Author: State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania Title: Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania... 1922 Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa. Copyright Date: 1922 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg229.5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA FOR 1922 SIXTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING HELD IN HARRISBURG JANUARY 25, 1922 State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania Officers for 1922 PRESIDENT S. W. Fletcher, State College, Pa. VICE-PRESIDENTS: C. Arthur Griest, Guernsey, Pa. H. C. Brinton, Hanover, Pa. H. F. Hershey, Hamburg, Pa. SECRETARY W. H. Weinschenk, New Castle, Pa. SECRETARY VEGETABLE GROWERS SECTION W. B. Nissley, State College, Pa. TREASURER Edwin W. Thomas, King of Prussia, Pa. MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY H. A. Schantz, Allentown, Pa. All Presidents of County Associations certified to by the Secretary of the County Association are Vice Presidents of the State Association. (See article 3 of the Constitution). EXECUTIVE BOARD (All of the above named officers) Legislative Committee P S Fenstermacher, Chairman, Allentown. C. J. Tyson, Flora Dale. L- M. Marble, Canton, Pa. Exhibition Committee F N. Fagan, Chairman, State College. Clarence Keller, Gettysburg. E. Bane Snyder, Jacks Mt. M P Wenger, Denver. W. O. Bingham, St. Thomas. CE Treible. Meshoppen. F. F. Rohlfing, Hummelstown. W. L. Lewis, Pittston. Membership Committee H A. Schantz, Chairman, Allentown. W B. Nissley, State College. F. H. Fassett, Meshoppen W' A. Hess, Mt. Alto. Sheldon Funk, Boyertown. H.' S. Nolt. Columbia. S. L. Smedley, Jr. Newtown Square. A. I. Loop, North East. S. R. Huey, New Castle. Special Committee to Co-operate with the Bureau of Plant Industry in the Peach Yellows Campaign R T Criswell, Chairman, Chambersburg. Levi Myers, Siddonsburg. _ L. H. Grossman, Oaks. W S. Adams, Aspers. J- M. Balthaser, Wernersville. Committee to co-operate with the State Chamber of Commerce in studying the needs of the Pennsylvania State College in Agricultural Research Abraham Hostetler, Johnstown. P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown. W. T. Lewis, Pittston. William H. Peck, Scranton. J. W. Pricket, Aspers. W. H. Weinschenk, New Castle. A. Blaine Robinson, North East Howard Anderson, Stewartstown. L. H. Grossman, Oaks. L. M. Marble, Canton. Thed Pershing, Pineville. S. H. Starkey, Bustleton. James S. Walker, Westtown. DM. Wertz, Waynesboro. R. H. Garrahan, Kingston. General Fruit Committee R. D. Anthony, Chairman, State College. 3 MEMBERSHIP Life Members Adams, W. S Aspers, Anderson, H. W Stewartstown, Anwyll, Harry L Harrisburg, Atkinson, D. W Media, Atwater, Richard M Chadds Ford, Banzhaf, W. H Muncy, Bartram, Frank N Kennett Square, Bartram, G. Morris West Chester, Bartram, George West Chester Baugher, George L Aspers, Baugher, H. G Aspers, BeU, H. R State College, Bennett, Eugene B Easton, R. D. 3, Blaine, George W North East, Blair, Charles P Monaca, Blessing, David S 4 N. Court St., Harrisburg, Boles, McClellan T Hanlin Station, Boltz, Peter R Lebanon, Boyer, John F Middleburg, Breidenbaugh, H. L Boyertown, Brinton, H. C Hanover, Brinton, S. L West Chester, Cation, William R Orrtanna, Chase, Charles T Bala, Chase, Howard A Mt. Pocono, Cooper, C. A 100() Highland Ave., Coraopolis, Corcoran, Paul J New Albany, Crouse, E. A Gettysburg, Cummings, Joseph F Sunbury, Davenport, Eugene • • Plymouth, Dickson, B. M 5711 Elgin Ave., Pittsburgh, Dill, Robert North East, Dunlap, James M Shippensburg, Dunlap, R. Bruce HoUidaysburg, Eldon, Robert M Aspers, Engle, Enos B Harrisburg, Engle, John G Marietta, Espe, August V Perrysville, Evans, W. H Plainsville, Fassett, F. H Meshoppen, Filbert, R. J Fox Chase, Fletcher, Dr. S. W State College, Ford, A. E Glen Riddle, Fox, Cyrus T Reading, Freed, A. J Racine, Freed, W. A Racine, Garrahan, R. H Kingston, Garretson, Eli P Biglerville, Good, C. W Waynesboro, Griest, C. A Guernsey, Griest, Frederick E Flora Dale, Grove, W. E York Springs, Haddock, John C Wilkes-Barre, 4 Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa Hall, L. C Fairview, Pa. Hartman, D. L Little River, Florida. Hartman, George R Biglerville, Pa. Hartman, L. E Etters, Pa. Haverstick, Paul E Lancaster, Pa. Hawkins, Charles A York, Pa. Heard, R. E Buffalo, N. Y. Hershey, H. F Hamburg, Pa. Hill, William D. North East, Pa. Hoopes, Abner West Chester, Pa. Hoopes, Wilmer W West Chester, Pa. Hostetler, Abram Johnstown, Pa. Huey, S. R R. D 3., New Castle, Pa. Huff, Burrell R Greensburg, Pa. Huff, L. B Greensburg, Pa. Johnston, Mrs. F. C Dallas, Pa. Tones, J. F Lancaster, Pa. Jones,' S. Morris West Grove, Pa. Keller, C. S Gettyysburg, Pa. Keller, H. M R- D- 5» Gettysburg, Pa. Keller, Paul J Gettysburg, Pa. Kessler, George W Tyrone, Pa. Kister, U. G Etters, Pa. Koehler, Paulus E Monaca, Pa. Landis, D. M R. D. 7., Lancaster, Pa. Landis, Israel Lancaster, Pa. Large, Miss Catherine S Orrtanna, Pa. Lawrence, Schuyler 109 Main St., Towanda, Pa. Liehtner, William A Landisburg, Pa. Loop, A. I North East, Pa. Lord, John R D. 1., Wyommg, Pa. MacNeal, Wm. H r ' ' W.^,f ^^l.^"''^* o^" Maffett, Miss M. A 264 S. Franklin, St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Martin, J. O ^^'''^''^t""?' p^" Mayer, Guy S WiUow Street, Pa. Meehan, S. Mendelson ^"."'^".V'^.n"' o ^ Mendenhall, J. Howard ...Glen Mills, Pa. Metzger, Dr. A. H Lafayette, Alabama. Moon, Henry T Mornsville, Pa. MuUer, Adolph e^.°;"'u''"' p^' Myers. Levi M Siddonsburg, Pa. McClellan, J. B Canonsburg, Pa. McFarland, J. Horace x\^^u-' "'^' p^' McKee, J. M ^x^-^f^'T*'"' p^" McLanahan, J. King Holhdaysburg, Pa. Nicodemus, Ed •;''-■ ...Waynesboro, Pa. O'Connor, Haldeman 13 N. Front St., Harrisburg, Pa. Page C M Ely, Pa. Pennebaker, William M .^r-n^'T""^' p^" Pierce H W Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Pratt ' B G % ^^^^^ Chemical Co.,New York Rohde, William' ".". Johnstown, Pa. Runk, J. A Huntingdon, Pa. Rush, Perry M ;xr .°^.^u'''l ' p^* Rankin, Charles C West Chester, Pa. Reist, John G ^t.,Joy. Pa. Rick. John ,;/-^'^k'"^' p*' Rinehart, E. S Mercersburg, Pa. Roberts, Horace ^^'''u^Tl' ll' Robinson, A. Blaine North East, Pa. 5 Satterthwaite, Frederick G Yardley, Pa. Schuyler, Lawrence 109 Main St., Towanda, Pa. Searle, Alonza T Honesdale, Pa. Settlemeyer, C. T Wilmore, Pa. Shallcross, Frank R Frankford, Pa. Shank, H. L % Conestoga Stage, Lancaster, Pa. Sharpe, Miss E. M Accotink, Va. Smedley. Samuel L 2442 Bryn Mawr Ave., West Philadelphia, Pa. Suavely, H. H Willow St., Lancaster, Pa. Stem, Dr. J. C Lemoyne, Pa. Strasbaugh, E. F Orrtanna, Pa. Swank, Luke H Johnstown, Pa. Taylor, Ralph S 325 North Matlack Ave., West Chester, Pa. Thomas, Charles L King of Prussia, Pa. Thomas, Edwin W King of Prussia, Pa. Trexler, Harry C AUentown, Pa. Tyler, W. D Dante, Va. Tyson, Chester J Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Edwin C Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, W. C Guernsey, Pa. Walton, Robert J Hummelstown, Pa. Weaver, Abraham Windber, Pa. Weigel, H. M Harrisburg, Pa. Weimer, E. A Lebanon, Pa. Wertz, D. Maurice Waynesboro, Pa. Wertz, George M Johnstown, Pa. Westrick, F. A R. D. 2., Patton, Pa. Whisler, Edgar R. D. 1., Etters, Pa. White, Arthur H Pulaski, Pa. Williams, Irwin C Royersford, Pa. Wister, John C Germantown, Pa. Witherow, R. T Punxsutawney , Pa. Wolfe, Charles A Aspers, Pa. Woods, Edward A Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Youngs, L. G North East, Pa. Minnich & Brother, D. M Chambersburg, Pa. ANNUAL MEMBERS Allen, H. G ^'ew Park, Pa. Anthonv, R. D State CoUege, Pa. Arnold, A. F R D-, Beaver Falls, Pa. Atkinson, R. E Wrightstown, Pa. Atwater, C G 40 Rector St., New York City Auchev. Claude R- D. 3., Hanover, Pa. Badesberger, W. P R- D 2., Bridgeville, Pa. Baird, A. T Lock Haven, Pa. Balthaser, James M Wernersville, Pa. Barnard, C. P Northbrook, Pa. Benner, B. E Iron Springs, Pa. Bingham. W. O St. Thomas, Pa. Baggs, W. H 2100 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Bowers, E. C Elysburg, Pa. Bedell, G. H 309 Telegraph Bldg., Harrisburg, Pa. Bowker Insecticide Co 49 Chamber St., New York City. Bowman, John H R D. 3., Lebanon, Pa. Boyd, Guy H 435 Park .St., York, Pa. Brandt, E. W Box 666, York, Pa. Burgner, M. K Chambersburg, Pa 6 Butt, J. L Gettysburg, Pa. Chapin, Irvin Shickshinny, Pa. Cherrington, Ira C Bloomsburg, Pa. Clemmer, Clarke W Downingtown, Pa. Clemson, J. W Halifax, Pa. Clifie, J. Howard Inyland, Pa. Cope, F. R., Jr Dimock, Pa. Corson, Walter H Plymouth Meeting, Pa. Coursen, I. H R- D- 3., Wyoming, Pa. Cowen, W. H Roaring Sprmgs, Pa. Creasy, Luther P Catawissa, Pa. Grossman, L. H yPl^^'S^' Crowell, Samuel B., 4420 Osage Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Debenham, C. C Jersey Shore, Pa. Decker, H B E. Stroudsburg, Pa. DeCou,' Benjamin S R- D- U Norristown, Pa. DeLong W D 325 N. 9th St., Reading, Pa. Devlin, Thomas Langhorne, Pa. Dickenshied, F. S Zionsyille, Pa. Dickey, Samuel • ^ " ' ;P^J°T^ S^" Doty H M Stony Creek Mills, Pa. Dudley, Howard' "n." ,^"?J\^^°"' E*' Duriflf, G. M Wellsboro Pa. Elder, George K Lewistown, Maine Ely, Reuben P ^^'i ^T' p!' Ench W K BiglerviUe, Pa. Eshelman, S. C McKnightstown, Pa. Everhart, George W •; ••-Y^''^' ^^• Fagan, F. N ^^ll'n^°"T' P Felty. G. B. O. M. llersville. Pa. Fenstermacher, P. S Allen own. Pa. Fetterman, J. Gordon kr • ^^^'^u^' p^ Flora, Wm. H Wnghtsyille Pa. Friend Manufacturing Co., 'y;^^^^'^''^\ ^ J' From, W. H Sinking Spnng, Pa. Fry, John L., % C. K. Whitner & Co • • .Reading, Pa. Funk Sheldon Boyertown, Pa. Garrahan, C. E ' ' ' •^:!?^f °"' p^' Garrahan, F. H A. G. R. House, State College, Pa. Garretson, Lloyd W R- D \ Bigler^iHe. Pa. Gehr, Harvey J Waynesboro, Pa. Geigley, Amos Orrtanna, Pa. P . , V r W Orrtanna, Pa. G^cHi; George D. •.•.•.'.•.*.V.'.'.'.'.V.'.V.".".'.240 n! IGt^St PJiladelpl^, Pa. Goldsboro, E. I Shepherdstown. W Va. Goldsboro, H. .S Shepherdstown W. Va. GravbiU, L G .•.••;•• ^-^f'^'p"- Guvton. Thomas L Dept. of Agriculture Harrisburg, Pa. Harnish, James B Sinking Sprjngs Pa. Harrison, G. Hale n , ^L It' Hartman, George R ; ; ; ; ; ; I : :^:'''U^, Pa. Hawkins. E. B ' ' Hazlett, J. P Cooper.burg. Pa. Heilman, Albert Cleona. Pa. Heisey. S. A Greencastle, Pa. Herr. Wesley U ^ • V p V i''"^' ll' Hershev. H. S East P;<^''^»Y1I^' P^' Hess, Willis A ^^t. Alto, Pa. H tzel H C Hancock, Md. Haines, Robert b!,* 3rd. V.V.'.V. V. V.V.I 30 E. Main St., Moorestown, N. J. 7 . ^. Curwensville, Pa. Hile Anthony ••• ^ ^ 1 Verona, Pa. Hochberg, Wm IL . . . .R. D. 5., Bloomsburg, Pa. S^J^'T.w w :::;:;: ...Box 322, comwau. pa. Hoke, Arthur W Lebanon, Pa. Horst, J. Morns .V.V. V;.V. . R. D. 2., Norristown, Pa. Hud^nk, Frank .....Ranson, W. Va. Jefferson Cooperage Co • Taylqrs^iUe, Pa. Johnson, Edwm .•.•.••• Center Ridge, Pa. Johnson, E^R Dauphin, Pa. Jones, A. J. York, Pa. Kauffman, J B. ^ Dauphin, Pa. Kennedy Bailey M :;;;;;;;;.';; . Stroudsburg Pa. Kistler, J. M Riverton. N. J. ^^I:^B. ^. ;-;;;;:::::;;::::::::...R. d. 2., coo^burg, p. ^-bei E^M ;;;;;;;;;.•;.•. McKetsbu^; pa! Koch, C^H^ Robesonia, Pa. Kruppenbach Harry :;:;;;; Orwigsburg, Pa. Kunkel. N. J Catawissa, Pa. Lau, i ^i; • • • • • Lehighton, Pa. Leinhart, Edward ^^ p^ Leonard F . E '.Orefield, Pa. Linde, J. Errc .^ • •; Robesonia, Pa. Lo^Tw'w-. :.::::::::::::::'.*.'.'^ Eighty Four, pa. Lonlenecker Bros m " " ' ''^ 'S Pa Loose, Erwin W TaUsin^ton Pa Lovett^R^p ;;;;;;:;:;;;;!; !!i;"*.!!''.'Bar^e"sho''ro; pa'. T vnn W C Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg, Pa. Marble L.mVV.'.V.V x'^r'"' P^" Martin J. Warren y'-y-^r"^'^T'lIl Mason. A. Freeman Agr. Exp. Station, New Brunswick, NJ. Melchner, George W u " k p!" Merkel, Floyd ^- ' 'j^- ^ ^ ' "J^T ul' ll' Mesta Bros ^ ^ ^■' Finl^yvil^e, Pa. Meyer. Charles L 1519 Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Meyer, Henry T V; ' V^' ' V /k ^'^' p! Miller. Albert \ Dk 3 Lebanon Pa. Miller, Amos ^- ^- V MMl' P^' Mills. Elmer S ^^T^.^'V?' Minch, Walter L Au^"u'^^'l°"' p^' Minnich. D. N. & Bro Chambersburg, Pa. Moon, R. Barclay MornsviUe, Pa. Moore. John W Nomstown, Pa. Moyer. Samuel Hershey, Pa. Murphy, S. H Kennet Square, Pa. Musselman, Ivan H Orrtanna. Pa. Musselman, John V.'^- '•^ZT'''^' l^ Musselman. S. Z McKnightstown, Pa. Muth, Harvey W • • • '^"^^^T,"' p""' Muttart. B. F SchwenksviUe, Pa. Myer-^ C E State College, Pa. McKenzie. Dr. G, W 1831 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. McNeal Isaac B 612 W. 13th St., Tyrone. Pa. McMullen & Patterson 19 Dundaff St., Carbondale, Pa. Nicodemus. Ed Waynesboro. Pa. Nissley, W. B State College. Pa. Patterson, James A Stewartstown. Pa. Patterson, W.J 51 Water St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 8 Peck, Wm. H .3rd National Bank, Scranton, Pa. Pelton, W. R State College, Pa. Pentz, Clinton L R. D. 1., Camp Hill, Pa. Perkiomen Orchards R. D. 1., Norristown, Pa. Pershing, Theodore * Pineville, Pa. Pierce, E. F Box 62 West Grove, Pa Pierce, Harry W Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Preston, J. Albert Wernersville, Pa. Raffensberger, Charles E Arendtsville, Pa. Randolph, W. C, Jr Monroe, Va. Reist, A. S Palmyra, Pa. Reiter, G. F Mars. Pa Rice, Daniel New Bloomfield, Pa. Rife, Jacob L Camp Hill, Pa. Risser, H. N Marietta, Pa. Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S Lorane, Pa. Rittenhouse, S. B Lorane, Pa. Roberts, Arthur McKnightstown, Pa. Roberts, Preston F Moorestown.N. J. Robertson, William R. D. 2., Oley, Pa. Rohlfing, F. F Hummelstown, Pa. Romig Brothers Downingtown, Pa. Rowe, O. S Williamstown, Pa. Ruhl, Dr. H. F Manheim, Pa. Sattferthwaite, Lewis P Newtown, Pa. Schmidt, John C Box 666, York. Pa. Schellenberger, James A 434 N. 15th St., Allentown, Pa. Schneber. Harry E Old Zionsville, Pa. Shearer, Walter J Vinemont, Pa. Sheller, Charles W West Chester, Pa. Smith, C. M Lewistown, Pa. Smith, Edwin R. F. D. Royersford, Pa. Smith. E. T E. Stroudsburg, Pa. Smith, G. E R. D. 4., Bethlehem, Pa. Smith, Leonard R Dept of Hort., State College, Pa. Smith, S. A Yoe, Pa. Smith, Noah Lewistown, Pa. Snyder, E. B Jacks Mt., Pa. Stark Brothers Louisiana, Mo. Starkey. S. H Bustleton, Pa. Stear, J. R Chambersburg, Pa. Stewart, William Landisburg. Pa. Stitzer, C. E Millmont, Pa. Stock, McClean Security Building, York, Pa. Stolfus, Isaac Ronks, Pa. Stoner, H. S Orrtanna, Pa. Stoner. H. S Clark's Green, P.a Stony Ridge Farm Mertztown, Pa. Strode. A. Darlington West Chester, Pa. Strode, Marshall West Chester, Pa. Supiot, A, L Cornwall, Pa. Swartz, Samuel L., Jr Spring Grove, Pa. Swartz, Samuel Spring Grove, Pa. Taylor, Porter R Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg, Pa. Trostle. F. C Gardners, Pa. Uncle Peters Fruit Farms, Inc Mt. Carmel, Pa. Vinson, Carl State College, Pa. Walters, M. T Biglerville, Pa. Watts, Gilbert M Bellewood, Pa. Watts, R. L State College, Pa. 0 New Castle, Pa. Weinschenk, W. H. Jersey Shore, Pa. Welshmans, M. O. & Sons .R. D. 2., York, Pa. Wernig, Charles M ....K. D. 2., Reading, Pa. Wertz, S. H '"" Etters, Pa. Whistler, A. K '-gY g ' '^^'^ 5^^ Philadelphia, Pa. White, C. L Boyertown, Pa. Willard Parker Co ' ' •^' ' ^ 2., Sharpsburg, Pa. Wilson, C. C ■ ' Hummelstown, Pa. Walton, R. J ' Norristown, Pa. Wolper, D. L '■" Camp Hill, Pa. Wrightstone, N. E Orrtanna, Pa. Yoder &Handrich PomVret" Apartment, CarHsle, Pa. Rose, Wm. J Pittston, Pa. Lewis, W. J. ; i" "r^ Toledo, Ohio. Sandusky Cooperage & Lumber Co 10 CONSTITUTION Article 1. — Name and Object. The name of this organ- ization shall be The State Horticultural Association of Penn- sylvania. Its object shall be to foster and encourage the de- velopment of horticulture in the State of Pennsylvania. Article 2. — Membership. Any person may become an Annual Member of this Association by paying two dollars ($2.00) to the Secretary, such membership to expire on the first day of the following annual meeting, unless renewed. Any one paying twenty dollars ($20.00) to the Secretary. at one time shall be entitled to Life Membership. Persons of distinguished merit in horticulture may be elected to Hon- orary Membership for the current year, by a majority vote of the members present at any regular meeting. Members of County or local Horticultural Societies shall be granted membership in the State Association under the following conditions : (1) The County, Local or District Society shall have at least fifteen i)aid up members, and shall hold at least one meeting a year. (2) The Secretary of the County, Local or District Society shall remit to the Secretary of the State Association annually one dollar for each member before January 31 of each year which shall be their dues in the State Association for the year. (3) The Secretary of the County, Local or District Society shall transmit to the Secretary of the State Associa- tion annually, at the call of the State Secretary, a list of its officers and members together with a brief report of its work, particularly of those matters that arc of general interest to the Horticulturists of the State. (4) The State Horticultural Association shall publish these Reports in its Proceedings which shall be distributed to the membership of those County, Local or District Societies that have comijiled with these ])rovisions. Article 3. — Officers. The officers shall consist of a President, three Mce-Presidents. a Secretary and a Treasur- er, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual meeting, to hold office for one year or until their successors shall be chosen, exce])t that the retirini": Secretary shall edit the report of the annual meetinc: at which his successor is elected. No one may serve as President for more than two consecutive terms. I'hese elective officers shall constitute an Executive Board in conjunction %vith an additional in- determinate number of Vice-Presidents whose names shall n be announced by the Secretary at the annual election of officers. These Vice-Presidents shall be the regularly elect- ed Presidents of any County Associations, organized in Pennsylvania for horticultural purposes, whose Constitution is approved by the Executive Board, and v^^hose income from annual membership dues during the preceding year was not less than ten dollars ($10.00). In order to secure admit- tance to this Board, the Secretary of such County Associa- tion shall certify to the Secretary of the State Association that the applicant has been duly elected to serve as their President for the current year and shall also submit a state- ment showing number of members and amount of dues paid for the preceding year. All officers must be members of the Association in good standing at the time of their election and shall assume their duties at the close of the meeting at which they were elected. Artice 4. — Quorum. Twenty-five (25) members of the Association and five (5) members of the Executive Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article 5. — Standing Committees. The following Stand- ing Committees shall be appointed by the President to serve during his term of office: A Committee on Legislation, to consist of three (3) members ; a Committee on Exhibitions, to consist of five (5) members; a Committee on Member- ship, to consist of one (1) member from each County in the State showing evidence of horticultural activity, and a General Fruit Committee, consisting of one from each County represented, w^ith a general chairman of the whole, each member of the General Fruit Committee to have the privilege of appointing two assistants. Article 6. — Annual Meeting. The Annual Meeting of this Association shall be held during the month of January in each year, at such time and place as the Executive Board shall determine. The regular meetings of the Association shall be closed to all persons, except paid-up members of the Association, speakers, delegates from associations out- side of Pennsylvania, all ladies, and the minor sons of members. Article 7. — Amendments to the Constitution. This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting, provided such amendment shall have been presented to the Secretary in writing at least sixty (60) days prior to time of holding the annual meeting, and by him referred to all members in con- nection with the announcement of said meeting. 12 BY-LAWS Article 1.— Duties of the President. The President shall be the executive officer of the Association and of the Executive Board, and shall preside at all meetings of either body designating one of the Vice-Presidents to serve in his stead when necessarily absent. He shall pass upon all bills and accounts of the Association before they are ordered paid by the Secretary ; he shall appoint all delegates to other associations and all special and standing committees of the Association unless otherwise ordered. . Article 2.— Duties of Vice-Presidents. The Vice-Presi- dents shall serve on the Executive Board and any one of them may be called upon by the President or the Executive Board to assume the duties of the Chair at any .meeting. They shall also actively represent the Association in its var- ious lines of work in their respective counties. Article 3.— Duties of the Secretary. The Secretary shall be the recording, corresponding, and accounting onker of the Association and of the Executive Board; he shall incur no expenditure of a large or doubtful character with- out the sanction of the Business Committee ; he shall secure the written approval of the President on all bills or claims against the Association before dra^wing his order on the Treasurer for the payment thereof ; he shall attend all meet- ings of the Association and of the Executive Board and shall keep a faithful record of their proceedings; he shall sign all certificates of membership and all Diplomas and Certi- ficates of Merit, awarded by the Association. All money received by him shall be promptly paid to the Treasurer. He shall have charge of the Association's books and papers and shall be responsible to the Board for all property placed in his charge ; he shall be the custodian of the Seal of the Association, and shall have authority to affix same to docu- ments when needful ; he shall seek by all suitable means to secure the fullest announcement of the meetings of the As- sociation in this State, as well as in adjacent States, when such shall be found desirable. It shall also be his duty, yearly to prepare for publication, the Annual Report of the Association, together with such other matter as he shall deem proper, he being aided in the selection of such mat- ter by an advisory committee of the Executive Board. As recompense, the Secretary shall receive all necessary ex- penses, and such salary as may be determined by the Execu- tive Board. * n .t. r j c Article 4.— Duties of the Treasurer. All the funds of the Association shall be paid into the hands of the Treas- urer* he shall disburse the moneys of the Association that shall' come into his hands only upon order of the Secretary, la countersigned by the President; he shall keep the moneys receded by the Association for Life Memberships as a distinct fund, and shall invest the same under the advice and direction of the Executive Board, applying only the interest accruing thereon to the purpose of the general fund Immediately upon assuming his office and before entering upon his duties, he shall execute to the Association an official bond with sufficient securities conditioned for the safe-keeping and disbursement of the moneys of the As- roctaS a'nd for the proper discharge of the further duties of his office, in such sum as shall be specified by the Kxecu live Board, the premium on which shall be paid by the As- sociation. This bond shall receive the approval of the President, and shall be deposited with the Secretary Im- mediately preceding the annual meeting he shal submit to X Executive Board a written report showing the amount of money that shall have come into his hands during the year the sources from which it has been derived, and the &sition made of the same. This statement shall be published in the Annual Report of the Associatoin. ^ Article 5.-Duties of the Executive Board. The Execu- tive Board shall enact all rules and regulations for the management of the affairs of the Association, determine the salaries of its officers, and assume the control and manage- ment of its exhibitions ; it shall have power to displace any officer of the Association for neglect of duty or abuse of position ; shall fill all vacancies by appointment to continue until the next annual election; and shall hold at least two (2) regular sessions during the year, one of which shall oc- cur at the time and place of the Annual Meeting of the As- sociation. It mav hold other meetings when called by the Secretary under the advice or direction of majority of the members of the Board at such times and places as may be deemed most convenient, but in all such cases, each member must be duly notified of the time, place, and object of such meeting; it shall carefully guard the interests of the As- sociation, watch over its finances and provide for its neces- sities as thev shall arise ; it shall appoint from its own num- ber three members, who shall constitute a Business Com- mittee for the year, and upon which the Secretary and Treasurer may not serve ; and it shall submit to the Annual Meeting, through the Secretary, such report upon the con- dition, generaf interests, and prospects of the Association as it shall judge necessarv or expedient. All important measures shall be submitted to this Board, but may, by the Board, be resubmitted to the Association for recom- mendations. ^ T U 11 Article 6.— Duties of the Business Committee. It shall be the duty of the Business Committee, upon application of 14 the Secretary, during the recess of the Executive Board, to advise with him as to the expediency of making any contemplated but questionable expenditure for which oc- casion may arise during such recess. The Business Com- mittee shall also audit the accounts of the Secretary and the Treasurer just prior to the annual meeting and submit written report of its findings to the Executive Board. Article 7. — Duties of the Standing Committees. (1) The Committee on Legislation shall inform itself in regard to such existing laws as relate to the horticultural interests of the State and bring the same to the attention of the As- sociation, at the same time reporting any additional legis- lation which in their judgment is desirable ; when so direct- ed by the Association, it shall cause to be introduced into the State Legislature such bills as may be deemed necessary and shall aid or oppose any bills introduced by others which directly or indirectly affect the interests of the fruit grower. (2) The Committee on Exhibitions shall suggest from time to time such methods and improvements as may seem to them desirable in conducting the exhibitions of the As- sociation, as well as otoher fruit exhibitions throughout the State, and with the assistance of the Executive Board, shall arrange the premium lists, and have charge of all the exhi- bitions of the Association. (3) The Committee on Membership and Expansion, with the co-operation of the County Vice-Presidents, shall bring the work of the Association to the attention of fruit growers throughout the State, and by such means as they deem best, strive to increase the membership. (4) The General Fruit Committee shall carefully and thoroughly investigate the subject of fruit culture in gen- eral. Each local committee of three shall collect such use- ful and interesting information in relation to the subject as may be in their power, and embody the same in monthly reports, to be made to the general chairman ; such reports to be by him examined and embodied in his annual and semi-annual reports. Such other standing Committees may be created by the Executive Board from time to time, as in its discretion may seem desirable or necessary. All standing committees shall report to the Annual Meeting in January, any information of value to the As- sociation or its members, that may have come to their knowledge during the year, as well as anw scientific theories, deductions or facts that in their opinion may be useful in advancing the object for which the Association is laboring. Article 8. — Nomenclature. The Association shall adopt the nomenclature of the American Pomological Society. 15 m we 9.-A.end-n. t^ By-Laws. A.end^tj or additions to these By-Laws may d • j ^^ ec- vote of the Execufve Board f ^flii-^^^ f the table" till tion shall be -"f e the^same ^h-" ^hese By-Laws, the next regular ««t'"f °' ' „ i,e suspended for the time, or any one or more of them ""^/j;^^'^ P „{ the Association by order of ^ -^J°"* Vlropos tion i^ the general meeting SSntni 'deS:rUt t ^Association may submit therewith its advice or request. HARRISBURG, PA. Chestnut Street Auditorium. Wednesday Morning, January 25, 1922. THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS By P S. Fenstermacher, Allentown, Pa. Ladies and Gentlemen, and Members of the State Horti- .nltnral Association of Pennsylvania: wl te glad to welcome you to this the sixty-th.rd annual ""IrX^w-arot-refrain from contrasting the situa^ tion during ^ with conditions of J^ the ye^^ of .le-ty^^ low prices. Not w.th.n the «^'"°7„°^t whether such an al- has t'^ie contrast been so gre . I doubt wh^^ ^^p^^. ^„^^, ,, most total failure o^^J^ 7^^'*„^[/the late blooming vanet.es Pennsylvania. Of the aPP:'^'^'.""'^^. Jonathan, King David, matured fruit worth "'-"^^ while th J oWstandbys like the Senator, Rome Beauty «*^^.^^''^^7^^Jy and others of the Baldwin, Greening, ^"tire Winesap famUy ^^.^ j^.,_ early blooming v-e 'es were a failure.^. T ^^ y^^.^^^_ ^^^ ure was not to be atwDutea lo m , ; • a too early simply caused by a ^ ^«f "^ "? "h.tarted all plant life two prolonged high t<='"P",X„s^at5mernd then hit by a frost, io three weeks ahead of the "sua' time^ a ^^^.^ ^hich we usually have about this time but w ^^^^ ^^^ occasion found vegetation at the stage w>n=" ^^^ ^ ceptible to frost injury, furious as ty ^ ^^^^ which is supposed y less hajdy- an"! °* jn ^^^ ^^.^^ ^^ reports of frost injury ■"°^^«.°^.!"„ stage, and matured as 16 succumbed, while the alfalfa, survived and produced from three to four cuttmgs during the season. The old adage that it is an ill wind that does not blow somebody some good, certainly is applicable to the North^ Tf New V^'''^ T^'"'- ^°^ ^'^'^ '^' ^'-ght exception of pits of New York, the eastern states and Canada, they had the markets entirely to themselves; but with an inusually light foreign demand for apples, they have been obliged to force their products into every nook and corner of the land The wholesale box prices are not exorbitant, considering the high freigh rate, orchard and selling expenses, but our old enemy the retailer has been reaping a harvest by charging the con^ fnTsO II l^) "'!^ ""*' T'""' ^"'^ ^^-^^ '" one^insince ask- ing 50 cents for three apples. At $2.25 to $3.00 per box the prevailing wholesale prices in the East, the Western growers s' deriit luir^" ''=■? ' '■^"^°"^'''*^ ■""S'" °f P-fit- -n! siaering all the circumstances. n.t. P°"''"'".g o^", this very peculiar situation, the query westTnd^er.r'' !;'^^^^^.°"'d f'-^-- happened had the middle ^erv ZtT P'""^}"^"^ T "'"^' ^"°'« °f f™it? With the very light foreign demand, to what extent would the north- western apples have interfered with the sale of our crop in our own markets? Could any of them, either north and mid" die west, or the east, have disposed of their products at the chfncfH"™^" I* '°" ■ ^" r unorganized c^ondition, vhat the utmns.'"' '? '° T''"" °"^ expectations? Is it not of dvesTo mrt7. " "''*-^'' °f Pennsylvania prepare our- selves to meet the competition of the products of the hisrhly organized northwestern growers? The day is not far disfan^ when we w-,11 have to face this situation, -ft is true that the condition of some of us is different in that we are fortunate in having nearby markets where we can reasonably expect to dispose of our fruit at renumerative prices, but what will be uated°t"Ztl''°^' growers who are less fortunlte'y sK n K . i * ''"■-'' ■'"■•' """''gcd to ship, and whose products will be at the mercy of the railroads and the coommission men > c"nditk.nf ?"" '"^ "' '-'P''* '° '"''"*^'" P"«^ "nder such th,f^^ must. be evident to every grower that it is high time that we begin to put into action the talks and thoughts we have been considering for better grading and packing and a more efficient distributing organization Do not be fulled into contentment by these talks of Pennsylvania's many near- by markets to be reached by many miles of good roads and US more numerous cities of from S' to 10 thousand population more than those of any other state in the union ; All of these will also be accessible to the distant growers, unless our pro- ducts are placed upon the markets so that they make iust as good an appearance, and our sales will suffer, notwithstanding 17 4 succumbed, while the alfah' th a. ree to tour cutti 11! The old ad s durinor the sea urvi\ed and produced from i.ire that it is son. somel)ody some good, certainl m ill wind that does not 1)1 ow \vestern ai)])le j^^rowers. for with the sli^dit y IS ai)])licable to the Xorth- of Xew York, th markets entirelv to tl e eastern states and Canada, th j^^ht exce])tion of parts lemsehes ; but with an tl icir ])ro(lucts nito e\ erv wholesale 1 )(»X ey had the unusually liorht to force nook and corner of the land. The torei-n demand for apples, they have been ol,li0 cen ece. ani-evaihn- whok-alc priec-s in the Kast. the W did not ha\e m siderintr a rjrc th es tern II tl JV)nderin; ni a reasf )na1d 'rowers le cirenmstances e marLjni of profit, co n <)\ i naturually arisen, west and c-a-t ].roduced it \ er\- lii:lit f ii> \ ery peculiar ituation. the query what would have hai nened had il le mi(ldl( usual qii.ita of fruit:" With tl ;re!-n denianrodiicts the <'oommission men " er such ■ pect t(i manitain i»ri(H-s und that ha Jt must be evident t \\-e 1 o e\ t'r\ 1 i-!^in to 1 m' T'-wer that it is hidi tirn^ IN e l)een consid ■ffi into actum the- talks and th enn^^ for better oi itrht 1 more efficient di^triliuin; into contentment In. ih, sc t,ilk- of I radini we ori^arn/ation a IK 1 pat knu::. nnd a )\- markets to 1 )<■ re lu'd 1 n not be lulled ennsyh ania's nian\- near- its more numer( more than thos^- of an\- otl !U< cnus f,t from )y manv mile- <.f ^^oK. to the distant e union ; All of th ese lucts are ] laced upon th rrowers. unless e market-; s,, that thev mal our j)ro- 'ie>c xation, ^^^^'^ - ^^^^^ ^.Qwn fruit, l,v the orowcr. o, o^ cry ^'^^r^^^'''^^^^^^^ ;,, ,^, attractive u,rc uniform grading, and honest packm^, ni package._^^^ ri-ht here to quote from a follow Xcu York paper, a* NEW YORK APPLES DEAD Demand for Barreled Apples at Rochester is Nil. Heavy Reserve of Western Box Fruit Kills Market appU. nuu-kct here ,, appears - '-; ' ;;::;;;;;| ,„„, 3„st who has anythni^' o s.,1 and tie u , ,^,,j p,,,,,,. -"• ';••::,";;;:. ''V:;r:::: anV,Kl.r:r^ra'nc> >,..„ .X .ra-.e at $r,...0(„ r,.7.S bbl.. ;;l'^;;:;;^:-'^^::,r:'rnkh admits that offices of the Federal I'"' '" " ,(^ '^,„, .u-pendable market, the sales are too .eu .. c t . b h a ^_^ 1^^^^^_ ^ ,. ^ Baldwins, .\ S-'rade. - , m. .in S>.r/.-'. little color. i. .,, .. .fir Lull Owners of really Rood lot> ''■"/;' 1';;^.;,, ,,^, k.s competition a month hence '^"' '":'•.':,:: " , ," mn Vl ivh if .leniand does not speed up r^lirr -n J .■ -n.lhion--. there ar. ^ome lots moving; on con" .nn ei t bilt a , 1 part of this i- ordinary quality. •There is theecono.v.K- .trin,ency with thousands ot pot - ,,.;,t-^:U,.h...t,noney,obuy,iny .^ ^■"r "' 1."^;:: :::;:.- re\';:it ;.;■ the way. ami barreled api.lcs. It thc>. rc.r hir-clv from now to the end and celery anen sometimes. • .1 , V- ,„„v „acl-ir- houses should be pl.aced convementU Comnuiiiit\ paiKu..., Mou I .,,,.,rt to brine 18 t \ ■ rcsuItmjT efficiency will win the day ree^ardless of where the orchards arc situated. We are g:rovvin.q- specialized crops, and we must use specialized methods to dispose of them. The answer to the query, why the farmer docs not adver- tise, IS the same as to why he does not standardize and why he does not provide himself with a jiropcr svstem of distribution. It IS because he does not organize. Oroanization hciiu^ the only key to the situation, it is a question of time onlv until the fit- test alone can survi\-c. Repeated references are bein.c^ made by nurserv men and periodicals to the less number of fruit trees' in certain sections of the country, as comi)ared with ten or more vcars ap). lUit they all fail to ex])lain that the fruit trees now jtlaiUed. and which will soon be fruitin.^; heavily, are in the hands of com- mercial orchardists who are i^iviniT^ these trees the best of care, with the result that the yield will more than make u]) the de- ficiency of trees as compared with the p^reater number of trees which received little or no attention from farmers. The pre- vailing^ hiirh prices and the seductive nurserymen '> cataloon tlie re])ort of the Secretary, I ai^ain brinq- to the attention of the .asso- ciation the necessity of more persistent efforts to increase the membership, so that the association will be in ])<)sition tnian- cially to render better service to its members, and so that in- formation can be disseminated that will soon become of such vital imj)ortance to the fruit and ve^-etable trrowers. Xo ]»erson en^aqed in this business ran affonl to be with- out the Annual Report. Thi^ in itself is worth fiftv times the price of the annual dues. Certainly no one attending- these mcctinirs, and listenin.fj to the instructive lecture-s deIi\iTed by these eminent speakers can leave the room and not have his conscience remind that he owes it to the Associatir)n .and to himself, that he become a member n{>\\ . and therebv con- tribute his share to defray the expenses of this meetin;,'-, and the ]»rintin.<^ of tlie .Annual Re|)ort. T hoi)e th-- niend)ership committee will quicken thr conscience of all 'T)ack sliders" and others, so that exeryone in attendance at these nieetiiii^s 19 tHe supeno. flavor of our fruity .^^^^JXiught^n^lolI this, for self preservation, '"«^^°^.;'^^„, better grown fruit. '""■;%.h right h«e to quote Irom . N.« Vork paper. .. follows : NEW YORK APPLES DEAD Demand for Barreled Apples at Rochester is Nil. Heavy Reserve of Western Box Fruit Kills Market "Tj„.l„.<;t,.r Tan 20— It needs a detective to discover any Rochester, J »"• ^" ^ ^^^^^ about every one apple market here ; it a^ pears t° ^a^e ^ ^^. j„,t who has anything f s'^" /'"^ ^\\ J^°\^ explained that Bald- t-:^. '^;^L .o .„b« »j .op^i-bj^ ™«. Baldwins, A grade, 2>4 >". and up ^eia at q> >. ^^^^ with occasional lots offered as low as *3./d. ""^'.l°,n„ all the markets is at a standstill. Owners of really betore. '-^"^^^^ , ^ ^ ^^^^ s ordinary quality. ^°"^:^"hr s the eco, omirstringcncy with thousands of poten- tial aSe eVfeJ'VV'^'-'-reCvyCJrv'e-s^ ^o T^e7n W ^'*'Te,°' IfVe^e rSves w re'o^^^ of thTway, and barreled Sles -st^'s^pyrthe de-nd largely from -v - ^he end "" SlX^ni Ko„... .HouM b. P'"-,* --^S for loading and distributing, and far enough apart to bring The orcsent high freight rates will not be a barrier P^o^^" "^ ine prchcui iii^» & , Sunerior orsranization with the eastern grower much longer, ^upenui u ^ 18 I resulting efficiency will win the day regardless of where the orchards are situated. We are growing specialized crops, and we must use specialized methods to dispose of them. The answer to the query, why the farmer does not adver- tise, IS the same as to why he does not standardize and why he does not provide himself with a proper system of distribution. It IS because he does not organize. Organization being the only key to the situation, it is a question of time only until the fit- test alone can survive. Repeated references are being made by nursery men and periodicals to the less number of fruit trees in certain sections of the country, as compared with ten or more years ago. But they all fail to explain that the fruit trees now planted and which will soon be fruiting heavily, are in the hands of com- mercial orchardists who are giving these trees the best of care with the result that the yield will more than make up the de- ficiency of trees as compared with the greater number of trees which received little or no attention from farmers. The pre- vailing high prices and the seductive nurserymen's catalog will undoubtedly stimulate the uninformed, and others having more money than practical experience, to rush into orchard- mg; and consequently many new plantings will be made until the next bumper crop reduces their temperature to normal. The summer trip of the Association, which extended through parts of Berks, Lehigh, Luzerne and Wyoming Coun- ties, was not well attended. Those that ventured over the hills and valleys with their beautiful scenery, and numerous well kept orchards and market gardens, were well repaid for the effort. The glad hand of welcome was freely extended, and the lavish entertainment and concern for our welfare were enjoyed and highly appreciated. While I have no intention of infringing upon the report of the Secretary, I again bring to the attention of the asso- ciation the necessity of more persistent eflForts to increase the membership, so that the association will be in position finan- cially to render better service to its members, and so that in- formation can be disseminated that will soon become of such vital importance to the fruit and vegetable growers. No person engaged in this business can afford to be with- out the Annual Report. This in itself is worth fifty times the price of the annual dues. Certainly no one attending these meetings, and listening to the instructive lectures delivered by these eminent speakers can leave the room and not have his conscience remind that he owes it to the Association and to himself, that he become a member now, and thereby con- tribute his share to defray the expenses of this meeting, and the printing of the Annual Report. T hope the membership committee will quicken the conscience of all "back sliders" and others, so that everyone in attendance at these meetings 19 INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE will be properly decorated with the button, which is the offi- I now wish to call on Mr. Carl G. Vinson of State College for a "Report of the 1921 Summer Trip." SUMMER TRIP OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY August 9 to August 11, 1921 Min^ rars assembled at the Peerless Orchards of the Ameri an Fruit Growers' Inc., near Hamburg Pennsylvama, ,f tPn A M August 9th. Following a trip through the or- chards Camen peaches were served to the crowd after which the trp continued to Allentown where dinner was ob a.ned. Thirty cars assembled at the Court House in Allentown inirty cdis Lehigh County was under the Srof M^ A £ hK, County Agent' . The first stop ils at the ffrm of Mr. G. E. Smith. Mr Smith gave an m- was at tne d growing twelve strains of Dan- ircTbLlffrom rw^K^^ of sled ; fifteen acres of Dan- sh Cabbale for winter cabbage ; seven acres of Dan.sh Cab- bage wereleing grown with the city garbage as f ert.h er The second stop in Lehigh County was at Schantzs City View Orchard of Approximately one hundred -^ res with a planting of 2,000 apple, 4,000 peach, 300 pear, and 200 cherry ^r Ha^rold Schantz gave a talk on the home storage. He ex pressed the opinion that it was more ^^f ^^^^ J^^^^^^^ ventil'ited crates than in closed packages. Stayman ana \M^^^ City View Orchard were pretty well loaded Ss^Ea^rirCrawfor^d peach trees^. -^^^Z-VH^rHa";:;? County was at the extensive holdings «^ .