LA hy RNA ark ESA bat uh ES NR % i EOS i mA an AOR TO t a ON hy " 4) cy i Y i in \ i PRR ait Hae , AAA Sa WieSitnta paste a ts oS ayaa eh Ae in Oo i Neca asthe OSAMA ARRAN Se MMAR EN Sent KS RAR Wak aut ease aM Be ‘ i) 4, Seay seal a SR RA Ay ate iS Pee CGH CA Cech AYE TARR kN ROW OURS HI Vaca Ritu ay Dy Ce NN a yee , a Masa ie bit ROCA NN NN Os niae a aay AR 4 a : % he Ay A OReU ALN i) fi eH Baas Nett eh PN ? Da Lom sees is eas Ct SNC) MO ahe : eK AOR OA Ha A ‘ ran phate) Naa lei eb i ah AY 4 ARH re hil Pe eR KTR Oa AS A RANA tKant eS CA ib ea H eM UU EUR Ane utc: aA NA RRS Se PASS AE CUM Mean cr Pane RIAA APA ro | PON 1) EA ‘ 5 RAR Net Sb ALAN | tay ANOLE 1 CE CARMEN Aa hte mw BASE NN Shee A) i CON shies he kL NASH RY Waa ! F 0 Ba ee i MHL) : a K c yh nN vet MK DUE M Mea YC eLRU RL Moh Woe st thal) Wik oh > AY Peat tr ane! 4 MINAS W ICM MSO NGF Ok nYORY NY ; et te a Or RA ts, iy Mee VP Wate dt i At Ae) A A af on e! aed saa tr Ne BY ” eas , ‘ hac a yee : ain i y ia A Ki SOMMER ERE ALL Ma Ob ea SUA se hay wi ahi Spa i ‘ Ne eee ta r DNs ce KO ASb ae Wt Py Seid Lh Pee 4 ND rae Mate (ie Wee te rath} Ht Ck Me Ua re i) ORCA MATE PE Du ney yOu RETR e Ge ou sat aes i reap { Gy hy Ge ae roel eee oa s aS (i § x i ti Ah BALES! i pane MARR OUE A y iy OLA AT AY, pe Ate on a % ; b i mu et AN ee ott hi Ob aa taal NDE eas nh Chey ei iy J : RN A RN ir Cert Hy by Ris ih at 4 Late ater At ny i tik NM eet SC: Baty tl Ae Hy MR Ae eres te AU CA RT ba ON PR EN OR NC ae Mot aimrite de MNS WS iv i t AAA Co Ut een CeIn ee a a m UI aa Mh an Ba ae me ek , i oe os aX es wae a ,— ‘SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PROCEEDINGS UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. WV oltmase. XX VUE. PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 19038. ADVERTISEMENT. The publications of the National Museum consist of two series: Proceedings and Bulletins. The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium of publication for newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, descriptions of new forms of animals and plants acquired by the National Museum, discussions of nomenclature, ete. A volume is issued annually or oftener for distri- bution to libraries, while in view of the importance to science of the prompt publication of descriptions of new species, a limited edition of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. The present volume is the twenty-sixth of the series. The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of more elaborate papers, issued separately and based for the most art upon collections in the National Museum. They are mono- zraphic in scope, and are devoted principally to the discussion of warge zoological groups, bibliographies of eminent naturalists, reports of expeditions, ete. A quarto form of the Bulletin, known as the ‘* Special Bulletin,” has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indispensable. The Annual Report of the National Museum (being the second vol- ume of the Smithsonian Report) contains papers chiefly of an ethno- logical character, describing collections in the National Museum. Papers intended for publication by the National Museum are usually referred to an advisory committee, composed as follows: Frederick W. True (chairman), William H. Holmes, George P. Merrill, James E. Benedict, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger, Lester F. Ward, and Marcus Benjamin Garton), | ie oe S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Ill AiG On CONTENTS. Page. Basster, Ray 8S. The Structural Features of the Bryozoan Genus Homotrypa, with descriptions of Species from the Cincinnatian Group.—No. 1323. March 28, 1903¢_____- 565-591 New species: Homotrypa cineinnatiensis, H. dumosa H. pulchra, H. grandis, H. libana, H. frondosa, H. communis, H. richmondensis, HT. nodulosa, H. austini, H. cylindrica, H. ramulosa, H. nitida, H. nicklesi, H. splendens. New varieties: Homotrypa curvata, var. precipta, H. flabellaris var. spinifera, H. wortheni var. intercellata, H. w. var. prominens. Bran, Barton A. Notice of a Collection of Fishes made by ~H. H. Brimley in Cane River and Bollings Creek, North Carolina, with a Description of a New Species of Notropis (N. brimleyi).—No. 1339. July 6, 1903¢_____- eee ee ISON New species: Notropis brimleyi. . Notice of a Small Collection of Fishes, including a Rare Kel, recently received from H. Maxwell Lefroy, Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies.—No. 1345. July 10, 1903“ 163-964 -_ ~ Brenepicr, James E. Description of a New Genus and Forty-six New Species of Crustaceans of the Family Gala- theide, with a List of the Known Marine Species.—No. Summmmeitecemmner 29, 1902% 592% ee Sl 243-334 New genus: Cervimunida. New species: Galathea californiensis, G. integra, G. paucilineata, Cervimunida princeps, Munida angulata, M. curvatura, M. curvipes, M. debilis, M. decora, M. flinti, M. hispida, M. honshuensis, M. media, M. mexicana, M. nuda, M. perlata, M. pusilla, M. quadrispina, M. sculpta, M. simplex, M. tenella, Munidopsis acuminata, M. baha- mensis, M. beringana, M. cylindropus, M. espinis, M. expansa, M. gilli, M. hastifer, M. mina, M. modesta, M. opalescens, M. tenuirostris, M. townsendi, M. verrilli, Uroptychus brevis, U. capillatus, U. granu- latus, U. jamaicensis, U. minutus, U. scambus, U. scandens, U. spini- ger, Plychogaster defensa. New names: Galacantha faxoni, Munidopsis acutispina. ——. Revision of the Crustacea of the Genus Lepidopa.— uments {19034 eee. 889-895 New species: Lepidopa websteri, L. deamex, L. mearnsi, L. richmondi. «Date of publication. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. CAUDELL, ANDREW Netson. Notes on Orthoptera from Colo- rado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas, with Descriptions of New Species.—No. 1333. July 6, 19084 ..___._-..... 13-809 New species: Heliastus guanieri, Melanoplus coloradus, M. latifercula, New variety: Psinidia sulcifrons var. amplicornus. . The Phasmide, or Walkingsticks, of the United States.——No.-11885. “July 9,/1903% 25 2 So as eee 863-885 New subfamily: Timeminze. New genera: Parabacillus, Pseudosermyle, Megaphasma. New species: Pseudosermyle truncata, P. banksti, Diapheromera ariz- onensis, Timema californica. CLARKE, SAMUEL FEssENDEN. An Alaskan Corymorpha-like Hiydroid:—_No.1343., #July “11, 1903 ¢. 2. = eee 953-958 Dati, WintiAM Heaney. Synopsis of the Family Astartide, with a Review of the American Species.—No. 1342. July TO), SOO Syne eile ee 925 ies 2 el ru geet es ee _. 9338-951 New species: Astarte polaris, A. alaskensis, A. bennettii, A. soror, A. liogona, A. vernicosa. ———. Synopsis of the Family Veneride and of the North American Recent Species.—No. 1312. December 29,1902¢. 335-412 New species: Transennella stimpsoni, Tivela abaconis, T. nasuta, T. braziliana, Callocardia (Agriopoma) zonata, C. catharia, Cytherea ( Ventricola) strigillina, C. (V.) callimorpha, C. (V.) magdalenz, Clementia solida, Pitaria tomeana, P. (Lamelliconcha) callicomata, Cyclinella singleyi, Chione mazyckti, C. (Lirophora) schottii, C. (L.) obliterata, C. (Timoclea) pertincta, Venus apodema, Paphia ( Pro- tothaca) staminea var. sulculosa, Psephidia ovalis. Fish, Prerre A. The Cerebral Fissures of the Atlantic Walrus.—No. 1325. April 9, 1903 ¢ Fisner, Wattrer K. A New Procelsterna from the Leeward Islands, Hawaiian Group.—No. 1322. January 29, 1908 ¢._ 559-563 New species: Procelsterna saxatilis. Fow.er, Henry W. A Review of the Berycoid Fishes of Japan.——No. 1306.\. November 25, 1902.2 ©2. 25225 1-21 (See also under JorpAN, Davip Srarr.) = | A Review of the Cepolide or Band-fishes of Japan.—- | NG, 1380...’ April 9;1903% ool son se hn ogee 699-702 | (See also under JorpAN, Davip Srarr.) | A Review of the Cobitide, or Loaches of the Rivers of Japan.—No. 1332. April 9, 1903.7. >. 2 ees T65-TT4. (See also under Jorpan, Davin Srarr. ) “Date of publication. TABLE OF CONTENTS. VII : Page. Fowtrer, Henry W. A Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes of eat NO lags... duly 6, 1903 =) 2292.2 use lle. 811-862 (See also under Jorpan, Davip Srarr. ) . A Review of the Elasmobranchiate Fishes of Seon No. 1324." Mareh 30, 19034_... 22.2. 2---=------ 593-674 (See also under Jorpan, Davip Srarr. ) A Review of the Siluroid Fishes of Japan.—No. SEP Uo Aan eky 2 oe et es eae Shhh O 897-911 (See also under Jorpan, Davin Srarr. ) Gitt, THEopoRE. Note on the Fish Genera named Macro- mee NO, bot, duly 6, 19038% 2.0 | ie PE 2 1015-1016 On some Fish Genera of the First Edition of Cuvier’s Réegne Animal and Oken’s Names.—No. 1346. July 11, TE al ae On papi. ciel Rive A See ee 965-967 On some Neglected Genera of Fishes.—No. 1344. EN ea ey eres tre naa Mar. ee eh Ge 959-962 On the Relations of the Fishes of the Family Lam- pridide or Opahs.—No. 1340. July 7, 1903¢____-..----- 915-924 The Use of the Name Torpedo for the Electric Cat- Sere oNGr tes). April) 19030.) 22. foes oa Se 697-698 Hay, Witi1am Perry. On a Small Collection of Crusta- ceans from the Island of Cuba.—No. 1316. February 2, RPI cs, ieee en CSE SF gest) t STL CNL a PUPAE AE ye TOE aoe: 429-435 New species: Cirolana cubensis, Palemonetes eigenmanni, P. cubensis. Hinps, Warren Eimer. Contribution to a Monograph of the Insects of the Order Thysanoptera inhabiting North mnerica.— No. 1310: December 20, 1909¢._.-.... 2.2... T9242 New genera: Pseudothrips, Scolothrips, Malacothrips, Eurythrips. New species: .Holothrips bicolor, Chirothrips crassus, C. obesus, Limo- thrips avenw, Sericothrips cingulatus, Euthrips fuscus, Raphidothrips fuscipennis, Heliothrips fasciapennis, Trichothrips ambitus, T. beachi, Cephalothrips yucce, Phleothrips uzeli, P. pergandei, Acanthothrips magnafemoralis, Malacothrips zonatus, Eurythrips ampliventralis, E. osborni, Cryptothrips aspersus. JorDAN, Davip Srarr. Supplementary Note on Bleekeria Mitsukurii, and on certain Japanese Fishes.—No. 1328. UNE) CIN teh regs cree ee ee TS No ee eS 693-696 «Date of publication. Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. JORDAN, Davip Srarr, and Henry W. Fowrrer. A Review of the Berycoid Fishes of Japan.—No. 1306. November D5, A908 oe See ns Sek i Re ee 1-21 New species: Paratrachichthys prosthemius, Holocentrus utodai. ——. A Review of the Cepolide or Band-fishes of Japan.—No- 1330. “April 9;1903%.- ee eee 699-T02 A Review of the Cobitide or Loaches of the Rivers of Japan.—No. 1332. " April 9,7 1903% 2-222 %65-T74 New species: Elkis nikkonis, Orthrias oreas. — —-—. A Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes of Japan.—Nowl3s4e July 66,1903 % 224s eee eee 811-862 New genera: Abbottina, Zezera, Biwia. New species: Acheilognathus cyanostigma, Abbottina psegma, Zezera hilgendorfi, Leuciscus phalacrocorax. A Review of the Elasmobranchiate Fishes of Japan —No; 1324. March 30, 1903: 324-2. See eee 593-674 New genus: Zameus. New species: Cephaloscyllium umbratile, Squalus mitsukurti, Cen- troscyllium ritteri, Raja tengu. A Review of the Siluroid Fishes of Japan.— No. 13838341 iutlys fp UGO8 Ss ele te nee cee 897-911 -—— and Epwin Cuapin Starks. A Review of the Fishes of Japan belonging to the Family of Hexagrammide. No; 1348: ted ulyy lo, MOOR@ ee glen ek iy ee ee 1003-1013 New species: Hexragrammos aburaco. A Review of the Hemibranchiate Fishes of vapan—-No, 1308.2 December, 21900 8 ose Sean ee I-13 New genus: .Holiscus. New species: Pygosteus undecimalis, Macrorhamphosus sagifue. ———. July 9190845 eee _ Je ve dee. ., 925-98 New species: Talorchestia fritzi, Hyalella faxoni. | STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. Rediscovery of One of Holbrook’s Salamanders.—No. 1321. January 29, 1903¢_....._----- 557-558 « Date of publication. Piso LeU ST RATIONS. TEXT FIGURES. Page. MRE a TIUUINS WOLOSHILCNIUUS > Ina Be ae Rae rele aes oon aaa cee sciasee 9 EDEN en I ON Soe wr en oe ets Sees Se ees nie oS Reet 12 EAD OCS AT 90 RE SS Re tO a ee 14 IRATE TELL OL Cemer ae Seamer ree a va nne Se cee ge Dats ue BSL ewes seis 17 Cryptolithodes expansus, outline of carapace ..-.-.-..------------------------ 32 BERiA TEpONICUS, ANLETIOr POrtion |.) 2.2 .-2.-2-5-6---.---0--+4s---+---- 35 DNC ORTamMAnIcHs, Nett ChElped ...--— sooSce eo = cos ce ee eee te tee cee 36 Eepanarius japonicus, right cheliped.................---...+--------------- 36 Clibanarius japonicus, outer face of first ambulatory leg on right side -...-.--- 36 Parapenxus mogiensis, female; a, carapace; b, sixth segment of abdomen .--- - 40 murapenzus mogiensis, petasma, ventral view .-.-..------------------------- 40 DIES OINGOICNSES, CNELY CUM = 20. c seek ooncn ce se ee ssa opens -no= == 40 Parapenzus dalei, female; a, carapace; b, sixth segment of abdomen ......--- 40 mmncieus cae, petasma, ventral view -.:.-.-.-----:-------<---2++----6-: 40 Ie etl CNCIV CUI > ee ole ers kee vin HS = eos ee eee ee secees 40 Parapenus acclivis, female; a, carapace; b, sixth segment of abdomen -.--.--- 41 REET tite hers, THELV CUM = 5... So eo ss oe koe soe eas eos Ses sce eee ae 41 marapencscus acclivis, petasma, ventral view ......-.-------:--------------<-- 41 Brangon hakodatei, a, carapace; 6, acicle; c, cheliped.--..--.---------------- 42 Bumenrocaris mororant, carapace of female _.....:...--------------=-----+--+- 43 Runmoedrisyordan, carapace of female... ...:.--...---+--2+----22----++--- 44 Bairontocaris grebnitzkii, carapace of female ......-.-...---.------------------ 45 mpirontocaris geniculata, carapace of female .....-....----------------------- 45 meandalus latirostris, carapace, side view......---.----------+----------------- 47 Pandalus latirostris, carapace and antenne, dorsal view.....---..------------ 47 Pandalopsis mitsukurii, carapace, side view .....------ Se Sees ere hee 48 Pandalopsis mitsukurii, carapace and antennze, dorsal view ---.-.------------ 48 Palemon macrodactylus, a, carapace; b, acicle; c, chela of second pair; d, foot Seipimird pair ...:..........- PERERA FEY ee OP raat ont wee gay es 52 EM hae ion ce oe ite Ae ee Mey we Gos = 62 macrorhamphosus sagifue .....-.-......----------- el PACE aa ae ARE theese 69 rar Ba Se MS rey ey ieee om ag isc a Meme henshann. madles:.- 2)... -4. 220-25 .02-- 22sec eee leen--dee- 75 Cyclograpsus henshawi, abdomen of male...........-.----------------------- 76 IRINELCINE CTT SS cee Se ete Fee ee ee ene 77 De ea ionsis, mnarein.or front... ...52--+-2s2.2.-.--<+.240555---5e024-2 77 NI SREP NCTA ae ne eee Oe rt Se Le he cen Sa bee ces 247 I IIMRIRSN USL UME 8 oo ee le Sa ok ee Oe kame 249 -Cervimunida Sana AAC TRE eae Se ene I cme ne 250 ENA ee Seer 2 8 Ck Sa ee a ON AE eau ee ee ee sane 253 TSAR AS eae 254 XI ® -. XIT LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. MONTAG MGUNUIPES 8. go. mie ero erss Wad stele a estar a ees et ee Marnidang@epilis..o 5. <= nob esdc cs cake ete eae s Jee oO eee eee oe eee MarnidaideCora x 'sc..2 oc Ses oi bc Bae os + ee eee a eee Muni FUNG «po cae cn ae eee ee ee eas soe ee ee eee Mamnida hispida. oo ...3 52h 2 c2 pee Sete ae ae Ee ee eee eee Manida honshuenss . 20) oe See ee ee eee ae Miuniddonediae oo.) e2 ko ee Gee See eet ee eee See eee (MUnidG MericOng 4s e BEE SSS Pe ee ee ee eee eee Marnida Nuddics s.8 <2. n= occ oc ee eee VRC DCR LOG esi eee ea aie ee Mania GO OUSULLG =r. Fes Boe en ee ee eee nee eee ee ee eee MATAR GUEDTAS DUNG. arse Se, rape was, SETS Soe ee 2 ne eee ane ie roe MUNIAODSIS QCUNINGLO: 42> 55> gee 2 = See eae eee eee ee Maidopsis (DONGMeNStS) 5s eee = Se = ee ee ee ee ee eerer Maimidopsis (Deringand:. Patan ne the ge ee eee eee IMUTICO SIS CYLUNOT OPUS Be are mote ae a oe ee ee Minidopsis C8pUNiss LSS ooo ey cies Soo tote wie cee = ee eee Miunidopsis e2panse 25222 25 5 ede es ss Be sone = see eee eee Maumidopsis guar c 2.2. vaso Dose een nae Se ee ese a ee eee ae es Mamidopsis hastifers. <3. 22 5550252 56s 252g ee eee See eee Munidopsis ming... 23323225 Sos Se sass Fa ee ee eee se aes ee Mamidopsis modest 02 - 2s. 152 5222255 See oe ee ee ee ee Munidopsis opdlescens: ..22 225 abe 2a cSseie sas 2 ee ein = See oo eee Moamidopsts: tenwirostis J..ca D2 22525 oS esos = eee ee Minvidopsis townsendiz 2 252282 foe ne Soa le eae eee See eee WiinidOpSISwvennellUana see ae eee eae Mie ag sie ane Ae a alone MOM CHUB COT ABIS = = r= cere SO 2 ea, < SOS is eee Aree eee OP CNUS COP ULGGU Sen — is ei raya hea wee eres ee Ui OMPICHRES: GROMULALUS oe os SS ae ene area ere Roe ee meets ate Oropiy chs JaMOneensis 2 ao ea 2k So 2 ee eee Unoptychis mvrgvus 20052 222. 22s Sate ae eee ee Uno DiUyCHUsPriniceps 227) f= Ss cis ae Sa ee ee ee eee ee Uroptijchs scambus.. 0225.2 22 oa 320d og see ten aa eee UropiyGhus SCONdENS: 22 Suc Pah) S i an eam eee WP ODL CHUS SPU OR 235 63.0.2 8 laos 2 om ee ot UCROUUSLET CefenSO 5522 = 25223.) So ee = ee a ee ee INDUCE GREG OT UC. Ooh 2 a Se bi ra aye a Mumida oreguria, YOUN® !.2o.2 2. <3 osee ccs Sane see ee Seis Mamidopsis OOMGUW 223 (ok a2 Bo ace Be ee Se aerate eee @rossisectionortentacle Of Sagan pagunie assess eee eee eee Longitudinal section of column wall of Sagartia paguri, showing sphincter HIMSGles Tose soe dec Poe ales SS ee eee GIT OLONG: CUDETESIS 2 a alr sess Sa 2 SS ek RS ee eee eae eee es PalemoncesCIQenManne 22. 2.250255 eee eee Bean ee Palemonetes cubensis; a, carapace; b, second antenna; c, eye; d, first antenna; e, mandible; f, third antenna; g, first chelate appendage; h, teeson and sixth abuominal appendage. <2.) = ce oa aoe ae em ee eee eee Northwestern Sumatra and adjacent islands...............-.-..---- Northwestern Sumatra and adjacent islands ....-....--.-.--------- EP POTRAMPUS UTUMNCUS 2a) 22 2 srs a coe ame e so eee eee eet Page. 4 255 256 257 259 260 262 263 264 266 267 268 270 271 273 274 278 219 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 453 484 524 535 i LIST OF TLLUSTRATIONS. BIN URCHTICOINOQUUS 220 Spa) oa nc\ See Se eects w Base Seda iecetscbetes EE ti Seren. vin ka So eee Me oe SS ase Scene See se ece shee Internal and external aspect of left quadrate of Hesperornis gracilis......----- Superior and inferior views of right pterygoid of Hesperornis gracilis ....-.-.- Seenecequachrymal of, Hesperormis regals -.% 0). $269. oo. oe oe bee on ee ee Right clavicle and part of right coracoid of Hesperornis regalis, natural size - - - Lateral, palatal, and dorsal views of the anterior portion of the cranium of a mons cornmorant, Phalacrocorax urile... 352 ecsoss beets ooo oe kebne Right coracoid and portion of left scapula of Baptornis advenus ......-------- Left humerus, radius, and ulna of Baptornis advenus...........---.....------ Seer epaceliaior. Baptornis advenus.o: 2s2 05 020.220 2h Seetie ne eu oke jake Rear Cea MV ONEOUES Sa\ on es Te en a See oe aalt Rowe ya Nein uals & RC CUM oni a” came A ts tee dae Chu a ono SCONE 2h gS gl EPR eo Si a Weanica eglantina: a, upper jaw; b, lower jaw; c, scale............-....----- moperusiucifer: a, upper jaw; b; lower jaw... 222-22 022-2225 Jack SME DNMID NI OT tert eect Meas. pia See Se Fete, ee Ge le EERE IVECO HL TaN 8 op a RO gn ete rch! ink ee, ee LS ee eee Le nou iL oe CSE SCL eter See hoe en ce ere Se a Re gn PE ere k DE poicd (rota a foetus) 2.02 oso fe a Ee ee es oe teed BMT PROCCUNUINSS to: 8S 2 dnt Me ty OR ie RAE ge SEN ete ER PARR ER UATUN ae Ne w Ma so Se ees ae ee Wo Go ee ea) RR ere een eee Sita oe hs oh a lugs 2 oe eel RS mre eran LOG: ween, Ree ee te oe, 28, Has has eka Sete Tee idee we Tracheation of the wings of two nymphs of Gomphus descriptus Banks, two Derek Ctae eset oa. Secon Andee! od He oe ogo hee snscecus ieee Ste Fore and hind wings of a grown nymph of Gomphus descriptus, showing og TERETE line Sele Se a caren Wenation of the imago of Gomphus descriptus...........2.....--------------- Pterostigmas: p, of Anawx junius Drury; q, of Miathyria marcella Selys; 1, of Neogomphus molestus Selys; s, of Uropetala carovei Selys; t, of Agrion mer- curiale Charpentier; u, of Anomalagrion hastatum Say; v, of Thore gigantea Selys; w, of Mecistogaster lucretia. Drury; x, of Caloptery« maculata Beau- vois; y, Microstigma sp. (?); 2, Microstigma rotundatum Selys, hind wing. - Tracheation of the nodal region of the nymphal wing of Anav junius Drury. . Tracheation of the nodal region of the nymphal wing of Libellula pulchella ise er cee cee NA RAN Oe Sede coc sg bodes aa iene ee Tracheation of the nodal region of the wing: a, of Didymops transversa Say; meee Corauicgasier diastatops Sely ss 222522324 2. ono Ss oe keen dade cn ce memes Or Lpigompiius paludosus Selys .: 2.2.2.2. --<225-c2-seeeeceeeseae see Wings of a fossil, undescribed, Agrionid genus, in the Museum of Compara- PRLS GS he eee ce as a Rmerncie rei rainemes Nyalind WATDY <4 2-8 s- bs c<0 cei oon a Sew eet ee eldoaenns: Diagram illustrating the behavior of the quadrangle in the Calopterygide ...-- Diagram setting forth the behavior of the triangle in the suborder Anisoptera - Bereo. Microdiplax.aencatula Selyso. 2.2. <2. soeccck 0s 2 Sco e ke cw ke cc ee. Diagram showing base of typical dragon-fly wing .................----.----- Diagram illustrating the procession of the triangle and the deflection of the anal vein and second cubito-anal cross vein in the fore wings of Libellulidx - - Diagram representing the recession of the triangle in the hind wings of the PINRO agree ee aes mera Se ee at he me ed 666 690 693 694 695 702 706 707 708 709 712 712 716 716 V17 ay 718 719 720 XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Forms:of the anal loop in the Anisoptera)=. 22s oe eee ee 722 Wings of Neurothemis oculata Fabricius “2225222 on2- oes ee ee ee 724 Wings of Fetragoneuria cynosura Say 22-2 Pe eceee ene eae eee 724 Diagram illustrating the emergence of strong cross veins. ..-..--.------------ 726 Diagram showing how hexagonal cells become rectangles and how cross veins become matched in transverse lines across the wing------.---.------------ 727 Wings of Chalcopierys rutilans Rambur >> 2205-- 22a. fee ee ere ee ee 729 Wings of Hagenius brevistylus Selysas 2s. sae ee eee eee 730 — Wings of Chlorogomphus magnificus Selys, female.......--..----------------- 733 Wings: of Cordulegaster-sayi'Selys- 2223.0. S25 ee eee eee 734 Wings of Phyllopetalia apicalis Selys: 2 52228542 Soa tae ee ee 734 | Wines of Agriogomphus sp.? occa S536 te ee ee ee 738 | Bases of wings of Petaluragiganted Leach S222 syne oo 739 Wings of Tachopteryx hagent Selys 22-2. a oe ee ee eee 740 Wings of an undescribed species of Neocordulia from Brazil. --.--- dee 741 Base of wings of Isophlepia (fossil) in part after Deichmuller........--.-.---- 743 Wing of Pseudophxarsp.? 5222 so 2 aciaiale nie ae ao ete 744 Base of fore wing and a bit of hind wing of Rhinocypha sp.? .....-.---------- 744 Calopteryx maculata Beauvois, fore wing and base of hind wing -...---------- 745 Base of wings of. Thore gigantea Selys.. 222 4 See as eee = ee 746 Hind: winevot (Cora incang Hagen a2 ee ae eee ee ee eee ee 747 Wing of Megaloprepus-ceruleatus Drury — 2522 ee 2 a a ee 748 Wings of Hemiphiehia mirabihs Selys\= 232-0 - 22 a 2 - a eee 749 Diagram illustrating a typical (hypothetical) arrangement of the areoles in one of the wider spaces/of the wing: = 22-5 sa. Sa. 2 = ee ee ee ee eee 751 Drawing of parts of wings, showing the actual ceil arrangement: a, Hpigom- pus paludosus: .b, Agrionoptera NHGis == 2. oe 2. ae ee me oe ee 752 Wing ot) estatis- ainiwne Selys. coro ee eee eee cee eer reer 753 Diagram (hypothetical) of the evolution of a brace for a unilateral fork; SUCCESSIVE Staves ss Sess oe Se A aes ae ce ete ote 754 Wings of Neurobasis kaupu Brauer -\..o-18: sae eee oe oe ne oe eee 754 Wing of Philoganga montana Selys'!2= = 2 0.2855 aes eee ee ee eee eee 755 — QUIS MEROVUS 2 ool ss wise se eS eae. bas oe ae ee ee oe ee Rise eee eee 768 © OPETs ORCAS oe Se eae ok VO SS SES eae rn etn perets eee 770 PREUCOPCRUGINPUS ti pus. S22 DICE eo a eis oe mie ae a oe Ser oe 814 WGRCULOGRatUs CYAROSLOMIG = 2 =e S22 TUS acta a ce meee eas aera 821 LEM COGOMLOIMAYCUR. 20 Soe kok ah eae eee ee eee ee Ree eee eee ee 828 TPUCOGAO OUI ee Ss on bh 8 BUN RE Se ee ee a eee ae 830 — TADUDIEUER PSCONUO tara Se ee eee 836 Ongar asborind os i. 222 eos See a ee ee eee eee 842 | IB CUCISCUS, DALACT OCONOR (2 Oh ana ie i ee en ee ee eee 846 | UBCHURMULO: CENOCKETY ios = Sd io oh ie GER ee ee eee 858 | Palatal aspect of skull: a, Lutreola macrodon; b, Lutreola vison ingens; ¢, Lutreola BISON UEP COCEDNALUS a2 a ora as alos a Ra See mae tt ee 887 Antennuls of Lepidopa miyops SS nte ss ee eee 850 | DOD UAOTHE VONUIBUL 5.2 Scns eee tain eo ee Oe ee ae ne oe ee eee a eee 892 AGI COPE RECOBICTO = © 2 tno Se Sette nie Se oiace ore ee ee eee ee 892 WPCA! WUYONS 0. bara ee ee See See se ie ae Se el 893 Tenidepe deame, nabural gizeso.2 2 sb. 2. arise ene eee ee eee eee 893 GOOG pH SCULEINONG Jone 5 eee ea oe ele Re ee ee tee 894 — WGCTRGODE MCATNSG os. at. oe enh Seen Seon ce eas ae Aa ee ee an 895 | OGIO PN MCRMIONGD 2 28 ko gate keke Soe ee oe a oe ee ee ee 895 THUR ATACO TANSONNE 2. ee ae ee ee eee ee eee eee) peleyates 905 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Shoulder girdle of Antigonia rubescens. (From Starks) ...................... Shoulder girdle of Lampris guttata, inner view.........-...-..-.....-....... A restoration of the better specimen [of Hydroid], enlarged...._...........