt to let his trees starve. Don't do it. afternoon. I know The question of storage "me up the otne ^^^ ^^^ of one little storage ^<>°"' ^-^PK^'f^orS ttV^ but they ^^:i:.^:^r:^^':^ I^^KooUd o« as much as they can ''n\?;L:tLrs'asUed. what^^s the -.e- kind of c-^^^^ apples in^ this cold storage room. «„*«„4°„ates. if there is storage room are ^^^^""^''•y Xm' in a box or. in bins, danglr of being too dry, put thmi in a , In this room, at the .bfj"-** ^ bottom for letting in refrigerator door-There is a g"*^ JVf ° i^^ are stored every coldind ventilation .^^ ^^^ f P- Ato t^ app^le^.^ ^^ y night the outer door is 0P«."«'*'.f '"Xs^d so as to hold the cold air ?hl grating. .1" *^, XV"lom ^e woufd get'the temperature down as far as possible J" *'f/°/L";g a^ the weather got cold we got '^re^ISirr asked DO y^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ storage room? Yes. :,«f ^^.J^p" ^D^ember and for fear of at the top. There was a cold snap'" ^ ^ ^^ ^^ „as freezing ?he ventilator was do^f ^^^S^hour • IJ ^^^^^^ .^ !;tlfrds^:U ^o^^ w^t-^^ Ul IhafwrVeeze'^nd absorb the frost. decrees it is better than 38. If you get your «t°^^%^7" *° f ^erature is low enough, The question was asked, If your temperaiu what is the object of ventilating. There is an accumulation "^^f^^??-^. v';«"^^e^;"|ff. you will notice the fragrance of those affiles that ^^ ™ ^^ .^ ^.^^ ^j,^ find without ventilation they .^''^^^f ^j f „'otice the animal heat apple the same as an animal You wiu not ventilated. Xh is being thrown off in a^tabk ^hat ba= " ^^ j^ ^ .^rtain "^V^tilX^l^"^ tt^wn^ff. and ventilation gives an opportunity for it to pass out. 126 QUESTION BOX. The following questions were handed to the Secretary : Is there a best cover crop for peaches? Mr. Fraser, requested by the President to answer the question, said, "Well, personally, if I could get plenty of pig weed and rag weed, I would like that very well for my conditions." Q. — What kind of a crop would you grow in the peach orchard that you can sow in the spring and that would act as a mulch ? A. — I like pig weed and rag weed and in our currants now we have a very good seeding of those two weeds and I confess I like it very much. They both analyze richer than alfalfa in nitrogen. They seed themselves. I put a little cow horn turnip with it and it seeds itself. We sow a little clover or lambs* quarter. Q. — Isn't it hard to work into the soil ? A. — No, we disk it. I don't use any plows. We just chop it right up. Are we setting too many Elberta peaches? In answer to which Mr. Levi Myers, who was called on, said, "That might be answered in several different ways. Locally, I believe we are setting too many Elberta peach trees, and yet I don't know of any commercial peach, at least any commercial yellow peach that will stand shipping to different markets like the Elberta peach will. But I believe the time has come or at least will soon be here when we will have to consider quality in peaches as we do in apples, and if we are grow- ing quality, surely we don't want to grow too many Elbertas, be- cause to me they seem in peaches in the same line that the York Imperial and Ben Davis are in the apple. Q. — What should we grow? A. — Belle of Georgia has better quality. Of course it is a white peach and many markets want a yellow peach. Q. — What do you think of the Matthews Beauty? A. — I don't "know much about it. Chairs Choice is another high quality peach. Is it wisdom to use peaches as fillers in an apple orchard? Mr. Fraser. — I think it depends much upon the man, the soil and the location. I think if I were in the elevated and northern part of this state I would start early bearing apples. In my own conditions, I am satisfied with peaches as fillers. Peaches will give returns quicker than apples and can be used all right as fillers, but 127 they demand special attention, ^f „„^X Tn "the peach"ttSl -it<:^l c:=atteLWn ^^ T^e s?il and the elevation is to be considered. Q_How much difference will it make in the bearing of that apple orchard by having peaches planted m between? A Peaches must be removed sooner than apples. I* pe*^^" A.— i'eacnes mubi u ^ ^^^^ ^j^^ ^ppj^ are left from eight to ten years >t>s going ^^^^^ trees. You can keep apple """^^'""f ^ '"f "j The closer one Much depends on the 'i'f "f ,*'5^enrth of ti^^^ can he keep his Sir'' 'if ?h:rarrplan d fgooTdfstfncelpart he could keep his *^""^ Inno^r but th"v will certainly have some serious effects ^?e ru e ?hfus laTd dol for the spread of fruit trees is one foot I'd Sle-half each direction for each year of *yg^,,f .^V^o" Kmtrt^eJ. 'fn^rca'sfs f La^used Reaches !s fillers. In some cases pears and in many cases apples. Q._Does one foot and a half apply to the peach as well as to the apple? A—The peach roots spread much more quickly in the soil than the apple. Is it advisable to set peach trees the following spring where peach trees affected with Yellows have been removed? Mr Fraser— I have had no experience with Yellows, don't know anyfwnrak>ut it! but men are planting just the same. Mr Wox —If Mr H. C. Snavely was here he would tell you thatt-p^^ed^L^the same year, became ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ disease is not in the ground it is »« the tree ^\J^^y^ ^^. ^ he signed the bill and it is today still a law. Mr Myers—One grower in our locality did not hesitate to plant pwch'^trees afterV took out the whole orchard, but the lii 128 rest of the growers seem to think that while we don't know what "Yellows" are, it is in the roots as well as in the top, so that we prefer to go into rotary crops for several years and let those old roots rot up and then we can safely put it in peaches again. Prof Surface.— I can confirm the statement made by Mr. Fox that Mr. Snavely in Lebanon Co., who has one of the best orchards, makes a regular practice of planting peach trees back in the very spot where he takes out the tree that had the Yellows, and does that the next planting season. He does it successively and he has good results ; consequently I think it can be done. Mr. Fraser.— Would you do it? Mr. Surface.— Yes I would do it. I wouldn't recommend it generally in the state, but I would do it in my own orchard, in fact I have done it. York Imperial has been condemned as to quality, is there a high quality apple to take its place for late keeping? Mr. Fraser.— Mr. President, may I say a word? We are not growing Yorks at all. The Baldwin men are beginning to feel a certain amount of competition from York Imperial on the New York market. You are getting so much more color than we are with our tilliage methods that your Yorks instead of being 50 cents per barrel under western N. Y. Baldwins, are now 50 to 70 cents a barrel head of us. You can talk all you like about a thing but when an apple is going up on the New York market as you have been pushing the York Imperial for the last five years, I would think twice before I threw it out. President Creasy.— We were talking this morning about the vinegar question and I thought perhaps if someone would make a motion, the chair would entertain it, to have a committee ap- pointed to look up this whole vinegar question because I really think there is something wrong with it somewhere, or else we would be producing more vinegar instead of using patent vinegar at these hotels. Mr. Wilson.— I believe that some action should be taken on this subject. I move that the chair appoint a committee to investi- gate the whole vinegar question. President Creasy.— I would like to suggest for the benefit of State Entomologist, Prof. Surface, that it would be well if that department would take some time in issuing a bulletin on the making of cider vinegar, because a lot of our young people that are starting farming have paid little or no attention to the vinegar business, because they have been practically frozen out of business. 129 iwrr Fenstermacher.— I made the vinegar all right, but when any farm vinegar. A Member.-I find the same conditions. The drurnmers have A meniDcr. j^^lers that thev dare not sell cider vinegar convinced "^^."^ °f, f ^^^ ^^^^^^^ convince our dealers over that It is against the law and \ Y'^tn cret some of the pamphlets wnai is inc U1UUL7 , farmer could be convinced that he apples any more. culls for vinegar. Mr Menees— In regard to the information asked for by Prof Surface I migh" say that State College some years ago made Tn invest gafon alon^g the same line that he i^talkmS about DrC A Brown who was afterwards connected with the Louisiana t,x ?erimeTt Station made the investigation and i is pubUshed m Bu hc!rn Kt^ C& wifh ^af Lt iS S^^^^^^^ fhe Tnvest"gat°on was made and a pretty thorough investigation 'and pubS in Bulletin form. I would 3"^^* ^V^V,?"^, nrobablv eet the 'desired information either through Dr. Frear or fhe Prelid^ent of State Colege. The conclusion is too long I don t re- member it. It is more than six years ago, since that work was done TnTl have not thought about it since, so I am not ready to make anv reoort on°v this fhat I know that the work was done. I know haVth^etame 'thing was done by *e National Department and^^ bulletin issued from there. I am not prepared to tell about tne conclusion ^^^^ since I am on my feet; I "°t5^^^ /«" rj^ discussing the York Imperial Apple. I came from the home of the Yo^ Imperial and I would like to extend an invitation to these 4 130 men who are either for or against the York Imperial the next time they have a meeting to hold it in York the home of the York Imperial. We have good facilities there for exhibition, splendid hotels, a brewery and a distillery not far away. We can satisfy nearly everything you may desire, and I take this occasion to extend that invitation to this organization to come down there with their next meeting. Mr. Cyrus T. Fox.— I don't know anything about the brew- eries in York, I can tell you more about the breweries m Reading. If they have one in York we have seven, and if it is beer that is to take us, then go to Reading. ,,rt. ^ • *i, ^ff^^f r^f In regard to the vinegar question. What is the effect of making vinegar out of worthless apples. How does it compete with the patent vinegar? Why do storekeepers prefer a vinegar that maintains the same quality where the so called cider vinegar de- teriorates? I have passed lOO cider mills during the entire fall season, early and late, of the past year and I am sure that while fresh cider is supposed to be good sweet cider from the press, 1 would not have drunk a glass of the cider from those cider mills, because they were using rotten, wormy, scale covered apples— any kind of fruit. If you take good fruit and make your cider out of it you will have a good article. Why does some cider sell for 2 1; cents ^ Because it is a filtered cider made from good apples. If you can put good cider vinegar on the market you will have sale for it. Mr. Wilson.— Before this law was passed any apple grower could go to Williamsport and sell vinegar, the result is that they will not take that vinegar unless it has undergone a certain test. The farmer don't understand how to make this test. As I under- stand it, you have to have a certain test. That would show that the farmers are cut out. I agree with my friend Mr. Fox that vinegar should be good vinegar, that it should be made from good apples. The farmers when apples are cheap put their good apples in the vinegar and get something out of it and make good vinegar that passes the test. You go in the cellars of apple growers and where they have a barrel of vinegar it is good vinegar but suppose they take that to market, suppose it be tampered with— you have been obliged to give your name to the man to whom you sell it; he has it on record— the agent tests that barrel of vinegar and says, "who did you get it from," and of course the man to whom you sold it says, "why I got it from Mr. Jones up there." If there is a prosecution, of course Mr. Jones has to stand it. That should be limited in such a way as to give the farmer a chance to make a barrel of good vinegar and sell it for what it is. There is a man in the upper part of Lycoming County who buys up cider and he has a vinegar renovator, and makes the vinegar up and the result is that they have to take a low price for that cider and this gentleman has the opportunity to make the vinegar. Motion made by Mr. Wilson was seconded and carried. 131 SPECIAL SECTION FOR MARKET GARDENERS. ^TetStf;ar^^^^^^ in the parlor of the Common- wealth Hotel. R. H. Garrahan was made chairman and H. L. Holmes, Jr., was made secretary. LOCAL GROWERS' ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR POSSIBILITIES. By Prof. Paul Work, Ithaca, N. Y. There is probably no single phase of the development of rural life that has attracted more persistent attention for the las twenty- five l^ears than co operation^ Our periodicals have pubhshed ar- mies about it, books have been written about it-we have an Ibundanc^^^^^ dealing both with the theoretical side and w^S? the practical s'^ with both suggested plans and actual ex- ne ience ^Hardly a horticultural meeting occurs but pes a place on \ts program to co-operation. The Sunday papers have taken 1^ up and w? find their lurid headlines proclaiming the work of co- 'P" W:\TvTmanr large, successful selling associations The citrurorganlzat^n of cJifornia, the apple societies of the North- west and the produce exchanges of the South and East are all rxamoles In New Jersey, the Monmouth County Farmers Ex- cS did over a million and a half dollars worth of business last vear the Burlington County Exchange $650,000, one m Canada, one-quarter of a million, and the South Shore Growers' and Ship- pers'Tssodation of Western New ^ork^ ^^.^^^.^.