^ ^0 So .ODles a^^^ Trexler Here 550 acres are in orchard; 10,000 apples ana 75cS) peaches. A young bearing orchard of l^o-e^ and WeTthv under the alfalfa mulching system vvas visited. These ees were carrying a fair load of fruit One large ^>^^^^^^^^ orchard of Salway and Elberta was visited The hlbertas were arrying a moderate crop, and clean cultivation was prac- TcZ her7 A visit was made to the packing house, which is eaS3Ped with a peach and apple grader. By means of a spec- Ll S Mr Lindy hauls seventy sixteen quart peach baskets Sr load Tefleris; Red June and Gravenstein apples were belnrbarvisted. Large' well grown Hiley peaches were se^vfd to 111. After visiting the orchards the party was con- ducted over sandy roads through the extensive game preserves Sng a high point, the party halted. Here one could see 20 for miles; a herd of many buflFalos with several calves was nearby. On another hillside a herd of twenty elk could be seen. The morning of August 10th was spent visiting the truck- ing sections adjacent to Wilkes-Barre. Mr. Pierce related a bit of his experience in setting out celery plants. He stated that celery plants dug and puddled on Saturday, held and set on Tuesday, did much better than plants lifted and planted the same day; since the small roots had a chance to get started previous to planting. The Garrahan Brothers had many acres of tomatoes, also celery and cabbage. In the afternoon of August 10th visit was made to the orchards of \V. J. Lewis. One peach orchard represented a planting of about eighty acres and contained Arp Beauty, Champion and Elberta. These trees had been cut back in 1920 and then were so pruned that fruit was secured far down on the main branches on the interior of the tree. Mr. Lewis had a good peach crop but very few or no fruit on the Hiley trees. A visit was also made to the common storage house of Mr. Lewis. The capacity of this storage is 16,000 bushels. From this orchard the trip led to the orchards of Mr. Giles Gay and Mr. Schoonover. Mr. Gay had some Baldwin and Rhode Island trees, 30 years old, that have made remark- able growth and have been very productive. Mr. Schoonover planted prunes as a filler in a young apple orchard and stated this was proving satisfactory. August 11th was spent in visiting the orchards of Wyo- ming County. The first visit was to the orchard of Mr. F. H. Fasset. Here some old Northern Spy trees were seen that were carrying a good crop. They showed the results, in growth and production, of good soil combined with good care. The orchard of Mr. Clarence Triebel was carrying a fair load of fruit, especially young Wagner and Rome Beauty. In the afternoon of August 11 visits were made to the Chandler orchards and the fruit farm of ^Ir. Alvin DeWitt. At the Chandler farm Belle of Georgia and Carmen were carrv- ing a good crop of excellent fruit. An excellent cover crop of buckwheat was growing in the young orchard here. Both peach and apple trees on the Chandler farm showed the re- sults of good pruning. It was the consensus of opinion by those on the trip that it was most valuable where the orchards were gone into, ques- tions asked, and the growers problems asked. 21 CONTROLLING PEACH BORERS WITH PARADICHLOROBENZENE By H. E. Hodgkiss, State College, Pa. There is probably no insect control practice which has attracted as much interest among orchardists as the new meth- od of destroying borers in peach trees. Aside from bemg a Tabonous and expensive task the old method of working is always attended with possible injuries to the trees, and it is not impossible that the practice may be a causal agent in the spread of diseases such as peach yellows or crown gall. The subject will be considered under the following cap- tions : 1. General discussion . 2. Effects of Paradichlorobenzene on trees and insects 3. Extension activities General Discussion Description of Material.— Paradichlorobenzene is a crys- taline product, insoluble in water. It vaporizes at ordinary temperatures. The gas given off is heavier than ^ir and pene- trates the soil working into the burrows where it destroys the insects Paradichlorobenzene is not poisonous to man al- though very toxic to insects. Some injury to roots and tissues of most plants has been observed but the thick bark of older peach trees seems to protect the tender growth and prevents the gas from attacking it. Name for the Material.— There seems to be a demand among fruit growers for a shorter common name for the ma- terial There are several trade names by which it is known, none of which perhaps are suitable for our purpose A sug- gestion by the New Jersey Experiment Station that the ab- breviation P-C-Benzene be used for the purpose seems to meet with general approval, and that term will be used in this article as a substitute for the longer name. Method of Application.- (1) Remove all weeds or large stones from around the tree. Scrape all gum from the trunk above the ground. If necessary mound the soil to a point where the gum has been removed, and level the surface for a width of six or eight inches from the trunk. (2) Place a ring of P-C-Benzene on the soil in a ring two inches from the trunk, being careful not to get the ma- terial closer to it than one inch. (3^ Cover with soil to a depth of four to six inches over the chemical, tamping it down so as to form a cone-shaped mound. 22 Effects of Paradichlorobenzene on Trees and Insects Dosage. — A number of tests were made during the past season to ascertain the amounts of material necessary to secure suitable killing of borers under the several soil conditions in Pennsylvania. One-half ounce, three-fourths ounce and ounce applications were made to trees six years and older. Trees two to five years old were treated with either three-fourths ounce or one-half ounce dosages. In these experiments on the older trees both of the larger amounts were equally effective under comparable soil con- ditions, but the one-half ounce of material was not as effective in some orchards which bears out the tests made in other peach growing areas. Where small trees were treated with the least amounts the killing was equally good but in the case of very small stocks one-half ounce appeared to be a suffi- cient quantity for the killing of the worms. Period for Killing.— Trees six years of age and older were subjected to treatments of from seven to forty days duration using three-fourths ounce to one ounce of the material, de- pending on the amount necessary to circle the tree. Expo- sures of seven to ten days were lacking in killing properties, although when the material was allowed to remain undis- turbed for fourteen days there was only an occasional borer removed which did not show the effects of gassing. After three weeks exposure to the fumes as many as ten or fifteen large, dead borers were removed from a single tree. Distance of Material from Tree.— In all our tests the P- C-Benzene was placed either one or two inches from the tree and sprinkled about an inch wide in the ring. The rate of killing was equally good irrespective of which plan was fol- lowed on soils of the same texture and moisture content. It was not necessary to experiment with the chemical placed at greater distances since the New Jersey Experiment Station and the Federal Bureau of Entomology have shown that when material was placed four to six inches from the tree it was ineffective. Time of Application.— Trees were treated at weekly in- tervals from July until September and from then until Oc- tober 18 1921. The tests made previous to September invar- iably showed three or four live borers of various sizes un- harmed bv the treatment. All the plots treated between Sep- tember 8 and October 15. 1921, were uniformly free from live borers when examined during October and November. Two later applications gave poor results largely on account of low soil temperatures prevalent during that period. As a result of these observations we suggest that the best time to apply the material in the more northern peach areas is from Sep- tember 10 to September 30. In those counties having a longer 23 growing season the period may be extended to October 15 if it is not possible to complete the work before that date. Effects on Trees.— In all our fwork there is no indication of injury to trees six years and older or even on those four or five years of age. Some treatments have been made to cherry, plum and quince trees of the same age, using the material in the usual proportions. No injurious effects were noted on these trees when they were examined in October. It is de- sirable, however, to watch these blocks another season before drawing conclusions as to the desirability of using P-C-Ben- zene on such trees for borer control. Younger peach trees were apparently uninjured by short exposures to the gas, but owing to the unsafeness- of the gas on tender plant tissues it seems best not to treat small trees until further experience proves the safeness of the practice. Soil Types in Relation to Gas Diffusion Some interesting observations have been made in respect to the vaporization of P-C-Benzene in various types of soil. Ground of a gravelly nature or of sand allowed under normal conditions of temperature and moisture the complete volitiza- tion of the crystals. Clay soils did not allow the gas to diffuse readily, while' in shale ground there was usually some material at the end of a four or six week period. Despite these differ- ences in volitilization of the crystals there were few differ- ences in the eft'ectiveness of the material on the borers. Cost of Treatment The cost of operations is a large factor in the control with P-C-Benzene. Of a number of cost records five have been selected which represent the several larger peach growing areas. These vary somewhat depending largely on the soil conditions. The costs given by the orchardists for their plant- ings are from 3>^ cents to 5 cents per tree. To worm these same trees the average cost based on previous annual expense was about twenty cents per tree. Extension Activities During 1921 The College of Agriculture through its extension activities has aimed to carry to peach growers the information it has accumulated and to give them original help in the practice of applying the P-C-Benzene treatment to peaches. Our work has been accomplished in twenty of the peach growing coun- ties in which there were forty-two demonstrations staged. At these meetings five hundred orchardists applied the ma- terial under our supervision and many other farmers who were in attendance were informed as to the advisailbity of the practice in situations where only a few trees were in- volved. As a result of our activities there were about seventy thousand trees fumigated for borers in these counties. It is 24 planned to continue these operations during 1922 and it is hoped we can extend our work to include at least most of the commercial peach growing areas in the state. Suggestions for Next Year's Work In view of the varying conditions under which peaches are grown in Pennsylvania, it appears as if the P-C-Benzene should be applied as early in the fall as opportunity permits and yet late enough to secure the greatest killing of borers. In general, work can be started by September 10 and in the more elevated areas completed by September 30. Treatments applied as late as October 15 in the more southern counties will be efficient and most of the crystals will be volatilized before the soil temperatures become too low for effective work. Peach trees six years of age and older can be fumigated with little danger from the gas. Younger trees except those one to three years may be treated for three weeks with small fear of damage provided the soil is removed at the end ot that period. Younger trees should be wormed by hand. Mr. Jones: How much paradichlorobenzene did you use to trees two or three years old? Prof. Hodgkiss: About one-half ounce, although I might say that it is inadvisable to use P-C-Benzene on trees that are young because there is a tendency for the gas to injure the bark on the younger trees. I do not suggest treatment of trees younger than six years of age, although thousands of trees treated in the state this year were four or five years old. Another year we will have more information on that point. Mr. Griest: We have a great many peach trees to get over. We experimented last fall with excellent results, and if we can get over a couple of thousand more in the spring, we will be in pretty good shape. Do you think we can do that? Prof. Hodgkiss: For best results you should treat them in the fall, but if you have others to treat in the spring I would go ahead and do it. Member: At what time in the spring can you do it? Prof. Hodgkiss: Just as soon as the soil reaches a tem- perature of about 55 deg., when the soil is dry enough to work. Mr. Knight: I would like to ask whether these exi)eri- ments have been tried on apple trees to kill the apple tree borer? Prof. Hodgkiss: You have an entirely different proposi- tion with the apple tree borer. Tests have been made to find out the effect of this material on apple trees, and it seems to be rather injurious to them. In Carbon County trees treated 25 with the material (cherries and quinces as well as peaches) this fall showed no injury to cherries or quinces. We will know more about it next year. . i _^ Member: Have you worked out any convenient scheme for measuring one-half ounce and one-fourth ounce for each ^''"prof Hodgkiss: Secure a pill box, or sniall bottle that will hold just about one ounce of the material by weight, and Tse about half that amount. Then spread it around, or you can just spread it direct from the bottle. Mr Adams: Will it lose strength standing? Prof. Hodgkiss: It will gradually volati ize It should be kept in as tight a container as possible As long as it is kept in a proper place the volatilization will be small. ^Member: What are the results of putting the material too close to the tree? . Prof Hodgkiss : The symptoms are a browning or spot ting of the bark or cambium, which is due to the action of Uie gas and if you have too much close to the tree, it will kill ^^^ Member: What distance should it be placed from the "prof Hodgkiss: It is safest to keep it two inches away from the tree. It is not necessary to "^^ P=irt,cu ar care .n sprinkling it around, only be sure not to get too near the tree Do not pile it up because then it will not volatilize quickly ^"""Member: Are plums as free from injury from the ma- *"''prof''Hodgkiss: I think you can safely put it around plum tre^s. although at the present time we are on'y ^Jvismg it on peach. I would rather not use it on plums or other fruits until we eet more data upon it. Mr DromV: We used paradichlorobenzene on peach, and found that three weeks after application it had not volati- lized The trees were three years old. Prof. Hodgkiss: Leave it on from four to six weeks. You mit it on trees too voung to be treated. ^ Mr Heisey: Are you safe in using it on four and five year old trees, leaving it on for fourteen days_ Prof Hodgkiss: Last vear we treated about 30.000 tive- vear-old trees, and the State of New Jersey treated four or five ^year-old trees successfully. 1 think it is perfectly safe under our conditions. Mr. Bowers: We used it on about 1,200 trees, and the only objection was the name, as we could see it. ^^^^^ ^hat has been simplified to P. C. Benzene that helps us out of our problem. We could not get the boys to pronounce it. Ihey simpl> called it %ug killer." We used the material with 26 good success. We did not kill all the borers for in taking the mound away to apply the P. C. Benzene and then mounding the earth again we did not get it as high as before, and, of course, any that were above won't be affected. VVe had borers above the gas line, but everything below was killed. Prof. Hodgkiss: Where you have your mound so high, put a layer of the material on a level with the ground, and then another ring on top of the mound. •Member: When did you treat your trees? Mr. Bower: The last part of September, and the begin- ning of October. Mr. Fenstermacher : Is there any danger to eight-year- old trees about that time, if the material has not been removed? Prof. Hodgkiss: I do not think so. Professor J. G. Sanders, Director, Bureau of Plant In- dustry, Harrisburg, Pa., read the following paper for Mr. T. L. Guyton, who was called away from the meeting: THE CONTROL OF THE PEACH TREE BORER WITH PARADICHLOROBENZENE By Thomas L. Guyton, Pennsylvania Dept. of Agricul- ture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Throughout the paper the writer has used the abbre- viation P D B for the cumbersome scientific name of the salt, paradichlorobenzene, and it is hoped that for the sake of brev- ity and ease of pronunciation that P D B be generally adopted. What isPDB? PDBisa white crystalline solid, in- soluble in water and somewhat like coarse epsom salts in ap- pearance. At temperatures above 55 degrees F. it changes into a gas which is heavier than air. This gas under ordinary conditions is not injurious to man, but in high concentrations is deadly to insects. History of Development. P D B is a quite recent devel- opment in peach tree borer control. The first experiment with the material as an insecticide against the peach tree borer was started in 1916, by the Federal Bureau of Entomology. The results of the experiments were pubHshed in 1919 as Bulletin 796 of the U. S. D. A. In this Bulletin it is recommended that P D B be used at the rate of 1 ounce per tree on trees 6 years old or older. On trees of this age the percent of control is given at approximately 94 percent. Since this publication further experimentation has been done at the New Jersey Experiment Station, particularly along the lines of amount of material necessary for effective kill, length of time of expo- sure necessary, and safe and effective treatments for trees under 6 years of age. 27 The Peach Tree Borer (Aegeria exitdosa Say) Before discussing P D B in peach tree borer control it will serve our purpose to consider briefly the peach tree borer itself, its life history and injury to peach trees. Description. The borer is a white or light yellow worm with a dark brown head. It reaches a length of about 1 inch when fully grown. After reaching maturity the larva forms an elongate brown cell of wood particles within which it changes into the winged adult. The adults are wasp-like in appearance. They are dark shining blue in color. The female IS more robust than the male and has a broad orange colored band on the abdomen. The male is slender bodied and usually has several narrow yellow bands on the abdomen. Life History. The earliest adults emerge about the mid- dle of June in Southern Pennsylvania, two weeks later in Northern Pennsylvania, and from then until about the 15th of September adults continue to emerge, though few appear after September 1st. They live for only a few days after emerging, but during this time the female lays several hun- dred eggs. The eggs hatch in 9 - 10 days, and shortly after- wards the young larvae burrow into the bark. The greater portion of the life cycle of the borer occurs in burrows under the bark of the tree, the larva feeding until winter, remaining quiet oyer winter and feeding in the spring until pupation occurs in late spring or summer. Injury. The peach tree borer injures the peach tree by burrowing into and under the bark at the base of the tree, usually below the surface of the ground. The presence of borers in the tree is indicated by the exudation of masses of gum mixed with sawdust-like castings. In many cases trees are so badly attacked by borers that they are' girdled and killed. Method of Applying P D B. Before applvinc^ P D B a space about a foot wide all around the tree should be cleared of j^rass, stones, debris, etc.. using care to disturb the soil as httle as possible. A long handled round pointed shovel is a very good tool for this work. Fill in with ground to the height of the highest borer injurv. P D B gas is heavier than air and borers iworking above the level of application mav not be killed. After cleaning the ground at the base of the tree and leveling it up w^here necessary, place the charge of P D B in an even band from 1 to 2 inches from the tree. Do not place the material against the bark. Cover over with 10 or 12 shovelfuls of earth, mounding up the tree 5 or 6 inches high"! The first shovel of earth should be finely divided and should be carefully placed on the P D B. After forming the mound pack firmly by striking with the back of the shovel In no case should clods or large stones be used in making the mound, as they may allow the gas to escape too rapidly. 28 ♦1 0 . i As a precaution against possible injury it is advised that the mound be torn away, and any P D B remaining be re- moved from the base of the tree after 3 or 4 weeks. If it is desired to mound the trees over winter, the base of the tree can be left open for a few days to allow all the P D B to escape, after which the trees can be mounded again. In applying P D B a crew of three men can work to good advantage, one going ahead and preparing the tree, one carry- ing and applying the material, and one following and cover- ing the material. From 15 to 20 trees per hour per man can be treated in this way, at a cost of about 3 cents per tree. Time of Application. Late summer and early fall is the best time to use P D B in controlling peach tree borers. It will be noticed in the short description of the life cycle of the peach tree borer that for the most part the moths have finished Ggg laying about the first of September. From observations made in Erie County it was determined that the Qgg laying period for 1921 was over by the last week of August. Treat- ments were started September 1st, and continued until Octo- ber 1st with practically 100 percent kill. Not only were these treatments successful in plots under the direct care of the Bureau of Plant Industry, but were equally successful in the hands of the growers. From observations made in Franklin County it was de- termined that the egg laying of the peach tree borer was prac- tically over by September 10th. Treatments were started one week later. These treatments were as successful as those in Erie County. From the data gathered in these two counties and from observations made in other peach growing sections, it seems that beginning in the northern counties treatment should be placed any time during the first three weeks of Sep- tember, and that the desirable time grows later farther south in the state. For the southern tier of counties the date is found to be a period of three weeks beginning September 15th. If for any reason fall treatments have not been made, and the grower docs not care to worm the trees by hand a spring application may be made. This treatment should take place as soon as the ground warms up in the spring. From soil temperatures taken in the southern half of the state in 1921, May 10th was found to be the right time to begin spring treatment. .Applications made in two Franklin County orchards on Mav 10th, and examined May 26th gave 94 percent control. From like records taken in the northern part of the state. Tune 1 was found to be the time to begin. Treatments made Tune 2 in Erie County and checked June 23 gave 93 percent kill. If a spring treatment is made it should always be followed by a fall treatment to catch the summer infestation of borers, after which yearly treatments need be repeated only in the fall. Amount to Use. The amount of P D B necessary to treat 29 a tree varies with the size of the tree. One-half ounce is suffi- cient on a tree six to eight years old. On older and larger trees it may require three-fourths to one ounce. In weighing the amount of material Avoirdupois scales should be used. Postal scales are satisfactory. After weighing the desired amount secure a small vessel which will just hold the weighed dose, and use this vessel in measuring subsequent doses in the field! When scales are not available for weighing P D B the amount may be determined by cutting a piece of heavy paper or card board to the size shown in Fig. 1. To measure one ounce use a cylinder formed by rolling the edge of sheet marked "E F" over until it rests on the line "C D". The margin of the sheet between C D and A B is used as an overlap to close the cylinder, and may be fastened with paste or pinned together. To make a cylinder holding one half or three-fourths ounce cut the sheets at indicated lines. In measuring set cylinder on a smooth surface and fill level full. Age of Trees. Trees 6 years or older may be treated with recommended strength (3-4 oz. to 1 oz.) of P D B without fear of injury. The treatment of younger trees is accompanied by some danger of injury, and prolonged exposure to the fumes may even cause the death of the tree. In no case is it advised to use P D B on trees younger than three years. On trees from 3 to 6 years successful treatment may be made under favorable conditions, by applying >^ ounce or less of material m the usual manner, and promptly removing the mound and charge after 14 days exposure. It is hoped that a safe method of using P D B on trees under 3 years may be developed in the near future. WARNING : P D B can not be used with safety on apple trees of any age. P D B may be purchased from the following manufac- tures : Hooker Electro-Chemical Co., 25 Pine St., New York N. Y. Shipments made from Eschota, N. Y., and E. C Klip- stem & Sons Co., 644 Greenwich St., New York, N Y Ship- ments made from South Charleston, W. Va. Attempts are bemg made to get local dealers to carry P D B , and in many cases It IS possible to obtain it from local dealers in spray ma- terials. The cost for 1921 varied from 20 to 35 cents per pound according to amounts purchased. THIS WARNING IS IM- PORTANT-BUY ONLY THE PURE CRYSTALS, since compounds are diluted with materials which are worthless or may even prove harmful to the trees. Mr. Randolph, of Virginia: I used three ounces instead of one, and after a short time we found borers. Prof. Sanders: When did you make the application and are you sure that you had genuine material? 30 Mr. Randolph: My neighbor tried it the second tirne and got good results. He used the same material. Now I want to know where I fell down. Prof. Sanders: Did you mound up well? Uid you naxe ^ '^ Mr Randolph : I have a clay soil. We just scattered it on Prof Sande^rs: I think it must have been due to a poor grade of material or the condition of Y^;^/ f P^^' ^^^ Member: In taking away or not takmg away tne gum that flows out of the borer holes, has it anything to do with '"' ToT'tJi^rT'^^^ We simply clear away the rubbish and put the material on in the recommended a- "^'^ Member: Has anyone had any experience with casein spreader used in spraying - to make the ^P^^X ^^ick^ Prof. Sanders: Resin sticker is better than casein spreader. THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY By R. B. Cruickshank, Columbus, Ohio. I am happy to be with you here and to bring to you the ereetinTs of the American Pomological Society and the Ohio State Horticultural Society. The latter organization will hold ftf annual meeting in Coluri.bus next week and we extend to each of you a most cordial welcome to attend. W e assure ^°" ThrimeJicT Pomological Society in undergoing reor- ganiJatL fo? the purpose of more effectively domg the work thich it deems essential for the well-being of the truit in dustry In this work it is asking the co-operation of all who ^" M rfe^r^t^Srof "tie Executive Committee the fol- lowing statemenrof thf service that would be given the mem- K*>rQhin this vear was decided upon: "There is a great need in North America for a centra or- eanizat^n which will combine the forces of existing fruit bodies^d which can act as a clearing house of all information of interest To fruitgrowers. Much has already been accom- pished but it will take more effort to build up such an or- gSion of sufficient magnitude fully to satisfy th^s need and to finance its development and work, ^^l^'^"" ''f.^.°"j through the co-operation of the fruitgrowers of the United ^''*The"Am?rkan 'Pomological Society, for over seventy years .n infUiencTfor the betterment of the fruit industry, is now reorgani Ted with a broader program and on a business basis, 31 with an active executive committee, a board of business m;in The services that will be given members in 1922 are- 2 tL ^' S°7^"*'°"' ^'t'' a valuable program. md.spensable both to commercial and amate/r growers cern to LTcTI^ ^f'}'" ~nt«i"i"g other matter of con- cern to the Society and of permanent value 4. Letters at frequent intervals which will emhnHv in formation of current interest emoody m- cropsit£r:nd"dSsUTn;trd"''^'°" ^"^ ^'^"-*- °^^-^^ through ^1 rffio^^aSL^r'* '^°"^"'"p^-"' ""'^'^ - 7. Efforts lent to the stimulation of export trade ». Affiliation with and service to Stafo P^„ ■ • i j local horticultural societies ' P-^^^'ncial and tions.^' ^"-"P"^'*'"" ^^ith fruit growers marketing associa- 10. Encouragement of better grading and packing th. !u E"^°""?e"'ent of the breeding of new fruhs and the thorough testing and dissemination of valuTble kinds and methS?!„"Vui? gUwin'g" '"^°^'"^*'°" °" ^'^ ^^ — 14. Condensed reviews of new books and bulletins, culture. ^^*=''"'^''"''^"t °f branches in the colleges of agri- 16. Registration of new fruits with accurate descriptions 1/. Legislation encouraged and fostered for the evt^n' s.on and safeguarding of the fruit interests ^"" retar/s offiTe'''°"'"" "■'' '''' -'^-bership from the Sec- tor "^relpTlh^f eTt^nrorinTi^^uarmetbt'^^^ Sufck^haVSumt-s ghif '^— " TreS^ ^ll^^B^: "vv <^\ci inane. 1 nanks to the insmntion i^h-^*^ t • « many years ago from the American Pomo^oeJa {oZT^l began testing apples, for hardiness. priSaHv and I w- ■ strumental ,n carrying apples one hundred' miles north o7 th^ 32 boundary line where they were formerly grown I want to second every word which Professor Cru.chshank has said The announcement of Committees, by President Fenster- macher. was then made: . ,^ , Nominating Committee : Howard A. Chase, Harrison Nolt, Fred Dickenshied, W. S. Adams, R. J. Walton^ Resolutions Committee: R. D. Anthony, Jheo. Pershing, Prof. H. A. Surface, D. N. Wertz John Boyer R H. Garraham Auditing Committee : E. C. Bowers, Jacob L. Reife, Harry ^^"^The Committees were instructed to report at the Thurs- day morning session. .„^«„ ^ "QUESTION BOX" Professor Fagan: In this room are many men who have been successful in their business. I want everyone to take part. At the end of every meeting there will be a chance to discuss all questions vou want to ask. Question : What fertilizer would you recommend for an apple orchard ten or twelve years old? Answer: Nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia. Mr. Vinson: Is it under sod or cultivation? Answer: Sod, mainly and cultivated only a little. How much would you use to a tree.'' Answer: Two pounds. Prof Anthony: We cannot answer that question until we know whether we are talking of sod or tillage. \ ou can not hope to carrv a sod apple orchard for any considerable length of time wi'thout adding some form of nitrogen. \\ hen it comes to cultivation vou have an entirely different problem. Our experiments with 'cultivated orchards for ten or twelve vears where a good cover crop is plowed under annually to iive^organic matter to the soil, the addition of extra fertilizer did not give enough increased crop to pay for fertilizer. Mr. Atkinson: Two years ago I tried a comparison of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda. Previously I had used nitrate, and I found sulphate of ammonia was slow act- ing in comparison. I did not get as much for my money from sulphate of ammonia as from the nitrate of soda. Mr. Balthaser: Would you apply nitrate once or more often. Mr. Atkinson: I apply it twice. The first time as soon as I can get it on the ground in the spring, the second appli- cation about the first week of June, but vou can put it on the middle of Tune or Julv and get good results. Year before last the late application did more good than the early one. It seemed to delav the buds, and my orchard was about the only one in Bucks Countv that escaped the frost. Prof. Fagan: How old are the trees? 33 Mr Atkinson: Nine years old. We varied the applica- tion according to the size of the tree. We spread ^t beyond the tip of the branches, and we never put it within three feet Question: Is sulfate of ammonia applied in the same way? Answer: Yes. . . .• i 4. io+^ Question: Is the later application apt to stimulate late growth that will freeze back? Answer: I have never had my orchard freeze. Prof. Fagan : Mr. Cruickshank, what can you tell us ot ^ '^ Mr Cruichshank: We use both sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda Our growers are not tending to one or the X strongly The purchase price is the thing that makes the decision We don't think that sulphate of ammonia is enoudi slower in its action to be much of an argument one way or the other. Two years ago in our own orchard we used sulphate of ammonia in two applications. Apple trees in sod twenty to twenty-five years old we gave four pounds in the spring, and two pounds between the middle of June or July I do not think we will do it again because it did not de ay the erowth very much. The next spring our trees did not seem to be behind those of our neighbors who did not use the ap- plication. We can not say that it helped us out any last year in that respect. ^ .1 1 r Question: Would nitrate have any effect on the color of ^ Prof Anthony: Pushing your trees with nitrate delays maturity of your foilage and of your fruit. Con- sequently you' can pick unfertilized peaches a week ahlad of fertilized peaches. I know one grower who uses that method to prolong his season. The same is true of apples, although not as much so as peaches In the delayed maturity, especially where you push the foilage growth, the fruit is shaded, and usually of lower color. Member: You can get color even if you use nitrate. I his year and last year T had color on Rome Beauties to such an extent that people did not believe they were Rome Beauties We leave them on the trees until they get fully mature, and they have color. _^ . , tt- Memebr : The last address that Mr. < labncl Hiestcr gave before this Society dealt with the use of nitrate of soda, espec- ially with reference to Smokehouse and York Imperial, to make them hold on longer in the fall to get the additional ten days or two weeks sunlight to increase the color. His inference was that the decrease in color caused by the use of nitrate of soda was overcome by allowing it to hang on and get the sun for that much longer time. U Member: We can buy sulphate of ammonia cheaper, and from an economic standpoint we find it best to use that, and the results are about as good as with nitrate. We omitted the application on a number of trees last spring, and we did not get apples on those trees. Now we can not say that the sulphate of ammonia saved the crop, but we think there is something to it. It gave the buds vigor at the time they needed it. Whether this is only theory, I can not say, but we did have apples where we applied the sulphate of ammonia, and none where we did not. Prof. Anthony: When you put nitrate on the sod tree it has a deeper color of foilage. That same condition very likely does eflfect the total amount of color in the fruit. We have all seen trees pushed too much. It boosts trees often into too heavy growth, but there is a happy medium between excessive growth and not enough. Good orcharding is bal- ancing the two extremes. Dense foliage protects the fruit from the sun's rays. The late application of nitrogen may be worth while sometimes, but it is dangerous. W^e never know in this state whether we will have two below or twenty below zero and you can not carry apple trees through a severe winter unless they are thoroughly mature. In 1918 you know what happened in the northern part of the state to trees that were not mature. Mr. Fenstermacher : Is not color a question mainly of sunlight, and thus a question of pruning? Question: Is it wise to use the same amount of nitrate on trees grown in sod, indiscriminately? How much should we use? Prof. Fagan: That depends upon the vigor, color of fol- iage, etc. Vary it according to the tree. Study the individual needs of the tree. Question: By using nitrogen on apple trees affected by Fire Blight, will it be a detriment to them, or will it help them along? Mr. Smith: An excessive use of nitrogen will tend to cause excessive and weakened growth, which will therefore be more susceptible to blight. Question: Does nitrogen make the peaches bitter some years? Answer: No, that is from Yellows, or old age. Question: If you have an apple orchard in sod that you wish to turn down, when is the best time to do it? Answer: In the spring as early as you can plow it. Question: Do you recommend the application of acid phospliate, following manure? Member: No, we certainly would not. Question: Some one has said do not plow at all. What I want to know is the best time of the year to do plowing? 35 Mr. Chase: Avoid plowing in the fall. There is danger of injury to the roots. If I have an orchard to plow in the fall I always caution the men not to plow deep. If you must plow in the fall, plow very shallow and level off the ground, and put in a late cover crop, even if only rye. Member: After harrowing in the spring I let the weeds come up and do my plowing in the fall to keep mice out of the orchard. My loss through mice is nothing at all. Mr. Griest: I agree with those who say that plowing is necessary at least once in a while. I once thought we could do all of our cultivation with a disk, but it seems there comes a time after six or eight years that the ground gets so hard and packed, that the disk will not go deep enough. Disking works the stones to the top. We can not, with spraying in spring, and hauling apples in the fall, carry on our work with- out a lot of going back and forth in rows. Those rows get so hard that finally the disk will hardly touch it. I think shallow plowing is necessary once in a while. Do it in the spring if you can, but if you have too large an area for it to be done entirely in the spring, do some in the fall and some in the spring. However, make a point of shallow plowing. Question : Can anyone give any information on the pas- teurizing and bottling of sweet cider? Also the making of apple butter by the steam process? Mr. Leonard: I have tried it in barrels. I had ten or twelve barrels that I could not sell, and tried it out on that by putting the cider in an old brass kettle and heated it to 190 degrees. As soon as it came to 190 degrees we cooled it off. Test it about the middle of the kettle. If it is boiling around the sides, pay no attention to that, but test in the middle regardless of the edges. Stir it frequently, of course. I find that the customers do not want it boiled. We find that it pays to pasturize cider. Prof. Fagan: At the College we pasteurize cider in bot- tles. Now what has someone to say about boiling apple but- ter bv the steam process instead of using direct fire? Member: That is a very satisfactory method. We do not use anything but an ordinary barrel. You must keep it boiling, and you w\\\ have the finest kind of apple butter. Question: Is the flavor as good as by the old method of boiling? Member: Every bit as good, the finest. « — WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, JANUARY 25, 1922 GROWING APPLES BY THE SOD MULCH METHOD By Dr. J. S. Rittenhouse, Loranc, Pa. When our Secretary asked me to talk on "Growing Apples by the Sod Mulch ^lethod," I accepted at once because I thought It would be easy. My son and I have had sixteen years experience in planting apple trees in sod, and yet the more I thought of the subject the more difficult it seemed to be to thmk of something to say that might be of interest or real benefit to anyone else. By inheritance I am a lover of trees, and it was long my desire to have an orchard. Finally, I acquired a piece of ground, and determined on the sod mulch method of develop- ing an orchard, as offering me the best chance for results with- in a limited time and with still more limited capital. It was at a time when it was unknown whether San Jose scale could be controlled in the East. The scale was the leading topic of dis- cussion at Horticultural meetings. The String-fellow method of planting trees was much talked about, and the sod mulch orchards of Cox of Ohio and Hitchings of New York were a great deal in print. The first box of apple trees that we plant- ed in sod, in spade holes, by a sort of modified String-fellow niethod, reached us in the spring of 1906. The box had labels showing that the trees had been officially insepcted and de- clared frrce from pernicious insects and diseases, and also that they had been fumigated. I opened the box, and found about 50 percent of the trees pretty well sprinkled with live San Jose scale, ban Joe ' we said then. I was shocked, but I planted those trees, feeling it had a good chance to see if "scale" could be controlled, and believing that if we could not control the scale on those little trees there would be no use in going" fur- ther into the orchard business. With a small hand spraver we used the old home-boiled 17-22 lime-sulphur sprav, and thoroughly cleaned up the trees, and have been increasing our apple tree plantings yearly since that time. In latter years we have been using the concentrated lime-sulphur solution with high powered rigs and spray guns. But the old 17-2^ formula of Surface of Pennsylvania still appeals to me You can see where you have sprayed, and I believe there is a pro- tective covering on the trees that lasts longer than the con- centrated solution. If I were equipped with sufficientlv lar^e cooking apparatus, I believe I would still use it as the dor- mant spray. The land on which we started our orchard was in sod and in sod by courtesy only. It was a field of thirtv-five acres without a building, and had been farmed on halves for a lone time before. When I bought it the crops were all taken off and only a very little fertility returned each vear There was some grass, a little clover, and a beautiful collection of dande- lion, narrow-leaved dock, plantain, wild mustard, and a mae- nificient vista of wild carrot when in blossom, - it was a farmed- """Iif .