- Basal part of stem [of Hydroid], with the filament membrane partly torn and ee eet ince aa ey ety Py te io ed Camera outline of one of the peduncles of the gonophores [of Hydroid].-..._- Longitudinal section [of Hydroid] through the stem wall near its base ..... Ss Portion of last figure more highly magnified _.............................. Part of section [of Hydroid] through the basal part of a stem of ( orymorpha Rep ous. cons Holos ae ey es Portion of the same section, but a little higher up above the region of the basal cert aR ey erenn ies er ees BY a XV Page. 910 916 919 921 954 955 955 956 957 Facing page. OM ree ye Senn te ne SA ye Bee Os doUrdcos new atu ee ee MnPADUNOBS OCLOGTOMMUS 2 2-2 Se ee ee eee mre MORINGOCEDNGNUE = 2.2 SoS seo Lee eee eels PLATES. Bere orth American Piysanoptera - 22200200 200.2 0 oe ee Seeeeeest American: Venerag: 220-3 28. oo oo Sepeeee cen american Venerde:.. 02... ec meee aol yet i Hemales and young of Lasiurine bats................................ ieeeokull and teeth of Lenothriz canus, type -.........-.....2............ 19. Part of interorbital region and palate in Ratufa pallizta and R. lanata-. @ 20. Cincinnatian species of Homotrypa ........................-..-...... meee Misukurina owstoni Jordan .-.....--. 2.5.22. -222-- cee eee... Ban tteral aspect of brain of walrus_:2_ 222.022.262.022 ec Beer locn aspect-or Wkaitl Ol walrus. . os. os. se 2.5 seek on con coco... pus Chasmichihys gulosus (misakius) ......2.....--2..--2-----2--2- 2. Meee racon-fy wing venation | -.. 2c. 2.1.22... 222-22. Seeeeme Amencan Orthopiera -2. 1202. a oes go-09. Walkingsticks of the United States _.................-...-...2-..... fume lalorchestia friet, Mew species. 2. o.oo en ok eo ek SepetUdlen a yarony, NEW EPECIeS.= <2. - 2. uote 8. - 2 eee eee tmicnlicamt, Resecypod@. 222522. ee ave Geb eee noe ae ke, eee rcmicsmay nertcarda. << eS a 64. Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species..............-........-2--..... 69. Herpetocypris reptans and Potamocypris SRONOGO IOs = Bat css ae ae 66. Spirocypris passaica and Cypris virens...:.-...-..-....-..-.--........ RO upenie cee ee. eC Ue ae So 68. Cypris pellucida and Cypria exsculpta ........-.--..-.--.-.------..... Beem CHeEMY COUEOM, AZICCO, ... ee Eos. 8 Pe ee oh eels 242 412 412 426 484 484 592 620 688 688 696 764 810 886 932 932 952 952 3 #: Ne mae at A REVIEW OF THE BERYCOID FISHES OF JAPAN. By Davin Starr Jorpan and Henry W. Fow er, Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. The present paper contains a review of the species of Berycide and related families, found in the waters of Japan. It is based on material collected by Jordan and Snyder in the summer of 1900, and on material in the United States National Museum, largely collected by the United States Fish Commission steamer A/batross in 1900. The Berycoid fishes, as a whole, may be characterized by the presence of thoracic ventral fins, each with one spine and usually seven soft rays; head usually with conspicuous mucous cavities; air bladder in some species (Beryx, [Holocentrus) retaining its duct through life, in others (Zrachichthys, Polymixia) losing it with age; vertebre in species examined 24 to 30; shoulder girdle and pharyngeals normal, the post-temporal not fused with the cranium; no suborbital stay. The Beryces, as thus characterized, form a natural group among the Percomorphi, allied to Percoidei and Scombroidei, but marked as a whole by the occasional retention of the archaic characters of the per- sistent air duct and the increased number of ventral rays, both char- acters derived from the Haplomi, their immediate ancestors and pred- ecessors in the rocks as fossils. The group is a very old one in geologic time, older than any of the other Acanthopteri, the allies of Beryx, being among the earliest spiny-rayed fishes known. In the deep-sea forms the spinous dorsal is searcely developed, and the scales are usually either cycloid or wanting. In the species of tropical shores the spinous armature of fins and scales is better developed than in most of the percomorphous fishes. All, except Ap/hredoderus, are marine fishes, inhabiting the tropical shores or the abysses of the ocean. The pertinence of Polymixiide to this group has been ques- tioned, but according to Boulenger its skeleton is essentially Berycoid, although its curious barbels are almost exactly like those of J/u//us and U/pencus. } We remove the Zeid from the Berycoids, although having similar ventrals, because no other distinct likeness appears, and the post-temp- oral is attached to the skull asin the Chetodonts. The Monocentride PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1306. Proc... M. vol. xxvi—02——-1 I 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. | are doubtless modified Berycoids, and we leave them in association, although recognizing no very close affinities. According to Boulenger, the Pempberidx, with the Bathyclupeid, are near allies of the Bery- coids, although having the ventral rays I, 5. Boulenger also places Aphredoderus among the Berycoid fishes with apparent justice. He further relegates Stephunoberyx and Malacosarcus to the Haplomi, an- arrangement which may be open to question. FAMILIES OF BERYCOIDEI. a. Ventral rays I, 6 to 1, 10, usually I, 7. b. Chin without barbels; branchiostegals mostly 8. c. Dorsal fin single, with 2 to 8 spines; anal spines | to 4. d. Anal fin, with 4 spines its base, much long r than the dorsal base; sub-— orbitals narrow; scales firm; ventral rays mostly I, 10_._-- Brrycips, I. dd. Anal fin relatively short, shorter than the dorsal; anal spines | or 2; ven- tral rays mostly I, 6, scales various; suborbitals usually broad, TRACHICHTHYIDA, II. cc. Dorsal fin deeply notched, with 10 to 13 strong spines; anal spines 4; scales 4 TUPI VEY ROU G ee e Seoet eyee yk e yews ne eee Hoxocentrip», IIT. bb. Chin with 2 long barbels attached just behind symphysis of lower jaw; branchiostegals 4; dorsal fin continuous, with 5 spines; anal spines 3 or 4; scales moderate ctenoid; body deep, compressed; vertebrze 29, Potywixiup”, LV. aa. Ventral rays I, 3, the spine very large; dorsal spines isolated, the anterior very strong; body covered with a coat of mail formed of rough scales, Monocenrrip®, V. Family I. BERYCIDU. Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with ctenoid, or cycloid, foliate, or granular scales. Head with large muciferous cavities, cov- ered by thin skin. Eyes lateral, usually large. Nostrils, two on either side. Mouth wide, oblique. Premaxillaries protractile; max- illary rather large, usually with a supplemental bone. Suborbitals narrow, not sheathing the cheeks. Bands of villiform teeth on jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines; no canines; no suborbital stay. Opercular bones usually spinous. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Gill-mem- branes separate, free from the isthmus. Gulls 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchize present; lower pharyngeals separate. Gill- rakers moderate. Cheeks and opercles scaly. No barbels. Dorsal! fin continuous, with 2 to S$ weak spines; anal with + spines and many soft rays, much longer than the dorsal; ventral fins thoracic, mostly I, 7, the number of rays usually I, 10, always greater than I, 5; caudal fin usually forked. Pyloric cceca numerous. Vertebrie 24. Fishes mostly of the deep seas; the general color red or black. ‘This group is an ancient type, a great number of extinct species being now known, from the Upper Cretaceous and later rocks. The following skeletal characters are added by Boulenger, these applying also to the Trachich- “yo. 130. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISH ES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 3 thyide and Holoc entuidee. Onex or more of suborbital Pons: with an internal lamina supporting the globe of the eye. Anterior vertebra without transverse processes; all or most of the ribs inserted on the transverse processes, where these are developed. a. Seales ctenoid; teeth villiform on jaws, palatines, and vomer; vertebrie 24; muzzle short; chin projecting; preopercle spineless; opercles serrated; dorsal spines 4 to 7, graduated; anal rays IV, 26 to 30; ventrals I, 10.....-..--.------ Beryzx, 1: (eB ReReEYExae Cuvier: Beryx Cuvier, Regne Anim., 2d ed., I, 1829, p. 151 (decadactylus). Body deep, compressed, covered with rather large, ctenoid scales, which are regularly “arranged. Abdomen trenchant, but without enlarged scutes. Head large, with thin bones and high ridges with deep muciferous cavities. Snout short, the mouth oblique, the chin prominent; eye large; both Jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth. Opercles serrated, the opercle usually with spine; preopercle ‘unarmed. Caudal forked; anal spines 4, soft rays 26 to 30; dorsal continuous, with 4 to 6 spines; ventrals with about 10 soft rays. Air bladder simple. Pyloric ceeca numerous. Deep-sea fishes, beautifully colored, chiefly scarlet. (Bépvé, Beryx, a Greek name of some fish, taken by Gesner from Varinus. ) fmescalecin lateral line 64 to 65; D. ITV, 16 to 19:2... 22. 22252. =5. 2 decadactylus, 1. mae ocales in lateral line 71 to 76;.D. IV, 13 to 15 -.-.-..-...---.--.-.-.-.splendens, 2. 1. BERYX DECADACTYLUS Cuvier and Valenciennes. Beryx decadactylus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IIT, 1829; p. 222; Madeira or Portugal.—Pory, Synopsis, p. 297.—GoopE and Bran, Oceanic Iehth., 1895, p. 175.—Srempacuner and D6DERLEIN, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 12; Tokyo.—Isurkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Tokyo.—Jorpan and EverMANN, Fish N. and M. Amer., I, 1896, p. 844.—SreinpacHNeErR, Ichth. Bericht., IV, p. 1, pl. 1; Canary Islands. Head, 24; depth, 23; D. IV, 16 to 20; A. III or IV, 27 to 30; P. HU, 14 to 15: V.I,9to10. Lateral line 10 to 11, 70 to 73 (60 to 6: 2 Wiel out caudal scales 21 to 22. Body oblong, considerably compressed, its height greatest at the origin of the dorcale's scales sharply ctenoid, with a strong middle keel. The maxillary reaches almost to the oe eye very large, its upper limb impinging upon the upper profile of the head, and 24 in the length of the latter; operculum with an indis- tinct spine; the preorbital ppine about one-third the eye; snout about “According to Dr. Bc einen the genus Pe es is Should ae placed w an the Berycide. ‘‘Beryx and Pempheris agree so completely in structure, both external and internal, with the sole exception of the rays in the ventral fins (1, 5 in Pempheris) that I am inclined to doubt whether the difference between them should be regarded as greater than that between the former and Trachichthys.”” 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. two-fifths, and the inter orbitals space somewhat more than half the eye. The base of the dorsal exceeds its height, the latter two-thirds the head; the insertion of the anal is approximately in the vertical from the teeth to the twelfth dorsal ray, and its middle is slightly behind the ultimate ray of the dorsal; the distance of the insertion of the pectoral to the snout ts equal to the length of the base of the anal; the ventral is inserted under the axil of the pectoral, reaching the anal; caudal sirongly forked. Length, 37 em. (about 143 inches). (Dese eee after Giinther, Steindachner, Goode, Bean, Déderlein.) Deep seas; recorded from Portugal, Madeusr Japan, aad Cuba. No Japanese specimens veen by us. (déxa, ten; daxrvdos, finger.) 2. BERYX SPLENDENS Lowe. KIMMEDAI (GOLDEN-EYE PERCH). Beryx splendens Lows, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, p. 142; Madeira.—GoopE and Bran, Oceanic Ichth., 1895, p. 176.—SreiInDACHNER and D6DERLEIN, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 12; Tokyo.—Jorpan and EverMAny, Fish N. and M. Amer., I, 1896, p. 844.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 62; Yokohama. Head, 3; depth, 22: D. 1V 513; ALA. 2710 29: P16 tom Gave 10 to 11. Scales 10-74-18, counted in the lateral line. Body elon- gate, compressed, and the deepest part forward; covered with mod- erate-sized scales, which are furnished with fine prickles, giving a somewhat rough touch. Head large, compressed, and many of the ridges or edges of the bones roughened or finely serrate; eye very large in front of the head above, 14 in the maxillary and 22? in the head; upper profile of the head slightly convex from the a of the snout; snout very blunt; lower jaw produced; mouth very oblique, so that the tip of the snout is level with the middle of the eye; the nos- trils close together on the snout in front of the eye; the posterior larger; the maxillary is expanded distally for a little more than half an eye diameter and does not reach to the margin of the eye behind; teeth of the jaws very fine and in bands; a short spine in front of che eye directed backward; symphysis with a slight knob below in front; snout a little less than half the eye and 14 in the interorbital space; interorbital space flat; gill-opening very large, the membrane free from the isthmus; gill-rakers long and slender, 6-16, the longest equal to half the eye. Dorsal spines weak, graduated to the fourth, which is the longest, though falling short of the first ray, which is the highest of the dorsal fin; the origin of the anal falls below the base of the posterior dorsal ray, the spines graduated to the third, which is the longest; soft anal highest at the first ray, then sloping down till about half as high, so that the posterior part of the fin is of uniform height; pectorals very long, equal to the base of the soft anal and No. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 5 | reaching the base of the third soft ray; ventrals a little in advance of the dorsal but behind the pectorals and a little shorter than the latter in length; caudal forked, the lobes pointed; caudal peduncle com- pressed, two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the eye; lateral line high, inclined concurrent with the back, and running out on the base of the caudal; the rudimentary caudal rays, 3 or 4 sharp graduated spines above and below. Color in alcohol uniform pale; in life bright scarlet, silvery white below. This description from two specimens, length 10 inches, obtained by Mr. Otaki from outside the entrance to Tokyo Bay, where it is said to be not rare. Other specimens were obtained by Jouy near Yokohama. Form a little more slender than Atlantic specimens but otherwise similar. The species is known from Madeira and from the Gulf stream. (splendens, shining. ) Family Ul. TRACHICHTHYID®. This family is composed of deep-sea Berycoids differing from the - Berycidve in the short anal, shorter than the dorsal and usually with 1 or 2 species. The dorsal is single, the ventral rays usually I, 6; the scales various, usually roughand deciduous; the belly compressed, with a serrated edge; suborbitals usually broad; vertebra, 26 to 28; color blackish; size, rather small. a. Trachichthyine.—Scales large, normally formed; teeth small. b. Vent normally placed, well behind the ventrals, the abdominal serree before it. c. Dorsal spines 7 or 8, strong, the median ones highest-...---- Gephyroberyx, 2. cc. Dorsal spines 6, slender, graduated. Yomer toothless; opercle entire; scales Texas genet er os Me a AEN eS ca gl age Ui Gyo, Se ape Rt eh Hoplostethus, 3. bb. Vent inserted well forward close behind the ventrals; the abdominal serrze DeninG=ttsvOmer LOOUMESS: :4 8 otect tt aseee eee eee ete oe Paratrachichthys, 4. 2. GEPHYROBERYX Boulenger: Gephyroberyx BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1902, p. 203 (darw‘ni). Body rather short, covered with large rough, irregular scales; ven- tral ridge serrated; snout short, rounded; mouth oblique; eye large; very fine teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Vent far behind ven. trals. Branchiostegals 8; a strong spine on the shoulder girdle; one on angle of preopercle; a small one on the opercle; suborbital with radiating ridges; dorsal single, with 7 or 8 spines, strong and wide apart, the middle ones highest; ventral rays I, 6; caudal forked. Fishes inhabiting considerable depths, known from Madeira, India, and Japan. The genus is allied to Zyachichthys, differing in the stronger and more numerous dorsal species. (yedvpos, bridge: Beryx.) 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 3. GEPHYROBERYX JAPONICUS (Déderlein). Trachichthys japonicus DépERLEIN, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 10; Tokyo. Head 24; depth 24... D. VII, 15; A-III, 12; PoE 14; Voi, 6; pores in the lateral line 30; abdominal serre 14. Body deep and compressed, and covered with small, rough ctenoid scales; the scales containing the pores of the lateral line a trifle | enlarged, and the scales on the front of the back very small. Head very deep and compressed, the ridges of the bones somewhat elevated and forming mucous cavities, over which are thin covering mem- branes; upper profile slightly convex, or nearly straight with the snout very obtusely rounded; eye small, its posterior margin a little nearer the gill-opening than the tip of the snout 83 in the ee ad, a little over 2 in the maxillary, and equal to the interorbital space; mouth very oblique, the maxillary extending to below the posterior part of the eye; nostrils large, the posterior the larger, directly in front of the anterior margin of the eye above, and the anterior about half an eye diameter distant; Jaws rough, and with a single series of small firm teeth along the edges; the lower Jaw projects and the symphysis is somewhat knobbed, so that it protrudes a little in front; vomerine teeth small; at the origin of the lateral line at the back part of the head above a sharp spine, another on the posterior margin of the opercle above, still another in front of the base of the pectoral, and one at the lower part of the preoperculum, the latter strong, long, and sharp; two small, short spines at the front of the snout; operculum strongly striate; interorbital space convex; gill-opening large; a rakers long, slender, pointed, seven-sixteenths; branchiosteg: ee gill-membrane free over the isthmus. The dorsal fin begins a short distance behind the gill-opening, the spinous part highest in the middle, then descending to the soft dorsal, which is also higher in front; first anal spines short, the third the longest; soft anal high in front, sloping behind; pectoral long, 12 in the head; ventrals short, not reaching the origin of the anal by half their length; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed; rudimentary caudal rays developed as 6 spines above and below. Lateral line inclined from the upper part of the head to the base of the caudal; caudal peduncle three-fourths | of the eye; vent far behind ventrals, space from between the ventrals to the anus with a single series of bony scutes or serre. Color in alcohol, brown, the fins pale, the inside of the mouth blackish, and the peritoneum black. Length 4,°; inches. Here described from an example dredged by the United States Fish Com- mission steamer sl/batross in Suruga Bay at Station 3716. The species is otherwise known only from the description given by Dr. Déderlein of specimens from Tokyo, probably taken in Sagan Bay. Dr. Boulen- 8; no. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 7 gers speaks of the occurrence of Cap lnyrabicr rye iain Lowe (from Madeira) in Japan. He has doubtless reference to Gephyroberyx japonicus a species which needs comparison with G@. darwin, from which it differs, perhaps, in the presence of 7 instead of 8 dorsal spines. 38. HOPLOSTETHUS Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hoplostethus Cuvirr AND VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 469 (mediterraneus ). Body short and deep, much compressed. Head short, compressed, very blunt anteriorly, deeper than long, with very conspicuous mucous cavities. Eye very large. Mouth very oblique, the jaws equal when the mouth is closed. Maxillary long, broad behind, with a distinct supplemental bone, which reaches the posterior border of the eye. Teeth very fine, villiform, on jaws and palatines, none on the vomer. Suborbital with radiating ridges and a few spines; a ver- tical ridge on the front of the opercle. Opercle little developed, its spine small or obsolete; a strong spine at the angle of the preopercle; the long vertical limb of the preopercle finely serrated. Gill-mem- branes separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 8. Scales moderate or small, ctenoid; lateral line present, its scales enlarged; abdomen with a series of bony plates, each ending in a retrose spine. Dorsal fin continuous, sbort, the spines graduated, 6 in number; anal with 3 graduated spines; caudal forked, its rudimentary rays spinous; pectorals low, rather long; ventrals I, 6, rather short. Air bladder simple. Pyloric¢ ececa numerous. Vertebre 11+ 15. Deep-sea fishes, red in color. Boulenger, following Lowe, unites //oplostethus with Trachichthys. The difference is certainly sheht, //oplostethus lacking vomerine teeth and having 6 dorsal spines instead of 3. (Ozhov, armor: o7740s, breast.) 4. HOPLOSTETHUS MEDITERRANEUS Cuvier and Valenciennes. HINCHIDAI (FLINT-PERCH). Hoplostethus mediterraneus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 469; Mediterranean Sea.—Gitnruer, Cat., 1, 1859, p. 9 —JorDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 458.—GoopE and Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 1895, p. 181.—IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Kai. Trachichthys pretiosus Lown, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 77; Madeira. Hoplostethus japonicus H1LGENDORF, Sitz. Ges. Naturforschende Freunde, Berlin, 1879, p. 78; Japan. Hoplostethus mediterraneus (var. ?) STEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 10, pl. 1; Tokyo. Head, 23 to 22; depth, 2 to 24; D., VI, 18 to 14; A., ILI, 9 to 10; Pe, le 14 ‘to te V., I, 6; ventral scutes, 9 to 15; scales, 28 to 29. Body ovate, deep, compressed, and covered with small ctenoid scales, except those of the lateral line, which are enlarged; above and on the 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, back in front the scales are exceedingly small. Head very large and deep, the ridges of the bones elevated and forming large mucous cay1- ties between covered with thin transparent membranes; upper profile roundly convex from the snout; eye very large, in the upper half of the head, its posterior margin nearer the gill-opening than the tip of the snout, 3 in the head, 2 in the maxillary, and a little more than the width of the interorbital space; mouth oblique, the maxillary extend- ing till a short distance from the posterior margin of the eye; nostrils large and directly in front of the upper part of the eye, like most of the exposed ridges of the head roughened; the lower jaw projecting and with a small protruding process at the symphysis; above the operculum, at the origin of the lateral line a strong spine, and another at the end of the preoperculum below, the latter very broad; 3 bony ridges cross over from the eye to the preoperculum; teeth small, fine, and in broad bands in the jaws, forming a series slightly enlarged inside; no vomerine teeth; interorbital space high and convexly rounded; opercles with many strive; gill-openings very large; gill- rakers 6+16, very long and slender, much larger than the gill-filaments; branchiostegals 8; gill-membrane free from the isthmus; dorsal a short distance behind the gill-opening; the spinous fin graduated to the last spine, which is as long as the eye, but not as high as the anterior soft dorsal rays, which are the highest part of that fin, and rounded; anal spines with the first 2 very short, and the third very long, though not equal to the longest anal rays; pectoral very long, shorter than the head, and reaching the origin of the soft anal; ventrals short, about 1? in the head, and not reaching the anus; caudal deeply emarginate and with the lobes somewhat pointed; rudimentary caudal ravs devel- oped as 6 graduated spines above and below. The lateral line a series of large pores obliquely from the upper part of the head to the base of the caudal. Space from between the ventrals to the anus armed with a single series of backwardly directed serree. Caudal peduncle compressed and about equal to the eye. Color in alcohol brown, the fins pale, the inside of the mouth and the peritoneum black. Total length, 9 inches. Here described from specimens dredged in Sagami Bay by the U. 8. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. In young examples the ventrals reach the anus, the pectorals are longer, the preopercular spine is longer, and in the smallest examples, from Kishyu, the sides are scaly like the rest of the body. All the specimens have the single bony bridge across the preoperculum from one margin to the other at about one-fourth its height. Coasts of Japan in deep water; our specimens dredged in deep water by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Sides of head scaly. Lateral line ‘present. Dorsal fin very long, deeply divided, with about 11 strong spines depressible in a scaly groove; anal with 4 spines, the third longest and strongest; ventrals thoracic, with 1 spine and 7 rays; caudal deeply forked, with sharp rudimentary rays or “yo. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. iB fulera at base. Vertebr: ee about 27. ae y lori ic coeca 8 to 25. Air blad- der large, sometimes connected with the organ of hearing. General color red. Young with the snout sharp and produced (constituting the nominal genera Rhynchichthys, Rhamphoberyx, and Rhinoberyx, based on peculiarities of immature examples). Skeletal characters essentially in Leryr, the fin spines much stronger. Gaily colored inhabitants of the tropical seas, abounding about coral reefs. a. Preopercle without conspicuous spine at its angle; scales very large (about 28) BS MCV UO tly nee ae intel ye Gt oe wae Sn Say ores a wee Ostichthys, 5. aa. Preopercle with a conspicuous spine; suborbital arch simply serrated; scales moderate, 38 tobomouth moderate .22 Sees ek ee Holocentrus, 6. 5 OSPTICH EY S Jordan and Evermann. Ostichthys (Langsdorff Ms.) Cuvier and VaLencrennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ITT, 1829, p. 174 (japonicus; name only, passing reference). Ostichthys JORDAN and EvERMANN, Fishes N. and M. Am.,1, 1896, p. 846 (japonicus). — This genus is closely related to //olocentrus, differing externally, in the absence of the large spine at the angle of the preopercle and espe- cially in the very rough surface of the large scales. In this regard it differs from Myripristis, which, while lacking also the preopercular spine, has the scales of //olocentrus. Holotrachys (lima), another genus with similarly rough scales, differs from Ostichthys in having the scales very much smaller, about 45 in the lateral line instead of 28, as in Ostichthys. y / ara ee > (ooTéov, bone; iyAus, fish.) 6. OSTICHTHYS JAPONICUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes). KINDAI (GOLDEN PERCH); NISHIKIDAI (BROCADE PERCH); UMIKI- NUWO (SEA GOLD-FISH). Myripristis japonicus Cuvipr and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III, 1829, p. 173, pl. tvur; Japan Coll. Langsdorff.—Scu.ece., Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1847, p. 23, pl. 1x a; Nagasaki.—GtnrueEr, Cat. Fish., I, 1859, p. 25; Japan, China, Ile de France.—STEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 14; Tokyo. Ostichthys japonicus JORDAN and EvErRMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XV, 1902, p. 334; Formosa. Head, 23; depth, 24; D. X1I,13; A. 1V,11; P. 1,16; V. 1,7. Scales, 4-28-7. Body deep and compressed, covered with fare scales which are provided with parallel striz forming a prickly edge behind, and some of the middle ones sharp and strong. Head, large, the ridges of the hones large and striate; upper profile convex; eye, large, above and in front, 34 in the head, about 15 in the maxillary, and 24 in the height of the preoperculum; the mouth is very large, inclined, the maxillary expanded distally, so as to fall very little short of an eye diameter, and reaching posteriorly beyond the eye; jaws large and powerful, the upper scooped out in front so that the symphysis of the mandible a 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. fits in; the lower jaw projects; teeth in small rough patches or bands in the jaws; nostrils close together, directly in front of the eye, and { 4 ehh the posterior very large, + in the eye; lips thick, fleshy, and papillose;_ interorbital space 1% in the eye; very slightly elevated; opercle above with a strong, backwardly produced spine; 9 scales along the posterior — edge of the preoperculum on the operculum cheeks scaled; gill-— opening, very large, the membrane free from the isthmus; gill-rakers, — 6, 11, very long, slender, pointed, and 13 in the eye. Dorsal inserted before the posterior edge of the gill-opening, third and fourth species longest and strongest, about 23 in the depth of the body; soft dorsal highest in front, nearly equal to the highest dorsal spines; the third — anal spine the longest to the eye, the soft part of the spine nearly as_ FIG. 2.—OSTICHTHYS JAPONICUS. high as the soft dorsal; pectorals low, a little in front of the dorsal, — not reaching the vent, and 1} in the head; ventrals below pectorals | shorter, and the spines a trifle shorter than the fourth dorsal spine. Lateral line inclined to the hase of the caudal from the upper part of — the head. Caudal peduncle rather thick, compressed, and 1% in the ventral spine. Color, in alcohol, pale; in life, bright crimson. Length, 134 inches. Here described from a specimen from Giran, Formosa. Of this fine large fish we have examined a living specimen in the — Asakusa Aquarium from Misaki, and another from Giran, Formosa. It is oceasionally taken off the rocky headlands of Southern Japan, but it is nowhere common. Our figure is taken from the Giran specimen. yo. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 13 6. HOLOCENTRUS (Artedi) Seopoli. reo Holocentrum Arvrept, Seba, II], about 1738, nonbinomial (rubrum). Holocentrus Gronow, Zoophyl, 1763, p. 65 (rostratus, nonbinomial) . , pay}, >I \ Holocenthrus (Gronow) Scopout, Int. Hist. Nat., 1777, p. 449 (misprint). Holocentrus Buocw, Ichthyol., IV, 1790, p. 61 (sogo). Rhynchichthys Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 1831, p. 503 (pelamidis; young). Rhinoberyx Giiu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 237 (brachyrhynchus; young; scales said to be 25; may represent a distinct ey Holocentrum of authors Saat Body oblong, moderately compressed, the ventral outline nearly straight, the back a little elevated, the tail very slender. Head com- pressed, narrowed forward. Operculum with a strong spine above, below which the edge is sharply serrated; a strong spine at the angle of preopercle. Orbital ring, preorbital, preopercle, interopercle, sub- opercle, occiput, and shoulder girdle with their edges sharply serrate. Month small, terminal, the maxillary not extending to the middle of eye: the lower jaw projecting in the adult; in the young (which con- stitute the supposed genera Rhynchichthys and Rhinoberyx) the snout is much produced. Maxillary broad, striate, with a supplemental bone. Eye excessively large. Scales moderate, closely imbricated, the posterior margin strongly spinous. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal deeply emarginate, the spines usually 11, depressible in a groove; soft dorsal short and high; anal with 4 spines, the first and second quite small, the third very long and strong, the fourth smaller; caudal widely oe’ both lobes in the rudimentary rays spine- like; ventrals large, I, 7, the spine very strong. Species numerous, remarkable for the development of sharp spines almost everywhere on the surface of the body. (Ohos, whole; «évtpor, spine; spinous all over.) a. Scales 36 to 37. b. Color red, striped with white; spinous dorsal plain..........-.: spinosissimus, 7. bb. Color red, striped with black; spinous dorsal with black blotches. -alboruber, 8. aa. Scales 48; color red, striped with darker; base of pectoral and tips of caudal RRNA eee epee enn Sees ree eS SS Le Lena ed ee ee ittodai, 9. 7; HOLOCENTRUS SPINOSISSIMUS Schlegel. ITTODAI (NUMBER ONE PERCH). Holocentrus spinosissimus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1847, p. 22, pl. vu, A; Naga- saki.—GUtnruHer, Cat. Fish., I, 1859, p. 41 (copied). Head, 23; ce Fes 1 Ale yee P tr Lcd es Ms a Seales 3-37 or 38-6. Body rather long, compressed, iad covered with large, striated scales, rather rough to the touch. Head compressed, and the upper protile somewhat convex; eye large, its posterior margin nearer the gill-opening than the tip of the snout, 2% in the head and equal 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. to the maxillary; snout bluntly pointed, 2 in the eye; nostrils directly in front of the eye, and the posterior very large; mouth inclined, the maxillary expanded distally till it is 23 in the eye, and reaching below the first two-thirds of the eye; teeth in fine, roughened bands in the jaws; the lips rather thick and fleshy; the lower jaw projects but little; interorbital space concave above and equal to about three-fifths the: eye; bones on the head rough, striated, and with the edges serrated;; two opercular spines; preoperculum with its lower angle with a strong; backward spine; five rows of scales on the cheeks; preorbital spine» strong; gill-opening large; gill-rakers 7+-10, rather short and most of | them poorly developed. Dorsal before the edge of the gill-opening: and the pectoral, the third and fourth spines the highest; soft dorsal! highest in front and nearly as high as the spinous dorsal; third anal) WY Fic. 3.—HOLOCENTRUS SPINOSISSIMUS. spine yery strong and long, though not as long as the longest rays, which are in front; pectoral a trifle shorter than the ventral, and about equal to the third anal spine; ventrals a little behind pectorals and with their tips reaching for nearly two-thirds the space between their bases and the origin of the anal; caudal emarginate, the lobes distinct; rudimentary caudal rays several and developed as graduated spines above and below; lateral lines inclosed from the head to the base of the caudal; caudal peduncle compressed, about two-thirds the eye. Color plain brown in alcohol, with traces of 9 longitudinal silvery bands, and the cheeks and opercles silvery. Length 7 inches. Here described from two examples from Wakanoura. Color in life brilliant scarlet, with white stripes, one stripe extending obliquely below the eye. g no, 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. a5 This beautifully colored fish is occasionally taken on rocky shores in the Kuro Shiwo, of southern Japan. Our specimens: are from Wakanoura, where it is common in the open water. (spinosissimus, most spiny.) 8. HOLOCENTRUS ALBORUBER Lacépéde. ? Sciena rubra ForskA&u, Deser. Anim., 1775, p. 48; Red Sea. ? Perca rubra SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 90 (after Forskal). ? Holocentrus ruber Rijpreuy, Atl., 1828, p. 83, pl. xxi, fig. 1; Red Sea. Holocentrum rubrum Gitnruer, Cat. Fish., I, 1859, p. 35 (in part?); Amboina, Japan, Louisiades, Philippines, China, India, Red Sea.—Buieeker, Atl. Ichth. IX, pl. m1, fig. 4. (Holocentrum rubrum Day, Fishes India, pl. x11, fig. 4, is apparently some other fish. ) Holocentrum rubrum Isuikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Miyakoshima. 279. Holocentrum alborubrum Lackprpr, Hist. Poiss., IV, 1803, p. 372; China Seas, from a Japanese print.—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p.-223; Canton. ? Perca praslin LackrEpe, Hist. Poiss., IV, 1803, p. 418; New Britain. ? Holocentrum orientale CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., III, 1829, p. 197; VII, p. 497; Red Sea, Pondicherry. ? Holocentrum marginatum Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., II, 1829, p. 216; India. fee 2 depth oe: D., x1. 13s A. PV, 10; PLT 13d32 Ve, T, 7. Lateral line 3-36-7. Body elongate, compressed, and covered with rather large ctenoid scales. Head moderate, the upper profile strongly convex over the eyes; eye large, 23 in the head and impinging upon the upper profile; snout pointed, a little over half the eye; mouth terminal, inclined, the lower jaw slightly projects, and the maxillary does not reach the middle of the eye; teeth minute and in bands in the jaws; nostrils directly in front of the eye and the posterior very much the larger; cheeks with 4 rows of scales; interorbital space slightly con- cave; opercles with two strong spines; the preoperculum with a single strong spine below, and the preorbital spine short; head more or less striate, and with the edges of the bones more or less denticulate; gill- opening large; gill-rakers 6-10, slender, pointed, rather poorly devel- oped. Dorsal about over the pectorals, the spinous fin rather high, highest in the middle and in front; soft dorsal about over the spinous anal, the anterior rays the highest, but not as high as the anterior rays of the soft anal, which are also the highest of that fin; third anal spine strong, long, and at least equal to the highest anal ray; pectorals shorter than the ventrals, about 12 in the head; ventrals behind the pectorals; the spine alittle more than two-thirds the length of the fin, and its tip not reaching the vent; caudal forked, the lobes produced; rudimentary caudal rays as 4 graduated spines above and below. — Lat- eral line nearly concurrent with the back to the base of the caudal; caudal peduncle compressed, about 1+ in the eye. Color in alcohol brown, dark and deep above, the sides with about 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVI. 9 longitudinal broad bands following the course of the scales; dorsal light, with the membrane between the first 3 spines, with a broad blackish band above, which is continued on the membrane of the rest of the fin as a broad black blotch in front of each spine; menwbrane, including the fourth anal spine to the first soft ray, black; edge of the caudal above and below brownish; the head above is more or less uni- form brownish; the lower surface of the body has a silvery appear- ance; membrane between the ventral spine and the first ray white. In life the species was deep red with white longitudinal stripes. Length about 5% inches. Here described from an example from Okinawa, Riukiu. Of this strongly marked species we have one specimen from Nafa, in Okinawa. It agrees fairly with Giinther’s description of //o¢ocentrus ruber, ov rather with the Japanese, Louisiade and Amboina specimens, having the anal spine 5 in total length, not 43, as in the Red Sea example, presumably typical of //. ruber. In Bleeker’s figure the preopercular spine is represented as much longer than in our examples. Day’s description and figure differ so much that we suppose them to belong to another species. In view of the uncertainty as to the iden- tity of the Japanese form with Holocentrus ruber of the Red Sea, we retain provisionally the name //olocentrus alboruber, which seems to admit of no doubt. The species may however prove fully identical with //olocentrus ruber. (albus, white; ruber, red.) 9. HOLOCENTRUS ITTODAI Jordan and Fowler, new species. Head <3}; depth 26: Fic. 21.—PANDALUS LATIROSTRIS, CARAPACE AND ANTENN#, DORSAL VIEW, 12. mined bis foot is stouter and shorter, reaching as far as the first pair; the left Toot exceeds the faciieped by the length of the chela and half the ast carpal joint, and exceeds the third pair but little; the fourth and fifth pairs are successively shorter than the third, and nearer the same 3 length than the third and fourth; the dactyli are contained a little more than three times in their propodi; the latter are not essentially ‘different i in the sexes. _ The abdomen is smooth; the third segment is very little produced over the fourth. The infero-posterior angle of the fourth, fifth, and xth segments is armed with a spine. Sixth segment twice as long wide, and two-thirds as long as the telson, which is armed with 5 : 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ or 6 spinules on each side. The telson may be a little longer or shorter than the inner uropods; the outer uropods longer than the inner. Dimensions.—Female, length 127 mm., length of carapace and rostrum 60.5 mm., length of rostrum 34.5 mm, Localities. —Mororan, Hokkaido; Jordan and Snyder; 18 specimens, males and females, types (Cat. No. 26160). Two specimens were col- lected previously at the same place by N. Grebnitzki. Tokyo, 1 young; Jordan and Snyder. In four instances the acicle on one side is a little longer than thaton the other, though both are regular in shape. PANDALOPSIS MITSUKURII, new species. Slender. Carapace as long as the abdomen, lacking half the telson. Rostrum one and two-thirds times as long as the rest of the carapace, Fig. 22.—PANDALOPSIS MITSUKURIT, CARAPACE, SIDE VIEW, X 12. basal half horizontal, terminal half slightly ascending, slender. Dorsal carina blunt, armed with 8 to 10 movable spines, of which 2 or 3 are behind the orbit, the posterior spine at- the anterior fifth of the cara-_ pace, and marking the end of the carina; anterior spine but little in’ front of the posterior third of the rostrum; ventral spines 13 to 18, becoming distally very small and appressed; tip of rostrum trifid. Antennal spine strong, the margin of the carapace retreating rapidly ~ from that point; pterygos- aR tomian spine two-thirds) as large. Eyes small, | cornee little dilated, of au dark bluish-gray color in- alcohol, a small black ocel-- lus behind the corneal margin and on the upper outer surface. The peduncle of the an- tennules reaches about two-fifths the length of the antennal scale; second segment nearly twice as long as third; basal scale small, reach- ing only to middle of cornea; inner flagellum a little longer than outer and barely attaining the end of the rostrum. Peduncle of antennz reaching to the middle of second antennular segment; the flagellum may equal the length of the body, excluding the telson. The scale extends to about the distal third of the rostrum, oblong, very little tapering, extremity of blade oblique, projecting beyond the spine. Se D285 Fic. 23.—PANDALOPSIS MITSUKURII, CARAPACE AND ANTENN®, DORSAL VIEW, xX li. NO. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. 49 The outer maxillipeds a1 are 1 rather stout, and when extended lie along three-fifths of the antennal scale; the antepenult segment has a narrow laminar expansion below. ‘The first pair of feet attain the end of the penultimate joint of the maxilliped; the merus joint has the expansion characteristic of the genus. The feet of the second pair are equal, carpus 11 or 12 jointed, the proximal and the distal joint elongate, the intermediate joints short and subequal; the chele exceed the maxilli- peds by the length of the fingers. The third pair reach scarcely beyond the second pair; the fourth and fifth pairs are much shorter and there is little difference in their length; the fifth pair reaches as far as the first pair; the propodi are three times as long as the dactyli in the third pair, four times as long in the fifth pair, intermediate in the fourth pair. The abdomen is strongly bent at the third segment, which is later- ally compressed, forming a rounded carina. The fourth, fifth, and sixth segments are armed with a postero-inferior spine. Sixth seg- ment three-fifths as long as carapace and four-fifths as long as telson, the latter armed with 4 or 5 spinules on each side. Telson a little shorter than the uropods, of which the inner pair are shorter than the outer, Dimensions.—Female: Length 105 mm., length of carapace and rostrum 45 mm., length of rostrum 28.1 mm. Type locality.—Mororan, Hokkaido; Jordan and Snyder; 55 speci- mens, types (Cat. No. 26161). Two specimens had been taken previ- ously at the same locality by N. Grebnitzki. The specific name is given in honor of Prof. K. Mitsukuri, of the University of Tokyo. Family ATYIDZ. XIPHOCARIS COMPRESSA (de Haan). ? Ephyra compressa DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 186, pl. xvi, fig. 7. Xiphocaris compressa OrRtTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 400, and synonymy. Lake Biwa, Matsubara, Omi; many specimens about 1 inch long; Jordan and Snyder. Tsushima Island, Japan; P. L. Jouy, May, 1885, 1 female with ova. Near Fusan, Korea, in fresh-water streams; P. L. Jouy, 1 specimen. =i 22 CARIDINA DENTICULATA de Haan. Hippolyte denticulatus pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xiv, fig. 8. (Generic name changed in text. ) Caridina denticulata pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 186.—OrTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 406. The rostrum extends either to the middle of the third antennular Be omont, to the end of that segment, or even beyond it. The dorsal Proc. vols xxvr—02—— 4 Ce ae Meee ES Oe ap ee 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. spines are 14 to 18, 3 or + behind the orbit, ventral spines 4 to 6, ter- minal third of rostrum unarmed. The maxillipeds reach nearly to the end of the antennular peduncle; the first pair of feet not quite to the end of antennal peduncle; the carpus is about one and a half times as long as wide, longer than the palm of the hand; the fingers longer than the palm. The second pair of feet reach to the end of the antennal peduncle; carpus and propodus subequal in length, palm enlarged dis- tally, shorter than the fingers. The propodus of the fifth pair of feet is three times as long as the dactylus. A female with ova measures 22.8 mm. long; the eggs are 0.9 mm. long. Kurume, Japan; Jordan and Snyder, July 23; 1 female with ova. Near Fusan, Korea, in fresh-water streams; P. L. Jouy; many specimens. This species is very close to, perhaps identical with, C. pareparensis de Man,” from Celebes, which has a shorter rostrum, with only 2 inferior teeth. | CARIDINA LEUCOSTICTA Stimpson. Caridina leucosticta Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 28 [97].— | OrtTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 406. Atya wyckii Hickson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(6), I, 1888, p. 357, pls. xtm and xtv. | Caridina wyckt ORTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 405, and synonymy. — Kurume, July 23; about 25 specimens. é In most of the specimens the rostrum is broken off near its base; in _ none is the tip perfect. | Dorsal spines 17 to 23 (2 on carapace); ventral spines 14 in the only — specimen where complete (Stimpson says 10). Anterior third or fourth unarmed above, except near the tip, where there is at least one spine. Antennal spine high, quite above the antenna. The color and— white spots described by Stimpson are not visible in the preserved specimens. Family PALASMONID 2. PALAMON JAPONICUS (Ortmann). Leander longirostris var. japonicus ORTMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 519, pl. xxxvit, figs. 14, 14z. Matsushima, Rikuzen; Enoshima, Sagami; Kawatana; Nagasaki, Hizen. The reference of the name Palemon longirostris to Say by Milne Edwards,’ and later by de Man¢ and Ortmann,” is founded on a cleri- cal error. Say’ described only two species of Palemon, both Ameri- @ «Weber's Zool. Ergeb. Reise Niederl. Ost-Indien, II, 1892, p. 379, pl. xxi, fig. 25. b Hist. Nat. Crust., II, 1837, p. 394. ¢ Notes Leyden Mus., ITI, 1881, p. 141. 4 Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 519. éJour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1818. No. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA NS—RATHBUN. ay can, viz, es paigancas on page 248, aad P. tenuicornis on page 249. Milne Edwards? refers to both of Say’s species, to P. vulgaris on page 394, and to ‘* Palémon tenutrostre” on page 395, but his footnote references ‘‘(2)” and ‘*(3)” to Say’s descriptions, instead of being placed correctly in the text, i. e., (2) after P. vulgaris and (3) after P. tenui- rostre, are made dependent, (2) on P. longirostris and (3) on P. vulgaris. The name P. longirostris Milne Edwards, occurring on p. 394, was changed by him in Errata, vol. III, p. 638, 1540, to P. styliferus, a name apparently overlooked by subsequent authors, but which must stand for that species. The name /?. /ongirostris should be used for the species so designated by Milne Edwards on p. 392 (= P. edwardsii Heller). Ortmann’ makes 72. japonicus a variety of 7. styliferus, but it is distinguished as follows: P. japonicus has no dorsal spines on the ros- trum except at the base, while 7. sty//ferus has 2 or 3 on the termi- nal half. 7. japonicus has 4 to6 ventral spines, 7. styliferus 8 to 10. In P. japonicus the sixth segment of the pleon i is nearly two-thirds as long as the carapace (rostrum excluded); in P. sty/¢ferus it is shorter, barely more than half the carapace. In P. japonicus the carpus of the second pair of feet is as long as the merus or the fingers, while in P. styliferus the carpus 1 is considerably shorter than merus or fingers. There are in the U. S. National Museum a number of specimens of P. styliferus from Maprichen India, collected by Francis Day. PALAEMON PAUCIDENS de Haan. Palemon paucidens de Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 170, pl. xiv, fig. 11. Leander paucidens Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 40 [109]. Aomori, Rikuoku; Matsushima, Rikuzen; Misaki, Sagami; Lake Biwa, Be aubara, Omi (abundant); Kawatana; Kurume; Nagasaki, Hizen. Korea, P. L. Jouy coll.: Fusan; Gensan, brackish streams flowing into the sea. The rostrum has 5 to 6 teeth above (1 on carapace), 2 to 3 below, and is usually bifid at extremity; it extends about to the end of the acicle. The branches of the outer flagellum of the antennule are joined for about 8 segments or less than half of the length of the shorter branch. In fully developed specimens the outer maxillipeds may or may not exceed the antennal peduncle, and the carpus of the second pair of feet usually exceeds the acicle. Dimensions.