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BEY ae = 3 6 : OF THE ‘a ‘UNITED STATES a DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Chass : Book LM. “ aS Ne ed ee ao) oe ad ahs 2 ana , if \ tn be Fe Wa U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN NO. All: NEW SERIES. L. O. HOWARD, Chief of Division. ES, VeSfe im iy a pp a . Da ps PROCEEDINGS "05." 4g, CU / . C “4éf 6 M4] £¥ st , OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. WASHINGTON: ' GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. LO. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., December 3, 1901. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Association of Economie Entomologists, which was held at Denver, Colo., August 23 and 24,1901. From the fact that the papers presented at the meet- ings of the Association are always of great economic importanee, the Department has hitherto published the secretary’s reports as bulletins of this Division; I therefore recommend the publication of the-present report as Bulletin No. 31, new series. Respectfully, L. O. HowarD, Entomologist. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS. Life History Studies on the Codling Moth .-.__-----.------- CePeGilleticm The Hessian Fly in New York State in 1901__________-._-_---- Heke: Melia Jarring for the Curculio on an Extensive Scale in Georgia, with a List of the Insects Caught (illustrated) _____.---- W. M. Scott and W., F. Fiske_.- A Simple Form of Accessions Catalogue ___-_--.--.--.--------. END Bali A Preliminary Report on the San Jose Scale in Japan_----- C. L. Marlatt -- Further Notes on Crude Petroleum and other Insecticides____- Bel Clem: Notes on Some Colorado Insects ___.._ - Pee ee Om PG lente es A Preliminary Note on a New Species of annie Injurious to Peaches and Plums in Georgia (illustrated) __ eee eG ee er We VES COLL Insects Detrimental and Des mueiive to Mores Products used for Construc- mlonw viata lt a ceeeir tc. < oe Se ees A eS iene eS A. D. Hopkins_.- Observations on Forest and Shade Tree Insectsin New York State_F. P, Felt _- Review of White-Fly Investigations, with Incidental Problems .____.____.- Bios et) eked ot Ales GOSSOTO te Fydrocyanie ‘Acid Gas Notes_ RPT Wena: P. Lounsbury and C. W. Mally_- The use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas for Exterminating Household Insects__- agree eee he itn oe eke Dats Ee Sica Ser, W. R. Beattie_. Insects of the Year in Ohio __.__..__--- F. M. Webster and Wilmon Newell _- Eradit: Senousiyalngured-by: Moths: . 2222 2° ok oe el) C. W. Mally_- Notesion our Imported Pests... 2.20) seis 22 eee eA. ee, Kirkland=- Drought, Heat, and Insect Life___.._.:_.....-....-..-Mary E. Murtfeldt - - List of Members of the Association of Economic Entomologists PES TRA TON PLATES. PLATE I, Curculio gang at work with sheets and bumpers in orchard at Ere. 1 perce Fort V alley, Gay 2 Be ek ey a ne Il. Curculio gang at work in the Hale orchard, Fort Valley, Ga.:- TEXT FIGURES. . Aphis n. sp: stem mother on peach and plum in Georgia, much: enlarged 95-7 2_ ate ape ale oe L. eb: winged form on 1 peach and d plum in Georgia, much 4 Page. 24 24 THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. MORNING SESSION, FRIDAY, AUGUST 23, 1901. The Association met in room No. 3, Denver High School Building, Denver, Colo., at 10 a. m. August 23, 1901. The following members were in attendance at the sessions: William H. Ashmead, Washington, D. C.; Lawrence Bruner, Lin- coln, Nebr.; EK. D. Ball, Fort Collins, Colo.; A. N. Caudell, Washing- ton, D. C.; Richard’S. Clifton, Washington, D..C.; T. D. A. Cockerell, Mesilla Park, N. Mex.; E. M. Ehrhorn, Mountainview, Cal.; E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y.; C. P. Gillette, Fort Collins, Colo. ; ADs Hopkans: Morgantown, W. Va.; W. J. Holland, Pittsburg, Pa.; L. O. Howard, Washington, D. C.;-W. D. Hunter, Washington, D. C:; Vernon L. Kellogg, Stanford University, Cal.; W. M. Scott, Atlanta, Ga. The meeting was called to order by President C. P. Gillette, who announced that the absence of Secretary A. L. Quaintance necessi- tated the election of a temporary secretary. Upon motion of Dr. Howard, W. M. Seott was elected. After calling Mr. Hopkins to the chair, President Gillette delivered the annual address, which follows: LIFE HISTORY STUDIES ON THE CODLING MOTH. By Cy es GiniELDE, Mork Collins: Colo: FELLOW-WORKERS: It isnosmall honor that you confer upon Colo- rado in coming for the first time to the Queen City of the West at the beginning of the new century—the Utopian century for all true sci- entific thought and the highest human development. Never before have you met so far away from the time-honored centers of learning in the East. To-day we are met at the very feet of the Rocky Moun- tains and in plain view of their eternal snows, which give freshness to our mountain air and unite the waters that feed the two oceans that wash our shores. You have not come in search of health or pleas- ure, aS many do, but in the interest of science, whose one object is to search out the abiding truths of the Creator, and that branch of sci- ence which has for its object to make ‘‘two spears of grass grow where ~ one grew before.” The object is a most worthy one. May our ses- sions in this place be marked with an unusual degree of harmony and enthusiasm, which shall cause each to return to his field of labor with a new and deeper interest in his work. 5) 6 In the address which it became my duty to deliver before this asso- ciation one year ago I took occasion to emphasize the importance of more life-history study and a greater degree of cooperation in our work. As I exhausted my store of good advice at that meeting, and wish to seem to practice what I preach, I have concluded to offer at this time the results of some life-history studies on one of our longest, if not best, known insects—the codling moth. In this work I have received much kindly assistance from members of this Association and others who have auswered my questions, and in some cases have put themselves to considerable trouble to collect data and make observa- tions for me in their several localities. Probably every member of this Association has been disappointed and surprised many times at finding the lack of positive knowledge in regard to certain portions of the life habits of our longest known insect pests. It is not necessary to discover a new insect, friend or enemy, in order to do good original work of the highest value. The codling moth undoubtedly causes greater annual loss in Colo- rado than any other insect, unless it be the two-lined locust (Melano- plus bivittatus). Our topographical and climatic conditions, with the plains in the east and the mountains in the west, are extremely varied, and there is a popular opinion among many of our orchardists that the habits of the codling moth in Colorado are not to be compared with the habits of the same insect in the Eastern portion of the country. For these reasons, chiefly, my studies of this insect began, one of the main objects being to determine whether or not there are more broods in the warmer portions of the State, where the tenderer fruits are grown, than in the northern parts and in the East. In some ways this report will be one of progress only, as the work is not completed. A few years ago we were telling orechardists that the codling moth lays its eggs in the ecalyces of the apples, and we might have been doing so yet had not Washburn corrected us. We were in error, and the fruit growers know it, and have lost confidence to some extent in the correctness of our statements. They do not know but what we are equally liable to be in error in regard to any other matter regarding the life habits of an insect where our statements seem to them doubt- ful or mysterious. I can not help wondering if some, yes, many of us, have not been equally careless in our statements as to the number of broods of the codling moth in our several States. It is often easier to accept the opinion of another than to verify its correctness. Tobe a thorough scientist one must bea good doubter, or at least questioner and thinker. Not always gainsaying the statements of others, but always ready to inquire into the basis of belief even of the most stereotyped ideas. Riley,’ knowing there existed a difference of opinion as to the num- ber of broods of the codling moth in different portions of the coun- try, made a special study of the insect in Missouri, and announced, ' Third Missouri Rep., p. 103. Tei G in 1872, that ‘“‘At all events this insect is invariably double-brooded in the latitude of St. Louis,” and expressed his doubts of its being single-brooded in New England. The year following Le Baron," in speaking of the codling moth, says, ‘‘It is universally double brooded at the West; at least, in all parts of the State of Illinois and farther south.” In recent years we have had the number of broods estimated by different entomologists, in various parts of our country, all the way from one to four, with variations in the form of ‘‘ partial broods” thrown in. In fact it has almost become the custom to announce that in one’s locality the codling moth is one-brooded with a partial second, or two-brooded with a partial third, and even three-brooded with a partial fourth. So far as my experience has gone, the insects with which I have had to deal have been very uniform in the number of life cycles through which a species passes during a year, and I recall no instance in my experience where an insect normally possessed an annual or otherwise regular fractional brood, and I am unable to find any published data giving strong evidence of such a brood of the codling moth in this country, except that from Dr. Smith, published in Entomological News (Vol. V, p. 284). Dr. Smith was unable for several years in succession to obtain any moths of the second brood in his breeding cages, though wormy apples continued to appear in the orchards in September and October. In a recent letter from Dr. Smith he states that there is a partial second brood of the codling moth at New Brunswick, N. J., the larve of which attaek, chiefly, pears of two varieties—Kieffer and Japan Golden Russet. The fact that at least a partial second brood occurs at New Brunswick makes me wonder if two full broods do not regularly occur under normal conditions in the orchard. It is a point upon which we should have more data both at New Brunswick and in other northern apple-growing districts where it has been supposed less than two annual broodsoeceur. Larimer County, Colorado, is at the north- ern limit of successful apple-growing within the State, yet the codling moth appears to have been regularly two-brooded there during our studies upon its life history for the past three years at least, and I have been able to find no adequate evidence of even a partial addi- tional brood in the warmer valleys in the mountainous districts, where peaches, apricots, nectarines, and the tender varieties of Cali- fornia grapes are grown to perfection. In breeding large numbers of insects of any species it is not surprising to obtain an occasional individual out of season. We have had a very few such instances in rearing many hundreds of the codling moth, but not enough to desig- nate them as a partial brood. For example, three larve appeared in our cages before July 15, that remained larve over winter. I con- sidered these mere stragglers that in some manner had been pre- vented from undergoing their life cycle in a normal manner. ‘Third Rep. State Entomologist of Ill, p. 172, 8 That there is probable error in some of the announcements as to the number of broods of this insect is further evidenced in the fact that I have received opinions of entomologists of equally good standing in which they estimate the number of life cycles differently by two broods in the same locality. Both can not be correct. Again, if the codling moth is partial-brooded in a locality, it seems . improbable that we should find it uniformly passing the winter in the larval state, yet all authorities seem to agree that such is the ease. HOW TO DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF BROODS. It is not a simple problem to determine the number of broods of the ecodling moth where there are more than one. As the insect always winters as a larva, it must be double brooded, at least, if all the larvee of the first brood of worms feeding in the fruit change to the pupa state soon after leaving the apples. Care should be taken to obtain first-brood larve, however, and if they do not change in breeding cages, bands should be left upon the trees for two weeks at least, and then the cocoons opened to see if any contain pup. If a good num- ber of larve are obtained and none transform under natural condi- tions, it is fair to conclude that the insect is single brooded in that place. According to my experience the first-brood larve will con- tinue to appear for fully one month before those of the second brood will begin to arrive. The time occupied by the codling moth in passing through its com- plete round of development during the summer will average about seven weeks. Then if we know when the first larve appear in the spring and when the latest ones cease to appear-in the fall in a given locality, it will be a very simple mathematical computation to deter- mine a theoretical number of broods for the season, but it will be no evidence whatever that such a number exists, unless we know that all the eggs of a brood are deposited at one time and that all the indi- viduals of the brood run their course at the same rate. We know these conditions never occur in ease of the codling moth. The prob- lem we have to solve is one in which many runners are to cover a Cir- cular course one or more times; they run at widely varying speeds, and some of the earliest to start will go around once before the late individuals make their start. Wesuppose all are to cover the course the same number of times, and we are to find that number and also learn whether the number is the same for all. Then what must we know in order to determine our unknown quantities? We must know the beginning and the end of the period during which the insect starts upon its various rounds of development, and we must know the range of time in completing that cycle; then we must know whether those that complete one circuit start upon the next. If one starts upon the course, it goes completely around—at least we know no exceptions to | w) the rule. Then if the data gathered is sufficient toexplain the entire occurrence of the insect for the year, we have no occasion to introduce partial broods. In fact I think their existence should only be - announced upon the most positive evidence. While the data that I have to offer in this address bear chiefly upon the matter of broods of the eodling moth, I have not confined myself to that feature of its life history, and shall give such records and observations as I think may be of interest from our studies of this insect. SPRING BROOD OF LARVZ AND PUP. In our early spring studies of this insect we have always found it as a larva in all portions of Colorado. It begins to pupate freely just priorto the blooming of the apple trees, at which time, also, the earliest moths may be taken. The date of pupation varies greatly. Those upon the south side of trees pupate earlier than those upon the north, while others going into the earth about the base of the tree (which many do) or deep into some checked trunk or rotten stump change still later. The time spent inthe pupa state by this brood has varied with us from 13 to 68 days, and the time has been as long in the Grand Valley as at Fort Collins. April 23 of the present year the waitin took 285 larve and 7 pupee of the codling moth under bands in an orehard at Fort Collins. May 10, when the early trees were in bloom, he took 33 larvee and 4 pupe. From the latter date pupation took place much more rapidly. SPRING MIGRATIONS OF THE LARVA. I think it was in the spring of 1899 that I was told that a man living near Grand Junction had put bands upon his apple trees in February, and taken many larve of the codling moth under them. The follow- ing spring I requested parties in Rockyford, Grand Junction, Canon City, Edgewater, and Fort Collins to place at least 10 bands upon trees early in spring, to be examined weekly and report results. From all these bands but 6 larvee were taken. The past spring I was in Grand Junction when Mr. Silmon Smith was removing bands to catch the migrating larve (May 8), and he reported 53 worms from 295 bands remaining on two weeks. I also addressed a letter to Mr. W. H. Barber, of Grand Junction, who it was said had been very suecessful in taking the larve, and he reported taking 307 larvze April 2 and 409 April 17 from 2,500 bands. So there is a small per- centage of the larve that seek a new place for pupation in the spring, but the number is usually so small that it seems doubtful if it will often be a matter of economy to attempt to capture them under bands. I can not vouch for the identification of larve in the last instance, but if they were all of the codling moth, working the bands must have paid well. 10 SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS. At Fort Collins moths have been captured out of doors as early as April 26, long before apple trees were in bloom. Our earliest records for other portions of the State are as follows: Grand Junction, May 7; Canon City, May 5; Rockyford, May 10. Moths from larve brought into the laboratory during April and May have continued to appear in good numbers to June 23 at Fort Collins, and moths have continued to appear in cellar breeding cages to July 24. The early larve and pupe taken at Grand Junction by Mr. Silmon Smith continued to give moths till June 1, those taken at Canon City by Dr. Peare gave moths till June 24, and those taken at Rockyford by Mr. 1. H. Griffin emerged till June 8. In none of ° these cases was any special attempt made to get the latest appearing moths for the locality. The extreme range in time of appearance of the first brood moths in our cages at Fort Collins in 1900 was 69 days. The tollowing table, giving the dates at which the codling moth appears in its different stages in different parts of Colorado and in some other States, may be of interest for comparison, although there are many blanks that can not be filled at present: TABLE I.