-I T'^.l' "i^,"'*'^">^ ^'^^^^•-^ ^''^th^^^ heavvclav loam with a stiff subsoil. That was the condition when we beean planting. As I said before, we planted the trees in holes made no larger than needed to work the shovel. The trees were planter llYi feet apart, using apple trees as fillers. Of the first plantings a great many of the fillers have been taken out, but most of the semi-permanents will not interfere with the permanent trees for a great many more years. The weeds and grass were mowed two or three times each year, the first mowing of each season was raked together, and the young trees mulched. The later mowings of each season were allowed to lie where they fell. In a few years the grass and the weeds grew more rank, then the weeds began to disap- pear, and we had more grass and clover. As the trees grew larger, the grasses grew well in the spring, and we mowed them about the first of July, and there has not been much growth later in the season. We mowed the grass only once a year, and let it lie where it fell, the tree roots practically penetrating all of the soil. About four years ago we began to notice that the growth of grass was not as much as we liked, but the war had come on, and the price of chemical fer- tilizer seemed beyond reach. In the spring of 1920 we first used chemical fertilizer, five pounds of nitrate of soda and ten pounds of 16% acid phosphate to the tree. This was re- peated in 1921, and I think will be continued indefinitely here- after. We are again getting a much better stand of grass, and the clovers are beginning to reappear. We spray four or five times in a season, prune annual!) , thin the fruit thoroughly, pick and handle it carefully, and try to pack it honestly. The fruit is above the average in appear- ance and quality. It always sells above the usual market price. The same customers want it year after year. The trees have made a satisfactory growth, began to bear reasonably early, and have been bearing annually good crops of fruit. We have a great many varieties af apples, all of which have done as well as could be expected, except the Yellow Trans- parent. This variety, supposed to be an unusuallv early bear- er, has not yet borne a full crop. You all remember the erratic spring of 1921. Our apple trees were practically in full bloom on the 28th of March, full five weeks before normal. The temperature at noon of that day was more thtan eighty. In the afternoon a strong wind came up, and the thermometer began to fall rapidlv, attd by the morning of the 29th of March, the temperature on our home porch was twenty-three degrees, about a week later it fell to twenty degrees at the same place. The temperature in the orchard was no doubt lower. We despaired of getting a crop of fruit, examined many blossoms, and found the ovarian of blossom after blossom dead. But here and there on the outer scion of the cluster we found some unopened buds that seemed alive. On account of the unusual season we were caught without having put on the pre-blossom spray. On 38 discovering these few live buds we immediately got busy and put on a 1 to 30 lime-sulphur spray with Black Leaf 40. After the fruit began to set we thought we might get a third of the apples we had in 1920. As picking time approached we had gradually increased our estimate to 75 percent of the crop of the year before. The net result of that compared with 1920 would give us about 89 percent of a crop. The farm orchards all about us had no apples. There were very few apples in the country except in our orchard. I don't know why we had these apples, unless it was due to the timely application of the pre-blossom spray, or our previous way of handling the trees, or a combination of factors, some of which we may not know. You can all appreciate that it was a heartening sight to have an orchard last fall, many trees of which were loaded with fruit to the breaking point. The great advantage of a sod mulch orchard, as I see it, IS that we can work in it at any time without having to con- tend with mud or dust. When not raining it is at any time in condition to get in to spray, prune, thin or pick fruit. The dropped fruit is clean and little bruised, and sells at a good price, because we have a good local market in Reading, which has a population of about 125,000. We are only six miles from Reading. It may be interesting to know the names of the elading varities of apples which did best, and those which were prac- tically a failure because of the unusual weather conditions of last spring. Smokehouse and Paragon had practically no fruit ; Delicious was an almost total failure; Wealthy had a fair crop (they had a large crop the year before) ; Duchess was hard hit, but had some apples; Stayman had a 50 percent crop; Jonathan about 80 percent; Rome and King David each had a 100 percent crop, and although as we thought well thinned had some branches broken by the weight of the fruit. Our Yorks and Mcintosh are not yet in full bearing, but ac- cording to the amount of bloom had a fair crop. Of the new Golden Delicious we have two trees only, plnntcd the first year they were introduced, and at the time of planting we took a few scions and set them into an older tree. The young trees and the grafts had their first blossoms last year. Altogether there were about fifteen blossom clus- ters, and we thinned them one apple to a cluster, and got about twelve mature apples. The varietv seems to bloom a little late, about the time of the Rome Beauty. There is another observation to which I would like to give expression, and that is, that the old idea that apple trees root deeper when cultivated, than when in sod mulch, is a fallacy. We have taken out fillers in both the sod mulch or- chard, and in a part of the orchard that we have cultivated from the beginning, for comparison. The trees in the sod m mulch orchard root just as extensively and as deeply as in the cultivated orchards. The soil in the sod mulch orchard IS more uniformly moist both near the surface and deeper down than in the cultivated orchard. Question: The gentlemen who just spoke said that "the trees bore in a reasonably short time." I would like to ask how long- that is. My experience with a sod mulch system and other systems is that cultivated apple trees bear earlier than others. What is a reasonable time? Answer: I do not know because that depends upon va- rieties. But it has always been our experience that in the small part of the orchard that we cultivated, particularly Staymans, that we had apples earlier than in other parts of the orchard. With other varieties I have no experience. Question: How do you prevent mice in sod mulch? Answer: Bank up the ground, but we have had con- siderable mice injury. Question: How do you bank up? Answer: No definite way, and no definite height, about eight or ten inches. Question: Do you take down the bank in the sprini^^ Answer: Yes. Question: Do you plant in sod, or do you cultivate for a few years? Answer: Plant in sod, and leave in sod. Question: Do you mulch to keep the sod from growing- tight around the trees? Answer: With reference to mulching, when we mulch young trees we try to keep it away from the stem of the tree for about a foot, and then keep that circle. Have a little bank of ground. Question: How early do vour trees bear, that were planted in sod? Answer: At about six or seven years of age. Member: I have tried banking for micc^md two win- ters ago I found I simply had nests of mice there. They made their nests right there at the base of the tree, and it failed. I get better satisfaction to simply scrape the ground away from the tree in fall for eighteen inches to two feet. Member: We do that before we bank, and in bankinc^ a tree I think it is very important that we have soil, and not a mixture of grass with the bank. Mr. Atkinson: I think that is true. I carefully bank hiy trees, and have found the field mice and pine mice' makinc^ a regular bees' nest out of those banks. Of course, some'' of them may have a different varietv of mice than we have to contend with. Member: I have a part of my orchard in sod and quite a lot of grass, and by carefully taking the grass away, the soil 40 can be lightly hoed up in a dirt bank. I never had a tree in- jured by mice. I f. ^^?'^'' A, few years ago we used hogs. A neighbor left his hogs run freely, and they cleaned up the field mice, but they are a nuisance. Question: Did they hurt the orchard' Answer : Having the hogs in the orchard took care of the mice but I must say that the hogs sometimes ate the apple trees and I wonder whether the one was worse than the other Km. ,^*™''" = ^" o"-" case they did not injure the young trees! to feed on"^^' * ^"^' °^ ''"^"^ ^"*^ °"^«'" ^^^^^ ^^' '^em Member: We have an orchard of trees about eight to twenty years old in sod mulch, which has been so for five or six years. The hogs running there do not do any injury We have another orchard in which the trees are now seven to ten years of age, and the hogs have been running in there for about thTv uTh '"'^ 'l^^ '^'? "°' ^°- ^"y ^^™«&^- Do you think hf/ \\r u I ^^T '^^'^'' °"- ^ '^■°"'<^ ''"^e a statement on this. We have been doing this for three or four years or more and It seems to do away with the mice, but perhaps they will get in after a while. r t- j . T W ■ "'"'J^^ I ^a^'e had no experience in this line, but I have seen the results of hogs in an orchard one time Thev were confined in a small space, and had gotten rid of all green fn^ th u T^^^ they started barking trees and before morn- ing they had ruined about a dozen trees which were at least twenty years old by tearing oft" the bark as high as the crotches. There is apparently no danger when there is plentv of vegetation for them to feed on. " Mr. Runk: The hogs rub their bodies against the trees and the natural fat of the bodies injuries the trees Two Jr^I\u^° °Ku'?" *"'"^ J'*^"* ""'l they simply ruined everv he ^,l/^'■^''''''*• ^' "" ^''^"""^ proposition I do not advisl- tW^. .1,°^' '" ^" °'''''^'^- '^'^'•>' ''° "t<^h the mice, but there are other ways to get the mice. The best wav we have found IS to keep the land clean of grass around the trunk member: Is there danger of over mulching an orchard' I have an orchard that has never had a failure, ^I had almost a fuU crop of Northern Spy in that orchard this vear, I do not know whether it is due to the sod mulch or not' I am getting a pretty heavy mulch under those trees, anything that years there is more of a tendency for the apples to develop Baldwin Spot, I am wondering whether the extra supply o mulch has any connection with the Baldwin Spot' ture^nnnl^^^T- 7^^ '^test theory is that inadequate mois- hink th^ ^i^.^r'^ responsible for the Spot, but one would think that if that was the case the sod mulch would be the 41 thing for it because you have a more continuous supply of moisture. Question: Do feeding roots come up in that mulch? Answer: Yes, they do. COMMERCIAL PEACH GROWING By J. E. Klahre, District Manager, The American Fruit Growers, Inc., Hancock, ]\Id. Those who are engaged in growing peaches for profit, are vitally interested in the factors which influence the amount or extent of that profit. Fundamentally, profit is the margin between cost and selling price. I do not intend to discuss the factors influencing the cost of production but shall confine my discussion to the factors influencing the selling price. The most important single factor influencing the selling price of peaches is quality, and that the amount of your profit is likely to be determined by the quantity of high quality fruit at your disposal. This would be true if it were not for the existence of another factor which seems to have a far more reaching effect in many cases than either quality or quantity. That factor is supply and demand. Since we wish to attack this problem of securing profits in a logical manner, we must know just what we can do to grow fruit of better quality, how to increase the yield of high quality fruit, and finally having satisfied ourselves that we have done all in our power to increase our profits in this manner, we vvant to dispose of our crop to the best advantage. Quality is dependent on a number of factors, but prac- tically all of them, fortunately, are more or less under our control. Elevation for instance influences the color and size of the fruit, gives it the life which it would otherwise not have. The soil influences the growth of the tree, and by its depth, tilth and fertility has an important effect on the qualitv of the fruit. Both of these factors can be determined or rcp^u- lated by the owner. The grower is likewise responsible for the quality of the fruit as it is effected by what v e mav prop- erly term cultural practices. A well proportioned pruning program, followed by the application of the necessary ferti- lizing elements in the correct proportions, and supplemented by thorough cultivation to insure sufficient moisture to ma- ture the crop, all these things add to the qualitv of the fruit. Spraying and dusting protect the crop from the insects and fungous diseases which tend to make peach growinsr such a hazardous undertaking, while careful packing- presents the product to the consumer in the most attractive shape. Hash of these operations, you will observe, is influenced to a greater or less extent by the desires of the grower. 42 !v^/- ^ . . ' ■ Q X <. ' X u X o ' ■,."' X u .' < u a- Q u o fi^ < u > CO < z < > ^ >< CO 2 2 U cu is almn.^t i/ T, *°7"ther conditions, the quantity of fruit Ihl. r ''^'^^'^■'y determined as the quality, and we are tendin° aTrosrh''T;° '"^";^ °""<^'^« *-- ^he loss at- tenaing a frost by selecting orch«rd sites with sufficient ele- Wha"t' then"'"r *,° "'"'"'^^ ^''^ '^--d in that'resp I profits fron...' *'^^'™'t'"g factor which determines the prohts from commercial peach growine' H P f;r,nlH ..,uZ has written a very good book o^n peach' growing says '"7!° sma1t:a"sur L'7h' ^''""'"^ '" '"^ '°-t-" ^^^-^ in n^ small measure on the sequence in which the Elberta oearh SLf with"whrhT^°" "'■''' ''' "P^"'"^ P-*'" ^" "h?r oXr wn^l f ''°'"" '" *^°"ta'=t °" the markets." In Ts suor /'h"h ° '^'' ^uT '=°"«^"ed, the limiting factor geogrfp'h^y of Vach growrng'.^'^ ™^^ '^^^'^^^ "^^ "'^'^ ^'^^ Let us examine the peach growing areas in the eastern and southern sections of the country and ascertain if possible .^ the fourth ''v^itl^^;r K,h'^ ''""f- ''°'" o"^ -ies'Se in tne north. \\ ith the Elberta on y n mind the oearh season commences about July 1st in northeastern Texas Overa series of years, the section which comes in nexTis usuallv %TZT:o\i:\Tu''- -■j^^the Elberta'La"s:rn .ast^S ship's E^eru torn 'uly'l'th't ?Oth S'T ^'^'T "^^"^ neriQ that tu^ *^ • ^ •'^"' ^"^ ^^ Sometimes hap- to Arkansas ThTpil '" ^'"""^'^ "^ ^"'--fe "^'bertas prior o Arkansas. 1 he Elberta season in North Carolii. . follows U o:er"bv theMh 1 't' ''^"'•S'^ ^"'^ ArkansL^seaso" '°:d is over by the Sth of August. With the exception of i^inor shipments from southern Virginia and West vLinirthe .rnort" r WesT'^v'^"" '" ^.T °^ ^'P<^"'"^ of IhTEIberU IS northern West Virginia and Maryland, where the season ot September. \ew Jersey and Delaware usually start sfiio^ fhe^th orSent^'T' '\^'''' °f ^"Sust and continue unt'^1 the 5th of September. The usual date of ripening of the El- ber Is't'toToth 'Tth'"' f°"*'^^^*"" Pennsyl'vania^s Septem- north of H.I ' f ''°"?'^ "^t=»" sections, notably that region north of Hagerstown, is somewhat earlier. rennsyh ania .' It means that from about July 10th until vou start shipping Elbertas in late August, or early Sepu'mber omh"f"vou"°TVr-'*^"/ I^PP'^ °f E'"*^^^- from^'cl:sS south of you. That in itself is a statement without much v^taT'th!; 7?' 'r '" '"^'y^^^- «"* '^» '"'^ show ^ou how peach sn/.r ? /°/?i,' 7'" '^°"^'^ y^" ^^^^ "«' Shipping peaches in car lots to the larger markets.— Although I have not had access ,0 the government records, it has been repor ed Mn t of ^'°T\''"^ ''"* y"-- ^'^ '" ^-^"^^ of 6,003 cars Most of this fruit IS consumed in eastern and northern ma;- 43 kets, and is not all confined to the large cities. I know one firm which canvased thoroughly every town of 2,000 or more in- habitants between Johnstown and Harrisburg, and several towns east of Harrisburg in an endeavor to dispose of Georgia peaches in carloads if possible, but in less that carloads if necessary. Under normal conditions the early peaches would have been ripening in Pennsylvania at that time, and you would certainly have felt the effect of the southern competition. But there are other ways in which your profits are influ- enced by your southern neighbors. All of you know that the peach market is extremely fickle, and that it fluctuates violent- ly when there is no reason apparent to the grower. There are several reasons for this fact. The peach market is usually es- tablished during the Georgia shipping season. The appear- ance of worms or brown rot in Georgia peaches has had, and probably will continue to have, a very far reaching influence. Buyers who appreciate the fear of brown rot on the part of the wholesaler and retailer are quite likely to use this fact in securing fruit at considerably lower prices from the grower. During the past season I happened to be engaged in pack- ing Elbertas in southwestern Arkansas. Because of the fact that the Texas crop of Elbertas was a failure insofar as carry- ing qualities were concerned, I knew of several buyf^tg who remained in our packing heJ^^^-afftTbSt a week befofe^uving . J. 'r .t peacnes. Thev were afraid to buv on surface .,**,:/ ^ns, preferring to wait until some of our fruit arrived V,-. tae market, in order to assure themselves that Arkansas Elbertas had no brown rot. If we had been depending on local buyers our profits certainly would have suffered. The readiness with which the public absorbs the ship- ments from the south certainly has a marked effect on the price paid for the same variety from later sections. Due to the perishable nature of the fruit, the disposal of a crop of peaches, particularly where that crop is largely Elbertas, is usually a matter of days rather than weeks. Dealers are not slow to take advantage of that fact, and relying on the infor- mation gained in the crops from southern districts, use ever\^ means in their power to recoup losses and increase gains by manipulation of the crops from northern sections. But the most marked effect of the southern grown peach, and by that I mean the peach grown in any section earlier than our own, is the residual effect on the market. Following each other so closely as the shipping seasons of the different sec- tions invariably do, there is a sluggish period on the market almost every year. The effect is so marked, and so far reach- ing as to merit our closest attention. Let me cite an example. As I have mentioned before, Georgia had an exceptionally large crop of peaches last year. The ripening period was sev- eral weeks earlier than usual, throwing the peak of the Elberta 44 season about July 10th, on which date the first cars were mov- ing from southwestern Arkansas. What was the effect on the f. o. b. price of the Arkansas Elbertas? The best quota- tion for the first two days of the season was $2.25, but in about three days, when the bulk of the southern crop had disappeared from the mid-west markets, the price began to jump about $.25 each day, until at the end of the twelve-day season the f. o. b. price for the same quality peach was $4.50 per bushel, while two days later on my return through North Carolina, 1 learned that choice Elbertas were being quoted at $2.50 per bushel on board the car. This difference in price in the case of the North Carolina peaches was due to the fact that they were being shipped to New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, at which points there were about eight hundred cars of Geor- gia Elbertas in storage, and the influence of the Georgia peach crop was felt as far north as New York State, because not all of them had been removed from storage when New York Carmens were being shipped. I think you will see from what I have said that the price you will receive for your peaches is quite likely to be influ- enced quite markedly by concurrent shipments from districts earlier than that in which you happen to be located. How can you overcome the disadvantage arising from your location? This is not an easy question to answer, but there are certain ways in which this effect can be minimized. Those of you who are contemplating planting new or- chards or replanting old orchards, will, I am sure, pay much more attention in the future than you have in the past to the varieties which you plant. This is' of vital importance. Those of you who have large bearing orchards of varieties which conflict with Elbertas. or other more salable varieties, will take advantage of all the information sent out by your experiment station concerning the methods of regulating the ripening period of those varieties by means of varied applica- ""-^ns of fertilizers. And all of you, whether you have just planted vonr or- chard or whether it is in full "bearing at' this time, will, I am sure, pav a great deal more attention to your neiofhhnrs on the south and the east. You will know his varieties, his ex- pected crop, and when that crop is to be marketed. Further- more, you will have a daily acquaintance with the market conditions, not only of your local market, but in the large city markets as well. You have seen how your profits are vitally effected not only by what kind of a peach you grow, and how many of them you sell but also by what your southern neighbor is growing and selling. Your local co-operative association, your state bureau of markets, and all of the government agen- cies, as well as the State College and Experiment Station an- 45 nually publish an immense amount of valuable information dealmg with this subject, but it remains for you to reap full advantages from these facilities. The profit from commercial peach growing is two-thirds under your control, and a greater part of the remaining third can be secured by facilities already provided, presuming of course that you are on the alert. Question: How can they afford to send peaches from Texas and California and compete with us? Mr. Klahre: I can not tell you. I know that on August 20 of last year there were on the New York market Georgia peaches, California peaches, a few Arkansas peaches, and the New York State shipments were just coming in. You are aware that we had a crop failure here. Member: In California last summer looking over peach trees, I asked how many times they sprayed, and found that they spray once in winter for peach leaf curl. They do not have trouble with curculio, etc. I inquired from a lot of others, and they have no wet weather, and what they save in spray- ing thev can use to pay freight, I suppose. Their trees are larger and their crop is more even. ^ Mr. Klahre: I think their co-operative packing associa- tions have something to do with it. Mr. Grossman: I am anxious to know because we have just started in ^Montgomery Countv, with headauarters at Collegeville, a packing and selling organization, and we are going to be up against it to move our peaches this year to ad- vantage. If anybody knows anything about local shippinsr associations or suggestions for co-operative packing of apples^, I want that information for the growers in our section. Mr. Klahre: You must know first whether you are goinp- to ship to local markets or to distant markets. Also the con- tainer will have to be determined by the limits to which you ship. In Detroit they want bushel baskets: while from Geor- gia they come in Georgia carriers. A big packing house in Arkansas is arranged for bushel baskets only. Question: How about peach sorting tables and packin'^ tables? 1 .•> Mr. Klahre: There are as many peach sorting tables and packing tables as there are individual growers. Question: How long is it profitable to hold peaches in storage ? K ^li ^Ifu""^* . JI"^ Georgia Elberta season was closed about the 10th to 12th of July. On the 20th of August in New York they were just being brought out of storage, and there was no opposition. In Chicago they did not hold them that long. 1 do not know just how long they will last. APPLE GROWING IN OHIO By R. B. Cruickshank, The Ohio State University Although Ohio is not as large as Pennsylvania, yet it does cover some 30,000 square miles. The subject "Apple Grow- ing in Ohio therefore, infers that I am to cover a lot of ground in this discussion. As a matter of fact, I propose to give you something of a survey of our fruit conditions, prob- lems, practices, plans, developments and expectations We have reached a more or less stable situation in apple growing as I presume you have, and I, therefore, have nothing start- ling to report. I think you will find much similarity between your apple growing and ours. The Geography of Fruit Growing: Ohio, has two prin- 7nr/T T TV""'^ '"u'^^'^f- ^"^ ^-^^^"^^ ^1°"& the southern shore of Lake Erie ; the other one includes the more or less hilly section of the state extending along the Ohio River from a point of about the latitude of Pittsburgh around to Cincin- nati. In the former section, nearlv all fruits are grown The farms are smaller and more diversified. A large proportion of the fruit is hauled into the market by truck either by the growers themselves or by men who make a business of gather- mg the ruit and selling it in town. Most of the apples grown in the hilly sections are shipped. Practicallv nothing but apples are grown in this region. At one time there were a number of important peach shipping points but, because of diseases poor markets and unfavorable climate, these points have prac- ticallv ceased to exist so far as any importance is concerned. Although the lake shore and the Ohio River counties are the important apple producing sections, yet we have rather good orchards more or less widelv scattered over all parts of the state. These, when well located and cared for, are profit- able enterprises in as much as they are usuallv located close to good local markets. Tendencies: Census reports show a decline in bearin<^ trees since 1910 of 30% and in non-bearing trees of 16% In oth- er words, our bearing apple trees have been reduced in 10 vears from approximately 8,500.00 to 6.000.000 trees and our 'non- bearing trees from approximatelv 2.400.000 to 2,000,000 This decline is more apparent than rcil. As in the case of manv other states, the large loss is refcrphlc. mostlv to the jren- eral dechne in the farm orchards rather than in the commer- cial sections. The production is, therefore, being fairlv well * maintained. Significant of this condition are figures which show a decline m the number of farms in Ohio rn>ortinT^^-*''! ^^'^-'" really have nothing be«er as a subSf ' t ' "' ^^"'*'' ^^ substitution is beinp- ,^l<^^ K, .1 substitute. To some extent, rather than a^/'-pf ^utr^ ? ^'^h^es"^ ^^^^^7 nSrn-btS s^-pt^Sntcr ^^'^ -%'n1- St quality. hi,h product^ a°d ^da^^^ to^indt iS th'eTe ^°°^ in th!rut?:rrp^art°'o/rhrst^t:'i?iT °^ *^^ ■"-'■-^^ planted than any other arietvln Jh' "T "'"'"'^ '^<^^^"y able planting- of GrhZ^%\ '' addition, there is consider- last nimed if a seedlW of R^!!^'"' ^r^'^^" ^"^ ^nsee. The of much higher qua ity duSer cX '^V *= "".^"^ '""^P'' the same productiv , r o ' ^""^ aPParently of about pretty much w^a York w' • l''-"'-'' ''. '° ^""'hern Ohio Ohi/State HorlfcuLt. Srjtv'haVe°rer;7t ir'^' ^'^^ ment as has your Association to'the York ImpeHal "°""" Pruning: As did other eastern stntnc ni,- a perod of severe pruning practices Th ' , , "'■?' "^'■°"^*^ somewhat the other w-n, -!^,r i^" pendulum has swung feel that there X'dd be no , """^ "l"'" """' growers who Rreat bulk of our m n bcheveX't"? "'^*'^""- "''"•^^■"' '^e nual pruning is the mSradvi b o s'ster'ST''^"'''/"; ^"- general thinning out of the smnH .JL? u ^'^ includes a too crowded In arMitinn .^ / wherever ,t has become headed back sHHitlvforTh; f""^ °^ the remaining wood is r ™, ;: E & °F '- "'-'""-." ,ris An instance of the rpQnltc ^f ^ j in Lawrence Conntv vhirh I^ T^c '^'^'"""^f'-'tion work the state, mav be of interest Th.' u^ P^^oducinf, county of some time to do lit k pn,nin J on%'" ^'l"" ' *™''^"^>' ^"' demonstration was hn Irl Ln ^ , ■'^"'"'^ '^'"^"'X trees. A rows of his o o.\r I '^':^:' f""°"-"?.wh.ch the owner pruned ten ten rows com i i ', ^'Z::^:^:':^ ^^ trees. The adiacent pruned rows prod.rced 498 h' r.k ' "'" "'' '^''^'- ^^' ''" I '"^'" ^''« barrels, or an average of 7 bushels 48 avLa4 of 3./ hnshT"""'^ '°^' P^°'^"«<^ 241 barrels, or an cents%er tre^' Thft ^^ *'""• ?^ '°'' °^ P^""'"? ^as 54 The g?oss income of thrt' "^"^ ^^.'"'' twenty-five years old. ^"Jl ^( "^^^onie of the ten pruned rows, after deducting the unjru e7row!'wT$?567-^°Th*e ^ ^^°^^ income'/rtrhf tt irfesT.^J'^ftr'^^^^^^^^ rt%^ryii''r mo;; ^ei^^dt^o-f^ fer.°:£ herefore graded out much better and sold ^r a bTt?er Lice In addition, the pruned trees received less fertilizer and the harvest operations were made easier. erunzer and the Our recommendations in Ohio are, as suggested above or a moderate annual thinning out with someffght heading ■n Th,s IS the system which is being followed bv the h ,^k of our growers so far as they are able ^ These figures are somewhat substantiated bv others r^ in°'?he HolTmlTv^r''- i" ' ^*"''>- °^ o-hay^rrctic"; in ine Hood Kiyer Valley and covering a large number of thr"e%la:se?'"':f '°? 7^ ^""^ '" ^'^"^ 'hefe orchards b class averaged .^fi^^l' k ''"'°""' °^ Production. The first Class axcragcd 386 packed boxes per acre, the second class 2^7 packed boxes per acre and the third class 186 packed boxes per years a^era^ed /s^P "f^': ''^'J'T^ '''^"^'^ « '-- °f ' - fh» fK^ 1 ^ ^^ °^ """ orchards annually pruned while the third group averaged only 48% annually pruned This would seem to indicate a definite correlationVetvveen a sy tem of annual pruning and production. ^ So far as young trees are concerned, there is an inclim t.on to do only as much pruning as may be necessarv to H^ tht';!;'' '''A'T^'f: ^'"'^ °f ^^^ men'hSve comrtoVeliev" mo t variTt 'l"'""'^'''' t^""^' '^ '^' ™°^t advisable for the most V aneties. Keeping this idea in mind the trees are other- wise allowed to grow more or less naturally according to va- H„.f^"^'"Avf'^ ^'^"^^ Control: Ohio is doing verv little dusting. W here it is practised at all, it is generallv in the way of an accessory to the spraying. The sprav gun has become a universal piece of equipment and a tendency is each veTr more and more toward the use of high powered sprayers VVhie in some states owners are finding fault with the snrav W, n due to the fact the hired hands are inclined to do les c-,S work than with the spray rods, vet I have heard no till in Ohio of going back to the old method. ..,..*^"'' ^^"I VT"^'''' ^■"'^ S^"" J°*« '^^a'e. codling moth worm curcuho, scab, b ack rot, blotch, and in some years fire bliVhT We have a feeling that the scale is once again coming back m great numbers. In some sections where dormant applka 49 than later. ^^^^u^ to snow a little color rather about two%tr?aga' We th^Wne/thatTh' '°^'' ""*" On earlier 'varieti:: ifkeTultss an'cf SchTn >"'^ '^'"• sary to apply the spray within seven to ten H^ '/ "'"'" slight infection? l^re!slhur"t' "r^'r"^ °^ *''^ '^"'^- ^"^ should be sufficient. I understand th.fti"^'"'""'t' ^^'""^^^ Pennsylvania onlv ;J ""^'r'^stand that the disease has reached spread ovTr'nT'e" o? ;ou7"tIte"'"lt '' ^T'" ""''"-tionablv checking it as rapidly 'ar^t Appears °"" '^ "°''"' "''"'^ Ohio'"ar?Sding in^'S^'i^h '^^^ 1 '""^ ^P'"'^ °-hards in z;^STntitrt££Ft^^ the practice with us In 10 o""^''!,*'!' "°"**='"' ^■■""•th of abou't ^10^Tonl\^nd'rn''j2raVouf,1m"\''^nt;*" ''"' enough to fertili. at least 20% "oTll/r ^^r .TJ^in the^ nitra^r'o'f'':^:,^"' tveTate tL^'^AZ' h""^""^ "''^ "'^'' - been the' S r^^foffof thTr^as^e i^i^.s^ ^^"^^ ^-' We bdleve ttl''the"!dvis?h?"':^*''" ^I ^"" ^^ °"^ °'d o"es. i-„- b; £:H i ^" --"-^^ rhtnrthit£E3--^^^^^^^^^^^^ made in the leaves and the nit"" '''*'^*='" ^'^'^ carbohydrates come about ear^.er when the T"] '""""^ ^^""^ '^'^ '^'^ ^^ill foliage has been ran^ Th^ development of the amount of it is anticipated that the tr.r".'''^/'''"^ '^' ''"'^ i" "hich may be adv^^Ible to redte the nhrTtl '°T 1"'° ^^'■'^'"^' '' fertilization or reducing cultivation ""'^ ''-' ""hhoMing 50 treestu7:fso°t?pSduc" I'S' "°' °"'>; ^^ ^*-"'ate the When acid phospWe ifnli ^i^""""* °^ ""'^h material, or the sulphate of ammoni/th" '^"'' *^^ "''■•«*« °f ^oda white clov^er to dX sronSnn"the*:o"d^"vk^:^ ^^^f"^ gen carrier is used alone the lra«^=\.l- u ''*" ^ "'*''°- clusion of the clovers are bluelrass t^-th ^^^T' '° '^' ^'^- chard grass. It is possible even on pooTsoifVn'^ '°''' """^ °^- fr-^ufchrgtrr^poTeflfif",^^^^^^^^^^^^ omy^o do tli^ th-In^^to h;L^i„'rLi;ffrotTettsTdt^'^^"- profiSlyTutX^i';:tf the^'^^^ T ."^ i-wffn sod tion with some nitrogen carri^^^^^ must absolutely be fertiliza- orchards may be stand^n^ln c / " ^""."^ ^^«" though the cultivation fertflizationm^v"'^ of our richest soils. Under ing upon th^feniHt~e^"i^'^ "°' '^ P^°'^*^'''^ ^^P-^- varyKom mnSI'-° '' '^°'^^'^ ^'■"°** throughout with cities abo^tlree qu ?So?a'Ztn° W^.J?.^'^^^'^"^ --^-h hal eastern Ohio', thesrcrtL'sTre'f:jrly'St\oVetheT'"Tr' ^°"*''- that fru t growers have man,/ . • '.°&cther. This means tem of local m^rket^nr VZT.T^'T'' '° '^"y «" ^ ^X^- and consistent privltfbuline^ .t"l ''"^^ developed a heavy ultimate consumers In'o" f^"'* stores, groceries or monopoly on thd" loc'al mTrke " Thfrr^r? no ^^th^'^f* ' growers near and the only comnetition Lu f """^ '^""^^ which may be shinocd in Ac^*^ . °u ^'* '* ^''°'" ^o^e fruit markets with gooT quLlitv stnff ' '^"If °^^'"« "urse their sistent deliveries The '""-- ■'easonable prices, and con- home grown ^r^^it 1\TsIT,Z''^'' ^ the° ''"^V"^^ d^vTlop^t.'''^ '''' °^ --^'''"^ "•"' Have I'muTd mostly': s'hTpping ar'eT AnnT"""' ^T^ ^'=«"*-V -^tion is although the "^afkets are cl "' •""'''"'"'' ^^iefly in barrels certainN-arieties The e has be?n 'no° ^T^'^"able favor for Growers have sold individually ".nH I u """^f *'"? «y^tem. years this has been satisfartorv =, h '^*P/'«^"dIy. In some not been so. Wer" hnofTr\r.f '" "u^"'^ '* '^^^ certainly 51 with the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation in the matter of the organizing of apple packing associations. That committee has been active during the past year. In order that Ohio growers might see in action a number of local packing houses, a trip was organized to western New York early in October About seventy-five growers representing eighteen counties made the trip. Two days were spent in Niagara and Orleans counties. During that survey, we were able to persuade some of our key men that the local packing house association was a step in advance. Since that time, we have been able to organize eight as- sociations and there are prospects of a few more We are organizing with about 10,000 barrels as a minimum output We are trying to keep the associations as small in member- ship as possible with such a minimum. Next week at the regular meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, it is proposed that representatives from these local associations will organize a central association on a state-wide basis. It is probable that this center will not function fully during the first year, but we are anxious to adopt grades and standards and a trademark and to do some mspection. Ohio is organizing partly, of course, for self-protection against competition from other states. However, the chief things in mind are a better standardization of the business some consistent advertising, and a greater sales force We feel that our central association will probably co-operate more than It will compete with the central associations in other states. We look forward to the time when our central office will be in constant touch with the central offices in western New York, Michigan, Illinois, Pennsylvania and in other states which may be organized. Such association will enable us to harmonize our distribution, to intensify our advertising to complete our standardization, and do such other thines as may be of mutual benefit. The fruit growers in northern Ohio who have had close- up markets have done fairly well during the past two weeks. Without much package cost or transportation and storaije charges, they were able to sell two years ago at a profit. Last year the freeze did not injure their crop materially. The southern Ohio growers, however, made no money t\vo years ago and their crops were completely wiped out last vcar However, there is complete optimism with regard to the fu- ture. They have taken their bumps and are still smiling I am proud to be associated with such men, for the man who can smile when things are not going right is eminently worth while. 52 Mr. Fenstermacher: This talk has been most interesting. In marketing our fruit in the home markets we find them all right until the outsider comes in. Why can they come in and break our prices? They are doing it , and it is up to us to check It in some way. I believe the central marketing organ- ization is the only way. If we only could control the retailer, but I guess the only way to do that is to hit him on the head with a club every time he charges somebody too much, but we can not do that. Not long ago I ran across a man who was formerly a clerk in a Baltimore store, but on account of ill health was compelled to go back to the farm. He had very early tomatoes last spring, and was getting $1.40 for a 20- quart basket from the stores. This worked fine the first few times, but later on he found he could not sell any more to one store. The store still had some, and could not use any more. The man said that this did not seem strange, because he had noticed that the store-keeper asked a lady 20 cents a quart for tomatoes w^hich had cost him 7 cents a quart. This is one of the big things we are up against. There are thousands of people who have never tasted an apple. The price is way beyond them, because of the hoggish retailer. In my own town of Allentown, of 80,000, we do not have a public market, or farmers' market. The people are at the mercy of the commission men, who import stuff in the carload that might be grown at home. They in turn sell to the re- tailer, and the retailer to the consumer, and there is your h^h cost of living. We are living on goods shipped there. There are absolutely no market facilities. You may have the same situation in your own town. We tried to influence city council, and they say they must protect the retailers who pay licenses. They say they can not afford to let the farmers in, to build market houses and make things convenient for them, because the farmers do not pay any city taxes. They forget the 80,000 inhabitants in Allentown, who now are de- pendent upon the commission men for food, when by dealing with farmers they could get it at half the price. One thing about this is, that the merchants are noticing a falling off o} country trade. I really think we can sell all the produce grown in Penn- sylvania right here. There is no necess'itv for getting it from Delaware or any other place. With our'. soil and climate we can grow any fruit worth having. The whole trouble is want of proper organization to make our influence felt. I thank God that I have lived to see the day that the influence of the farmer is beginning to be felt at Washington. Farmers are coming into their own, and I hope they will continue to do it. We don't need uplift committees and conferences ; the farmer can help himself, if he is given the chance. More organization. 53 and then more of it, and the farmers will ^et there with their own efforts without helpjrom^nybody efse (A'pTause) QUESTION BOX Led by F. N. Fagan, State College, Pa. scale?" if r.e r:^!',^^^-" ^''^-' ^*" ^-niu™ to J.r r^t-tcLfS °" ' '"''' ^'^" '''■ ^^ -- othe?.r?s" a.iU'^rat^rcrn^'^ulCthtrr °" ''' -''' Prof. Sanders: Several miscible oils are on the market You can also use homemade kerosene emulsion ?rTT'., ^^''^* "' '^' ^''' ^'y *° "^di"t^ Red Spider? I'rof Sanders: Lime-sulphur one to fortv with oitrht s: :\ ff-^-ia^-if '- -k!?ndrn,« mant'^sTenS? """ '" ''" "-"'"'"" "■*'' '''"^-'f-' d- suifu^^:; Srtm scire" TvcT; c^;;efurstdv t: r'' "t of this bv thf» TT ^ n«^ ? / caretui study has been made omm/„S^t^r„Seii-le°or*7:^lX^„t^^^ oSarf It ro" bacte^JiTSase^a^n^rgTemV'^' '° '^"' "^'^ "'^'^ '"e new ratsg^^;ifSg^;J;::fj'jat for rats in barns. The healthy rats, and They d^d"otde"Tv; 'did ''? ""^^ ^'">' them until we eot a lof ^f ^J. j ^'^ "°' &«* "d of cats that we do not know . if f' /"^ "°''' ""' ^^''^ ^° ^^ny are better than th" a^ In t' ^."""^ '^''"- ^^^ ^^ey through the ori." %o'"fi;rm^r a?d "h' '■" "'^ ^°'"^ lots of them. "^'^' ^"^ 'hey are getting Iead?rpt°ch-'tre"sT ''""^ '''"'' *^^"- ^an you use white shoufd"r:\va?ning"o"„rhis."" " °" "^'^"^ ^-''^ ^here Member: \\V hav«- „e«^ *. grower told us that if vou h^l u "'''''' ''"' ='"°thcr up the tarred pape , and the add'wS h"' "^''^ '' ^"^"^'^ trees. It sounds to me as th. ^, ^ injurious to apple profitable, but hoJlbo^t tarr'edTape'""""^" """'' ''^ "^-' Bros^'who^rf^sing tarreTpapT ^h:""""^ '^•^"'^^ ^'""--^ any bad results. '^ '^ ^^ ^""^ "«'"& 't without trees^Irot'boreJs'r" "'^ "''^^ '^^^ ^"^ ''--^ -■ Protect Answer: I think it does fi6 chard in which the young trees were wrapped with tarred paper no borers were found and the block contained some- thing like seven or eight thousand trees. Prof. Fagan: It is a bad practice to let tarred paper stay on. It should be removed in the spring. Question : What about planting peach trees in an apple orchard ? Prof. Fagan: That question has come up every year. If you have two fruits on the same land, give your best at- tention to the one you will have the longest. Give the ap- ples the proper sprayings even if you do burn the peach foliage a little. ^ Question: How about growing apple trees in alfalfa sod without the use of fertilizer? Mr. Chase: I am not in favor of that at all, Mr. Pershing: What are we going to do about the Japanese beetle? It is down in the southeastern part of Penn- sylvania, and I understand that the efforts to control it by the State and Federal Government are not wholly successful. Have they crossed over the river? Prof. Sanders : Yes, they have crossed. We have about seventy square miles infested in Pennsylvania at the present time. The U. S. Government, Pennsylvania and New Jersey are spending about $130,000 a year studying the life history of this pest, and we have some of the best men in the coun- try looking after it. The beetle is advancing a mile or two each year in spite of our best efforts, and it will continue to advance. We have more or less definite means of control by spraying, but the average sprayins^ does not affect it. One of the most encouraging things that I have recently heard is. that one of our men, who was sent by the U. S. Department to Japan to study this beetle, wrote me that thev had founc and will send us parasites this snrinq:. These willbe released under proper conditions, and allowed to multify, and if we can secure a few thousand natural enemies to attack the bee- tle we will feel we have the question settled. It is another illustration of importing pests without their natural enemies. The great problem is the difficulty v/e are havincr in trees shipped here from abroad with moss or balls of earth about their roots. We are now exDerimentino- to kill the pests that might be in the balls of earth. Mr. O'Neil: Has anyone here had experience in con- trolling Apple Scab with dusting? Mr. Hudson: We are not using dust on our apnle trees. We do use sulphur dust on peach, but on apples I do not know of a grower in Maryland who is using dust. In 1919 ST well^^*]T''X.' ,2"'""^ 7°"' J be better. Pears would do well. Jf the soil ,s packed together I would advise dvn^ m.t.ng .t, when it is dry. Th^t will help some You ca" ttriisToott'""^^ ''"'''' ''^^ ^""'^ ''■ y^^'^oTx: Member: I would like to know whether there ha, h^^n Yo'rk St!te"th''".'*'''^ '" J^^^^^ *° -^P-y --i- In New tTes pa ?icu arTv in"' r*^^''^''^^ ^^at service in several coun ine moth W J n "'^f"^"", '° '^e second brood of the cod- inf K A ^J ^". '"'^"^ *° ''"o^^ ^'hen to spray for the sec- ond broody We take a chance, and do not a ways hit it In New \ ork the work is taken up by county aecnts T ..^ wojKlenng .f something of the ki.^d c'ould "^^Tdon^; ul Z Prof. Hodgkiss: In our extension activities throutrhont the state some of the people, through the County &" nave taken advantage of the FeHpr^l W^.^u n ^^^"^^' receive notification o? the virath^^^r Tond i^ns' Thes^eT^enl: ^ersag?'o7'some°otf ''''' °l •'"'^^^'"^- ^"' by'^leXn message, or some other way, have notified the growers in different d.stncts of the right time to spray In \ew York hey have tramed a man in a county who when he finds iHs t.me to spray calls u„ three different men, and tell them than thr/ t " '''" "^\'^''' °'^'' "'''"■ >^'« "i'--" h'"^ '"ore Son'-rdl^tZTed.