—A large female measures 66.5 mm. long. Several hundred specimens were taken at Lake Biwa, all smaller than those from salt water; a female with ova measures 38 mm. Stimpson records its occurrence in fresh water, in rivers near Simoda. @ Hist. Nat. Grant i, 1837. b Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 519. ¢Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 40 [109]. 59 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. PALA MON SERRIFER (Stimpson). Leander serrifer Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 41 [110].— Dr Man, Notes Leyden Mus., III, 1881, p. 189.—Orrmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 525, pl. axxvir, fie. 7. Misaki, Sagami; Jordan and Snyder collection. Atami district; F. Sakamoto collector, April, 1894. Out of 21 specimens with perfect rostrum, 7 have 9 teeth above, the remainder mostly 10 teeth above; 15 have 3 teeth below, the remainder varying from 2 to 5 teeth. PALAMON MACRODACTYLUS, new species. Stout. Rostrum about as long as carapace, it may be a little longer or a little shorter, overreaching a little the antennal scale; straight in basal half, slightly inclined upward in distal half; armed above with 9 to 15 teeth, 3 of which are on the carapace, 3 to 5 below, tip usually bifid; posterior dorsal tooth more remote from the others; the anterior tooth may be remote . from the others or re- d mote from the tip. Only large specimens have 13 to 15 teeth above; the Fic. 24.—PALHEMON MACRODACTYLUS; @, CARAPACE, X 12; usual number is 10 to 5, ACICLE, X 22; c, CHELA OF SECOND PAIR, X 22; d, FOOT on THIRD Park, X32, 12. Antennular pedun- cle reaching to distal fourth of scale; antennal peduncle to end of first antennular segment. Filaments of outer flagellum of antennula united for from 7 to 9 joints; short filament much longer than the basal portion. Acicle oblong, very broad at extremity. Outer maxillipeds reaching beyond antennal peduncle by at least two-thirds of the last segment. The first pair of feet, extended, touch the end of the scale; the carpus is one and two-thirds times as long as the chela; the palm is a little longer than the fingers. The second pair of feet may exceed the scale by the length of the chela and part of the wrist. The carpus is subequal to the merus, exceeds the manus in length, and is distally enlarged. Palm compressed, broader than carpus, longer than fingers. The last three pairs of legs are very nearly of a length, the fifth pair attain the end of the scale; the dactyli of the third pair are contained twice or two and a half times, of the fifth pair about three times, in their propodi. The sixth segment of the abdomen is half as long as the carapace (rostrum excluded), and three-fourths as long as the telson, which has two pairs of lateral spinules, and at the extremity a short median and lateral spine and a very long intermediate spine. a Cc b NO. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA NS—RATHBUN. 53 ~ Dimensions.—Female with ova: Length, 55 mm.; length of carapace and rostrum, 23.7 mm.; length of rostrum, 12.7 mm. Localities. Aomori, Rikuoku (type locality, Cat. No. 26162); Mat- sushima, Rikuzen; Nagasaki, Hizen. Also collected by P. L. Jouy in Korea, at Fusan, Gensan, and Chemulpo. This species in appearance much resembles /?. serr7fer, but differs in having, as a rule, more rostral teeth, broader acicle, longer fingers of second chelipeds, longer dactyls of last three pairs. In the young the rostrum may be a little convex above, the palm and fingers of the second pair subequal. PALAZMON PACIFICUS (Stimpson). Leander pacificus Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 40, [109].—Dr Man, Notes Leyden Mus., III, 1881, p. 137. Rostrum extending beyond antennal scale for about one-third of its length, strongly upturned toward its extremity, armed with 7 to § teeth above (2 or 3 on carapace), 4 or 5 below, tip usually trifid. The filaments of the outer flagellum of the antennule are united for from 10 to 12 joints; the free end of the short filament has 28 to 36 joints; its outer margin or that which fits against the longer filament is strongly serrate. Otherwise this species is much as in ?. ajinis Milne Edwards. Misaki, Sagami; Wakanoura, Kii; Nagasaki, Hizen. BITHYNIS NIPPONENSIS (de Haan). Palemon nipponensis DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 171. Palemon nipponensis ORTMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 713, pl. xiv, figs. 4 and 4z, and synonymy. Wakanoura, Kii; Chikugo River, Kurume, Chikugo; Kurume, July 23 (Many specimens). BITHYNIS LONGIPES (de Haan). Palemon longipes “ DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 171. Palzemon longipes ORtMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 715. Kawatana, July 22 (many specimens); Nagasaki, Hizen. The two foregoing species are very closely related; they may be separated by the following characters, which are not absolutely constant: In B. nipponensis the rostrum is usually nearly straight and bears 12 or 13 teeth above; in B. longipes it is usually more arched and has 10 or 11 teeth above. In B. nipponensis, adult, the fingers of the second cheliped are “1 have given a new name, Palemon ortmanni, to P. longipes (Ortmann) = Leander longipes Ortmann, not P. longipes de Haan. There is in the U. S. National Museum aspecimen of P. ortmanni from Tsushima Island, Japan, collected by P. L. Jouy. nearly as long as the palm, very hairy, the teeth at their base small and concealed in hair; in 2. /ongipes, adult, the fingers are only one- half as long as the palm, very little or not at all hairy. There is one well-developed tooth near the base of the pollex and two either side of it near the base of the dactylus. In B. nipponensis, young, the fingers are longer than the palm; in — B. longipes, young, they are nearly as long as the palm. : 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. | 4 ty Order. STOMATOPODA: ODONTODACTYLUS SCYLLARUS (Linnzus). Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 633. Odontodactylus scyllarus BraELow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 496, and synonymy.—BorraDaiLx, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 36, pl. v, fig. 6, and synonymy. Wakanoura, Kii; one male. The dactylus and distal end of propodus of the raptorial limb are © bright red in the specimen preserved in alcohol. : LYSIOSQUILLA LATIFRONS (de Haan). Squilla latifrons pp HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 222, pl. 11, fig. 3. 4 Lysiosquilla (Coronis) latifrons Mrers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), V, 1880, p. 10. Tysiosquilla latifrons Biartow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 503. : Nagasaki, Hizen; one female. | Length from tip of rostrum to end of telson 64.4 mm.; length of — carapace 14.5 mm. ; The dactylus of the right raptorial limb in de Haan’s figure has 6— teeth, of the left limb 7 teeth; in our specimen the dactyli of both — limbs have 6 teeth. The posterior margin of the telson is armed with 12 small spines on | one side of the sinus, 11 spines on the other side. ‘ CHLORIDELLA/ FASCIATA (de Haan). Squilla fasciata pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 224, pl. 11, fig. 17 Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) V, 1880, p. 29.—Brooxs, Challenger Rept., 7 XVI, Stomatopoda, 1886, p. 57, pl. mm, figs.4,5; pl. u, fig. 8.—BrGELow, — Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 510. Tsuruga, Echizen, 2 males; Nagasaki, Hizen, 1 male, 1 female. The intermediate denticles of the margin of the telson are either S.0r 9. . The largest specimen measures 76.5 mm. long; carapace, 19 mm. — long. 4 «In 1899 (Jour. Inst. Jamaica, II, p. 628), I called attention to the fact that the ; name Squilla J. C. Fabricius, 1793, was preoccupied for a genus of Amphipoda by O. F. Miller, 1776 and 1788, by Scopoli, 1777, and by O. Fabricius, 1780, The only available name for the stomatopod genus is Chloridella Miers, 1880. One who con=— siders Chloridella generically distinct from Squilla J. C. Fabricius should substitute a) new name for the latter. F “ ¢ - x0. 1807 JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. 55 CHLORIDELLA RAPHIDEA (Fabricius). Squilla harpax bE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 222, pl. x1, fig. 1. Squilla raphidea Brertow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894, p. 535, and synonymy. Wakanoura, Kil; 5 specimens. CHLORIDELLA AFFINIS (Berthold). Squilla oratoria DE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 223, pl. 11, fig. 2. Squilla affinis BrceLow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, pp. 537 and 538, fig. 22, and synonymy. Aomori, Rikuoku; Same, Rikuoku; Tokyo; Tsuruga, Echizen (abundant); Wakanoura, Kii (abundant); Onomichi, Bingo; Nagasaki, Hizen. CHLORIDELLA COSTATA (de Haan). Squilla costata pk Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 223, pl. u1, fig. 5.— Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), V, 1880, p. 21.—BieEtow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 511. Wakanoura, Kai, 2 specimens, male and female; Nagasaki, Hizen, 3 males. The surface of the carapace is tuberculate, especially between the median and submedian carinz, the tubercles more or less confluent. The marginal denticles of the telson are 3-4, 6-8, 1. _ The largest specimen measures 87 mm. long; carapace, 22.5 mm. long. Pa » A REVIEW OF THE HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES OF JAPAN. By Davin Starr Jorpan and Epwin CHaAprIn STarks, Of the Leland Stanford Junior University In the present paper is given a review of the Hemibranchiate fishes known to inhabit the waters of Japan. It is based on material in the Leland Stanford Junior University and in the U.S. National Museum, most of it collected by Jordan and Snyder in the summer of 1900. In a previous paper in these Proceedings” Mr. Starks has discussed the osteology of the suborder Hemibranchii and of its component families. Orden AGANTHOP EER RGITI.: Suborder HEMIBRANCHII. Opisthotics absent; parietals usually absent; exoccipitals never meeting over surface of basioccipitals; myodome usually absent or rudimentary, sometimes well developed; posttemporal never typically forked, sometimes united to cranium suturely; a portion of the hypo- corcacoid sometimes enamelled, appearing externally as a separate bone on either side (interclavicle); supraclavicle usually absent, small when present; postclavicle when present composed of a single bone; superior pharyngeals and usually elements of branchial arches reduced in num- ber; inferior pharyngeals present, not united; four anterior vertebre more or less elongate, sometimes united; transverse process present on all abdominal yertebre; snout more or less produced and tube- like with a small mouth at its end; ventrals abdominal, sometimes anteriorly placed. These fishes are allied to the Percesoces, from ancestors of which it is probably descended. Their relations to the Lophobranchii are close, the characters of the Lophobranchii being largely extremes of the same modifications. (nu, half; Boayyos, gill.) In the following analysis of families we adopt the arrangement of families as given in Dr. Gill’s valuable discussion of ‘* The Mutual Relations of the Hemibranchiate Fishes.” ? «Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XV, 1902, p. 618. b Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, p. 154. eee rere eee PROCEEDINGS U, S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1308. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. a. Dermal armature absent, or developed only as plates on side or back; vertebree numerous (30 to 36); pubic bones placed close to scapular arch; spinous dorsal represented by isolated spines. b. Vertebree anteriorly little enlarged; ventrals subthoracic, each with a sharp spine. c. Branchiostegal rays three; ventrals with one soft ray each; snout conic or but:slightly-tubiforms 22524-82520. - pea es Sees GASTEROSTEID®, I. ce. Branchiostegal rays four; ventrals with four soft rays each; snout tubi- POTTS heen See eae Rep eee ee ee ee ae AULORHYNCHID®, IT. bb. Vertebrie anteriorly (first four) elongate; ventrals abdominal or near middle of body, without spines, but with 6 (or 5) soft rays. d. Dorsal spines developed, weak; body compressed, moderately long, with ctenoid scales; no caudal filament.......-..--------- AuvLostomips, IIT. dd. Dorsal spines undeyeloped; body depressed or subcylindrical, very long without scales; caudal with the two middle rays produced into a long filamenteos: Sasi tees Se Sao ee, oes A ee FistuLarip”, LV. aa. Dermal armature superficial, developed anteriorly and especially about the back; four anterior vertebree much elongate; tail with its axis continuous with that of theabdomen; branchihyals and pharyngeals mostly present (fourth superior branchihyal and first and fourth superior pharyngeals wanting); pubic bones remote from the scapular arch; a spinous dorsal fin developed. MaAcRorRHAMPHOSID», V. aaa. Dermal armature connate with the internal skeleton and developed as a dorsal cuirass in connection with the neuropophyses; six or more anterior vertebrae extremely elongate; tail with its axis deflected from that of the abdomen by encroachment of a dorsal cuirass over the dorsal fin; branchial system usually feebly developed; a spinous dorsal feebly developed under the posterior pro- jection ‘of the dotsalsbuckler.2 sos seserore eee ee ese ee CENTRIscIDH, VI. Family I. GASTEROSTEIDAE. STICKLEBACKS. Body more or less fusiform, somewhat compressed, tapering behind to a slender caudal peduncle. Head moderate, the anterior part not greatly produced, but all the bones of the suspensory apparatus some- what lengthened. Mouth moderate, with the cleft oblique, the lower jaw prominent; maxillary bent at right angles and overlapping the premaxillary at corner of mouth. Teeth sharp, even, in a narrow band in each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; premaxillaries pro- tractile. Preorbital rather broad; suborbital plate large, often cover- ing the anterior part of the cheeks, forming a connection with the preopercle. Branchiostegals 3. Gill membranes broadly joined, free — from the isthmus, or not; gill rakers moderate or rather long. Toothed superior pharyngeals 2; that of fourth arch missing or united to third. Opercles unarmed. Skin naked or with vertically oblong bony plates; no true scales. Dorsal fin preceded by two or more free spines; anal similar to soft dorsal, with a single spine; ven- tral fins abdominal, anteriorly placed and overlapped slightly at the side by a process from the shoulder girdle, though not connected to it, consisting of a stout spine and one or two rudimentary rays. — Middle or. sides of belly shielded by the pubic bones. Pectorals — ; NO. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 59 rather short, unusually far behind the gill openings, preceded by a -quadrate naked area, which is covered with shining skin. Caudal fin narrow, usually lunate. Air bladder simple; a few pyloric cceca. Vertebree 30 to 35; anterior vertebre little enlarged. - Small fishes inhabiting the fresh waters and arms of the sea in northern Europe and America; noted for their pugnacity. They are exceedingly destructive to the spawn and fry of large fishes. a. Gill openings restricted, the membranes mesially united to the isthmus; dorsal q with two free spines; skin mailed, partly mailed, or naked... --.- Gasterosteus, 1. aa. Gill openings confluent, the gill membranes forming a broad, free margin across ; the isthmus; dorsal spines 8 to 11, divergent; skin naked or mailed. ; Pygosteus, 2. ; 1. GASTEROSTEUS (Artedi) Linnzeus. a Gasterosteus (Anrep!) Linnxus, Syst. Nat., X, 1758, p. 489 (aculeatus). [ Gasteracanthus Pauuas, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb., ITI, 1811, p. 325 (cataphractus). f Leiurus Swarxson, Nat. Hist. Class’n Fishes, II, 1839, p. 242 (gymnurus). _ Sticklebacks with the innominate bones coalescent on the median : line of the belly, behind and between the ventral fins, forming a triangular or lanceolate plate. Gill membranes united to the isthmus. Tail slender, and usually keeled. Skin variously covered with bony plates. Dorsal spines 3 in number, strong, with nondivergent bases. Ra AN TCS -- | Species numerous. Fresh waters and shores of all northern regions; the species highly variable, those found in the sea usually with the E body completely mailed, the fresh and brackish water forms variously mailed or even altogether naked. It is probable that the reduction in armature is in some degree connected with life in fresh waters. It is i almost certain that the partly naked forms are in each species derived _ from mailed forms of the same region. (yaortnp, belly; ogréov, bone.) 1. GASTEROSTEUS CATAPHRACTUS (Pallas). TOGEUWO (PRICKLY-FISH). = Gasteracanthus cataphractus Pauuas, Mem. Acad. Petersb., ITI, 1811, p. 325; “ Kamchatka. ; qasterosteus obolarius Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., [V, 1829, p. ; 500; Kamchatka. Gasterosteus insculptus RicHarpson, Last Arctic Voyage, 1854, p. 10, pl. xxv, ; figs. 1, 2, and 8; Northumberland and Puget sounds. 7 Gasterosteus serratus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1855, p. 47; San Francisco.— ; SauvaGeE, Revision des Epinoches, 1874, p. 13. a - Gasterosteus intermedius Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 185; Cape Flattery. Gasterosteus aculeatus cataphractus JORDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 396. Gasterosteus cataphractus JorDAN and EyerMANN, Fishes N. and M. Amer., I, 1898, p. 749. Gasterosteus aculeatus IsHrk AWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Hokkaido, Kuriles, Ugo, Yechigo, Shimotsuke, Musashi, Usen, Niigata. Gasterosteus williamsoni Girarp, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 103; Wil- liamson’s Pass, near Saugus, California; naked form. 60_ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, Gasterosteus TP rereiee GIRARD, roe ie. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 133; Kaweah R., Tulare Lake; half-mailed form. Gasterosteus plebeius GirARD, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 147; Presidio; half mailed. Gasterosteus inopinatus GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 147; Presi- dio; half mailed. Gasterosteus pugetti Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 135; Fort Steilacoom, Washington; half mailed. The following description is taken from a specimen 85 mm. long from Ugo, northwest Japan: Head 33; depth 44; eye 34. Dorsal 11-1, 13; anal1,10. Body slender, compressed; head small and pointed; mouth oblique, maxillary not reaching eye; caudal peduncle depressed, keeled. | Processes from shoulder eae slightly divergent, leaving a narrow, naked area on breast; eed area in front of pectorals equal to length of snout. Dorsal spines long and slender, the length equaling dice from snout to pupil; third dorsal and anal spines very small, curved; ven- tral spines long, slender, as long as snout and eye, or even longer in some specimens; serrate at base and with basal cusp; ventral plate as long as spine in many specimens, narrow, the greatest width 3} in length. Lateral armature complete, the plates gradually reduced in size posteriorly, forming a distinct caudal keel. Dark grayish or blu- ish black above, silvery below, with a few dark punctulations, thickest on caudal peduncle and near tip of ventral spines. Alaska, Kam- chatka, and Japan. Very abundant northward; the mailed form rarely or never entering fresh water. We have also marine specimens from Kushiro and northern Japan, which we have compared with specimens from Alaska and Puget Sound, and have found them to be similar. Specimens from Ibi and Mino rivers near Ogaki in Mino seem to be inseparable from the naked specimens from Colton, California (called ** Gasterosteus williamsoni”). They differ gre: a from the marine— form in being deeper, in haying the ventral plate broad and short, in— being only partially armed, in being conspicuously mottled, and in exhibiting all of the differences which fresh-water specimens at the — extreme of variation from California and Alaska exhibit. Since it has — not been possible to satisfactorily separate the Western American — fresh-water species from those found in the sea, we can not consider these as distinct even though we have no intergrading forms at hand. Formule of soft rays of dorsal and anal: -- | | li = Locality. Ugo. | N. Japan. | Puget Sound. | Ibi River. te Dorsal Bees oes 14 13 13 Deal! ASE ABS AA SUAS AD els ist or Ties 3 etd aL | THs ete PAT Slee. moe ncrae | D107 10 OR Sn O me oe QO 10 OSLO a lO Re sO sO aoe & - OSS | , . (cxatadpaktos, cutaphractus, mailed.) ES RO te , No. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISTHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 61 2. PYGOSTEUS Brevoort. Pygosteus (Brevoort) Git, Cat. Fishes East Coast North America, 1861, p. 39; name only. Pygosteus Grit, Canadian Naturalist, 11, 1865, p. 8 (occidentalis) . Gasterostea SAuVAGE, Revision des Epinoches, 1874, p. 29 ( pungitius) . This genus is characterized by the presence of 9 to 11 divergent spines and by the weakness of its innominate bones. The gill mem- branes forma broad fold across the isthmus. Vertebre 14+ 18 = 32. , . . 2 / (xvy7, pubic region; ogtéorv, bone.) 0 So SGT SS ay IN S'S Se Se ee ee steindachneri, 2. Sete OF Ia spines: 22.22 kei So ee Sh eis ole undecimalis, 3. 2. PYGOSTEUS STEINDACHNERI Jordan and Snyder. Gasterosteus japonicus STEINDACHNER, Ichthy. Beitr., IX, p. 27, pl. in, fig. 2; Gulf of Strielok, near Vladivostok. (Not of Houttuyn. ) Pygosteus steindachneri JoRDAN and Snyper, Proceedings U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1901, p. 747, after Steindachner. Gasterosteus pungitius IsHikAwa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 59; Lake Inokashiro, near Tokyo. Gausterosteus sp. 18SHIKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 59; Yamashiro. The following description is taken from 4 specimens from Yama- shiro: Head 32 in length; depth 44. Dorsal VIII-11; anal I-8, or 9. Diameter of eye equal to snout or slightly greater, contained 34 times in head; width of interorbital two-thirds diameter of eye; maxillary barely reaching to under anterior ecge of the eye in the males, slightly shorter in the females. Length of ventral spines equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of eye; length of middle dorsal spines two-thirds to three- fourths eye, last spine a little longer, equal to anal spine; length of pectoral equals snout and eye; length of anal base equal to dorsal base and equal to length of head without snout. Anterior part of body with vertical bony plates which decrease in length posteriorly and become smal! round plates on posterior half of body; on the caudal peduncle they form a sharp keel; they number from 32 to 35. Color in spirits very light yellowish brown with only a trace of small ‘dusky punctulations. The membrane of the spinous dorsal dusky or conspicuously black. The soft dorsal and anal ranging from colorless to dusky. Pectoral and caudal without color. Numerous specimens taken from a pond at Inokashiro, Musashi, near Tokyo, and one specimen from Aomori differ only from these in being entirely devoid of plates and in being much darker or more dusky. The fins are all more or less dusky and the membrane of the spinous dorsal is not darker than the body color. Of 16 specimens counted an equal number have 8 and 9 spines. Both these and the 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. YOR mailed specimens from Yamashiro were presented by the Imperial Museum from the many examples collected by Dr. Ishikawa. . Steindachner’s specimens seem to haye been more slender and to have had higher spines than ours. . (Named for Dr. Franz Steindachner.) 3. PYGOSTEUS UNDECIMALIS Jordan and Starks, new species. Head 3! to 32 in length; depth 5 to 53. Dorsal XI or XII (in an ® equal number of specimens)—10 or 11; anal1—9. Eye 84in head; snout ~ 4; interorbital slightly less than diameter of eye. Maxillary reaching | slightly past anterior margin of eye. Depth of head 1} to 14 its length. ~ Ventral spines very short and slender, equaling in length two-thirds 1 to three-fourths diameter of eye. The dorsal spines are subequal in ‘ length to the next to the last and are scarcely half the diameter of the i eye in length. The last one is about a third higher and is equal in length to the anal spine. . "ASS = SS V2 in. Fic. 1.—PYGOSTEUS UNDECIMALIS. The body is entirely devoid of bony plates in our specimens, except in one example where a few plates form a keel on the caudal peduncle. Color dark brown above, lighter below, all of the fins dusky. This species differs from Pygosteus steindachnert in having a more slender form, a slightly longer head, shorter and more slender ventral spines, and particularly in having more numerous and shorter dorsal spines. The mouth appears to be larger and the caudal peduncle to be thicker. The color is darker. 