^e^ ^ organizations are certainly doing splendid work ^^ey are ^1^^^^^^^^ thev are pointing out the way that the growers of all agricultural om'modit?es wilf be f oUowin/within the next two or three decades^ Thev are trvine out methods and building up for us a Dooy oi knowledee thK" be of inestimable value in the future. ''"° We might well take up such organizations, study the.r Ms see what they are doing and how they ^" d°>"g '' '^f ^f 7" ft the now extensive literature of co-oP"^*'"" '""^'"Jfl nf infoma- deal of attention has been given to these, and a wealth of mforma ^'°" Lf trefr iTm^y circumstances which, in ^jfr^nt section prevent the development of these enterpnses Th^re are some ro-onerative selling has been tried and has failed. /Ihere are some here tha know what that means. These failures have been some- toes due to fundamental mistakes, and sometimes due to d.f- fi^lties that seem insurmountable. Among these are, first and most important of all, the lack of the true co-operative fP'"t-?"f Tat Sr nothing more nor less than ^e work-together sp.nt^ <;p1fi«hness of a narrow sort is another. Far-seeing semstiness favors co-operation. Lack of confidence in leaders has occasioned minv a doSl. Sometimes that lack of confidence has been ^Ll sometimes it has not. Half-hearted interest is another ob- u 132 stacle. Then, some downfalls have been brought about by true- hearted, honest difference of opinion. Still another difficulty is of the kind that has hindered the progress of one Erie County organ- ization As soon as the association was in action, the dealers ot the neighborhood began to make good offers. Before that associa- tion was formed, the difficulties were of the gravest sort Even though prices are on a par, the growers seem willing to sell to the dealer neglecting the organization that was making possible these high competitive prices. In one of the counties of Ontario, an or- jranization undertook to buy fence wire, and secured exceedingly low prices As soon as these prices were known, dealers in th^ neighbor- hood met the quotations and were rapidly undermining the business of the society, until it was learned that the competing product was of a much lower quality. This serves to illustrate the willingness of growers to desert the agency that is making possible the favor- able prices which they enjoy. There are some fields that are not suitable for large co- operative enterprises— where the growers are not ready. It is doubtful whether, as conditions now exist about most of our ordi- nary sized city markets, co-operative selling is practical. We are coming to it. There is no question about that. In the course of the next ten or fifteen years, we will be selling in a co-operative way in places that are unthought of now. Obstables that have wrought ruin in some sections are being overcome in others, and will be overcome in still others. In glancing over the experience of the larger enterprises, some of which have been successful and some of which have not, we are led to wonder whether we are not in too many cases either begin- ning at the top or doing nothing. Are there not many simpler ac- tivities that would be full of usefulness and which would, at the same time, prepare the community for successful co-operation in larger things? For with communities as with individuals, practice makes perfect. Should not such undertakings grow as does the oak rather than as the mushroom? A wide correspondence carried on within the last few months has brought to hand a great fund of information regarding the experiences of organizations in different sections of the East. Some of these are located in our own state, and some in Canada, where the association idea has developed to a wonderful extent. Perhaps by means of illustrations selected from this material, we can best support the idea that has just been advanced. The first thing to be gained is mutual acquaintanceship. In most market garden sections and in many shipping sections, there is a feeling of competition. Smith has a little notion that perhaps Tones would just as soon undermine his business as not. As a result of this feeling. Smith avoids Jones to a greater or less ex- tent They pass on the street and speak, but they don't seem to care much about falling into conversation. But when Smith and Tones get acquainted, Smith finds that Jones isn't such a bad fellow after all One of the best agencies for bringing men into acquaint- Tiiis (hun.vKi) li.i.i >ii<\TKs Till- l-.Mi.s I ii C'l.osK Planting. IV lUlS C1.0SKI.V IM.ANTKI. OlUl.AKl. .\1.TKKNATK RoUS IbUK liKKN d T OLT. UNAI.I.V. IN TIMK T«» SaVK TllK F'KKMANKNT I KKKS. Courtesy X. V. Culkgc of Agriculture. Ithaca. X. \. 1)1 AC- 133 anceship is local meetings. If we are to have a meeting, we must have an object. If a little group in a locality can get together, per- haps only four or five, to talk the thing over and call a meeting and arrange for a speaker, then the object of that meetmg is settled. It is to hear so and so from so and so talk about some problem that is affecting their neighborhood, perhaps a general soil question. Per- haps a man from the agricultural college will come and review the fundamental principles of soil fertility, or perhaps a grower from some neighboring city can come and tell what they have been doing in his section. Just as soon as you have a meeting like this, dis- cussions will arise. The round table idea is prevalent. After the meeting is over, it will be found that little circles of men all over the room are getting acquainted with each other, and pretty soon they will be talking over common difficulties. The leader of such a group near Buffalo reports that "There always seems to be some one present who knows the thing that the others do not. Soon neighborhood problems arise. One of the first that comes up is the purchase of supplies, as for example, fertilizers. The Buffalo people very soon drifted into this line of work. Ihey are now buying fertilizer by the carload. Suppose not everyone could agree on a single brand. Perhaps six agree and can use a car Then those six can go ahead with the activity. There are certainly advantages in beginning work with only a few. Five can aeree more readily than fifty. There are other problems. At Boston they have been able to standardize their market boxes. They have a size now that is established, and they are able to secure either the return of the package or the price of it. I think likely the Arkport growers do not feel that they have had a great deal of benefit from their organization. It has done one thing that is worth while. They have standardized their celery crate. Cleveland growers inform us that since their packages have been made uniform they can secure considerably better prices from manufacturers. The box makers can keep stock on hand, and do not have to readjust their machines for every small order. Market problems come up. At Rochester the city market was managed in such a way that it was becoming almost impossible for the growers to patronize that market under anything like favorable conditions. They put their influence together, and they now con- trol the situation. The market gardeners there have one shed to- gether. The Troy Market Gardeners' Association does not a thing except get together once a year when the stalls on the market are drawn, and they have secured an equable allotment of those stalls that was impossible before. They are missing opportunities but they are gaining something and preparing for further advances. At Boston the hucksters tried to secure the passage of regula- tions forbidding the gardeners to stand on the market after nine o'clock. The gardeners said, "No," and the plan failed. Market facilities can be modified. At Cleveland they were unable to get the market they wanted, but they couldn't quite agree 134 they hav! confidence and that mL'' S'^^'" "u^™"" '" ^^om dividually at ten per %„TcommissTo„" ''"''" '"'" ^'°''"^' '- overS'tSn" Th^ R^'?""'" ""y ^"""'"'^ « P°werful influence jected, and they got whftthev wanfed' Th?' ^' "'fV '^'■^^ «''- "^ -Nt'^itS- 'Sdii "^ ate?^^thVrat!r eight or ten dollars per acre ^ " ""^ '^^" *«'«= '*<'««d by the p^^o^e^^o^tr^^ ol.rhrt^ot^o°t:"rnbr "r-'"*^ ^- have been redu?erveryVaterXThhL»h''°"- '^^"' ^^'^'""'-^ there and say, "These e^er^m.nJ^/V^u ""^"^ ^ ""^n would go What have t^hey done '"^'^Nodefi nil .?' ^u^ ^'^^^ for yeafs. preventive measures and the spread oMn'fn'''' ^'" P'"?'"''^' *>« tural methods have contributedTlrLd ^s? ''^f ^'''"^ cu'" consider that their annual fi*.IH ,«.l*- Progress. The members that has been exerted ' "^' '^P^^ =""?'> «^"y eflfort Local organizations are freauentiv nf 1 K \ I N - "i i. ;i;-.|. N, \\ vui ' i ;■ *- \i;-i ^'•^■ l-r..in I'.ull. ;:n i iw. i '. mia I-.n].- riiiu-iii 'M. -SC-S ^.fT i U 1. ,t 1': |'i.nii.i. I- \p. ritti'iu S'.iM.'ti I'nllitin ii<* W INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE 137 STIW>INCJft.- 9 ?iJ 9i9 7 260 es e ?Ki 9Z3 1 ZJi ftW |7 3>4 lOTIfc 19 5»» (0?Z Si MS 7» HARVESTING RECORD of JERSEY WAKEFIELD CABBAGE ' LCi^'iJ .^...•LS.ii.:;.:. ^' In this chart, we have classified the results so as to show the relative yield of the respective strain at the first cuttmg as well as the total yield. In the production of earlv cabbage, earliness is usually a fac- tor of priniarv importance, since it is usually the early part of the crop which brings the best returns in the market. A study ot the chart will show that the average yield per acre at the hrst cutting for the best strain was 3.93 tons, while that of the poorest strain was 0.22 tons. If we were to place the ratmg at $30.00 per ton in this instance the receipts would have been $117.90, while in the' other it would have been ^x6o or a difference of $111.30 per acre in view of the superior strain. A fact which the chart does not show is that of quality. The crop of the earlv maturing strain was true to type and of good nualitv, while th'at of the strain which matures late was very in- ferior'and in manv instances the plants did not mature heads which were marketable.' A study of the chart will also show quite in- teresting dift'erences as regards the total yield, although the varia- tion is less pronounced than that of earliness and it is likewise less important. The test of Charleston Wakefield has shown results comparable to those of Tersev Wakefield, although generally less pronounced. One fact of 'interest shown bv the experiments was that frequently there was no api)arent dift'erence between the Jersey W^ikefield and the Charieston Wakefield when secured from the same source. The I3^^ L^iiarlesron Wakefield is supposed to Ije somewhat larger and later in maturing than the Jersey Wakefield hut the tests show that in many cases these differences are not noticeahle. The test of Early Spring is of interest hecause of the fact that the seedsmen who had the least desirable strain of Jersey Wake- field had the most desirable strain of this variety. It is fair to assume that he aimed to secure good seed in either case, but in this he was not successful. The following chart will show the relative yields of the respective strains. O OH O y a: CD 0 ^ o cE I" P- co to il US!! to iO(\j ^0fglJ(^•|y°(0IO_^-^-<^-O^r 139 It will be seen that the vield per acre at the first cutting varied from i.SQ to 11.56 tons, while the total yield varied from 660 to m 4^ or a difference of 8.83 tons in favor of the superior strain It may be well to note the fact that two of the strains were Early' Summer, one was Jersey Wakefield and one was a mixture of several varieties. • ^- u a:a The tests of the late varieties showed less variation than dm those of the varieties we have just discussed. However, the variation in yield as well as the general character of the plant was sufficiently pronounced to make it worthy of consideration as may be seen from the following chart of the test of Danish Railhead. PLATE ir HARVESTING RECORD DANISH BALLHEAD CABBAGE STRAIN YICLD Z fc I9T 7b u » tb\. Bo7 Zoo. S 1* 2ob » 19 19 0 9 53 IT 9 84 tt 9 9o a 10 lo 7c. I0 67 IBo lIoZ i4 1 1 II £!> lIZo 6 M» 7c 1165 %x II 71 5 1106 K 1306 Bb 13 14 l»b I3U IS )i bl 12 IA»I lo 14 » 9I> IS33 Aa. IS.5» 4 \3So Zoc 1*94 1* IT3> »& I7.4S ib 18 bC la. 2oSb In this instance we are concerned with the total yield only. By reference to the chart, it will be seen that the average yield, per acre, varied from 6.19 to 20.56 tons, or a difference of more than 14 tons per acre in favor oi the better strain. The test of all varieties showed differences more or less pronounced. In fact there was an average dift'erence in yield of more than seven tons per acre between the least and most desirable strains of all the strains tested. According to the recent census. 5.600 acres are devoted to the producting of cabbage in this state. If we place the value of the crop at $15.00 per ton. early an(J late, it may readily be seen that were none but the best seed used, the value of the crop would be increased to the extent of more than half million of dollars annually. The increased expense necessary to secure high grade seed would 140 be insignificant in comparison. The fact that the differences noted are not due to increased fertihty, but to hereditary characters of the seed, make it especially significant and worthy of considera- tion by all interested in the production of this crop. In view of the facts above stated, the question, where can the best seeds be attained, naturally arises. If we look at the cata- logues of the various seedsmen, we will see that nearly every one makes the statement that the (juality of his seed is un-surpassed. It is doubtless true that he is sincere in his belief but experience shows that not all are best, neither does any one seedsman have the best of everything. In view of this fact, it is quite impossible to definitely direct the prospective purchaser as to the place where the most desirable seed may be secured. The only safe way is to purchase from seeds- men in whom you have confidence, making the purchase from sev- eral sources and in amounts sufficient that a preliminary test may be made. The test will show which are the superior strains and the following year the main crop may be grown from the lot which proved best. Last year, we desired to secure a quantity of seed for certain cultural experiments this year, knowing that there was a difference in the strains, we secured one- fourth pound lots of seed from seven dift'erent sources, all of which have ranked well in the strain test previously noted. The results were as follows : Strain General Character Yield per Total Acre first cutting Tons Tons I — Alexander, Fair 1.60 15.94 2 — Fairy Fair I.93 12.43 3 — Landretli Very good 6.93 14.60 4— Northrop (King & Co.). Fair 3.85 14.38 5 — Thorl)urn, Very good 6.55 15.28 6— Lilly Fair .-/-j 15.59 7— Tillinghast, Fair 2.50 12.50 Strains 5 and 7 were from the seedsmen whose strain had been the most desirable in the test of ])revious years. The cost of each lot of seed was approximately $1.00. From the information, concerning the relative merits of each gained by the test, we can well aft'orcl to discard all, except strains 3 and 5. It may be charged that some money will be wasted, but is it not true that the money is well exjKMided since we are now able to i)lant seed of known value, and are reasonably sure of foretelling the amount and character of the crop. PROCEEDINGS OF THURSDAY AFTERNOON, JANU- ARY 23, 1913. The meeting was called to order by President Creasy and the first number on the [)rogram was a talk by H. B. Fullerton, of L. I., on — / ^ — y. THE MARKETING PROBLEM. By H. B. FullERTon, Medford, Long Island. I don't know why they selected one of the smallest men in the busTness for the Wggest agricultural subject, yet the one tha^ has received the least consideration. Of course my pomt of view "VafoT: market gardner, shipping to New York Cjtyt^^^^^^ ^r.A h^cf market in the world. I live on Long Island, wnicn ib nlS r t'r uckVrden of New Yodc CUy. Most of my .nves tieations of the market problem cover that City. We started seven years ago and when I say we, I mean we, because I am one of those ffrtunate men who has a full and active partner-my wife So when I want real good advice I ask her for 't. oftentimes I imarine she gives it to me when I don't know I'm ge ting t. ^The Westerner who follows me will prove conclusively every statement *at I make .