*"' ' '''-'■ ^"' - "^- ->• ^^^ '"f- IT f ^r ''")■'" "^'^''^ ^^"^ '^ta'-tf'l last year is similar to th-,t Unfortunately, we are not able at this -time to p„t oVUvc'- .al man m each leading fruit county and we must' depend grolts^Tsl-e if " " '°°'^- "'^ ^''^ ^"f°-ation as th^S in on*?"blS" ^ rt '* '"''" *°u f^'""* ^-^ P'"'^^t=' P"^h trees ves ThTv Hn . ^ ''°"" ^'^'^ ^'"'""^ ^™"W answer yes. They do not need cross pollenation to yield well Question: What has been the experience of neach hlZZtrt -lative value of Hale. Eari; Elberta anrPU do they yLid? ' P^"'^"^^^" °f 'h^ f^"it is concerned? How uu^"f "", "*'^ '^ ^ '■^'^t bearer, compared with Elberta 5S Member: I read last week that with the Hale when the crop is light the size is enormous, but with a full crop they are not so large as the Elberta, and that the Elberta was a much more regular bearer and gave the best general peaches. Member: It is a poor grower. What is meant by Early Elberta? Answer: The Stark people claim to have an Early El- berta that is two weeks earlier than Elberta. Also, they claim it is superior to the old Elberta. It certainly seems to be ahead of the Eiberta. Of course, I should add that there is a premium on it. Member: In our market if we have anything earlier than the Elberta it will crowd out the Belle of Georgia. Member: I have an Early Stark Elberta, and planted it with the original Elberta, and this year both of the trees had peaches. The Elberta I picked before the Early Elberta. I believe I paid a little premium on that name "Early." Member: I have had both Elberta and Early Elberta, and the Early is so near the ripening time of the other that there is little diflference. It is a satisfactory peach, but no more satisfactory than the other. With reference to the Hale they make such beastly growth, that I don't want any more. The Early and the Elberta compared well in size. It is a free stone peach, but no freer than the old Elberta. Prof. Anthony: The Federal Patent office at Washing- ton is trying to work out a system of patenting varieties. That looks at first like a big thing. That will mean two things to us, first, it will mean that the man who wants to spend his time in breeding fruits, will have the possibilitv of patenting his new product and getting something out of it: and, second, that those nurserymen who really want to play a square game will have a chance to check up their varieties with the standard. We have to find some way of eliminating the uncertainty in varieties or the nurserymen's patronage is going to suffer. We are paying too much for mixtures in varieties. Member: Our State Government could do much against this evil. As I understand it outside nurserymen are com- pelled to get a liscense to fill orders or sell trees in this stat^. I think before that license is granted, if there was one com- plaint made against that firm, they should not be given a li- cense. We all have had trees substituted, and when thev come to bear we have somethiner other than we thoucrht we had, and we have no redress. You can take it to court, but for a small number of trees, sav one hundred and fiftv. as I myself had, I would have nothing. I was urged strongly by the New York authorities to push it but it vva<; ;. l-.n„ ^• tance from home (the firm was from Ne4 York StaS^nd t was hke sendmg good money after bad, because even ff It iTavf V" '^'^'^^T^ '' ' "°""' only' have split abou even. I have, however, lost seven years that I can not re- place, and .t seems to me that our State Departmem should be more severe m issuing the licenses. _ Prof. Fagan: The National Nurserymen's Assoriptinn IS trymg to kick out the crooked nurseryn^en ^''°"^*'°" , ., ^''^•Anthony: Dr. Shaw of the Massachusetts Station who has been propagating fruit trees for many yea s dec ded that ,t was worth while to see if he could work out a means of identifymg nursery trees. The men working about Tnur- sery know the trees of the standard varieties without fabels A nurseryman brought up in the business does not have to look at the label. He knows his game, and the field man Sd himTo"* ''' ""*"" '' '''' "^"^^ ■" '''' office tvould com" Dr. Shaw has a method of identifying nursery trees This summer growers from all over the state brought trees Zt H^^'h ^T ''"'' "'^"'^ '^'^' l^""^- 'he name^of. They put h,m through a cour.0, and he was somewhere around 96 or 97 per cent perfect m the identification of varieties from leaves and branches which he brought in. It begins to \^ DVsSh::^"^'^']^ ^"^'^ *° ^•^^^'^- "P - the lurser^vlTn Un Shaw has been able to go to a nurserv, go down the row and .ssue a certification of verification that%he varietv wis what the nurseryman said it was. We do not know iust llli 1 ^ '"""^^y 'dentification. The time mav come Lr. ""^^'^^y""" ^ho does not sell true to name wTll .nl K '. T '" ^'"* ^'*^'^"''>- Dr. Shaw's work was w^ h Xer' fruits '" "° ''''°" ^'^^ '* ^""'^ "°' ^^"^"^ °"t ^'ith hn.^^f''"? """ ""t"-' ""'"■"^'^ companies which are trvin- hard to clear up th.s question of varietv mixture. Thev are supZt oTth ' '" ''"■■ °"" -^-i-t-"- They need the bupport Or the g^rowers. .eve?™ oid ^A'f^7.' ^arge block of sour cherries, about se% en years old After the crop is picked the leaves drop off but^stdl the leaves fall off. We want to know what to do . Answer: Spray with self-boiled lime-sulphur one snrav ingr, and you will control it all. u'pnur, one spray- Member: "At what time shall we do this^ Answer: You can hardly afford to wait until the cher- 60 ries are off. You will have to spray before they color up, — about the time the curculio first lays its eggs. One good spraying then with self-boiled lime-sulfur with arsenate of lead added will control them, and the mixture will be off the cherries before they go to market. Question: How about the Niagara peach? Prof. Fagan: It is very desirable, but it will not do in all sections. Question : In planting 1,000 apple trees how many Stay- man would you plant? Answer: That depends upon where you are planting them. In my region I would plant 1,000, but it depends upon the section, and again on your market. We can grow Stay- man better than any other variety of apple. Prof. Fagan: You could not plant 1,000 Staymans in block without taking a chance on poor pollenation. THURSDAY MORNING, JANUARY 26, 1922 Business Meeting President Fenstermacher opened the meeting promptly at 9:30 A.M., by asking Secretary Hershey to read the sec- tion pretaining to the proposed amendment to the Consti- tion: Article 2. That the annual dues of the State Horticultu- ral Association of Pennsylvania be $5.00 per year, and that only members in good and regular standing be ad- mitted to meeting room." President Fenstermacher: What action shall we take on this proposed amendment. Mr. Chase: I move that the amendment be divided, and that the proposition to increase the dues to five dollars be first considered. The motion was carried. Mr. Fox: Is it necessary to change the dues? Are we getting low in our funds? I have been a member for forty years. I would like to know whether this increase in dues is really necessary before we act upon it. If you raise the dues to five dollars will you continue to meet in Harrisbur^ from year to year? If you change the meeting place you will increase membership without having to increase dues. If you come to Reading you will jETct more members. We al- ways did. I mvself th'nk it will be a mistake to chanp-e the dues to five dollars. The dues were one dollar when this as- sociation was formed. A few years ago it was necessarv to raise them to two dollars, and that was because of the condi- tion of the treasury. If we knew what is the state of the 61 treasury we would know just how necessary this increase would be. We should hold to two dollars if it is at all pos- sible. Mr. Pershing: The matter must have been carefully considered before placing it before the society, and I would like to call on some one for the reasons for making this raise? Mr. Chase: This question is a matter for sound judg- ment. As a life member, it is immaterial to me, but my judg- ment is that it would be a mistake to increase our annual membership fee to five dollars. Mr. Fenstermacher : The chair proposes to recognize Mr. Schantz, our Membership Secretary. Mr. Schantz: While taking the membership fees, it was surprising to note how many asked the question, "Are the dues still $2?" When we say that they are, they usually take a membership for a son, or manager, or somebody else in- terested. If the dues are increased, I believe we would get one member where we now get three. We have had a nice increase in membership and I feel that with everyone back- ing up the proposition to get members, we will have the same benefits to our treasury, and the results will be more mem- bers. Mr. Debenham: Mr. President, being a new member, it seems to me that the increase of membership dues is a matter of finance. As a new member, and there are others in the same condition, I am in the dark as to the finances of the society. I believe that if the financial standing was stat- ed we could consider the question with better judgment. Dr. Fletcher: I was just about to ask for a membership statement and a financial statement before we consider this. Mr. Fenstermacher here called on Mr. Edwin W. Thomas for his Report as Treasurer of the Society: TREASURER'S REPORT Edwin W. Thomas, Treasurer, The State Horticultural Association of Pennsvlvania. RECEIPTS Cash 12-31 2-26- 2-26- 3- 2 4-23- 4-28- 8-13- 9-28- balance 1-26-1921 1920 — Interest on deposits, General account . . . 1921— From D. Maurice Wertz, Prem. donated. 1921— From M. S. McDowell, Refund of dues . 1921 — From H. F. Hershcv. sale of Apples 1921— From Interest on $100 Libertv Bond ... 1921— From Interest on $200 Lberty Bonds . . 1921— From H. A. Schantz. Membership Scc'y 1921— From Interest on $100 Liberty Bond . .' 62 $608.66 6.58 8.00 10.00 69.85 2.12 . 4.26 538.00 2.13 11- 3-1921-From Interest on $200 Liberty Bonds . 4.24 12-31-1921— From Interest on deposits, General Ace t i^.^o 1-21-1922— From Interest on Life membership fund >3.^3 1,270.62 DISBURSEMENTS 5-24-1921— To H. F. Hershey, Salary & Sundries . . . -^l^^OO 8-11-1921— To H. A. Schantz, Postage ^-^ 9_ 8.i921_To The Sun Printing & Binding Co 4ZU.UU 9-22-1921— To H. F. Hershey, Sundries ^^•:^J 1-26-1922— To Cash on hand '• ^^"^ $1,270.62 AUDITOR'S REPORT We the undersigned Auditors, have examined the ac- counts, bills, and vouchers of the Treasurer of the Pennsyl- vania State Horticultural Association. Edwin W ,. Jhomas and find the same correct. Showing the receipts to be |l 27062 and the disbursements $608.31, leavmg a balance ^"'^'iJs'd:::^:^^ three $100 Liberty Bonds and $62.08 Life membership dues. Respectfully submitted, E. C. BOWERS. TACOB L. RIFE, E. F. PEIRCE, Auditors. REPORT OF MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY H. A. Schantz, Allentown, Pa. Received from Dues during year 1921 Annual Memberships Life Memberships $554.00 40.00 $594.00 Remittances forwarded to Edwin W. Thomas. Treas. August 9. 1921 (Annual) 538.00 August 9. 1921 (Life) January 16, 1922 (Annual) 40.00 16.00 594.00 List of Members, January 1, 1922 Life Annual ^ 151 315 (Of this number, 59 memberships are unpaid for year 1921) List of members at last year's meeting Life Annual Total 149 185 466 334 INCREASE DURING YEAR, 1921 132 The reports were accepted by the Society on motion. Member: In looking over the list of life members I find several who are deceased. Do we carry these along, or are they removed from the list when they have passed on. Secretary: We remove them whenever we know of their deaths. If anybody knows of the death of any member, and has the names, I will have them removed from the list. Mr. Fox: It used to be that the names of deceased mem- bers would be reported, and a Committee on Resolutions would be appointed, to offer Resolutions for those who had died the previous year. I have not lately gone over the list, but I can not fail to express my gratitude at the great in- crease of membership during this past year, an increase ol 131 members. That is fine, and there is also a balance in the Treasury of $632.31. We are surely in fine shape, and cer- tainly we should not increase the dues. Mr. Tyson: I want to ask for some approval of the work of our Membership Secretary. I realize the work that the Secretary has to go through to accomplish such an in- crease of membership, such as we have had, and I think he deserves a vote of thanks from the society. Mr. Fenstermacher: Mr. Tyson moves that a rising vote of thanks be given to Mr. Schantz for his excellent work in increasing the membership. * Motion passed the society. Mr. Schantz: I certainly appreciate it. I wish to tell just how I did it. I wrote to the State Department and se- cured a list of fruit growers of the state, and sent them each a circular, and in that way we secured a great number of mem- bers. I expect to follow that plan up next year through the county agents ?.s well, getting a list from them too, and see whether we can secure another additional hundred during the coming year. I have other things in mind also, and I hope by next year that we will have still more of a showing. Mr. Fenstermacher: The motion concerning increase of dues is still before the society. Mr. Walton: I had something to say on that subject a year ago, but by the turn the membership has taken, I have 64 nothing to say for it. I am quite willing to have the dues stay as they are. Member: I move that we strike off the proposed amend- ment, or part of it pertaining to increase of dues. Mr. Peirce: I second that. The motion carried. Mr. Fenstermacher: We will now take up the second part of* the amendment, concerning not permitting anyone but members to attend the meetings. Mr. Chase: A few years ago, at York, there was an amendment to the By-laws that only members in good stand- ing should be admitted to the meetings. I believe that was carried, and if so, I would like to have it read. If it stands as an amendment already, I can see no reason for takmg any further action. . . • Mr. Hershey here read Article 6 of the Constitution— "The regular meetings of the Association shall be closed to all persons, except paid-up members of the Association, speak- ers, delegates from associations outside of Pennsylvania, all ladies, and the minor sons of members." This being already a part of the Constitution, the amend- ment was not considered further. Mr. Fenstermacher: The reason the provisions of the Constitution just referred to were never complied with, is be- cause we are under obligation to the State Department of Agriculture. Thev pay the rent and the expenses of some of the speakers, and thus we can not enforce that part of the Constitution. Mr. Bowers: T would much rather see the meeting thrown open to all, and I believe we would get members by allowing everyone to come in. REPORT OF THE LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Onlv one matter has come before the Committee— that of securing a State appropriation for the Association, as pro- posed at the last annual meeting. The Committee met with the Secretary of Agriculture last winter, when the Legislature was in session, and went over the situation thoroughly. It developed that none of the moneys of the State Department of Agriculture can legally be expended for this purpose, un- less so specified bv the Legislature, not even for the printing of the Proceedings. The sentiment of the Legislature was sounded, and found to be unfavorable: a similar request made bv the State Poultry Association failed to receive favorable action It is the iudemcnt of the Secretary of Agriculture, and of the Committee, that it is unwise to press the matter of a State appropriation, in view of the distinct opposition on 65 Capitol Hill to State aid for any of the State Agricultural Societies. It is evident that, for the present at least, such additional revenue as the Association may need for expanding its work, must come from the members themselves ; and par- ticularly, in the opinion of the Committee, by increasing the number of members. Committee : C. J. Tyson, H. C. Brinton, S. W. Fletcher. The above report was accepted by the Society on Motion. Report of Exhibition Committee: We report 124 plates of apples, 29 boxes, 17 barrels, and 2 baskets on exhibition. This is considered a good showing, considering conditions in the state. F. N. Fagan, Chairman. E. Bane Snyder. REPORT OF THE RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE 1. The Association records with deep regret the death of one of its oldest members, and of two of its most active mem- bers: Abner Hoopes of West Chester, a man of remarkably high character, was long a successful nurseryman, and a val- ued friend of this Association through its early years. D. N. Minnick of Chambcrsburg, was a practical and successful grower, whose experience and advice was always at the ser- vice of our members. John P. Stewart of York, formerly of State College, as an experimenter and investigator, con- tributed to the advancement of the horticulture of Pennsyl- vania, and to the development of the Association. BE IT RESOLVED, that our Secretary be directed to convey to the relatives of these former members the deep sympathy of the Association and our recognition of their services to Horticulture. 2. WHEREAS, the peach industry in many counties in this state is seriously threatened by losses due to peach yel- lows ; and WHEREAS, the assistance given by the State Bureau of Plant Industry to the growers last year in detecting the presence of diseased trees has proved of great benefit ; Therefore BE IT RESOLVED, that this Association, through its Secretary, request the Secretary of Agriculture to continue the investigations of this disease and to extend, as far as is possible, the inspection service to mark and destroy infected peach trees. 3. The enjoyment of our meetings would be much in- creased, and our health less seriously threatened if they could be held in a smaller hall, and one adequately heated; BE IT RESOLVED, that our Secretary be requested to do everything in his power to secure a suitable meetmg hall for next year's sessions. 4 RESOLVED, That the Association strongly approve the Vestal Bill, H. R. 7102, providing for the establishment of standard fruit and vegetable packages, and , . , „ RESOLVED, further, that a copy of this resolution shall be forwarded to the Chairman of the proper Committee at Washington. . ^ a 4.- i^ 5 WHEREAS, our Constitution, according to Article No. 3, reads— "No president shall serve for more than two consecutive years," and ^ . r ..u- WHEREAS, it is not always for the best interest of this Association to change executive officers so often ; Therefore, be it resolved that Article No. 3 be amended so as to read "A President can be re-elected as often as the organization sees fit 6 ' WHEREAS, There is a commendable general move- ment for the development of A Greater State College, and as the College has done and is doing a great work for our citi- zens in all lines of Agriculture; Therefore, BE IT RESOLVED: That we approve plans for the greatest possible development and usefulness of the Pennsylvania State College, and offer such co-operation from this Association as is possible; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That a copy of this Resolution be sent to Dr. Thomas, President of State College, for his support and use. ^ ^ , /-u • For the Committee, R. D. Anthony, Chairman. Mr O'Nedl- I have a motion to put before this body, but before making it, I would like to say a few explanatory words. The Pennsvlvania Fruit Packing & Sales Co., a body of fruit growers with many acres of trees, near Nornstown and Collegeville, incorporated for the primary purpose of uni- form and centralized grading and selling, has authorized me to speak here today for its members. Several years ago, Professor Nixon was assigned to solve the question of potato blight, its cure and, if possible, its pre- vention. This he has done. The thought suggested itself to us whv not have Professor Nixon assigned to solving the problem of blight on fruit trees. If this work be nut in his hands, with no other work to interfere with his efforts, v^c, think it would be solved. I therefore, move, Mr. President, that a Committee of which you shall be Chairman be appointed by you "ow. and that this Committee be authorized to interview the President of the State College, Dr. Thomas, that it explain to Mr. 97 Thomas the importance of blight control or prevention on fruit trees, and request him in the name of the State Horti- cultural Association of Pennsylvania to assign Professor Nix- on to this work. The Resolutions were adopted, laying on the table for action next year the one referring to an Amendment in the Constitution concerning re-election of Presidents. Report of the Nominating ComimUee : President, Dr. S. W. Fletcher, State College, Pa. ; First Vice-President, C. Arthur Greist, Guernsey, Pa. ; Second Vice President, H. C. Brinton, Hanover, Pa.; Third Vice Preseident, W. H. Weinschenk, New Castle, Pa.; Secretary, H. F. Hershey, Hamburg, Pa.; Treasurer, Ed. W. Thomas, King of Prussia, Pa. Committee: Robert J. Walton, W. S. Adams, F. S. Dick- enshied, S. H. Wertz. The nominees were unanimously elected and the Secre- tary was instructed to cast the ballot. Mr. Fenstermacher here called Dr. Fletcher to the chair, to preside. Dr. Fletcher: No man can be insensible to the honor of being asked to preside over this body. This is the Sixty- third Annual Meeting. Without minimizing the services of other organizations, I think we are perfectly safe in saying that this Association has done more to develop horticulture in the state than ^11 others. As it has been in the past so we hope it will be in the future, and to that end we seek the hearty co-operation of everybody." REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE* By S. W. Fletcher* The outstanding feature of the year 1921 was the almost unprecedented loss of the fruit crop by spring freezes. Sel- dom, if ever, has the damage been so serious, or so wide- spread. Pennsylvania growers suffered less than their neigh- bors in New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia and Ohio, but they were bit badly enough. There have been total failures be- fore in certain counties, but no such state wide failure is on record in the thirty or more years of modern commercial fruit growing in this state. It is not likely to occur again in a ^feneration. Coming immediately after a year of good crops, but of rather poor prices, when most growers barely broke even, it fell with crushing force, especially in the wholesale counties. Here and there over the state arc or- chards that, through some favoring circumstances, cither of location or of care, escaped serious loss; but fully 90% of our growers have had a very lean year. 68 The damage was caused by freezes, or general and pro- longed low Temperature, not by local frosts. Some rochards wefe frozen in the bud on the nights of February 20 and Feb ™ 21 Others were killed by the "Easter freeze" of March 2nhen the' temperature dropped to 20 degrees mma^^^^^ places, accompanied by a high wmd. J^^^^f ,^Xd the ceded bv unseasonable warm weather, which ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ceaea ^y^ . ^ ^ n completed the work ot o^*» wliile aooles were almost all killed. Inis was aue tu tfe dTSnce in b7oonnng season; the peaches were not at ledged. WHY SOME ORCHARDS ESCAPED THE FREEZE To some extent this was a "test season" for locations A fZ r^^tural efficiency. For the most part, the several ?"eezes took o^Lrds high and low, in good culture or poor, w?th strict impartiality ; but there were a number of exemp- "ons tha Un be explained only on the basis of favonng con- ^i^ions The severity of the damage, especially by the later ieezes, dipended to'L large extent on the stage o dfve>op- ment o the blossoms. A large part of the so-called Imrdi- Tess" of certain varieties, as reported by g^°wers, simplv r^eans that on their farms these varieties were not at the per- ^rmn^rsensitive to cold-the fertilization penod-when the 'freeze came A difference in the time of blooming of only one or two lays makes an appreciable difference >n suscept.- '"'^ryfitors'fhaf either hastened or retarded the develop- ment o[ the blossoms of a variety helped to secure partial ment o.'J"^ °'". . sections, orchards on elevated l?;e"s\"d'^ on northern «?osures suffered less than orchards f the same var ettes on lower land and of southern expo- sures In other districts this was exactly reversed :-the low yTnJorchards, especially those on heavy land ^■h.ch delayed Wnssomine or those in narrow valleys subject to fog, es c ped w^th^'less injury than the high orchards _ ^ J-"^;^". climate and thus securing partial immunity from fro-.t> freezes, was again demonstrated in a striking manner in Erie County, Almost without exception, old trees suffered less than young trees of the same variety. James F. Walker, of Chester County, reports that old trees were damaged 55% and eight year old trees of the same variety 98%. WINDBREAKS The value of a windbreak was clearly shown in the spring of 1921. The several freezes were accompanied by high north and northwest winds. Orchards in sheltered sites, or protected by a strip of native woodland, suffered least, as a rule. On the farm of John C. Schmidt, of York County, "An orchard with a northern exposure and protected by woods on the west had a full crop." Howard Anderson, of the same County, says, "The thickest orchards had the most fruit and those protected froom the full sweep of the north wind." Pro- fessor H. A. Surface, of Snyder County, reports : "Many trees protected by hills, woods or buildings, or in towns, produced well. Near the river this was especially noticeable, especially for the peach." Heretofore very little attention has been given to windbreaks in Pennsylvania. They confer other benefits besides giving partial protection from cold winds. It is evident that occasionally it will be desirable to plant ar- tificial windbreaks, and that aPways it is wise to take ad- vantage of the natural shelter of hill or woods. As a rule, the freeze took well-cared-for and neglected orchards impartially, yet it must be admitted that there is considerable evidence that old Boreas was a little more len- ient to the former. It is perhaps natural that those who had a crop last year should prefer to attribute it to good manage- ment rather than to location ; it is a human trait to claim the credit for success due mainly to natural conditions. The evidence seems quite clear, however, that in some cases at least partial immunity was the result of good care the season previous, especially as to spraying and either fertilizing or its equivalent, tillage, so that the fruit buds were well nour- ished. According to a Lancaster County grower, "The or- chards that had been heavily fertilized and well sprayed fared better." Willis A. Hess, of Franklin County, who had a good crop in 1921, "feels that the application of nitrate of soda be- fore the bloom opened boosted the buds and helped some." However that may be, the rewards of good culture are ade- quate, even iwithout this possible additional benefit. Following are the reports of representative growers. While it is impossible to assign different degrees of hardiness to different varieties, owing to variation in their blooming sea- son in cultural conditions, yet it is apparent that Rome, York 70 in these reports. DAMAGE TO APPLE CROP BY THE SPRING FREEZE, 1921 County Per cent Damage Varieties injured least Adams Allegheny Armstrong Bedford Beaver 80-95 90 75 95-99 60-75 Berks 80-99 Blair Bucks Butler Chester 65-100 75-90 15 85-100 Clearfield Columbia Cumberland Dauphin Erie Franklin 80-90 90-99 95-100 80 20-50 75-100 Rome, York, Grimes, Pewaukee^ Baldwin, N. Spy, Transparent, Rambo, (25% of crop). Transparent, Wealthy, Jonathan, Rome, Golden Gate. None escaped. _ ,. . -o ^ Baldwin, Grimes, Delicious, Rome, Golden Delicious, Walbndge The varieties frozen worst were Hubbards- ton, R. L Greening and Gravenstein. Rome, Wealthy, Jonathan, King Da- vid York, Delicious, Smith Cider. Peaches damaged 85%; Arp Beauty, Smock and Iron Mountain least in- ^Rome, York, Rambo, York Stripe Rome least. Stayman most. Peaches 90-100% — Iron Mountain least. Tonathhan, Wagener, Grimes, Baldwin ; 'injury confined mostly to eariy sorts. Smith Cider, Porter, York, Jeniton, Rome, Jonathan. Peaches, cherries and plums lUU^o killed. York, Jonathan, Spy. Spv about 25% of crop of Salway, Georgia Belle and Carman peaches. Smith Cider, Baldwin, Y. Transparent, York. Wealthy, Baldwin, Spy and Grimes. Peaches 60% damaged. Salway and Captain Ede least. Grapes damaged 75% ; T>eaches 50% plums, 100% ; cherries, 90% (Morello little hurt) : pears, 75%. A few Yorks and Staymans. Winesap and Rome on old trees. 71 Huntingdon 100 Lackawanna 95 Lancaster 65-95 Lebanon 90-95 No varieties of apples or peaches es- caped. Wealthy, Smokehouse. A fair crop of peaches. Grimes, Wealthy, Mcintosh apples; Iron Mountain Carman, Champion, Sal- way peaches. Wealthy, Dutchess, Northwestern Green- ing, Pewaukee, Red Astrechan, Rome; Champion, Iron Mountain, Brackett and Greenboro peaches; plums and cherries all killed. Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming 50 Monroe 95 Montgomery 98 Perry Snyder Smith Cider. 95-100 Some peaches. 85-98 Wagener, Rome, Wealthy, Spy, Maiden Blush, Y. Transparent, Duchess apples ; Hill's Chili and Carmen peaches. Peaches injured 95%; Grapes, 10%. Jonathan. Light crop on old trees. Other fruits 100% killed. Wealthy, Summer Rambo, Y. Trans- parent. 98 40-99 Somerset 100 Washington 90 Wayne 99 Westmoreland 90-95 York 85-95 Wealthy Rome, Wagoner, Ben Davis, York. Full crop of Carman and Belle Georgia peaches, one half crop of El- berta. Rome, York, Delicious, Stayman. Cost of Production. The small crop made the cost of production, per bushel, higher even than in 1920, but the price of labor was reduced from 10 to 100% as compared with 1920, averaging about 30% for the state ; and the cost of supplies averaged nearly 20% reduction. The fact that the selling price of fruit was from 50 to 300% higher in different counties, aver- aging about 75% increase, did not help the man who had no fruit to sell, but it did help the man who had a i)artial crop. Out of the 115 growers reporting, only eleven said they had had a successful season. Representative reports are given herewith : n COST OF PRODUCTION_AND_SELLING PRICE, 1921. County Adams Adams Adams Allegheny Armstrong Armstrong Bedford Cost of labor and Selling Price as Was ^t^ 25% higher 75% higher 50% higher 20% higher 35% higher 75% higher 250% higher No No No No Yes No No Beaver Beaver Berks Berks Berks Berks Blair Blair Blair Blair Bucks Butler Butler Chester Chester Clearfield Columbia Columbia Cumberland Cumberland Dauphin Erie (mostly on grapes) Erie 25% less 30% less 30% less Same Same, but more labor about as high asl920 (Labor 65% of 1920 Supplies 80% less Packages 50% less Wages 40% less 100% higher 20% less 40% higher Labor Sa„.e, Somewhat higher Fairly spray material and baskets higher ^^ , . , xr^ About the same 100% higher No Labor 20% less, 150-200% higher No supplies 10%. Practicallv same Labor higher, 30% higher supplies 10% less 75% higher No Fairly No No About the same 100% higher Much higher No 20% less 10% less About the same 18% less Labor 50% less About the same 50% higher Labor same, sup- 50% higher plies much lower Slightly lower labor 40% lower supplies same 15% lower Labor same. supplies cheaper About the same About the same About the same Labor 33% less, barrels 50% less 50% less 30% less About the same No No No No No No No No 75% higher Higher 100% higher 100% higher 100% higher 80% higher 100% higher 20% less 73 20% less No No No No No No No No Yes No Erie Erie Labor same, sup- Higher Yes plies 10-25% lower Labor 30% less, Apples 300% more supplies 40% less Grapes same Yes Erie Labor 20% less, About same Yes supplies 20% more Franklin Labor 100% less No Franklin 33% less Same as 1920 Yes Franklin Labor 30% less ; supplies 40% less No Franklin Labor 50% less ; supplies 20% less No Franklin 40% less 100% more \>ry good Huntingdon Labor 50% less 200% more No Lackawanna 30% less Higher No Lackawanna 30% less Higher No Lancaster 25% less 300% higher No Lancaster Higher 200% higher Yes Lancaster 20% lower 200% higher No Lancaster 25% lower 100% higher No « Lehigh Same as 1920 Higher Yes Luzerne 30% lower 100% higher No Lycoming Labor 33% less, supplies 8% less 100% higher Yes Lycoming Same as 1920 100% higher No Lycoming Same as 1920 100% higher Yese Monroe No Montgomery No Perry Labor 25% less No Perry Labor 25% less No Snyder Same as 1920 100% higher No Snyder Much less 300% higher Washington Less 200% higher No Wayne Lower Higher No W^estmoreland Labor 50% less, Higher No supplies same as 1920 Wyoming 10% lower 400% higher Yes Wyoming Labor 15% less; supplies 25% less Much higher Fairly W^yoming Same as 1920 100% higher No Wyoming Same as 1920 100% higher No YoVk 25% less 33% more No York 30% less 100% more No York Labor 100% less 30-40% more No supplies 40% less York 40% less 150% more No New Planting. Orchard planting is practically at a stand- still in Pennsylvania. Only Berks and Franklin Counties re- 74 port any considerable planting in 1921. Last spring this was due to the very high prices of nursery stock, and to a season that was rather unfavorable, taking the state as a whole. This coming spring nursery stock will be with.n reach, tn price and it remains to be seen whether growers will P/ove their faith by their works. The 1920 census returns in the United States show a decrease of 23.8% in the total number of bear- Tng ajple trees and a decrease of 45% in the number o young apple trees, as compared with 1910; also a decrease of 37. % in the number of bearing peach trees, and of ^.8% in the number of young peach trees in the country Pennsylvania TosTa million apple^rees between 1910 and 1920, mostly from the old farm orchards. All over the state farmers who on« were apple producers, but whose neglected orchards have died are be-^inning to go to the commercial apple grower for fruit. These srgns^of the times ought to be comforting to the men who are pursued by the spectre of over-production. Varieties. The outstanding feature of the variety recom- mendations by growers here reported is the rapid y '"creasing importance of the Stayman, which was Practically unknown in Pennsylvania fifteen years ago. It is listed as a standard sort in twenty-two of the thirty-three counties represented. Ten years from now it will.be the premier Pennsylvania ap- ple Rome Beautv, also, is constantly gaining in favor, espec- allv after a season like 1921, when this variety came through the' freeze better than any other sort, taking the state over doubtless because of its late blossoming f^^on. 1921 also brought added laurels for the York and showed that in he southern part of the state, at least, it will be well to think twice before discarding this old standby in favor of some of the newer varieties. „ , , . • , -i I regret to report that our old friend, the Baldwin, is fail- ing rapidly. Once the king of fruits in Pennsylvania, it is now bein? displaced by the Stayman, Mcintosh and several other .orts even where it is at its best, in northern and west- ern Pennlvlvania. The severe winter of 1917-1918 gave it a sharp set-back : some trees were killed outright and many more had their lower branches killed. Added to this is the trouble with Baldwin Spot, or Bitter Pit. which was especially bad this season, causing a loss of thousands of dollars espec- ially on fruit in common storage. Baldwin will. continue to be a favorite in northern and western Pennsylvania but it has lost its grip, and now yields first place in the pomology of the state to Stavman. The Baldwin has been our mainstay for a century ; there are many who regret to see it superceded by younger and more virile competitors. The passing of the Ben Davis, also, is witnessed by the fact that it is recommended in but two counties; fifteen years ago 78 it would have been recommended in a dozen counties. It is a shipping variety and has no place in the fruit list of a state that grows apples chiefly for local markets and hence must have sorts that are fit to eat. Peace to its ashes ; we let it go without regret. Delicious is making new friends every year; it is recommended in fourteen of the thirty-three counties re- presented. Notwithstanding its defects, such as marked sus- ceptibility to scab, a tendency to mould at the core, a loss of flavor or "flattening out" in cold storage, and sometimes lack of size, it has proved to be a vigorous, hardy, early bearing, and productive variety of high quality arid seems to be es- pecially valuable for keeping in common storage for local mar- kets. It is significant of the trend toward standardization of varieties that the list recommended for planting by these 115 growers from all over the state includes only thirty-three va- rieties of apples and twenty-four varieties of peaches, as fol- lows: Apples: Baldwin, Ben Davis, Delicious, Duchess Fall- water, Hubbardston, Gano, Grimes^ Jonathan, King, King Da- vid, Maiden Blush, Mcintosh, Paragon, Rambo, Red Astrachan, R. I. Greening, Rome, Roxbury Russet, Smokehouse, Spy, Stayman, Stark, Summer Rambo, Twenty Ounce, Wagener, Winter Banana, Wolf River, York, Yellow Bell- flower, Yellow Transparent. Peaches: Admiral Dewey, Belle of Georgia, Brackett, Captain Ede, Carman, Champion, Chair's Choice, Crosby, Elberta, Early Elberta, Fox, Greensboro, Hale, Hiley, Hill's Chili, Iron Mountain, Late Crawford, Mayflower, Mbuntain Rose, Rochester, Salway, Slappy, Smock, Wonderful. Fifteen years ago the list would have been twice as long. Fifty years ago, it would have been five times as long, as is evidenced by the multitude of sorts found in our old orchards. In fact, the standardization of varieties, in response to commercial de- mand, has proceeded even further than appears from this list. It is a fair estimate that at least seventy-five per cent of the commercial apple planting in Pennsylvania under t)wenty-five years old is of twelve standard sorts : Baldwin, Grimes, Jona- than, Mcintosh, Rome, Spy, Stayman, Stark, Wealthy, York, Smokehouse, Yellow Transparent ; and that at least seventy- five per cent of the commercial peach planting is of eight stan- dard sorts: Belle of Georgia, Carman, Elberta, Greensboro, Hiley, Iron Mountain, Salway, Smock. The reduction in the number of varieties for commercial planting has proceeded as far as it ought to go in Pennsylva- nia. The great diversity of cultural conditions in different parts of the state and the different preferences of our num- erous local markets, make it desirable to plant more of va- rieties that are of distinct local adaptation, and less of the 76 ■ great cosmopolitan sorts, that are most satisfactory in the wholesale districts. We need more really good varieties, in- stead of fewer, in our local market fruit growing. FollowTng are the variety recommendations of growers: VARIETIES OF APPLES AND PEACHES RECOM- MENDED BY GROWERS FOR COMMER- CIAL PLANTING, BY COUNTIES Adams Allegheny Armstrong Bedford Beaver Berks Blair Bucks Butler Chester Clearfield Columbia Cumberland York, Rome, Stayman, Grimes. Peaches: El- Transparent, Duchess, Maiden Blush, Baldwin, Rambo, Stark, Rome, Wolf River, York, Deli- cious (?). _ T x1_ T3 1^ Transparent, Wealthy, Rome, Jonathan, Bald- win, Spy, York. v u Stayman, Delicious, Grimes, Gano, York, Transparent, Wealthy, Rome, Baldwin, Win- ter Banana, Stark. Transparent, Rome, Grimes, Jonathan, Summer Rambo, Stayman, Mcintosh, Baldwin. Peaches: Elberta, Hale. t ^u Grimes (double-worked), Stayman, Jonathan, Rome Delicious, Smokehouse, Hubbardston, Stark ' Wealthy, Yellow Transparent, Duchess, Peaches: Elberta, Hiley, Belle of Georgia, Carman, Early Elberta, Iron Mountain, Hale, Brackett, Salway, Slappy. -r^ r • ,c Stavman, Rome, Baldwin, York, Spy, Delicious, Smokehouse. Summer Rambo. Winter Banana. Stark. Peaches: Elberta, Hale, Belle of Geor- gia, Salway. Stayman, Grimes, Smokehouse. Paragon, Yel- low Transparent, Wealthy, Duchess Rome. Peaches: Hiley, Elberta, Belle of Georgia, Iron Mountain, Rochester. Stavman, Jonathan, Baldwin Spy, Yellow Transparent, Wealthy. Grimes, Delicious, \ ork. Wealthv, Smokehouse, Jonathan, Rome, Stay- man, Grimes, Delicious, Yellow Transparent. Peaches: Carman, Belle of Georgia. Elberta, Fox, Captain Ede, Greensboro. Rome Spv, Mcintosh. Watrencr, Williams Red. Rome. Stavman, Delicious, Spv._ Smokehouse, Stark, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Smith Cider. York, Stayman, Grimes, Rome, Ben Davis. 77 Dauphin Erie Franklin Huntingdon Lackawanna Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming Monroe Montgomery Perry Snyder Duchess, Wagener, Summer Rambo, Grimes, Stayman, Winter Banana, Baldwin, Stark, York. Peaches: Carman, Belle of Georgia, Elberta, Iron Mountain, Salway. Spy, Baldwin, King, R. L Greening, Red Astra- chan, Yellow Transparent, Maiden Blush, Rome, Dutchess, Wealthy, Mcintosh. Peaches: Greensboro, Admiral, Dewey, Carman, Roches- ter, Mt. Rose, Elberta, Crosby, Hill's Chili. Stayman, Grimes, Rome, York, Delicious, Mc- intosh, Wealthy, Jonathan. Peaches: Elberta, Belle of Georgia, Salway, Late Crawford. Stayman, Rome, York, Grimes, Wealthy, Yel- Iqw Transparent. Peaches: Elberta, Belle of Georgia, Carman. Mcintosh, Baldwin, Spy, Stark, Wagner, Weal- thy, Rome, Jonathan, Smokehouse. Grimes (top- worked). Smokehouse, Jonathan, Stayman, York, King David, Wealthy, Yellow Transparent, Mcintosh, Stark, Duchess, Delic- ious, Paragon. Peaches: Mayflower, Greens- boro, Carman, Champion, Belle of Georgia, El- berta, Hale, Fox, Smock, Iron Mountain, Sal- way. Yellow Transparent, Duchess, Wealthy, Smokehouse, Delicious, Rome. Stayman, Para- gon. Peaches: Mayflower, Greensboro, Car- man, Champion, Belle of Georgia, Elberta, Hale, Brackctt, Chair Choice, Captain Ede, Fox, Smock, Iron Mountain, Salway. Stayman, Jonathan, Rome, Delicious. Spy, Baldwin, King, Fallwater, Stark, Twenty Ounce, Wagener, Rhode Island Greening, Yellow Transparent, Mcintosh, Red Astrachan, Roxbury Russet. Spy Rhode Island Greening. Mcintosh, Stark, Rome, Jonathan, Baldwin, Wagener, Delicious. Peaches: Carman, Elberta. Baldwin. Rhode Island, Greening, Mcintosh, York, Yellow Bellflower. Stayman, Jonathan, York. Yellow Transparent. Peaches: Belle of Georgia. Elberta. York, Stayman, Rome, Stark. Stayman, Rome, Smokehouse, Summer Rambo. Delicious, Wealthy, Yellow Transparent, King. Peaches: Elberta, Smock, Iron Mountain, Won- derful, Hiley, Belle of Georgia. 78 *% Wyoming York Somerset Smokehouse, Rome. Washinerton Baldwin. . xr ^u Wayne Baldwin, Rhode Island, Greenmg, Northern Spy, Stayman. . Westmoreland Yellow Transparent, Wealthy, Baldwm. Peaches: Elberta. Rome, Stsiyman, Spy, Wealthy. Stayman, York, Wealthy, Smokehouse, bum- mer Rambo, Duchess, Yellow Transparent, Jonathan, Delicious, Grimes, Rome, Mcintosh. Peaches: Elberta, Carman, Belle of Georgia, Late Crawford, Hiley, Salway. Because of the short crop there is very little additional evidence on new or little known varieties. W. H. Amlser, ot Beaver Countv, says: "My experience with Golden Delicious convinces me 'that it will be the leading yellow Winter apple. It is a strong grower, early bearer, keep longer in an ordinary cellar than the Grimes, and is fully as good in quality. On the other hand, H. L. Breidenbach, of Berks County, states, "Golden Delicious bore on two year old grafts. Fruit ran very ^mall. Quality fair. Possibly it has a longer season than Grimes, but I cannot see that it has the commercial value of the latter, in this section where Grimes does well. 1 he Sena- tor and Magnate apples are considered promising for the south- eastern counties. The J. H. Hale peach seems to have main- tained its reputation for fickleness; A. J. Freed, of Beaver County, reports it "the best seller of them all; but H. L. Breidenbach, of Berks County, says "J. H^ Hale ran very un- even on mv trees this year." Peter R. Boltz of Lebanon Countv. is 'favorably impressed with the President Drouard pear, and says the Shiro is "by far the best and most profitable Japanese plum." According to A. E. Reist, of Lebanon Coun- ty, "Captain Ede bears earlier and more regularly than hlberta, and has the highest flavor." Insects and Diseases. The season was productive of a bountiful crop of pests, if not of fruit. The per cent of dam- age was even higher than usual, for two reasons: the small crop which reduced the feeding area ; and the short sighted policv of many growers, who did not spray at all .or only in a half hearted way. when faced with the loss of the crop. These men will pav doarlv for their neerlisence this season, b-cause of under nourished fruit buds which will not set fruit well, and a greater horde of pests to fight. Pe?ch vellows. which looked very threatening a few years ago, is now'being brought under control largely through the en- ersretic campaign of inspection inaugurated by the State bu- reau of Plant Industrv. The apple curculio seems to be on the increase ; several growers have found it necessary to give 79 i I additional sprays of lead arsenate for this pest. A number report that the San Jose scale, which seemed to be almost ex- tinct in some counties a few years ago, is again a menace. The psylla, which has nearly ruined the pear industry in West- em New York, is reported from several northern counties and from Chester County. Wolly aphis on the roots has caused serious loss to a young orchard in Dauphin County. Dusting. There does not seem to be a disposition to abandon spraying in favor of dusting. The experience of grow- ers is that dusting may be even superior to spraying for the summer treatment of peaches, and may be useful as a supple- ment to spraying in the summer treatment of large apple or- chards, especially the petal-fall treatment ; but few care to go beyond that at present. Following are representative com- ments on dusting: "Have used dust on apples almost exclusively for several years, and last year exclusively. I find my orchard is steadily slipping back and will use nothing but liquid spray this year," J. W. Prickett, Adams County. "I would dust peaches instead of spraying, but would use dust on apples only to supplement spraying." W. E. Grove, Adams County. "Dust for brqwn rot on peach and codling moth on apple after petals fall," E. R. Johnson, Bucks County. "We use dust to control brown rot and curculio in interplanted blocks iof peaches and iapples and find very satisfactory control of apple troubles in these blocks, us- ing only the peach dust mixture for the apples," Guy L. Hay- man, Chester County. "Dusting was a complete failure in most cases owing to dry weather. Absolutely no dew.