—Dates of transformations of the codling moth tn different places. Larve of first LF Moths | Eggs Sea of first | br brood. Locality. paced oe Hee . ost | oe ost | Sse | First. common. | First. common. > . | Mesilla Park, N. Mek sia eave Tea A prs 24) |May 4 e = ee | May-3l 2 Grand Junction, Colo ..-.-.---....=----.2...__--| May.7| May 18 |. June 5| July 5 Rockyford, Colo Lf SP Ae RY AO SR ea ee iia LOG | as- eet ee ele Clee ae Juneld5 ____do-_- Ganon City; Colo!) 52323 2 a es i eee ee eee Eee cs 2 de. ee eee Corvallis Ore eso Jee es ee Se Ee eee May: 16-|. Same 20) se a eee ee ae ae New Brunswick, Nid o.2- 2 ee ee ee ee jeeetyee te [eee a ee ee July 20 Ss 2S Morgantown, W.Va = es See ee ee eee [2a ek ee eee ae June 21323. = TENAGH. NV oe a a Se eee ee May. -id:|-dune Zoe ae July aise Lincoln, Nebr 2s.) tessa eee ae May — | June 3 |-___------- June 20 cee Denver; Colo. 235 9 oe ee ete See | Se tl eRe an ieee we aoe July 3, July 21 Hort Collins; Colo :ss. sh eee ee eee May 5/ June 9/ July 3/} June28 | July 2 So wouIS; Mo.-) <2 Ses eee eee eh AE aS Mays ts | oon ae eee June23 July §& Northern (linois: 12.5. 2 eee May 12 | eee pene ae parm aie fms 2 SO | Se | Moths of second Larve of s d Eggs of arve of secon brood. Sd brood. Locality. peed Authority. First. Last. ae First. Sn OStE Mesilla Park, N. Mex - _-_---- JUN 26 eae ee A nd Se ence |e bates ee a aes eed ee eerie Grand Junction, Colo_------ June 28 | Sept.12 |-----<---- July 23 Aug. 15 | Silmon Smith. RockyfordiGoloy 2s = |FIullys 15) | SepE Oa Aug. 6) Aug.20 H.H. Griffin. Canon City, Colo---.-..-.---- Lally | SepilOna= aaa AGE gt eee ne _R.J.Peare. Coryallis\Orep = -4- ee Ang: 1 4 Septeii is es ape [etek cee eo F. L. Washburn | and A.B. Cordley. New Bruns wickiNedn sae oe eer at cee Rea ie em Mi 8 Lol ees eRe J.B. Smith. eae W.Va no ee See ee ee eee ithacasNe We. = eae eee ER ne | en ot Seo 22S See a eee eee joe ee M. V. Slingerland. Lincoln, Nebr.ce eee July 2 eae ere eres fe. ha | ee ee F.W. Card. Denver, Colo ___- ae 2 Jnccel Se ek ee Sept ar tRiayadeerenners Fort Collins. Colo. .....--__- July 13 AG Sept.1¢ | Aug. 12 Aug. 3 | Sept.12 | C. P. Gillette. it LOWS Min 6" Stes Rag? 2 July 8c] See eee Ausy eee see: C. V. Riley. ® Northern Dlinois 2) _ 20-220) July 153) 2 ee eee W. Le Baren. 1QOn or before. 2 Estimated by writer. 3 First Missouri report. il DURATION OF SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS. Of the 12 males kept in breeding cages 2 died on the second day, 3 upon the third, 1 on the fourth, 2 on the fifth, 3 on the sixth, and 1 on the seventh; an average of a trifle over 4 days. Of 7 females 1 died on the sixth day, 3 on the seventh, 2 on the ninth, and 1 on the thir- teenth; an average of a little over 8 days. Fully half of the females in breeding cages did not lay eggs at all. SPRING BROOD, OF EGGS. The starting point of the first brood can better be taken at egg lay- ing than from the appearance of the moths. The moths that appear very early are compelled to wait for oviposition until apples are ready to receive their eggs. The earliest that eggs have been observed at Fort Collins was June 9, 1900. This year they were not found until June 19. They became increasingly abundant until they reached their maximum about July 3, and by July 21 it was almost impossible to find an unhatched egg. By July 27 a noticeable increase had started again, marking the beginning of the second brood. ; Professor Cockerell records eggs as early as May 4 at Mesilla Park, N. Mex. At Grand Junction, Colo., I found them in small numbers May 25, 1900, and estimated that they might have occurred as early as the 18th of the month. Slingerland records them on May 26 at Ithaca, N. Y., and Card gives June 3 as the earliest date known to him for the appearance of the eggs in Nebraska. _One is not liable to discover the first eggs laid by the codling moth, so it is likely that any of the above dates may be too late for the earlest eggs, and the dates in a given locality will vary in different seasons with the date of the blooming of the apple trees. This is so important a date to have from which to work in studying the life history of the codling moth that I offer the following table, giving the dates at which apple trees bloom in different portions of the country. It is chiefly compiled from answers to letters which I have sent out. TABLE II.—Dates at which apple trees bloom in different localities. Locality. Date of bloom. Informant. MOTOMNEN Lect soos oa este Mar. Bue 10 SE te RL eee arta) Ait CAE NA R. Lewers. CornvallissOres saree sees laniZo— Ap Ores. eaten sete Ease Se etO on saa A.B. Cordley. Wirbama cil s sree ema eee PATA OSS e Meme see: Wonk eA MC ee on see JO, Islald Grand Junction, Colo -. ___- Apr lis eine ee Ss URSA il Mvem iang Sea er Tins AN C. P. Gillette. Southern New Jersey -...-- DENTON SPADA esr aie ag oy tae cn Ra IE he J.B. Smith. ColumpiarMioss see see WANT 2A) VD any ooops eres mere ti ne Bel oes reer ane Staab J.M.Stedman. blacksburseViaee 2.22. oe: LAD TESA 0 SOE eat mys urel one at AN Noein Ure eR E gas iL 3.L. Phillips. Matayettevind=2:252225255-- PALO TO 2 () ie5 cent ey epee Rt Se aN ell SUSE EN N Ae J.Troop. ancolmesNcbresesess se sees A DRAZi— Maye ee eet ees A uawrence Brgner Rockytord\Coloss=s2225. 52. DN OB oe ey es Sle oP eS eae eae ee eee HH. Griffi CollesepPanrka Mid= es 22 a21r= [Ey ay os Da lac ole Et 8 Spare oe te ..-|:W.G. Johnson’ Bozemiamee Von temas see Vaya eee eli Sees ON ace ae te R. A. Cooley. Morgantown, W. Va.______. IMM Tee eed Le) a GS a SS ee ener Fa Wel B Jel ws 0} 0) . 20 hte tee oa ae eee 3: 26 | a 2. 69 7 Geto ber...) i222. 82 a a a ee ee ee 3.18 7 3. 59 8 Novem ber.< 225 See see oe ae ee etree aS See 8. 42 | 16 3. 99 21 LOOT Marchis. = 22 Sn es a ees eee 3. 09 | Oe. Seal eee TING 35 it sete erent ee Ee Paap Sea Sees et Een ee eee 4, 34 | 1 4,25 10 Mayes esis ato cs Sot ess Se ee Se ee ee eee 4,49 | 18 5.13 | 19 #1 [Ta 2 eee ea ion aE Sanh ea Sie ee Oh Tae 1. 49 | 7 3.08 | 10 It will be seen that last May was very wet, rain falling 18 and 19 days, respectively, in the two localities, and it is no wonder that the spring generation of the fly thrived, completed its transformations, and was ready to infest late-sown barley. The contrast between a rank, suc- culent growth of the grain and grain injured by the Hessian fly was further shown on one hilly patch of wheat in which there was consid- erable grain on the gravelly, comparatively dry knolls, while in the more moist gullies the stalks of wheat were very scattering. In the discussions ae this paper, Mr. Ashmead asked what renee Mr. Felt would recommend. Mr. Felt replied that late sowing and trap crops plowed under were the most effective remedies. Mr. Howard suggested the possibility of varieties resistant to the Hessian fly. Mr. Felt said that No. 8 was said to be resistant. Mr. Scott then presented the following paper: JARRING FOR THE CURCULIO ON AN EXTENSIVE SCALE IN GEORGIA, WITH A LIST OF THE INSECTS CAUGHT. By W. M. Scott.and W. F. Fiske, Atlanta, Ga. CURCULIO DAMAGE TO PEACHES AND PLUMS. In Georgia, where peaches and plums are extensively grown for mar- ket, perhaps the most perplexing problem that confronts the grower is how to combat the cureculio. The San Jose scale, so prevalent in south Georgia, is thoroughly controlled by the kerosene-water treat- ment, the peach-tree borer is held in abeyance by the cutting-out . method, and the brown rot is fairly well controlled with the Bordeaux treatment; but the cureulio has sueceeded in baffling all contrivances for its destruction, except, perhaps, the tedious and expensive method of jarring the trees and catching the beetles on sheets stretched on frames made for that purpose. PLATE lI. Bul. 31, New Series, Div. of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. eek CEEOL Sega RE CURCULIO GANG AT WORK WITH SHEETS AND BUMPERS IN ORCHARD AT FORT VALLEY From photograph furnished by Scott & Fiske. GA. PLATE Il. Iture. cu y, U.S. Dept. of Agr (24 Bul. 31, New Series, Div. of Entomolo EN CURCULIO GANG AT WORK IN THE HALE ORCHARD, FORT VALLEY, From photograph furnished by Scott & Fiske. 25 eae A conservative estimate would place the annual damage to peaches and plums done by the cureulio in Georgia at 25 per cent of the entire erop. Aside from the work of the larve in the fruit, the adult beetles are active agents in disseminating the brown-rot fungus, as evidenced by our observations during the past season. In a number of orchards that were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture it was observed that brown rot developed almost exelusively on fruit that had been punctured or eaten into by the curculio, and the point of brown-rot attack was usually at wounds made by the beetles. It is evident, then, that this insect is responsible for considerable brown-rot damage either by actu- ally conveying the spores or by merely breaking the skin of the fruit for their admission. THE JARRING METHOD IN THE HALE ORCHARD. Perhaps the most extensive work against the curculio that has ever been undertaken in the history of peach and plum culture was con- ducted by the Hale Georgia Orchard Company, at Fort Valley, Ga., during the past season. About 200,000 bearing peach trees and 50,000 bearing plum trees were jarred several times between April 18 and June 1. The entire orchard was gone ever about six times, while some blocks of trees, particularly those adjacent to woods and other eurculio-harboring places, received the jarring every day (except Sundays) between the dates named. The operations were carried on by 11 gangs of 5 hands each. Each gang was suppled with an outfit consisting of two sheets stretched on the underside of light wooden frames, 6 by 12 feet in dimensions, a pole 8 feet long padded with rub- ber on one end which served as a ‘‘ bumper,” and a supply of baking- powder cans in which to confine the insects captured. Each pair of sheets was carried by 4 women or children, accompanied by a man, who, by forcibly striking the trunk of the tree, effected the jarring. The several gangs moved through the blocks of trees together, each taking a row, as shown in the accompanying illustrations. About every half hour the sheets were placed on the ground, and all hands engaged in picking off cureulio and other insects that looked sus- picious. In most cases the lady-bird beetles were allowed to escape. The jarring was done from 3 a. m. to. 9 a. m. and from 2 p. m. until dark. The best results, however, were obtained from the early morn- ing work. With the 11 pairs of sheets about 40,000 trees were thus gone over ina day. (See Plates I and II.) COST. It required 60 hands (men, women, and children) to operate the 11 pairs of sheets, and the cost for labor amounted to $25 per day. These gangs of curculio catchers were employed for 37 days, making the total cost for labor $925. Mr. Hale estimated the cost for keeping the outfits in repair at $75, making the total cost for the work of the season $1,000. 26 RESULTS. We furnished Mr. J. H. Baird, superintendent of the orchard, with eyanide jars for killing the insects in bulk once a week. As the lots came in they were gone over quite carefully and a collection of the different species occurring therein mounted. These were afterwards determined, so far as practicable, through the kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard, by Messrs. F. C. Pratt and O. Heidemann. Portions of sev- eral lots were separated and the curculio counted in order to get at the relative percentage at different times during the season, and at the end of the whole was thoroughly mixed. By counting a definite por- tion and carefully measuring the remainder a tolerably exact esti- mate of the total number and percentage was obtained. The proportions of curculio in the catchings as thus determined varied from 56 to 94 per cent, the average for the entire season being about 67 per cent. The gross number of cureulio was in the neigh- borhood of 137,000. No attempt was made to determine the percentage of females, but if it be granted that the sexes were equally divided and that each female was capable of depositing 200 eggs an idea can be had of the immense damage that was prevented by the jarring work. The most important results, however, showed up in the small per- centage of curculio-damaged fruit from the jarred orchard as com- pared with the adjacent orchards that were not jarred. It was quite impossible, of course, to arrive at definite figures, but a fair estimate of the comparative results was obtained by examining both the imma- ture fruit on the trees and the ripe fruit as it came into the packing houses. In the midst of the shipping season, July 23, we made final notes on the work. The system of sorting the fruit in Mr. Hale’s packing house is about as perfect as it can be made on a large seale. One hand sorts for two packers, and all fruit showing curculio damage, rot, or other defect is discarded. Out of one day’s shipping of 5 ears, or 2,0624 bushels, there were only 20 bushels of culls, or about 1 per cent. Some damaged fruit is always overlooked and allowed to go on the market. For this we allowed another 20 bushels. In this orchard there was very little premature dropping due to curculio damage, and from our notes we would place this amount of damage about equal with the amount that came into the packing house. A fair estimate, then, would place the amount of cureculio damage to the entire crop at 4 per cent. An adjacent orchard of 130,000 trees was taken as a check. Care- ful notes made in this orchard and its packing house places the amount of damaged fruit at 40 per cent of the entire crop. The sur- roundings attending the two orchards are about the same, but it should be explained that the untreated orchard has never received the same clean cultivation that Mr. Hale’s orchard is always given. 27 This would certainly account for a small part of the difference in the percentages of damage in the two orchards. There seems to be no question as to the successful outcome of the experiment, and Mr. Hale, who shipped 143 ears of fruit from the orchard, considers the money required for the jarring well spent. A study of the collections of insects made by thus jarring the trees has revealed many interesting features as regards the species present and their comparative abundance. About 325 species were mounted and determined; the larger part were found in insignificant numbers, but many were abundant. Outside of the Coleoptera and Hemiptera, very few of any order were taken, and of these no record has been kept. The presence in considerable numbers of the peach borer, San- nina exitiosa, during the early half of May is, however, worthy of note. LIST OF FAMILIES REPRESENTED. COLEOPTERA. e The Coleoptera easily outnumbered the Hemiptera, even without considering the immense numbers of curculio, and many of the species were of economic interest. The list of families represented is as follows: CARABID&.—Very few specimens early in the season, but many at later dates. Lebia, as might be expected, was common; Calosoma sayi, wilcoxi, and scru- tator were scarce, but conspicuous from their size and color; Platynus was the most common genus, and represented by several species, of which lim- batus was present in the largest numbers. PHALACRIDA.—Scearce. . COCCINELLID.—These beetles, of such great economic importance in reducing the numbers of such widely distributed scales as Aspidiotus forbesi, etc., were sorted from the jarrings as made and set at liberty. Thus no good idea could be obtained as to their actual abundance; but, judging from the large num- bers that escaped the mercy of the sorters, very large numbers must have been originally present. Thirteen species were identified (counting Scymnus as one), the most of them known as scale feeders. The most common was, how- ever, Anatis 15-punctata, with a close second in Hippodamia convergens. Among those that have been especially noted as feeding on the scales infesting peach in Georgia were Coccinella sanguinea, common; Chilcorus bivulnerus, common; Hxochomus tripustulatus, scarce; Hyperaspis signata, scarce. Scymnus was common, but the species are as yet undetermined. Strangely enough, Adalia bipunctata, which occurs about plant-lice in swarms, was whoily lacking. ENDOMYCHID&%.— Very rare. EROTYLID%.—Scarce. DERMESTID&, NITIDULID&, TROGOSITID&, and DASCYLLID&.—AI] rare. ELATERIDZ.—Abundant. The species, however, largely such as breed in rotten wood, such as the old stumps often occurring in orchards, or in its environs. For instance, Alaus myops was common and conspicuous; Perothops mucida was very common in some lots, and in general the species were of little eco- nomic interest. THROSCID 4.— Rare. BupPRESTIDZ.—Abundant. The collections in this family were interesting, prin- cipally on account of the abundance of the genus Chrysobothris. CO. femorata 28 was very common toward the end of the season; C. azurea was equally com- mon throughout, and the same is true of C. harrisii. C. sex-signata was less so, and a small form that may possibly be a much dwarfed semorata was scarce. It seems probable that all of these feed on peach, femorata unques- tionably so, while azwrea has been noted from March to July as being a com- mon frequenter of peach trees, especially when old and diseased. About a dozen other species of the family were taken. LAMPYRIDZ,—AIlso a very common family, certain small species of Telephorus being very abundant, arranged according toabundance. Chauliognathus was also extremely common later in the season. MALACHIID#.—Fairly common. CLERID2.—Made fairly common by the presence of Clerus thoracicus in some numbers. PTINID®.—Several species, the ‘‘twig borer” Amphicerus bicaudatus in some numbers. SCARAB ZID.—The presence of Anomala undulata in numbers gave this family considerable prominence that it-would not otherwise have possessed. Lach- nosterna was unexpectedly scarce, though in some variety: L. tristis was the only common species. : CERAMBYCID2.