^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ j„„„, in TQOS t"at for some reason or other, raisers of vegetables, were not «tting returns in conformity with market conditions and prices which we^paid when we were flat dwel ers in the city. For ex- ^ole we found that at times the cauliflower growers of Long Sd ^t 45 cents a barrel for from 22 to 30 cauliflowers. We io found that city dwellers who ate the cauliflower were paying 25 cents a head. Multiply 25 cents by 30 o^/-^V°„^"^J°"J^l recoenize that it is a heap more than 45 cents. We looked up the [raXr^a ion problem. Ve heard and read that railroads were the real 'Niggers in the wood pile,' and were paralyzed to find thatTn many cases the railroad percentage of the cost to the con- sumer ^^s very, very low. Still that big increase came. One day we priced tomatoes and I found that the city consumer was paying ^n cents for three tomatoes, when the raiser was receiving as ow as 8 cents a bushel. This didn't look right to us, but we couldn't find out the cause. Most of the people said it was railroad ctarges I told my partner there is but one way to discover the causf and that was to go in and find out for ourselves. It cost money but we found out why. We found that there were never kss thkn five men between the farmer and the consumer. I looked uo those five and found for example many with merely his office fn his hat Every once in a while he bought a lead pencil ; that was all the mone^ he had invested in his business. On that very Umited capitTof say five or ten cents a month he was keeping up o™ of the finest city mansions on high-priced property with a retinue of servants. We found that he had the finest of yach s that sailed the waters, and the best automobile in the country. We realy bought he was getting a good income on the mvestment of ten cents a month. AbSut five months a year he didn't work much, so his investment in pencils would be cut down to one dollar a year. We found that he was using our money and the consumers money to buy his automobiles, and we found that there were at least four of these reapers of crops belonging to others. One of these so- called commission men wrote a letter, signing his name to it, ■mi INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE S 141 THE MARKETING PROBLEM. By H. B. FuLLERToN, Medford, Long Island. T flnn't know why they selected one of the smallest men in the business for the bWs^gricultural subject, yet the one that t r™d the least c'j?,siderltion. Oi^^-qi^^l^'l^i^, fuS Tetuck garden of New York C^^ Mo^t of ->-"-; litr-itioni of the market problem cover that City. We startea se\en ve^r ago and when I say we, I mean we, because I am one of to frtunate men who 'has f /ull and act.ve partner-my w.fe So when I want real good advice I ask her for it, oftentimes i hiri^i e she gives it to me when I don't know I'm ge ting t. The Westerner who follows me will prove conclusively every statement tl^t I make .^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ in too that for sonte reason or other, raisers of vegetables, were ot^tting returns in conformity with market conditions and prices v^ ieh " e paid when we were flat dwellers in the city. For ex- ai Die we found that at times the cauliflower growers of LOTg Is^d got 45 cents a barrel for from 22 to 30 cauliflowers. \\ e •do found that citv duellers who ate the cauliflower were pa.Mi.g •', cents a head. Multiply 25 cents by 30 or even 20 aiid you wd rwocnize that it is a heap more than 45 cents. W e looked up tlie tran?rrta ion problem. We heard and read that railroads were he real -Niggers in the wood pile.' and were paralyzed to find mthimany cases the railroa.l percentage of the cost to the con- 'umer was very, very low. Still that big increase came. One day rpriced tomatoes and I found that the city consumer was paying en cents for three tomatoes, when the raiser was receiving as ow as 8 cents a bushel. This didn't look right to us. but we 3dn't find out the cause. Most of the people said it -- -Iroad rh.irsTes I told my partner there is but one way to disco\er tne causf'nd that was to go in and find out for ourselves. It cost money but we found out why. We found that there were never e°, thai five men between the farmer and the consumer. I looked u, t ose five and found for example many with merely hi ottice Is hat Everv once in a while he bought a lead pencil ; that •a al tl e nVoney he had invested in his business. On that very m ted capi al of say five or ten cents a month he was keeping up one of the finest citv mansions on high-priced property, with a r thu. "servants. 'We found that he had the finest of yaclUs that sailed the waters, and the best automobile in the country. We realv thought he was getting a good income on the investment of te cei s a month. About five months a year he di.ln t work much, so Ifis investment in pencils would be cut down to one dollar a year. We found that he was using our money and the consumers money to buv his automobiles, and we found that there were at least four of thlse reapers of crops belonging to others. One of these so- called commission men wrote a letter, signing his name to .t, 142 saying he would transact all business for io% commission. He would sell our goods at the highest possible price he could get — the more he got for our stuff the bigger that io% commission would be, etc., etc. We found that he probably carried out the letter of his agreement by selling our goods to his wife. She didn't pay him for it. He just sold it to her. Legally we couldn't send him to the penitentiary. Legally he could show, of course, that he had sold the goods, but strange enough the price was never within 'three rows of apple trees' of the quotations sent out in his name, and so there was a part of the yachts. In this particular case, the wife's firm or 'Smith and Co.' or 'Jori^s and Co.' sold to another company, 'Robinson and Co.,' and that was the man's son. His son was 13 years old — never had seen his office, but he was doing business. He had made two transfers, but it all went into his own pocket, and there was no office rent or clerk hire. Then he be- gan to sell to other speculators. So it went. I traced that one. It took me two years to get all this data, and then I dared to make the statement that I am making now. In any other busi- ness, that would be obtaining money under false pretentions. In other businesses it would be perversion of funds, but by such trans- fers they shut out chance of legal prosecution. We found that we must get a square deal some other way. We found a difference like this; for a bushel of beans 30 cents was paid to the pro- ducer but they were sold to consumers for $4.80, without one single cent of cost being added except that every fellow had a rakeoff. They had no capital invested. You are up against that everywhere. You will tell me that in Harrisburg that is not true. Perhaps it is not, but if you look it up you will find that the price paid to the producer is not within shooting distance of the price charged to the consumer. When the producer gets 30 cents instead of 15 cents it makes no difference to the consumer ; he is still paying his $2 or $4, or $7.88. Milk was raised from eight to nine cents a quart, and city people were given to understand that the price of milk had gone up because there was a shortage of grass, hence the raise of one cent a quart. Two days before milk was raised the price to the pro- ducer was cut down by one-half a cent. In other words, the food commodities are controlled by speculators and there is only one thing to do and that is to get together. I found that out in the northwest they are raising apples that are bringing five cents apiece, but these men had to starve to death almost before they could get together. It seems to be the usual custom. A few years ago one could have bought acres for $30 that are now selling for $2,cxx). There was an Eastern lawyer who knew nothing about apple rais- ing but his doctor told him he would die if he stayed in New York, so he went out West. . He had a little capital when he went out, but after two or three years he found that the next year the whole family would have to stick to an apple diet, they would have to eat apples for breakfast, dinner and supper. They wouldn't have any- thing else to eat, because they didn't have any money to buy any- thing else. They couldn't swap apples. They couldn't afford to pick and ship. The other fellows were all in the same boat ; some 1^ t X 142 saying he would transact all business for io% commission. He would sell our goods at the highest possible price he could get — the more he got for our stuff the bigger that 10% commission would be, etc., etc. We found that he probably carried out the letter of his agreement by selling our goods to his wife. She didn't pay him for it. He just sold it to her. Legally we couldn't send him to the penitentiary. Legally he could show, of course, that he had sold the goods, but strange enough the price was never within 'three rows of apple trees' of the quotations sent out in his name, and so there was a part of the yachts. In this particular case, the wife's firm or 'Smith and Co.' or 'Jones and Co.' sold to another company, 'Robinson and Co.,' and that was the man's son. His son was 13 years old — never had seen his office, but he was doing business. He had made two transfers, but it all went into his own pocket, and there was no office rent or clerk hire. Then he be- gan to sell to other speculators. So it went. I traced that one. It took me two years to get all this data, and then I dared to make the statement that I am making now. In any other busi- ness, that would be obtaining money under false pretentions. In other businesses it would be perversion of funds, but by such trans- fers they shut out chance of legal prosecution. We found that we must get a s(|uare deal some other way. We found a difference like this ; for a bushel of beans 30 cents was paid to the pro- ducer but they were sold to consumers for $4.80, without one single cent of cost being added excej^t that every fellow had a rakeoff. They had no capital invested. You are up against that everywhere. You will tell me that in Harrisburg that is not true. Perhaps it is not, but if you look it up you will find that the price paid to the producer is not within shooting distance of the price charged to the consumer. When the producer gets 30 cents instead of 15 cents it makes no difference to the consumer ; he is still paying his $2 or $4, or $7.88. Milk was raised from eight to nine cents a quart, and city people were given to understand that the price of milk had gone up because there was a shortage of grass, hence the raise of one cent a quart. Two days before milk was raised the price to the pro- ducer was cut down by one-half a cent. In other words, the food commodities are controlled by speculators and there is only one thing to do and that is to get together. I found that out in the northwest they are raising apples that are bringing five cents apiece, but these men had to starve to death almost before they could get together. It seems to be the usual custom. A few years ago one could have bought acres for $30 that are now selling for $2,000. There was an Eastern lawyer who knew nothing about apple rais- ing but his doctor told him he would die if he stayed in New York, so he went out West. He had a little capital when he went out, but after two or three years he found that the next year the whole family would have to stick to an apple diet, they would have to eat apples for breakfast, dinner and supper. They wouldn't have any- thing else to eat, because they didn't have any money to buy any- thing else. They couldn't swap apples. They couldn't afford to pick and ship. The other fellows were all in the same boat ; some I INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE im> t 143 t, A cforfpH to starve or cut down meals, and he made the proposi- Hnt^^hft w^^^ They were willing to do anything f,rm Co-o^ration built that orchard average price frOT, $30 t« T.000 anrmoney was made by these orchard.sts by business methodf Speculators offered some of the orchard.sts ten cen s a bushel more Aan their own company and some of Aem saw that ten cenSand it looked good to them, but the wrves sa.d If you Teak away we will lose the farm,' so f^^X f f^ ^^^^ JfS^^'^^, ^;^r,'f Ar, i> herause it cost too much. In tne course oi lwu ui ttreevtar they found it was good business to stick together and *l Jn^V Thev are shipping into Pennsylvama and are selling ship three thousand miles and hire the best packers ^nd buy the ^-P K tfX 'and'&^wTof three huS mHes'an] tTmlf iTmlroutofVrn^ti^Tand but after all. Western apples ^^^' itriouVVL^trag^^'t sweet potato growers de- cided to go outo? buTiness, for%he reason that they, could not get enough for their sweet potatoes to pay them for raising them^ The Sand was increasing, yet men were selling out .a-^d leaving the^ f^s Again a city business man got 'up in the a r, and held Lf?^ He said "We will have to form a co-operative associa- tr- "^Lea": it fo m; We must hire a good -- t" -U^^ notatoes " Somebody moved that they pay a good ma" f400 a velr-Aat waTover $30 a month-ripping wages for a village of Cinhabitrnts. Somebody else allowed that he ought to get at SSt S&o as a man that could sell their crop was worth $50 a mnnth then arose the trained business man and said Gentlemen Ha case of sink or swim. I move that we get the best swee 00 ato seller in the United States and pay him what he >s worth Cy found out that they could get one th^t was^etting $3-5^ a vpar for selline for one firm, by paying him $4,000, ana wnen nc proved that they hire this man at $4,oc« a year he came near petrifying the entire community They almost d-jopped through. He saM "I will pay him and if he don't make good >t >s up p me^ 1 win have t^ borrow the money but I know how to do that. He Irs a bulfness man and it is wonderful how they can get money on Treputat ranHerve. With proper style of nerve you can borrow fhreemiZn dollars at next to nothing per cent., and no quef ons asked He paM his man four thousand dollars a year and this is % 'Ve4rli''ea^res'^^^^ ifa'Uh^^'nf wL^-^^^hS^ com^e in I have redu ed the p?ice to $2, and when they are corning in good and heavy, $1.50. They had been getting 40 cents-it satis- 144 fied them all right. The gentlemen who had been getting rich on sweet potatoes from that particular section took their plug hats and their canes and their gloves and hired a Pullman car and stocked it up with food and other things, went down there to see about the sweet potatoes. They said "boys are the sweet potatoes commg in pretty well?" "Oh, yes, pretty well." "When are you gomg to ship some cars down ? You better ship some in to me." "What is the price on them?" "Oh, it looks as if we could get you 40 cents, we might squeeze 50 cents. Ship down three or four car- loads." "No, excuse us, they are $3." "Tommy rot. We can't thmk of it." They finally concluded they were not going to get sweet potatoes. Those producers are still co-operating. They know be- fore thev dig a potato exactly what they are going to get per bushel and per barrel ; they know they can ship to Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Kansas City, St. Louis, Chicago, and other places and the acreage increase is great. Yet not until they were starved into it just as were Western apple growers, did they get together and accomplish anything. You have your local market and they will tell you that you can get just as much money for a Ben Davis apple or a Keifer pear as you can for a real good one. You can't do anything of the kind. Raise high quality. Put your label on, pack your stuff properly. Don't work old tricks and think you'll get away with it— don't pack the best on the top and on the bottom ; it won't go more than one trip. Don't say that some of us have a cinch on markets— no one does. Our friend from Pontiac, Mich., had no more cinch on his Pontiac market that you have on yours. When the average con- sumer catches on to something good he has money to buy and will- ingly pays any price for good food. A local market close to New York City paid 25 cents a quart for milk last year. Do you think that is a good market? I raised some strawberries, Chesapeakes — they were, uniform in shape and size — they were good all the way through. I sent some in — not to the speculator but to the user, and was offered 75 cents a quart for all the strawberries I could ship. Do you think that pays ? Quality pays in all big cities and it will pay right here. Right at home a man can build up a market for first class peas, asparagus, lettuce, strawberries or any thing else without specializing at all, and he can set his price ; perhaps he may haul something back to the farm at first, yet he wins out every time. Good stuff pays, but producers must get together and consumers must get together. We have markets in our great cities, but they are handled by speculators. The prices to consumers are something terrific. They now are planning to build city markets for the people. Here is the proposition that was presented to a meeting of a State Committee: That the city intended to build markets and then they lease them to a firm, who was a first rate firm, a firm of auctioneers, entirely controlled by speculators. Instead of leaving the city's food in the hands of five men they actually planned to turn over the control to one firm. But consumers blocked that game, you producers must get together and appoint your own agents ; the potato growers of one place, the apple growers of another. I paid $6 a box for apples for my "kids." «] ''l^ KlMH Ol- I'.OTAN •'AlMNIJAM K" I'UM. Courtesv L. 1. Agronomist. 