<^ for months. Dusting with sulphur cleaned up red spider on prunes when trees were damp," H. S. Loop, Erie County. "Dusting will not live long as an apple treatment," R. J. Gillan, Franklin County. "Dusting took a good many leaves. I would not recom- mend it until further trial," A. E. Reist, Lebanon County. "I would dust in an apple orchard with peach fillers be- cause summer fungous sprays for apples always injure the interplanted peaches," L. H. Grossman, Montgomery County. "We dust almost entirely as a summer treatment for ap- ples. So far it is very satisfactor3%" Sharon Fruit Farm, Perry County. "The petal-fall treatment on apples gives better results with dust than with spray," F. H. Fassett, Wyoming County. "We dust only on hillside orchards where it would be im- possible to use a sprayer," L. M. Myers, York County. m "I use my duster only in case of an emergency when rapid treatment is necessary," Howard Anderson, York Coun *^* "Our only experience with dusting apples was disastrous It did not control'^curculio, scab or sooty blotch. Scab nearly defoUated the dusted trees. It did control codhng moth and might be used to help out spraymg for this ^"/^J^f .^^^^^^^^^ ^p toe. Dusting however, was very f,"^^^|?^"^ J,^.^^^^ g^,^. mer treatment of peaches and apricots, F. H. Rohlfing, Uau ^"^""coZ^tion in Buying and Selling: The close proximky of most of our orchards to good markets favors individual rather than co-operative effort, especially m selling. As one erower puts it, "There is not much incentive to co-operation wheTwe are so close to markets where almost any grade of Truit finds a ready sale at good prices." In our wholesale coun- ties however! th^e need of co-operation among growers is be- comin™e and more apparent ; only the short crop prevented an exteS of these activities the past season. Adams, FrankUn and southern Cumberland Counties, m particular, cannor^ing escape the necessity for local or community co- operation in packing, and eventually in selling. Such progress as has been made during the year has been mainly in co-oper- ative buying a field long occupied by the Grange and more recently by t^he Farm Bureau. Even in local-market fruit grow- ing k has been found practicable and profitable to pool orders fof fertUizer packages spray material and other supplies. Co- oner at veb^^ may well be a function of the county horti- cE^ socie v\ut it has been the general experience that county societies, which are primarily educational - ^-ctio^^^ should not enter the field of co-operative selling. Following are observations on this subject by growers: -A co-operative association for buying only has been started here. It has done well, but is still in the experimental stae-e " Thed Pershing, Bucks County. i c • ^ '"'"^"Members of the Chester-Delaware HorVcultural Society buy co-operatively and it is working splendidly, J. t. Walker, Chester County. '• /-' ' * "We organized this vear the Keystone Co-operative Grape Association of North East. About 2,500 acres of grapes signed up Members have paid in $20,000 in cash for which they have Sen certificates of indebtedness ^^.^mst the new company. Will handle all fruits and supplies," A. D. Phillips, Erie Coun- ^^' "The Cumberland Valley Fruit Growers made no sales of 1921 fruit, there being no crop, but ^^^.^^l^^^''^^^^^^^^^ stockholders. It expects to sell as usual in 1922 Ihere is a splendid field for the extension of community shipping asso- ciations," R. T. Criswell, Franklin County. 81 "We buy all packages and supplies co-operatively and save about 20% of cost. We have not sold co-operatively but may do so the first heavy crop," A. E. Reist, Lebanon County. "The York County Fruit Growers Association was organ- ized about two years ago and has been quite successful in co- operative buying of supplies. On certain machinery 20 % reductions were offered. There has, as yet, been no co-opera- tive selling of fruit," John C. Schmidt, York County. What of the future? The test of an industry, as of a man, is the way it meets adversity. It has been the most try- ing period for fruit growers in a generation. If Pennsylvania orcharding can come through two such years as 1920 and 1921 without losing heart, surely it is founded on a rock. And that is just what has happened. Out of the 115 replies to my ques- tion, "Are we down-hearted," practically every one is a sturdy "No!" This is particularly true of those iwho are growiner fruit for local markets, and in connection with some other line of agriculture. These two years have demonstrated anew the danger of over-specialization. That is the main reason why the "No's" are much fainter from growers in the wholesale counties, on farms where apples and peaches are practically the only source of income, than from the balance of the state. These lean years, also, have called attention to our neglect of the small fruits, which have helped out many a man's pocket- book while the orchard was not paving for its keep. In com- parison with apples and in proportion to the opportunities for successful culture and ready sale, the small fruits, especially strawberries and raspberries, arc much under-planted in Penn- sylvania. These are lessons that we needed to learn. As evi- dence of the faith of Pennsylvania fruit growers in their busi- ness, I can do no better than to pass alonof a few of their re- plies to my query, "Are we do|wn-hearted ?" "Of course not ! I have been in the fruit game for thirtv years, and this is the first total faihire. The trees look well and wc are hoping." J. W. Prickett, Adams County. "1921 was the worst year we have had in a generation. 1920 wns about the best. It all averages up." R. L. Trax, Alle- ghenv County. "The onlv men who are down-hearted are those who do not spray or fertilize their orchards." T. W. Patterson, Arm- strongs County. "I am not. as the 1921 crop is the first I have lost since 1901." C. B. Culp, Bedford Countv. "No. because the 18 acres of orchard have mad^^ me most money than the other 195 acres of my farm." W. H. Amsler, Beaver County. "The lean years are to be expected occasionally and are beyond human control. The things for us to be concerned about are those that are within our control — better spraying. 82 4 I • 1 better grading, lower cost of production." C. P. Barnard, Ches- ter County. "Don't stop to cry over spilled milk. Pick up your stool and go for the next cow." G. E. Pierce, Ene County. "To the real fruit grower, the lean years only tend to whet Ws appetite." George. H. Lincoln. Lackawanna County. The oerennial optimism and courage of the real fruit grow- er comes^ out in these replies. He knows that h.s business restsTn a solid foundation and that the average of all the vears eood and poor, will be favorable to the man who does Cwofk well. Most' of my correspondents dose therr letters with a cheerv peek into the future, something like this 1 he Trees look fine and are budded extra heavy. I expect a bump- er crop this year." May their fondest hope be realised, for they deserve it! Mr Tyson : There is a matter which I should like to brinrbkor"^ this meeting at this time. Much of the informa- tion which we get at these meetings is provided by the State CoUe^e and by the Department of Agriculture. We should be Wormed of the important horticultural information which they^ring to us. We sometimes fail to realize that the in- Sr^at^^they bring to us, and the .vork that is done for^u is based on careful research and investigational work, Ih^ work has been liberallv supported in some states. It is v ery Uttle supported in Pennsylvania, and yet it is the foundation on which rn our agricultural and horticultura work 's based. Tt is the most important feature of our Agricultural Depart- rn,.nt and State College. Thev reallv have been fearfully ne- dected as faf as support in Pennsylvania has been concerned. Sometinie ago a committee was appointed to go into agricul- tur"l research in Pennsylvania. This Committee bas made sor^e n es gations. They are going to make more, and they ar^asking the agricultural organizations to take action W ith vou? permissions would like to ask Mr Garrahan to state something of what they are doing in that hne. Mr. Garrahan : This committee was ^'PP"'"*^';' '^"j:"^ *^^ inaugural ceremonies at the State College, when Dr. Thomas tookSharge. That committee met vesterdav at noon, nd thev decided to extend the scope of work. Thc\ arc asKing the president of each association to appoint five men who are willing to go to State College and look over the research work Tnd mike f definite report of conditions there. I recommend hat The President of the State Horticultural Association be nstructed to select anywhere from five to fifteen men for this purpose Also, the Committee asks that the President of the Association take his time in picking the men, any time w.th.n 83 VI a month, and that he send the names to Dr. Fox in Harrisburg, Chairman of the Committee. The motion was placed before the Society and duly car- ried. PEACH YELLOWS W. A. Mc Cubbin, Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pa. In 1920 the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, recognizing the importance of Peach Yellows in the state, undertook a partial survey of the main peach sections of the state to determine the prevalence of the disease and what was being done to control it. The results of that survey were presented to this association at its last meeting in 1921 accompanied by the suggestion that the De- partment of Agriculture was prepared to institute a Yellows inspection service, if the fruit growers were in favor of it, and would back it up. The expressions of opinion at this meet- ing were strongly in favor of the plan, and a resolution was passed giving it the support of the organization. The Department has carried out its promise, and I am here today to give you a report of the first year's results of Yellows inspection. In 1921 Yellows inspection was conducted in 15 counties, 10 of which were well and 5 partially covered. No attempt was made to include the smaller orchards and gar- den trees, and the Erie section was not included because of the general absence of the disease. In these 15 counties 324 or- chards, involving 387,446 trees were inspected. In these there were blazed for Yellows 17,376 trees or 4.45% of the total number inspected. In 59 orchards no disease was found ; 121 had less than 2% ; 41 had more than 20% ; and 18 had more than 50%. Besides Erie County, Franklin and Adams showed a remarkable freedom from the disease. There are several outstanding features of the year's work that deserve mention. In the first place inspection was very difficult last season by reason of the absence of fruit, frequent borer injury, the Yellows, starved condition of neglected or- chards, and a second grojwth which was found in drought dis- tricts, and which was at times puzzling. Another most gratifying feature was the uniformly in- terested attitude of the growers. We had expected in some cases to be met with indifference and coldness, but in every county our inspection met with all the support and encourage- ment that could be desired. To a considerable extent this favorable reception of the inspection has been due to the inspection staflF itself. We were 84 fortunate in being able to assign to this work men of long ex- perience not only in Yellows diagnosis, but in general orchard owrk, and their experience helped not a little in the success of our program. The most outstanding feature of the year's inspection, however, lies in the summaries of the reports from those coun- ties where it had been possible to obtain in every case a record as to whether the grower had or had not followed previously the practice of prompt removal. As the accompanying figures clearlv show in every county, the percentage of Yellows was far less abundant in orchards from which the trees had been removed. Total % of % of Yellows % of Yellows Yellows when removal when removal County ' was practiced was not practiced 1.59 .28 2.72 10.84 1.44 11.61 4.71 6.52 3.40 12.00 9.85 .79 11.56 2.38 1.09 7.00 6.50 .25 9.00 10.79 2.12 25.78 2.61 .42 8.00 4.00 1.58 5.09 Adams Berks Bucks Chester Dauphin Franklin Lebanon Lancaster Montgomery York The success of a iwell organized inspection service thus seems to be an assured thing, if haphazard and often inade- quate efforts by the growers themselves can reduce the disease to the extent indicated. In looking forward to the future of the inspection service it seems plain that more inspectors are needed, not only to cover the same territory more thoroughly, but to extend the inspection into other parts of the state which have not yet been touched. To do this requires more money than our pres- ent appropriation can spare. It is possible that some addition- al funds might be provided, but it is likely that the final ad- justment of the expenses of this service will be obtained by some sort of financial co-operation between the state and the various counties involved. It would seem a more just arrange- ment if the counties which derive the main benefit from this inspection should bear at least some part of the expense. I would, therefore, suggest that if there is no existing committee to which such a matter may be referred, the appointment of a committee of this association, which could assist the depart- ment in working out some basis of county co-operation, would be welcome to the Department. Member: I do not quite understand the plan of inspec- tion for peach yellows, that is, the expense to growers. S5 Mr. McCubbin: The plan we have in mind is that a committee be appointed to help in the question of bearing part of the cost of inspection. We feel that part of it should be borne by the people who are benefitted. Prof. Surfajce: Has the germ causing yellows ever been discovered? Mr. McCubbin: It has not been discovered. The nearest we can get to the cause of this disease is to state that it is what is called a filterable virus. Mr. Fenstermacher : To what extent is it introduced on nursery stock from other states? Mr. McCubbin: In our investigations in other states, and we have had a number, also I have had experience with yel- lows before I came here, iwe have never considered that yel- lows on nursery stock was a particularly serious proposition. This is shown by the fact that you usually get one tree and not a whole area started at once, and then it goes from that tree to other trees in the course of a few years. At most if you do get it from a nursery, it will start in only one tree or so, and you can easily get rid of that tree. It was moved and seconded "that a committee be appoint- ed by the President to confer with the Secretary of Agricul- ture and Bureau of Plant Industry to see what can be done in the way of formulating a plan by which the County will bear part of the expense of inspection for Peach Yellows. Com- mittee members to be appointed by the new president. The number of members of committee to be decided by the Presi- dent." The following committee was appointed by the chair: Robert T. Crisswell, Chambersburg, Chairman ; Levi Myers, Siddonsburg; L. H. Crossman, Oaks; W. S. Adams, Aspers; J. M. Balthascr, Wernersville. Mr. Fenstermacher: I wish to give a little time to Mr. Taylor of the State Bureau of Markets who wishes to say a few words concerning the Standard Package Bill. Mr. Taylor: During the past year some progress has been made on the ])roblcm of standardizing containers for fruits and vegetables. The Vestal Bill, H. R. 7102, has been reported favorably to the House of Representatives of the United States. This legislation has the approval of the package manufac- turers, the produce distributing trade, and practically the unanimous support of all interested parties. Its purpose is to standardize hampers, round stave baskets, and splint or market baskets on the same principle that has been used in the case of the standard barrel, the Climax baskets, and the berry or till baskets. The principle of this standardization legislation is to prohibit the manufacture of containers other than the standard sizes. The passage of the Vestal Bill will prevent odd sized hampers, round stave and splint baskets 86 *MP h\ »» i^9 from being placed on the market and -^',^" P/of the'Ttandard used up only new supplies available will be of the standara "'" The types and sizes of packages standardized in the Ves- tal Bill are the foUoiwing: ^ ., , . . ,„ Hampers : 1 peck ; Vz. H. 1 and VA bushels Round Stave Baskets: '/z, %, 1, I'/z and 2 bushels Splint Baskets: 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 quarts In Pennsvlvania the Bureau of Markets of the Depart . «f ASlture in co-operation with the Bureau of Stan- Zds oMh D Partment of'internal Aflfairs, has the author- ?tv after investfgation and public hearing, to establish and nromuleate standards for containers for farm products The Kcement of the standard containers which are adopted in PennsyWania is in the hands of the inspectors of weights and measures of the respective cities and counties and of the Chief of the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Internal Af- '""F^'he^undardization of packages in Pennsylvania is waiting for the enaction of the Vestal Bill which will regulate the packages used in interstate commerce. STRAWBERRY PROBLEMS O. M. Taylor, New York Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. In entering into a discussion of some of the problems con- rhic notes were taken. A summary prepared by President Fletcher of this Association is here substituted.) CENTRAL PACKING HOUSES The marked success of the Central packing house move- ment in iwestern New York during the past four years leads to the conviction that at last we have a method of co-operation among wholesale fruit growers that is practicable in the East. There is need of central packing houses in those parts of Penn- 91 sylvania where ten or more wholesale growers live within a radius of six miles, and on good roads. The main advantages of a central packing house are that it secures a standardized pack which usually commands a higher price, and that it leaves the orchardist free to devote his entire time to the grow- ing of the fruit. There is at least one successful central pack- ing house in Pennsylvania — that at Biglersville ; this is a stock company, not a strictly co-operative enterprise, but it illustrates very well he advantages of co-operative packing and selling. The cost of packing is usually fully as high as in the best private packing houses of large growers ; the gain is in the selling price. The method is more practicable for a number of comparatively small growers, having from five to twenty-five acres each, than for large groivi^ers ; but a large grower should find it advantageous to pack under the same specifications as a near-by packing house association of small growers, and pool his fruit with that of the association. The western New York plan, briefly, is as follows : Fif- teen or more growers, having an aggregate production of, say, 20,000 barrels, put up a one floor packing house, preferably on a siding, at a cost of about $3,000. Sizers, track and other equipment cost $1,500 more, making a total investment of $4,500. These fifteen men put up $300 each, regardless of their relative acreage, or the comparative age of their orchards. This may be in cash or the growers may give a demand non- interest bearing note. The latter is used as collateral bv the Association in borowing money at the bank. The diflferences in acreage between growers are equalized by making the in- terest on this investment a part of the packing charge, so that a man with 1,000 barrels to pack pays more tcvward the can- cellation of the debt than the man with 600 barrels. A binding contract is absolutely necessary. This is en- tered into about July 1. The grower appoints the Association his agent, to pack and sell all his fruit, (except certain reserva- tions, which must be all, not part, of a certain variety). The fruit is brought to the packing house in burlaped barrels or in crates, tree run, and the grower receives a receipt for it. It is run through the sizing machine and graded by itself; the grower is credited with the quantity of each grade and size that it packs out. The New York associations have found it imperative to pack into one quarter inch sizes ; it is the only way to secure the uniformity that is essential to standardiza- ion. From 600 to 800 barrels a day are packed with a crew of fifteen to twenty men and girls. The fruit is pooled by variety, grade and size for the en- tire season ; that is, the sales of all the two and one-half inch Baldwins, A grade, are averaged for the season, and each grower receives the same price. Hence,if any grower has ' larger or better fruit than his neighbors it shows in his re- turns. A packing house association may employ a local dealer as its sales agent, or it may engage one of the national fruit sales agencies for this service. In western New York about thirty associations have united in a central sales organization, but this is not essential except in a large wholesale district The cost of operating the local association is met by a per package charge, calculated after the season is over. It in- cludes labor, interest on investment, etc. The total is divided by the number of packages packed, this giving the charge per package. The charge is the same for all grades and sizes. In 1918 and 1920 it was 21 cents a barrel; in 1919 (a short crop year) 33 cents. The central packing house is not as generally useful in Pennsylvania as in western New York, because the orchards in our wholesale districts are larger and farther apart; the average size is about fourteen acres in New York, and thirty- five acres in southern Pennsylvania. Nevertheless, there are many sections of Adams, Franklin anl Cumberland counties, and scattered localities in other parts of the state, where the central packing house is the most feasible solution of the mar- keting problem. It is worth study by any community of wholesale fruit growers. Member: Kindly tell me about your experience with pool- ing versus non-pooling? • Answer: We started out without pooling, but it did not work. The sentiment is strong for pooling, and we are pool- ing ^or the entire area, not only for members of the associa- tion. At the start we use two pools, the fall pool and the storage pool. Each man decided which pool he would go in. Sometimes he had half of his fruit in the storage pool and half in the fall pool. At the present time we are using an all season pool. This has the advantage of giving members the benefit of sales made early in the season for others fruits in the same pool. Mr. Grove: What kind of a contract do you have with growers ? Answer: There is a contract between the grower and the local association. The grower agrees to deliver his full crop of fruit, giving a list of varieties and approximate amounts, to the association packing house, at such time and in such con- dition as the association shall direct, for grading, packing and storage or sale. The contract also carries a damage clause, in which he agrees to pay the association one dollaar a barrel^ or fifty cents a basket, on any fruit that he fails to deliver. That contract is given each year, with a fifteen-dav cancella- tion period each year, usually from the 15th to the 30th of May. If at any time during that period he wishes to 93 cancel, he can, otherwise it continues until the next yeai. Under our state laws we can only write a one-year contract. Member: How do you pool, according to varieties? Answer: We pool first by varieties, then by Grade A and Grade B. Then the A Grade is subdivided by size, 2>^, 2^, etc. Member: How about money advances? Answer: We make ;weekly returns for fruit all through the season. On apples we always sell much of the crop dur- ing the packing season, which makes some money for imme- diate advance. Then if any associations, or members in the association want advances beyond that which has actually been received from the fruit, that is obtained on warehouse receipts. Member: What distance can you take apples from the orchard to the packing house? Answer: In most of our associations we do not have a long haul, two to four miles. I think we did have last year two or three non-members at fourteen or fifteen miles. Seven miles is the ggreatest at which we. serve any regular members. Question: Do you think a variety pool would work out, closing the pool when the subsequent varieties begin to crowd out the next variety? Answer: That might work out in your location. We have only one variety of peach of importance, the Elberta. Member: Some of our people do not feel that they can wait for settlement until the closing up of a pool season. Answer: We close each variety as soon as possible. You can make a ninety per cent advance, and your ten per cent would easily cover everything for another iweek while you are finishing up. Member: The New Jersey growers try to have a one- day pool. One or two days makes a wonderful difference in price. Answer: It does make a difference on early varieties more than on late stock, and one-day pools and two-day pools have been used in some sections very satisfactorily. They pool by variety each day. Question: What arrangement do you have with non- members for handling their stock? Answer: We have not encouraged non-membership busi- ness. This year was the first that we handled fruit for non- members, and we did this because of the fruit shortage in the district, in order to give greater volume in packing houses. We took them on exactly the same basis as members. The non-members assumed the expense and overhead, and re- ceived exactly the same as members. The non-member signs the same contract, but does not have the renewal right. 94 I f* Dr. Fletcher: Are you able to pack in a central packing house as cheaply as a large grower in a private packing house? Answer: I think not. A larger grower can pack cheaper than twenty men producing the same number. One item is the matter of shifting from one lot of fruit to another, and the additional floor space for receiving various lots. All these things tend to increase expense. It can be packed more cheap- ly than the small grower can pack, because he is not in position to have the equipment and the facilities necessary for packing, but when it comes to the large grower, I think the cost will run higher. Question : Have you any figures as to the cost per barrel of packing in a packing association? Answer: There has been a wide range of cost this year. In figuring the cost we figure report cost and overhead, such as interest on investment, taxes and depreciation. All have entered into the upkeep of the plant, also labor. Taking all these into consideration it has varied from seventeen to forty cents in different associations. This is a very wide range. Here and there comparatively few varieties were to be handled, and again we had good straight runs. This year our costs were high because we had a light crop, and all during the fore- part of the season we would have a few of each variety coming in, not a good steady run at any time. We had a lot of idle labor to take care of, and also only about half a normal vol- ume to spread this overhead on. Question: How does that price compare with the cost in a normal year? Answer: I would say that around 25 cents,— 22 to 25 cents, with good straight runs, would be about normal. Member: In connection with the packing in private houses and associations the Federal Bureau of Markets made an investigation, and found that the labor cost in a co-opera- tive association ran very slightly higher than the labor cost in the large private packing house, but that the product of the co-operative associations was superior to the orchard pack, and it more than made up for the slight difference in labor cost. "GROWING GRAPES" By C. C. Debenham of Jersey Shore, Pa. How many here have a vineyard? I am wondering wheth- er you want something to take its place when your source of cider fails, or whether you are looking for income. Doctor Fletcher, in his report this morning, stated that there were but eleven members that reported a successful year. I was one of them. I had a total failure on fifty acres of orchard, but ten acres of grapes turned my year into a success. I am m the northern central part of the state. I can not tell you what you should do in the southeastern part, or in other parts. Location : In locating a vineyard I prefer high land, south- ern exposure, well drained. Our greatest enemies are fungous diseases, and fungous diseases are encouraged by dampness Consequently, we want a location that dries out quickly and one which IS not subject to fog. The preparation of the' land tor planting is a heavy cover crop the previous year, turned down while rank. The ground should be harrowed then, put in good shape, and left until spring. Now comes the matter of spacing. One near my home m New \ ork State was set out on good ground, and thrived well spaced 7 by 7. It grew rapidly, came into bearing quick- ly, but never harvested a crop. Mildew and black rot took the crop each year. He (was compelled soon to take out every other row The rows in New York State are usually ei^ht and nine feet apart. My vineyard is set 10 by 10 and when I tell you that I have certain blocks this past year that produced almost SIX tons to the acre, I do not think that you will think that my spacing is too far apart. Varieties: My really standard ravieties are Wordcn Dela- ware, Niagara, Concord and Catawba, ripening practically in the order named. People are not hungry for grapes while peaches are plentiful. Worden ripens too early and interferes with peaches. Delaware with me is a regular and heavy bear- er. It has one fault, it is subject to foilage blight, and Bor- deaux does not seem to control it. If the foliage is aflfected, th^ ^""IT '' r- ^'^^"'^ ^' '^^ ^"^^^ ^^^ table use, and is he most popular^ However, the Niagara is quite susceptible to black rot. The Concord is the best of all. It is a rank grower, a regular cropper, and probably is as resistant to black tn K^' r^ ''^"'^u^' ^l^ ""^^' t^^ ^^th Amendment it seems to be the one that they all demand. The Catawba is our latest grape that you can hold for the Thanksgiving market but It IS very susceptible to black rot. If I were going to set Roots: Now as to the age of the roots. We have used one and two-year-old roots. The one-year-old root, I beireve IS the bes . A No. 1 root will have a root system of fifteen to eighteen inches. At setting time that root system should be dug about deep enoucfh so that when the vine is set ind n'.Ptf ".»f "'^' '" u^^^^ '' ^^^- th- ^-""^ are tJo buds trees 5ffte^^^'V^'\^^""^^ ^' '^''^^' '-^ ^^ - P^-^in^ trees. After they have become well established, go through the vineyard, and break oflF the weakest buds. One bud is all 96 f that you want, but leave two so that if anything happens to one you still have another. It is not absolutely necessary to put a small stake at each vine, but you will find it to your ad- vantage. A small stake sticking out of the ground fifteen or eighteen inches will furnish a means of fastening the new growth, saving the danger of having it broken off through cultivation. In setting out your vineyard stake the rows as straight as possible. The second year it is advisable to put your posts in. Now we find vineyards with posts every four vines, or every three vines, but mine are every two vines. In the second year I put posts every six vines, because by putting one wire I have a support for my vines. Be sure that the end wires are braced, because here is where the strain comes. Tighten the wire by hand. Do not use a stretcher. If you use a stretcher, you will have broken wire, because as soon as the weight goes on, you will have entirely too much strain. My rows are 440 feet long, and I do it this way. Pruning: There are several hundred systems of pruning, but there are but two that are important. One is the cane sys- tem. When you go in to prune, maybe your vine has not reached the wire. It it has, cut it off just above the wire, and fasten it to the wire. If it has not, cut it back to where the wood is rather stiff. As they bud out in spring, if they have not reached the first wire, go through your vineyard and strip off all buds except the strongest one. This need not be the top bud necessarily. That is the trunk of the vine. After the trunk is formed, develop two short spreading canes, contain- ing not more than four or five buds each. If at the end of the third year your vine has taken a good stand and made a good growth, possibly it can stand four canes. At first cut those canes long enough to be tied down to the second wire. If the vine is vigorous enough, you can come up to six canes, with eight to ten buds each. You can even have ten canes. Re- move your pruninprs from the vineyard and burn them. Question: What distance do you have the wires from the ground? Mr. Debenham: Three feet. I do not put them less than two feet. We must keep away from dampness with grapes, because it is fungous diseases which we must fight. Question: What is the height of the top wire? Mr. Debenham: I use a seven and one-half feet post. Above ground it is between five and one-half and six feet, and the top wire is just on the side of the posts two or three inches from the top. Wc divide the distance between the first wire and the third wire into equal parts. Question : How do you set the post ? Mr. Debenham: Sharpened and driven in. §7 Mr. Debenham: The canes are tied with a small wire. The better practice is to tie these canes, not wind them around the wire. The advantage is that in pruning time you can take a hold of it and pull it off easily. During the war the wire was so poor that it even rusted through in two months, and as soon as a wind came along the foliage was on the ground. So I twisted it around the trellis /wire. I have a man follow me while I do the pruning, and he takes off the superflous wood. The green wood must be tied. The war compelled us to , do things that we would not consider good practice, but I think most of us got real lessons in saving time from the war. I did in regard to green tying. The old method was that as soon as your green wood made sufficient growth to reach the second wire, the tiers were put to ,work with green rye straw, and if any time we found that the green wood had fastened itself on the trellis wire or cane, and it was sufficiently long, we unloosened that, and tied it up. That left all the grapes hanging loose. You were not bothered with tangled clusters. But during the war we could not get tiers, and the first thing I knew my grapes were in bloom. When they were out of blossom the new green growth was of considerable length. I at last secured enough tiers, and we went in there. We did not loosen any new wood that had caught to the trellis, but we did make the one tie. I watched my vineyard and was surprised to find that that was all that was necessary, so this year I simply kept out of the vineyard until after blooming time, went in with the tiers, and once through the vineyard put the grapes up in excellent condition. We did have some tangled clusters, but the time it took to take them out, cut- ting them in two or three pieces, surely w^as not nearly as ex- pensive as the tying. I know growers who have tiers in the vineyard for six weeks. Pests and Diseases: We have a bug which attacks our grapes. It is the Grape Berry Moth. If your vineyard is lo- cated on high, well-drained ground, I think that you are prac- tically immune from Mildew. In fact I have never seen a mil- dewed berry in my vineyard. I think grapes have black rot as naturally as chickens have lice, and that is the one disease that wc must fight. It is controlled easily bv a thorough ap- plication of Bordeaux mixture. I use the 4-4-50 formula. With the first two or three sprays add arsenate of lead to control the insect pests. Make the first spray about the time the buds commence to swell. Spray again when the growth has attained some six or eight inches. Then do not sprav until they are out of blossom. Then I give another thorough spraving. and the last spraying, except in extreme cases where the weather or something else has been against us, is when the grapes are about the size of peas. I I use a power spprayer, with a Bordeaux nozzle, and a pressure of 200 pounds. With that pressure I find that I am able to penetrate the row pretty thoroughly. The first spray I spray the one side of the row, then the succeeding spray, which may be ten days or two weeks later, I spray the oppo- site side of the row. Consequently, I save time, and I can see no difference in the results in the control of black rot than when I sprayed on both sides. Cultivation: The first year give it clean cultivation, and cultivate both ways. The second year you will have one wire up and you cannot cultivate it both ways, but give it clean cultivation. There is one little point that I have overlooked, that is the direction of your row. You can run the row east and west, or north and south, but I think if your land lies so that it is possible to run your rows north and south, that is the proper way. You have the benefit of the eastern sun and the western sun. Where your rows are trellied east and west the sun is on the one side of the row the entire day. After the second year, possibly in the third year, you want good cultivation up to, I should say, nearly the first of August. In New York State if we did not get our vinepards plowed in the fall, we thought they were ruined, but the war compell- ed me to let my vineyard go over without the fall plowing. Help was so scarce that I did not get a thorough cultivation much beyond the first of June. Consequently, I had quite an accumulation of weed growth. The next spring this accumu- lation -was plowed down. I noticed a marked difference in my vineyard. The question arose in my mind whether it was a good practice. I thought it might work for one year, but how about two years or three years in succession. I was bound to find out. The second year I plowed in the spring. I kept my cultivation going that year until about the first of June. It also was a wet season, and I was blessed with a good growth of weeds. The latter part of July, or the first of August, my vineyard had to be mowed, but this left a pretty good mulch. W^e still had time for a good second growth of weeds. When that was turned down the following spring, I saw another improvement, and so I have adopted this method. It is not any cheaper than clean cultivation, but I think that the humus that we add pays more than clean cultivation. Sow a cover crop if you do not have weeds. We are keeping up the organic contents of the soil. Fertilization: The first year after setting I use a small handful of nitrate of soda around the plant to give it a "kick," and between one-half and one pound to a bearing vine. Year before last I used only a trifle over one-half pound. I had greater results from the one-half pound than from one ]>ound last year. That was not the fault of the nitrate of soda, but the year before we had a good season for the nitrate of soda to become soluble. This year during the greater part of the growth period we had severe drought in my section, and con- sequently the ammonia was not available, but before the sea- son was through it accomplished the desired results. Question: What is the diameter of your post? Mr. Debenham: We use a small post, one that is four to four and one-half inches in diameter. That is plenty heavy enough. The end posts we usually make heavier. Mr. Bowers: We had, two years ago, twenty-three tons of grapes, practically all Concord. We sold them at 7 cents a pound, or $140 a ton. We could have sold more, if we had had them. Last year we were practically knocked out. We had between two and three tons, and long before the grapes were ready to pick people came and offered us 10 cents a pound, wholesale, or $200, a ton. RASPBERRY AND BLACKBERRY PROBLEMS O. M. Taylor, New York Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. A portion of the morning program centered around a dis- cussion of some of the problems connected with the growing of the strawberry. We now take up the discussion of another class of fruits different in habits, in character, in requirements and yet with certain problems in common with the strawberry. These classes of berries now under discussion are less cos- mopolitan than the strawberry as to soils and in a selection of location and soil the climatic factors of heat, cold and mois- ture are of more importance. The plants are less hardy than strawberries and in exposed locations more or less severe loss- es may occur. The fruit also matures slightly later, at a time of higher temperatures and when the need of moisture may be more acute. For these reasons, there are two prime essentials of soils for these berries, namely, proper drainage and second, ability to retain moisture. Wet feet may be followed by severe winter injury and droughts are reflected by scant harvest. Varieties: The selection of varieties for setting is fully as important as with strawberries and the methods followed should be similar. Adaptation should be determined either bv actual trial or by careful observations of the kinds doing- well in the immediate locality under apparently similar conditions. It is impossible for a grower to test all varieties. Such work may rightly be left to State Experiment Stations and similar organizations but the most promising of the newer varieties should find their way into the trial plantation of the commer- cial grower and their local value determined. 