—Rivaled only by the Ghrgeomeltats for variety, though few spe- cies were abundant. Elaphidion villosum was common through the season. In all about 40 species were found, and of them a few of the smaller ones were common. CHRYSOMELID4%.—Over 50 species in this family were determined, though many of them were of but occasional occurrence. The flea-beetles were represented by some very prettily colored forms. Perhaps the most interesting econom- ically was Diabrotica 12-punctata. This was one of the most common of all the beetles, and is quite injurious to the peach in early spring, eating out the center of the blossoms and opening buds. The potato and sweet-potato beetles found their way in considerable numbers to the slaughter. BRUCHID.—Rare. TENEBRIONIDH.—Abundant, represented by some of the more common wood- eating forms. CISTELID4.—Common. LAGRIIDZ.—Quite common. MELANDRYID2%.—Rare. PyYTHID2.—Rare. MORDELLID2.—Rare until nearly the end of the season. - ANTHICID2.-—Species of Notoxus were fairly common, and later in the season these insects are among the most commonly seen on the trees, crawling continually over the leaves for some obscure purpose. MELOID%.—Rare. OTIORHYNCHID &.—Rare, except for one species, Aramigus fulleri, Which in some lots of the catchings was very common, but was far from being uniformly so throughout theseason. Whatits habits may bein this connection is a question. CURCULIONID%.—Conotrachelus nenuphar of course formed a large proportion of the total number of insects caught. but a proportion that lessened as the season advanced, varying from 94 per cent under certain conditions to as low as 56 per cent toward the end of the season. This is in part due, we think, to the fact that much fewer curculio were caught and partly, also, to the increased numbers and activity of other insects. Inaddition to nenuphar, the following species of Conotrachelus were taken: C. anaglypticus was common, C, senicu- lus, scarce, and C. cribricollis, scarce. All these were noted as being more common during the latter part of the season. Others of this family were con- Spicuously numerous, as Chalcodermus ceneus, Anthonomus scutellatus, and spe- cies of Cryptorhynchus and Baris. ee 29 BRENTHID2.—Rare. / CALANDRID&%.—Calandra oryza was quite common, ScoLyTID&.—Scolytus rugulosus was abundant throughout the season and formed a considerable percentage of the insects outside of curculio. ANTHRIBID&.—Common, and represented by several species. Therare Cratoparis lugubris was not uncommon in one catching, but the individuals received were in a state of decomposition that spoiled them for specimens. HEMIPTERA—HETEROPTERA. The Hemiptera were very interesting, embracing as they did insects of quite varying economie status. The number of families at all common were limited, and, strangely enough, the Capside were wholly without representatives. Any one of a dozen species could be selected from the Capside or Pentatomide that would outnumber in individuals all the other species of bugs together, saving, perhaps, the Pyrrochoride. CORIMEL ANID Z.—Scarce. CyDNID2.—Rare. SCUTELLERID2%.—Scarce. PENTATOMIDZ.—Abundant, including both predaceous and phytophagous forms. Stiretrus anchorage wascommon, with both white and orange ground color and much variety as to detail of markings. Podisus was abundant, but the mate- rial has not yet been thoroughly worked over for species. Four or five species of the large flat Brochymena were more or less abundant, especially toward close of season. C£balus pugnax was abundant. Euschistus, the most com- mon genus of all, was represented by servus, tristignus, and crassus in order of abundance. . About 25 species in all were taken in this family. CorREID&.—This family was also abundantly represented and by species of the highest economic importance, foremost among them being large quantities of the leaf-footed plant bugs. Falling in this group were: Acanthocephala declivis, common and conspicuous from its gigantic size; Metapodius femoratus, to which the same remarks apply: M. instabilis, rare; Leptoglossus oppositus, abundant; L. phyllopus, still more abundant (these two latter species formed 10 per cent of the total catchings in some cases); ZL. corculus, rare; DL. n. sp., rare. The injury which these insects do in an orchard must be considerable. They sometimes occur in swarms on the trees, flying freely about from one to another, and piercing and sucking green, ripe, and rotten fruit promiscuously. There can be little question but that they thus act as agents in the dissemina- tion of brown rot, and very effectively in a climate so conducive to the devel- opment of this disease as Georgia, Huthoctha galeator, aspecies that is often- times a serious pest to nursery stock, piercing and sucking the terminal shoot, thus causing it to wither and the stock to branch, was caught in some num- | bers. Chariesterus antennator was abundant, and in all 17 species referable | to the family were taken. BERYTID.— Rare. LYG4IpD®.—Scarce, on the whole. Several species of Lygzus; one, turcicus, fairly common. PYRRHOCORIDZ.—Common; represented by Largus succinctus. ARADID.— Rare. NABIpD 2.—Rare. REDUVIID.—Represented by half a dozen species, all scarce or rare. HEMIPTERA—HOMOPTERA. Poorly represented by a few Fulgorids, Jassids, and Membracids; none of them common. 30 LIST OF INSECTS CAUGHT FROM PEACH AND PLUM TREES IN JARRING FOR THE CURCULIO. COLEOPTERA. CARABIDA, Calosoma scrutator Fab. Lessrare than wilcoxt or sayt. Calosoma wilcoxi Lec. Rare. Calosoma sayi Dej. Rare. Pasimachus marginatus Fab. One. Amara spp. Fairly common. Calathus opaculus Lec. ward end of season. Platynus limbatus Say. Not found in | catchings until end of season, but then abundantly. Platynus sp. Scarce. Nemotarsus elegans Lec. Rare. Lebia viridis Say. Common. Lebia-analis Say. Rare. “‘Lebia scapularis Dej. Rare. Philophuga viridicollis Lec. common. Chleenius tomentosus Say. Rare. Harpalus spp. Fairly common toward end of season. Anisodactylus rusticus Say. common toward end of season. Anisodactylus terminatus Say. Rare. Fairly Fairly PHALACRID A. Olibrus spp. Common. COCCINELLID &. Megilla maculata DeG. Abundant. Hippodamia glacialis Fab. One only. Hippodamia convergens Guer. Com- mon. Coccinella affinis Rand. Rare. Coccinella affinis var. venusta One specimen only. Coccinella sanguinea Linn. Common. Anatis 15-punctata Oliv.. Abundant. Mysia pullata Say. Common. Psyllobora 20-maculata Say. One speci- men only. Chilcorus bivulnerus Muls. Common. Exochomus tripustulata DeG. Scarce. Melsh. | Exochomus pilatii Muls. Scarce. Hyperaspis signata Oliv. Rare. Scymnus spp. Common. | ENDOMYCHID. | Aphorista vittata Fab. Rare. Common to- | | | Helodes pulchella Guer. | Ludius texanus Lec. | Melanotus sp. I. | Melanotus sp. II. | Limonius griseus Beauy. | Limontius sp. I. EROTYLID. Languria mozardi Lee. Fairly com- mon. Languria gracilis Newn. One speci- men only. Tritoma festiva Lec. Rare. Tritoma thoracica Say. Less rare than Festiva. DERMESTID. Trogoderma ornatum Say. Rare. NITIDULID. Epurea labilis Er. Rare. TROGOSITIDA. Trogosita virescens Fab. Rare. DASCYLLID. Prionocyphon discoideusSay. Onespeci- men only. Rare. ELATERIDA. Adelocera discoidea Web. Fairly com- mon. Lacon rectangularis Say. Common at end of season. Alaus ocellatus Linn. Rare. Alaus myops Fab. Common, Cardiophorus sp. Elater linteus Say. One only. Common, Melanotus leonardi Lec. Rare, Melanotus communis Gyll. Common. Common. Common. Common. One specimen only, Limonius sp. Il. Common. Sericosomus silaceus Say. Common. Melanactes morio Fab. Common late in the season. Perothops mucida Gyll. in the season. Common early THROSCID A. Drapetes geminatus Say. Onespecimen only. . ee ee ee 31. COLEOPTERA —Continued. BUPRESTID &. Chalcophora virginiensis Dru. Fairly common. Chalocophora georgiana Lec. Fairly common. Dicerca obscura Fab. Common. Buprestis lineata Say. Several speci- mens. Buprestis striata Fab. One specimen only. Buprestis decora Fab. mens. Melanophila notata Lap. & Gory. Sev- eral specimens. Anthaxia viridifrons Lap. Rare. Anthaxia cyanella Gory. Rare. Anthaxia flavimana Gory. Rare. Chrysobothris femorata Fab. Common. Chrysobothris 6-signata Say. Fairly common, Chrysobothris chrysoela DaCosta. Com- mon. Chrysobothris harrisii Hentz. Common. Chrysobothris sp. Several specimens. Acmeceodera culta Web. Rare. Agrilus sp. Several specimens. Brachys crosa Mels. Fairly common. Several. speci- LAMPYRIDA. Eros humeralis Rand. Fairly common. Photuris pennsylvanica DeG. Scarce. Chauliognathus marginatus Fab. Abundant toward the end of the sea- son. . Calochromus perfaceta Say. Common. Podabrus frater Lec. Common. Telephorus lineola Fab, Common to- ward the end of the season. Telephorus sp. Common. Telephorus bilineatus Say. Scarce. Polemius laticornis Say. Fairly com- mon. MALACHIID &. Collops eximius Er. Common, Collops 4-maculatus Fab. Lesscommon than eximius. Tanaops longipes Lec. Scarce. CLERIDA. Elasmocerus terminatus Say. - common. Fairly -Amphicerus bicaudatus Say. CLERID 4—continued. Clerus thoracicus Oliv. Fairly common. Chariessa pilosa Forst. Rare. Orthopleuradamicornis Fab, One speci- men only. PTINID 4A. Ernobius mollis Linn. Common. Sinoxylon basilare Say. Rare. Common, SCARABAIID A, Canthon probus Germ. Rare. Canthon praticola Lec. Rare. Aphodius sp. Rare. Serica sericea Ill. Rare. Diplotaxis puberula Lee. Scarce. Diplotaxis sp. Rare. Lachnosterna arcuata Smith. Rare. Lachnosterna fusca Froehl. Rare. Lachnosterna crenulata Froehl. Rare. Lachnosterna cognata Burm. Fairly common. Lachnosterna luctuosa Horn. Fairly common, Lachnosterna tristis Fab. Common. Anomala minuta Burm. Rare. Anomala undulata Mels. Abundant, especially early in the season. Euphoria sepulchralis Fab. Fairly com- mon toward end of season. Euphorta fulgida Fab. Scarce. Trichius piger Fab. Several. Valgus squamiger Beauv. Rare. Valgus canaliculatus Fab. Rare. CERAMBYCID. Asemum moestum Hald. Rare. Phymatodes amocenus Say. Fairly com- mon. Phymatodes varius Fab. Rare. Chion cinctus Dru. Rare. Elaphidion mucronatum Fab. Several specimens in the last catching. Elaphidion villosum Fab. Abundant. The most common Cerambycid, ex- cept possibly Hyperplatys ~aculatus. Elaphidion unicolor Rand. One speci- men only. Heterachthes ebenus Newn. One of the more common Cerambycids. O2 COLEOPTERA—Continted. CERAMBYCID#—continued. Ancylocera bicolor Oliv. Rare. Elytroleptus floridanus Lec. One speci- men only. Batyle suturalis Say. Rare. Stenosphenus dolosus Horn. Clytus marginicollis Lap. specimen. Xylotrechus colonus Fab. Rare. Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fab. Rare. Euderces picipes Fab. Rare. Euderces pini Oliv. Rare. Rhagium lineatum Oliv. One specimen only. Acmecops bivittata Say. Rare. Acmceops discoidea Hald. Rare. Typocerus zebratusFab. Notanuncom- mon species. Leptura cruentata Hald. Rare. Monohamnus titillator Fab. common. Acanthoderes decipiens Hald. Common in the last catching. Liopus crassulus Lec. only. Liopus variegatus Hald. Rare. Hyperplatys aspersus Say. Almost as common as maculatus. Hyperplatys maculatus Hald. One of the most common Cerambycids. Acanthocinus obsoletus Oliv. Rare. Acanthocinus nodosus Fab. One speci- men only. Ecyrus dasycerus Lec. mens. Eupogonius tomentosus Hald. Quite common toward the end of the season. Hippopsis lemniscata Fab. - Rare. Ataxia crypta Say. Rare at first, but more common than Elaphidion villo- suni in the last catchings. Saperda lateralis Fab. One only. Tetrops jucunda Lec. only. Common. Fairly One specimen Several speci- specimen One specimen CHRYSOMELID#. Donacia aequalis Say. One specimen only. Donacia sp. One specimen only. CHRYSOMELID ©=—continued. Lema cornuta Fab. Rare. Lema sayi Cr. Rare. Babic 4-guttata Oliv. in the last catchings. Fairly common | Chlamys plicata Fab. Rare. Only one | Cryptocephulus 4-maculatus Say. Com- mon. Cryptocephalus 4-maculatus var. notatus _ Diabrotica 12-punctata Fab. | | i . Fab. Common. Cryptocephalus sp. Onespecimen only. Pachybrachys morosus Hald, Common. Pacihybrachys carbonarius Hald. Rare. Pachybrachys luridus Fab. Common. Pachybrachys subfasciatus Hald. Sev- eral specimens. Pachybrachys striatus Lec. Rare. XAanthonia 10-notata Say. Common. Glyptoscelis pubescens Fab. Rare. Myochrous denticollis Say. Rare. Typophorus canellus Fab. Not com- mon. Metachroma quercata Fab. Rare. Metachroma luridum Ol. Rare. Colaspis brunnea var. costipennis Cr. Common toward theend of the season. Doryphora 10-lineata Say. Rare. Doruphora juncta Germ. Common at times. Chrysomela similis Rog. mens. Chrysomela bigsbyana Kirby. Only one specimen. Lina lapponica Linn. Rare. Lina scripta Fab. Common. Several speci- Abun- dant. Diabrotica vittata Fab. mens only. Cerotoma trifurcata Forst. Common. Blepharida rhois Forst. One specimen only. CEdionychis thoracica Fab. Common. CEdionychis vians Ill. Rare. (Edionychis petaurista Fab, One speci- men only. (Edionychis miniata Fab. Common. (Edionychis scalaris Mels. Rare. Disonycha pennsylvanica Ill. Fairly common. A few speci- ‘ = 33 COLEOPTERA—Contined. CHRYSOMELID=—continued. Disonycha caroliniana Fab, Fairly common. Disonycha discoidea Fab. Several specimens. Disonycha abbreviata Mels. Fewer specimens than of discoidea. Disonycha 5-vittata Say. One specimen only. Haltica chalybea Il. Haltica ignita 111. mon as chalybea. Haltica rufa I. One specimen only. Orepidodera helxines Linn. Common. Systena elongata Fab. Several speci- mens. Common. Not nearly so com- One speci- ‘Odontota scapularis Oliv. men only. Odontota dorsalis Thunb, One speci- men only. _ Odontota rubra Web. One specimen only. Cassida bivittata Say. Common in the later catchings. Coptocycla aurichalcea Fab. common. Coptocycla guttata Oliv. mon. Coptocycla purpurata Boh. Rare. Chelymorpha argus Licht. Rare. Fairly Fairly com- BRUCHIDA. Spermophagus robinie Sch. Onespeci- men only. TENEBRIONIDA. Opatrinus aciculatus Lec. Rare. Arrhenoplita viridipennis Fab. Rare. Platydema ruficornis Sturm. Scarce. Helops americanus Beauy. Common. Helops cisteloides Germ. Abundant. Polypleurus geminatus Sol. Rare. CISTELID A. Hymenorus obscurus Say. Common. Hymenorus dorsalis Sz. Common. Hymenorus sp. I. . Common. ile SN Oe Oe 9) 2) CISTELID =—continued. Hymenorus sp. 11, Common toward the end of the season. Isomera sericea Say. Common. Capnochroa femoralis Mels. common in the last catchings. Chromatia amcena Say. Rare. Fairly LAGRIITDA, Statira gagatina Mels. late in the season. Fairly common MONOMMID A. Hyporhagus punctulatus Thom. Rare MELANDRYIDA. Hypulus (liturata), Onespecimen only. Eustrophus tomentosus Say. Scarce. PYTHIDA. . Boros unicolor Say. Rare. MORDELIDA. Mordella 8-punctata Fab. Common in the last catching. Mordella sp. Several in the last catch- ing. Glypodes helva Lec. Scarce. Mordellistena sp. Scarce. ANTHICIDAL. Eurygenius wildii Lec. Fairly com- mon. Notoxus nuperus Horn. mon. Notoxus bicolor Say. Rare. Fairly com- MELOIDA., Macrobasis unicolor Kirby. Rare. Epicauta vittata Fab. Rare. RHINOMACERID, Rhinomacer elongatus Lec. Rare. RHYNCHITID A.- Pteroeolusovatus Fab. Fairly common, B4 COLEOPTERA —Continued. OTIORHYNCHIDZE. Pandeletejus hilaris Hbst. Rare. Aramigus fulleri Horn. pecially in the early catchings. CURCULIONID. Apion spp. Common. Pachylobius picivorus Germ. Abun- dant. Fiylobius pales Hbst. only. Lixus concavus Say. Rare. Lixus musculus Say. Rare. Otidocephalus chevrolatti Horn. Coccotorus scutellaris Lec. Rare. Anthonomus scutellatus Gyll. Abun- dant. Anthonomus suturalis Lec. Rare. Lemosaccus plagiatus Fab. Rare. Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst. Ex- tremely abundant. Conotrachelus seniculus Lec. common. A few specimens Rare. Fairly Conotrachelus cribricollis Say. Not: common. Conotrachelus anaglypticus Say. Com- mon. Chalcodermus ceneus Boh. Common. Abundant, es- | CURCULIONID#=—continued. ‘Phyrdenus undatus Lec. - Fairly com- mon. Cryptorhynchus sp. 1. Common. Cryptorhynchus sp. il. Rare. Baris umbilicaia Lec. Rare. Baris transversa Say. Baris spp. Abundant. Trichobaris trinotata Say. Rare. Madarus undulatus Say. Rare. Centrinus picumnus Hbst. Rare. BRENTHID. Eupsalis minuta Dru. mens. Several speci- CALANDRIDA. Calandra oryza Linn. Quite common. SCOLYTID 2%. Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. Abundant. ANTHRIBIDA, Toxotropis pusillus Lec. Common. Anthribus cornutus Say. Common. Cratoparis lunatus Fab. Common. Cratoparis lugubris Oliv. Several spec- imens in one catching. HEMIPTERA—HETEROPTERA. CORIMELAENID 4. Corimelenaunicolor Pal. Beauv. Fairly common. Corimeleena nitiduloides Wolff. Fairly common. SCUTELLERID., Aulacostethus marmoratus Say. Fairly common, Aulacostethus simulans Uhl. Fairly common. Camirus porosus Germ. Rare. Orsilochus guttatus H. Schf. One spec- imen only. CYDNID &.. Pangeus uhleri Sign. Fairly com- mon. Sehirus cinctus Pal. Beauv. Rare. PENTATOMIDA. Stiretrus anchorago Fab. Fairly com- mon. Podisus spinosus Dall. Common. Podisus modestus Dall. Common. Proxys punctulatus Pal Beauv. One specimen only. Podops cinctipes Say. Rare. Brochymena carolinensis Westw. Rare. Brochymena arborea Say. Rare. Brochymena 4-pustulata Fab. Fairly common. Brochymena annulata Fab. Common. Neottiglossa cavifrons Stal. One speci- men only. Gbalus pugnax Fab. Common. Mormidea lugens Fab. Common. Euschistus servus Say. Abundant. Euschistus tristigmus Say. Common. —e a ee 35 HEMIPTERA—HETEROPTERA—Continued. f PENTATOMID4:—continued. Euschistus crassus Dall. Rare. Lioderma uhleri Stal. Rare. Trichopepla semivittata Say. Rare. Peribalus limbolaris Stal. Common. Thyantha custator Fab. Common. Murgantia histrionica Hahn, One specimen only. Nezara pennsylvanica DeG. Rare. _Nezara hilaris Say. Common. Banasa dimidiata Say. Common. Banasa packardii Stal. Less common than dimidiata. Dendrocoris humeralis common. Dendrocoris fruticicola specimen only. Uhl. Fairly Bergr. One COREID. Chariesterus antennator Fab. Com- mon. Chelinidea vittigera Uhl. One speci- men only. Corynocoris distinctus Dall. Fairly common. Archimerus calcarator Fab. Rare. Euthoctha galeator Fab. Common. Acanthocephala declivis Say. Quite common. Metapodius femoratus Fab. Common. Metapodius instabilis Uhl. Several specimens. Leptoglossus phyllopus Linn. Abun- dant. Leptoglossus corculus Say. Rare. Leptoglossus oppositus Say. Abundant. Leptogiossus n. sp. Several speci- mens. | Anasa tristis DeG. Rare. Anasa armigera Say. Rare. COREID &—continued. Alydus eurinus Say. Rare. Harmostes reflexulus Stal. Corizus punctiventris common. Rare. Dall. Fairly BERYTIDA. Jalysus spinosus Say. Rare. LYG AIDA. Nysius angustatus Uhl. Rare. Ischnorynchus didymus Zett. Geocoris borealis Dall. Rare. Oedancala dorsalis Say. Rare. Pamera vincta Say. Fairly common. Dorachosa illuminatus var. wmbrosus Dist. Rare. Lygeus turcicus Fairly common. Lygeus bicrucis Say. Scarce. Lygeus facetus Say. Rare. Oncopeltus fasciatus Dall. Rare. var. kalmii Stal. Scarce. PYRRHOCORID. Largus succinctus Linn. Common. ARADIDA. Brachyrhynehus granulatus Say. Rare. NABIDA. Coriscus sordidus Reut. Rare. REDUVIIDA. Sinea spinipes H. 8. Fairly common. Milyas cinctus Fab. One specimen only. Zelus luridus Stal. Rare. Zelus socius Uhl. Rare. Apiomerus crassipes Fab. Several spec- imens. Myodocha. serripes Oliv. mens. Several speci- HEMIPTERA—HOMOPTERA. JASSID A. Homalodisca coagulata Say. Several specimens. Oncometopia undata Fab. Fairly com- | mon. Oncometopia costalis Fab. Fairly com- | mon. Aulacizes irroratus Fab. Common. MEMBRACIDh. Tylopelta gibbera Stal. Rare. Stictocephala festina Say. Fairly com- mon. Archasia auriculata Fitch. Rare. FULGORIDA. | A single specimen of a large species. 