1 Six specimens, the longest 58 mm. in length, presented by the Sap- poro Museum, were taken at Chitose in Hokkaido by Mr. Nozawa. The type is No. 7119, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum,” (undecim, eleven.) Family I. AULORHYNCHID&. | 9 -AULICHTHYS Brevoort. Aulichthys (Breyoort) Gru, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 2349 (japonicus ). Lateral line with a series of sharply keeled plates, each ending in a spine; pectoral fin not emarginate; ventrals inserted under middle of length of the pectoral fin. a ne No, 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. b¢ Northern Japan; one species known, well separated from the Cali- fornian Aulorhynchus flavidus, by the row of lateral spines; the fin rays about the same. (avircs, tube; Zydus, fish.) 4. AULICHTHYS JAPONICUS Brevoort. Aulichthys japonicus { Breyoort), GiiL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 234; Shimoda.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List Fishes Japan, 1901, p. 60; Yokohama. Aulorhynchus japonicus STEINDACHNER Ichth. Beitr., X, 1881, p. 1, pl. v, fig. 1; Yokohama. Fistularude? Genus? Species? Isaikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 31; Nos. 551, 552; Boshu. The following description is from a specimen from Tokyo, 15 cm. long. Head 3% in length; depth 2 in snout. Dorsal XXV-9; anal 1-10. Lateral plates 55. Postcaudal plates 13. Eye 4 in snout, 2 in post- orbital part of head. The mouth is small, the maxillary is contained 24 times in the man- dible, which is about half the length of the snout. From the back- ward-extending process from the maxillary a shallow channel runs backward on top of the snout to within a distance of the eye equal to the diameter of the eye. From the supraorbital rim a short channel runs forward to each side of the termination of the anterior median channel. The interorbital space is slightly convex and somewhat tugose. The length of the opercle is twice that of the rest of the postorbital part of the head. The pectoral fin is inserted a distance equal to the length of the opercle from the edge of the opercle. The lower raysare the longest; their lengthis equal to their distance from the posterior orbital margin. The front of the dorsal is midway between the base of the caudal and the middle of the opercle. The anal is directly under the soft dorsal and about equal toitinlength. Where the analand the dorsal are depressed the tips of the longest rays just reach to the base of the lastray. The length of the caudal equals the length of the postorbital part of the head. The lower edge of the shoulder girdle is rough and is only covered by thin skin; it appearsas a line of dermal bone and runs back nearly to a similar but wider line formed by the edge of pubic bones. The length of the ventrals equals the diameter of the eye. Caudal slightly dusky, other fins colorless; top of head dark; oper- cles dusky above with fine brown points; a dark brown streak runs along preorbital region to middle of eye. We have specimens from Tokyo, Matsushima, and Boshu. The Species is not rare in northern Japan on sandy shores. 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. Family II. AULOSTOMID &. Body compressed, elongate, covered with small, ctenoid scales, — Lateral line continuous. Head long; mouth small, at the end of a long, compressed tube. Lower Jaw prominent, with a barbel at the symphysis. Premaxillary feeble, not protractile; maxillary broad, triangular, with a supplemental bone. Teeth minute, in bands on lower jaw and vomer. Branchiostegals +. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchixe well developed. Gill rakers obsolete. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Air bladder large. Post-temporal free from cranium. Spinous dorsal present, of 8-12 very slender free spines; soft dorsal and anal rather long, similar pos- terior, with 23 to 28 rays each; caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays — longest, but not produced into a filament; ventrals abdominal, of 6— rays, all articulated; pectorals broad, rounded, the space in front of— them scaly. First four vertebree elongated. Two pyloric caeca. A single genus, with two species, found in tropical seas. . 4 SULOS GOMUS macepede: i ; Aulostomus Lackpkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1808, p. 3857 (chinensis) . : Aulostoma SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1845, p. 320; change of spelling. Polyterichthys BueeKeEr, Ternate, II, p. 608 (valentini=chinensis) . i Solenostomus Gronow, Cat. Fishes, Ed. Gray, 1854, p. 146 (chinensis). Characters of the genus included above. ? / / (avios, tube; ¢ro“a, mouth.) 5. AULOSTOMUS” VALENTINI Bleeker. VALENTIJN, Oud- en Nieuw-Oost-Ind., Amboyna, III, 1725, pp. 323, 448, 494. Polypterichthys valentini BurrKxer, Ternate II, about 1850, p. 608; Ternate. : Artostoma sinensis SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1845, p. 520; ‘“Trés rare dans les” mers du Japon.”’ 4 Aulostoma chinense Ginrier, Cat. Fish., I11, 1861, p. 538; Amboyna; Aneitum | (not Aulostomus chinensis Lacépéde, which, after Linnzeus, is a West Indian ~ species. The following description is from a specimen 48 cm. in length from- Honolulu. Head 3 in length; depth 11. Dorsal XI-26; anal 26; scales” about 230. * Body elongate, compressed, the least depth just behind base of pec- torals where the body is constricted below. Body expanding verti- ‘ally somewhat at soft dorsal and anal, and abrupt narrowing at caudal peduncle, which is long and slender with parallel sides. Eye contained 2% in post orbital part of head, 7% in snout. Lower ‘aw somewhat hooked up at tip over front of premaxillary. Maxilla-_ ries very broad, their width a little greater than eye and twice as long. « Fistularia chinensis Linnzeus is based chiefly in the Solenostomus cauda rotundata on Gronow, which is the West Indian species, Aulostomus coloratus. The latter species / should properly bear the name chinensis, NO. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE PFISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 65 Scales fine, str oneky ctenoid, at nape omnes: somew air at embedded. Area in front of pectorals closely scaled. Head naked. Pectorals short and broad; their length equals twice the diameter of eye. Ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal and middle of eye. Dorsal placed directly over anal, which is of equal length. Base of dorsal equal to postorbital part of head and half eye. Length of caudal contained 32 in length of snout. Color in alcohol brownish, with 10 or 11 narrow light crossbars, between each of which is a more or less conspicuous broken bar com- posed of diffused spots. Fins yellowish. A black stripe across base of dorsal and anal rays; a round black spot on upper and lower rays of caudal; a black spot on base of ventrals; and one on middle of max- illary. Other specimens very dark, with, scarcely any crossbars. Others show conspicuous longitudinal light bars. This species, common in the tropical seas from Hawaii to India, is recorded by Schlegel as very rare in Japan. It doubtless belongs to the fauna of the Riukiu Islands. (Named for its discoverer, Fr. Valentijn, who wrote in 1725 on the *“Oud- en Nieuw-Oost-Indien” and the ‘‘ Waterdieren van Amboina.”) Family IV. FISTULARID. Body extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep. Sealeless, but having bony plates present on various parts of the body, mostly covered by the skin. Head very long, the anterior bones of the skull much produced, forming a long tube, which terminates in the narrow mouth; this tube formed by the symplectic, proethmoid, metapterygoid, mesopterygoid, quadrate, palatines, vomer, and mes- ethmoid. Both jaws, and usually the vomer and palatines also, with minute teeth; membrane uniting the bones of the tubes below, very lax, so that the tube is capable of much dilation. Post-temporal codssified with the cranium. Branchiostegals 5 to 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gill rakers obsolete. Basibranchial elements wanting. Fourth supe- rior pharyngeal missing or anchylosed to third. Pseudobranchie present. Air bladder large. Spinous dorsal fin entirely absent; soft dorsal short, posterior, somewhat elevated; anal fin opposite it and similar; caudal fin forked, the middle rays produced into a long: fila- ment; pectorals small, with a broad base, preceded by a smooth area; processes from hypocoracaid greatly lengthened; supraclavicles very small; ventral fins very small, wide apart, abdominal, far in advance of the dorsal, composed of 6 soft rays. Pyloric ececa few; intestine short. Vertebre very numerous (4+44 to 49+28 to 33); the first four vertebre very long. Fishes of the tropical seas, related to the stickle- backs in structure, but with prolonged snout and different ventral fins. A single genus, with a few species. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 5. FISTULARIA Linneus. Solenostomus Kunin, Missus, IV, 1740, p..23 (nonbinomial). Fistularia Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 312 (tabacaria). Cannorhynchus Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 211 (tabacaria; Fistularia being regarded as preoccupied by Donati in 1750 for a pre-Linnzean genus of Polyps). Flagellaria Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 1854, p. 146 (fistularis=tabacaria) . Characters of the genus included above. The bony shields, charac- teristic of this genus, are the following: 1. The narrow strip along the median line of the back behind the skull (confluent neural spines). 2. The pair of broader lateral dorsal shields. These shields are the longest, provided anteriorly with a ridge, which is prolonged and extends far backward between the muscles of the back. This ridge is flexible, and does not interfere with the lateral movements of the fish. It appears to serve as a base for the attachment of muscular fibers. 3. The narrow shield on the side is the postclavicle, its posterior part being dilated and fixed to the lateral dorsal shields. 4. The ventral shields are the processes from the hypocoracoids. Their posterior half is broadest, much pitted inferiorly. They are narrower before the middle, leaving a free lanceolate space between them, and are again a little widened anteriorly, where they join the clavicle and urohyal. These plates extend as far backward as the anchylosed vertebre. (fistula, a tube or pipe.) a. Upper lateral edges on snout sharply serrated. b. Two middle ridges on snout well separated, diverging on anterior part of snout, converging finally on its foremost part; skin nearly smooth. Color Oreemish s2i23 52h is she Pose Be eae See ae eee eee depressa, 6. bb. Two middle ridges on snout close together and parallel on anterior half of its length, slowly converging forward from the middle; skin rough. Color, meddishie? 3. ou Shoes ons ee eae ey oe ee petimba, 7. 6. FISTULARIA DEPRESSA Giinther YAGARA (ARROW-SHAFT). Fistularia depressa GinxtuER, Shore Fishes Challenger, 1880, p. 69, pl. xxxuy,_ fig. D; Sulu Islands, Natal, Zanzibar, Amboyna, China, New Guinea, New South Wales, Fiji, Lower California.—Jorpan and EvrrMANN, Fishes N. and M. Amer., 1, 1898, p. 757; Gulf of California, Panama. The following description was taken from a small specimen 31 cm. in length (without caudal filament), from Wakanoura. Head 23 in length. Depth at pectoral fins equal to long diameter of eye. Width just behind pectorals three-fifths of width at a point just behind ventrals. Dorsal 15; anal 14. Body elongate, depressed, as viewed from above the sides are nearly parallel for a short distance behind pectorals, where it is narrower No. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 67 than posterior part of head, but grows abruptly broader at the pos- terior end of the upper ite val plates and tapers gradually to the caudal. : The jaws are armed with a row of fine teeth. The maxillary is con- tained 8} times in the snout, the mandible 54 times. Eye nearly twice as long as high; extreme length of orbit equal to length of maxillary. Interorbital space somewhat concave, less so than in 7. petimba, in larger specimens it is flat at the sides with a channel along its middle; the width is one-third of orbit. The median ridges on snout diverge anteriorly; the distance between them is everywhere greater or as great as the distance from them to the upper lateral ridge. The ventrals are inserted from the pectorals a distance equal to the distance of the pectoral from the anterior margin of the eye. They are separated at their base by a space equal to the long diameter of the eye. The dorsal and anal are directly opposite to e: a other and similar in shape. The skin is everywhere smooth to the touch. All of our specimens from Japan are plain brown greenish above, but as specimens from other localities may be either plain brown or with longitudinal stripes and spots of blue, probably blue-spotted examples occur. The following color description was taken from a fresh specimen from Panama, 69 cm. in length: Olive brown on upper parts, white below. No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 83 and Aphidee. In the structure of the mouthparts, the Physapoda are not as far removed from the Orthoptera as are the Rhynchota; the Physapod proboscis is of a type between the biting mouthparts of Orthoptera and the sucking mouth of the Rhynchota, by which it is not meant that the Homoptera have developed from our Physapoda. The biting mouth organs of the Orthoptera are here concealed by the transformation of the mandibles into piercing bristles and the growing together of the labrum with the maxillee and labium, while the piercing bristles form a short tube to the sucking proboscis. In this respect the Physapoda should be considered as Rhynchota together with the Homoptera and Heteroptera. Thrips have the free prothorax in common with the Orthoptera s. 1. and the Ryn- chota. The development of the meso and metathorax shows that at least the meta- sternum and mesosternum are nearly equal to those in the Orthoptera, while the absence of the metaphragma, which is always present in the Orthoptera, and the dis- appearance of the long metathoracic muscles which are not reduced there, bring Thrips into close connection with the Homoptera. The first ventral ring is main- tained through the absence of the first ventral plate and the entrance of the dorsal plate into the thoracic covering in the Physapoda just as in many Orthoptera s. 1., but a quite similar condition is also shown in the first abdominal segment of the Homopterous Psyllidee, a sign that Orthopteroid characters may be retained even in genuine Rhynchota. A reduction of the system of venation of the wing takes place in the Phytophthira as in the Physapoda, but not in the same degree in the Orthopteras. 1. Tho Physapod wing isa Phytophthiran wing in which the large spread is greatly reduced, as in the Pterophoridie, by the development of long fringes. In regard to the concentrated nervous system, Thrips come very close to Rhyn- chota and are far removed from the Orthoptera, but in this connection it is worth noting that the aberrant Mallophaga, provided with biting mouth parts, also possess a concentrated nervous system. Aside from these doubtful cases, all other Orthoptera have a developed chain of ventral ganglia. The tracheal system of Thrips has the small number of three or four pairs of stigmata. We find the stigmata reduced usually in the breathing organs of holometabolous insects. Among the Rhynchota we find it as in the Coccidze; all other Rhynchota and the Orthoptera are holopneustic. The alimentary canal of Physapoda is characterized by the possession of four mal- pighian vessels which occur in like manner in all Rhynchota with the exception of the Aphid which have none, and the Coccidze which have two urinary organs. The Orthoptera have a large number of urinary tubes, with the exception of the Termi- tide and Psocidse with six and the Mallophaga with four. The long, slender zeso- phagus of Terebrantia which reaches even into the abdomen is found also in the Psyllide, the large loop of the midgut of Terebrantia is characteristic of many Homop- tera, but in these the enlargement of the loop of the gut running back, takes place at the beginning of the midgut. The male sexual apparatus, with its simple, often pear-shaped testes, resembles the Mallophaga about as much as the Phytophthira; the female organs, from the rosette arrangement of the ovarian tubes, resembles the tubes in the Rhynchota; the want of connective strands of the eggs with the germ area places the ovaries especially beside those of the Cicadelline. The genital armature of the Terebrantia is found in the Grthoptera and Phytophthira. _ Jn anatomical respects, therefore, the Physapoda come nearer the Homoptera than the Orthoptera s. 1. There is also a series of biological facts which strengthen still further the connection of these insects with the Homoptera. First, I would recall that the Physapoda with their nymph and pronymph stages, in which they take no nourishment, exhibit a very similar transformation to that which is known to take place in Coccid males. The parthenogenesis of Thrips is not Orthopteroid, but a method of reproduction which is peculiar chiefly to the Phytophthira. The frequent sai i oceurrence of apterous species without rudiments of wings, the condition that one _ sex is so frequently winged while the other is wingless, that among the normally — winged species there appear individuals with reduced wings, that the latter phenom- | enon occurs especially toward autumn; all these are occurrences which take place to a considerable degree in the Phytophthira. The manner of nourishment of Thrips, their life in larval colonies, the rapid and successive development of each generation, the sucking of plant roots by the larve, — the periodical swarming of multitudes of the winged species give to Thrips through- out an Aphid-like character. Therefore we can not doubt that we must separate the Physapoda from the Orthoptera s. 1., but we must still determine whether we may incorporate them into the Rhynchota. If we maintain the division of the insects into eight orders (Thysa- nura, Orthoptera s. 1., Rhynehota, Neuroptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera) and include in these orders the aberrant Siphonaptera, Mallophaga, Strepsiptera, the first in the Diptera, the others in the Orthoptera and Coleoptera, then we must also consider the Physapoda as Rhynchota and divide the Rhynchota into Heteroptera, Homoptera, and Physapoda. But if, according to Brauer’s classification, we break up the conglomeration of the Orthoptera s. 1. into several orders of insects equivalent to the well-defined Coleop- tera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Neuroptera, and also consider the aberrant Siphonaptera as a single order, just as the Bryozoa, Echinorhyncha, etc., represent aberrant types of worms, then there is no necessity for destroying the unity of the type of the Rhynchota by the incorporation of the Physapoda, but we can erect for Thrips a new order, the phyllogenetic value of which we find in that they have branched off from the line of the Orthoptera-Homoptera-Heteroptera where the Orthopteroid characters of the Homoptera are not entirely suppressed, and that they exhibit special mouth parts which morphologically still remain somewhat Orthop- teroid, but functionally are quite Rhynchotoid. The Mallophaga with their Rhyn- chota-like nervous system and their four malpighian vessels must have branched off before the Physapoda. Their special connection with the Physapoda arises from the form of the tracheal stigmata in the development of the thorax in which the » metanotum, as in the Physapoda, is larger than the mesonotum in contrast with all Rhynchota and Orthoptera. If we collect the Mallophaga, Psocidee, and Termitidee » as Corrodentia with Brauer, then we must place Physapoda in the system between Corrodentia and Rhynchota. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. xxvii ; 4 COLLECTION OF THYSANOPTERA. As the life habits of species of this order differ very greatly, the methods of collection must be varied according to the species. The majority of these insects are to be found in flowers, grass, etc.; many are found exclusively in turf or near the surface of the ground; others, are taken most commonly under the bark of trees, on foliage, etc. For the grass-inhabiting species, I have found a short-handled sweep-_ ing net, made of fine muslin, most serviceable. Other cloths may be used, but the texture must be considerably finer than that of cheese: cloth or many of the smaller species can easily pass through it and escape. Asa white background greatly facilitates the observation of | these small creatures, the contents of the net may be carefully exam- ined by slowly turning it inside out without emptying it or the net. may be emptied and the contents be examined upon a sheet of white: paper carried for the purpose. Small phials serve as convenient recep- * + No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 85 tacles for the collections from various plants or other sources and thus they may be kept separate if desired. The most convenient method yet found for catching these lively little animals is to moisten a fine eamel’s-hair brush and place it directly upon the escaping actively jumping or flying forms. Those that are more sluggish in their move- ments can be easily lifted upon the point of the brush and transferred to the phial, which may be stoppered with a cork or wad of cotton. A label giving such data as it is desired to preserve may be placed in the phial or attached to the outside and a bit of the food plant may well be placed inside with the insects. In this bottle they may be kept alive for some time, if it is not convenient to preserve them at once. Uzel recommends for collection from flowers, inclosing the flower head, insects and all, in a four-cornered paper bag, folding the upper edge over twice and fastening with a pin. Flowers of only one sort should be placed ina bag. The contents of the bags are examined at home upon a sheet of white paper and the escaping creatures captured with the aid of a fine brush dipped in alcohol. In winter, dried flow- ers and grass stems yield many hibernating forms. Tree-inhabiting species may be found by beating over a white sur- face, or foliage may be collected and sifted by means of a fine beetle sieve, which is a great convenience for this work. In this way may be found also many species inhabiting turf, moss, fallen foliage, or decay- ing bark. The sifting may be done directly over white paper or the siftings collected by means of a fine bag fastened around the sieve and examined at the collector’s leisure at home. Some species are known to inhabit certain oak galls and probably other galls will be found to shelter other species. The gall is, as a rule, the work of some other insect which the Thrips has appropriated for its home, but in Aus- tralia some galls are said to be formed by the Thrips themselves. Both Uzel and Jordan state that many inhabit fungi, but I have not yet found any in such a location. PRESERVATION AND MOUNTING. Various methods of preserving these tiny insects have been tried. Being so small that it is impossible to study them without the aid of ‘a compound microscope, the method has been sought for which would best preserve the natural form and color of the insect and the most satisfactory results have been obtained in the following simple way: The specimens to be mounted, having been brought into the labora- tory alive in small bottles, are quickly killed, and at the same time cleared, by dropping them directly into xylol in which they are left for about an hour. They may then be mounted directly in balsam dis- solved in xylol without danger of cloudiness resulting from moisture in the insect body. The mounts are clear, natural colors are well preserved, and when dried they are permanent and always available 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. for study. Working with such small insects, it is difficult to arrange them satisfactorily upon the slide, but with patience and care this can be accomplished fairly well. The wings should be spread, and this condition has, as a rule, been most easily obtained by transferring the insect from the xylol to the center of a clean slide, and then teasing the wings out to the desired position by means of a fine bristle. The balsam is then placed on the cover and gently lowered onto the insect. As the balsam spreads it tends to carry out the wings, legs, and antenne so that they are in a position for study. It is a convenience in study to have two specimens on the same slide, one being dorsal, the other ventral side up. Specimens of different species should not be placed upon the same slide. If it is desired to keep a large num- ber of duplicates, it is not, perhaps, advisable to mount them all in this way, as they can be fairly well preserved by placing the living insects directly in about 80 per cent aleohol. Alcohol is, however, liable, or even likely, to cause an abnormal distension of the body, especially with Tubulifera, and if some of these distended specimens are afterwards mounted permanently for study it will be found that their general appearance has become so changed that the species 1s scarcely recognizable. For this reason I can recommend alcohol only for duplicates of well known species and never for undescribed material. While balsam mounts, made as described, seem to be best. for pre- serving the general natural appearance of the insect, mounts made in another way are more useful for study of the chitinous structure. Everything but the chitin is dissolved by allowing the specimen to mascerate for from twenty-four to thirty-six hours in a cold 10 per. cent solution of caustic potash, or by boiling for a few minutes in a little of the same solution. When thoroughly cleared the specimen may be mounted directly in elycerin, or washed in water, dehydrated in alcohol followed by xylol, and then mounted in balsam. Such mounts can be examined under high-power lenses and reveal many | fine details of chitinous structure which can not be seen in ordinary mounts. A few words in regard to glycerin mounts may save some one such) disappointment and loss as my experience with them has caused me. During one summer quite a large number of mounts were made by placing the insect directly into elycerin contained in a low cell, made either of white zinc cement or hard glycerin jelly, the cover glass: being carefully sealed on with the white zinc cement in each case. These mounts were beautifully clear at first and were placed aside for study during the winter. When examined again after a few months they were found to be ruined and worthless. Nearly every specimen was more or less thickly covered, especially around the spiracles and thin membranous areas, with dense clusters of white, needle-like no. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 87 crystals, many oF which were ee floating tirough: ie Gcena Asa result these slides, containing most of the results of a summer’s collecting, had to be thrown away. The exact composition of the crystals was not determined, but it is supposed that they were mostly phosphates which had been dissolved in the juices of the insect’s body. As the juices were gradually drawn out, the phosphatic salts, not being soluble in the glycerin, were deposited as the white crystals. There are still other objections to glycerin as a mounting medium for Thysanoptera, though it may be all right for other insects. The dark pigment of the eyes is frequently dissolved out by glycerin, and spreads all through the head, suffusing it with a dark color, which obscures all details in that region. Furthermore, glycerin does not preserve the tissues of the body fora very long time. They gradually go to pieces, the segments spread apart, and the mount becomes worthless in the course of a few years. Of course this objection to glycerin does apply to the mounting of chitin which has been cleared from all soft tissues by treatment with caustic potash solution, as chitin is unaffected by glycerin. EXTERNAL ANATOMY. INTEGUMENT. Adult.—The chitinous skeleton of these insects is quite firm. The body wall is made up of strongly chitinized, rigid plates joined together by thin and very flexible membranes. The texture of the plates appears usually to be quite uniform in different parts of the same specimen. In the head, especially, several of them are so smoothly joined that no sutures are visible. The thin connecting membrane may be smooth and of a uniform thickness, or, as in many parts of the Tubulifera, it may show a peculiar structure in the nature of regu- lar, distinct, very minute, plate- like thickenings, varying in form but Brien circular or hexagonal, giving a decidedly granular appearance to the area. The chitin is frequently thrown into more or less distinct folds or ridges, most frequently transverse in direction, but often branching and running together to form a reticulated structure. The back of the head and the pronotum are most frequently marked in this way. Sometimes the ridges become very thick and pronounced, and form a regular network over the surface so conspicuous as to be of use in classification (L/eliothrips, Parthenothrips, see Plate VI, fie. 64). This reticulation may extend over the whole outer surface of the body, legs, and even the fore wings, but always seems to be heaviest upon the head and pronotum. It is not known to occur in the olothr ipidee, but is found in several species of Thripide, and I have discovered it in an undescribed species of Phlaothripide. 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. In certain parts of the body there are found invaginations of the chitinous, external skeleton serving as advantageous points for the attachment of muscles. These can best be seen on the meso and metasternal plates of winged species of Thripidee, and are darker than the plates in color. Many species show a narrow, transverse line across the second to seventh dorsal abdominal plates near the anterior edge of each. This dark line is caused by-a chitinous, ridge-like thickening forming an arch on the inside of each of these plates. The chitin of the skeleton is rarely entirely unpigmented. Pig- mentation may take place in the cuticle itself, when the color is usually gray, yellow, brown, or black, or color may appear from pigments deposited in the hypodermis or fat-body. Such deposits are usually very irregular and of a yellow, red, or purple color. Pigments are frequently present in both places in the same individual. Metallic colors do not oceur. Larva.—Vhe chitin of the larva is much less firm than that of the adult, and there is scarcely any differentiation in texture or structure between the plates and connecting membranes. The surface is not reticulated, but is usually considerably wrinkled transversely and roughened, though sometimes it is quite smooth. Pigments are rarely present in the chitin of the larva, and when they do occur the colors seem to be Jimited to gray, yellow, or brown. | Larvee are usually cf yellow or red color, but these colors are due to — hypodermal or fat-body pigments, and to some extent, perhaps, to the body fluids. : Pupa.—The delicacy of the chitinous covering of the early stages | ‘an be seen during the period of transformation. It is then thin, — smooth, and often shining. The cuticle forms a delicate sheath around — the wings, antenne, and legs, and toward the end of this stage can be — plainly seen separated from the body of the inclosed adult. i Integunental appendages.—These are present in the form of hairs, i bristles, or spines which are variously modified. They are frequently — borne upon small warts or tubercles which can be most distinctly seen — upon the cheeks of many Tubulifera. The membranes of the wings — are thickly set with microscopic hairs, usually either darker than the— membrane itself or sharing its color. In some species (Sericothrips, various species) the abdomen is also thickly set with microscopic hairs, ¢ giving it a sleek, velvety appearance, and whorls of similar minute hairs often mark the antennal segments. The posterior fringes of the — wings are always composed of long slender hairs, usually more or less” spiral or wavy in appearance and inserted either directly into the edge — of the wing (Tubulifera) or attached by a joint toa fixed base upon the — edge (Terebrantia). This joint allows of motion only in the plane of © the wing and toward its tip; it facilitates the folding of the hairs into— line with the edge of the wing when the latter is brought to rest. r ‘ "| No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 89 In nearly all species numerous short, small spines are borne upon the various parts, especially upon the prothorax, legs, and antenne. Larger and more conspicuous spines or bristles mark especially the exposed parts of the body such as the vertex of the head, the angles of the prothorax, the veins of the wings in the Terebrantia, and the last two or three segments of the abdomen. Special modifications of these larger spines are found in many adult Tubulifera in the form of hairs which have usually a slender shaft and at the tip are roundly knobbed or irregularly funnel-shaped, though sometimes they are short and cut off squarely at the tip where they are fully as large as at their base. Larve and pupe of both suborders, in many cases, bear such knobbed or funnel hairs which, when present in the pup, are even longer and more slender than in the larvee. The spines in many cases are placed in quite regular segmental rows, both in transverse and longitudinal directions. HEAD. The form of the head is peculiar and extremely variable. (See figs. 4, 14, 27, 55, 93, 107, etc.) But while this variation is great between different species, the proportion of length to breadth in the same species is very constant. The different sclerites forming the head are so completely fused as to be indistinguishable and we can therefore designate the regions of the head only ina general way. The dorsal portion back of the eyes is called the occiput, that between the eyes and extending forward to the bases of the antenne is the vertex, between the bases of the antenne and the attachment of the mouth cone on the ventral side is the frons, while the sides of the head are called the cheeks (genze of other orders). The usual appendages of the insect head are present and ‘will be considered separately. Antennxe.—These are inserted upon the extreme front of the head and stand quite closely together upon the front margin between the eyes. They are always much longer than the head and may be two or three times as long. The number of segments is a character of much importance in classification and varies from six to nine. The form of the segments ranges from cylindrical to almost spherical, and this character is also of importance in classification. The spines upon the segments become more numerous as the apex is approached, and on the intermediate segments are mostly borne upon the apical half of each. The Molothripide lack the specialized form and arrangement of the spines which is found in Thripide; their antenne are quite uniformly clothed with short hairs or bristles. In the Thripide this general hairiness is lost, except in those species having whorls of hairs around intermediate segments, while a few much longer and usually more conspicuous spines are developed. The antennal spines of Phloe- othripide resemble in a general way those of Thripide. In both 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. these families certain spines seem to have undergone much modifica- tion and to have become specialized as sense organs of some particular sort. (See Plate XJ, figs. 123, 124.) They are larger than the unspe- cialized spines, thin walled and almost transparent, and usually end in a blunt point. In some species they are quite prominent, but as a-rule are inconspicuous and require a careful adjustment of the light to be clearly seen. They are always simple in Phlceothripide and are usually borne upon segments three to tive, sometimes three to seven. In the Thripide similar structures are found, but they have under- gone even greater specialization in most cases. In a few genera (Chirothrips, Limothrips, Aptinothrips, and Parthenothrips) they are simple and stand singly, one to a segment, upon the outer angles of segments three, four, and sometimes five, and upon the inner side at about the middle of six. In most cases, however, it appears that two of these specialized spines have approached and united at their base, so that we find upon the upper side of segment three and the under side of four, near their tips, a peculiar crescentic organ having the same apparent structure as the specialized spines just described and borne upon a small stalk standing ina clear, membranous area. (Plate XI, fig. 128.) In some cases these organs are shaped much like the horns of cattle and are curved in two directions, being curved forward and also toward the axis of the antenna. The fifth segment sometimes bears a simple spine and another one is also well developed upon the inner side of the sixth. The function of these structures is uncertain, but they are usually called sense cones. In the Aolothripide an entirely different type of sense organ is found, though the two may possibly have much the same function. Upon the underside of segments three and four are narrow, much elongated longitudinally, thin, membranous areas, situated upon the outer half of each segment and a very small round spot of similar structure is similarly placed near the tip of segment five. (Plate XJ, fig. 122.) These membranous areas strongly suggest an auditory function, but this is, perhaps, only a possibility. Abnormal antenne are not uncommon, and one or both may be deformed. The most common variation is in the line of a reduction in the number of segments through the fusion of two or more of the — apical ones. Such deformed antenne may not be shorter than the normal ones, but there is usually some reduction in length. In one case, at least (Aptinothrips rufus var. connatticornis), there occurs a regular and apparently normal fusion of the two segments constitut- ing the style of the typical form with the sixth segment (Plate V, figs. 52, 54), which in this case is considered as a varietal distinction. An increase in the number of segments above the normal, by a division of one or more, is not known. The antennx are carried extended forward in front of the head, and — "No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 91 are not normally laid back along the body when at rest. In the Terebrantia the first two segments are usually markedly broader than the others. ; Larval antennz vary considerably from those of adults. The num- ber of segments is constantly smaller, and the form is generally changed. Sense cones are not present, and the arrangement of spines is quite different from that in the adult. ORGANS OF VISION. Lyes.—Adult Thrips possess faceted eyes, which are borne upon the front angles of the head and extend downward onto the frons about as far as they do upward onto the vertex; rarel y they are situ- ated farther back upon the sides of the head, but still near the front, They are circular, oval, or reniform in outline. The size and number of facets varies considerably in different species, as does also the close- ness of the facets to each other. The eyes are quite large, as com- pared with the size of the head, being together about one-half the width of the head through them. In many species, especially in Tere- brantia, they are strongly protruding (Helvothrips, Parthenothrips). The individual facets are usually considerably swollen, and small hairs project from between them, thus giving the eyea peculiar resem- blance to the surface of a raspberry. The cornea is quite thick, trans- parent, usually slightly tinged with yellow, and appears like a light- colored margin around the outside of the eye. The part of the head closely adjoining the eye is frequently also much lighter in color than the remainder of the head. The pigmentation of the eye is dense and dark, so that, as a rule, by transmitted light the eye is entirely opaque, while by reflected light it may be red or very dark purple in color. The eyes of larve are much smaller and simpler than those of the adults. They consist of but few large, separated facets, and are situ ated farther back upon the sides of the head. Ocelli.—These are adult structures, and are not present in larve, though the pigment of the developing ocelli can sometimes be seen late in the larval stage. They are not always present, however, even in the adults. They are three in number, situated more or less closely together between the eyes on the vertex of the head, and are placed always in the form of a triangle, with its apex forward. Rarely only two ocelli are present, and it is then the front one which is wanting. Ocelli are present in all winged forms, and usually also in the short- winged forms of winged species. They are absent, however, in entirely wingless species. MOUTH PARTS. The mouth parts of Thrips are difficult to study, and so pecul larly modified that it has been found hard to determine their homologies. 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. This fact accounts largely for the many changes which have been made in the classification of this group. It is now generally admitted that their action is largely suctorial. They exhibit structures which seem to show a transition from a mandibulate to a haustellate form, and for this reason are of peculiar interest. As a whole the mouth apparatus appears as a broad, unjointed cone attached to the extreme posterior edge of the under side of the head, being carried so far back that its attachment to the rest of the head lies largely under the pronotum (Plate X, fig. 111). The apex of the cone is usually quite sharp, but never as slender as in the Hemiptera, and lies, when at rest, in a depression of the prosternum between the fore cox. In many species the mouth cone is bluntly rounded. In the Terebrantia it is attached to the frons by a strongly chitinized thickening, running more or less obliquely across the under side of the head. In most species this dark thickening is nearer the left eye than the right and is connected by a similar thickening with the margin of the left eye (Plate XI, fig. 120). This connection is wanting on the right side, though a portion of the thickening still remains close to the right eye. In the Tubulifera the base of the mouth cone is much more nearly symmetrical and the connections with the eyes are entirely wanting (Plate XI, fig. 127). Asymmetry.—sSo far as we can learn, Prof. H. Garman was the first to call attention to the very peculiar asymmetry which is characteristic of the mouth parts of the members of this order, and he gave a new interpretation to certain of these parts, which we believe to be correct. Not only is the connection of the mouth cone, as a whole, with the frons asymmetrical, but also some of the individual parts of the mouth are markedly so. The most striking of these are the form of the— labrum and the absence of the right mandible. These parts will be considered more in detail by themselves. Labrum.—tThe labrum forms the front wall of the cone (Plate XI, figs. 120, 127). It is decidedly asymmetrical in all Thysanoptera, but — especially so in the Terebrantia. It is irregularly triangular in form, does not reach to the endocranial thickening, but is attached by its broad base to the clypeus by an indistinct membranous connection. From the base it narrows to the tip, where it is more or less rounded — in Terebrantia, but is quite pointed and spine-like in many Tubulifera, though bluntly rounded in others. It is drawn out much farther toward the right cheek than toward the left, and on the right side also approaches most closely to the transverse thickening. The labrum is usually abruptly darker in color than the area between its base and the transverse thickening. Mawille.—The mixille are broad, flat, and external. Like the labrum, they are wedge-shaped or triangular in general form, and they constitute the side walls of the mouth cone. They taper toward their — No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 93 tips, where they are quite sharply pointed and strongly chitinized, and may reach slightly beyond the labrum. At about the middle point of the side of each maxilla is borne a two or three segmented palpus. In the Molothripide this is always three segmented and geniculate; in the Thripidee it is composed of two or three approximately equal segments and is straight, the segments being cylindrical but decreas- ing successively in diameter; in the Phloothripide it is always two segmented and the segments are very unequal in length, the basal one being short and rounded while the second is long, slender, and cylin- drical. The terminal segment is in all cases provided with a few touch bristles which are but rarely distinctly and easily visible. Labium.—The labium is believed to be formed by the union of the second pair of maxiile and in many insects evidence of this can be seen, but in the Thysanoptera there is no visible suture along the median line, though sometimes a deep median notch is present at the tip. It forms the hind wall of the mouth cone and is, as a rule, con- siderably broader at the tip than the other parts. In many species, of Tubulifera especially, it is very broad and heavy at the tip, but in others it is narrowed and the whole mouth cone is then usually elon- gated and pointed. Standing closely together, each upon a membra- nous space a little to one side of the middle of the tip, are the two or four segmented, cylindrical, labial palpi. The maximum number of segments is here found also in the Molothripide, and the minimum number in the Thripidz and Phleothripide. Around the tips of the labial palpi are borne a few touch bristles similar to those upon the maxillary palpi. Within the hollow cone formed by the parts just described lie the protrusile, piercing organs of the Thysanopteran mouth. These organs are three in number and of two kinds. Their homologies have been confused by various writers. Mandible.—This is the large, unpaired, piercing spine lying on the left side in the mouth cavity. It has been variously interpreted as epipharynx, mouth spine, etc. In the right side of the head there is no trace, or but a mere vestige, of the corresponding organ. The absence of the right mandible appears to be closely correlated to all the asymmetry of the mouth parts of these insects. The mandible con- sists of two parts, though these are not separated in any way. The large bulbous base appears to be mostly muscular and is attached to the endocranial thickening behind the left eye close to the angle which is made by the endocranium at this point, and about in line with the branch from this thickening running to the left eye in Terebrantia, which branch thus appears to form a strong brace. On the right side the absence of this endocranial branch is doubtless due to the non- development of the right mandible, and the labrum has grown out farther on the right side to take the place in some measure of the 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVI. wanting structures. The muscular base is short and abruptly con- stricted, and from this point to the tip the mandible continues as a slender, strongly chitinized spine having a very sharp point. This structure is capable of protrusion for only about one-fourth of its length, and therefore appears to be used only for piercing the outer, tougher tissues of plants. The mandible in the Tubulifera is decidedly shorter and more bent than is that in the Terebrantia. Maxillary lobes.—This pair of piercing organs has been considered by the majority of writers as the mandibles, but such they surely are not. Dissection shows that they are attached by a movable joint to the bases of the maxille. Each lobe is composed of two parts: A short basal, muscular arm or lever attached to the maxilla, and at the other end united to the enlarged, muscular base of the spine which is very slender and strongly chitinized. These spines are longer and more slender than the mandible and are developed alike on each side. When retracted into the mouth, the basal arm or lever extends obliquely for- ward so that the lever forms an acute angle with the spine, which then reaches just to the mouth, but when protruded the lever is brought down toward the mouth so as to straighten this joint, and the spine is thus thrust out from the mouth opening to a considerable distance. As these spines are more slender and protrude farther from the mouth than does the mandible, it appears probable that the latter is used to start the puncture through the hard, tough outer tissues, while the weaker lobes of the maxille, penetrating deeper through this opening, reach into the inner tissues. Some writers have stated that the three spines are hollow and used as suction tubes, but I have not found this to be the case in the species examined. There is a marked difference in length of the maxillary lobes in the two suborders. In the Tubulifera they are extremely long, and when retracted curve far forward under the eyes, while in the Terebrantia the bend of the lobes scarcely reaches beyond the transverse thickening. In the Tubulifera these lobes are altogether longer than the entire head and can be protruded in many species as far as the hind edge of the mesosternum. Other mouth structures.— Attached to the inner surface of the labium are certain other chitinized structures hard to describe and of uncer- tain homology, but considered by some as an hypopharynx. Larve.—The mouth parts of the larva are much the same as those of the adult, though weaker and less strongly chitinized. The chitin of these structures is shed at each molt, and may then be seen con- nected with the cast-off skin. Movements of mouth parts.