100 ' § Lists of desirable varieties are too often misleading. The success of a kind in one place is no index of its true value elsewhere. The lists which follow are therefore only sug- gestive and indicate that those kinds have found favor in cer- tain portions of the Empire State and may therefore be con- sidered worthy of trial. Red Respbcrries: Cuthbert, Donboro, Empire, Herbert, June, King, Latham, Marlboro, Ontario, Perfection. Back Raspberries: Black Pearl, Cumberland, Diamond, Gregg, Honeysweet, Kansas, Ohio, Plum Farmer. Purple Raspberries: Columbian, Royal Purple. Blackberries: Agawam, Ancient Briton, Blowers, Early Harvest, Eldorado, Erie, Kittatinny, Lawton (New Rochelle), Lucretia, McDonald, Mersereau, Rathbun, Snyder. The purple raspberry in New York is assuming consider- able commercial importance. Its value as a very productive, high quality berry when cooked is becoming recognized. They are unfortunately unattractive in color and do not ship well. Everbearing raspberries are of doubtful value in New York. The statements made in regard to everbearing straw- berriees will apply to the everbearing raspberries. There are portions of the countrv, however, where this class of fruit has value commercials. Ranere or St. Regis as it is often called, is the leading vafiety. The Erskine Park a newer kind is worthy of trial where this class of berry is desired. The value of "pedigreed" plants is uncertain. Unfortu- nately most growers are finding that such stock is not one whit better than the plants that can be dug from their own plantations. If the plants show decided improvement in val- uable characteristics through various seasons, on different soils and in other localities as well— then such stock may well be considered to have superior value. Planting: The time of planting must receive considera- tion Under ordinary conditions red raspberries and black- berries may be set either in fall or spring. Purple raspberries, black raspberries and dewberries all of which are usually pro- pagated from tip lavers should be set in the spring. Summer planting of red raspberries is sometimes practiced, the young shoots being transplanted during cloudy or wet weather. The distance apart of rows and plants depends entirely on conditions. If team work is utilized the rows are farther apart than where single horse work is used. The spacing of rows and plants depends on character of soil, on the variety and on the method of culture. In Western New York the matted row is the rule with red raspberries while m the Hudson Vallev. the plants are often grown in hills about 5 feet apart each wav. In the western part of the state the berries are usually grown in blocks but in the eastern portion, 101 inter-planting is common and many plantations of fruit trees or grapes may be found which are inter-planted with one or more of the small fruits. The necessity for thorough tillage is great. This is es- pecially true of the fruit reaches maturity, for lack of mois- ture at that time may greatly reduce the* yield. Cultivation should begin early and be repeated often enough to maintain a mellow soil condition and destroy weeds. If the expense connected iwith irrigation were not too great, and if the outfit might also be used in connection with other crops, there might in many seasons be considerable prof- it through the utilization of some such method ; unfortunately the experience of most of the growers in New York who have attempted the irrigation of their plantations has not been very satisfactory in most cases. Special attention should therefore be given to put the soil in such condition that it may retain the maximum amount of moisture and that by thorough cul- tivation and in some cases by mulching, as much as possible of the rainfall may be conserved for the use of the plants. No definite formulas are given at this time for feeding the plants. Land must not be too rich, resulting in excessive growth followed by winter injury. Moderate applications of stable manure or fertilizers may at times be used with cau- tion. The plant food in different soils is always variable in kind and amount and exact specifications as to kind and a- mount of supplemental fertilizers are too often misleading. Such questions must be worked out on the various soils by actual tests of the different materials. The application of nitrogenous fertilizers should be made sufficiently early so that growth may not be over-stimulated late in the season. Pruning: Growers differ in their methods of pruning. The old wood is usually removed soon after harvest. Red raspberries are usually not summer-pruned but grow un- checked during the summer. The following spring they are cut back to the desired fruiting height. Black raspberries are. as a rule, summer-pruned, stopping the new growth by pinching off the succulent tips. In the spring the lateral branches are shortened back from 1-2 to 2-3 their growth. Purple raspberries are usuallv pruned as are the black rasp- berries, pinching the new growth a little higher and leaving the laterals slightly longer. Growers differ in pruning the blackberry. Some prune as with the red raspberry while others follow the method used with black raspberries— either method usually giving good results— although in severe winters more injury may develop on the summer-pruned canes. Occasionally a grower may .wish to rejuvenate an old or neglected plantation. In exceptional cases this may be ac- complished by cutting all growth to the ground, 'applying 102 plant-food and giving thorough cultivation. Such plants, how- ever, are usually beyond help largely because of the havoc of insects or disease and should be discarded before they be- come a liability. Diseases: We now come to a subject that at present is causing great uneasiness among berry growers. It is in re- gard to the control of certain diseases. There are several of these troubles concerning which but little is known and no satisfactorv remedies can be suggested. Orange-rust, cane- blight, cro'wn-gall, anthracnose and yellows or nvosaic as it is now called, are taking heavy toll in some localities. I^or the most of these troubles the only suggestion from plant pathologists is to dig and destroy the affected plants. Pos- sibly spraying for anthracnose may provide some reliet it the cost is not prohibitive. The most serious of these troubles, however is that of "mosaic" as it is called. Plants become stunted or dwarfish in growth, leaves roughish and mottled with yellowish green and the fruit fails to mature properly. The cause of this disease is as yet unknown. It is thought to be contagious under certain conditions, the unknown organ- ism being located in the juices of the plant and that the dis- ease may be spread from diseased plants to healthy plants by various sucking or biting insects. Nearly all varieties of red raspberries seem to be affected more or less by this dis- ^ ease. Specialists are making a study of this trouble and it is hoped that a remedy may be soon discovered. The last subiect to be touched upon at this time is "Should the planting of small fruit be encouraged?" Could the future be forecasted, the answer to this question would not be so difficult. From the standpoint of commercial purposes the answer often depends almost entirely on local conditions and on the man himself who is the guiding hand and upon whom again and again the success or failure depends. Where sev- eral of the various small fruits are grown, it is seldom that in any one season will there be a failure of all of them from cli- matic conditions nor is it likely that the market for all the fruits will be equally poor in any one year. The writer, however, has decided views if the purpose for planting is for home use. It is seldom that our tables are well filled with more than one of the small fruits ; yet most grow- ers are so situated with reference to climate that strawberries, red, black, purple and yellow raspberries, blackberries, cur- rants and gooseberries may all be grown in sufficient quantity to supply all household uses to which these fruits may be available. Selection of varieties may also be made in such a manner as to furnish a supply of early, mid-season and late berries of all these fruits greatly prolonging the period during which the fresh fruit may reach our tables. Most house-holders have had but little opportunity to use certain varieties repre- 103 senting those highest in delicate flavors and of best quality and have naturally been discouraged from testing out other varieties because of the indifferent results secured from those already grown. The lists of varieties are now so large that they include kinds of perhaps but little value commercially but which may well occupy a garden spot because of tempting appearance and a texture, flavor and quality difficult to sur- pass. Prof. Surface- How about the Loganberry? Prof. Taylor: We have made attempts to fruit it, but it had no value in New York in a commercial way. Mr. Vincent: What is the Donboro? Prof. Taylor: It is a red raspberry. Member: How do the Eldorado and Blowers blackber- ries compare ? Prof. Taylor: At Geneva, and in other parts of New York we find that the Eldorado is more hardy. The Blowers has not done as well. We have considerable acreage in fruit of the Eldorado, largely on account of the hardiness of the El- dorado, throughout the state. It is the most satisfactory black- berry, if winter injury is not the controlling factor. If that is the controlling factor, then the Snyder is the hardiest. Dr. Fletcher: Are purple raspberries desirable for local markets in Pennsylvania, rather than red? Prof. Taylor: It would depend upon whether the people who purchase are educated to buy them. If thev are not you will have trouble in selling, because they will not stand' up and look as well as the red raspberry, but if the value of the purple raspberry is once known, you will have no trouble to sell it. That is the history of the purple raspberry in parts of New York State at least. Dr. Fletcher: Is there any red raspberry that approaches m productiveness the purple? Prof. Taylor: The variety that most nearlv approaches It m productiveness is the Herbert, but it is not' equally pro- ductive. Question : Will it be profitable to mulch strawberries in Pennsylvania? Prof. Taylor: We consider that in New York it is a de- cided advantage to mulch strawberries. There are a number of desirable objects that might be secured in the mulching of strawberries. In the first place, it protects the roots from injury by the repeated heaving of the plants bv freezing and thawing. Again, it conserves moisture. The'ground under the mulch is more moist than the other soil, and the straw- berry of all the small fruits is the ont that is in need of mois- *?^''^'.-T^^'^ ^&^»"' the soil itself is in better phvsical condi- tion if it has had a covering. If vou use stable 'manure, you are supplying plant food, and if you have not soil rich enough, 104 you may aid it somewhat, although we may introduce weed seeds when we use stable manure. If we want to hold the plants back to retard blooming, especially (where there is danger from late frost, it is a decided advantage, and also if we are trying to secure the latest limits, it will retard ripening. Lastly, it will keep the strawberries much cleaner if you have a mulch. Question: What material shall be used? Prof. Taylor: Sometimes one material, sometimes it may be another. In New York State we use miscellaneous material, depending upon the cost, and upon their availibility — wheat straw, oat straw, barley straw, marsh grass, any of these ma- terials. The best material is one that may be applied readily, which is not too expensive, and which iwill cover the plants out of sight, that is all that is needed. A couple of inches will put them out of sight, and will protect soil from thawing. It should be one that will not be blown off by winds. If the material is too fine, when it becomes packed we are liable to have injury. Leaves must be used with caution, because they mat down too tightly and too closely. Question: How about mulching the whole home rasp- berry patch with straw in the summer time to keep down the weeds and conserve the moisture? Prof. Taylor: There would be some advantage in mulch- ing close up against the plants, but unless the whole of the ground is thoroughly mulched, it would not save as much moisture as if you could cultivate between the rows, and then use the mulch around the plants. That would be a better method than to put on the mulch alone. Dr. Fletcher: The first question for discussion, "Is the Robin a Menace to the Grower of Small Fruits?" At State College it got forty per cent of our crop of strawberries and raspberries. Mr. Peirce: It took all my raspberries this year. There were no worms around at the time the raspberries were ripe. The weather had been so dry that there were no worms, at least the robins could not find them. Dr. Fletcher: There was an unusual amount of damage from robins this last year. Probably the dry weather w^as the cause of it. Does the damage seem to be enough to war- rant any action on the part of the society? Are iwe justified in killing the robin under these conditions? Prof. Surface: I think not. The stomach contents of many robins show that when they have young they will take fruit, but many other birds will, but the robin is one of the great- est insectivorous birds. The way to overcome the taking of fruit by robins is to plant some soft, sweet variety like Gov- ernor Wood and the mulberry. Then the birds will work on them. I would certainly want the advantage of the birds ar^ound the orchard. If I could do nothing more I would 105 plant more of the fruit, so the birds could have their share. Member: In New Jersey there is a strong feeling a- gainst the robin by fruit growers. Dr. Fletcher: There being no motion, I take it that the fruit growers do not want to recommend that the robins be slaughtered. Question: Can some one tell me about barium tetra-sul- phide, (B. T. S.) as a dormant spray for peaches or apples? Mr. Atkinson: I used it last year as a semi-dormant spray, about the time the buds were bursting, and it appar- ently was all right, but it did not give as good results on apples as ordinary commercial lime-sulfur. It is all right on peaches. Question: What is the comparative cost? Mr. Atkinson: Slightly more expensive, but unless you have things very convenient in your orchard it saves a lot of work there. If carefully handled it is easily mixed. Prof. Surface: I wish to ask Mr. Taylor about the Lucretia dewberry. Prof. Taylor: That depends upon the market. If you wish to give it more time and attention than you do black- berries, then I believe the dewberry has a place. I would recommend the Hudson variety. Question :.. How about Atomic Sulphur, to be used in place of self-boiled lime-sulfur? Mr. Atkinson: I have used it for two years. It is abso- lutely satisfactory in my experience. Question: What is the cost compared with self-boiled? Mr. Atkinson: It costs nine to tjwelve cents a pound. Last year I went to the orchard about ten days before the Carman peaches were ready to pick. They were beginning to ripen up, and were rotting pretty badly. I got the sprayer ready, and we sprayed those peaches with Atomic Sulfur be- fore night. It checked the rotting so that it was almost negligible. We had less trouble with rot with Carmans last year after that application than we ever had before. Those peaches kept longer than any Carmans we ever had, and there was practically no discoloration due to the sulfur. Dr. Fletcher: It is being used more and more by the New Jersey peach growers. The making of the self-boiled lime-sulfur is a tedious operation, and Atomic Sulphur, which can be put right into a barrel, is much more convenient, and as far as I can discover it gives equal results. It is a little bit more expensive than the self-boiled. Member: Can the Bureau of Plant Industry send a man to make inspection for peach yellows? Mr. Holdridge: The intention was to follow up the work for two or three seasons. Fifteen counties were cov- ered last season, and the Bureau is ready to do what it can. 106 Member: Do you think it worth while to disinfect the shears in pruning, or the knife in borer hunting? Can peach yellows be carried in that way? Mr. Holdridge: I think it is well to use care in that regard. Dr. Fletcher: If pruning peaches in the winter time, and some of the trees are diseased, is it necessary to disinfect the tools? Mr. Holdridge: If a man is to get the minimum of peach yellows, he will take out all trees showing yellows in the summer, or as soon as the first indications of yellows. Wherever careful removal has been attended to, the owner has lost less than 2 per cent ; where not carried out they are losing as high as 28 and 30 per cent. It would not pay a man to have a tree in his orchard in the winter time with yellows. It would not be transmissible at that time, but the tree should not be there. Mr. Funk: I wish the Department would take up the matter of southern stock being free from yellows. We know that when we get to a certain line going south, they claim to be rid of peach yellows. There is none in Georgia, none in some other southern states, and it is only necessary to come a few miles north of that line, and we get into yellows. Those men claim they have no yellows, and still the worst trees I have came from a nurseryman who claimed he never had a yellows tree within miles of his nursery. We planted trees from his nursery, and in three or four years they were polluted. What I want to know is whether or not those trees from the southern nurseries are not just as full of yel- low^s as the trees of the northern nurseries. It is almost certain that we can spread yellows by budding ; if we take a bud from a diseased tree and ])ut it into a good tree, the good tree will almost certainly develop yellows. I would like to see them take buds from trees in Pennsylvania that they know have yellows, and put those on seedling trees, plant half in Pennsylvania, and the other half in Georgia. Grow them for four or five years, then bud from those trees in Georgia on nciw trees again, and plant them in Pennsyl- vania. I would like to know whether the trees that did not show yellows in Georgia would not show yellows again in Pennsylvania. I believe if this is carried out, we would be a little bit more certain of the stock from the South. I be- lieve the nurseryman there would take a little more pains if they felt that they may be budding trees to spread yel- lows in the North. There is no question in my mind, but that the nurseryman have yellows in the South on stock that they are budding from year to year. It does not look as if we could depend on southern nurseries. 107 Mr. Holdridge: Yellows will show up the first year after they are sent from the nursery. Mr. Funk: I have never seen a peach tree develop yel- lows under three years. Mr. Grove: We are here to talk over many subjects, and I am wondering if there is anything more worth while than co-operative movements. I want to know if there is anything going on in this line in Pennsylvania. We see the western fruits coming in under strong organization, and I wonder if we are fully alive to our need of co-operation and organization. We expect to have a nice crop of apples. If locally, we can not get organized, is co-operation possible for a number of men iwho are scattered in different parts of the county, but under a central control. If so, I am ready to join in. Prof Surface: Bedford County a few years ago had an organization of that kind that proved very satisfactory. Mr. Vinson : I am sorry Mr. O'Neil is not here, because at Norristown and Collcgeville they have just organized. It is a step along that line. The success of their movement will have a great deal of influence over the state, I am sure. That is the big problem in this state, especially in the south- ern part. If we are driven to it, we are going to do it. It must come. Dr. Fletcher: What Mr. Grov^e wants to know is this; if people can not be interested in a local co-operative asso- ciation, is it practical for growers to co-operate in selling fruit and packing it, if widely scattered in different parts of the county? Member: First there must be a local organization be- fore anything can be done. Mr. Atkinson: I would like the opinion of some other growers as to the value of the Delicious as a standard vari- ety in Southeastern Pennsylvania. I would like to know if it is a good vigorous grorwer, and would it probably be a good annual bearer? Member: It does not do well in Lancaster County. Prof. Surface: Mr. Engle, the nurseryman at Marietta, had some of the finest Delicious that I have ever seen grown. In Cumberand County with me it ripened too early. Member: With me, in Lancaster, it is a poor bearer. Member: I found it a good keeper, but a shy bearer. Dr. Fletcher: My general impression is that it is a good local market variety, in most parts of the state, but not so well adapted to wholesale districts. Adjournment. 106 THE NEXT STEP IN THE APPLE INDUSTRY OF THE CUMBERLAND-SHENANDOAH REGION* By S. W. Fletcher There are many faint hearts in the apple industry to- day. We have had two leans years; let us hope that the period of our affliction may not be like the seven lean years of Egypt. The Cumberland-Shenandoah Region has suffered as much as, if not more than, other apple districts of the East. A year of good crops but very poor prices, then a year of almost no crops at all — this is a sequence of disasters to try the faith of the stoutest heart. We were due to have a sharp reaction from the> inflated prices of fruit and the speculative values of orchards during war times, even with- out the freeze of last spring. We were riding for a fall and we got it. But I shall not harass your feelings any longer with painful retrospection. It is neither common sense nor good sportsmanship to submerge ourselves in a dreary past when there is so much that ;we might be doing to ensure a bright future. The apple growers of the Cumberland-Shenandoah Re- gion have little cause to be pessimistic about the future, how- ever trying may be the present. This region is commonly held to include the Cumberland and Shenandoah Valleys from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania to Staunton, Virginia, to- gether with the adjacent Piedmont counties east of Blue Ridge. Adams County, Pennsylvania, however, is the only Piedmont County that naturally belongs with the Valley, horticulturally. It grows the same varieties and has the same cultural problems. The southern Piedmont counties are the home of the Winesap and the Albemarle Pippin, not of the York and the Stayman. They are distinct horticultur- ally and must work out their own salvation. We are con- cerned here only with York Imperial territory. I like to call it the "Blue Ridge Country," for it is traversed and dom- inated by this historic mount'ain. It is a geographical and horticultural unit. Although it embraces portions of four states and crosses the Mason and Dixon's Line, this does not alter the fact that it has a community of interest horti- culturally. I shall not attempt even to enumerate the pecu- liar advantages of this region in apple production; but I do wish to predict that within twenty years the Blue Ridge Country will be the centre of wholesale apple production in America, provided it is organized for co-operative packing and marketing, as a unit, and not on State lines; and pro- vided further, that some very important present deficiencies in cultural methods are remedied. 109 I presume you have studied the fourteenth census and have derived some comfort from it. The fact that there are but 151,436,633 apple trees in the country nov^^ as compared w^ith 217,114,688 trees ten years ago has some significance but not as much as might be supposed. The census shows a decrease of 23.8% in the number of bearing trees and of 45% in the number of trees not yet in bearing. A considerable proportion of the loss of bearing trees is due to the passing out of the old farm orchards of the northern states. These are mostly decrepit and neglected orchards of one to three acres on general farms and were planted between 1865 and 1878. They are not much of a factor in the wholesale mar- ket. Pennsylvania lost 4,000,000 apple trees between 1900 and 1910 and 1,000,000 trees between 1910 and 1920, but these were not in commercial orchards and the crop producing capacity of the state, of market fruit, is greater now than ever before. Most of the 12,000,000 trees that were lost in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illi- nois and Michigan during the past ten years were in non- commercial farm orchards and the crop producing power of these states, of market fruit, is practically unimpaired. The states of the Mississippi Valley, however, have a different story. The three states of Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas lost 22,793,575 trees, or 60% of their total, between 1910 and 1920. Missouri alone lost 11,235,824 trees or nearly 70%. This shrinkage was mainlv in unprofitable commercial orchards, largely of the Ben Davis. It removes a great body of trees from possible competition with this region in the wholesale market. The pulse of the apple industry is the census report on the number of trees not yet in bearing. \\> have been a- mazed at the giant strides of our chief competitor on the Pacific Coast during the past fifteen years. The state of Washington has advanced to second place in number of trees and this year, 1921, to first place in production. It is a remarkable record— but will it continue? I think not. In 1910, Washington had 4.862,702 trees not of bearing age- m 1920, only 755,869. These figures reflect the sharp check m plantmg due to a series of unprofitable vears. The apple mdustry in Washington has reached its peak. The census of 1930 will place it below New York, Virginia and Pennsyl- vania because the enterprise is more speculative there than here. Meanwhile, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland and W est Virgmia have continued to plant in a conservative man- "^ mol^"^-^ ^^"^ 9,369.486 young trees in 1910 and 7.961,913 m 1920. This IS a healthy growth and is altogether reassur- mg. The present rank in number of bearing apple trees is : no (1) New York 9,636,698 trees (2) Washington 7,964,167 trees (3) Virginia 7,385,277 trees (4) Pennsylvania 6,981,128 trees The rank in number of trees not yet of bearing age, however, is quite different : (1) New York 2,9:>>,2«1 trees (2) Virginia 2,S5/,007 trees (3) Pennsylvania 2,603,516 trees Washington is not in the first twelve. In another decade, either Virginia or Pennsylvania will wrest the leadership from New York. While many other sections of the country have been standing still or going backward in the apple industry, the Cumberland-Shenandoah Region has made great strides. I have not been able to secure the Census figures for the Vir- ginia counties, but the West Virginia, Maryland and Penn- sylvania counties of this region show an increase in the total number of apple trees, from 818,041 in 1910 to 2,339,123 in 1920, or practically 200%. County 1910 1920 Adams, Pa. 165,999 534,583 Franklin, Pa. 178,827 340,435 Cumberland, Pa. 93,447 184,062 Washington, Md. 141,113 406,223 Berkeley, W. Va. 161,118 629,273 Jefferson, W. Va. 11 ,"^17 242,547 Frederick Va. 273,245 Clarke, Va. 52,391 Rockingham, Va. 240.872 Augusta, Va. 354,013 Altogether, the census of 1920 should be quite a comfort to any despondent apple growers of this Valley, unless they may feel, as I do, that we are growing just a little too fast. I make a plea for an organized development of the apple industry of the Cumberland-Shenandoah region, as a unit and not on State lines. The apple growers in this Valley have a community of interest that would not be disregarded by any other grou]) of business men similarly situated. They sell the same commodity. I hazard an estimate that 30% of all the apple trees in this region are York and that 20% are Stayman. They seek the same market. All are carlot shippers to the wholesale markets. They have substantially the same problems of produc- tion. Yet in spite of these manifest reasons for co-operative effort, the apple growers of this Valley are practically unor- 111 ganized and compete with each other instead of uniting to meet competition from other regions. The chief competitor of the Cumberland-Shenandoah Region is Western New York. The battle between the two for supremacy in the apple industry of the East will be won or lost, not on the respective advantages of the two regions in matters of production, but on their initiative in matters of packing and marketing. We have heard much of the benefits of organization in the West, now we may observe them close at hand. The marked success of the co-operative central packing house movement in W^estern New York has a most important bearing on the future of the apple industry in this region. The Western New York Baldwin, standardized in pack and advertised in brand, is bound to outsell our unstand- ardizcd and unadvertised York. Western New York has demonstrated beyond a shadow of doubt that in centers of close planting and considerable production the most practical method of securing a standardized pack is through the co- operative packing house; and the selling agencv that handle the output of these thirty or more houses has demonstrated that this pack will command a premium. Western New York fruit growers are conservative. Rare- ly do we see them chasing after horticultural will-o'-the-wisps. They have kept a pretty even keel for more than half a cen- tury of profitable apple growing. They entered into this phase of co-operation with many misgivings, arising from previous failures, but it has proved its worth. At last we seem to have found a method of co-operation that is workable in the East. It is based on the principle, which eastern growers have too long overlooked, that a product must be standardized before It can be merchandised. There can be no successful co-oper- ative selling until the organization is able to guarantee the integrity of the commodity. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to do this when the fruit comes from many un- supervised private packing houses. This is the rock on which a number of promising co-operative enterprises in this Valley have split. I think it is safe to sav that within ten years the affiliated central packing houses of Western New York will control more than 50% of Western New York apples and will put on a program of advertising and exploitation such as has not been seen in the apple industry this side of the Mississippi. Will the Cumberland-Shenandoah growers be able to meet this competition? Not if the present policy of extreme individualism is continued. We may as well admit that no wholesale apple region in the country is more completely un- prepared to meet organized competition than our own. We have a few good co-operative packing houses and there have been a number of feeble gropings in the direction of co-operative marketing, but for the most part the apples of the Cumber- 112 .'.£31 ^^^m/mf—w ^ w i ■ f .- ' ■' ■ ,4 >t7_ • • < ^^^^^H ^^^H ^^^^^BH3^iSSBL^^^^^^I 0 ■ t •' v. P,' .'• H i \ • C/3 1 fl * * Si 2 ! CO i 2 wBH " ■ •• . 0 S ^^ 4 • H .^Miliifl^^l ^X^ ^ ^^^^^^^ r ^ / < ^^^ / • L— -^ / s ^ * :^^. / ' • " W •/: C^ ■^ . I * ''>"f ,-. L« fi r 1 - 1, V * * "«. < ^ • # ■■> ''- *-^'' r ^^^^^^^^f ♦ r ^^- f ■ ■ ' "^. ^* r* ■ij H! ' V. s k .. v:v ^^^ . /- ; u m « 5 ,\ % X V u 0 ^ • 1. f l' > >: ; • r. ' 2 V ,' 1 V ft » 4 2 2 . • • ♦.' \ "• J 1 ^S-r-^- < '< •• « 1 • • 1 • • • 0 QQ land-Shenandoah Region are packed and sold by the man who grew them. More apples are packed in the orchard than in the packing house. There are only fifteen packing houses in Adams County, fourteen in Franklin County, and six in Cum- berland County and scarcely half of these are worthy of the name. In these Pennsylvania counties, with a combined plant- ing of over 1,000,000 trees, less than 5% of the fruit in handled by co-operative organizations. Some of it is still sold by that most unsatisfactory of all methods — "on the trees." A major- ity of the growers are uncertain as to how their crops will be handled until the harvest is about to begin. A large num- ber still sell their fruit "orchard run," not packed under com- mercial grades. Greater progress has been made in the Vir- ginia and West Virginia counties, where the plantings are somewhat older than in Pennsylvania, but even there the co- operative spirit is pitifully weak. This is the home of the York Imperial apple, yet we have no general agreement on grades for that variety, no program of publicity to increase its consumption, no means of securing effective distribution. The York Imperial apple grower of Frederick County competes in the open market with the York Imperial apple grofwer of Adams Couny as well as with the Baldwin apple grower of New York. We are bound by a per- nicious individualism which blinds us to our own interests. It is time for a change. The fact that most of our growers have been able to do pretty well in the free and easy past will not help them in the more strenuous future. Our prox- imity to the large markets will not save us from elimination if we cannot produce apples that may be as readily merchandised as Jonathan apples from Wenatchee or — to look forward a little — ^Baldwin apples from Western New York. We have a commodity that is (worth the effort it will take to put it on a merchandising basis. Properly handled, the Cumberland- Shenandoah York can compete successfully with the Western New York Baldwin in any market, nor are we afraid to match our other great variety, the Stayman, against the best Deli- cious that ever came out of Wenatchee, provided we are able to guarantee our pack as they do theirs. We need other facilities besides packing houses. Who will estimate our loss during the past ten years from unade- quate cold storage space at the point of production? We need more canneries and other by-product plants. Franklin Coun- ty, the second county in Pennsylvania in apple production, is practically without a local outlet for low grade fruit ; it must be shipped out of the County. We need, above all else, a new spirit in our growers, a sober recognition that times have changed and that we must change our methods to meet them. The every-man-for-himself policy has come to the end of its 113 i C/5 z 2 z < 03 land-Shcnandoah Rcpon are packed and sold by the man who grew them. More a]>i)les are packed in the orchard than in the i)acking- house. There are only fifteen ])acking houses in Adams County, fourteen in Franklin County, and six in Cum- berland County and scarcely half of these are worthy of the name. In these Pennsylvania counties, with a combined i)lant- int;- (>f over 1 .CXX).000 trees, less than 5<^ of the fruit in handled by co-operative organizations, ."^ome of it is still sold by that most unsatisfactory of all methods — "on the trees." A major- ity of the growers are uncertain as to how their crops will l)e hanrlled until the harvest is about to begin. A large num- ber still sell their fruit "orchard run," not ])acke(l under com- mercial grades. Greater j progress has been made in the Vir- ginia and \\ est X'irginia counties, where the ]>lantings are somewhat older than in P^ennsylvania, but even there the co- operative spirit is ]>itifully weak. This is the home of the ^'ork Im])erial a]»]>k. yet we have no general agreement on grades for that variety, no jtrogram of ]>ublicit\ to increase its consumption, no means of securing eftecti\e distribution. I'he York Imperial apple grower of Frederick County comjietes in the o])en market with the York Im])erial ap])le grower of Adams Couny as v.ell as with the Baldwin a]i])le grower of Xew ^'ork. We are bound bv a ]kt- iiicious individualism which blinds us to our own interests. It is time for a change. The fact that most of our grcnvers have been able to do ])retty well in the free and easv i>ast will not hel]) them in the more strenuous future. Our prox- imity to the large markets will not save us from elimination if \ve cannot produce ai)]>les that may be as readily merchandised as Jonathan a])])les from W'enatchee or — to look forward a bttle — F>aldwin a])|)les from Western Xew York. We have a commodity that is iworth the effort it will take to ])ut it on a merchandising b.iete successfully with the Western Xew X f»rk Faldwin in any market, nor are we afraid to match our other great variety, the .'^tayman, against the best Deli- cious tliat ever came out of W'enatchee. provided we are able to guarantee our pack as they do theirs. We need other facilities besides ]>acking houses. Who will estimate our loss during the past ten years from unade- quate cold storage spnce at the ]»oint of ])roduction? We need more canneries and otlier l)y-'j>roduct plants. Franklin C'oun- ty. the second count)' in Fennsyhania in ap])1e i>ro> Mr. Houser: I fertilize mostly from the top. Celery feeds from the top. Member: Do you use any commercial fertilizer^ Mr. Houser: When I have manure I use manure and nitrate of soda, and sometimes potash. Member: Do you do any spraying? Mr Houser: I never do any spraying. I did one year, and that year I did not have good results. Member: Does your celery grow true to type^ Mr. Houser: It does, that is, the Houser celery l speak of. Mr. bmith : Is that true each year ? Is it better or worse ? Mr. Houser: It is about the same each year. It is very hard to keep anything up to standard. You must take the finest types each year to grow seed from it, or it will go back Member: About what class of celery would you class yours with? Mr Houser: It is a green variety. I sell the green cel- ery, and 1 have plenty of people iwho want it green. Many physicians have come and asked me for the green celery They claim It IS better, that the taste is better when green than when bleached. Member: Was it a pretty good size this year, the celery crop 1 mean? ' -^ Mr. Houser: Fine, I had a dandy crop. Member: How close do you put your rows? Mr. Houser: Three feet, and the celery eight or ten inches apart. ^ Member: Do you have any trouble with blight? Mr. Houser: This year I had no blight at all. I attri- bute that to the use of nitrate of soda. "OVERHEAD IRRIGATION" By Hochberg Verona, Pittsburgh, Pa. I was asked to give my personal opinion of irrigation I will try to do that in my own way. It might be a little strange and interesting for you to know how and why I came to be here to speak on irrigation. During the summer of 1916 myself and my family took an eight-day automobile tour through parts of Pennsylvania, New York, Canada and Ohio. During my trip I saw irriga- tion many times. At the beginning of the trip in New York we decided to stop at one place and see the method or irriga- tion. It happened to be a gardener's home, and when we told him we wanted to see what we could of irrigation he was very glad to assist us. He told us all about his own ir- rigation system. He had a good crop, and there was quite 117 a difference between the irrigated and unirrigated crops which were to be seen throughout the neighborhood. After we left this district we drove on, and finally one very hot day we ar- rived in Cleveland at 4 P. M. We decided to drive out to the suburbs, as it was so very hot, and that evening drove out to what is called the Brooklyn district — quite a market gardening district. There we saw some fine crops and more irrigation. We came to a place that looked most inviting, and decided that here we would ask to look over the irrigation. We told them that we were market gardeners, and that we would like to see their place. They welcomed us, and we asked if we might stay for the night. They said we could stay if we would take what they had to offer. We stayed, and what we got was far better that iwe received at any hotel. The next morning we looked over their irrigation and their neighbors', and they surely had some fine crops. The source of water supply was a pond fed by small springs and small creeks. They pumped their water directly in a line, which is quite a disadvantage in some regards. After a pleas- ant stay we left that place about 10:30 A.M. for Youngstown, intending to visit other irrigation systems, but when we found that we were only sixty miles from Pittsburgh we started for home, well pleased with our trip. I can now lead up to my subject. After this trip I de- cided I needed irrigation, so I at once wrote to various firms about irrigation equipment, and in a few days got an answer from one of them asking about the water supply, lay of the land, etc. I replied that I did not have water, and gave the plan and lay of the land. In a few days I got a letter that under the circumstances the best thing would be to drill a well and have a reservoir. I immediately sent for the fittings, and made the reservoir. I next had the well drilled, all in about thirty day's time. By this time I had the pipe and fit- tings on hand and the reservoir completed. We then dug the ditches, laid the main line, and completed it and tested it out. When installing this system it ,will not be necessary to em- ploy a plumber. There is no trick about it. Anybody at all can put up an irrigation system. As to the cost, the total cost of equipment for five and one-half acres for irrigation, not including my own and man's time was $1,611.90 At the pres- ent time, however, it would cost about double that. The most important thing about irrigation is plenty of water, and I believe most of us do not realize the importance of water anyway. Do you know that vegetable plants are composed of about 90 per cent water? Drought is one of the worst evils with which the market gardener has to contend. With irrigation this is removed. Irrigation is also of advan- tage in transplanting plants. My own experience is that the dryer the year the more money I make. Of course, when we 118 .: do not have dry seasons, my neighbors laugh at me, and ask me how about my irrigation now, but even at that I manage to get my stock to market at times when they are suffering from dry weather. When others are grumbling of drought, I simply set my irrigation system to working and let it go at that. With irrigation you can grow from two to three crops per year without losing a day's time. $1,000 to $2,000 per acre can be made on crops that have been irrigated. Last year I raised $60,000 worth of celery, and we planted it all dry. We planted it without extra help, because we could plant vt any time regardless of the weather. Now as to the amount of water to use in transplanting plants and small seeds, es- pecially on clay land. I would say that I like to water morn- ing and evening for two or three days, as it seems to dve better results, but after the plants get well started a good soaking once a week is better than light watering every day. I always water morning and evening rather than in the heat of the day With irrigation you can grow large crops of high grade goods, and get them to the market at the right time. Irriga- tion is crop insurance, I should say, and it has surely proven so to me. In conclusion I will say tHat the most money I ever made in one day was the day I decided to install my irri- gation plant. You will understand that I have just touched the "high spots." If you have any question I will be glad to answer them. Mr. Thomas Biddle, of Bustleton, Pa., was next called to follow up Mr. Hockberg's talk — When going into the irrigation system the first thing is to study your land. Find out whether you have the right elevation, or right water pressure, and from what source you are to get it, and then lay your plans. Lay off the ground, and find out the quantity of pipe you will need. Different measurements of pipe are needed for different lays of ground. They must all be figured out before you attempt to arrange a system. We are very fortunate in this. We have a city water main running directly past our place, with a pressure of about fifty pounds, sometimes seventv pounds pressure. We have approximately fifteen acres under irrigation. Our water bill is the minimum of $290 a year. I doubt if we have this last five or six years used half of the amount of water allowed us. We do not use our system constantly. The first year or two that we had the system we irrigated too much, and we found that the best results were obtained from an ir- rigation system if you can forget you have it, and then remem- ber It only on days that it is absolutely necessary, when drought comes. We do not constantly sprinkle, and we recom- mend against it. I am speaking of heavier root crops such as 119 beet crops, celery, etc. As long as your plants are growing all right, keep right on forgetting that you have an irrigation system. Another great benefit from irrigation in the fall of the year about the 12th of October or so, a killing frost may come on you, and if you can melt that frost before the sun gets on it in the morning, your chances of saving your crop are good, because it is not the frost but the sun on the frost in the morn- ing that causes trouble, and irrigation will knock that off. Of course, you run chances of burning off some. e Irrigation has its drawbacks too. Many years it will not be best or necessary to irrigate, but sometime you will strike a day when it will make good. It is really an insurance of the crop, but many men have spoiled a good crop by the over use of the irrigation system. Now if you will ask questions, it will be best, as I can possibly give you better advice in that way. Member: Is there any more danger of blight under irri- gation? Mr. Biddle: We have as much blight as anybody, but that is our own fault. It got in the ground, and now it is u]) to us to get it out. The chances of blight are no greater under irrigation than with any other system, but if you misuse irrigation your chances of compulsory spraying are greater. The blight of celery only spreads by moisture and water, but your chances of blight are not any stronger under irrigation than without. The chances of spraying are though. Member: What do you mean by the misuse of irrigation? Mr. Biddle: I might specifv, bv continually using irri- gation and not spraying at all. If vou want good celery you must keep the sprayer going. Member: What do you use, spray or dust? Mr. Biddle: Spraying. I like the homemade best. I went back to bluestone and lime, and there I am going to stay Member: W^hat pressure do you have? Mr. Biddle: Fifty to seventv-five pounds, varving with the drain of the system from other people in the locality Member: How do you set a field of lettuce in dry sum- mertime and not cake the ground? Answer: In my case we find that lettuce requires very little moisture to germinate it. We miss once in a while, but very seldom without having lettuce up in five days. Member: Can you do that without caking the ground? Answer: Yes, of course, it lies a good bit in the nature of the ground. i;ffi ^'■v^"''**'^ ^ '^^"t ^ight here to change the subject a little. Ihere are numbers on this program that I would not miss for two dollars. Our dues are two dollars. We have 120 .. membership cards and will distribute them at this time, and everyone who pays and joins us will get a button. Now do let us put this association across in Pennsylvania. Let us pay for this thing and stick to it. Nobody gets any money out of it, and It is worth more to you than the two dollars. Surely you know it is worth two dollars for the information you get. We want to make a record for starting these meetings promptly and ending them promptly, and also we want to make a record for membership. We will now go on with the program, and please note that we are running on schedule time this year. We want to do that every year hereafter. I want to introduce Mr. Sheldon Funk of Boyertown, Pa. You all know of his father, now we will hear from the son. PERSONAL MARKETS By Sheldon Funk, Boyertown, Pa. If the Chairman will permit, I would like to change my subject a bit. It was to have been "Roadside Markets." Mr. Smith wrote me sometime in the summer relative to saying a few words before this meeting, and I replied that I would be here, and I did not hear from him until just a few days before tne meeting, and I was a little bit surprised to read that I was on the program to speak on "Roadside Markets." I do not want to speak on that subject for the reason that I do not do any roadside marketing:, and I want to talk on something that 1 am more familiar with. I believe there is a splendid opportunity for roadside mar- kets, and I intend to develop that end of i't in mv own work withm the next year or two, because I feel that I am going to have a lot of peaches that can be handled better in the orchard and I want to try to bring that end of it out before lon^r. I find that with little trouble we can get automobiles to come and take it from the orchard. But we have practiced market- ing direct to the retailer, and that is what I want to take up this atternoon. I know something about that subject. I believe that the most satisfactorv wav of handling vejre- tables where it can be done. Pennsvlvania is the best place in the United States to market direct to retailer, because we have more and better retail markets in Pennsvlvania than anv place in the LTmted States. Any person fam'iliar with condi- tions knows this. Then, again. Pennsylvania has one-tenth ot all the people living in towns and cities in the United States We might say that one-fourth of all the people in the United Mates live m Pennsylvania or in states that surround it. Again rennsylvania has far more towns ranging from 2,500 to 10000 m population than any state in the Union, and that is one 121 I ■ great big reason why we have Ipcc c,,^^^. -.i. associations because wphlf ""^'^ "^'^^ co-operative the retailer But a number nf fh "larketmg direct to First ^f ,11 """"'^'^ °f tnings are necessary. i*irst of all, we must study the markptc T i, r ■n my own experience there is a lot of^Hifff ! ^"""'^ kets. I can eive one ..X.