36 Mr. Ashmead said that it was very gratifying that something was being done with the cureulio problem, and he recounted some of the difficulties which attended the attempt toward its control. He men- tioned its parasite (Sigalphus curculionis, Fitch) and suggested that if it did not already occur in Georgia it be introduced. Mr. Bruner spoke of the great variety of insects caught, and expressed a desire to see the complete list. . Mr. Hopkins suggested that many of the insects would fly away in the process of jarring, and for that reason all the insects that might occur on the trees would not be taken. He thought that most of the Lachnosterna might thus escape, but that a better explanation of the scarcity of these insects in the catchings was probably in the fact that for some reason they were not generally abundant this season. He also spoke of the interesting relations existing between insects and fungi, as referred to in the paper comparing the cureulio and the leaf- footed bugs in their relation to the brown-rot fungus with the mutual dependence between certain Scolytids and the fungus with which they are Closely associated, in causing the death and rapid deeay of forest trees. Mr. Scott said that the operation was conducted during the early morning hours when the insects of nearly all sorts were in a semi- dormant condition, and on this account many species were taken which would not have been later in the day. The leaf-footed bugs might be cited as examples, for, though captured in numbers, they are among the most active insects. It would have been possible to have listed many species of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, ete., but it was not thought advisable because the specimens were in a badly mutilated condition. Mr. Galloway said that the agency of insects in disseminating brown rot was a point that should be taken into account in the treatment of. this disease. Mr. Howard thought that while cheap labor made the jarring method practicable in Georgia, in the North the higher price for labor might make it too expensive. Mr. Ehrhorn said that this pest did not exist in California and that the fruit growers there were in great fear of its introduction. Mr. Gillette said that so far as he knew it did not occur in Colorado, ~ and that they also entertained fears of its introduction. Mr. Bruner, Mr. Howard, and others, thought it would add much to the value of this paper if it were accompanied by a complete list of the insects taken in the jarring operation, and the writers were requested to furnish the list for publication. Mr. Ball then presented the following paper: 37 A SIMPLE FORM OF ACCESSIONS CATALOGUE. By E. D: Bau, Foré Collins, Colo. This Association has listened in the past to three excellent papers on organization methods in economic entomology, and any State worker at the present time who has not a thoroughly satisfactory system of recording his observations can not do better than carefully study the papers presented on this subject by Dr. Forbes, Dr. Hopkins, and Professor Webster; and if his department has an abundance of cler- ical help he probably can not do better than to adopt one of these systems. On the other hand, if his working force is somewhat limited the modification hereafter suggested is submitted for his consideration. The author has, however, no intention of offering a system in compe- tition with either of these, but simply of suggesting one or two modi- fications that can be used in connection with any of these systems or a modified system to be used when it is impossible to carry out a more elaborate one in detail. The average working force of our stations in economic entomology does not exceed two men, and if the division of salary be any criterion then not over one-third to one-half of their time is devoted to the eco- nomic work. Now, under such conditions it would be impracticable to maintain a system of recording requiring the expenditure of any considerable amount of time in the clerical part and at the same time carry on any very extended experimentation, hampered as they are by the ordinary routine of the college work. Another important factor that may well be considered here is that in this combination of college and station not all collecting is along economic lines, but that one of the duties as a college officer is to build up a systematic collection, an obligation requiring almost endless years of careful and thorough work. Naturally enough this work and that of the station is carried on at the same time, and it would seem that the best system of recording for the smaller stations, and, in fact, for the great majority of our stations, would be that in which the two dif- ferent objects could be combined, and that with a minimum amount of clerical work, label writing, bookkeeping, ete. The following system which was experimented with by the author and finally adopted at the Iowa station, and which has been used in the Colorado station for three years, seems to meet these require- ments and at the same time furnish a broad enough basis on which to build up any one of the complete systems, if one chooses to do so. In this system, which may be conveniently called the date system from its fundamental principle, the accession catalogue contains one entry for each trip or special collection, this entry being in the form of a date, giving the year, month, and day; then every specimen as it is labeled up, in place of an accessions catalogue number, as in ordi- nary way, bears the place of capture and the date on a single small label. 38 When a collection is made, the first thing to do is to write up the accessions catalogue. To do this, write the date in the left-hand col- umn in figures, the month first, as 6-12, the year being written only once—at the top of each page. In the second column write the locality just as it appears on the label, and in the third column the spe- cial locality where these insects were taken. In the next column write the name or simply the initials of the collector. Then for the rest of the width of the page any notes of value on anything taken, as in any other system. I usually here outline the exact trip taken, the stops made, the particular plants collected from, ete., noting as I go along any facts that will add to existing knowledge. In this way if there is anything to record it is written out, and if there is nothing special to note or only facts that have been noted many times before, the simple date and trip note will be sufficient. Oftentimes in this way when the life history or food plant of a species has been made out, a great deal of additional information or confirmation can be gained from these short notes; while any deductions made at that time would probably have been erroneous. A sample form follows: 1901. 6-12 | Fort Collins_._| R.R.south------- E. D. B_| Nysius minutus found abdt. in strawberry bed sucking the juice from the berries as fast as they ripen. They were clustered on a tum- g ble weed (Monolepis), which appeared to be their breeding place. On south to alfalfa field fgund Melanoplus bivittatus larve, small to half-grown, abdt. on margins and ditch banks. Swept Jasside and Cercopide from Agropyrum glaucum. On over to ary pond took Laccocera abdt., both sexes, from dry ground, by tence: also several Lygeeids. | Coleopt. from willow. 8-3 | Durango, | Up hill east-_-.--- E. D. B_| Swept Artemisia 3-dentata; took short- Colo. r winged grasshopper, common everywhere, one Phlepsius sp. like one from Rifle, three white Anabrus from clumps on hillside. Swept oak: took Futtettix sp. near jucundus (red) Scaphoideus, Melinna. Swept cedar; took Scaphoideus (white tip). red Platyme- topius, a green Eutettix and the pretty n.sp. 8-15 | Fort Collins..| North 6 miles____| C. P. G_| Swept dry ground; took two species of Scolops } and Driotura. Small bees from Cleome, Bombus from Helianthus. Typhlocybins abdt.on apple. The labels we print ourselves on a hand press. Theyare all printed out except the day of the month, and where large collections are made on a given date the entire label is set up. The regular Fort Collins labels are all printed in advanee for the season; the others are printed at odd times and as they are needed. The labels are never over 10 mm. long and 3 mm. wide; the card points are cut with a razor to a uniform length of 9 mm., and the labels are pinned at one end and extend under the card point. On insects that are pinned through the body the labels are pinned so as to extend parallel with the long axis of the insect. In this way it is very rare that a label extends beyond an insect, and never beyend a card point, thus insuring a neat collection. 39 In referring to the notés the date is used the same as an ordinary catalogue number by looking on top of the page for the year and then down the column for the month and day, which will follow each other in serial order the same as in a series of numbers, and will be found as readily. Having found the date one will always find the exact location and conditions of capture and any other notes thought worth recording at the time. : ADVANTAGES OF THIS SYSTEM. The main advantage of this system over the others is in the fact that one can collect and record any number of specimens of a species, or any number of species, without materially increasing the labor beyond the mere labor of mounting and labeling any specimen, while in the other systems each individual specimen must have its acces- sions-catalogue number written out and placed on it, a special entry made in the accessions catalogue for every species, with all of its accompanying records, cross-references, ete., and consequently but few specimens can be mounted in a given time. Another important factor of utility is in the fact that it is not at all necessary to separate or mount up any of the specimens at the time of eapture. All that is necessary is to write up the record, place the locality and date on the package containing the specimens, and it serves the double purpose of an accessions number and the future label. In practice we usually mount the specimens at the time of making the record and then put them away to dry, labeling them up at any convenient time thereafter. The greatest gain comes from the fact that there is nothing placed on the insect that is not necessary to any well-mounted specimen, i. e., a place and date label, and that nearly all of this label is or can be printed, thus requiring a minimum of hand work. The fact that this system requires that every specimen be correctly labeled with both place and date will commend it to many persons who have received material for determination from half a dozen dif- ferent experiment stations bearing nothing more distinctive than a lead-pencil number. An animated discussion followed the reading of this paper. Mr. Felt suggested that numerals should not be used to represent months. He thought that less confusion ‘would come from the use of such abreviations as Jr. for January and Mr. for March. His system of note taking required cards, a field book, and an accessions book, each being employed for special conditions and rarely duplicating. He thought he could not adopt Mr. Ball’s system to advantage. Mr. Coeckerell said that he used no numbers, and thought that cards were more convenient than record books. In his experience insects 4() were frequently recorded from localities in which they never occurred, but were so labeled because the owner or collector happened to be there. Mr. Hopkins said that his system had been modified and improved since it was first announced at the Madison meeting; that he was more than ever convinced of the importance of some well-planned and con- venient system, varied according to the special needs and requirements of the individual collector or investigator, by which the necessary col- lecting notes and original observations may be permanently recorded, so that they will be available and intelligible as long as the specimens and notes may exist. : The records which he considers as absolutely necessary to accom- pany all specimens are, exact locality, date, collector’s name, and if any further notes are made on food habits, life history, descriptions, ete., an unduplicated number (for the species of any given accession cata- logue or set of notes) should always accompany the specimens. He said that locality and date labels with collector’s name are all right and all that are necessary simply for collected material, but all biological material, and that on which special observations are noted in a book or on a ecard, should, in order to be of permanent value, bear a number referring directly to a corresponding number of the entry in the book or on the ecard. To avoid the large numbers which would result from many years of active work, he has adopted asubcharacter or subnumber, or both, to distinguish the many species which may come under the head of one general note; as, for example, the insects collected from a dead pine tree, accession No. 7775 would refer to the general note, while the separate species and their relation to each other and to the trees may be designated by the addition of a letter to the number (7775a), which may be extended, as required, from a to 2, and still further 7 2 I Oo. Sam extended by double letters, or better by 2 3 , 9? 9? ete., to designate several species found on different parts of the tree, or also the parasites and other natural enemies associated with a given enemy of the plant. With this system it is not necessary to identify the species in the field, since the individual number will enable it to be identified at any future time or by a specialist, and the name subsequently entered with colored ink in the original note. He stated that it seemed to him that the permanent usefulness and advancement of economic entomology depended, to a great extent, on accurate and full field notes systematically recorded, so that they will be most available for the individual worker, his assistants, and _ successors. Mr. Caudell said that a system almost exactly like that here pro- posed by Mr. Ball was introduced some two years ago by a writer in the Journal of Applied Microscopy and Laboratory Methods, Volume il, page 449 (1899). The scheme was recommended for all kinds of 41 objects, and the individual number is prefixed to the regular num- bers, instead of added, and the day of the month comes first. Thus, the example quoted, a specimen collected on August 12, 1899, would be 1—12-8—99, 2-12-8-99, and so on. Mr. Ball replied that the system referred to by Mr. Caudell related to keeping slides of embryological and histological material, and while the date system part of it was the same, the application was quite different. He had been using the system five years before that one was published. He also said that every collector ought to be able to give the genus of the specimens taken, but that if he could not, a few descriptive words would serve to identify the species when the material was worked over. He suggested that it be borne in mind in the discussion that the present system was not offered as an improvement upon the systems of Messrs. Felt, Hopkins, and Forbes, nor for any laboratory where they had help enough to carry out one of these systems, but that he thought that it was an improvement upon the system in use in the majority of economic laboratories and that the date system feature might be incorporated into any system to advantage. Mr. Ashmead indorsed Mr. Hopkins’s system and said that he always put the name of the collector on the specimens received at the museum. He ordinarily used two labels, but three were used when the original label of the collector was retained. He thought it of pri- mary importance to accompany the specimen with the name of the collector. Mr. Bruner agreed that the name of the collector should always appear and said that he used printed labels. The session then adjourned to meet at the capitol at 9 o’eclock the next morning for the purpose of looking over the State museum, returning to the high-school building at 10 a. m. for the morning Session. MORNING SESSION, AUGUST 24, 1901. Mr. Howard read a paper entitled: A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN JAPAN. By C. L. MarRuatt, Washington, D. C. The investigation of the San Jose seale in Japan by the writer has reached the stage when it is possible to give a definite conclusion on the question of original home so far as Japan is concerned. The report is provisional only in the sense that some work remains to be done in the northern provinces, which can hardly alter the conelu- sions, and that time and facilities are lacking to make it full and complete. _In the three months already spent in Japan the writer has explored the main islands pretty thoroughly from Tokio southward to the 42 lower extremity of Kiushu—the large island completing the chain on the south. In all some 55 provinces or districts have been visited and carefully examined, the points being selected where orchard and nur- sery interests