144 fied them all right. The gentlemen who had been getting rich on sweet potatoes from that particular section took their plug hats and their canes and their gloves and hired a Pullman car and stocked it up with food and other things, went down there to see about the sweet potatoes. They said "boys are the sweet potatoes commg in pretty well?" "Oh, yes, pretty well." "When are you gomg to ship some cars down? You better ship some in to me." "What is the price on them?" "Oh, it looks as if we could get you 40 cents, we might sc|ueeze 50 cents. Ship down three or four car- loads." "No, excuse us. thev are $3." "Tommy rot, We can't thmk of it." They finally concluded they were not going to get sweet potatoes. Those producers are still co-operating. They know be- fore thev dig a potato exactly what they arc going to get ])er bushel and per barrel : they know thev can ship to Philadelphia. Pittsburgh, Kansas City. St. Louis. Chicago, and other places and the acreage increase is V^at. Yet not until they were starved into it just as were Western apple growers, did they get together and accomplish anything. You have your local market and they will tell you that you can get just as much money for a Ben Davis apple or a Keifer pear as you can for a real good one. You caivt do anything of the kind. Raise high quality. Put your label on, pack your stuiif properly. Don't work old tricks and 'think you'll get away with il— don't pack the best on the top and on the bottom ; it won't go more than one trip. Don't say that some of us have a cinch on markets — no one does. Our friend from Pontiac, Mich., had no more cinch on his Pontiac market that you have on yours. When the average con- sumer catches on to something good he has money to buy and will- ingly pays any price for good food. 'A local market close to New York City paid 25 cents a quart for milk last year. Do you think that is a good market? I raised some strawberries, Chesapeakes— they were, uniform in shape and size — they were good all the way through. I sent some in — not to the speculator but to the user, and was offered 75 cents a quart for all the strawberries I could ship. Do you think that pays? Quality pays in all big cities and it will pay right here. Right at home a man can build up a market for first class peas, asparagus, lettuce, strawberries or any thing else without specializing at all, and he can set his price : perhaps he may haul something back to the farm at first, yet he wins out every time. Good stufif pays, but producers must get together and consumers must get together. We have markets in our great cities, but they are handled by speculators. The prices to consumers are something terrific. They now are planning to build city markets for the people. Plere is the proposition that was presented to a meeting of a State Committee: That the city intended to build markets and then they lease them to a firm, who was a first rate firm, a firm of auctioneers, entirely controlled by speculators. Instead of leaving the city's food in the hands of five men they actually planned to turn over the control to one firm. But consumers blocked that game, you producers must get together and appoint your own agents ; the potato growers of one place, the apple growers of another. I paid $6 a box for apples for my "kids." 1 1 INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE 145 I can buy oranges cheaper than that, and grape fruit and bananas. T^e onoortunities are stupendous but our marketing game is all wrone ffi ong a?^ keep the present method up the man that 7^LTt^hlk is not the old commission man he - gone^ h^ r^Js nracticallv disappeared from the face of the earth. But always S'hrvTth^ speTu'lator; he buys your goods and sends Y-^^ letter with a little memoranda on the bottom, large quantiies ar rived 7rom the west and we will have to give you a pret y low orice- we are so^." Sometimes he will send a post card, "please ^^iMmT-t.^ to oav freight." I have a friend in who XbpeTth^reelarlords^f nI. i onions. The quotations when thx,se cars^started were high; He had a pot of money .n his onions and ?n his mind also. He received a telegram saying "if we don t recei^eT check or $326 to pay freight and other expenses we w^l have to turn the onions over to the health department; we Tan't hinde anrmore of these goods." At that very same time ^nsumers weVpayin^ S.cents a pound for th°- £tica^ oni^n. That was not a commission man ; it was a speculator. *-»« wesi it is n^rcalled by that delicate name, we would call it sotnething else Easterners don't use strong language. Westerners don't mean " ''\^rh'ave"'prrPaT'woT with his data on markets. I have toW you of our experience, there is the solution and we 1 .H r in our wav We figured like this : That we were pro- ducers' and somewhe^re there ^re consumers who wanted to buy our crops W? IWed in a city flat so we knew that most city folks ronldn't take care of a barrel of potatoes nor even a bushel. We WW i was aU tha they could do to handle a few quarts, so in iS^we deveLed the "Home Hamper." It was a common crate tw held s'x four quart baskets. We filled them with whatever we had on the f a™-?our quarts of potatoes, four ,<|"?rts of tomatoes lupar corn cucumbers, etc., etc., and always a little bunch of par sely We have put in radishes, lettuce, a couple heads of cabbage whatever was in season. We charged the consumer $1.50 and we paid th^ transportation on what the consumer had been pay ng Tom $2.20 to $4.50. Shipping the contents of our hfmpers to he cnpnilator the highest price we ever got was 8 cents and tne lowest 4 cents, in^other words we were making, taking out the orTce of packing, the cost of hampers, the little pieces of green l"otr we were Irtting 98 cents instead of 6 cents or in other words we w;rTnrakin| 92 ce^s and we were helping the consumer from ^o c« s Z%3M So we solved our problem, and that is the way we are shipping to-day. When we started this plan we shipped seven hampers to^seven people we knew lived in apartments and wrote them a le ter. It didn't take long and it cost only 14 cents besides he cost of writing-to build up a "Home hamper" business We wrote "I believe you will like good fresh produce and if this Tui^s you, send us $1.50, if it don't, accept it with our compliments^ Everyone sent $1.50, and they also sent other customers. From fhatLe our business built up until last year -? had to send back almost three times as many orders as we could fill. VVe don t Keep books, the money comes i/first and the hampers go afterwards. In 146 this way we wiped out five speculating agencies; we helped the consumer and I will leave it to you if 98 cents isn't better than 6 cents to the producer. It looks to me like a perfectly good, honest, square way to help yourself. The first one to follow us was a grower in Colorado, and he wrote that he doubled his income by it. The next one was a man at Cape Cod, Mass. He shipped to Boston. The last ones to start were on Long Island. Four started last year and they wrote they had made good the first year. My neighbor says, "Well, but say now neighbor, ain't that a good deal of trouble?" What do you think of that? In other words, isn't it easier to take a scoop shovel and fill a freight car, then take anything the speculator wants to give you and hand him 10% back. This is the only business in the wide, wide world where cost of production never enters into the selling price. Somebody will say, you can't keep books. Well, if you can't keep books in farm- ing, I should advise the man that makes that reply that the best thing for him to do was to get a job with some good foreigner digging ditches, and let the foreigner keep the books. Don't get mixed up with the idea that you have to be bom of any particular kind of blood in order to succeed. Columbus was what is called a "Dago," but he *beat it' and discovered America, or pretty close to it. It don't make any difference where you come from or what you are going to do, if you think of a way that is better than the other fellow's, carry it out; go on and try it. To my mind there are just two things that bring success in this life, keep your courage and when you see something that looks good, make a grab for it. After you have struck a good thing, hang to it and push it. Don't care if all the neighbors look over the fence and 'guy' you plumb to death,' you'll win out. It don't matter whether you are a de- scendant of William Penn, George Washington or just some of the folks, if you will make up your mind that you are just as good as the other fellow until you find out you aren't then swing which- ever way it looks better and try that, but after all everyone of us must work for ourselves what is most profitable, for what may prove successful for Prof. Surface in Pennsylvania may be a dismal failure for Prof. Fraser of New York, or what Professor Watts will find a howling success on top of the Allegheny mountains may prove a dismal failure in Massachusetts. President Creasy. — ^Do you know anything about a law some of the states are trying to enact relative to commission men ? Mr. Fullerton. — Yes, I do. New York State has been trying to bring the Commission Men under the same laws that govern all other business save the commission men. The only business in the world that is dealing entirely on another man's capital is the commission man and he has been able to defeat any law that puts him under the same business regulations relationship that govern other business men. No man can start any other real business and sell real things without notifying the state exactly how much money he has invested, and under what conditions, the name of his people 147 and what their responsibility is. The commission man has noUi- fng to do of the kind. In one year I saw one of the bigge^ fi"^^ i^fl three times and three times started under its own name and never p Jd a sYngk^^^^^ which belonged to the producer, the little ?armer^with $30 worth of eggs, the other fellow with two carioads ofTpples and another one with three carloads of potatoes. These soeculators sold these goods-the producers' goods-and decided Shey wouW keep the money themselves. Out West this would be called robbed It would have been grand larceny except in he Sssion business. If I agree to do some work for you for ten per ^nt. of what I make for you and you give me the ten per cent that's al rght, but if on the contrary I come and ask you if you don't want\ commission man to sell your farm for you, and I ten you I could only get $800, that the land is going down fast and vou had better take that and you accepted the $800 when I had sold Lj^ OCX) and pocketed $5,2^. This transaction has but one name wh JhH be land or food that is so handled Honest commission wo^ls all right, but speculating with another man's goods and Tharging tender cent, besides doesn't look like commission work. A bill went through once. Later some distinguished citizens appeared. They were commission men. The bill never came o^t of either house. Do you suppose those gentlemen swallowed it? Do you suppose the dollar had any effect?. Do you believe a man can sell his own soul for that ? I don't, yet it must be done every day. Question.— How many states have a law similar to the one they are trying to enact in New York? Mr. Fullerton.— Many. They are all Western. That is where they file the trigger so as not to miss fire. Mr. Atwater.— I suppose I am the only man in the audience to use this Home Hamper, but I have ordered them and paid for them and am familiar with it. The Home Hamper business s all rieht You folks who can go to the markets and pick out what you want, then perhaps you would not care about it but to those ^ho have to go to the corner grocery, they find the Home Hamper a mighty convenient thing, and what he said is true. The stuff is A-i quality. I am glad he makes all that money out of it If you want to copy that idea he won't mind and I think it will help you. Mr. Fullerton.— That "Home Hamper" is not copyrighted and any one can buy it, and to night I will show it in pictures giving all details. President Creasy announced that as a resolution was passed at the morning session in regard to appointing a committee to look into the matter of the use of cider vinegar, he would appoint Dr J. P. Stewart of State College, chairman. Dr. I. H. Mayer and Fred. H. Fassett. 148 REPORT OF RESOLUTION COMMITTEE. Whereas, The attendance and enthusiasm at the present meet- ing has been especially encouraging, marking as it has the progress in Horticultural interests of Pennsylvania, ^ r ^t. Resolved, That we as members of this organization put forth every effort toward its further development and growth during the coming year. , u • j r Whereas, We recognize the important work being done tor the fruit interests of Pennsylvania through the department of Economic Zoology, and Whereas, We recognize the importance and inestimable value to the Horticultural interests of Pennsylvania of the experiments that are being conducted by the Federal experiment station through the Department of Experimental Promology at State College in cultural methods and Fertilization in various orchards throughout the state and ^ . Whereas, the influence and teachings of the farmers' in- stitutes, through their able staff of instructors, have resulted in much good throughout the state, Therefore be it, Resolved, That we urge and insist that the present Legislature grant liberal appropriation in support of the aforesaid Agencies of Education. Whereas, We, recognizing that in Pennsylvania State Col- lege we have one of the greatest educational and research institu- tions in the counrty, , j .• Whereas, The wonderful demand for agricultural education has resulted in so great an increase in attendance at Pennsyl- vania State College, that the present buildings and teaching force are inadequate to accommodate the great number of students already enrolled and must result in the turning away of farmers' boys who are applying for admittance. Resolved, That we urge the present Legislature for an appro- priation sufficiently large to provide necessary buildings and equip- ment, as well as to procure and retain the best possible instructors, Resolved, That we recommend the appropriation asked for by the Trustees of the College as specified in their budget, Resolved, That we request the Postmaster General to make a ruling by which pbnts, seeds and bulbs will be admitted to trans- portation by Parcel Post at fourth class rates. Resolved, That we extend the hearty thanks of this associa- tion to the officers and committees who have arranged for the meet- ings and fruit show, and to the instructors who have been the real means of making this annual gathering so great a success. W. J. Lewis, C. A. Griest, E. B. Engle, F. W. Card, S. L. Brinton. Moved and carried that the report of the Resolution Com- mittee be accepted. V 149 Sn^ By^he way, the man wU^o^^ a J^adge^^ i„ Unless he is ^i^^J^ rxterofItl^r"\le can. get by the door unt.l '^ 'V. s with 4^jen ^?f ,s^ ^hrmS^trr ;- r&r^, fe| J Je doo. o^the .ef of ^ou^" ?S°^rr V-3 hS- and you have done a rumpus in New York seven °!^^'?