—The parts forming the external-wall of — the mouth cone are not free, being united by a membranous connection | along their sides. At the tip of the cone there is a small opening. It | thus appears that structurally these insects are incapable of biting or | | | =| No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 95 chewing their food to any degree, though it has been stated that par- ticles of leaf tissue have been detected in their excrement. This may be accounted for by the fact that the mouth parts are quite strongly chitinized at their tips, and so may serve, to some extent, to rasp or tear the tissues, small particles of which may be drawn into the alimentary canal with the sap. THORAX. (Plate XI, figs. 116-119, 125-127.) The thorax is composed of three distinct segments, each of which is well developed. The prothorax is separated from the mesothorax hy a deep constriction and is freely movable. The other thoracic seg- ments are closely grown together and form what. is conveniently called the pterothorax. The larval thorax shows no particular chitin- ized plates and its whole structure and the arrangement and develop- ment of the spines have been but little studied. Most previous descriptions of the thoracic structure of these insects have been very brief. Unfortunately Dr. Uzel has given the entire anatomical part of his monograph in Hungarian, and therefore his description of the thorax has not been available. It is evident that there is considerable variation in the thoracie structures in different species, and it may be that when carefully worked out these parts will be found to have considerable importance in classification, whereas they have not been used in this way heretofore. A general deserip- tion of the parts of the thorax is difficult to give and must be subject to much modification in many species as the homologies of some parts are not well established. Prothorax.—This segment is as wide or wider than the head and varies much in its proportions and form. It is rarely much longer than wide, usually exceeds the mesothorax in length, and in most cases approximately equals the metathorax. The form in the Terebrantia is usually more or less rectangular, with the sides and hind edge espe- cially somewhat rounded. This form is also found in some Tubulifera, but as a rule among them the thorax is trapezoidal, being much wider at the hind edge than at the front. This trapezoidal form appears to be closely related to the development of the fore legs, since in the genus Chirothrips where the fore legs are extremely thickened there Is found the same form of prothorax as in the Tubuliferan genera where the fore femora are also enlarged. The pronotum is strongly chitinized. In the Thripidee it is usually more or less transversely striated and often bears numerous small spines. In the other families it is generally smooth. In most Thysanoptera the prothorax bears long conspicuous spines, the number and arrangement of which are much used in classification. These stand usually around the outside of the pronotum—one or two | 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ° VOL. XXVI. at each angle and a pair on each of the transverse margins, and in some species one in the middle of each side. The maximum number is therefore twelve. When only one or two pairs are present they are at the hind angles. The form and size of these spines is also varia- ble. They may be quite short and inconspicuous or nearly as long as the protonum itself. In many Plceothripide they are knobbed or funnel shaped at the tips. Ina number of species of Tubulifera, a division of the pronotum into plates near the hind angles has been observed. Two triangular plates coming up from behind the middle on the side and at about the hind angles meet at a point considerably within the margin and above the fore coxe. The prosternum is less strongly chitinized than the pronotum and at about the middle of the fore edge is often indented to accommodate the mouth cone. The insertions of the fore cox are at the hind angles and the distance between them depends upon the width of the hind edge of the prothorax. In some species the proster- num appears to be entirely membranous, while in others there are two small plates between the coxe near the hind margin. The episternum and epimeron are more easily distinguishable in most Tubulifera than in Terebrantia. Mesothorar.—The mesothorax is a broad, short segment, often the broadest of the body. The mesonotum is shorter than the mesosternum, though the latter approximately equals the metasternum as a rule, in consequence of which the division between the meso and metathoracie segments is oblique. The mesoscutum is usually a rather hexagonal plate, somewhat broader than long, and has thickened edges which are bent inward and used for the attachment of muscles, as is shown by — cross sections of this region of the body. A narrow prescutum can be easily distinguished in some species, though in others it appears to be closely fused with the scutum. On each side of the scutum isa membranous area upon which the fore wings are inserted, at the bases of which there are chitinous thickenings for the attachment of muscles and also serving as pivotal points. A small, curved, triangular tegula is present in many, if not all, Terebrantia. Upon its broad edge, next the base of the wing, it is furnished, in Holothrips, with a row of five or six small, stout spines which point directly toward | the base of the wing, upon which, very near its base, there stands a somewhat larger, curved spine which, when the wings are extended in flight, points toward and would appear to engage some one of those — upon the tegula. This is a peculiar and interesting structure the purpose of which can only be conjectured. In Thripide the tegula is present, but I have found no species having the spines fully developed, | though little knobs or vestiges of such structures are present in some cases. The tegula is not always distinctly visible. At each anterior angle of the mesothorax there is a larger or smaller spiracle, which is . m: % y No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 97 usually much elongated and narrow in Terebrantia, while in Tubulifera itis more rounded. In front of the spiracle a narrow plate extends up over the shoulder and meets the mesoscutum. This plate in some cases is only an upturned portion of the broad mesosternum, but in others is distinctly separated therefrom. This plate may be called the episternum, either separate or fused with the mesosternum. Behind the spiracle and below the attachment of the fore wings, there are one or two quite broad skeletal pieces which are rather triangular in shape. The mesosternum usually covers the whole ventral surface of the seg- ment and its edges bend upward at the sides (e. g., [Heliothrips, see Plate XI, fig. 119). In some species, however, it is an hexagonal plate similar to the mesoscutum and but little larger, while the episternal and epimeral plates are elongated and meet the sternum upon the ventral surface. Upon the median line of the sternum there is in all species, though very weak in the wingless ones, a quite deep chitinous invagination more or less forked and serving for the attachment of strong muscles (Plate XF, figs. 117, 119, 127). These endothoracie structures are plainly visible in most species. The middle legs are inserted far apart at the very hind angles of the mesosternum. Metathorav.—This segment is usually slightly narrower than the preceding and generally tapers slightly to the base of the abdomen. Its dorsal plates are two, usually distinctly separated: a scutum and a scutellum. On each side of these a membranous strip continuing that from the mesothorax, extends backward to the base of the abdomen. The hind wings are attached quite close to the fore wings and in a sim- ilar manner. Near the bases of the hind wings lies in Tubulifera a very distinct rounded or oval spiracle. This spiracle is present and visible in many (Uzel says ‘‘all”) Terebrantia, but I have been unable to find it in some species; in others it is extremely small and appar- ently functionless, while in still others it can be distinctly seen. The metasternum is broad and its edges curve upward around the sides of the body. At the front edge of this side lies a narrow triangular plate, the meta-episternum, while the meta-epimeron is here a narrow elongated plate lying above and close to the upturned edge of the sternum. The metasternum bears also a prominent endothoraciec structure in the middle and the edges of the plates are often bent inward and thickened. The attachment of the abdomen is so oblique that the hind cox lie beneath the first abdominal segment. The hind coxw are well separated and the sternum usually projects back between them as a distinct lobe or conical protuberance. Variation in the structure of the pterothorax in wingless species.—The pterothorax is similar in both short and long winged individuals and We may expect to find at times long winged specimens of usually short Winged species. In species which are entirely wingless, however, or in those one sex of which is always wingless, a marked yariation in Proc. N, M. vol. xxvi—02 fi : ; 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI. the pe ocaee of = pterothorax | is evident in the wingless individuals (Plate XI, fig. 125). The size of the pterothorax becomes greatly reduced in such cases as no great muscular development is needed to move the legs alone and the pterothorax is, perhaps, but little larger than the prothorax. The dorsal plates of both segments lose the usual form and become rectangular and transversly broadened, extending over the membranous space which is usually present along each side. No traces of wings are present and there is no longer any place for them. As a consequence of the decrease in musculature the endo- thoracic structures have become very much weaker, though still plainly visible. APPENDAGES OF THE THORAX: LEGS. The legs of Thrips are among their most characteristic structures — and can hardly be mistaken for those of any other insects, whether short and powerfully thickened or long and slender. They are com- posed of the usual parts of the insect leg, which may be readily dis- | tinguished. The attachments to the thorax are quite far apart and at . the very hind edge of each segment. The fore legs are often shorter ~ and thicker than the others and more specialized. Cova.—This basal segment is large, usually subconical and quite — freely movable. The fore coxe, especially in Phlceothripide, often bear a few short, very stout, sharp spines and one long spine at the outside, but aside from these spines the coxe exhibit little that seems _ to be worthy of note. : Trochanter.—This is a short, small segment between the coxa and ~ the larger femur, its line of nse nen: with the latter being often considerably ppc : Femur.—This, the first prominent segment of the leg, 1 is quite longi and more or ieee cylindrical or fusiform. The fore pair is frequently distinguished by much greater thickness than those of the other legs, (especially in Phleothripidee), the enlargement taking place in the upper side of the base and diminishing toward the outer end. In Chirothrips— the lateral surface is strongly chitinized and bent backward somewhat at the tip so as to appear almost tooth-like at that point. In thickened — femora, especially, the inner side toward the base is grooved to receive the base of the tibia when the latter is closed inward, and in a few _ species with this kind of femur the angles here have become sharply pointed and chitinized so as to form two sharp teeth at the tip (Plate VIII, figs. 89, 90). . Tibia. —The tibia i is, as a rule, about as long as the femur and more nearly cylindrical or often club-shaped in idea It is most slender near its base where it is often slightly bent. At the extremity within, in a few species, the tibia bears an erect, stout, recurved hook or tooth as it is usually called. ; 4, i No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 99 Tarsus.—This is the most distinctive part of the leg. Asa rule it is composed of two segments, though in larvee and the fore tarsi of many species but one is present. The division between the two is oblique so that the under surface of the first segment is longer than the upper. Both segments are more or less cylindrical. The last seement terminates in a cup-shaped or hoof-like end which has been mistaken sometimes for a third tarsal segment. Upon the inner side of the fore tarsi are found structures which are nearly always characteristic of families. The Aolothripidee, in both sexes and it is stated also in the pupal stage, bear upon the tarsus a peculiar hook-like structure the function of which is not understood. (See Plate I, fig. 9.) The finger- like hook is bent back upon itself, pointing toward the base of the tarsus and almost touches the point of a short, stout spine standing erect at its tip. In many species of Phlcothripide, though not in all, there is on the inner side of the tarsus a more or less stout tooth which stands nearly erect and is slightly recurved at its tip, and when this tooth is strongly developed, the tarsus, so far as is known, has only one segment. ‘The development of this tooth seems also to be in proportion to the degree of development of the fore femur and its function appears to be to act as a hook in giving a firm hold and thus. assisting the little creature in crawling through small places. Some Phleeothripide show no traces of sucha tooth and all grades of develop- ment can be found in different members of this family. Both sexes usually possess such a tooth, though that of the male is sometimes much stouter than that of the female. In the Thripide the tarsi are simple, without either of these structures in nearly ail species, only a few having a small tooth. The tarsi are usually said to be clawless, but I do not consider this to be always the case, for some species have one and some two distinct, apparently movable claws on the sides near the end. Spines.—Each segment of the leg may bear numerous spines, and some of these may be particularly well developed and worthy of note. In many Tubulifera there is upon the inner and lower side of the femur near its base a slender spine very much longer than any of the others. The hind tibia in most species of Thripide is furnished with a row of ,stout spines along the inner side and in many species a pair of similarly stout spines is borne at the tip of each tibia. Other specialized spines are sometimes found. Bladder.—This structure, so remarkable and characteristic as to suggest the name Physopoda for the order, is protrusile from the end of the last tarsal segment. It is found in all species and in both adults and young, but its structure and action does not seem to be quite the same in the mature and immature stages. As has been said, the end of the adult tarsus is cup-shaped. ‘The wall of the cup is firm and in some parts, especially the underside, 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. strongly chitinized. Into the mouth of this cup is fitted a very deli- | cate, protrusile, membranous lobe or bladder. When the foot is raised or at rest, the bladder is wholly withdrawn into the end segment and becomes invisible, as is the case in a majority of mounted speci-_ mens. The end of the tarsus is now blunt and flat and often seems to be minutely haired. The bladder is, however, always protruded and brought into action when the tarsus is put down or brought into con- tact with an object. The membrane is then pushed out and forms a lobe, larger in many cases than the cup portion which had previously wholly contained it. The mechanism of this complicated structure is” very interesting but difficult to study. It has, however, been worked out, partially at least, by both Jordan and Uzel. The following para-_ graph on this point is gathered from Jordan’s description and my” | own observations: | Bladder mechanism.—A strong chitinous rod, attached to muscles. in the tibia, runs out through the tarsus and ends in the broadened, | heavily chitinized under surface of the cup. The end of the plate is drawn out into weak cords running to the outer parts of the cup wall. | Opposite the chitinous rod lies a double fork provided with a joint. The fork is cut short at a chitinous rod lying in the terminal seg- ment of the tarsus and is movably jeined thereto. Both arms of the fork are connected with the chitinous rod at their base by a tendon, Between the fork and the terminal plate of the chitinous rod the wall. of the cup is usually thin and quite transparent, but in Phloeothripidee especially it is quite strongly chitinized and opaque. Looking dows upon a foot that is inactive (bladder retracted) so that the chitinous rod lies along its middle line, the end appears more or less pear-shaped and small. Upon the surface lies the terminal enlargement of the rod, while the double fork occupies the sides. Between the tips of the fork the extremity appears folded in toward the middle. Whe the foot is brought into action the chitinous rod is drawn back some= what, so that the attached fork is erected and spread out. Te rrevi-, ously invisible bladder is now thrust out from the end of the tarsus. The ends of the fork and the chitinous rod continue into the bladder wall as fine rays. The bladder is elastic and very mobile, easily ac= commodating its one to the surface upon which it rests. Looking at a larval tarsus from the side, the chitinous rod is seen to run obliquely from the middle of the tibia to the under wall of the cup. Here it appears to end suddenly without being broadened into a plate as in) the adult; still the end of the rod is continued into the wall of the cu )| as fine rays. The dorsal part of the cup is occupied by a curved claw, the basal part of which is attached to a sort of bracket-like thickening; of the wall of that part of the end segment at the base of the cup. Furthermore, the base of the claw is united to the chitinous rod by a sinew, and above the extremity of the claw the tarsus is drawn out into a membranous, longitudinally folded lobe. When viewed from) _ No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 1 O1 above, it is seen that the bases of the claws are strongly broadened within and somewhat less so without, and that the inner prolongations touch and are flexibly joined together. Both claws are supported upon the bracket-like ring at the base of the cup, while the folded mem- branous wall reaches beyond the claws. The chitinous rod unites near the support with the two tendons coming from the outer projections of the claws. When the bladder is brought into an active condition, the claws bend out from each other and the folded portion between them spreads out, while the distal portion, unseen in the inactive foot, becomes pushed out as the bladder. By a proximal pull upon the chitinous rod the tendons are drawn back and the claws thereby are spread out, moving around the bracket-like support with which they are connected as ona pivot. As the claws are grown together with the folded lobe, the lobe must be unfolded, but this does not explain how the membranous lobe can be protruded as a swollen bladder, Tf a swollen bladder be pricked or ruptured the blood pours out and the bladder collapses quickly. We must therefore conclude that blood pressure, acting with the mechanism just described, is largely instru- mental in the protrusion of the bladders. Other organs of doubtful function.—In the basal segment of the tarsus or the extremity of the tibia there has been found in a few Kuropean species a small, pear-shaped organ which has been consid- ered as a gland, and some have thought this the structure which pro- duced the swelling of the bladders, but as this supposed gland is much smaller than the bladder which it is supposed to fill, this can not be, and its function remains still problematical. Near the line of union of the femur with the trochanter, Trybom has found in certain Pheeothripide an organ or a group of organs which suggest to him the auditory organ on the base of the tibia in some Locustide. Trybom speaks of' this structure as an elongated, thinly chitinized area, almost transparent. The areasare found on the side of the base of each femur near the line of its union with the trochanter. They are variable in shape and may be different on the opposite legs of the same pair. In each light area is a row of round structures having a dark point in the center of each. These peculiar structures are. small and easily overlooked, but Trybom has seen them in many species of Terebrantia as well as Tubulifera, and the writer has seen them in every species in his own collection. It appears, therefore, that they are always present, but as to their function we can only guess. WINGS. The wings of Thysanoptera are no less characteristic than are their feet. To be sure each character shown by them may be found in the Wings of some other group of insects; nevertheless the combination of characters found here is unique. They are long, slender, membranous, 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. fringed, and not folded; they have few veins, and upon the hind edge of the base of each there is a usually distinct lobe or scale. The fore and hind wings are formed quite similarly. When at rest, the wings are folded back flat upon the abdomen, the fore wing covering the hind one completely and the pairs lying parallel in the Terebrantia, while in the Tubulifera the wings all overlap at their tips so that the full surface of only one can be seen when they are at rest. The wings are usually about as long as, though sometimes much longer than, the abdomen, but in many Tubulifera they are shorter. The wings of Molothripidx are proportionally the broadest in the order, being in the middle about one-seventh as broad as their length. Those of Thripide are much more slender, ranging from one-tenth in the fore wing of Parthenothrips to about one-twenty-sixth in that of some Sericothrips,; the average in the species of this family known to me is about one-fifteenth. Three general types of wing are found in the ~ order, each of which is characteristic of a family. ; Family types.—ZBolothripide possess wings which are compara- — tively broad, as we have seen. Their breadth continues nearly to their j tips, where they are broadly rounded. (Plate I, fig. 2.) The hind wings resemble the fore wings closely in general outline and size. The wings of Thripide are distinctly different from the preceding. Besides being much more slender, they taper from base to tip, where — they are sharply pointed, the whole wing being usually slightly curved — so as to be quite sabre-shaped. (Plate II, figs. 16, 23.) The fore wing ~ of Purthenothrips approaches most closely that of Aolothrips, being broad and straight but pointed instead of rounded at the tip, and the ~ venation is very different. The hind wings are somewhat shorter and — narrower than the fore wings. The third type of wing (Plate VII, fig. 75), found in the Phleeothrip-— ide, resembles that of Molothrips in being broad and rounded at the — end. The hind wing is also similar in size and form to the fore wing. — In some species the wing is narrowed in the middle so that it resembles — somewhat a shoe sole. Other characters, as venation, fringing, etc., — separate them very decidedly from the olothripide. Venation.—The venation is even more characteristic of the families than the form of the wings. In the olothripide, the fore wings — show the most complex venation found inthe order. They are entirely — bounded by a strong ring vein and pierced by two longitudinal veins | extending from the base to near the tip, where they bend outward and — join the ring vein. Four or five cross veins are also present, two uniting each long vein with the ring vein at about the first and second thirds of the wing and one cross vein uniting the long veins before — the middle. The hind wings have no fully developed veins. In the Thripide the veins are much less prominent, except in Par-— thenothrips. One or two longitudinal veins are present, but cross — veins have very nearly disappeared, though vestiges of most of those ‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 103 found in Molothripide can sometimes be observed in this family. The hind wings have always one longitudinal vein, but no ring or cross Veins. The wings of Phlceothripide are marked by the absence of veins. In both fore and hind wings alike there is but a partial development of one median longitudinal vein. This is quite strong and marked at the base, but rarely reaches to the middle of the wing before it disap- pears. There is no trace of a ring vein. Fringing.