were oldest and most important. There remains to be explored the north half of the main island (Hurdo) and the northern island of Hokaido, the whoie of Japan covering a stretch of latitude about the equivalent of from Newfoundland to Florida. The Japanese Government has taken and is taking the greatest inter- est in the investigation, and has sent out with the writer one of the offi- cials of the Central Agricultural Experiment Station of Tokio, Mr. 8. K. Hori, a capable entomologist of Cornell training, and, further- more, has interested the agricultural experiment stations and schools and governing authorities in the provinces throughout the Empire in the investigation, and extended a multitude of courtesies which it would be iran: here to list. All scale insects have been studied and collected, and especially those of fruit trees and economic plants, and—as far as possible with- out inter other injurious insects also. This report, however, relates to the San Jose scale exclusively, except as it seems desirable to include some facts discovered relating to the peach, plum, cherry, and mulberry scale (Diaspis pentagona), the very general occurrence of which in Japan has a very marked influence on the role played by the San Jose species. To give a correct picture of conditions, some knowledge of Japanese fruit-growing must be had. In the first place, this industry as known to America is unknown in Japan, except in a few small districts. The great mass of the Japanese fruit trees are grown as yard orna- ments, or in little garden patches attached to the dwelling houses. Every little thatched cottage has its flowering cherry tree and plum tree, and very possibly a pear, a peach, a persimmon, and very often an orange tree. Sometimes two or three of each sort will be grown, and the more pretentious gardens of the wealthier townsmen amount to miniature orchards—the different fruit trees and ornamental plants being jumbled together in rank confusion. In other words, the pop- ular fruit and flowering trees, while universally grown, are in very small numbers. There are a few orchard districts where numerous patches of from one-fourth acre to 3 or 4 acres of fruit trees occur. These are chiefly of the old native pear tree, more or less invaded by replantings of American trees or new orchards of the same, somesmallapple orchards, (more extensive in the north, where I have not been) very rarely a small peach orchard (only two seen), and in the south small orchards (not common) of orange. The walnut orchards of the island of Kiushu are the only ones that truly compare with orchards in the American sense. Growing fruit, and especially the deciduous varieties, amounts to little in Japan, but is increasing with the introduction of American 43 varieties. Her enormous population of 46,000,000 has compelled the growth of cereals and other necessities of life wherever possible, and among these necessities tea and mulberries must be included, but these are grown as hedge plants, or where rice can not be grown very often. A people too poor to enjoy more than the most meager living, the Japanese have not indulged very much in such luxuries as fruits. Their love of the beautiful, manifested in a thousand ways, finds its most common exemplification in the presence everywhere of flower- ing trees (cherries, plums, ete.) where fruit trees might be grown, and the conditions briefly described have been characteristic of the coun- try for two thousand years—her agriculture being scarcely altered from the time of Alexander. The distinetively native Diaspine scale of Japan is the Diaspis pen- tagona already referred to. It is what we know in America as the white peach seale, and which in Italy is the enemy of the mulberry. In Japan this seale is found on the flowering cherry and plum, grown in every dooryard, in all the parks and temple yards, along roadways. and along the little strips of soil dividing one rice patch from another, and isalmost worshiped in the season of bloom. These trees, cherished as nowhere else in the world, attain a great age, and when protected. by dryness or almost immovable supports, inclosed with fences and marked and labeled with imposing stone monuments, become to the entomologist valuable records of insect work or the absence of it, of one or two hundred years’ standing. The peach—a rough-barked scragey tree in Japan—it infests as arule but slightly. The mulberry is often badly attacked, as are also other plants, and notably the Kaido a green-barked ornamental tree very commonly grown. | The reason for believing this seale insect to be undoubtedly native or introduced so long ago as to practically amount to this is that it occurs everywhere, not only on the main islands, but on the little islands also; and, furthermore, in every dooryard and on absolutely every eherry and plum tree within the limits of the Japanese Empire. Such universal and invariable occurrence I have never witnessed anywhere else, nor in the case of any other scale insect. 3 Very rarely does it occur more than seatteringly, so that great damage is not often suffered. Chalecidid parasitism does not play so important a role in keeping it thusin check. The chief agent in this dircetion is a little twice-stabbed ladybird, which I identify from the named collection at the hands of Mr. Nawa, at Gifu, as Chilocorus similis Rossi. This little beetle, looking almost exactly like our C. bivulnerus, though possibly smaller, is everywhere with the Diaspis, feeding as larva or adult on it, and keeping it from often developing in large numbers. The San Jose scale, on, the other hand, presents a very different picture, and is undoubtedly of comparatively recent origin in Japan. While occurring rarely on many plants, it is economically limited. 4 to its attacks on the pear and apple, having spread (rarely, as the con- ditions show) to the others from these two. The pear in Japan is represented by the old orchards of native trees and dooryard or garden trees, usually also native for the most part. These orchards and trees are usually of considerable age, fifty to one hundred years, except the replants. During the last thirty years a good deal of American pear stock has come into Japan chiefly from California without any fumigation, and very often undoubtedly — infested with the San Jose seale. The nursery business in Japan is very largely limited to three principal nursery districts or communities, and these were early thus infested, and the new stock from America and the native varieties grown in the nursery alongside of the former, and infested therefrom, have been sent out all over the Empire in small lots and used to replace trees in old native orchards or planted here and there in yards and gardens, scattering the San Jose scale exactly as it was in eastern America a few years ago, and the San Jose seale conditions in Japan to-day are the exact counterpart of what they are in our Eastern States. | In many instances I was able to see the beginning of scale infesta- tion on American or other stock obtained but a few months before from one or other of these nurseries, two of which I have examined. In two instanees, at least, the San Jose seale was on the young stock of experiment stations—American varieties, which the stations were experimenting with and about to introduce in their respective provinces. In most of the orchards of native trees only, the scale had acquired but a very slight foothold. Newly set trees (which were traced in nearly every instance to one of these nurseries) were the centers of contagion, or in some instances new orchards alongside of old ones had carried the seale to the bordering trees of the old orchard. Old native pear trees in yards and gardens are usually still exempt from this scale, and when infested, easily accounted for by the near-by presence of new stock. It very naturally suggested itself that the native pear of Japan is resistant to the San Jose seale, and this is the more piausible because it is a rather scraggy, rough-barked plant, much more so certainly than the American varieties. A very little examination demonstrated, however, that the San Jose scale once carried to one of these native pear trees affects it Just as severely as it does the American variety. In other words, it is not scattering or rare, but when it once gains lodgment, multiplies rap- idly in the temporary absence of its ladybird enemy, and oceasion- ally kills a tree. Were it a native species we should certainly find it widely scattered, though probably sparingly, in these old orchards and yardtrees, as is the Diaspis on the cherry and plum, ete. The apple is scarcely grown at all in the south two-thirds of the Empire, save as exemplified by a few orchards near Tokyo. Further- 45 more, this fruit as economically cultivated is of recent and purely American origin. The native apple of Japan is a crab, grown more for ornament than fruit, and a very rare tree, unknown to most Japanese. The improved varieties of apples now grown here came from Amer- ica (California), and the industry is not 30 years old. Much of the stock was undoubtedly infested when received, and I am informed that the orchards of north Japan have suffered much from this inseet from the start, although the nature of the trouble has not been long recognized. Its very general non-occurrence in the one or two-hun- dred-year-old plum and cherry trees, or those of lesser age grown in thousands throughout the Empire, is very significant, especially as it attacks both of these trees when carried tothem. It should be remem- bered also that Koebele did not find it in Japan at all some ten years since. It is perfectly patent, therefore, that the San Jose scale came from America to Japan on American fruit trees which have been regularly imported during the past thirty years, and chiefly from California, where the San Jose scale has-been longest and worst. Its wide distri- bution in Japan has been by the leading nurseries, just as in America. It is here that the Diaspis has benefited Japan. The little lady- bird enemy of this native seale insect has taken readily to the introduced species, and has very materially checked its injuries. As already shown, there is not a corner in all Japan where this ladybird does not occur with the Diaspis, and wherever the San Jose scale has been carried it has found this active and feeund predaceous insect ready to devour it, and very rarely does a tree at all badly infested long escape discovery and measurable protection. Isolated trees may become covered with seale before the beetles find them, or new orchards and replanted trees infested with scale will be injured, but it does not last long, as a rule. The San Jose seale is attacked also by one or two Chalecidid para- sites, presumably the ones we have in America and brought to Japan with the scales or cosmopolites. (Sent to Dr. Howard for identifica- tion. ) Further, the San Jose seale, together with other Diaspine scales in Japan, is badly attacked very often with what appears to be the same orange-colored fungus which we find in our Southern States. The climate here is especially favorable for the fungus—moist and sultry heat characterizing much of the year. So much for the origin and present status of the San Jose scale in Japan. It may be of interest to add some notes on one or two allied subjects. For a long time the Japanese entomologists and some foreign ones, notably in Germany, have held that the scale in Japan represented a different species, or at least variety, from the American insect. I am now able to confirm an older belief of mine that this is not the 46 case. The Japanese insect is the typical San Jose seale. All the features and characters noted in the so-called varieties may be found in a single colony together with the typical scale as we know it in America. I merely mention this misconception here to report a false security felt by German importers and officials in letting Japanese plants come into Germany and other European countries without cheek until within the last twelve months, when Germany included Japan with the United States as dangerous sources of plants. The dwarf pear and apples, etec., in the chief nursery of Japan are, as I have found, all infested with San Jose scale. (The dwarf trees are ordinary nursery trees from the nursery rows, starved and cut back, and not special varieties.) These have been exported, the pro- prietors inform me, to America, to two or three ports in Germany (up to twelve months since), and are still sent to England. When sent to America they are now fumigated, because Mr. Craw has sent some lots scale-infested to limbo. Most of the export plants are orna- mental plants, pines, maples, etc., but a good many of the quaint dwarf fruit trees in flower pots and bearing fruit are also sold and shipped abroad. Idonot think this need alarm Europeans, for ] much doubt whether, with the climatic conditions of Europe and with the conditions of fruit growing there, the San Jose scale ever will amount to much on that continent. In connection with the identification of the San Jose seale in Japan, I wish to add that Professor Sasaki, the entomologist of the Agricul- tural College of the Imperial University, folowing Professor Cockerell, has held that the Japanese scale was distinct from the form occurring in America. He also expressed to me the alternative belief—not at all compatible with the first, however—that if the same species it came to Japan from America on imported stock. In the last view he is undoubtedly correct, and I have no doubt but that he will give up the former view, which he has hitherto urged very strongly. His chief anxiety, evidently, was to free Japan from the onus of the San Jose scale of America one way or another, and both of his theories attained this end. He is therefore well pleased with this report. As an economic problem the San Jose scale is not so important for Japan. It is widely distributed already, and extermination is out of the question, but the natural conditions of climate, character of fruit growing, fungous disease, and parasites will probably always keep the seale in check. Most orchards of pear and apple, etc., are grown as we do grapes, on trellises, and the trees are cut back co mere dw arfs, all the branches being within easy reach. Labor is so cheap that the trees can be given a very thorough hand scrubbing every winter, and now in places it is the practice to do this —— EE el erl eee meee 47 with a salt-water wash, just on general principles of cleanliness. I have felt it merely necessary to recommend soap instead of salt as more valuable where scales are concerned. | The important feature for America is the Japanese ladybird ( Chilo- corus similis). With the literature available here I can not determine whether this beetle has already been carried to America by Koebele or Compere, but I am expecting daily information on this point from Washington, so that if necessary I can send, or at least make the attempt to send, living beetles to California and the Kast. A general discussion followed the reading of Mr. Marlatt’s paper. Mr. Cockerell said that he was very glad to hear Mr. Marlatt’s paper, as it threw a great deal of interesting light on the conditions existing in Japan. Hitherto we had greatly lacked information of this sort. He wished to correct one statement in the paper, that he (the speaker) considered the Japanese insect distinet from the true San Jose scale. This was the exact reverse of the truth, but he did consider that the scale presented some varieties in Japan, as, for example, the one feeding on orange trees, a thing the insect in Cali- fornia never did. Mr. Marlatt’s statement about the Chilocorus was very interesting. The speaker had noticed a similar case in Arizona when the Chilocorus cacti, feeding normally on the native Diaspis toumeyt, came to prey upon the introduced date palm scale (Parlatoria). As regards the main proposition advanced by Mr. Marlatt, that the San Jose scale was certainly not a native of Japan, Mr. Cockerell could not see that any proof had been offered. The fact: that the insect occurred mainly upon imported American varieties was just what might be expected if it were native to Japan, as the American varieties would be less resistant than the Japanese. It has been observed by Dr. John B. Smith that the Keiffer pear was, to a con- siderable degree, resistant to the scale. Now, this pear was a hybrid with the Chinese sand pear, and it seemed to show that trees having Chinese or Japanese blood, or one should say sap, were more or less resistant to the scale. The fact that the scale was not found on wild plants in Japan proved nothing. Mr. Cockerell had found many Coccids in New Mexico on wild plants, and though the plants were abundant the Coecids were usually confined to very limited localities, and even after years of residence in the immediate vicinity were very likely to be overlooked. He also knew of cases such as those of Toumeyella mirabilis and Dactylopius prosopidis in which these iso- lated colonies were entirely destroyed by parasites or predaceous enemies. The San Jose scale belonged to a Palearctic or at least a Holarctic group, and must surely have originated in the northern temperate zone. It certainly could not be supposed to come from Europe, and 48 —_ it did not seem likely thatit was American. Hence, on general princi- ples, one would look for its home in eastern Asia. However, the speaker thought it might j ust as well have come from China as Japan. In concluding, Mr. Cockerell said he did not accept the view that Diaspis pentagona was certainly a native of Japan. On some such grounds as those mentioned by Mr. Marlatt it might be referred to Jamaica and various other places. He did not consider we yet knew certainly where this seale originated. Mr. Jordan said that a very large proportion of the flora of Japan came from China, more especially the fruits, and it was therefore possible that the San Jose scale might have been introduced into Japan from China. Upon his trip to Japan he was impressed with the utter neglect of the orchards in that country and the wholesale destruction of birds. Mr. Kellogg said that Mr. 8. I. Kuwana, assistant in entomology at Stanford University, spent