^*,C%o|ether and we just started by the state f^^Z^r^Zy^^W^^ behind us and went right up there to A'^a"y ^^'^ e^^^ ^ere not getting enough we said we wanted that ^i" si^n="'"'"eyn^^^^ buildings were all accepted it and the g°^^'"°'''^ and what they were for. Our decided on where they were to g° and ^^^^ ;„ keeping the college alumni organization was a very strong tacw ^^^^ I admire, of agriculture to the front. . ^e have a p ^^^^ ^j but he was filled w>?h *« 'fa "fj^^ ^^ ^^ ^j, j ,f We made up our m'"ds .that agriculture 5 ^^^^^ ^^^^ „£ h could get there. It .s "»« °"^tm ^t f three thousand boys students. We have made it °"^/™ ^ to have the room for and girls want to go *ere we are go g ^ j^^_. ^^ them^ It was ".^^^„^^7^/°IaX? trustees and the^ alumni planned requested a meeting of the board 01 rr ^^^ ^^^j_ ..^^^^ a proposed change in «anagemen an cU)se t ^^ ^ lumber in here. Brmg ^1 the laches m ^^^ ^^ ^^ she will go home and tell three or .^ .^^^ ^^^^ ^^j mud.' I gave a lady a" apple and sn domestic science. tltt l^ll^w^ aHhe Srsif/want |irls. Get them together; P"'rTteS^,»-uldli^^^^^^^^^^^ of Mr. Fras^^'%fg«^ 1 aCfo allow nobody but members, to the public. It will ?• 1 ISO <;tate CoUeee and the only possible criticism is against us as a p^pleo Pennsylvania, against our representatives in lepskture C not realizing what a splendid institution we h^^e and not get- tine behind it and insisting that an agricultural departinent be m^Va chief department. We have a good many institutions to teach enri^eerinl science, history and classics, we have one insti- tution th?t teaches agricultural in this great state of Pennsylvania. sCe CoUeee oucht to specialize in agriculture and instead of di- vMtag up hir proportions so that each of it^ departments gets just Tcerfain proportion of the total amount, agriculture ought to come first TheyTed help from the public, the citizens of Pennsylvania and I hope^his resolution urging the support of State College will not only be started at this meeting, but that we wi 1 go among our ne ghbo'^s and friends, talking this thing up wiUl the Ugisla ure realizes that aericulture has called to receive its dues. Let all go torne and v^ork f or it. let us stir up our representatives at Harr.s- tog to work for it, and you will see that they will act mighty quickly. Secretary Tyson.-There was one matter that we overlooked in our re!o?ul^ons^and that is the so-called Lever Agricultural Ex- lenskin Bill that is now before the Senate in Washington The bill provides for National aid to the college extension work for the various states. It provides for an appropriation to ex end over a cSeraWe number of years and to go to each state through the State CoUeees and Experiment Stations to carry the results of their teaching and the results of experiments to the farmers >" the sta es It has the approval and support of all the mstitutions of tha kmd and it has passed the House and I understand will come up for action within a few days. It will be very important to us to en- dorse tWs measure and'instruct that our endorsement be conveyed to our senators and we urge that they give their support I do no know the exact title. It is popularly known as the Lever Agricul- ^""Kaf mov^d and supported by . the AssociatK,n that they endorse the Lever Agricultural Extension Bill. This motion was accepted by the Resolution committee. Mr Fox.— The matter of fixing the place for holding the winter meeting of the association is under our new constitution Tnd by-^ws placed in the hands of the Executive Committee. It btell that during the session of the legislature the b.-ennial ses sion that the meeting of this association should be held at the ate cap tol. Next ylar, 1914, unless the legislature should be m special session there will be no meetmg, therefore 't would be vvell for this association to meet in some other place than Harns- burg. for the purpose of enabling the people of any other part of the state to show their hospitability to this association and also secure new members in that particular district. . DuXThe course of this annual meeting it was my privilege several times to mention my own native city, which is surrounded by fruit districts, having men there who were engaged m the 1 151 profession of fruit growing ^he^y o^eading^j^^^^^^^^ its hospitality, It 'l^^-^'ty^^'eef^e beautiful homes. Then to suburbs, and it «o'i\d b%we 1 to ^e the beaum^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ go out in our rural districts ^nd see tne viney ^^^_ Orchards and what 'f^being done, and I wUl say mat ^.^^ ^^ ^Lfe:linat?Relrg t* thrEtrutiv°e Committee as the place for holding the next meeting. PROCEEDINGS. THURSDAY EVENING. JAN. .3rd. Joint Session of State Board of A^icutoe,Sta.e H^^^^^ Tyson. The Chairman.-We are now going to hea^f-^ ^hlve "ali Hal FuUerton of M^/ord i^^^^^^^a^^^^^^^^^ .^ ^.^,^ ^rcoT/nrcome'an" M is here to do the whole performance. .th:^erhr-:;;?f&l^j^^S£S ever had tonsilitis I need n^t^^P'f'" ^''^VwhUe you have it. Her keep it up very long, but 't %«?'"/ rtant end to my mind. In the end of the work was the most >mportant end to my ^^^^ first place, most men are, way down inside, amw y ^^^ some good women as ful fanner t" keep ^^^^^ k ^.^^^ ^ job of%urning ^^^f "hines°yrXnruSand and regarding b g one. Nearly all things you aon i proposi- which no one has left any part'culaj re^°jd 's \ J^v^^ ^ tion on the start. As a matter of fa«. " J'^? ? jjew England or job as your ancestors and mine had^whenth^^^^^^^^^^^ J^^^ ^^ Europe and went clear out west as "[ "= . / j j^ove an To Harrisburg and fought Indians «'tb ^jf/Xen "hey felled a ox with the other, their P'?neer>ng meant that w^en » y ^^_^^^ tree they had to plant a gr/'" of corn where the tree s ^^^^^,^ to death. . That kind of Pjoneermg wa wearing^^ ^ ^^_ ?S^-sorrrtf ^^"^^•e^^^^^^^ Fs^ fi°rTt rf I e^: Sd f rsuS '^^^ru:%^ side the market garden adding flowers.^f-'^^ „_„„ you. anyhow. 152 n„t fifteen vears ago— that's when the world began you know, aauehter )'^ The fiSTtwo or three pictures that w.ll be shown iiinnustrate one of the reasons why it's unnecessary for a young man to go West! this eastern country, (Pennsylvan.a New York Tnd New England), is just full of unoccupied land exactly as good as when our grandfathers or our great great grandfathers furted clearings. So why we go out West where one must wa te tViP land to ?et even weed growth and bring that water tor miies or practice '^ry farming" for two ye-s in order to get a may-be- crop the third year, or go up over the border where it is so cold that thev get a good crop about once in every three or four years, wh n ou'rf aste'rn count'ry just teems with fe and hke this pic- ture—you have thousands and thousands of acres here that wm raise the best apples on earth. Western won't touch them on the Sets you've'^iles of land so.hilly that th-es on y one thing o niant— eraoes and you can raise grapes on that land tnat wui mert all cTmpetUion possible. What we did was done on Long "slnd us^r'emember^hat, but what we necessary for a you, g man to STO West this eastern country, (Pennsylvania. New York and New EnMand). is just full of unoccupied land exactly as ^ood as when" our grandfathers or our great great grandfathers f^arted clearin<.s So whv we go out West, where one mitst wa er the land to get even weed growth and bring that water for miles or po"tice>'drV farming" for two years in order to get a may-be^ crop the third vcar. or go up over the ^'°"^'' f'"l'\''J°^°,, that thev eet a 'good crop about once m every tliree or four years, when our Eastern countrv just teems with idle land like this pic- u!-vou have thousand's ind thousands of acres here that will rai.e t le best apples on earth. Western won't touch them on the TrlJts • •ou've'^JJiiles of land so hilly that tViereso"ly one thing o nlant —"rapes, and vou can raise grapes on that land tnat %\iu meet alf competition' possible. What we vie^vs t^re s a ted through theStereopticon and the remarks of he sneakcT refer to them.) One-half of Long Island was just like aT'idle'ac^Lge. it isi/'t pretty. How "Ht^|;,-"''\^>- f -• .^e nrre for it for agr cu tural purposes." Nothing, it was in tne market for one dollar, three' dollars or six dol ars an acre, for Tree centuries and nobody bought it. f --^'b- « - i^^^-u lers said it was no good and wouldn't grow anything. W hy did "lex say 11 ' I ook at the trees and shrubs nature grew ! Grew every 'aV because It was burnt over aninially for a huiulre.l and fifty veari Experts said it was no good and that the soil was on y half in inch ckep I had a careful analysis made and the report I go was a corker-the soil was "absolutely worthless " It was devoid or shv of evervthing under Heaven necessary for plant growth. We V^anted 387 vaneties and nature grew them all. Here is an oak \n oak don't grow where there's nothing tinder it o sup- port it an oak don't^row in half an inch of soil ; an oak don t ^rov on sand: or where there is no water. Natures demonsta- fion was more convincing than man theories. Now. we don t mean that soil analvsis is not good. It don't mean that the sc.en- tiS asn't helped us. for he has. but it does prove that nature does hings that n an will never conclusively explain nor will we e^er k ow exactlv how a plant grows or why. I don t believe we wmII ever know all that is absolutely necessary for plant growth. \\ e don't know where mv oak trees on Long Island get their lime for ns ance-(I sav mine, because I love the Island so much that a good deal of it is mine, although I don't own an acre) for you can t find am- in the soil Perhaps the trees get it out of the air ; maybe thev n^ke it Mavbe calcium isn't an element. ma>^e it is a mixture of other things. ' Once f|uite a prominent Long Islander came out to hve tig te not to see our farming. He knew what Long Island couUl do His ancestors lived there. He came to see how we had r I ...N>. lM.\N' "ll-M' il^M''- • Curu-;. 1. '■ \-i'onunu=t INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE .wed the Ubor^n^n. He ^^J^l,--^-i:t,r^i:rl ^nt r/p^af',^^«°°u/' ars his whiskers mike any difference ^^ats h.s namej^ow he w^^^^^^^ .^ ^^.^ or what language he speaks, ^^^ !^.^"™*''^y ^ork for theirs by generation-perhaps your g//'"'^'^''''?^" 7'" Trovalty over here fnd by, we mustn't f°_:;g„^t tha^, we ve a Ig of royalty^ work ng for people who used to "e seris. w ; ,e jt was staid with us was that every 4^™ly^t^'^/,i^^e|'ard^ around it. and cheap, but it was home. E^^^^' J/^' de world wants, also A home is what every ""^n m th.s wide wm ^.^ what most women crave. . ."^f^^ °", R°oseveU. The woman Island Teddy-you, know h.m .^^ Colonel Kooseve ^^ there, (referring to the shde) .s my partner mw^ ^j ^-wieeled understand that it is some woman wnoca j^j, ^^e- western motor-wagon through t"^^* f°^ "^S found ful, perfect^ S. chop stumps out. The '»"? ."'^\°^"f "';„,. (he United States Gov- f or the try-out ^t. crop ra.smg and against the un ^^^^^^ ernment, many scientific V^^re f of 28^ yeaJs! "man and boy " as -some of them had lived there for 285 years ^^^ they say. We wanted to .grow things the nex^ pr^g ^^ j^^^ one quick way, we tried 'V?,"i','^°hereonr hippy h°me is now; ten acres planted to rye. There is where our n wy ^^^ that stump blow Pretty^nearly made he ce„^r for us. ^^^^^^ U stumps out at one time. That picture was i eet from the blast and my partner ^tood by bnc a trac t ^^ the camera and on us, but we knew ^at «f y"" k"P^° Jji^ed the danger point y°« ->" „"^,; ^.'/we^t u^ fn the^^ we kept our this on the stumps. When th mgs wem v ^^ eyes on the stump and when f wanted to ugn siVtepped and let her hgW, f w^had b en onj^ ^ a t me we would have been n. "•= " ^^e point of of our helpers l^^^2Tz:r^::^^''^''^^o^^^ d^opment for danger. To us, the marKet garu y ^^^ enough land close to a great city I'l^^^f^ew YorK tnai ,j,j^^^^ to eat since Indian days, whe" they ra se^ tj^e^ ow ^^ ^^ are a lot of speculators that don t let jNew 6 ^^^ eat; those that have money cant get 't because u ^^^^^ tho^e that don't have any money g^ u^ed to living .^ ^^^ a day-thafs no joke A"^j„y'i5'^;"ESl" "d and down in Jersey, York and on Long Island and in JNew ^"B . because a there are thousands of tons of fo°^'t'' it up and sh^ip it, and and the other fellows cannot afford to box it up P^^^^^^j it is not on account of railroad rates, eitner. 154 maae up uui nearby folks and so we started on that line. Tt's ?oW to be a UttHr^u't for an American who has been <»kmg fym.!? JJ"'SwS Mb *= «»m ploi>jh. whet. ,c» If your local market is crowded, ship it, but ^^^ \;f/. %•". . ^ . all ma car with a scoop shovel, put it m boxes, pack t "f t' P^^ your labero^it and you find the market garden is the thing^ Jt is makes a thousand dollars per acre, not m °^y^"^',°^l.^''^ZIkine won't handle more than three acres, because h«^=^f ' 7^?,*' ''i,'^Xd iZ' These fell down and settled, at the stone's base we find still a better fo-^o vegetable, a big fern. That died down for years tnd mhced with thil old rock crumbling away, was developed the best olanti^tKe world the tree. Now, we had observed nature s ^Wt lesson a ereat many times and we consequently knew that Kw trees of any kted or grow food plants, that you must have ttfthTnes fn the soi mineral particles, potash, phosphate, etc., and humus fhevegetabe matter which nature laid down there m the fS? leaf so our ancestors didn't have to use anythmg, they tad^f all the?e that was nature's work. Now we know we had no humu • we had the other minerals aplenty, there was a dear old manXat ioTed into this and found soils had enough "potash to last ISS a hundred thousand years and ^o.^^^^Zi^'iii^t^S. twenty or thirty thousand years, I d^" * «^Pf J '^i^^., „eed to although g.ran were kings because they had 8 nches ot ^"'.^ ^ jj ^wful feet. We bought stable ^^anure m th« s^a.niy .^ ^^ ^^^_ Now we have a light, easy, f "able soil, wejv gerous to plough over 2 .f^-^^Xtlredrne to death. But I dug die up the "pizen" 'soil ; it nearly s^^rea "^,° ^ow we eet down d!fwn^6 or 7 Inches and "'^f ^ ^-^^^^Xw/y ^h^rrow On Long Is- 10 or 12 inches with the rot»>J °;«'a^^^"^; i^^j, where, every land, we are not «;i"=i*f,^/„*'y %Uve quarrild enough stone to time you run a 200-foot *""°^> /""Xf V ^g simply have make a beautiful stone ^^nce around the house^ vv y^^^^ ^^ a nice, friable, spdy. 'oam, and that mean^^^^^ j,^^ ;„ that earth any time m the summer ^nd squeeze | ^^^ hand and it will stay there just I'^e a Ml. ana max g^ .^_ it lacked one thing and »»'=' //!,;^f,'*'''' Th"s ifttie Planet. Jr., is proved tools and they are aU Am^^^^.^^/e others just as good, made in Pennsylvania "They *«" ^« *"^'j%j„t shiploads of them to I shipped carloads of those to 'Mexico ana sems^ Russia and Japan wh'n ?n '^P,°!^*ra^d A^ any of them used m f « U"'\«d^f *f .'^sTof the world were using will tell you the same thing, that tne rcbi ui 156 Pennsylvania labor-saving -Pl--\%*-hn^;^ Sf^t soil, when many A™«"<^''f.rthif thine (illustrating). I used to poie-they take a hoe and do this thin? U> s;^,^ ^ ^^ So it myself. . (Laughter.) I dont do^t ■^°«- ^^^-^ ,„d and some seed along with oujfnfr^ and g^^"^?^^"; ^, „,e the Planet at the other and a little m°^« "| VV=„s handle ten acres of wild Jr., and it's a good one, and ^elpeo us "a" brambles, land broken up for the first time, with huckleberry ro . ^^^^^ etc., in it, with three men-none of them knew ay g_^^^^,, farming, according to the "a 'ves, and the experts ^^ ^^^^ and his wife knew H'«;.B"'^*^J^^'that we started with and that's anybody can. There s the three ««» thM w ^^^^^^^ what happened the fi"t year. J^°^^ ^ ^^^ we didn't have freight car. We used it *°^/ i^J''f '^^ m condemned freight time to build bu'ldings so we got some^ia ^^^^^^ ^^^^ cars and the railroad charged us f?^ them «i ^^^^^ .^^ ^^ sold for five cents a stalk, ^hy ^„j;?