^'i n ° • ''''^^'^^n" m the mar- caster is theli^LTt pSed m "maX?- V"' ""''^r.^' ^a"- vania, while, on the o^her hand th^^'t T^^f^'" Pcnnsyl- priced retail market and stfnl; S"^ °^ ^°'''' *" ^he lowest miles from the first named c^' R°"^^ seventeen or eighteen table market. I haverund out.lfth "!u' "°V" ^""-^ ^^?«- The closer to Philadelnhi, *. ^^^ ^^'"^^ ^y experience, market. Th° Ts beJaS Phitd^? v ' ^^T' '' '^' ^^^^^^ble for Jersey vegetables In R ''h ^^'^ " '^^ ^"""Ping ground well. • ''"^'''"- ^"Reading you must study your crops £.trnk: 'Tolfst^s-'lTh'^d-^"^'""^ ^^^^^ or deliver to them '^ ''"■^'^* *° g'"een grocers. Member: Not to the retail trade' sumer ' ■ """' ^^^ ''" ^"^d celling direct to the con- gion.''Yo^u"ha;e too'rnv'dlliLlf ^7 '^"'? °" « ^-'^ -'■- You have as much trouble set '''^P?^'»'°"^ *« deal with, consumer as a car to a retail! A^ f f °' ''"'''*=' *° "^e Member: Have you fverstonr' '* *tr'' *°° '""'^'' """e. Mr F.,nV. V L ^ '" P"''''e market? too e^r^y.'^Tn'kea^dtng'tt mSet'?^ '*• ^r "^^^^ *° ^^' "P in the morning. Many LonL fi T".' ^* ^°"'' °'" ^^'^ °'^'°ck profitable, howfver I have nethbn '^^'e^y-^atisfactory and Member- Outs de nf ""'l'?''"^^ ^I^" "^ake a success of it. satisfactory? ""^ °^ 8:ett,ng up early did you find it that te'^brit seem7t;";iv;° r;t:irTV'^''^"T- ^'-^ can handle as large a auantitv\7' ! ,'^° "°' *hink they more time to handle ?he sal- ' " - ' '"*^'"'y ^^"^^^ to the consumer thin,?, f" ^'""""t- The closer you eet from him you are the les's \Zl 'l "11 '="1^^^ '^^ ''^'"^^^ "w^ay Member- D^n't ^'V'"'^ '' "'" *ake to sell goods. ^ Mr. Frnk- ^h most " ''""?''' ''" '^"^""^ -*-'-^? grow good crops, The bTs t ^o'ran^l" *''"?V^^ ^ ^« ''' - '« that it is not difficidt to sell somftr' ' ^'I' "'^'^y^ ^0""^ hard to sell something that sZ^"?^ u^°?^- l*"* '* ^^ very mental point in the « hole busin° s' • \u^'"^ '^'" '^^ ^""da- article. The next thing mdth" '\'u' ?''°^'*"^ °f a good mg, and the one that is most difficult in 122 I my work, is grading and packing. As long as I can superin- tend the grading myself, I very seldom have any trouble, but as soon as I let someone else at it the trouble begins. My own experience shows me that unless you work at this busi- ness with the other fellows, you are not going to get far. I know what the people want, and as long as I give what they want, I have no trouble, but if I allow someone else to pack without my supervision, there is almost sure to be trouble. Also, unless we grade carefully we have trouble. I like to pack everything so that it reaches the retailer in the best of condition. I also have found that it pays to grow a rather large list of vegetables, that is, grow something throughout the season — not the same vegetables, but so you have something to ship to the retailer all the time, or as nearly all the time as possible to do so. Another thing that is very important is to have the confidence of the men you are dealing with. That I believe can not be urged too strongly. I very seldom call up for an order. Frequently I won't hear from the dealer for two or three months, except when I go to collect bills. Of course, if I have some corn or toma- toes, or something that is coming, I call up, or get to see them, and tell them that I am expecting so much at such a time. "All right, when it comes in, let us have it" is invariably my reply. If I have three hundred dozen sweet corn I divide it between the different dealers, and ship it to them, and put the price on it, and the next day I do the same thing, and send It the next day, and I keep on shipping throughout the season. I usually see them once or twice a week in shipping season, or not so often when I am not in a shipping season that is very busy. They must have confidence in me, or they would not let me ship what I have and put a price on it, but they know that I am not going to let them stick. I always make it right. I do not want to see any of those men lose a dollar that I could prevent, and for that reason instead of calling me up if I am charging them $1.25 a basket for tomatoes, when they are only selhng for 75 cents, and telling me to stop shipping, they know I will make it all right, and they allow me to go on ship- pmg. If I find that I have too much over, or things are not movmg as they should, I call on them, or if they get too much, they will call me up, and tell me to stop, and then I sell to commission men if it is worth while. If you sell to commis- sion men you may get a good price, and you may not. -A ^^c^ ^^^^^ ^^° ^°" ^"^^ ^^^^ cabbage sold all summer at r»0 to /5 cents a berrel. No monev can be made at that. Maybe Jersey men can do it, but we can not. Cabbage is worth $2 a barrel to me, or it is not worth anvthing. I did not sell a barrel of cabbage under $2. At 50 cents I would have lost money, but at $2 I came out all right. 123 to ^et them inVvery week or t'wo*"f u^^' '' '^"""^"ed I try tTJT '° P^y «sh, other want tT ^'''^ ""'^ ^roublT both kmds of men, the ones wh^ " ^^ "''"ed on. I like It My experience is th^t fj,^ ^ ^^^ willmp- to nav fnr Jav7: '°hV"P ""•"■" ehe'^aT S'f""^ ^° Pf> forlfand pays cash kicks if he think.; th;^- course, the fellow who -Jo does not pay cash i "wfc: t^ )''\'"'' ^^e l^elLw Mr.trnk."nf^'-fi^ prices? - n-" "■' - -- - -^^r- St- 4x;re Member* Rir never lose anythi^ngf" ""'^"'^ ^1° ^ understand that you Mr. Funk- c^ .• year I don. b;,ie^:T:XLL'ry?H?"'^ --•"^'"^' '"^ "^'« Member: Are you th. ^ ,^">^^^^"§^-it is never much this way? >°" ^he only one in Reading shipping'in Mr. Funk: Tn p. , . Mr F k T —ri-iis in not market as I da'Tn'tad- *'%' '^ "° ^'^^ ^^at you can hundred or two hundred R "^"^ ^ ""^ °ne of about one good vegetable market T."^' ^^ ^ have said is nn^ r can get a higher So/ruit'^l^noT*:,^'- '^"^ ■" "here' nhL t/ V^J P"" from the man wh J"" """^-^ "n always PhiaM;t:k"fd ^ "'^" "" -ke T--,^" - PhiladT who does'nTgVto Ph?l f f 1^. -""^h ^oney aT .-IP^''^'^'^'- |n, ground forTerrey'^af ^h'r;r3airSr^'^'''^ '^^^ ^"p" prices in our sertinr. ,. ^**^ before anH if ^ff ^ * ui section very much ^ '^ effects the MrKr-."r:h'°^°-Hip? ^'fe'atde7\"^^^"'°'-"ktbua7an:r^'''" "^ t-"ev me^s' em wiinnl^r- ^'^^ ^ave" h,ee frtigCVn""^-" '^'^'^f'' haul ,t hon e T^v, '° P' ^^^e produce at the f ^''^T' ^"^ ^^e know they will not be "stung," because if the price is too high, we make it all right. Member: Do you make any difference in the kind of pro- duce sent to the man who pays cash? Mr. Funk: You will find that in different sections the price will vary in the same city. That is bound to happen. In some parts they pay well for the best, and in others they pay a little less and are willing to accept produce that is not quite as fine. The fellow who pays the price gets the best fruits and vegetables, and there are always some who want the best. Member: To the man who takes a large quantity do you make a special price? Mr. Funk : Yes, I do. Member: Do you not think that is a detriment in the same town — the variation of price? Mr. Funk: No, when a man buys more, the price is less. If a man will agree to take so much, I make a little difference. In this way if I am glutted up they will strain a point to help me out. Some of them pass it on to other people, and they pass it on in that way to two or three more, and help me out. We help each other out. You must give these things your personal attention, and if your business gets too big in the retail trade you can not give It your personal attention. In a business from ten to twenty thousand dollars a year you can handle it personally. Member: Do you grade vegetables the same as fruit? Mr. Funk: That is as hard as anything we do. Member: I suppose the retailer does some grading too? Mr. Funk: One thing I would like to mention here. I do not believe in "knocking" the retailer, as a lot of men seem to delight in doing the last few years. You hear of the retail- er getting rich. Some of them may be, but the majority are not rich and are not getting rich. I am well acquainted with a lot of them, and they are not making verv much. At one of the best^ stores in Reading the owmer told me his profits were not $50 a week. He states that he can go to work in a nearby mill and make more than he can in his store, and I believe him. Think of that, and you will understand that they arc not all growing rich. Mr. Smith: We are all glad to have these views on mar- keting, and they are certainlv helpful to us. After we have had a few words from Mr. Byers of the State Chamber of Com- merce concerning the reduced railroad tickets for return home we will hear from Mr. W. B. Nissley of State College on "The Results of a Better Seed Campaign." 125 REPORT OF A BETTER SEED CAMPAIGN FOR 1921 The major activities of the year were centered on demon- strating the value of and locating better seed for the vegetable grower. There is no other factor entering into economic pro- duction that is as important and profitable to the grower con- sidering labor and money expended as the use of well selected and well bred seed. As a result of similar demonstrations last year there was bought this year by growers about six hundred (600) pounds of the best cabbage seed that could be secured which planted about two thousand acres. This may not seem unusual but W' hen we take into consideration the fact that the growing con- ditions this year were poor it was demonstrated that the recom- mended source of seed produced a fair crop when prices were high and poor seed in many cases did not head at all or pro- duced a small yield of poor quality. Cabbage: During the past season six (6) demonstrations were conducted in as many counties using ten (10) sources of Copenhagen Market Cabbage Seed. The following tabulation shows the difference between the best and poorest sources of seed: June June July July July July July 25 31 8 12 15 22 26 Total Best Poorest 57c cut 35% AO'/c 20^ /( 100% 20% : 2% : 10% : 50%^ rest not 82% marketed At market price the best source of seed was over one hundred per cent (100%) more profitable than the poorest source. Al- though the latter produced more wieght. Copenhagen Market June July July July July July July : 24 : 1 : 5 : 8 : 12 : 19 : 26 • 4 : : ! : heads: Total 21 Early Jersey Wakefield 1 13 6 0 Total 48 out of 50 6 13 : 11 9 A comparison was made between Copenhagen Market and Early Jersey Wakefield using five (5) sources of each. The followmg tabulation shows the relative carliness between the best source of each. Most growers claim that Early Jersev Wakefield is earlier than Copenhagen Market but our work shows that there is an early and a later strain of this variety and if the earlv strain is used there is no noticeable diflFerence. Twelve (12) demonstrations of Danish Railhead Cabbage were conducted m as many counties and the outstanding 126 ^* ' source was again the same as last year. One source of seed was worthless as it did not germinate ten per cent (10%). In some of the counties the yields ranged from nothing to 21.9 tons per acre. This average indicates a money value of from nothing to $650 per acre. Tomatoes: In tomato w^ork nine (9) sources of early varieties were compared and two (2) sources of main crop varieties. Included in these was one (1) selection of Earliana put out by the Pennsylvania State College which outyielded the nearest competitor by one-third. The appearance and percentage of firsts over culls was also noticeable. Two (2) main crop varieties originating also at The Pennsylvania State College showed wonderful possibilities and will be used state- wide next year. Member: Would it be of anv benefit to treat spinach seed for blight? Dr. Dixon : The thing to do is to plant resistant varieties. Mr. Nissley: What we are trying to do is to locate for the vegetable growers of the state the best sources of seed. When you look through catalogs many are at a loss to know which are the best. We have found that the man who had the finest early Copenhagen seed had the very poorest of some other varieties. There we have the same vegetable (cabbage) and two different varieties, one good, one very poor, so we can not say that anyone is best for all seed. We have not arrived at definite conclusions. With due respect to our seedsmen I will say that they are doing the best they know^ how. The best advice we can give with any seed is to urge you always to get the best that can be obtained. Mr. Smith called for the adjournment of the meeting promptly at 4 :30 P. ;M. LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS By C. W. Waid, Columbus, Ohio There has been a tendency among- the vegetable growers of many of the states to believe that by forming a good strong State Association they might be able to solve many of the problems with which vegetable growers are confronted. I do not wish for a minute to throw any cold water on state or- ganization movement. However, it is my juderment that we have been too much inclined in the past to build from the top down. The few^ state associations which have been formed have no doubt been of value to the membership. However. I think they might have been of still greater value had they been built upon a more substantial foundation. 127 The success or failure of any large organization depends upon the character of the material with which it is built. If it can be builded on a large percentage of representative men, it will be much more substantial than if there are only a few who are a part of this organization. It has proven to be prac- tically impossible to secure and maintain a large number of members in a state organization through individual member- ships. Efforts have been made at various times to work out some plan whereby local associations of vegetable growers could be federated with the state association. This plan has merit but its weakness seems to be that the local associations either do not feel the need of the central association or that the number of them is not sufficient within the state. The ideal plan for strong efficient organization would be to have each community thoroughly and effectively organized and these com- munities federate into a state organization and the state or- ganizations into a National. In view of the fact that we have not been entirely suc- cessful in trying to build up a strong National Association and a few strong state associations, it would seem to me that the time has come for us to build on a somewhat different basis with the hope of greater success. There are a sufficient num- ber of local problems in every community where there are quite a large number of vegetable growers to warrant the formation of a local association made up of these men. A local association usually appeals to a group of vegetable grow- ers for the reason that they can see their own problems and can see the result of the work of their association and do not need to blame anyone else but themselves if their association does not function properly. In other words, it is much easier to organize a group of men for the purpose of encouraging them to work together locally than it is to trv to p-et them to become a part of a larger movement the activities of which are very largely out of their sight and over which they apparently have little control. However, when ever the question of the formation of a local association is raised there is one answer which should always be apparent, that is, that there is a need for such an organization and that the growers realize that need. There is no use organizing a group of men for the simple rea- son of having them oreranized. The need will, of course, vary in different communities and there are few communities but what have some problems to be met. The chief difficulty is to get the growers to realize that thev have problems and that these problems can be solved through an organization. The different problems to be met will call for different types of organization. In some sections the growers will want to organize for the purpose of selling their products or for buying supplies, in others, the chief advantage of organization 128 1^ will be along educational lines and in still others, the social features will appeal to the men most. All of these types of work may be needed in a given community but the social and educational are needed in nearly every community. Type of Organization The organizations should be made up in such a way that any services which may be needed can be done through the or- ganization If the members plan to sell their products col- lectively, they will usually find it to their advantage to form a corporation If they incorporate they should be governed by the laws of the State having to do with such organizations. in Ohio, for example, a law was passed several years ago set- tmg up the frame-work for a co-operative producers associa- tion. One of the outstanding features of this law was to per- mit the limiting of the liability of the membership. On the other hand, no adequate provision was made for protection against prosecution under the Anti-Trust Law. Quite recently the Legislature passed a supplementary law which is supposed to protect the producers against prosecution. Through the ettort of the Attorney representing the Ohio Farm Bureau l^ederation, it has been made possible to combine these two laws and to give to each corporation the benefits of both laws Jn other states, no doubt, somewhat similar laws are in effect* ^W.rv: ^°^P^[,^^»«"'^^^'hile primarily a business organization which can sell and buy, sue and be sued, at the same time can be so constituted that the educational needs of the member- ship can be taken care of through this same organization. In fact, there is nothing to prevent social activities in such an or- ganization. As a general practice, however, it is more common to have the educational and social activities carried on inde- pendent of the selling work. Duplication Should Be Avoided There is no excuse for the formation of a local associa- tion of any kind where the necessary work is being done in a satisfactorvr|>Pnner.bv an existingorganization. In fact it is sometimes much better to have an organization which is in ex- zat^ion^ ''" "'"'''^ ^^""^^ ''^^^^'" ^^^" ^"^ ''^^''^^ ^ "^"^ °^^^"^" Uniform Plan All locals should be organized on a flexible uniform plan to permit them to unite and form a central organization if such an organization is desired. The central organization m.y be statc-widc ,n its scope or even inter-state-wide, or it mav include only one section of a state. This is particularly important where there is buying of supplies or selling of pro- 129 ducts to be done. By increasing the volume of business, the per unit cost can be proportionately reduced. City Markets There is probably no more outstanding problem before the vegetable growers of this country than the one which has to do with the selling of the vegetables in nearby cities. It has been customary in a very large percentage of the cities of large size to establish city markets. These have been of a somewhat variable type but in most cases there has been an arrangement whereby each grower was permitted to sell his own products from a stall for which he paid rent. This plan has been fairly satisfactory in some instances. How- ever, the tendency is for the city authorities, especially when the city is run by politicians, to make changes more or less frequently without consulting the growers and sometimes without very much effort apparently to take the growers in- terest into consideration. This tendency on the part of the city officials to be independent has caused friction in many cases. Then too, the growers are gradually coming to real- ize that this method of marketing is altogether too expensive. They are also beginning to appreciate the fact that no other group of business men ever attempt to do business under as adverse (Conditions as vegetable growers try to sell their products on the city streets. Of course, when the weather is good it is not so unpleasant but there is a great amount of bad weather to be encountered and in most cases the grower must leave home at an early hour and be deprived of an ade- quate amount of sleep and for a portion of the day-time is kept away from his work at home. It is difficult to estimate the loss which is sustained by many growers because of their absence from home at certain hours. If this loss was added to the actual cost of marketing, most growers would appre- ciate the fact even more than they do that street marketing is an expensive method of marketing. No doubt it will be a long time before we get away en- tirely, if we ever do, from this street or stall market. How- ever, the large growers in many sections and in many cases the smaller ones too, are turning over in their minds the idea that sooner or later they will be buying or leasing a market site constructing their own building and hiring their own selling force. This plan is being worked in one or two places in this country at the present time and T am of the opinion that in the next ten years a great many cities will have mar- kets owned or leased by the growers and operated by them collectively. The fact that the growers have been so accus- tomed to working independently will have a tendencv to re- tard the progress of this movement. On the other hand, every 1^ organization or group of men which makes a success of col- lective selling will encourage others to try to do like-wise. To summarize the entire situation briefly and to empha- size the outstanding features may we say that the greatest need today is for the formation of local organizations built along the line or lines of local needs ; that these organizations be so made up that federation of many of them will be easily accomplished. When the time comes that every community of vegetable growers is properly organized and those which can profitably do so are federated, we will find that state and national associations of vegetable growers can be organized and maintained on an efficient, representative basis and that they will become a power, not only for the good of the vege- table interests of the country but for all classes of people as well. *^ ^ COVER CROPS By C. M. Smith, Lewistown, Pa. I cannot understand why the Program Committee should elect one of the largest gardners of New Jersey, and one of the smallest gardeners of Pennsylvania to talk on the same subjects. In comparing the amount of ground he has to mine, and the time of one hour alloted to us for discussions they should give him 58 minutes time and myself two min- utes time for discussing the topic of cover crop. After hear- ing Mr. Minch talk cover crops and myself called to talk on the same subject, reminds me of a story of an Irishman that got a job as Brakeman on a Pennsylvania passenger train. Ihe conductor explained that his duties would be to help call out the names of the stations. The conductor says that he would call out the name of the station in the forepart of the train, and that Pat was to call out the same at the rear of "if V^-n ^^^\^I ^^^'^^"^ Harrisburg their first station was Kockville. After the conductor called out "Rockville" on the forepart of the train Pat went to the rear and said "The same at this end." After hearing Mr. Minch I will say that It will be the same at this end. It will take me only a few minutes to tell vou all I know about cover crops. I will endeavor to tell vou how I was compelled to resort to cover crops for mv sole' source for organic matter for my garden. Situated as I am in the central part of the state on op of a very high hill I get the climate of our northern counties of the state. Its about ten years since manure from the town has been available. My next resort for manure was to put sufficient stock on my ten acres to produce enough manure for my 131 garden. In order to grow roughage for my stock I resorted to the following cover crops: rye, vetch, alfalfa and sweet corn. I was not able to grow sufficient roughage, I was compelled to buy a great deal. I bought all of the concen- trated feed. Now this was not only expensive but it required a great deal of labor throughout the year to care for the stock. At one of the Vegetable Growers meetings held at the Board of Trade Building in this city, there was a statement made by one present that he heard of a Gardener up in the state of Massachusetts who had not used any stable manure for the past fifteen years. He kept up his soil fertility with cover-crops. This was a new thought for me. I wondered why I could not do the same. Now it was very easy to get along without the cows on the place, but how about the horses? As there had been no tractor on the market for the small gardener, I heard in attending a Farmers' meeting at State College, Dean R. L. Watts had as his topic "Power for the gardener," and he said that he was optomistic as to whether their would be a tractor made suitable for the small gardener. And after attending different tractor demonstrations throughout the state, there was none shown suitable for the small fellow. In conversation with a tractor agent I told him of the fact. He said, "He knew of a tractor that was about to be put on the market that was intended for tlie mar- ket gardener." I placed my order for one. It was the first to come to Pennsylvania of its kind. I hitched it to my two way riding plow and at the close of the first days plowing I disposed of a pair of horses. I kept one horse to cultivate in the close planted vegetables. We use beside the two way plow a Forkner Orchard harrow and also a riding cultivator. All riding horse implements and doing the work with more satisfaction and pleasure than a team of horses could do it. Question : What make of tractor have vou ? Answer: Allis Chalmers. And now in relating the fact to a general live farmer. He as much as said that I may as well commit suicide, as I would not be able to keep up the soil fertility. Now as to the cover crop used ; I tried out crimson clover, but winters are too severe, and it often freezes out. I used to use rye alone. But about eight years a^o we started to use winter vetch, with the rye. Now' there is no better cover crop than rye and vetch. But yet rye does no good sowi too early and to sow vetch alone you would have to use a disk before it could be plowed down. In company with tlic IToiti- culturist Tour of New Jersey several years' ago we stopped with E. A. Sexsmith near Asbury Park 'and he made the state- ment that he had not used any manure on his thirty-two acre 133 • » *0 i i plot for the past eight years. He said, he was using ai3 his cover crop sweet clover and the Mammoth Red, rye and vetch. Now I tried the sweet and mammoth clover on my soil and found that the sweet does the better of the two. At the present time I use sweet clover in all crops laid aside up to the 15th of August. Question: How much do you use? Answer: Ten to fifteen pound to the acre. From the fifteenth of August to the first of October I use sweet clover, rye and vetch. Question: How much per acre? Answer: 5 pound sweet clover, 15 pound of vetch and 1 bushel and a half of rye per acre. After the 1st of October I use rye and vetch alone. Ground that I wish to plant to early cabbage, and tomatoes, and potatoes, I try to plant early sweet corn the previous season, and as soon as ears are plucked for market the tractor goes in the field and turns un- der the standing fodder. The ground is then sown to sweet clover, rye and vetch, and with the addition of one half to a ton of fertilizer I am able to grow very good crops without the use of stable manure. FLOWER AND VEGETABLE COMBINATIONS ^^R THE GREEN HOUSE By S. H. Murphy, Kennet Square • k Tomatoes For several years I have used a rotation of tomatoes and chrysanthemums. Sow tomato seed about October 25th and grow the plants in a temperature of about 50 d. at night, higher of course in the daytime. With this treatment they will be ready to pot about Christmas and ready to plant in the bed about the first of February. I do not think they should be grown any faster during the long nights and dark days of midwinter as light is essential to healthy plant growth and too much heat without light will give you a weak plant. Before planting, give the beds a good coat of manure which should often be changed. Use horse manure once, then sheep manure, tankage, pig manure, etc. Work the manure into the soil, then plant tomatoes 18" x 18" apart. When plants are 15 inches high, string them with binder twine to a wire stretched over each row and about seven feet from the ground. As the plants grow, wind the string around them and remove the side shoots throwing all the strength of the plant into one stem. Remove some of the lower leaves from time to time to admit light and air. As soon as blossoms appear fertilize them everv bright, sunny day for unless the pollen comes in contact with the pistil there will be no fruit. 133 Sun and wind will do this out door, but the sun and you must do it inside. Question: Do you sterilize the soil? Answer: Yes. I did so in 1915 but not since then and am usmg the same soil. Like all hot water heated green- houses, I have no facilities for generating the amount of steam needed for this work. Since that time have tried out the plan of growmg tomatoes half the year and chrysanthemums or sweet peas the other half and by changing fertilizers for each crop, as well as treating the soil before planting each with lye or caustic soda— one pound to 400 feet of bed surface, have up to this time kept the soil free from Club Root or other soil troubles. Question: What variety do you grow^ Answer: Comet. While it is a small tomato, it is of a form and color liked by the city markets of New York and lioston where my crop is marketed. Have tried out several other varieties. In 1921 I grew some Globe but both markets did not want a purple tomato. It did not yield as many pounds for the space occupied and I shall grow the Comet in 1922 Question: How do you control the white fly? Answer : By removing from time to time the lower leaves on which the nits or eggs are deposited and with poison gas for the adult fly. Put 4 ounces of water in a tin can or any other small vessel. Add 2 ounces sulphuric acid, and to this add 1 ounce of cyanide of potassium. This makes a gas fatal to any animal or msect having lungs and will get any of the so-called sucking insects but not biting insects like worms, if used too strong will also burn the plants and it will be best to have someone familiar with it to instruct you in its use tne nrst time. Question: Where do you get your seed? in. ft"T""' .^^^'^1^ '"T ^^"^ ^''^^ ^"'^ strongest plants hav- ing the largest number of good tomatoes. I think good seed IS of the first importance as I have never grown a good crop nned T,""'^"u^'''' ^''"" ''"^ selected as I have just out^ I.ned^ I believe that tomato blight, our worst underglass trouble with this crop is to a large extent carried in the seed P ants are weakened by high temperature and rapid growth blight IS likely to result, especially when the plants ha^e a sudden chill or set back of any kind. Chrysanthemums Chrysanthemums are the crop I am using at the present time in my rotation with tomatoes. The young plants are no plTnT ThTrrt' 'f"* '7 ^^-^-^f^^'^ from^hoots of the same plant. The roots from last year's flowers will throw up new 134 i ^» growth and about February we begin to make cuttings by taking the tips of this new growth and planting them in sand and in about a month they will make roots, when they are taken from the sand and planted in soil and carried along until planting time. The plants that were rooted early will most likely grow too large before time to plant them and to avoid this they are stopped by cutting the top out of the plant (which can be rooted in sand) being careful to leave several joints or eyes below the cut and the plant will shoot or break from these eyes and these shoots make the lower stems. Time of plant- ing will depend on the variety, early or late, and when the space is available for planting. This must all be carefully considered beforehand. I prefer to plant the rows 6 inches apart and 12 inches in the row, simply because it gives a better chance to work among the plants when they are still small and allows the same space to a plant as if they were panted 8x9 inches as is usually recommended. I think it pays to grow two stems to a plant rather than one, as many recommend, as you can get two very nice flowers from one plant while single-stem plants very often run more to stem than to flower. When the plants are 10 inches high, stretch a No. 18 wire on the outside (both sides) of the bed and between each row. Put these wires about a foot from the ground, then tie strings on each side of the rows across the bed. This will form squares, through which the plants should be trained in order to hold them upright and keep the stems straight. If your plants make good growth, you will need another set of wires and strings about a foot above the first. This answers the same purpose and is much cheaper than tying each plant to a separate stake. As the plants grow, the side shoots must be removed the same as with tomatoes, and when the plant is ready to bloom it will send out a number of buds, all of which must be re- moved except one. It is to produce the flower for which you have worked for nearly a year. The Chrysanthemum has many insect enemies; one of the most presistent being the Black Aphis which can be con- trolled with the tobacco extracts or cyanide of potassium. Worms, caterpillars, and grasshoppers will have to receive hand treatment. Sweet Peas Sweet peas are a very satisfactory crop to grow under glass in rotation with tomatoes; the peas using the space 135 as possible after Easter for an early summer crop. It IS clamied that the pea vines store nitrogen in the soil qn J*"^ IT^*"' pea being a hardy plant, is grown cool 45 to temperature "?n nl' ^'^'"!.*° '"°°'" -'^<^" ** needs 'righr Sr^hlrfirsJ^nS • fb tsTo^r^'L; dTy-sl-f.^^th^ef ^ sprout when they should be taken ou? ^nh^s^nd wi h'; rut' !4 to 1/2 inch in length. At this stage there are no roots Vnn Znzs'c s ~:-.;: sr- ,« t s' r' "" F" material Vh ZT^^^ f.PP°yted by setting stakes of l"x2" Jfre^tc^araV'r pLeTth'^ s^^i" '^^ necessar^'usTa They require verv liff! i u f ^ ^"^ support the vines. About their worst insect enemy is the Grr>en AnhU TU. youn^ growth. ^ ^ ^^^'^ '^"^^ ^'^ the Will be crooked g' as tnen the stems .ess faboHly^-: u"ua^^l^;7 ""'^ '^" ^"^ VEGETABLE COMBINATIONS FOR GREENHOUSES By W. H. Weinschenk, New Castle of cr'oi fn^r gtthous:tC^'''^ *° "'f ^ --^-ation wanted' to supp^a ^""armiet ""'"'^ "' ^^^^^^"'^^ "^ su.ts'rcl'il.'atL:'^;:^,^.^-^ ^ --"- se- ditions should be selected Thr-i,*''T''"^*"'"" ^"^ ^<^"- during the dun gro^'Stio^from St^tT/airdt^ 136 . > :. ing which season there is not much sunshine. At this time it would be useless to attempt to grow crops requiring high temperatures such as cucumbers, tomatoes and New Zealand Spinach, which require 60 degrees night and 75 to 80 degrees in the day, with those requiring 45 degrees night and 60 de- grees in the day, such as lettuce, radishes, parsley, onion and most vegetable plants. When the days begin to lengthen, a radical change takes place in growing conditions. After January 15 much brighter weather prevails and it is possible to raise a combination of low temperature crops with cucumbers, tomatoes, and New Zealand Spinach, with fairly satisfactory results. However, it is better to defer planitng these combinations until the last of February. Lettuce, radishes, onions, parsley, celery, and vegetable plants can be grown together quite successfully. Onions and parsley may be planted in partially shaded and cool places in the house and still give good results. Lettuce and radishes must have full light and sunshine and a uniform temperature to develop perfectly. Vegetable plants to become strong and sturdv must also have full light and sunshine and developed with moderate heat. Eggplant and peppers are an exception requiring con- siderable heat. Plants may be grown in a relatively high temperature if it is done with a minimum amount of moisture but requires constant care and attention and is not to be rec- ommended. The fall crop of tomatoes should not be planted later than August 1st. After this date it is hc^rd to get a satisfactory development of fruit. It has been found that fruit grown be'- fore dull cloudy weather comes, is of fine qualitv and will ripen up in fine shape no matter what weather conditions are later on, while those set later are small and of inferior quality. Seed for this crop should be sown in June in a cool, well ventilated greenhouse. The growth of the plants are' best controlled in bunches with five or six inches of soil. They should be grown slowly by giving as little moisture as pos- sible. It IS not necessary to pot the plants for this crop. By frequent transplanting and giving plenty of room, strong heal- thy plants can be had by Auerust 1st which will establish them- selves readily in ground that has been previously thoroughly moistened. ' ' They are usually planted in rows three feet apart and sixteen inches in the rows. Heavy, coarse, manure mulch may be applied before planting and will serve very beneficially. Fall cucumbers may be started and planted in the same manner as tomatoes but should be started about four or five wrecks later and plants are better if potted. 137 > New Zealand Spinach may be sown in June or July, put into 2J/2 inch pots when of right size and planted in perma- nent beds in August in rows 24 inches apart and 16 inches apart in the rows. Soil should be highly fertilized. This spinach of all plants will stand more neglect with reference to ventilation, heat and lack of water than anything under cultivation. When the plants begin to spread care must be taken not to apply water directly on them which will cause serious loss from decay. The main or center stem should be carefully protected and not cut, otherwise it will lose its sym- ^flaterals^ ""^ ^'""^^^ ^""^ "^'^ ^^''^^''^ ^ superabundance New Zealand Spinach promises to become a valuable ad- dition to greenhouse crops. It will take some effort to estab- lish a demand for it until its good qualities become known. It has wonderful keeping qualities, remaining fresh for days without decaying, is always clean and attractive and very tender, especially when greenhouse grown. The dealer likes It because of its splendid keeping qualities and the house- wife because so very clean and free from grit. Parsley is probably the easiest crop to grow and will suc- ceed where conditions are such that other crops give only partial results. Old plants from the field may be used but from seed sown in June or July, potted into 21/2 inch pots and set in permanent beds in August give much better results. 