all of last summer collecting and studying the Japanese scale insects, giving special attention to the San Jose scale. Eighty species were taken, twenty of which were new. Mr. Kuwana visited three of the four principal islands of the Empire, and found the San Jose seale generally distributed throughout these islands in native orchards as well as on imported trees. The San Jose scale has been known to the natives of Japan for more than thirty years under the name of ki-abura. He could not agree with Mr. Marlatt that the weight of evidence was in favor of America as its native home. He was of the opinion that there were not yet sufficient facts © at hand to determine this point definitely, but that the present indi- cations were that the insect came from Japan to California. He stated that Mr. Kuwana had found the scale attacked by parasites and pre- daceous insects, which would have some weight in favor of Japan as its home. He thought that both Mr. Marlatt and Mr. Kuwana had made a mistake by confining their investigations to the lines of the railroad instead of giving the wild plants more particular attention. Mr. Howard said that in his opinion Mr. Kellogg’s statement as to parasites did not affect the point in question, that native parasites might attack an introduced species of scale. He thought also that old native trees were quite as liable to the attacks of scale as intro- duced plants. He said that Mr. Marlatt’s wide experience in the study of the Diaspine group of scales in the eastern United States admirably equipped him for the investigation now in progress in Japan and that his expressed opinion should have the greatest weight. He held to the opinion that the weight of evidence indicates that Japan is not the original home of the San Jose seale, but that it was introduced into Japan from America; but stated that Mr. Marlatt would be instructed to extend his investigations into the wild country, in the hope of securing further facts bearing upon the question at hand. The next paper on the programme was presented by Mr. Hopkins: 49 NOTES ON (1) THE PERIODICAL CICADA IN WEST VIRGINIA; (2) THE HESSIAN FLY; (3) THE GRAPE CURCULIO. By A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. [Withdrawn for publication elsewhere. | Mr. Ehrhorn wanted to know if the parasite of the Hessian fly was abundant in West Virginia, and stated that these parasites did not exist in California, and that he desired to obtain some material in the hope of establishing it in his section. Mr. Hopkins replied that these parasites were very abundant he year, but not effective. Then Mr. Felt presented the following paper: FURTHER NOTES ON CRUDE PETROLEUM AND OTHER INSECT- ICIDES. By hy Py Pui, Albany, N.Y. A preliminary paper on some work along these lines was read by the writer at our last meeting and a full account of the experiments in 1900 has been presented in his report for that year, and the results there set forth need no repetition at this time. No very apparent dif- ferences among the trees experimented upon, aside from those © recorded during 1900, were observable in the spring of 1901. All the trees passed the winter about equally well, after making due allow- ance for their condition, and though several trees died, it was only those which were in a desperate condition the preceding autumn. It is rather significant that of the three trees sprayed with undiluted kerosene in the spring of 1900, but one was alive a year later, and of the four treated with undiluted petroleum, but two were alive, and both of these came through the winter with a large proportion (25 to 50 per cent) of their branches dead. It is but just to add that most of these trees, as previously recorded, were at the outset very badly infested with San Jose seale. The poor results obtained with spring applications of kerosene and mechanical emulsions of the same led to the concentration of the work on the more promising insecticides, namely, crude petroleum and whale-oil soap in various combinations. Another test was made with undiluted crude petroleum. Some oil was sent me direct from the Frank Oil Company, Titusville, Pa. It was a light amber-colored oil, said to test from 44° to 45° on the Beaumé oil scale, and in the field, just before spraying and at a tem- perature of about 65° F., it gave a reading of 43.3° Beaumé. Two trees were sprayed April 11, 1901, with this oil. The day was bright 11823—-No. 31—01——-4 50 and there was a gentle breeze. Tree 116, a badly infested Lombard plum, showed serious injury July 3, at which time several limbs were dying and the remainder did not present a normal, vigorous appear- ance.. August 9 the tree was dead and all the leaves thrown out in the spring had shriveled. ‘Tree 117, a very badly infested Crawford peach, was also sprayed at the same time, and July 3 it was dead. It might be added that the oil was used liberally, and that in the case of tree 117 the infestation was so very bad that it was hardly expected that the tree would survive. Some comparative experiments with mechanical crude petroleum emulsions were made. The above-described oil from Titusville and an oil used in the experiments last year were tried. The latter was purchased in the Albany market as crude petroleum sold by the Standard Oil Company. It is a quite fluid greenish oil, and that used in 1901 gave a reading in the field of 41.8° Beaumé. Neither the 20 nor 25 per cent emulsions of either oil injured the trees, so far as could be seen, this agreeing with the results obtained with the emul- sions of Standard oil in 1900. The Standard oil, that is the heavier one, appeared to be a little more effective as an insecticide, but asthe lighter Titusville oil has been used in 25 to 50 per cent emulsions without injuring the trees and with very satisfactory results as an insecticide, it would appear that the heavier the oil the less can be used with safety and the more effective it is as an insecticide. There is evidently a very narrow margin between the amount of this sub- stance necessary for satisfactory work against seale insects and that which will seriously injure or kill trees, especially peach and plum trees, and in the case of those very badly infested, particularly if the bark is quite rough, it is doubtful if enough oil can be applied to kill practically all the insects and at the same time not injure the tree seriously. The experiments tried last year with a combination of 1 pound of whale-oil soap to 4 gallons of water, to which was added 10 per cent crude petroleum, were not quite satisfactory, as it was hoped that the combination would prove more effective as an insecticide and less injurious to the trees than either substance separately in the usual proportions. This year both 10 and 15 per cent of the crude petroleum obtained from the Standard Oil Company were used in combination with the pound to 4 gallons solution of whale-oil soap. There was no perceptible injury to the trees in either case, and the San Jose seale was pretty thoroughly checked with both mixtures, the one with the higher per cent of oil giving on the whole the best satisfaction. The results obtained with whale-oil soap solutions, both 1$ and 2 pounds to the gallon, were up to date practically the same as those of last year. The scale was severely checked, but in no instance was it so thorough as where crude petroleum in some form was used. Two pounds to the gallon gave a little better result than the weaker solution. i Ee 51 Mr. Scott said that he had made similar experiments in Georgia — looking to the control of the San Jose seale and had obtained gratify- ing results. He had used a 25 per cent strength of crude oil with water on peach and plum trees, spraying in the winter time, with the results that the seale had been effectually destroyed and the trees not damaged. He had found, however, that the undiluted crude oil killed peach trees outright, as did also refined kerosene. He had used the Pennsylvania crude oil registering 43° on the Baumé oil seale. The high price of the crude oil, as purchased from the Stand- ard Oil Company, made it more expensive than refined kerosene, and for that reason, and beeause of its variable character, he did not ree- ommend it for general use. For three years he had used a 20 per cent strength of kerosene with water as a remedy for San Jose scale, and the results were all that could be expected from the application of any spray whatever. He said that at the recent meeting of the Georgia State Horticultural Society the general expression from the fruit growers was to the effect that the San Jose scale was no longer feared since the kerosene treatment had proved so effective. He said that infested orchards of more than 100,000 trees each were being successfully treated. Mr. Felt suggested that perhaps the San Jose scale did not become so dormant in Georgia as it did farther north, which would explain the suecessful use of comparatively weak applications of insecticides. Mr. Scott replied that this was true, as he had frequently found the seale breeding on warm days in midwintei. ” Mr. Kellogg expressed a surprise that the price of crude petroleum should be so high, and suggested that it might be obtained at a reasonable price direct from the oil wells. Mr. Gillette then presented the following paper: NOTES ON SOME COLORADO INSECTS. By C. P. GILLETTE, Fort Collins, Colo. Nysius ninutus has been unusually abundant in portions of Colo- rado this summer, and numerous inquiries have been received con- cerning it. My attention was first called to it by being told that it was destroy- ing the strawberries upon the experiment station grounds. A visit to the strawberry patch was made at once and the bugs found in large numbers upon leaves, fruit, and blossoms, but most numerous upon fruit, both green and ripe. They were not giving special attention to strawberries, however, as they were much more abundant on some of the weeds growing between the rows, and particularly were they abun- dant upon wild mustard and Monolepis nuttallii, wilting the plants to the ground. Plants of yellow dock, and even Helianthus, were liter- ally covered with them. In fact, hardly any species of plant in the a2 vicinity entirely escaped the accumulations of these bugs; but that all served as food plants I am not certain. It is a common insect in the State upon beets, and has been reported to me as injuring cabbage and cauliflower. The usual contact poisons—kerosene emulsion, whale-oil soap, and buhach—were used upon the bugs in the ordinary strengths without satisfactory results. In fact the most thorough applications would hardly kill any of these insects. Aspidiotus howard? was first found by the writer some years ago at Canon City, Colo., where it was present in injurious numbers upon European and American varieties of plum, attacking both twigs and fruit. Scattering specimens were also noticed at that time upon pears. While the scale has remained in considerable numbers in the small plum orchard where it was first found, I have not known of its occurrence in any other locality until the present summer, when I was called by the horticultural inspector of Delta County, Mr. H. E. Mathews, to go with him to determine what scale was infesting a pear orchard in the vicinity of Delta. The scales could be found upon nearly all the pear trees in the orchard, attacking both bark and fruit, chiefly the latter. There were but few trees upon which the scale could be said to be abundant. We visited the orchard June 12, at which time young lice were hatching in small numbers. These were of the usual yellow color, but the little scale that first forms over them is pure white. From that date to August 20, at least, these young lice have continued to appear. On raising the seales from the females I nearly always found two or three young lice beneath them, and for some time thought the seale must be viviparous, but a new lot of the scales sent by Mr. Mathews August 17 contained females beneath which eggs were found. The eggs apparently hatch very soon after they are deposited, as it is usual to find two or three young lice and but one or two eggs under a female. Possibly the females are both OViparous and viviparous. The seales cluster, for the most part, about the blossom end of the pears, and where they rest upon the cheek of the fruit they usually cause a depression and sometimes a red ring, which is considered to be charactéristic of yerniciosus. In this orchard occasional seales were found upon plums also. I have fruit with me with these scales upon it that you are at liberty to examine. Chermes abietis.—This louse is abundant upon silver spruce in Col- orado, especially in high altitudes, causing the cone-like galls at the tips of the new growth. The galls are always present in considerable numbers in trees of silver spruce upon the college campus at Fort Collins. Chermes sp.—Two species (possibly one) of Chermes, one infesting Douglass spruce and one pine (Pinws ponderosa), are abundant nearly every year in the northern portion of the State, at least about Fort 53 Collins and Denver. Like C. abietis, these also deposit their eggs in clusters, each egg being anchored by means of one or more waxy threads, and covered with a white waxy secretion from the abdomen of the female. These lice are very small, not exceeding a millimeter in length. They are dark in color and are all wingless early in the season. Early in June winged individuals appear. These winged females have less of the waxy secretion with which to cover the elus- ters of eggs that they lay upon the leaves, and so they cover them with their enormously large wings. Both species seem to be entirely ovi- parous. The newly hatched lice arrange themselves in rows along the leaves, and when the white secretion is well formed they are com- pletely covered by it. The species infesting the pine is specially numerous at the new growth at the tips of the twigs, and the little lice winter very largely between the pairs of needles that grow together and near their base. Both lice and eggs are readily killed by the use of kerosene emul- sion or whale-oil soap. (Photographs were shown illustrating these lice. ) PLANT-LICE. The grain louse (Nectarophora granaria) did considerable damage in eastern Colorado last year. I know no previous record of its occurrence in this State. This year it has occasioned no complaint, and I have no knowledge of its occurrence. Last year Mr. Ball investigated tthe injuries of this louse along the line of the Santa Fe Railroad in the State and found wheat, oats, and barley attacked, but the chief injury was to wheat. The snowball plant-louse (Aphis vibernum) is a comparative recent acquisition in the northern portion of the State. For the past two years it has been rather abundant upon snowball bushes upon the campus of the State Agricultural College at Fort Collins. The ash gall louse (Pemphigus fraximifolia) continues to be one of the worst pests that our ash shade trees have to contend with on the plains of the eastern slope in the State. It is not destructive to the trees, but seriously mars their beauty, and the secretions that fall from the lice are annoying, to say the least, to those who would enjoy the shade of one of our best lawn trees. The ‘apple louse (Aphis mali) has become one of the most common of our plant lice within the State, occurring upon both slopes. The eges blacken the twigs of apple trees in the fall so that they are noticed during winter by the owners of orchards, who send them to the Entomologist for identification. The strange thing about these eggs is that we have not been able to find any lice hatching from them upon trees where they are deposited, and twigs have been brought into the laboratory bearing thousands of eggs of this louse; but we have not succeeded in getting any to hatch. It does not seem that it could o4 be due to lack of fertilization, as the little wingless brown males occur in large numbers and freely copulate with the females during the fall. The cabbage louse (Aphis brassice) seems to be a worse pest upon cabbages and cauliflowers than the cabbage butterflies, P. rape and P. protodice. The beet army worm (Laphygma flavimaculata), which ravaged the sugar-beet fields to such an alarming extent in the Grand Valley in the summer and fall of 1899, was almost entirely absent over the same area in 1900, in spite of the fact that the moths emerged in enormous numbers late in September for hibernation. . They did occur in considerable numbers last year, however, in the vicinity of Rockyford, Colo., where sugar beets were being grown for the first time in large numbers for commercial purposes. The past summer the first brood of this insect appeared in considerable numbers, both at Palisade, in the Grand Valley, and in the Arkansas Valley in the vicinity of Lamar. It is now time for the second brood to be on in full force, but I have heard nothing of it yet. It looks as though another native insect, formerly unknown as a destructive species, had come to stay as an enemy to beet culture. The cabbage Plutella (P. cruceferarum).—A curious instanee in the food habits of this insect was called to my attention the present sum- mer. Mr. H. E. Mathews, horticultural inspector for Delta County, sent me a quantity of leaves from small peach trees, with hundreds of small white cocoons upon them, with the statement that some new peach defoliator had appeared in an orchard in Delta County and he wished me to tell him what to do about it. I could not tell what the insect would turn out to be, but in a few days moths of the cab- bage Plutella appeared in large numbers, and I was almost as much puzzled as before. I told Mr. Mathews the ordinary food habits of the insect, and then he explained that the year previous the ground in this orchard had been allowed to grow up to a wild mustard, and that the weeds had been thoroughly kept down this summer. The moths, doubtless, hatched there in large numbers and, not finding their natural food plants, deposited eggs upon peach leaves, upon which the larve developed. (Photographs of the cocoons of this insect upon peach leaves were exhibited. ) The thistle butterfly (Pyrameis cardut) was unusually abundant throughout the State while fruit trees were in bloom, so that many inquiries were made as to the significance of this insect in such numbers. The bean ladybird (Epilachna corrupta) does considerable damage to the foliage of beans, particularly wax beans, near the foothills of the east slope of the mountains every year, but the degree of destruc- tiveness varies much. The present season the injuries have been more severe than for several years past. It is also difficult to combat on account of the beans being very susceptible to injury from the a 55 application of arsenical mixtures and the further fact that nearly all feeding is done upon the under side of the leaves. The arsenicals, however, seem to be our best means of destroying the beetles by means of insecticides. Phytoptus sp.