/',hubarb and we got it lO cause it's bigger than the other f^""'' «j'™° ^ toy out in Ohio, I days ahead of the other fellow. Wh«n 1 was a^ y ^^ ^^ ^^ used to help put nail kegs and boxes arouna .^ ^.^^ ^^^.^^^ eet it in ahead of the others, when tj^* n«g"°°';\i,ou ht it paid us fhey got one and one-ha f cents a h«nch.^° ^^^^f "^^.jid tlTe bank to do a little coaxing. It looked hke blazes, du ^j ^^^j^ account. We knew a year before we ^tf ted^'^^',^^*U^the millions be credited to Pennsylvania •n>"'°"^',7^7,'°^'' wouldn't grow one that the Pennsylvania Railroad could borrow w s^_^^^ ^^^ cabbage. Money won't grow things it Ukess^^^ ^.^^ ^, ^^^^^ ;„ seed. When we bunched ""^ radishes we ^^^ ^.^^. ^^ one that had a hole m it "^/^^.^'tbel on them, and we got a put in the best we ^new and put a label o ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ better price for o^^./^'hsheS' jusi x j^.^ when they pack right. We fdnt say, un _ ^^^ F .^ to middling, let her go "° ^^"^ '*^ V '^"1 a reputation. They didn't go, and it didn t take long to get v ^^^ said we couldn't g^ow head kttuce that ^^^^.^ ^ ^^^^^^ ?*'"M'"Wh'vT"wril ^ef d dn't know; there was some myster- I said. Why.' ye", <•'«:;',, jjjgj planted and 1 ious reason. At that time I ^'^'l^^^" J^^^^aHeties of head lettuce, planted seventeen more ^"dgo^X?rke head lettuce to me, as good Here are some of them, they look UKe n afterwards heads as any one ever grew f ywher^„,,^^\s°pianting lettuce that that our friend that =o"}dntg;°w lettuce was P s ^^^.^^^^ .^ had come over in -^|^'P,f ^'.^'^f ^f„"OW fnything^bou^^ ^^ ^^^ He said, "Do you think you can brea^k imo „ ^ ^.^^ .,j York City?" I said. Yes. He said, lou ^^^ can break mto anything thas wrong, ^nd « .^^^^^„ ;„. method of packing tomatoes, it s the way wew ^^^ ^.^ sist on having them packed, and me*?^*^' J^.j 3ell tomatoes that you get along with those? He ^aJO, lo" , ^ Ly,%o.u've got to f yj'^^gl^t -a^'esman, but I'm thing with them." I said. All Jigni. ' " „ .^ ..y ^n't goi^^to sell those tomatoes hf "r^ -on. He said,^^^ ^^ do it." I said, "I will. He saul,^ome ^^^^ you." and I went around and he ^how^d me. .^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^.^^^^ ^ tomato catsup and he showed me ^^ew tomatoes of and then we went back and \,"^'d' . ^^ere „ ^^^ mine? Let me look at them. ^ "" ^"'"^ "?*°'^.!\;^h^^^^ he said, "Bill where are those tomatoes . Why .^^ ^^^^ sold them." (Laughter.) Now. that was awiu, ij„.t sell he was away, proving ."^rSyhaf wasn't much good anyhow, them some underpaid^ individual rii^ wasn^t^ ^^ ^^^?^^ ^^^ was forced to sell them "fcausc a ■ (Applause.) I we had busted an absurd ^"f'^ °Jtu7areument out and when we walked on with him so he could have the arpimento^ ^^^^^^ ^^ came into the office, I said , S^y^ "^'jf, "j't'sthe funniest thing 158 I don't know how many.to anothe. And ^o we b-ted a basjg custom. Cabbage, we rf'^ed Aat the hrst jear y^v ^^^j^, ^^^_ kind of seed. It was "all-head came on^^rly ^^,fi^id_the petition, but only with the «»""*f ^j^f ^^arrow, by it a real shows a real wheelbarrow, man s «>" Jhee ; J ji,^^ fine eirl, and better than that, a Lo"g J^f r"* fj"' YoA City is im- fve^ there. (APP'^^^^ and laughter^ New York^^y ^^^^^^^ porting immense quantities °f 8'"" f "•{ ^^ ^^ think stlad means that loves salad. In this country, most all ot us i ^ lettuce, but over there they have ^ sorts "^ ^^laas s ^^^ ^^^ endive. They bring these from Europe bring it^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ storj^e of the steamers. It is just as easuy g ^^ .^ ^ ^. a little bit easier. You can g^-ow t '" the not^ ^^^ money maker ^nd here's the way it grew In New folks who have been to Franc*' J™ ?"^ ^ tie thistle shipped called the Globe or French f tK:hoke. It is a b g ^^W^^^ from Belgium, seldom f'^^ ^^^^Mue the-", take hold of used to eating them and think tneync ^ ^^^ these scales on the bud, puU these »« >Pi^.7i,'" "t a little string strip them through the teeth f"^ somet^mes^they ge ^^^ off of it, tasting exactly ^ke the French sauce ta ^ ^^^ worth 75 cents apiece and bloom t^e second ^ea ^_^^^h _^^^ nearly as easy to grow as a Scotch th st,e y ^^^^ ^^.^^ have corking big hlooms, and you see mat ou ^^^^ _^^ ^ they are just the same as °"r own thistle ^^.^_^ , don't know any better Jh*"' f ''°^^„^^^^^ cared for the standard when served fried with beeksteak, we nev .^ .^ ^^^ onion raised in this country, the read Weathers . _^^.^^^ ^ swift for us. (Laughter.) I understand it is y guess it would fight pre ty nearly an^^^^^^^ ^^ „. there was a market for so-called Bermu dined to raise the biggest ^e <:ould get and we g ^^6^^^ Gibraltar seed, among "the^.f^rains and ft^^o^^^^^^ ^ These onions raised on ground ^'th "oHimg on ^^^^ ^^^^ little made-up humus, gave us onions weighing s two pounds and many of them over three pounds a p ,^^^^ that onion was just as sweet as an apple un u flavor all right, but it had no bite to it, and it was c y s^^^^ to eat, raw or fried or boiled. And as they tnoug y Bermuda onions, why we^ot^eal^od^^^^^^^ ^ P takes just as mueh labor exactly and "st as long^a^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^H "'tf r^ e ^hoi g or^ouf p^-e'ns'for which you can get ^-^-^Z^Bt^i^'t.^^ r^s! yM ?^::e"ioTet'ou/ t'ltrj: so ^f - ^'^^ ^'iSfy after the weather gets warm; it s pUasimt siting ^^ ^^ cutting potatoes or working around the field, w ^^^ ^^ Tot 'iV-SoVbl^Tor Im" We^ got -o bushels to the I (.NC lsi..\M) Cm i.iii."\vi:i<. Courtesy L. 1. Agronomist. iS8 I don't know how many.to ano* And so;- b;^^^f„g%ttrt custom. Cabbage, we "fd that the fi«t >^^r y p ^6^^^^^ ^^^^_ kind of seed. It was "al -head, came °" ^^"\,-lgfield-the picture petition, but only with the d™>"" '^■^. J" XeVbarrow. by it a real ^hows a real wheelbarrow, man s >« ff^P;;" g;ow^ them fine girl, and better than that, ^ L°"g J^'/"'' f^'e^^oTk City is im- Sver there. (APP'^"^,^,.^"'^/''"^', stuff for its foreign element porting immense q"^"\' 'f,„°\,f '^'^sf all of us think s!lad means that loves salad. In ''^f^^°""">'„ sorts of salads, among others lettuce, but over there they have al sons oi , .^^ ^^^ ^,_, endive. They bring "^^^^. '■;°'"„fj"^°"eliK; g^^n as lettuce and storage of the steamers. It is )us as eas.i, g ^^ .^ ^ ^.^ a little bit easier. You can g™ w t >n tne ^^^^^ ^^^ money maker ='"d 'lere's the wj^' it^ ew In .Ne folks who have been to FranW' '^''° J">, ^ big thistle shipped called the Globe or French a7'<^'Y*V^".''ua„e Those that are from Belgium, seldom f "'"f, '^^ t^" ' like th'em, take hold of used to wtmg them and thmk they . ^^j^ ^^^^^ ^^^ these scales on the bud, pull these ott, ^ip in^m ,j , ^■ IVrip them through the teeth, f '"^ 1°"^^^^^^ * 'asf e , but they arl off of it, tasting exactly ''j^^ *^ Jff "'s„'ond v^ar and are pretty worth 75 cents apiece and '''oo" *^^J^^,°"'' -^hey are hardy and nearly as easy to grow as ^ /cotch th st^e. 1 ne> ^^^^ ^hink have corking big ^ooms and you see tha our ^^^^ ^^^ ^ they are just the same 5? °"^ ° o 'h fond of onions, especially don't know anv better J';^"'f™"^"l "cared for the standard when served fried with beeksteaksvenevei^careQ .^ ^^ onion raised in this ^ounry the read \Veather ^^.^^^ ^ swift for us. (Laughter.) I ""d«[,J'^"^ " .' ,1,.^ it^ We knew guess it would figlj' P^'^jXdVe™""- °^^^^ -e were, in- there was a market for so-caiiea d"""" , ^ „,j g,a,it clined to raise the ^ggest we could get and ^^e got so^ ^^g^^^^ Gibraltar seed, among other «'"'"J.;.^™ i^n /on ^ at all except a These onions raised on ground. ^^1'"^"°* "^ on it H little made-up Inimus. gave us onions weighing seldon ^^^ two pounds and many of them on er three po i ^^.^^ that onion was ,ust as sweet f f,/"/PP'"„ . \;'';.as certainly good flavor all right, but it had no bite to it^ ai d " vas c > g^^^ to eat. raw or fried or boiled. A"^ 'S the) tno g y Bermuda onions, why we gf ^["'/"f ,P r^u,,rbut I got $^50 5 cents a pound for 'hem-l d mn t gf ^ ^- ■ ^„^ ,t when the other fellow was getfng 43 .""'' *°,o " a time to raise takes just as "^"^h labor exacly a-i "^^ a^^^'„°"f,.^;thersfield, as ^'^'h' "In -rai e [hose go^ous'pectme'ns' for which you can get ,t docs to raise ^ose gioriou i potatoes late, its any price >0"\^''.4°^«„^t^«'h"'j°^'X with cut worms, you don't easier you don t hav^^o much ^^ . ^^^ ^^ have to get out in me cuiu .^ .^ipocnnt sittinc out in May after the weather ge'^^^ajm; Js peasant s.tung ^^ ^^y cutting potatoes or workinyound the field. V ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ r-'lV-S^VblelTor Lm" We'only got ..o bushels to the \ >/ ^ s ^-f , ■ --4**V> * > t\ I 159 acre and our Long Island friends, some of them, got that year 320 to 350 bushels, but they got 65 cents to 85 cents a bushel and we got $^.«50 a bushel for ours. We are still growing early potatoes; there's plenty of room for them. These are sold in New York as Bermuda potatoes and that was the only competition we had, and ours came in as early as theirs and were better to eat. Then we tried some more things. Over in Japan, they have what they call the Sakurajima radish; it's a corker. We will probably call it Old Sacks here pretty soon. It's a good deal of a vegetable. We found the record in Japan was 30 pounds. The first year ours weighed 18; the third year, 42. Not all of them, but the big fel- lows They keep all winter; they are a late radish. They are good to eat raw. They are just as good as a French Breakfast, sweet and delicate, the flesh looks very much like the apple. The great leaves make two more vegetables; the nb may be eaten like creamed celery and the leaf makes good greens. They are very easily handled and we understood why the Japanese love them. They have really four vegetables in one ; they eat them raw, they cook them like turnips. Some times the leaves measure four feet. We found that everybody liked these radishes, it didnt seem to make any difference whether they were blondes or brunettes, they all liked them. We tried some water-melons. We heard they only ffrow in the South. We tried them and found that we grew them just as long and just as sweet as the South did, exactly, if we planted the same kind of seed they did. That was all; the only difference was planting the right kind of seed. We found Halbert Honey, for instance, fine. Later, we found Tom Watson the best thing on earth; there's no better watermelon to-day than Tom Watson; it's a good shipper, good to eat, red and always sweet. To-morrow there may be something better. Cantaloupes grow like this with us, too. I didn't pick them up and put them in a bunch ; 1 just happened to see them and took a picture. That looks easy, but you have to fight to get cantaloupe the same as you do to get potatoes or any other good thing. We've got to scrap from now on Europe has been doing it for a good many years, China for 2 000 years and portions of Europe for 1,000 years, so the fight has list commenced with us. We must scrap from now on for every- thing we get; and you must spray. I suppose you all know what to u«!e Th» best thing we found is Pyrox, and, as one of my neighbors said to-day— I'm not getting a cent for saying so, either —I don't get anything for telling you about these things and 1 pay full market prices, too. Several varieties of melon; heres Rocky Ford and here's Montreal. There's a melon that last year sold at wholesale for $36 a dozen in New York, $3 a piece. It s worth it, why not? It isn't very good to eat, some s^veet, not much, but there's a slice that the Willie boy can offer his friend or companion in the restaurant and paralyze him, it only costs Willie $1.50 and Pa has money to burn, so that the farmer— he s a Canadian— raises these things and they are just as easily rai^d as the little fellows, exactly. Why don't you get in on that? Ihere never was enough to supply the market and the lowest I have ever seen was $36, a dozen, wholesale ; Montreal, fair to middling canta- i6o loupe, that's all -but it's big. Now this lot of crops are not all but a good many of the things we got ready to send to the fair from three dollar an acre land, $9.50 for the fertilizer We don t call it that, we call it humus. Humus is so much easier than saying "anything that is vegetable or animal that will rot or is rotten, so much easier and pleasanter, so we use it. Those are a great many of the things we raised on this cheap land right close to New York City, and I've friends who are fighting with a rifle to get enough water out of an irrigation ditch to water their land; if they don't get enough water there's nothing to eat. I ve other friends down in Florida, some of whom have located their land too deep ; others can find their land in the dry season ; others have got good land and are making money, but there s a heap going down there on what some man did eleven years ago with his lettuce patch— he had the only lettuce in the world that winter, he had a cinch. After we had raised all that stuff, this is the thing we went up against, the food speculator, this is the real thing, you get it, don't you? Here is the producer; he s got the stuff and he wants the money. Look at that Here is the city man ; he got the money and he wants the stuff. Now why don t they get together? I don't know, it isn't ignorance Will either man let me call him an ignoramus, unless he's a Quaker and don t believe in fighting? I know places where, if I started to say that, there would be the worst mix-up you ever saw and I d be under- neath. I don't know why they don't get together, that s only one fellow and the guns are not loaded. No, no ; don't say the commis- sion man does it. Food speculator, that's the right name there aren't such things as commission men. There may be one or two, but I don't know where they are. You may have them over here- we haven't any that I can discover. Now there s the trouble and you must solve your problem; in fact, both must solve their problems. Let's see how they are getting at it. Your food spec- ulator has a national organization that's a corker. H there is an organization of producers, bang! goes a wad of money into that community to jack up prices, to break the combine of the pro- ducers. That happens so many times that there's no use of men- tioning names. U you want them I can give them to you. When producers attempt to combine, there comes a wad of money from all over the United States and it is concentrated at that one point. Their's is an army well organized under good officers. They know their business ; they have their spies and scouts and flying artillery and cavalry and infantry, rapid fire guns and all, and they know what happens before the boys ever get officers elected, before they get down to business, and before they adopt a constitution, the big association is coming in to swat them. You must meet them on the same ground. Get some airships, they haven't any yet. Lick them out. You've got lots of men here that can do it. Now then there must other fellows get together; that's the man over there, the consumer. He is getting together in great shape ; I think there are fifty-seven separate societies in New York City banded to- gether fighting this speculation, high cost of living for they are hardly making both ends meet. But they form too many societies. 