1 he crop from new plants can be used earlier and will last much longer before going to seed. The spring crop of tomatoes is planted from January to April being intercropped with lettuce or radishes.' They are spaced the same as for fall crop. Care should be taken not to crowd them too much with lettuce or radishes, especially If the tomato plants are large when first set. The same treat- men may be given the spring cucumber except that it is best to plant a month later than tomatoes, unless plenty of heat can be given earlier. ^ ' Seeds for the spring crop of tomatoes should be sown .November and December in 60 degrees or more of heat. Should there be a warm place near heating pipes with full light and sunshine and large enough to accommodate plant boxes a good start may be made this way after which they may be ransplanted into a hotbed made in some convenient place in the house. W hen large enough they can be put into pots and plunged into the hotbed. Frequent shifting will need to be done giving more room at each shift. Cucumbers may be treated in the same manner and will develop into strong vigorous plants, although more heat is required to start them' For spring cucumbers it is good plan to apply about 1 bushel wood ashes to 300 square feet ground after the lettuce 138 ^> *>■• ii> ^ f> \ and radishes have been removed. Also a heavy, coarse ma- nure which is beneficial at this time. Vegetable plants can also be grown in an occupied place but must be given almost constant daily attention. The question confronting the greenhouse grower is what are the most profitable crops to grow. This undoubtedly de- pends largely on local conditions. In Western Pennsylvania thousands of tons of cucumbers, tomatoes, and lettuce are grown and with some of the larger establishments are an ex- clusive crop. It is usually those with limited areas and selling locally that depend on a combination such as mentioned and this is no doubt an advantage, avoiding the possibility of being required to ship a small surplus periodically. There is, how- ever, an advantage in growing single crops if the market will warrant it. COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES At the 1921 meeting of the State Horticultural Associa- tion an amendment to Article 2 of the By-Laws was adopted as follows : "Members of County, District or Local Horticultural So- cieties shall be granted membership in the State Horticultural Association as follows : 1. The County, Local or District Horticultural Societies shall have at least fifteen paid up members and shall hold at least one meeting a year. 2. The Secretary of the County, Local or District Society shall remit to the Secretary of the State Association^fannually one dollar for each member before January 31 of each year, which shall be their dues in the State Association for the year. 3. The Secretary of the County, Local or District So- ciety shall transmit to the Secretary of the State Association annually a list of its officers and members, together with a brief report of its work, particularly of those matters that are of general interest to the horticulturists of the state. The State Horticultural Association shall publish these reports in its Proceedings, which shall be distributed to the member- ship of the county of local societies that have complied with these provisions." This plan of affiliation has not as yet been presented to all the county societies, but three have already adopted it and others will do so within the year. Eventually we hope all the county societies may be included. It is the policy of the State Association to foster the organization of new county horticul- tural societies on this basis, and the officers of the associa- tion will be glad to assist in this work. 139 COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION ADAMS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION This Association, which has had many years of very suc- cessful service, fell into a decline during the war. It was re- organized on March 10, 1922 in affiliation with the State As- sociation. PRESIDENT C. A. Griest, Guernsey. VICE PRESIDENTS ^'f ^u°r'7°''^ Springs. H. M. Keller, Gettysburg-5 Frederick E. Griest, Flora Dale. c. A. Wolfe, Gardners' SECRETARY Edwin C. Tyson, Flora Dale. TREASURER Wm. S. Adams, Gardners. EXECUTIVE BOARD HM^KetL^r^T^l XT . W. E. Grove. York Springs. r Twoif V i^^'^"'^' ^''••^- Frederick E. Griest. Flora Dale. C. A. Wolfe, Gardners. Edwin C. Tyson, Flora Dale. Wm. b. Adams, Gardners. Legislative Committee T> TiT TTij . ^" ^' ^"^st. Chairman, Flora Dale. R. M. Eldon. Aspers. c. J. Tyson, Flora Dale. Exhibit Committee ^ „ ^ „ C A. Wolfe, Chairman, Gardners. C. E. Raffensperger, ArendtsviUe. S. C. Keller, Gettysburg No. 5. B. F. Wilson, Aspers. Program Committee TXT nr T> T>^- ^ Grove, Chairman, York Springs. W. W. Boyer, Biglerville. e. F. Str'asbaugh, Orrtanna. Membership Committee T7 n IT' c ^ M. Keller, Chairman, Gettysburg, No. 5. E. N. Hoffman. BiglerviUe. H. E. Ridd.eiost. M^"^^*^!:^:: MEMBERSHIP ROLL Adams, Wm. S ^ . « Asper, D C Gardners, Pa. Bream, Samuel U: .Aspers, Pa. Boyer W W Biglerville, Pa. Baugher, H G ArendtviUe, Pa. Baugher, Ira ... Aspers, Pa. Bittinger, C. H. V;- 'A" A'^r ^P^*"^' ^^• Benner B E R. D. 6., Hanover, Pa. Boyer, George E Virginia Mills, Pa. Bushman, S. F ' ArendtsviUe, Pa. Bream, H. J. ...'. Gettysburg, Pa. Blessing, David H ;, ' '^^pers. Pa. Bream, W A Hamsburg, Pa. * Gettysburg, Pa. 140 I* '' ^- .1 Brinton, H. C Hanover, Pa. l^ll^l^^' C- S- • Orrtanna, Pa. Baltzley, S. Luther Orrtanna, Pa. Butt, J- L^. Gettysburg, Pa. Carey, J Calvm Gettysburg, Pa. Grouse, E A^ Gettysburg, Pa. Cation W. R^ Orrtanna! Pa. Cole, James C BiglerviUe, Pa. Deardorf Anthony Gettysburg, Pa. Dock, Miss Margaret FayetteviUe, Pa. Dock, Miss Mira L FayetteviUe. Pa. Davis Wm. York Springs, Pa. Dougherty Dorsey Gettysburg, Pa. Deatrick, H. G Hunterstown, Pa. d! %?'mt ^°'^ Springs, Pa. Dill, Dr^ U. T BiglerviUe, Pa. Deardorff, Charles Orrtanna, Pa. ?i'i' T^T^s P, Aspers, Pa. Eiholtz S. Mc Biglerville, Pa. Enck, W. K BiglerviUe, Pa. Eppleman, H. C Aspers, Pa Eshelman, S. C Gettysburg— 5', Pa! Fraim, Merritt L Aspers, Pa. l?^\\ ^°^r^^^^ BiglerviUe, Pa. Fiddler, W.B Aspers, Pa. Griest, C. Arthur Guernsey, Pa. ?""!' t Y-"^ F^o^^ Dale, Pa. Griest, Frederic E piora Dale, Pa. Griest, Maurice 105 W. 163rd St., New York City Garretson, Frank Aspers, Pa. Garretson, Eh P BiglerviUe, Pa. Garretson, Robert piora Dale, Pa. Garretson, Eli r. d. 5.. Gettysburg, Pa. Garretson, John Aspers Pa Gardner L.M., Jr yo^k Springs! Pa. Grove, W^^ E, . York Springs, Pa. Groupe Foster C Gardners, Pa. Howard, Jno. M^ Aspers, Pa. Hoffman, James O ArendtviUe, Pa. Hoffman, Robert ArendtvUle, Pa. Snff""'"' n ^ Biglerville, Pa. Hoffman, D. M Biglerville. Pa. tt°k™^"Au^T^^,, ArendtsviUe, Pa. Huber, Charles H^ Gettysburg, Pa. Hartman. George R Biglerville, Pa. Hummel, P. T Harrisburg, Pa. HfrtzeTB L McKnightstown, Pa. riarizei, H. l. piora Dale, Pa. Jacobs, Daniel C Gettysburg, No. 5. Pa. ^I^n'/flu ^T c Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Klinefelter U. S BiglerviUe. Pa. ^Zl' T t •• ' BiglerviUe. Pa. ^ane, j. Lewis Gettysburg, No 5, Pa. Knouse, J. A. ArendtsviUe Pa. ios"er r/v"d T Gettysburg.' Pa. Koser, Rev D. T ArendtsviUe, Pa. ^pfw Q V Biglerville, Pa. ^11 r» 1 Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Keller, Paul Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. 141 Knab, Mrs. George N Longsdorf, C. L '. .'.V;;;. New Oxford, Pa. Lawyer, Rufus W. . . . BiglerviUe, Pa Lupp, Reuben BiglerviUe, Pa Large, Mrs. E. S BiglerviUe, Pa Lippy, J. D * Orrtanna, Pa. Lewis, Harvey D. ... Gettysburg, Pa Lucabaugh, J. W '* Orrtanna, Pa Myers, George P. .. Hanover, 6, Pa Minter, Thomas L. .' BiglerviUe, Pa Musselman, C. H BiglerviUe, Pa Miller, E. M '. BiglerviUe, Pa' Moyer, Dr. H. B. ... Hanover, Pa ?Jy^V'' ^- ^ '.'■''.■.*.;.*. -Gettysburg, Pa." Marsh, G. T. ... \Jr \'u " \ ^ork Sprines Pa Minick, W. L. ...•;.•:;;:: ^^^^^^^^ Apartments, BaltimorrMd" Musselman, Jno Waynesboro, Pa Oakwood Corporation Orrtanna. Pa Oyer, George ;:::;: ^""'^ Springs, Pa. OyJer, George C Gettysburg, Pa. Orner, P. S Gettysburg, Pa Orrtanna Canning Co ArendtsviUe. Pa Orner, Harry . .^ . . Z. /.V;;;;. Orrtanna P^' g"^!^I- S • Aspers, Pa. Pnckett. Josiah W ArendtsviUe, Pa Peters, W. V .V;;;;; BiglerviUe, Pa.' Peters, Curtis W Guernsey Pa Pitzer, Harry C. . .V. V. V. V. V. BiglerviUe,' Pa.' Peters, George M Aspers, Pa. Pitzer, Willis V Aspers Pa. Peters, Jno. B ArendtsviUe Pa Peters. Mrs. J. H. .....;:; Vork Springs! Pa" Hepole, Samantha Bendersville Pa Raffensperger, Charles E. Orrtanna,' Pa' Kaffensperger, Roy ArendtsviUe, Pa* |a«epe.Han,e.E :;:;:;:;:;:::;;;;•■•••■•... fes^ rV ■.;.■. ■•••■••••:■■•••• ^•.■::::::::::::."BUt1i;:' p^: Roberts. Arthur ...•.•.;;•. ^A^e :' p."' R.dhtstown, Pa Shorb, Albert ;. G^dners Pa' Stover, Dr. J. G '. Hanover Pa Strong. Geor« C Bendersville Pa ShuM Robert H Aspers, Pa 5^^"«'"- G-orRe E McKniehtstown pI Snyder, E. Bane Gettysburg Pa' S^'^"■■T^^ ^ ■.■. ^'"'^'' Mountain Pa' .Stock' F "? ^ ■■.•;.'.'.•.'. •„ : ■ Aspens; Pa': stahie,- ^: e"' ;;;.'.;;.;;;. ■■■.■.•.■.•.•.•.■.•.•.■.•.Are^nS,:' ll- Starry. W. D ' ' Gettysburg Pa' Tyson, Edwin C ■,;:;; York Springs, Pa.' Flora Dale. Pa 143 • ■•••• • • • » • Tyson, Chester J. . Tyson, Wm. C. . . Taylor, Jacob F. . Taylor, Daniel R. . Taylor, Henry Trostle, Francis Thomas, Mrs. Annie M Topper, Z. F Thompson, G. R Taylor, A. M Vance, Charles T Weidner, A. I Wolfe, C. A Wolfe, Harry E. . . . Wolff, Dr. W. E. . . . Wolf, Charles M. . . . Wilson, B. F ., Weaner, Charles C. . Weaner, W. C Wible, R. E Wright, Ryland .... Weaver, D. I Williams, J. L WiUiams, M. I Walter, Martin T. .. Walter, J. C • •••••• • ••••••■•• • ■>••••••»• • •■••••• • • • * • • • • • ••••••••••••a • ••••••••a • • ■ « • • ••••••• • ••••••• • ••••••■••• *••••■••• • • • ■ • • ■ • • • Flora Dale, Pa. Guernsey, Pa. ArendtsviUe, Pa. BiglerviUe, Pa. BiglerviUe, Pa. R- F. D., York Springs, Pa. Gettysburg, Pa. Emmittsburg, Md. Gettysburg, Pa. BiglerviUe, Pa. Orrtanna, Pa. ArendtsviUe, Pa. Aspers, Pa, Aspers, Pa. ArendtsviUe, Pa. York Springs, Pa. BiglerviUe, Pa. Bendersville, Pa. Aspers, Pa. Gettysburg, Pa. Aspers, Pa. Gettysburg, Pa. Gettysburg, Pa. Gettysburg, Pa. BiglerviUe, Pa. BiglerviUe, Pa. • •■••s«c FRANKLIN COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT W. C. Bingham, St. Thomas. VICE PRESIDENTS Charles W. Reichard, Waynesboro. TREASURER D. Edward Long, Chambersburg. SECRETARY Willis A. Hess, R. D. 1., Mont Alto. ASST. SECRETARY R. J. GiUan, St. Thomas. Executive Committee W.C. Bingham St. Thomas. WiUis A. Hess, R. D. 1., Mont Alto. J. H. Karns, Chambersburg. j. E. Reasner, Shippensburg. J. B. Crawford, FayetteviUe. Alexander, W. M & Son jy r p^ i"'lT^T\ r.^ Waynesboro, Pa. I A^^l' t ?^ ^ ^ 3.' Smithsburg, Md. Benedict, H. M r d 1, Waynesboro, Pa. Bingham, A. H. ... Bin?:ham, W. O. ... Bikle, Philip Bream, D. M Brereton, OHara D. Burcrner, M. K Burgner, S. A R. D. 11 • ••••••••• Crawford, J. B Crawford, T. H jr, . „ _ _, I" ctycLicvuit;, fa Cnswell, R. T Chambersburg, Pa 143 . .St. Thomas, Pa. St. Thomas, Pa. Chambersburg, Pa. .Chambersburg, Pa. EdenviUe, Pa. .Chambersburg. Pa. .Chambersburg, Pa. .. .FayetteviUe, Pa. . . FayetteviUe, Pa. Diekl, Edgar B St. Thomas, Pa. Diffenderfer, C. R Edenville, Pa. Gehr, Harvey J R. d. 1., Waynesboro, Pa. Gelwicks, Dr. John M Chambersburg, Pa. Gillan, C. F St. Thomas, Pa. Gillan, G. G St, Thomas, Pa. Gillan, R. J St. Thomas, Pa. Heisey, S. A., & Brother R. D. 4., Greencastle, Pa. Hess, Daniel Waynesboro, Pa. Hess, Paul G R. D. 1., Mont Alto, Pa. Hess, Ralph C Waynesboro, Pa. Hess, Ray B R. D. 1., Mont Alto, Pa. J?^^^» ,?;.„?• ; Waynesboro, Pa. Hess, WiUis A R. d. 1., Mont Alto, Pa Horn, W. H R. D. 10 Chambersburg, Pa. Karns, J. H Chambersburg, Pa. Landis, D. L., Jr R. D. 1., Chambersburg, Pa. Latshaw, J. E Marion, Pa. Long, D. Edward Chambersburg, Pa. Long, W. G FayetteviUe, Pa. McLaughlin, S. C Fort Louden, Pa Miller, Clayton Marion, Pa. Miller, D. L Waynesboro, Pa. Minick, W. L Wavnesboro, Pa. Minehart, T. Z Chambersburg, Pa. Mish and Croft St. Thomas, Pa. Nelson, D. H Chambersburg, Pa. Newcomer, J. W R. D. 1., Waynesboro, Pa. Nicodemus, Edwin Zullinger Pa 2^'T^^^,.?''°^^^" Greencastle,' Pal Phicl, Clifford St. Thomas, Pa. Pomeroy, Ralph S Chambersburg, Pa. Rahauser Brothers Greencastle, Pa. ^^T^t ^:,^ Shippensburg, Pa. Reed, Fred B Chambersburg, Pa. Reichard, Charles W Wavnesboro, Pa. Renfrew, R M Favetteville, Pa. tu^^' ^,^^!5^ K Chambersburg, Pa. o^ ,7"'t ., R ^ ^f Chambersburg, Pa. Shields. Ira M. .. r. d. 5, Chambersburg, Pa. Shockey, Luther P r. d. 9., Chambersburg, Pa. SmTtr'r W^t Chambersburg, Pa. I ^^ ^A .u ^'' ^- ^ 1' Smithsburg, Md. Smith, J. Arthur R. d. 10., Chambersburg, Pa. Smith J. H Chambersburg, Pa. Snowberger, A. I. r. d. i^ Wavnesboro, Pa. T TTw '*'^^^" .'Midvale, Pa. Tolbert, Henry r. d. 11., Chambersbur-, Pa. WertT^'D m'^-^ FayetteviUe Pa. Wertz D. Maurice Wavnesboro, Pa. w-T'h J; ^ Chambersbair^ Pa. Wishard.W. R. R. D. 9, Chambersburg Pa. ^^mn^'^T' ? ^"'^'"'^ ^ ^- 9' Chambersburg, Pa Zullinger, T^ A Chambersburg, Pa. Mcllvaine, J. S r d. 1., FayetteviUe; Pa. SECRETARY'S REPORT December 16, 1921 County Aerent Knode called a meet-' ingr of all fruit growers of Franklin County to give them an 144 opportunity to state and discuss their troubles. At this meet- ing Hodgkiss, Nixon, and Vinson were present, representing State College, and offering their services and made interest- mg addresses at the meeting. The growers recited difficulties with collar^bhght, root rot, wooly aphids, green aphids, red bug, scab, 'codling moth, San Jose Scale and various such thmgs all of which were noted for future consideration. The State College representatives then volunteered to establish educational demonstrations throughout the county for the benefit of the growers, located where most practical, to en- lighten them in means and methods of control of orchard pests, trimming practices, fertilizer and cultural methods, etc. A committee was appointed at this meeting to confer with the State College authorities to perfect a plan of procedure. This conference was held and plans are now almost finished for the program of work along demonstrational and educa- tional lines by extension representatives from State College. At the December 16th meeting the growers who spoke repeatedly deplored the fact that we were without a horticul- tural organization in Franklin County, the leading or at most second to leading fruit growing countv in the state. It was then discovered that an organization did exist but that it had been in a pupal state to put it mildly, though stone dead would no doubt more nearly express it, for fifteen years. A very strong sentiment seemed to prevail at the meeting to reorganize and it was suggested that the officers of the old organization call a meetinjr soon as convenient to reorganize. January 11th was selected and the meeting advertised, but a furious blizzard prevented it being held. Another was called for January 21st with about twentv erowers present, bad weather aeain preventing a larger attendance. At this meet- ing new officers were elected and all indications of the start of an important, progressive, helpful organization seemed evident Everyone seemed to realize the need of being organized and showed enthusiastic willingness to push it. Our second meeting was held February 4th with about 75 growers present. It was a very representative audience coming from all sections of the county and representing the larger and the smaller plantings. The feature that contribut- ed so larerely to the success of this meeting was the presence of Dr. Fletcher from State College, newly elected president of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania Dr Fletcher explained the plan whereby county organizations may become affiliated with the state association, the individual niembers of the county society thereby becoming members of the state association. After hearinrr Dr. Fletcher, it was un- animously voted that we join in with the state association on their plan. Dr. Fletcher then favored the audience with an interesting general talk on horticultural matters, the relative 145 importance of this section as a fruit producer, its future pros- pects and especially the importance of being well organized to insure the greatest success in our business. His remarks were such, coming at this particular time at the start of our organization, that our movement was decidedly benefited and helped at this critical period of its life. General discussions of some of the principal needs of the growers were then dis- cussed. The matter of a more uniform pack for the county, developing toward a standard grade to be marketed in some kind of co-operative way was discussed and it was agreed that we develop as seems best in this direction. Ways and means of securing a better outlet for our by-product grade of apples was considered. It was decided to first make a careful survey of the planting and estimated production of the county to place before the proper parties to induce them to establish canneries, evaporators, presses, etc., at convenient points in sections where a sufficient amount of such fruit is produced. It was decided to send out a questionaire to all growers of the county to secure data from which this information will be com- piled. Over 200 of these are being sent out. Next meeting will be held n Greencastle, March 4th. A committee from our society is now working in co- operation with the Agricultural Committee of the Chambers- burg Chamber of Commerce for the definite purpose of trying to have a satisfactory apple by-product plant located at or near Chambersburg. The Waynesboro Chamber of Commerce in co-operation with some members of our society have called a meeting to be held in Waynesboro March 11th to discuss the practicabil- ity of establishing a community packing house in the Waynes- boro district. It is proposed to have a number of persons who are familiar with the workings of such plants at the meet- ing to help guide them in making a decision of what to do. Might say that in both Chambersburg and Waynesboro they have very active Chambers of Commerce. They are wilhng and eager to co-operate with us and give us any as- sistance that is in their power to give. Willis A. Hess, Secretary 146 LANCASTER COUNTY FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GROWERS' ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT Benjamin S. Huber, Elizabethtown. VICE PRESIDENTS L. B. Huber. R. D^ 5. Lancaster. E. S. Hacker, Ephrata. A. L. KauflFraan, Ronks. Roy n. Peris, Florin. SECRETARY T. Warren Metzger, Lancaster County Farm Bureau TREASURER S. E. Forry, Ephrata. Brossman. Morse W r. d. 4., Ephrata, Pa Borry, E E . r d. 2., Stevens, Pa. Bolton, W. P., & Son Holtwood! Pa. Borry, Moses r. d. 2., Stevens, Pa. Enders, J. F r. d. 2., Columbia, Pa. Felty, G. B. O MiUersville, Pa. il?""^' ^;,. r; ^- ^ 1» Ephrata, Pa. Gise Willis H. R. D. 5., Lancaster, Pa. Good, Martin R^ glue BaU, Pa. Good S. H., & Son R. d. 7., Lancaster, Pa. Hershey, E Maunce R. d. 1., Gordonville, Pa. Hostetter, J. E q p^ Herr, David S. R. d. 7., Lancaster,' Pa! Hess, Francis P r. d. 7., Lancaster, Pa. Herr, C. H. r p 2., Lancaster, Pa. Harnish, C H L^^la, Pa. Longenecker, J. E j^^ j^y p^ Longenecker, Harry r. d. 1., Ephrata,' Pa.' Lepole. Walter L ^kron Pa Mohler, David G Ephrata' Pa Nolt, Harrison S r. d. 1., Columbia! Pa! Reist, Henry G HO Avon Road, Schenectady, N Y Root, J. W. R D 1^ Manheim, Pa. ^J!^ u^^'t K \ ^- ^ 1' Ephrata, Pa. Shank, John H. r. d. 7., Lancaster, Pa. ?r r'x.r^''°?r ^ ^ ^ 3., Ephrata, Pa. Vogel, Ehas H R. d. 3., Lancaster, Pa. Witmer, John B. Lampeter. Pa. Weaver, Elmer J R^^ks, Pa. Wenger, M. P Denver Pa Warfel, John H Roherestown! Pa! S iT""'. T^ ^- ^ 1' Quarrysville, Pa. Burkhart, John r. d. 4., Ephrata, Pa. Weaver, M. M. Mountville, Pa. Ditzler, Jacob W r, d. 1.. Lititz, Pa. Furlow, Eber Hopeland, Pa. Sr"'"^f'''Jr?b M R. D. 1., Lititz, Pa. Wertsch, Edwm r. d. 5. Lititz, Pa. Hainley, J. N r. d. 2., Ephrata, Pa. 147 CHESTER— DELAWARE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIA- TION This Society voted in 1921, to affiliate with the State Association, but is now being reorganized, and the affilia- tion has not been consummated. The officers for 1922 are : PRESIDENT Guy L. Hayman, West Chester. SECRETARY Herbert C. Barker, West Chester. TREASURER Russell H. Worthington, West Chester. COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES NOT YET AFFILIATED WITH THE STATE HORTI- CULTURAL ASSOCIATION ALLEGHENY COUNTY FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GROWERS' ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT M. C. Black, AUison Park. VICE PRESIDENT . K. McEwen, R. D. 1., Bridgeville. SECRETARY L. J. Letterle, R. D., Glenshaw. TREASURER W. H. Hockburg, R. D. 1., Verona. LAWRENCE COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIA- TION S. R. Huey, President New Castle, R. D. 3 Rankin Johnson, Secretary and Treasurer . .New Wilmington Last summer at the beginning of the apple season, the Association held meetings every week at the orchards of the different members of the Association. They sent a representa- tive to the Annual Meeting of the Commission Merchants and Fruit Growers at Cincinnati last summer. Mr. J. A. Boak, New Castle, R. D. 6 was the delegate and handed out cards advertising the Lawrence County Associa- tion. As a result of this, a great many inquiries were had for apples and a very ready sale was therefore obtained. There were about 100,000 thousand bushels of apples grown in this county last spring. 148 This spring the Association has ordered spray material, fertilizer and fruit trees for its members. — N. C. Dale, County Agent. LEBANON COUNTY FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GROWERS' ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT J. M. Horst, R. D. 3., Lebanon. VICE PRESIDENT Irvin Longenecker, Palmyra. SECRETARY— TREASURER P. R. Boltz, R. D. 3., Lebanon. OTHER MEMBERS Meyer, E. J R. D. 3., Lebanon, Pa. Heffelfinger, Gotlieb R. D. 3., Myerstown, Pa. Miller, A. D R. D. 3., Lebanon, Pa. Bucher, Alvin R. D. 4., Meyerstown, Pa. Reist, Wm. S R. D. 7., Lebanon, Pa. Wilhelm, Daniel R. D. 1., Palmyra, Pa. Hartman, Jos R. D. 4., Lebanon, Pa. Reist, A. E R. D. 2., Palmyra, Pa. Snavely, The Misses R. D. 8., Lebanon, Pa. Heilman, Albert Cleona, Pa. Bomberger, Howartf R. D. 7., Lebanon, Pa. Horst, Harry R. D. 4., Lebanon, Pa. Hartman, Aaron R. D. 8., Lebanon, Pa. Ensminger, Sam R. D. 4, Lebanon, Pa. Krall, Wm. O R. D. 4., Myerstown, Pa. Longenecker, Isaac Palmyra, Pa. Royer, Wm R. D. 4., Myerstown, Pa. Bicksler, John H R. D. 1., Jonestown, Pa. Trump, Charles R. D. 5., Lebanon, Pa. Rabel, Amos C R. D. 5., Lebanon, Pa. Snavely, H. Meyer R. D. 8., Lebanon. Pa. Ulrich, Wm. L Annville, Pa. Keller, Henry r. d. 4., Lebanon, Pa Meek, John W Jonestown, Pa. Snavely. M. H R. d. 8.. Lebanon. Pa. Wolff, Paul Myerstown, Pa Meyer, D. H Annville, Pa. Ghck. Sam r. d. 1., Lebanon, Pa. Rank, Wm r. p. 8., Lebanon, Pa. Miller, Alfred R. d. 8 , Lebanon, Pa. Bean, Wm. J r. d. 3., Lebanon, Pa. Stoudt, D. M R. D. L. Hershey, Pa. Behney, Amos R. D. 3., Myerstown, Pa. Behney, Edwin R. D. 1., Fredericksburg, Pa. Emerich, R. J r. d. 2., Annville, Pa. 149 ACTIVITIES The organization's activities were chiefly along the lines of buying spraying material and packages co-operatively. Lime- Sulphur, Black Leaf 40, Lead Arsenate, Bluestone, Peach Bas- kets and Berry Boxes comprised the list of materials that were bought. The total purchases amounted to $2,400. The Association held five meetings during the year at each of which part of the program was devoted to discussing some phase of the fruit growing business. Several of these meetings were attended by speakers from outside the county who spoke on spraying. The peach growers in the Association agreed last sum- mer to charge 10 cents apiece for baskets— money to be re- funded to the buyers upon return of the baskets in good con- dition. This was done for the sake of economy and turned out to be satisfactory, as most of the peaches were sold locally. The peach growers also started this fall in trying out paradichlorobenzene to control the borer. The material was bought co-operatively and a demonstration on applying it was held in one of the orchards. Approximately 4,000 trees were treated and a later inspection indicated success. — A. C. Berger, County Agent. PERRY COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Reorganized March 17, 1922 PRESIDENT Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield. SECRETARY M. R. Bower, R. D. 1., Landisburg. TREASURER Wm. S. Clegg, New Bloomfield. ^^Sa t^^ Newport, Pa. "haTon S^T Newport, Pa. Stewart Wm EUiotsburg, Pa. Adair, Frank . .■.■.'.*.■.'.*.*.•.•. r* V)* ' j ' T^r^-t"'^' S*' Nickle, C. C ^ ^ ^' Landisburg, Pa. Schuchman, G. W. '.V. V. Qf;:; ^^T^"' l^ <;fo«,or» n -nr Shermansdale, Pa. r nntr' ur ^^" ^ R. D. 1, New Bloomfield Pa. Utlev Tohl'"'° ^'^ Bloomfield Pa. }^ulll:J''!i ^- D. 1., EUiotsburg, Pa. KlnH'T^r^" R. D. 1, New Bloomfield Pa. Kitner, Joshua r. p i ^ New Bloomfield, Pa. 150 YORK COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION L. E. C. M. Wernig, York. PRESIDENT C. P. Kibbler, York. VICE PRESIDENTS Hartman, Cly. SECRETARY J. Bentz Kauffman, R. D. 7., York. TREASURER Howard Anderson, Stewartstown. During the past six months the York County Association has incorporated in order to be able to secure fertilizers, barrels, spray materials, etc., to better advantage for its members. Sev- eral meetings have been held during the year at irregular in- tervals and an annual meeting in December. About sixty members took part in an auto tour with the Lancaster County Association last summer and it was hoped that quite a number will attend the joint meeting of the Adams and Franklin counties association at Gettysburg on March 10. — W. F. Mandeville, Asst. County Agent. There are several other County Horticultural Societies that are more or less active including Wyoming, Lackawanna and Cambria counties, but the Secretary has been unable to secure definite information about them. Let us have a full roster in the next Proceedings. U. S. CENSUS, 1920 APPLES IN PENNSYLVANIA: Number of trees, 1920, and produc- tion, 1919, by counties. County Trees of bear- Rank in Bushels Trees not of ing age number of harvested bearing age bearing trees Adams 254,228 2 742,196 280,355 AUegheny 151,246 14 69,998 57,079 Armstrong 118,664 25 40,161 28,035 Beaver 102.095 31 67,670 54,679 Bedford 279,283 1 152,314 59.893 Berks 181.309 6 254,453 96369 Blair 114,110 27 37,230 28,528 Bradford, 136,858 16 68,675 34.198 Bucks, 120,980 24 152,404 65,844 Butler 165.238 9 30,871 44.015 Cambria 99.536 35 11,192 25,682 Cameron 6,712 66 1,289 2.703 Carbon 42,178 56 42.047 21,067 Centre 77,954 46 47,724 22,397 Chester 122.331 23 148,574 67,421 Clarion 88,699 41 5,611 25,627 151 Clearfield 118,394 Clinton 37,322 Columbia 96,624 Crawford 198,025 Cumberland 106,791 Dauphin 91,799 Delaware 23,854 Elk 26,344 Erie 171,757 Fayette 100396 Forest 15,576 Franklin 239,011 Fulton 92,080 Greene 134,288 Huntingdon 88,687 Indiana 130,910 Jefferson 113,934 Juniata 42,884 Lackawanna 101,420 Lancaster 124,431 Lawrence 74,743 Lebanon 54*695 Lehigh 67,400 Luzerne 165,133 Lycoming 111,289 McKean 49,101 Mercer 141.841 Mifflin 30,305 Monroe 59,175 Montgomery 98,365 Montour 19,727 Northampton 64,178 Northumberland 10l!l06 Perry 68,046 Philadelphia 2,369 Pike 23 S3 1 Potter 83,131 Schuylkill 125,828 Snyder 51,742 Somerset 159.041 Sullivan 33,99^ Susquehanna 158,674 Tioga 122,762 Union 37317 Venango 88,499 Warren 99,271 Washington 129,212 Wayne 178,596 Westmoreland 157,295 Wyoming 80,450 York 234,526 26 15,338 58 13,898 38 83,327 5 56,795 30 167,083 40 61,689 m 32,527 61 5,486 8 119,838 34 32,991 65 771 3 468,205 39 83,799 17 49,921 42 53,841 18 36,037 28 10,006 55 62,515 32 38,611 21 169,244 47 38,470 52 67,257 49 120,867 10 121,316 29 76,267 54 22,601 15 73,402 60 43,805 51 48,304 37 90,640 64 8,405 50 81,706 33 70,785 48 88,433 67 4,940 63 18n39 44 52,666 20 123,443 53 84.488 11 17,566 59 24,391 12 42,9(M 23 103,471 57 39,914 43 6,113 36 10,118 19 77,579 7 77,598 13 65,456 45 66,179 4 310,811 18369 8,100 37,882 19,434 77,271 48,501 17314 4,502 46,679 20,336 2,639 101,424 15,026 27.552 35.998 34,098 25,104 12,094 39,356 98,191 32,590 26,892 39,722 90,829 33,397 6,708 29.714 13,344 19,301 65,187 12,099 25,586 36,208 34,612 1,932 4,529 7.163 54,903 29,920 39,542 14,049 26,702 10,161 10.725 13,531 3.954 46,970 35,336 51,638 63,609 141,938 ^^l^^^foio^K^^^^^^^^^^^^^ N"°»^*^^ °f trees, 1920, and produc- tion, 1919, by counties. p*uuui. 152 County Trees of bear- Rankin ing age number of bearing trees Adams 141,278 5 AUegheny 170,278 1 Armstrong 53^266 21 Beaver 165,234 2 I^edford 36,134 40 S^rks 111,503 8 B^air 54^379 29 Bradford 51,542 33 Bucks 142,936 4 Butler 80,986 16 Cambria 24,901 47 Cameron 235 65 Carbon 31415 43 Centre 17,350 52 Chester 92,644 U Clarion 43,177 35 Clearfield 32,751 41 Clinton 8,544 58 Columbia 60,953 25 Crawford 53,752 30 Cumberland 67,125 19 I^auphin 70,795 18 Delaware 24,954 ^ ^^^ 1,395 63 g"^ 81,578 15 Fayette 58,933 ^ Forest 756 04 Pranklin 134,375 6 Fulton 24,310 48 S^^^"^ • 55,197 7S Huntmgdon 41,410 ^ I"fliana 79,342 17 Jefferson 43,056 % Juniata 41,699 37 Lackawanna 12,141 54 Lancaster 88,403 13 Lawrence 61,794 22 Lebanon 31,775 42 Lehigh 51,981 32 Luzerne 91,240 12 Lycoming 55,471 27 ^cKean 93 66 ^^Ji.er 60,967 23 Mifflin 10,784 55 fjonroe 23,204 50 Montgomery 103,711 9 Montour 22,241 51 Northampton 64,979 20 Northumberland 60 956 24 ^^"y ••:•. 38:709 39 Philadelphia 5,953 59 I'^^l 1,575 62 P°"er 90 67 153 Bushels Trees not of harvested bearing age 86,563 52,829 43,584 46,573 6,931 28,085 36,131 57,884 1,245 19,377 79,471 71,502 5,519 15330 7,890 13,074 70,779 45,201 5,317 29,508 596 12.035 5 42 3,309 6,831 1,455 4,185 I 55,097 35,164 1,136 15,748 952 7,940 765 3,985 7,482 16,128 3,940 9,633 33,683 26,428 28,190 27,538 16,421 10,680 22 306 7,932 10,501 19317 12,141 17 224 86,483 39,390 6,935 8,799 25,285 13,357 10,483 24,020 3,854 35,680 1,929 12,803 9,997 13,545 822 3,181 33,633 50.195 4,459 20,422 17.615 24322 12354 203I8 6,978 16,140 10,782 17,822 9 34 4,069 23.689 3,285 6.565 430 7,348 91,945 33,589 3,444 6,073 9,720 23,096 20,415 18,131 11,809 10,372 3,361 1,361 198 1,325 13 436 Schuylkill 46,476 Snyder 83,963 Somerset 14,515 SuUivan 2,317 Susquehanna 8,673 Tioga 9,201 Union 25,210 Venango 29,097 Warren 2,076 Washington 93,985 Wayne 23,290 Westmoreland 127,099 Wyoming 53,114 York 150,755 34 U 53 60 58 57 45 44 61 10 49 7 31 3 9,785 23,965 390 234 529 1,562 11,871 944 60 44,571 3,176 18,335 7,898 71,264 26,672 16,478 5,493 948 3,116 1,845 3,729 6,210 634 30,226 3,907 40,463 16,163 66,439 PEARS IN PENNSYLVANIA: Number of trees, 1920, and produc- tion, 1919, by counties. County Trees of bear- Rankin Bushels Trees not of ing age number of harvested bearing age bearing trees Allegheny 29,655 2 2,103 9,654 Berks 30,234 I 27,846 8,013 Bucks 26,448 3 28,131 8,464 Cambria 21,057 10 2,327 8,166 Chester 23,221 8 22,735 6,438 Erie 21,842 9 6,581 4,539 Lancaster 25,638 5 35,497 7,156 Montgomery 26,196 4 38,290 9,113 Westmoreland 23.691 6 1,034 9,007 York 23,519 7 29,771 8,601 PLUMS & PRUNES IN PENNSYLVANIA: Number of trees, 1920, and production, 1919, by counties. County Trees of bear- Rank in Bushels Trees not of ing age number of harvested bearing age bearing trees Allegheny 34,848 4 471 10,694 Armstrong 27,383 7 316 6,273 Bedford 20,504 9 539 3,955 Butler 29.572 5 143 7,374 Erie 54,925 I 7,659 17378 Greene 25,117 8 3,234 2,695 Indiana 40,037 2 253 10,917 Washington 28,292 6 1,410 8,202 Westmoreland 37,753 3 254 10,574 CHERRIES IN PENNSYLVANIA: Number of trees, 1920, and pro- duction, 1919, by counties. County Trees of bear- Rank in Bushels Trees not of ing age number of harvested bearing age bearing trees Allegheny 38,601 3 1,921 9,364 Armstrong 34,119 5 5M 6,095 Berks 28,589 7 10,053 6,937 154 Butler 30,323 Erie 67,568 Lancaster 34,360 Somerset 27,479 Westmoreland 43,269 York 26381 6 1 4 8 2 9 141 18,070 18,175 130 391 134245 7,376 15,089 7,505 3,212 5,537 5,628 GRAPES IN PENNSYLVANIA: Number of vines, 1920, and produc tion, 1919, by counties. County Vines of bear- RanlcTn Pounds Vines not of ing age number of harvested bearing age bearing vines ^"^«^^°y 177,Tl3 2 251,234 ^;435 ^^^^^^ 74,817 3 297,541 13^32 ^^'■^s 31,010 9 512,503 4,454 ?"^ ,; 6,423,055 1 33,439,652 197,125 f^y^"t 3^'^^ 7 111.460 3908 Lancaster 48^202 6 722,422 5 954 Washington 61,958 5 243394 13;996 Westmoreland 70,520 4 230353 16663 ^""^^ 31,139 8 327,733 10048 STRAWBERRIES IN PENNSYLVANIA: Acreage and quarts har- vested, 1919, by counties. County Rank Acres Quarts County Rank Acres Allegheny Berks ... Crawford Erie Lancaster 1 5 10 4 3 282 154 116 161 189 442,511 Mercer 8 328,101 Montgomery ... 9 196,736 Schuylkill 7 257,029 Washington 6 402,351 York 2 Quarts 119 118 124 148 239 287358 163,801 317,009 194,392 637,034 ""forsfby SiL"" ^^^NSYLVANIA: Acreage and quarts harvested County Rank Acres Quarts County Rank Acres Allegheny 5 Berks IQ Bradford 4 Crawford 7 Erie i York, 2 Quarts 87 73 103 78 255 167 37369 Greene 8 86,290 Lancaster 3 83,787 Mercer 10 53,496 Snyder, 9 277,403 Wyoming 6 287336 77 33,444 12 166,853 73 31,414 76 70,362 79 72,617 County Rank Acres Quarts County Rank Acres Quarts ^"!f ^^°y 5 66 28,509 Greene, 3 95 2^33 ^f ^\^^ 7 51 43.538 Lancaster 10 41 49 330 2i"'^' f tl 29,244 Washington .... 2 109 55;659 p"J,,; 5 S 45,300 Westmoreland . . 1 232 58,736 ^^y^"^ 4 92 27,080 York 9 43 57,109 155 APPLES IN THE UNITED STATES: by states in order of rank. Number of trees, 1920, State Trees of bearing age. Rank Number State Rank Number New York 1 Washington 2 Virginia 3 Pennsylvania 4 Ohio 5 Michigan 6 West Virginia 7 Missouri 8 9,636,698 Illinois 9 5,112366 7,964,167 Arkansas 10 4,074,870 7,385,277 Kentucky 11 3,742,936 6,981,128 North Carolina ....12 3,474,821 5,970,410 Indiana 13 3,427,816 5,583,326 Oregon 14 3,315,093 5,554,731 Tennessee 15 3,181,659 5,162,859 State Trees not of bearing age. Rank Number State New York 1 Virginia 2 Pennsylvania 3 Michigan 4 Ohio 5 Illinois 6 West Virginia 7 Missouri 8 Rank Number 2,932,281 Kentucky 9 1,427,408 2,857,007 North Carolina ....10 1,394,588 2,603,516 California 11 1,143,947 2,051,129 Tennessee 12 1,032,490 2,047,687 Indiana 13 929,160 1,825,886 Arkansas 14 877,376 1,735,126 Wisconsin 15 825,253 1,585,823 PEACHES IN THE UNITED STATES: states in order of rank. Number of trees, 1920, by State Trees of bearing age. Rank Number State Rank Number California 1 Georgia 2 Texas 3 Pennsylvania 4 Arkansas 5 New York 6 Ohio 7 Oklahoma 8 9,057,760 Missouri 9 2,358,925 8,655,051 Tennessee 10 2,349,656 4,461,211 West Virginia 11 2,049362 3,556,417 Michigan 12 2,029,839 3,342,287 North Carolina ....13 1,976,756 3,038,023 New Jersey 14 1,936,632 2,924,177 Kentucky 15 1,671,044 2,881,073 State Trees not of bearing age. Rank Number State Rank Number Georgia 1 3,391,851 Texas 2 1,641,191 California 3 1,366,941 Pennsylvania 4 1,231,633 North Carolina 5 1,093,993 Arkansas 6 988,966 Ohio 7 970,183 New Jersey 8 884,067 Illinois 9 Virginia 10 Michigan 11 Missouri 12 Kentucky 13 Tennessee 14 West Virginia 15 840,900 783,733 772,101 716,325 690,483 690,359 651,742 156 PEARS IN THE UNITED STATES: Number of trees, 1920, by states in order of rank. State Trees of bearing age. Rank Number State New York i California 2 Michigan 3 Washington 4 Pennsylvania 5 Oregon g Ohio 7 New Jersey g Rank Number 2,778,761 Illinois .... o 2,305,646 Texas .... in 1,029,735 Missouri ...';.';.';.*.n 866,634 Indiana [12 753,632 Virginia 13 727,444 Maryland ...!.!!.. 14 616,416 Delaware .... ii 480,601 State Trees not of Rank Number California 1 New York 2 Michigan 3 Pennsylvania 4 Oregon 5 Washington 6 Texas 7 Illinois 8 bearing State age. 2,178,526 Ohio 9 967,573 North Carolina !!.. 10 302,7.34 Missouri 1 1 237,643 Georgia 12 214,523 Kansas 13 183,346 Virginia 14 182.394 New Jersey i*; 148,810 "* 43.5,707 435.684 376,208 337,515 311,199 305,510 249.375 Rank Number 147392 129,101 101,994 83,474 70,957 79,561 77,026 PLUMS AND PRUNES IN THE UNITED STATES: Number trees, 1920, by states in order of rank. of State Trees of bearing age. Rank Number State Rank Number California 1 Oregon 2 Washington 3 Pennsylvania 4 New York 5 Idaho 5 Missouri 7 Texas g 8,768,436 Ohio 9 2,999,480 Michigan V.'.VaO 875.363 Iowa 11 767,646 Arkansas 12 74.')389 Kentucky 13 552,.'i95 Tennessee 14 528649 lUinois 15 480310 State Trees not of Rank Number bearing State age. California 1 Oregon 2 Washington 3 Texas 4 Pennsylvania 5 New York 6 Missouri 7 Michigan S Ohio 9 5,237,145 1,331,606 309.230 242,800 233,384 205,702 144,651 142,657 129,713 Oklahoma 10 Minnesota 11 Iowa 12 Idaho 13 Illinois 14 Arkansas 15 Arkansas 16 Pennsylvania 17 459,265 377,123 313,769 292,323 282331 281,127 273.554 Rank Number 104,410 102,929 95,356 80,485 79,615 70,264 885,539 851,606 157 CHERRIES IN THE UNITED STATES: Number of trees, 1920. by states in order of rank. State Trees of bearing age. Rank Number State Michigan 1 New York 2 Pennsylvania 3 Ohio 4 California 5 Illinois 6 Missouri 7 Indiana 8 Rank Number 1,076,748 Wisconsin 9 1,027,203 Kansas 10 951,924 Oregon 11 805338 Iowa 12 657,470 Colorado 13 536,458 Washington 14 522,026 Nebraska 15 475,333 437,480 395,436 395,073 391,226 348,832 329,187 289,221 State Trees not of bearing age. Rank Number State Rank Number Michigan 1 California 2 Missouri 3 New York 4 Illinois 5 Pennasylvania 6 Ohio 7 Kansas 8 351,892 347,572 333,180 279,864 217,124 217,046 195,187 184,093 Indiana 9 Iowa 10 Nebraska 11 Oklahoma 12 Tennessee 13 Oregon 14 Wisconsin 15 132,006 130,199 120,194 101,091 98.714 89,396 84,215 GRAPES IN THE UNITED STATES; states in order of rank. Number of vines, 1920, by State Vines of bearing age. Rank Number State Rank Number California 1 New York 2 Michigan 3 Pennsylvania 4 Ohio 5 Missouri 6 Illinois 7 New Jersey 8 153,195,213 30,677,555 11,097,734 7,462,067 6,553,904 2,444.907 1.642,527 1,477,617 Iowa 9 Kansas 10 Oklahoma U Indiana 12 Arkansas 13 North Carolina 14 Washington 15 1.401,613 1,206,933 923,609 744,043 607,244 543,734 467,761 State Vines not of bearing age. Rank Number State California 1 New York 2 Michigan 3 Ohio 4 Missouri 5 Pennsylvania 6 Iowa 7 Oklahoma 8 Rank Number 21,388,646 1,389,042 607,149 521,207 410,604 402,271 304,710 200394 New Jersey 9 Kansas 10 Il'inois 11 Texas 12 Nebraska 13 North Carolina ....14 Virginia 15 194,562 183,151 180,172 164.627 126,765 114,582 112,197 158 SMALL FRUITS IN THE UNITED STATF«;- T^foi • ^ berries, Raspberries, Loganben^^. RiJ.vk" ^ ^^^"^^^^^ *° ^^^a^^" rants, and other berries, 1919 ' ^lackbemes, Dewberries. Cur- State Rank Acres State Michigan i New York 2 Missouri 3 New Jersey 4 Tennessee 5 Illinois 6 Arkansas 7 Massachusetts 8 Rank 21,021 Ohio 9 20,412 Pennsylvania ......10 16,768 Oregon [n 15,374 Maryland ! 12 12,544 Wisconsin .....IZ 11,215 California .!!l4 9,873 Iowa ' 1 <; 9,628 Acres 9,447 8,680 8,463 8,360 7,991 7,936 7,885 RASPBERRIES IN THE UNITED STATES: Production 1919. State Rank Quarts State Oregon 1 New York 2 Michigan 3 Washington 4 Ohio 5 Pennsylvania 6 New Jersey 7 Illinois 8 STRAWBERRIES IN State Rank Tennessee 1 Missouri 2 Michigan 3 Arkansas 4 California 5 Maryland 6 New York 7 New Jersey 8 Rank Quarts 12,022,912 11,674,978 7,657,819 5,757,456 2.773,819 2,569,789 2,083.925 1.945,336 Missouri g California 10 Minnesota H Iowa 12 Indiana 13 Wisconsin 14 Kansas 15 1,592,556 1.538,024 1,516,147 1,428,396 1,251,652 1,085.881 919380 THE UNITED STATES: Production, 1919. Quarts State_ Rank Quarts 13,130,904 Pennsylvania 9 7,184 096 12,861,820 Ohio 10 7,165 957 12,585,543 Illinois H 6*901 199 11,463,971 Iowa 12 6 606*59^ ^2o25-!!!? ^^'^^"^^°" 13 6.'377.'.368 fi ?7n 22? I;?."»siana 14 5,323,890 »,o/y,5b.5 Wisconsin 15 5 203 127 8,301,893 i).^^,l^7 ^^^'l^^^^^^^ES AND DEWBERRIES IN THE STATES: Production. 1919. UNITED State Texas 1 Washington 2 Missouri 3 California 4 Michigan 5 Oresjon 6 New Jersey 7 Kentucky 8 Rank Quarts State Rank Quarts 6,287,333 3,691. 0a5 2,958.006 2,549,082 2,452,909 2.139,110 2,045.521 1,778,468 New York 9 Oklahoma 10 Ohio 11 T'linois 12 Tennessee .13 Indiana 14 North Carolina 15 1,711,546 1,531310 1,481,447 1,365,223 1,200,981 1,087.317 936,251 159 SPRAYING SCHEDULE FOR FRUITS Bb H. E. Hodgkiss and C. R. Orton, State College, Pa. Apple Period for spraying Materials for 100 gallons Diseases and Insects ^ of spray. Controlled. Delayed dormant Lime-Sulphur to testl.03 San Jose, Oyster SheU Sp. G.; Black Leaf 40 and Scurfy Scales, Rosy % pint; Arsenate of apple aphis, Bud moths, lead powder, 3 pounds. Leaf-rollers. FIG. 4 When leaves of blossom buds are out li to ^ inch Blossom Pink Lime-Sulphur to test Apple scab, Frog eye, 1.008 Sp. G.; Arsenate of Bud moths, Leaf-rollers, lead powder, 3 pounds. Curculio. FIG. 5 When blossoms show pink. At the separation of the cluster buds. Petal FaU FIG. 6 When 2/3 of the petals have fallen. Lime-Sulphur to test Apple scab, Frog eye, 1008 Sp. G.; Black Leaf Codling moth, Red bug) 40 1 pint; Arsenate of Curculio. lead powder 3 pounds. Cluster Apple Repeat "Petal FaU" Apple blotch Scab, Frog spray, or substitute Bor- eye. Red bug, Curculio, deaux 3-4-50 for Blotch.* Apple maggot. FIG. 7 Two weeks later, or when the young apples are the size of hazel-nuts. Mid-summer Lime-Sulphur to test 1.008 Sp. G.; Arsenate of lead powder 3 lbs. Sub- stitute Bordeaux for Blotch and Bitter Rot. * Fruit spot, Sooty fun- gus, Apple blotch. Bitter rot. Codling moth, Cur- culio, late apple worms. FIG. 8 Late in July oi early in August. * If blotch and bitter rot are present an application should be made usmg Bordeaux Mixture two weeks after the cluster apple spray. 160 Peaches °' ^P^^y- ControUed. Dormant lJS'sp* '*" '"'' Leaf curl, San Jose scale. FIG. 9 Before buds begin to swell in winter or spring. Calyx Drop FIG. 10 When shucks are dropping. FIG.ll Two or three weeks later. Self-boiled lime sulphur, Scab Rrn»«i ^«* r- — Arsenate of lead powder ^' ®'*'''** '*^*' ^'"' 2 pounds. Self-boiled lime sulphur. Scab, Brown rot. Cufw Arsenate of lead powder culio. 2 pounds. Self-boiled lime sulphur. Brown rot FIG. 12 Four or five weeks before fruit ripens. 161 Pears Period for spraying Materials for 100 gallons Diseases and Insects "' "P'-'y- ControUed Cluster Bud FIG 13 When blossom buds separate in the cluster. Petal Fall FIG. 14 Just after petals are fallen. Cluster Pear FIG. 15 Two Weeks after petal fall. Emergency Spray For psylla nymphs. Apply when infes- tation is serious during summer. Lime^Sulphur to test Scab, Bl-k spot. Scale. 1^^ In r " A ^° *"^ ^^^' Black spot, Leaf LOOSSp.G.; Arsenate of spot. Codling moth lead powder 3 pounds.; PsyUa nymohs Black Leaf 40 1 pint.; or ^y^piis. if psylla nymphs are abundant make a sepa- rate application of the nicotine and 4 pounds of dissolved soap. lead powder. 3 nnifn/ia * ..vw ^y.y^., Arsenate 0 lead powder, 3 pounds. .^tlTpha^ t. ""I'l^S: '"""^^^ ^^°°^ °^ P^^"- Leaf 40 1 pint, water 100 gallons. "«^v!rTi;:^r!rii^ need be applied. ^ ' "" BarUett and KeiflFer only the first two 163 Period for spraying Delayed dormant FIG. 20 When green of blossom show. ends buds Petal Fall FIG. 21 When petals fall. Calyx Drop FIG. 22 When shucks are dropped. Cherries Materials for 100 gallons Diseases and Insects ^' ^P^-ay. ControUed. Fruit FIG. 23 Just before cher- ries turn red. h? ; 1?^"^, to test Scale, Aphis. 1.03 Sp.G., Black Leaf 40 1 pint or Black Leaf 40 1 pint., Aohis soap 4-5 pounds ^ ^• (Sweet cherries only) After picking. Self-boiled lime sulphur. Leaf snnf p,.«_ 7 Arsenate of lead powder' c"Uo ' ^""^ ""' ^^ pounds. Self-boiled lime sulphur. Leaf ^nnt n»v_. Arsenate of lead powde^ cl^cZ ' ""' ""* 2H pounds. Self-boUed lime sulphur. Leaf spot. Brown rot Arsenate of lead powder Fruit fly ^ 2H pounds. Self-boiled lime sulphur. Leaf spot. Cherry slujr Arsenate of lead powder ^* 1 — 2 pounds. 163 ■ Plums Period for spraying Materials for 100 gallons Diseases and Insects of spray. Controlled. Dormant Lime-Sulphur 1.03 Sp. G. to test San Jose Scale. FIG. 16 While buds dormant. are Calyx Drop Self-boiled lime sulphur. Brown rot, Leaf spot. Arsenate of lead powder Curculio. 2^ pounds. FIG. 17 When shucks are dropped*. Self-boiled lime sulphur. Brown rot, Leaf spot, FIG. 18 Ten to twenty days later. Self-boiled lime sulphur. Brown rot, Leaf spot. FIG. 19 Before fruit ripens. Where curculio is causing severe damages it may be advisable to apply an earlier spray in addition to this application. This spray should be made just after the blossom petals drdop and using the same mater- ials. IM Grapes Period for spraying Materials for 100 gallons Diseases and Insects Q^ spray. Controlled. Just before buds ?°^?^"^ Mixture Anthracnose, Flea bee- open. 8-b-lOO, Arsenate of lead ties. Powdery mildew, . powder m pounds. Dead arm. Just before bloom- ing. Bordeaux 8-6-100. Just after has set. Mixture Downy Mildew, Pow- dery Mildew, Black rot, Anthracnose. '"*'* K^f^^l .^'m"'! Rots. Berry moth, Root 8-6-100, Arsenate of lead worm powder 3 lbs. Resin fish oil soap 3 lbs. About ten days Bordeaux later. 8-6-100, Mixture Rots. In about weeks. two Bordeaux 8-6-100, Mixture Rots. When most Bordeaux Mixture Leaf-hoppers nymphs are pres- 8-6-100, Black Leaf 40 ent (July 10-15). h^ pint. When beetles are Lead arsenate powder 2 Rose chafer, present. lbs., cheap molasses 2 gallons. 165 The Celebrated 'Triend" Type LEADS THE WORLD You will always be GLAD you bought a "Friend" Sprayer Because "Friend" sprayers are made for the discriminating grower exactly like a fine suit of clothes is tailored for the President. One Model and One Size Will Not Do for All The "Friend" Manufacturing Company and its distributor, Tyson Brothers Incor- porated, form an organization of SPRAY- ER COUNCIL. It matters not what you have to spray, let "FRIEND" TYSON Tell you how to do it. The new CombiDation Sprayer with Improved Nixon "Friend" nozzle boom. "Friend^' Manufacturing Company, Mfrs. Tyson Brothers, Incorporated, Distributors Gasport, N. Y. piora Dale, Pa. END OF YEAR