—There is a Phytoptus mite that seems to be steadily on the inerease in Colorado, which attacks the cottonwoods. As the leaves open in the spring, reddish excrescences begin to form about the buds and upon twigs and limbs, of a more or less reddish color, that continue to enlarge in size during the summer. The year follow- ing, additional growth may appear about the old gall and new ones form. In early spring the mites within the chambers of the galls are of a deep red color, while those that appear during the summer are lighter in color. Inthe northern portion of the State these galls are so abundant as to be very noticeable to passers-by when the foliage is off. Some trees are literally filled with them, so that scarcely a twig ean be found without one or more of the galls upon it. Another peculiar development, as the result of Phytoptus attack in the cottonwoods, takes place in the same trees, and may be due to the same species, so far as I know. It is the transformation of the flower catkins into large pendant masses, often 6 or 8 inches in length, remind- ing one of a long slender cluster of grapes. An interesting thing in connection with this abnormal growth is that the attack of the mites causes the flower parts to revert into leafy growths, pointing to the origin of the development of the parts of the flower. LEAF-CUTTER BEES. Until the present summer I have never heard of leaf-cutter bees being abundant enough to seriously defoliate plants, but am told by an intelligent lady residing near Fort Collins, some 10 miles from the foothills, that her rosebushes were so badly defolated by them the past summer that it was necessary to cover them during the day to save any leaves at all. Mr. Caudell said that in the garden of W. M. Rysler, of Delta, Colo., this season he saw a number of mature radishes, every plant of which was completely killed by the minute false chinch bug (Nysvws minutus Uhler), myriads of which at that time covered the entire plants. In some gardens he saw a patch of potatoes much injured by the larvee of Plusia brassice. The injury was so striking as to be noticeable from a distance, resembling the ravages of the potato beetle. These same larvee were infesting cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, sugar beets, and garden beets. Mr. Hopkins said that he had collected the galls of a Chermes sp. (which Mr. Pergande thinks may be Chermes sibiricus) from the Sitka 56 spruce at Newport, Oreg., and from the Engelmann spruce at Sand Point, Idaho. President Gillette then announced that the proposal of new mem- bers was again in order, whereupon the following names were offered and received: W. D. Hunter, Washington, D. C., proposed by Mr. Bruner; Ver- non L. Kellogg, Stanford University, Cal., proposed by Mr. Bruner; Dr. W. J. Holland, Pittsburg, Pa., proposed by Mr. Hopkins. The meeting then adjourned for lunch, to reassemble at 2.30 p. m. AFTERNOON SESSION, AUGUST 24, 1901. Mr. Seott presented the first paper of the afternoon programme, viz: A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON A NEW SPECIES OF APHIS INJURIOUS TO PLUMS AND PEACHES IN GEORGIA. By W. M. Scott, Atlanta, Ga. Early in April, 1898, I observed a chestnut-brown Aphid in great numbers attacking plum trees in an orchard at Fort Valley, Ga. The insects were crowded thick on the growing tips and leaves of several thousand plum trees, and their injurious effects were then evidenced by the curled and twisted condition of the leaves and stunted appearance of the young shoots. Thinking it was probably only one of the well-known species of plant-lice common to the plum, I took no special notice of it more than to have the in- fested trees treated with 10 per cent kerosene in mechanical mixture with water, which proved to be an efficient remedy. : Several days later the same conditions were found in plum orchards at Mar- shallville, and during the course of the Pe Hinde ne si St ae the insect was located at a num- peach and plum in Georgia, much en- ber of places in middle and south ee (from drawing furnished by Georgia. The following year, 1899, this ae insect again showed upin numbers even more injurious than when first observed. Investigations during that year showed it to be generally distributed over the State, equally preva- lent inthe northern, middle, and southern portions. It wasthen found to infest the peach as wellas the plum. Its natural food plant would appear to be the wild plums, as these were found badly infested in every section of the State. Among the cultivated plums the Wild Goose, Robinson, and Mariana appear to be favorites of this insect, but the Japanese varieties also suffer serious damage from its attacks. 57 In July of the same year specimens of this Aphid began to be sent to the office as being injurious to the nursery stock, and the fall nur- sery inspection showed it to be a serious pest in the nurseries, particu- larly on June-budded peach trees. The terminals are attacked early in the season and further growth is seriously checked. It soon became evident that this plant-louse was not one of the species commonly known to infest stone-fruit trees, as I had first supposed. Accordingly, on November 4, 1899, specimens of this insect were submitted through Dr. Howard to Mr. Pergande, who identified it as apparently a new species of the genus Aphis. (This information was accompanied by the statement, “‘I think it well worth your while to make a careful study of this insect.”’) San Jose scale overshadowed every other pest, and all of my time was oceupied in dealing with it. At that time, therefore, it was out of the question to start any breeding work whatever, and nothing Fic. 2.—Aphis n. sp: winged form on peach and plum in Georgia, much enlarged (from drawing furnished by Scott). could be done on the Aphis more than to make general field notes. At the last session of the State legislature, however, I was given an additional appropriation, which made possible the employment of an assistant and an extension of the work. While the nursery and orehard police work still demands most of the time of both my assistant, Mr. W. F. Fiske, and myself, it was decided that between us we might trace out the life history of this new Aphid. Accordingly, on March 25, 1901, a plum tree in Atlanta, which I had noted the previous year as being badly infested with the lice, was examined just in time to find the newly issued to nearly full- grown larve present. These had apparently hatched from over- wintering eggs, as evidenced by the presence near them of the dark- brown shells, and the five antennal joints that developed in the adult as against six joints in the adults of sueceeding generations. From these stem mothers, colonies were established both in the laboratories and in the open air on young plum trees grown from 58 Mariana cuttings and also on peach seedlings. Isolated colonies on the original plum tree were also watched. In some colonies when members of the fifth generation reached maturity, on May 8, winged individuals developed, while in other colonies the winged form did not appear until the sixth and seventh generations were reached. Our field notes show that the winged form appeared in south Georgia as early as April 18, and, indeed, winged individuals were found in great numbers in Atlanta on a plum tree that was not at first under observation as early as May 1. All forms that have been observed to the present date are partheno- genetic. Only a small percentage of a colony would become winged, but winged individuals have continued to develop in every generation until the present date (August 14). After about twenty-four hours from maturity the winged individ- uals leave the colony and estab- lish themselves, either singly or in groups of two or three, upon neighboring trees, where they feed for several hours before giving birth to young. The terminals of succu- lent shoots were invariably selected, and the peach seemed to be pre- ferred to the plum; in fact, the winged were never observed to locate on the plum, although sev- eral plum trees were growing on the grounds. It was never observed that the direct offspring of the winged form Fic. 3—Aphis n. sp: adult from wingea Geveloped wings, but some individ- form, much enlarged (from drawing fur- yals of the second and succeeding nished by Scott). a : generations usually do so. It was also observed that when a colony was kept reduced to a small number of individuals no winged individuals would develop, but when allowed to increase to considerable numbers some such would always appear. On August 14 some of the colonies had been carried to the tenth generation from the winged. In order to get further assurance that an old species was not under observation, specimens were taken from one of the breeding numbers and submitted to Mr. Pergande, who again identified the insect as a_ new species of the genus Aphis. It is desired to carry this breeding work on until the true males and females are secured before describing the species. Adalia bipunctata frequented our breeding colonies in great num- D9 bers, and it was a continual fight between us and the beetles as to which should have the lice. The larve of Scymnus, as well as certain Syrphid flies and Chrys- - opide, also preyed upon this Aphis. In the discussions of this paper Mr. Ashmead said that the record of this new Aphis attacking the stone fruits was very interesting, in- asmuch as this group of plants already suffered from the attacks of half a dozen well-known species of plant-lice. He suggested that the Aphididz afforded a splendid field for investigation, and that there was pressing need for such work. He said that Mr. Pergande was authority on this group and had in his possession the types of both Riley and Buckton. Mr. Bruner said that his former assistant, the late Mr. Williams, did extensive work upon theaphides, describing 35 species, but that his work had not yet been published. Mr. Gillette called attention to the great danger of the black peach Aphis being disseminated on nur- sery stock, and said that it had been thus communicated to Colorado from Missouri. Next in order was a talk upon ‘‘Fighting insects with fungous diseases,” by L. Bruner, Lincoln, Nebr. Mr. Bruner said in part that the successful control of the chinch bug in some sections by means of a fungous disease had been a great FiG. 4.—Aphis n. sp: wingless form fourth calamity to working entomologists, generation, fourth stage, much enlarged Meciuceetiicy snecess had created, (7m drawing furnished by Scott). a false belief that injurious insects in general could be controlled by fungous diseases. As examples of insects destroyed by fungi he mentioned the chinch bug, locusts, and house flies. He said that the disease among grasshoppers would act only when conditions were favorable; that a grasshopper might eat a diseased one and be immune if conditions were not just right. He had received from the Department of Agriculture what was supposed to be the South American locust disease, which proved to be only a Mucor. The material was distributed over Nebraska, and while some who received it reported good results, others ‘* cussed.” In his experiments he had found that none of the locust diseases were successful. 60 In the discussion of this subject Mr. Gillette said that he often recommended the farmers of his State to grind the diseased and dead grasshoppers as finely as possible in plenty of water and then sprinkle the water upon plants where the grasshoppers were feeding. In his opinion the disease germs are usually present, and the disease will make its appearance when the climatic conditions are favorable. He believes the only object in scattering the germs is to make more certain the spread of the disease when other conditions are favorable. Mr. Cockerell was of the opinion that the diseases of insects would not be effective in the destruction of seattered individuals, but that where insects were crowded together the introduction of disease would meet with success. He thought much good would result from the dissemination of the diseases of insects. Mr. Hopkins then read the following paper: INSECTS DETRIMENTAL AND DESTRUCTIVE TO FOREST PRODUCTS USED FOR CONSTRUCTING MATERIAL. By A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. There is constantly increasing complaint among the manufacturers and consumers of construction timbers relating to the difficulty of securing material that is free from defects caused by wood-boring insects. This trouble appears to be due to two conditions—one a diminished supply of the best timber, the other that of increased injury to forest trees by insects. The increase of insects is largely due, it is believed, to prevailing erude and wasteful methods of lumbering and general forest manage- ment. The old, defective, and undesirable trees are allowed to stand, which, with the stumps, refuse logs, and tops in the euttings, serve as breeding places for vast numbers of the kinds of insects which are to blame for the injuries complained of, as well as for increased damage to the standing timber in the remaining uncut forests. THE PRINCIPAL INSECTS. The principal insects which are injurious to the wood of forest trees and their timber products may be briefly referred to as follows: The oak timber worm (Hupsalis minuta) is without doubt the worst enemy of oak wood throughout the eastern, middle, and southern United States. It breeds in old stumps and logs, dead and defective standing trees, as well as in living trees, which it is ever ready to enter through the slightest wound in the outer wood, and in a few years the larve of successive broods penetrate the heart wood and extend their mines for a long distance above and below the original entranee. Under favorable conditions the larve will continue to work in the heavy lumber and square timbers cut from trees thus infested for many years after it is taken from the woods and placed in the structure. Especially is this true with reference to oak timber 61 used in railroad construction, such as ties and culvert, bridge, and trestling timbers. This insect will breed in old oak logs as long as there is sufficient amount of sound wood for it to work in, and under favorable conditions it will doubtless do the same in railroad ties and other similar material which comes in connection with the ground. The chestnut timber worm (Lymexylon sericeum) is another exceed- ingly destructive insect to the wood of living, dying, and dead oak trees, stumps, logs, and heavy construction timbers as long as the con- ditions are suitable for it to do so. The destruction of the wood of old chestnut trees throughout the Appalachian region, so far as its value for construction material is concerned, is well-nigh complete. Otherwise this durable and valuable timber would be a good substi- tute for the rapidly diminishing oak, and on account of its rapid growth from a young sprout to a tree of commercial size would be a most profitable forest tree to grow for future supplies. The giant root borer (Prionus laticollis) is another enemy of wood which not only breeds in the roots and stems of living oak and other timber trees, but in old stumps and logs, railroad and other timbers which, owing to their connection with the ground, retain a sufficient amount of moisture. Some years ago I observed a large number of larve, apparently of this species, in some old oak railroad ties which were being removed from the roadbed in front of the Baltimore and Ohio station in Morgantown. It is therefore evident that this class of large wood borers contribute not a little to the rapid deterioration of oak ties and other timbers. | There is another class of Cerambycid, or round-headed borers, of the Centrodera, Leptura, and other allied genera, which breed in the wood of dead trees and logs, hence are capable of breeding in railroad ties and similar construction material. There are also many species in the family Buprestidz with similar habit. In the Scolytide there are large numbers of species which bore in the wood of living, dying, and dead trees and cause serious defects. Indeed, there is a long list of species of Coleoptera which bore in the wood of trees and construc- tion timbers and contribute to rapid deterioration and decay. In Lepidoptera there are some very destructive enemies of the wood of living trees, notably the carpenter worms, which infest the oak and locust and bore large holes through the best part of the wood. In Hymenoptera there are certain wood-boring bees and ants which do great harm to the timber and other woodwork of buildings, bridges, and railroads. In Neuroptera the termites are among the most destructive enemies of wood and of wooden structures, working both in the moist and sound wood, Recently the writer has determined that these so-called white ants are very injurious to railroad ties and other railroad timbers. Thus a great variety of insects are to blame for defective timber. They attack the dead, living, and felled trees, the rough manufac- tured product in the mill yards before it is used, after it is used in the 62 structure, and until it is so badly damaged that it must be replaced by new material. When we take into consideration the enormous amount of timber used in railroad construction alone, and the damage to such material by insects, from the time it is taken from the forest until it is replaced by new material in the structure, it is plain that we have in this an economic problem worthy of special attention. It invoives