161 I don't know whether it's because everybody wants to be president or whether they don't know that united we stand, divided we fall, is good business. It's a good motto for both sides. Those people in New York, — I don't care anything about it here, but in New York and other great cities the people must get together and demand a public market. Oh, it works out all right if it is a public market and no one is permitted in it except the producer or his representative, no speculator, no huckster, no auctioneer, no speculator or middle man of any description; no one but the man that raises the stuff or his own folks ; then the consumer can go or send his hired man or hired girl or push the button for a messenger, if he wants to; then you can dicker just the same as you used to, and you will get more money and he will get more for less money. But you must get together and maybe you will have to starve as the apple growers of the Northwest did before they got together. Maybe you will ; I hope not, but apparently you have to starve the producer plumb to death before he will get together and get that business partner we must have, because every good, successful farmer is a nature lover, and a nature lover is a senti- mentalist, an idealist, and he loves his plants and raises them, and after he has raised, say the finest lot of peaches on earth, what more would you? He don't know how to sell them for shucks, be- cause he hasn't that end developed. Now he has got to get into partnership with somebody. If there isn't any good business man in that community that can handle goods, then let him hire, not some nice, cheap man that failed to cut off a yard of dry goods 36 inches long, through life, has never been able to hit it right, but the best man he can find, if it costs $10,000 a year. Do you sup- pose J. P. Morgan made his money by hunting around for cheap men for his lieutenants? Do you suppose that the Pennsylvania Railroad has made such a wonderful record in carrying safely mil- lions of people, by hiring a lot of men that will work real cheap for them? No sir, they secured the best they could get and the best come high, but they always pay, and the big man long ago recognized that and we ought to start in with that line. You can't hire a ripping good man for a small salary. Here's the way we solved the problem. I don't say it's the best solution on earth, but I haven't seen any that I liked better yet. That's a "Home Hamper." The six 4 quart baskets again and here's one pack that was shipped. We ship anything in season from the market garden and nobody tells us what to ship. We sell it for $1.50 delivered anywhere in New York or Brooklyn. We pay the railroad 25 cents for carrying and delivering it, that means $1.25 to us net. The crate costs something, green paper costs something. The label costs something; the labor of packing costs something. We make 98 cents clear on what is in that basket, not on that par- ticular one, but all through the season. Now, we tried to see what we'd make the other way, so we shipped these in bulk, in crates, baskets, barrels. The contents of that hamper brought us when shipped to speculators, 8 cents ; the least, 4 cents ; the av- erage is 6 cents. We are making 92 cents more by shipping that way. Oh, yes, it's a little more trouble, certainly, you've got to l62 think. Of course, all these things take more time than the scoop- shovel idea into a freight car, and more thought. You can hire awful cheap men with the scoop-shovel, but you can't get 98 cents. On the other hand, we found the consumer secured for $1.50 what he'd have to pay from $2.20 to $4.50 for. Those are the figures given us by many folks, so we were saving consumers from 70 cents to $3 on every hamper. This year our orders were so many that we sent back just three times as much money as we could cover by hampers, we keep no books, and sometimes we get a check for $60, saying, "When this is exhausted, advise me and I will send you another check." Sometimes we get a check for $1.50, sometimes for $6. We find that the average faniily— and by the average family I mean really an average family, a man and his wife and a couple of children— will use two hampers a week. The New York family, which consists of a kitchenette and a man and wife, (laughter), nothing else— did you ever see a kitchenette? You have to be thin and walk sideways. Ail the furniture has to fold up when you move around. After you sit down, you fold the dining room table down, reach for things out in the kitchen and put them on it. Great ! The bed folds against the wall. I don't know how they get in it, I suppose they jump up in the air and when the bed falls down they land in it, you can't exaggerate it, it's too funny, it's perfectly ridiculous. Those people use one hamper. Other orders will call for two hampers Tuesday, two Thursday and four Saturday. We have never ad- vertised. We started this by shipping seven hampers to people that we knew in New York, not relatives, and we wrote them a note, saying, "We are going to try this out ; if you like it, send us $1.50; if you don't like it, accept it with our compliments." Every hamper was paid for and we got three and a third customers for every hamper we sent, and at present the Long Island Home Ham- per is used all over the United States and has been for five years, except on Long Island. They were not going to follow any fool notions of that "railroad book farmer" — that was my regular pet name for years, but they are doing it this year ; four of them went into it. Here is another hamper shipped in November. Oh", it's easy enough to keep tomatoes by pulling them before the frost gets them and putting them under the shed or putting them in an attic, and when you want them to ripen, bringing them down and putting them in the kitchen window. Of course, it costs money, but look what you get for them and tomatoes don't lay on the ground and rot. Here's another illustration, the public market as a solution of the high cost of living — that's the suggestion of Pres- ident Ralph Peters for Long Island City. I think I know what you are thinking and what I've seen people think in other places. Those are wagon roads running in there and any man that has a team can get to that market, he don't have to ship over the Long Island Rail- road, and that market is located where steamers of the deepest draught from coasters up can come right up and unload right there the same as the railroad can here and the same as the teams can there, so it's wide open, but no one will ever go into that market except a producer. That is one of the solutions of the lloMt; 11.\mim;h" I'*ii.!.i:i. Courlcsy L. 1. Agronomist. 163 New York situation. It would take a good many markets to supply that great city. These berries are what some fellows call crea- tions, but they are nothing of the kind, they are just selections. That is nature's way; she has to fight for it and does all sorts of stunts. This isn't a very good berry to eat, the Heritage, look at it! It brought 75 cents a quart because it's big. That's a corker, a good one. That's the Chesapeake ; that's all strawberry, running close to the same type, very close, always uniform and always delicious. The best strawberry we have found, we have tried many. Here's a thing that is almost unknown in New York ; you can't buy them. I loved them in the West, the middle fellows, and I never was able to get one until I raised it. Yet there's a dem;a;nd for them, the Cuthbert, the Cumberland and the Golden Queen. The Cumberland is by long odds the best black rasp- berry that we have been able to find. Here's the dewberry. Over here is the Lucretia. Those are sold as blackberries and they are blackberries of the vine kind; they are the best of the blackberry family. Here is a better one; a selection from it, Lucretia, the Austin. If that is taken care of and petted on the back, the same as you pet other crops, you've a berry that comes in directly after the raspberry and before the other fellow gets his blackberries. And the dewberry is a sweeter, finer berry, without a core. What is the use of raising those bushes that by and by will take you^ farm, when you can have the dewberry? You can't raise that sort of fruit on sand or soil that's no good and neither can you raise it unless you fight for it. You can't have that and San Jose scale both; you can have one or the other. Our trees have been pro- nounced time and time again the ideal trees — apple, peach, pear, plum, apricot, nectarine, Japanese plum and cherry, and for ten years I have used miscible oil "Scalecide," for spraying. I prefer it and used it steadily for eight years and I have never injured a tree. They are wonderfully healthy specimens. Lime and sulphur will kill San Jose scale. I have used it, but I don't use it reg- ularly for two reasons. One is that it is hard on the eyes ; hard on clothes, hard on horses, hard on harness and hard on machinery. Still another reason is that when you spray a tree with lime and sulphur, it don't spread; when you use miscible oil, it spreads. I don't get anything for recommending oils, I am simply telling you what I use and why I use it. There's a little picture story I love very much. This is my littlest girl at eighteen months planting her plum tree. Let's watch it and see if one has to wait a lifetime to get bearing fruit trees, as I have often had people say. This is the same little girl under the same little tree, two years later; plums on it; the same little girl again and the same little tree, solid, full of bloom, in full bearing, four years after you saw the little whip set in the earth. Now we see a branch of splendid fruit. They are Satsumas, with funny coats. Let's look inside and find why the Japanese spent 2,200 years developing these. For small pits, lots of flesh, very firm, so it could stand up under cooking and with the right amount of acid to make it the best preserver on earth. I don't believe name changes taste. I think those old fellows that did the developing had a right to name those i63 ili.\i .. I i \ «i II. IV 1 1.. I.|.'> I Ivii .1 l.(.\. , I *l \ \ h l\. i\ ('<«urlj^%. (Applause.) That's woman's work. I started that way. We kept the dear old cows from dying by putting a few bags en the spots where we ran out of boards and the cows g^ve milk. They got pretty dirty, but in the spring they cleaned off. They won't let you ship that kind of milk to the city any more and it's a good thing. Well, we moved. Our work, you see, is to show people what you can do and how you can do it, how cheap, how good, and why. And there's only one way to do it and that is to show them. I don't mean that he has to learn to drive the horses or run the plough, though he ought to do it. I don't mean that the g^rl has to learn to do it, but she ought to know how, so as to tell that other fellow and check him up when he is doing it wrong and not have to take any back talk, but can say, "Do it that way, the way I want it." This is a modern concrete barn with a silo. We didn't have any nice little 12 or 15 horse power gas en- gine, so we took the old motor wagon, backed her up, put a belt on the inside of the hind wheel right over the big casting, of the drive chain, and hitched it up to the fodder cutter and filled the silo with it. The automobile man said that we ought not to do that, that it ruined the automobile. I couldn't agree that it was harder to cut and elevate that corn than it was bucking dirt roads. We can throw butter from white into yellow with alfalfa in three days and I have done it in 36 hours. We have miles and miles of flowers go to waste ? Violets. Price violets down here to-morrow. Price them next summer. See what they are worth. There's a chance for children and women. Big money in flowers, wild ones and tame ones. On land worth from three to five thousand dol- lars an acre, within three, four or five miles of the middle of New York City, are great numbers of foreigners, not Americans, — Ger- mans, French, Italians, Slavs, Swedes, growing flowers, and in the spring it's a wonderful sight: Miles and miles of wagons of all descriptions coming to the Island to get plants, in pots or out, to sell to the people of New York City. Many people make their entire living raising pansy and other plants, but they are all foreign- ers, yet Americans say, "There ain't no chance for a young man now." The chances are better and bigger to-day than ever before in this country. I had better chances than my father ; my father had better chances than my grandfather, and my boy will have better chances than I, and so it will go, but we can't sit still and have somebody hand it to us. Sweet peas; one of the most saleable things there is in New York City and a great deal of revenue in it. That little girl on that patch picked some times 5,500 in one day. We didn't let the other fellow have it all. On Fourth of July she made bouquets, red, white and blue. Sweet peas were selling at 15 cents a bunch. She sold hers at 50 cents a bunch. The other fellow simply had sweet peas. They didn't think just a few moments, then keep the varieties separate, later arrange as the national colors. Nursery stock; money in that. The work is a little harder than raising corn, of course, but you get a good i66 deal more from a quarter of an acre than you would from fifty acres of corn. Out at the east end of Long Island is a man with 4^ acres, an Armenian; he has a wife and three children; they travel 44 miles to church each Sunday; he always dresses better than I am dressed; perhaps he cares more about dress. His wife's clothes cost more than my wife's. His house is good, with every modern improvement in it, bath tub, etc. Part of that 4^ acres is occupied by house and barn. His entire income is derived from the purple aster; that's all he raises. Do you think there's any chance left. There are plenty of chances if you will only take them. There's a good flower, it's way ahead of some of the unsightly things we have around our greenhouses and we plant those around the chicken-yard, and it shields the chicken yard from miscellaneous observation, and in the fall you've something to mix with your feed that helps get eggs, so it's a commercial proposition to raise sun-flowers. There's money in egg business, lots of it. I have a friend who is a clerk on a small salary, who has a little daughter that can only eat perfectly fresh eggs three times a day. He pays $1.00 a dozen for honest injun fresh eggs. I have another friend who pays 70 cents a dozen the year round for fresh eggs; fresh, not nearly fresh, not almost fresh, not only in cold storage seven years or five years or three years, but really fresh eggs ; not eggs that the farmer has found under the barn in the fall, but fresh eggs, that is, eggs to be eaten Thursday that were laid Wednesday. There's your market; it's open to you. Any man, woman or child here can get it ; it's there. What is this ? A fool stunt ? No, it's what we call a bird bath ; just a little hollow stump. We run in a little one-eighth-inch pipe with a little gas jet on it. When we went into the waste lands there were no birds except the whip-poor-Will. Birds won't build nests imless there's running water near, so we thought we'd furnish running water and we did it that way. That fall our bird experts counted 86 varieties of birds that had built their nests in our trees. What did we want the birds for? For several reasons. We loved to hear them sing, we loved to see them and they are the cheapest insecticide you ever saw. They have helped us more than all our own work. Without the birds we'd be out of business. Somebody questions that. Let me see. There was a State out West that put a bounty on hawks a few years ago and paid every fellow that brought in a hawk $1.00, and by and by they called for the United States Government to come and see if they couldn't do something with the mice that first destroyed their root crops and then their corn. By and by they couldn't even grow wheat, the mice cleaned all the wheat out. The Government sent out and they fought and they used science, they used everything they could think of, talked about electricity and finally gave it up, and then what did they do? They went back to nature's way. What was that ? Somebody sud- denly waked up to the cheerful fact that hawks eat mice. Some of the nature cranks, you know, had observed that, so they decided to pay two dollars a piece for every baby hawk that could be raised, the boys have given up chickens and gone to raising hawks, and when they get enough of them, nature will go back to her 167 old adjustment and they will have their wheat and other crops. We must be mighty careful how we upset nature's plans. Why did they offer a bounty on hawks ? Because once in a while a hawk got a chicken and the fellow that owned the chicken got mad and wrote to his assemblyman and senator about the frightful destruction of chickens by hawks, and the senator and assemblyman passed this bill and raised Cain with the State, all because Bill Smith lost one old hen — that had stopped laying, at that. (Laughter.) Out in the country is the only place for children. Oh, there are some of them that do live in the city, but the country is the place they really thrive. I love out-dors for another reason, its because your partner and children can be with you, work with you; you know them. Why, I know my three blessed children far better than the average father because they are with me and I am with them every day. If I was in the city or if I was a suburbanite, I would be beating it before the kiddies were up and get home after they had gone to bed and I would only see them on Sundays, and they would probably wreck me then, because I wasn't used to them, because children can tire you fearfully, but you dassn't let them know it. I've a good friend right in this audience that will back me, I know, in all I say about children, and he knows, because he has eight of them. I only have three. Eight is eight times as good as one and if they were mine they'd be a good deal better than three; I don't know about his. (Laughter.) He's a live wire and I know that the United States is glad and so is Pennsylvania that there are eight children in his family, and, for gracious' sake, don't let New York get him. You let New York scoop up a right smart bunch of your good fellows at State College. But you've a few left and you want to arrange to keep them there. Keep Neighbor Tyson, also. (Applause.) You've another man here that has done a whole lot to help you. He's another live wire and you want to keep him here, too — I don't know your Treasurer, but I love the name of the place he lives in. King-of-Prussia has some of our Long Island names skinned a mile. I go out and read the name of the place he lives in when I'm tired and I also think of Speonk, Yaphank and Mattiluck and a few other names we have down home. Some people say, "Everybody works but father," but that's a mistake ; this picture proves that father's on the job, also. (Applause.) I don't shunt it all on the wife and say they are her children and insist that she bring them up. I never have done that, it never struck me as a square deal. Oh, let us be thankful and when we are thankful, let's have real pie. I've been eating Eastern pumpkin pie. They take some crust that's like cracker crumbs and smear something yellow, perhaps paint, on the bottom, and call it pumpkin pie, and I have seen women work for hours trying to get six pieces out of one pie. In the first place, it requires geometry to do it; in the second place, it is not a square deal; you can only get a man's size piece of pie by cutting the pie twice and you must put lots of real pumpkin in the pi€. I have been thankful — for 56 solid years I have had all sorts of things happen to me; I have starved to death; I have been through nearly everything that any pioneer has been. I have i68 been broke once or twice. I occasionally get hurt, but I get right over that, I don't get something the matter with me inside that I can't find out and have to dope myself, and I have been thankful for that every year just the same. I've gone without water and without food and I've gone pretty near the limit a good many times. I've got mixed up with Americans, Mexicans and miscellaneous folks, to my detriment a good many times. I'm a pretty small man to get mixed up and I never know enough to quit until the other fellow convinces me that I've got hurt right smart, but I love nature for there's always something beautiful in nature, even if the gale is 80 miles an hour and blowing the roof off, it's interesting to see how high the roof will sail. There's never a minute outdoors that isn't beautiful or interesting, on the other hand, if you live in the city when the gale is blowing 80 miles an hour, just think of a 37-story building falling on you! That's different. I don't care for the city, not that I'm afraid of the buildings, but there's nothing there that nature made; it's all man- made and he does make awful botches of it sometimes, especially when he improves like this, (referring to the slide). (Laughter.) I don't know any better prayer than this. I believe you'll all agree with me its good, (referring to the slide reading as follows) : "Now I get me up to work, I pray the Lord I may not shirk; If I should die before the night, I pray the Lord my work's all right." Any man and woman that lives up to that will never accuse the world of mistreating him or her. They will never find that they are losing their job. It's the fellow watching the clock, carefully figuring how little work he can do to pay the man for the money he gives him, that is going to be dropped out when there comes a kerflumx in the market or J. P. decides to lock all the money up in his own particular cellar or some little upset arrives like that; but the man that will live on that or the Golden Rule will get along all right. I don't know how long I've run; I'm a long distance talker and I never get tired of this subject and I could start over again and not repeat anything I've said; so many stories do each one of these pictures mean to me. My only regret is that I haven't my blessed partner to offset a little of the harshness of my voice and a little of the jump, perhaps, and a little of the fight that my Dago ancestors gave me. You know, we are in the habit of calling people Dagoes now that we used to look on with great respect and call Italians. I was figuring it up and I found that my grand- father was born in Paris, France, and my grandmother in Madrid, Spain, and they came over here early, went out West, built the first log house of a big city. These city folks, had to cut their own road all the way from West Virginia, had sixteen children. Grand- mother killed seven Indians while holding her oldest, her first- born son, on her arm. That was the only thing she could remember that was hard. City folks these were, from Europe. Then I looked up the other side and found that my grandmother on my father's 169 side was Irish. I figure that I am three-quarters Dago and Vm glad of it. That's the reason I enjoy life; and suffer keenly its the Latin blood. I married the other side, the quiet Saxon, the German. That's the reason, you see, I'm really well balanced — when Mrs. Fullerton is with me: a Quakeress of German descent and a Westerner with Latin blood, hence life is one glad, sweet song; there's always something to please us both. I thank you. (Applause.) After further music by Miss Tyson the Joint Meeting ad- journed. THE FRUIT SHOW. II N. Market Square, Harrisburg, Pa. Despite the shortage of funds and the consequent delay in get- ting out the premium list, a very creditable exhibit was made. The entries were fewer in number than one year ago but the quality was excellent and compared with a few years ago the high character of the fruit and its freedom from defects or blemishes are truly remarkable. A fine exhibit of corn by the State Breeders Association and a smaller one of dairy products by the Pennsylvania Dairy Union were made in the same building. Further exhibits were made by manufacturers and dealers in farm supplies. They paid for space, thus helping out with the expenses. Setting up a fruit show means a lot of work and great credit is due Prof. F. N. Fagan and his willing assistants. Mr. Arthur L. Richie, of New Jersey, Prof. W. R. Ballard, of the Maryland Agricultural College, and Mr. O. G. Bishop, of Michigan, were the judges. Their decisions were just and the Asso- ciation owes them thanks for their services. Following are the awards : Premium Awards. Class I. — Single Barrel — Any Variety. (i) (York Imperial) H. F. Hershey, Harrisburg, Pa. (2) (York Imperial) H. M. Keller, Gettysburg, Pa., R. 5. Class II. — Three Barrels — Any Variety. No entry. Class III. — Five Barrels — One Commercial Variety. No entry. Class IV. — Single Box — Following List. Grimes. — (i) Tyson Brothers, Flora Dale. Smokehouse. — (i) Tyson Brothers, Flora Dale. Stayman. — (i) Tyson Brothers; (2) Eli P. Garrettson, Bigler- ville. Summer Rambo. — (2) William Stewart, Landisburg. Wagener. — (2) William Stewart, Landisburg. Winter Banana. — (2) William Stewart, Landisburg. I70 York Imperial. — (i) EH P. Garrettson, Biglerville; (2) Wil- liam Stewart, Landisburg. York Stripe. — Tyson Brothers, Flora Dale. Class V. — Single Box — Any Variety Not in Class IV. (i) [Paragon] Eli P. Garrettson; * (2) [Fallawater] Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield. Class VI. — Pive Boxes — Following List: (i) (Stayman) Tyson Brothers; (2) (Grimes) Tyson Broth- ers. Class VII. — Five Boxes — Following List: (i) (York Imperial) Tyson Brothers. Class VIII. — Five Boxes — Any One Variety. (i) (Stayman) Tyson Brothers; (2) (Ewalt) Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield. Class IX. — Three Boxes — Any Three Varieties. (i) (Stayman, Grimes, and York Stripe) Tyson Brothers; (2) Ewalt, Fallawater, and Rome Beauty) Daniel Rice. Class X. — Single Plate — List of Varieties. Arkansas. — (i) D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro; (2) A. D. Strode, West Chester. Baldwin.— {i) A. C. Richards & Son, Schellsburg; (2) Wil- liam Stewart. Ben Davis.— (i) A. D. Strode, West Chester; (2) D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro. Fameuse. — (i) Miss Katherine Large, Orrtanna. Gano.—(i) A. C. Richards & Son, Schellsburg. Grimes Golden. — (i) William Stewart; (2) Tyson Brothers. Hubbardston.—(i) A. D. Strode, West Chester. Jonathan. — (2) A. J. Morse, Titusville. Northern Spy. — (i) Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield. Rambo. — (i) Tyson Brothers. Smokehouse, — (i) Rice Brothers, Biglerville; (2) A. D. Strode. Stayman. — (i) Tyson Brothers; (2) A. D. Strode. Summer Rambo. — (i) Miss Katherine Large, Orrtanna; (2) Tyson Brothers. Tompkins King. — (i) William Stewart. lVagener.—(i) William Stewart; (2) J. W. Zeafla, Liberty. Wealthy. — (2) Miss Katherine Large. Winter Banana.— (i) J. E. Reisner, Shippensburg ; (2) Wil- liam Stewart. Belleflower.—(i) Miss Katherine Large; (2) A. C. Richards &Son. York Imperial.— (i)W\ss Katherine Large; (2) Miss Kathe- rine Large. York Stripe.— (1) Rice Brothers, Biglerville; (2) Tyson Brothers. Class XI. — Five Plates— List of Varieties. (i) (Stayman) Tyson Brothers. (2) (Arkansas) A. D. Strode. Class XU.—Five Plates— List of Varieties. 171 (i) (York Imperial) Tyson Brothers. (2) (York Stripe) Geo. P. Myers, Biglerville. Class XIU.—Five Plates—Not in Class XI or XIL (i) A. D. Strode; (2) Daniel Rice. Class XIV. — Largest Number of Varieties. (i) Eli P. Garrettson; (2) Daniel Rice. Class XM.— -Collection of Pears. (I) William Stewart. Class XVL— Single Plate Pears. (i) Miss Katherine Large; (2) William Stewart. Class XVII. — Largest and Best Display. (i) (43 Boxes, 15 Trays, Stayman) Tyson Brothers. Class XVlll.— Plate Nuts— List. English Walnuts.— (i) L. C. Hall, Avonia. Butternuts. — (i) L. C. Hall, Avonia. Black Walnuts.— (i) L. C. Hall, Avonia; (2) Mrs. R. M. Eldon, Aspers. Class XIX. — Sweepstakes. Tyson Brothers, Thirteen First Premiums. Class XX. — County Association Trophy. (i) Adams County; (2) Perry County. Having won at three consecutive shows, Adams County is awarded the trophy. Class XXI. — Home Orchard Special. (i) William Stewart; (2) Tyson Brothers. REPORT OF EDWIN W. THOMAS, TREAS., TO THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENN., DR. RECEIPTS. Cash balance, ist mo., 19th, 1912 $ 230.97 3-16-1912, from Chester J. Tyson, annual dues, 300.00 7-27-1912, from State appropriation 1,000.00 1 1-9-1912, from Chester J. Tyson, annual dues, 171.00 12-31-1912, from interest on deposit in bank , 10.86 1-16-1913, from Chester J. Tyson, annual dues, 160.00 1-20-1913, from W. Atlee Burpee & Co., contribution, 25.00 $1,897.83 DISBURSEMENTS. To John D. Herr, $ -m.qo To J. H. Hale ^ 56.70 To Chas. E. Bassett, 40 00 To J. P. Stewart, ai.'go To R. H. Garrahan, 20 00 To Newton Tait ' 2:; 00 To Paul Work, '.'.'.'..'.['.'.'. 37.0S To J. W. Gregg 24.32 To R. L. Watts 23.47 To Fred Johnson, 27.80 To C. E. Meyers, 18.41 To Wayne Title and Trust Co 2.50 To Edwin W. Thomas, ^. 2716 To Bulletin Publishing Co 6.50 To Gatchel & Manning, [[/, igjgo 172 To Times & News Pub. Co, ... To Lewis F. Walton, ^. [[[l IQ-SO ^o Horace Roberts, .... 2.75 To Bulletin Publishing Co. 29.50 To Gatchel & Mannin|, ' 9.I5 To C. Ross Boas, . ...^;..;.;:;;: lao^ ?^^'^f.s& News Pub. Co., ....:; 6.00 T^ v\'r^l^^ ^°"se United Evanireiicar Ch,Vr;i, '^.oo To H. W. Collingwood, . . . ^''^"^^^'cal Lhurch, To H%'* v^ ^x^T^*^ ^^'^ Asso.; ".'.*. ■.:•.; 18.00 10 H. ii. Van Norman, Treas.. . 1,000.00 To Gangwisch & Mann, .....' 5.00 To Chester J. Tyson, Sec, 117.00 To Chester J. Tyson Sec. ;;;; 7.21 To Balance cash on hand, 187.29 To Savmg Fund Acct. Horace RobertsViife Membership; •.•.•.•;;;;;;; f,'^ W .r. . Harrisburc, Penna, January 21, 1^91'^^-^^ .ame to b/ "ofrST ^'' '^^^ ^^^'"^^ '^^ -bove account and find the WM. T. CREASY, ROBT. M. ELDON, WILLIAM STEWART, Business Comm. INDEX Addresses — President's Address, 17 "General Fruit Committee Report," ..,[ ji ''Notes from the Entomological Field," ag Agricultural Progress in Pennsylvania," 39 "Study of Modern Orchard Management," 58 "Influence of Cultural Methods and Cover Crops alone and with Fertilization upon the Yield, Growth and Commercial Quality of Apples," 68 "Planting and Pruning of Young Trees," 90 ||Economics of Orchard Reclamation," 99 "Costs in Orcharding and their Effect on the Business," .. 112 'Peaches," 120 Question Box '...'.'.'.'.'.','. 126 jXocal Growers' Organizations and their Possibilities," ... .* 131 The Importance of Improved Seed for the Vegetable Grower," ,-,- |;The Marketing Problem," '..'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'.'.'.[ 141 "Farming the Leading Profession and Biggest Business on . , F.arth," 151 Amendments, 53 Auditor's Report, .!!!!!!!]!!!.!!!.*!.*! 172 Business Session, !.!.!!!!!.].!! 52 By-Laws, ,, Card, F W .*.'.* .*.■.*.*.*.*.*.* .' 27 Chase, Howard A., '. . . [27, 98, 124 Committees— ^ Standing | Resolutions, .*..*.'.*.'.*.*.' 39, 148 Membership !!!!!!*. ' -jg Nominating, m c^ Constitution, ;.;;*;; ^^' \l Creasy, Wm. T., 17 Election of Officers, ea Engle, E. B, '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 18 F^g^". F- N., ;. ,Jo Fraser Samuel go, 112, 149 Fruit Show Report j^A Fullerton, H. B. ....!.! 141 igi General Fruit Committee ' 21 Good, Martin R ^ Herr, John D .*!.'.'.*.'.".'.*!.*.'!!.'..'.'.' 21 Joint Session, ,« tct Lewis, w. J .'.'.'!.'.'.*:.*:.*:.*:;.':; 27 Market Gardeners' Session .'!..*.'.'.* 131 Membership .....'..'...'...'.'...'. 3 Myers, C. E 135 Officers, [[ !!.!!! I 52 Papers (see Addresses) . ' Premium Awards igg Question Box 125 Stewart, J. P., ...............'.'.'!.'.".*.'.*.*.. 68 Surface, H. A 27, 28, 29 Treasurer's Report, .'.' ' \yi Tyson, C. J., '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'. 26, 28 wa^rk/uv.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::;::;;;; ""■'?, Winter Injury, 25 Woodbury, C. G ' rS qq Work, Paul, .......*:;.;:;;:::::. 13? END OF YEAR