not only the determination of methods of preventing losses to vast commercial interests, but the conservation of our forest resources, and the economy of present and future supplies of that which is in greatest demand. When there was an abundant supply of timber it was possible to select only the best and to discard the defective, but at present it has become necessary, on account of the growing scarcity, to use much timber that is defective. This is evident from the character of the railroad ties and other construction material observed in the luinber yards, and piled along the road ready for use. Therefore, the prob- lem of treating defective timber to promote its durability is becoming an important one. The need of investigations to determine the true character of the various kinds of defects caused by insects and their relations to the entrance of wood-decaying fungi, as a preliminary to the discovery and adoption of practical methods of checking or pre- venting premature decay, is apparent. In the accumulation of data relating to the kinds of insects to blame for the commoner injuries, and to some important features in their habits, life history, and distribution, considerable progress has been made within recent years. While this technical knowledge of the insects, the characteristics of their habits, and the character of their work is of prime importance in suggesting methods of preventing losses, there is a feature relating to experiments with such methods to determine and demonstrate their practical application, which requires a considerably greater expenditure of money and time than has yet been available. Indeed, the funds available from public appro- priations for original investigations of this character are not sufficient to warrant the undertaking of the elaborate experiments necessary. If, however, private individuals, or companies whose immediate inter- ests are involved, would cooperate with departments of scientific research in this work, as is being done in some other lines of investiga- tion relating to forestry problems, it is believed that results of the greatest value could be attained. Mr. Cockerell asked whether a moderate number of forest pests might not in a way be beneficial by killing out the old trees and leay- ing room for the young ones to grow. He also mentioned the curious habits of the sugar cane Xyleborus in the West Indies, which, from attacking dead wood, had come to attack the living sugar cane. 63 Mr. Scott suggested that Georgia afforded a splendid field for inves- tigations of this nature, as valuable timber in that State was being rapidly destroyed by the work of insects. He made particular refer- ence to the wholesale destruction of chestnut and oak. Mr. Bruner said that he had been connected with growing trees upon forest reserves and that he had seen the destructive work of these forest insects. He said that species of Dendroctonus kill thou- sands of trees in the forests of the Black Hills. He thought the Bureau of Forestry should take up the matter of insects in connection with other work, and he thought the time ripe for the publication of a manual on forest insects. Mr. Hopkins said that the species of Dendroctonus referred to was evidently the one he had determined as a new species, from specimens sent to the United States Department of Agriculture from the Black Hills, to which he had given the manuscript name Dendroctonus ponderosa. He also said that it belonged to the division of the genus which includes the most destructive enemies of the pine and was, therefore, doubtless the one to blame for the serious troubles which from time to time during the past three years has been reported from the Black Hills region. Mr. Felt followed with his paper entitled: OBSERVATIONS ON FOREST AND SHADE TREE INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE. By EH. BRET, Albany, N.Y. The season of 1901 has not been specially notable on account of insects depredating on either forest or shade trees. The senatorial | oak worm (Anisota senatoria Sm. & Abb.) is more or less abundant — every year at Karner, only 7 miles from Albany. This summer there was a very large deposition of eggs, and by July 27 it was easy to find entire shoots defoliated, and none of the larvee were more than one- third grown. The serub oaks (Quercus prinoides and Q. aicifolia) are likely to suffer severely before the end of the summer, as is not infre- quently the case. The web nests of Cacaeia argyrospila Walk. were not uncommon on the same oaks, the moths emerging at intervals during the greater part of July and in early August. Systematic collecting at intervals of ten to fifteen days throughout the season has been practiced at Karner, where there is an admirable growth of scrub oaks and small hard pines (Pinus rigida). A portion of the results are given at this time. The two large Buprestids, Chalcophora virginiensis Drury and C. liberta Germ., were taken throughout June and in early July, and two of the former species were captured August 9, though not met with on two previous trips. Large numbers of smaller Buprestids were also taken on pine, but they are not included in this account, as they 64 have not been determined. Anomala lucicola Fabr. was present in considerable numbers, mostly on pine, though not uncommon on oak, from June 26to July 19, and a few were taken as late as the 27th. One or more species of Dichelonycha occurred rather abundantly during the latter half of June and the first week of July. MJonohammus scu- tellatus Say and WM. titillator Fabr. were taken in very small numbers, though larve which must belong to these species and to VM. confusor Kirby appeared to be common enough in this locality. Glyptoscelis - hirtus Oliv. was captured on hard pine in rather small numbers from June 4+ to 26. The common pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck.) was obtained in large numbers on hard pine, it being specially abundant in June, but occurring in small numbers throughout July and in early August. Two other weevils (Magdalis lecontei Horn and M. alutacea Lec.) were also taken throughout June and during the first week in July in association with the white pine weevil. The former of these two was even more abundant than the Pissodes. Bark-borers.—The hard pines at Manor, Long Island, the white pines in the vicinity of Albany, and the balsam or fir trees of the Adirondacks have all suffered more or less from the attacks of various species of bark-borers. Investigations in all of these localities failed to reveal adequate cause for the great mortality among these trees unless it be due to the work of species of Tomicus. [am well aware that Dr. Hopkins, who has made a special study of bark-borers and is a well recognized authority on the group, inclines to lay blame on forms belonging in some other genus. The work of Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv. was very common at the bases of the hard pines on Long Island, and I found it in smaller numbers in white pines about Albany, but never in large enough numbers to cause very serious injury. In both of these localities, however, Tomicus calligraphus Germ. and 7. cacographus Lec. and, in some instances, other species were uniformly present and many of the trees bore many pitch tubes, the work in most instances of the first-named form. Tomicus callig- raphus was found by me last fall working in enormous numbers in dying white pines, the beetles not hesitating to run galleries into liv- ing, apparently healthy tissues, and so abundant was the insect that I eould not help thinking it responsible in part, at least, for the death of the tree. This month I have found undoubted evidence of Tom- cus calligraphus’ entering what to every appearance were healthy trees. It is true there were not quite so many branches at the top of the tree closely inspected as there frequently is, but the needles were all green and gave no evidence of injury, and the bark from the base of the trees to the top was nice and green so faras the eye could discern, and yet such a one had been entered in large numbers by Tomicus calligraphus, and the beetles are even now running primary galleries and depositing eggs. Thetrunk of this tree was well spotted with pitch tubes, and small masses of: pitch had dropped on the leaves 65 of the surrounding shrubs. The tree above described is only one of a number which show an attack of this character in one stage or another. The condition about Albany is rather serious because many of the nicest trees in the rather small groves of white pine are dying from the effects of the work of this insect and of its allies. At Manor, Long Island, the hard pines covering an area of approximately 60 square miles were largely killed through the agency of bark-borers, and I am inclined to believe that species of Tomicus have consider- able to do with the matter. Tomicus cacographus Lee. and T. pint Say were frequently associated with their larger relatives and in some instances may be the first to attack a tree. This opinion is further strengthened by the fact that Tomicus balsameus Lee. undoubtedly kills many balsam trees in the Adirondacks. I have found this spe- cies working in immense numbers in the entire length of the trunk of large balsams. The top of one tree examined had browned some, but the lower limbs were apparently unaffected at the time it was cut and inspected. Adults of this beetle were found throughout the tree run- ning transverse galleries in green tissues, eggs had been deposited in many instances and larvee of various sizes and even pupe were found. A very interesting case of complete girdling was discovered. Two beetles, starting from the point of entrance on a green limb about an. inch in diameter, worked in opposite directions around the limb, and when the specimen was cut, their burrows had overlapped each other by half an inch. Monohammus displays in New York State a great readiness to attack diseased or dying trees, and I have noted a number of cases where grubs belonging to this genus and also Buprestid larvee were working - in pines which appeared to have suffered no greater injury from other causes than a slight lowering of vitality incident to drought or other unfavorable conditions. These larve, though working in consider- able numbers in living tissues, did not as a rule cause much exuda- tion of sap. Dr. Packard records in Bulletin 7 of the United States Entomological Commission, page 220, his belief that members of this genus may kill balsam or fir trees, and from what I have seen in the vicinity of Albany, it would appear that this may also be true of pines. Adults of Monohammus confusor Kirby were taken in considerable numbers on one white pine, and it is presumable that most of the larvee found in infested trees belong to this species. One example of Monohammus titillator Fabr., one of M. scutellatus Say, and one of Xylotrechus sagitatus Germ. were also taken on the same tree. Him leaf-beetle (Galerucella luteola Miill).--This imported species continues to be a serious enemy of Kuropean elinsin Albany, Troy, and vicinity. The depredations of this pest have been so severe as to lead to the maintenance and operation of two power-spraying outfits by the municipality of Albany. Two are also in operation by a private party in Troy, where they are kept busy throughout the spraying sea- i323 = No. 31 O15 66 son, each individual paying for the treatment of his own trees. The general condition of the shade trees in both cities is much improved by this work, and considering all the trees in the streets of both cities, the results are decidedly in favor of Albany. This is probably due> almost entirely to the fact that it is much more economical to take a_ street at a time and spray all the trees than to go hither and thither as desired by private parties. The former is possible only where the city undertakes to spray all the trees on the streets, while the latter must obtain where spraying depends upon the will and financial abil- ity of the owner of the abutting property. It might be well to add, that as arule Albanians neglect the trees on their own premises, while Trojans, who have spraying done, invariably include the trees on the premises as well as those in front of the property. The elm leaf- beetle has almost undisputed sway in the poorer portions of Troy, because the residents can not afford to have their trees sprayed, while in Albany these as well as those inhabited by the wealthier class are treated and the results are most beneficent, because it is in these poorer quarters that shade is most urgently needed. It therefore seems to me most advisable to urge the prosecution of such work, when necessary, upon municipalities rather than to allow it to depend upon the enterprise of private individuals, solely because it means the greatest good to the greatest humber at a minimum of expenditure. This imported pest is slowly extending its range northward of Albany and Troy and in some localities where no spraying is done it is this. season proving a scourge to both European and American elms. Forest tent caterpillar (Clisiocampa disstria Hitbu.).—This insect has been a most serious pest in New York State for the last four or five years, and in localities here and there it has proved exceedingly destructive this season. The outbreak of 1901, so far as I can learn, was much more limited in area than in the previous years and confined largely to sections adjacent to where the insect had been specially abundant previously. The caterpillar appears, as a rule, to be unable to exist in large numbers in one locality for more than four or five years in succession. This is probably to be explained by the local activity of natural enemies. Another marked feature has been the increasing predominance of the pest in orchards. It is perhaps hardly necessary to add that most of the injuries in orchards could have been prevented by timely and thorough spraying. ! Carpenter moth (Prionoxystus robinie Peck).—This is a serious enemy to maple, oak, and ash trees in certain sections of New York State. Its destructive work at Ogsdenburg was brought to my atten- tion by Miss Mary B. Sherman, of that place, and through her some interesting examples of the borers’ work in sugar-maple trees were secured. One-third of a section or atree about 15 inches in diameter was fairly riddled with the large burrows of the caterpillar of this insect. It was so abundant as to ruin a number of fine trees in that 67 locality and necessitate their removal. The work of this pest at Buffalo was brought to my notice by Mr. M. F. Adams, of that city, and through his kindness I have been able to secure good examples of the insects’ work in ash and to observe its operations in oaks. This spe- cies also occurs on Long Island. All the examples of its work seen by me show that the full grown caterpillars prefer to run their bur- rows at some depth in the wood, and that as a rule they run so close to and communicate so freely with each other as to destroy the value of infested trees for timber. This insect also causes large unsightly wounds wherever its burrows come near the surface. Caterpillars about to pupate frequently take refuge in these channeled wounds, from which the pupe work themselves partly out before the disciosure of the imago. The eggs are probably deposited in any available crevice, where they adhere to the bark rather firmly.- A piece of root which had been bored by the willow eurculio (Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn.) was lymg in a breeding cage and a female Prionoxystus embraced the opportunity to deposit six or seven eggs well within the burrow. Apparently the females do not hesitate to oviposit before the appearance of males. Some eggs which were found in the office hatched, possibly without being fertilized, but it was impossible to prove this latter point. Dissection of a well-distended female, which probably had deposited no eges, showed that she contained 269 well- formed ova and 133 which were partly developed, making a total of 402. The small Lecanium nigrofasciatum Perg. has proved a rather seri- ous enemy to soft maples in Albany. - This scale insect has been so abundant on some small trees as to nearly cover the under surface of the limbs, and so much honeydew was exuded that the walks beneath were kept moist. The severe drain on the trees prevented much growth and resulted in the killing of a number of the smaller limbs. Badly infested twigs have a marked sour-semiputrid odor, due in all probability to the decomposition of the honeydew. Young began to appear in Albany about June 14, and by July 15 they were about 0.5 mm. long and were thickly set on the smaller twigs. Pseudococcus aceris Geoff.—This comparatively rare species was observed in immense numbers on the bark of a hard maple at Albany, N. Y., August 6. The male cocoons were present in thousands, and in places formed large white masses on the trunk, giving a tree the appearance of being affected bya fungus. Some immature individu- als were wandering over the masses of the male cocoons. The leaves were also badly affected. The cottony remains of adults were abun- dant, and here and there old females were still producing young, as a number of very small individuals were observed, and partly grown ones were-assembled on the under surface of the leaf in long rows on both sides of the principal veins. There is a marked subacid, not 68 unpleasant, odor about this species when present in large numbers. It is not nearly so offensive as in the ease of Lecanium nigrofasciatum Perg. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch is always more or less injurious to white pines in Washington Park, Albany, but this year it has been excep- tionally abundant, not only giving considerable portions of the trunks a whitewashed appearance, but literally plastering the under surface of many limbs. : a C.B. e ann, Heidem He Y foul A | : Ae 4 tf ‘8 se \ } r ; a § ‘At Hehe } JP89/ Rat 7 if ‘ 1 te al BS Ra ish eh Hiv 2 Baba faye 27 yi SPY eee (eyes yeh eatiooneemanes Tees “, ‘ ie . ON Py eR 5 | aa = feo a ae Ry tate (al Ee 2 t iy, h NW YY , ns . Coq a 3 C. L. Marlatt. Th, Pergande, ogis Schwarz, D WwW. C. 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