—As a rule, fringes of long, slender hairs are borne upon both margins of the wing and so make up for the narrowness of the membrane. The hind fringe is always present, but the fore fringe is nearly absent in olothripidee, always present in Phlceothripide, and more or less fully developed in Thripide. The front fringe consists of a single row of hairs which, when fully developed, are stouter in Terebrantia than those upon the hind edge, but in Phloeothripide they are similarly developed on both edges. In some Thripidew the front fringe is vestigial, being very weak and sparse, or it may be entirely absent. On the hind wings the front fringes are more uniformly well developed than upon the fore wings, and both fringes are single. The hind fringe of the fore wing in Terebrantia consists of two rows of hairs so placed that they stand, when in flight, at different angles to the edge of the wing and thus by crossing give mutual support and form a mesh-work which is more strongly resistant to the air. The hind fringe hairs of both wings in Terebrantia are more or Jess wavy or spiral in form while those of the front fringes are straight, as are also both fringes in the Tubulifera. The hind fringes of both wings of Tubulifera are single except that near the end of the fore wing the fringe is double for a short distance. The length of the hind fringes is from two to seven times the breadth in the middle of the wing. Fringes are wanting near the base of the wings. The method of insertion of the fringes differs in the suborders and is of interest. In the wings of Tubulifera the hairs are inserted directly for some distance into the membrane of the wing, where they gradually disappear. They are so flexible near the base that they can be bent back along the edge when the wings are folded at rest. In Terebrantia, however, the fringe hairs are borne upon small support- ing bases on the edge of the wing and are in general stiffer than are those of Phlcothripide. One row of those upon the hind margin is attached differently from the other. The hairs stand upon small, conical, basal enlargements, to which they are attached by a joint soas to allow an easy folding of the long hairs toward the tip. Toward the base of the wing, however, the side of the somewhat conical support is drawn out into a point, which prevents the folding of the hairs toward the base and keeps them at nearly right angles to the edge of the wing during flight. 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, Spines upon wings.—In the Terebrantia the entire upper surface of the wing is thickly set with microscopic spines which are wanting in Tubulifera. Besides these there are usually borne along the longitu- dinal and costal veins some larger, prominent spines, which vary in number, size, and arrangement sufficiently to give in many species of the Thripide characters of specific and generic value. Those borne upon the costa appear intermixed with the fringe hairs, though really they are not in the same plane. Their development seems to be in inverse proportion to that of the fringe, so that when the latter is strongly developed the costal spines are not larger than those upon the other veins, but when the fringe is weak or absent the costal spines develop greatly and to some extent replace it. In Molothripide the spines upon the veins are always quite small, while the front fringe of the fore wing is wanting. In Phleeothripide there are usually three stout, erect spines near the base of the vein in the fore wing. Taking flight.—\t has been frequently noticed and mentioned that many of these insects throw up the end of the abdomen, much as do the rove beetles (Staphylinide), as though threatening to sting. This movement is made to assist in the proper spreading of the wings for flight. When at rest, the fringe hairs lie along the hind edges of the wings and are more or less interlaced. As the abdomen is raised, the wings are drawn down over its sides in such a manner as to make it appear that the spines upon the sides of the abdominal segments are used to some extent as a comb by means of which the hairs are straightened out and put in their proper position. This operation — often has to be repeated several times before the wings are brought into a condition for successful fiight. Phe power of springing, pos- sessed by some species, also seems to be of assistance in taking flight. These statements apply only to Terebrantia, however, no observations 7 ? 3 having been made upon Tubulifera. Coordination of the wings.—This is accomplished in a manner — strongly suggestive of the Hymenoptera, though the structures con- cerned are less highly developed. Upon the costa of the hind wing, near its base, stand about five short spines in Terebrantia and two or three in Tubulifera, which are hooked at their tips. When the wings — are spread in flight these tiny hooks engage a membranous fold on | the underside of the scale of the fore wing. Beyond these small — hooks stands a single stouter spine which also forms a hook. From the hind angle of the scale of the fore wing proceed two long, stout — spines, standing so closely together as to often appear like one, and — these engage the solitary stouter hook on the hind wing. Thus united the wings move together, but as the connection is so near the bases of | the wings it can not be very strong. Reduction of the wings.—I\t is an interesting fact that in this order — (ioe api et Mea —" No, 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 105 the wings may be fully developed, reduced to short pads not reaching beyond the thorax, or even entirely absent. Intermediate conditions are rare, though I have found a few specimens in which the wings were about one-half their normal length and entirely functionless. These three conditions may occur even in the same species (C//ro- thrips manicatus Haliday). When the wings are reduced, the little pads are rounded or oval in shape and are laid closely upon the thorax. The fore pad is larger, bears a few small spines, and covers the spineless hind pad completely. No fringes are present, but the fore pad has a distinct scale. Trybom, who has made quite an exten- sive study of this subject (425), recognizes eight classes into which these insects may be divided according to the varying conditions of the wings. 1. Both sexes entirely wingless. 2. Males and some of the females wingless. 3. Males entirely wingless, but females with normally developed wings. 4, Long winged and wingless individuals of both sexes occur. 5. Males and a majority of females with reduced, but a number of females with normally developed wings. 6. Both sexes always short winged. 7. Long winged as well as short winged individuals of both sexes occur. $. Both sexes always long winged. The appearance of a long winged generation following several which have short wings is strongly suggestive of a similar condition among the Aphids. In at least some species of Thysanoptera where this condition obtains the summer generations develop long wings while the fall generations are almost entirely short winged, so that nearly all the hibernating females have only wing pads. Long and short winged forms commonly alternate in the same sex, but short winged and entirely wingless forms of the same sex are not known. When only one sex is wingless it is the male. Wing pads are usually rather difficult to see, but their presence or absence can be deduced from the structure of the thorax, even though they are themselves invisible. ABDOMEN. The form of the abdomen varies from cylindrical to elongate-ovoid. In Terebrantia the segments are nearly cylindrical in cross section, while in Tubulifera the abdomen is flattened, giving the cross section an elliptical outline. The terminal segments especially are differ- ently formed and characteristic of the suborders. The abdomen is always composed of ten segments, of which the second to the seventh, inclusive, are similarly formed in nearly all cases, while the others are variable and bear the most distinctive characters of the abdomen. 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Terebrantia.—In the Terebrantia each segment except the first and — the last three is composed of a broad dorsal plate reaching to the _ sides, a somewhat narrower ventral plate, and one or two very narrow plates on each side connecting these. Jordan states that one of the _ two pleural plates comes from the ventral, the other from the dorsal — plate, but the dorsal pleural plate is sometimes wanting or indistinct. The dorsal plates of segments, two to seven inclusive, are usually strengthened, especially in the Terebrantia, by a chitinous ridge- along the inside somewhere in the anterior third, and this appears externally as a darker, narrow stripe on these segments. The first segment has a well-developed dorsal plate covering the hind part of the oblique metathorax, and small side plates are present in some cases, — while the ventral plate is so short and small as to be easily overlooked. In the females the ventral and pleural plates are wanting upon seg-_ ments nine and ten, the broad dorsal plate bending around the sides_ and approaching beneath to form the sheath for the ovipositor. In _ both sexes all the segments are similar except the last two or three, which in the females usually form a more or less sharp cone, while in the males, as a rule, the end is bluntly rounded; only a few species — are formed alike in both sexes. . Spines.—Each segment bears, as a rule, but few spines, which are small upon the anterior segments, but increase in size and prominence posteriorly. These are most prominent upon the sides of the seg-— ments and especially around the last two, where they are called anal — spines and are frequently very long and stout. In some species, as Quaintance has observed (454), these stout anal spines are the weapons of offense and defense. Tubulifera.—Iin this suborder all but the first and the last one or two segments are formed alike. Each is composed of only a dorsal and a ventral plate joining at the sides by an indistinct suture. The ventral plate of the first segment is only slightly, if at all, developed, while the: terminal segment appears to be a simple cylinder or tube and is formed alike in both sexes. The dorsal plate of the first segment, in some species, is drawn out anteriorly into a rounded projection, attaching to the metathorax, and on each side of the projection is a separate side plate. The arrangement and relative development of the lateral spines is much the same as in the Terebrantia. As a rule, upon the dorsal plates of segments two to seven inclusive, on each side at about one- fourth the cross diameter of the segment from the edge, there stands spines. These dorsal spines appear to serve entirely for the confine- ment of the wings when at rest. The last segment bears at its tip circlet of long, slender hairs, usually as long as, or longer than, the” segment itself. ‘ | NORTH AMERIC. AN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 107 : Stigmata. —Kither three o or : four | pairs of stigmata are » present in ‘Thysanoptera. In the adult they appear constantly at the anterior angles of the mesothorax, and on the sides of the first and eighth abdom- inal segments, while the fourth pair, always present in Tubulifera and sometimes distinguishable in Terebrantia as well, occurs close behind the attachment of the hind wings. Uzel states that four pairs of spi- TYacles are present in the Terebrantia. This is surely often the case, but the metathoracic pair is very small, and in some species I can not find it even in specially prepared mounts, and in some cases where traces of the stigma can be found, I am convinced that it is vestigial and really functionless. The mesothoracic stigma is frequently elon- gated dorso-ventrally, sometimes being very narrow. In the larve the stigmata are situated at the front angles of the mesothorax and upon the sides of the second (instead of the first) and eighth abdominal segments. The structure of a stigma is peculiar. In a surface view at the sharpest focus, upon an anterior abdominal stigma of, e. g., Anapho- thrips striatus, cleared in caustic potash, the stigma appears to be made up of a number of irregularly polygonal, cell-like bodies, sep- arated from each other by dark lines and each cell showing one or more dark spots near its center. In focusing down onto its surface, its appearance changes quite strikingly. As it first comes into v oe though before it is clearly seen, it appears as a dark field with quite regular, small, light spots, the dark lines giving a reticulate appear- ance. When a little more nearly in focus, the cells appear dark, while the central spots and the intercellular lines and angles are very much lighter. Brought into sharp focus, the cells are seen to be more irreg- ular than they appeared at first, the surface appears light acioned, whereas formerly it appeared dark, while the intercellular lines and central spots have now become dark (Plate X, fig. 112.) This reversal of the light and dark parts is peculiar and very noticeable. On one side of the center a larger, rather indistinct, rounded area can usually be seen, which is the bulbous enlargement at the end of the trachea Opening by a quite large orifice to the exterior. A cross view of a stigma (Plate X, fig. 113) shows a remarkable structure. The cellular areas are now found to be mushroom-like bodies with slender stalks, Standing with their heads close together. These are quite strongly ehitinized and dark. Whether the little air chambers between them connect in any way with the trachea has not yet been determined. SEXUAL CHARACTERS: TEREBRANTIA. _ Female ovipositor.—The most prominent external sexual character of the female is the ovipositor which is attached to the ventral side of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments (Plate XI, fig. 121) and is 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XVI plainly visible through the body of the insect. It is composed of four . distinct plates or valves, two of which, forming the under or anterior pair, are attached to the very narrow ventral plate of the eighth seg-— ment and two, forming the upper or posterior pair, are attached to the — sides of the ventrally extended dorsal plate of the ninth segment. The ovipositor as a whole is curved either upward (Zolothripide) or down-— ward (Thripide) and terminates in a very slender, sharp point. The valves lie very closely together, but their inner surfaces are grooved, forming a passageway for the egg. The two plates on each side are fitted together in such a way as to slide back and forth upon each other without being displaced. The upper edge of the lower plate is grooved and into this groove fits a ridge or tongue formed by the lower edge of the upper plate. The upper edge of the upper plate, except at its base, is fitted with sharp, saw-like teeth pointing toward the base of the- valve. The lower plate is provided with similar teeth on the under side of its distal third, while the middle third bears a number of pecu- liar, broad-cutting teeth. The ovipositor is movably connected with— the abdomen by a number of small supporting plates or levers which — also assist in its manipulation. In at least two species of Thripidze known to me, the ovipositor does — not appear to be functional though it is plainly present (Chirothrips— obesus and Thrips perplexus). When not in use, the ovipositor is drawn up close to the body and is received into, and entirely enveloped by, a membranous sheath — along the last two segments which is made possible by the absence of the ventral plates at this place. The sexual opening is between the— eighth and ninth segments in all Terebrantian females. As a rule the conical form of the tip of the abdomen also indicates a female. In many of the light colored species, just in front of the base of the ovipositor, is a plainly visible internal organ which has some- times been called the seminal receptacle. It ale appears as a small spherical or rounded body of an orange or brownish color, — agreeing closely in this respect with the color of the spermaries of the males in species where males are known. This organ presents the same appearance, however, in certainly unfertilized females of bisexual species, and it is also always present, having the same size and color in several species known to me in which the males are extremely rare or possibly wanting altogether. Certainly a seminal receptacle can not be functional in parthenogenetic species, yet I have found this organ constantly present through eight or ten generations of a species bred in the laboratory where males were never produced. Male.—Males are, as a rule, considerably smaller than the females. The abdomen is usually bluntly rounded at the end instead of sharply conical, though a few species resemble the females in this respect. The stoutest spines are usually at the sides of the ninth segment. In 22 k No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSA NOPTERA—HINDS. 109 Kolothripide this segment is much larger than the others and is drawn out at its hind angles into hooks and processes which apparently assist in copulation. The sexual opening is between the ninth and tenth segments, and frequently from this point there protrudes more or less of the retracted copulatory apparatus, which is usually entirely drawn into the ninth segment through the walls of which it can be more or less distinctly seen. Three separate outer parts, which are strongly upeurved, can be seen proceeding from a complex basal part and the entire apparatus is protrusile. Within the abdomen the two elongated, irregularly pear-shaped, orange or brownish colored sper- maries are plainly perceptible, lying usually in about the seventh and eighth segments. Upon the ventral surface of the second to the seventh abdominal segments, inclusive, in many species there are dis- tinct rounded or transversely elliptical depressions found only in the males. Males are often lighter in color and quicker in movement than the females. TUBULIFERA. Female.—The sexual characters of Tubulifera are much less distinct and numerous than are those of the other suborder. The end of the abdomen is tubular and the sexual opening is between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments in both sexes. In this region are also found the strictly distinctive characters. In the female the basal edge of the tube is regular and entire. Near the hind edge of the ninth seg- ment below there is a short, strongly chitinized rod (Plate X, fig. 115) which is dark and plainly visible in light colored species, but when the body at this point is nearly opaque, the rod can not be seen and the question of sex is often in doubt. Male.—The male is usually smaller and more slender than the female, the sixth, seventh and eighth segments of the abdomen being noticeably narrower. The base of the tube is cut out below in the form of a semicircular notch (Plate X, fig. 114), which can usually be plainly seen except in very dark specimens, and through the opening formed by this notch the sexual apparatus can be protruded. The structure of this apparatus is much the same as in the Terebrantia and in light colored specimens it can be seen wholly retracted within the ninth Segment. In some species this segment bears a broad scale at the base of the tube. In a few species the sixth segment bears on each side a thick, fleshy, unjointed appendage. The males in many species have more strongly thickened fore femora and stouter teeth upon the fore tarsi than do the females. Copulation.—This I have rarely observed, and therefore the follow- ing statements are main ly gathered from Jordan’s article (306). In the Tubulifera the male rests upon the back of the female, and holding firmly to her thorax by his legs, he places the ventral surface of his abdomen along the side of the abdomen of the female and bends 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. the extremity under the abdomen of the female, so that the ventral surfaces of the last segments are toward each other. The copulatory. apparatus of the male is then pushed out, while the female bends th tube upward so as to leave the sexual opening free. Copulation lasts for about half a minute, when the female begins to move and the male. leaves ber back, but the connection is not at once broken, and the stronger female drags the attached, struggling male behind her for some distance. One male fertilizes a number of females successively, — In one case Jordan states that a male of Phlwothrips brunnea Jordan, in one-fourth of an hour, fertilized six females, and his spermaries- were still about half filled. . In the Terebrantia the males are carried around upon the backs of the females and the union takes place in much the same manner as has just been described for the Tubulitera. DEFORMITIES. Slight deformities are by no means rare. The most common form consists ina reduction in the number of segments in one or both anten- nx, brought about, in most cases, by the fusion of two or more seg- ments at the end, though intermediate segments are sometimes want 3 ing. It frequently happens that the-antenna with fused segments is searcely shorter than the normal one. Only very rarely does it appear that a reduction in number is the result of injury, though this would seem very possible. So far as is known, an increase over the normal number by a division of segments never takes place. Sometimes the wings are so deformed as to be useless. Deformities in the abdomen are very rare, but [have found two cases. One in which the posterior segments were constricted being abruptly smaller than the preceding, the other with a half segment wanting on the left side at about the middle of the abdomen. The right half of the segment was wedge- shaped, reaching in to the median dorsal line and giving the abdomen a corresponding crook at that point. REPRODUCTION. The method of reproduction in this group is of interest and also has an important bearing upon its distribution. So far as known, it 1s} always oviparous and sexual, but two distinct forms are common in most species. Bisexual reproduction.—TVhis is the normal and most common form but the two sexes are not found in anything like equal proportions, as females are almost always more abundant than males. This may be™ the case and reproduction yet be entirely bisexual, as in some species. perhaps in all, one male fertilizes a number of females. Ina few species the males are found abundantly throughout the year; in others they are” abundant only at certain seasons; in others males are rarely found al y No. .1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 111 i my time; in still others, while the females are very abundant, males ‘are EP enoven. The explanation for the relative scarcity or absence of males is found in the second method of generation. | Unisexual reproduction.—Parthenogenesis is the usual mode of Bie roduction in at least ten species, all Terebrantia, and probably occurs very frequently in many others, though positive statements can not be made upon this point until more extensive collecting has Deen done and life histories have become better known.@ i: It seems that parthenogenesis must take place to some extent in ‘those species in which the males are comparatively rare or are active for only a short season. However, no such thing as a regular alterna- tion of generations, as in Aphide, is yet on to exist among Thy- ‘sanoptera. In his studies of Parthenoti ‘aps dracenex Jordan found that the normal method of reproductior in warm greenhouses was ‘unisexual, while on plants standing in a «ool room an abundance of males was developed, and this condition lasted in the cool room Bbroughout the winter season. The males of Aptinothrips rufus have been Sond only at haying time, and then only very rarely. SS ly ‘ DISSEMINATION. It has already been noted that in most species there appear for some per of the season, in some generation or in one sex, individuals bear- ng fully developed wings, and we can not doubt that the wings play ia large part in the distribution of the species. Certain it is that the power of flight is greater than would seem possible with such delicate wings as ee insects possess. After harvest or toward autumn some species fly in large numbers, and in some instances have caused con- siderable annoyance by entering houses for hibernation. Winds may e: asily carry them for paneidevable distances, and when so scattered it is evident that their power of parthenogenetic repr oduction is of great assistance in the establishment of the species in a new locality. Spe- cies living under the bark of trees growing upon the banks of streams a are probably often carried for long distances on wood floating in the ater, as some species which have been observed are found to ee p large degree of moisture and even submersion for some time without , njury, and moist, dec aying wood is their normal food. Species living fh. it iy. | te japon cultivated plants, as in greenhouses, have doubtless been icone ated in commercial ways. Strange as it may seem, a species which is entirely wingless (Aptinothrips rufus Gmelin) is one of the most wv widely distributed, It is hard to believe that this species can have attained its present distribution in both Europe and America through she slow method of crawling. | a Males of the following species included in this paper are rare or unknown: Par- thenothrips dracenx, Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis, Aptinothrips rufus, Anaphothrips stria- is, Thrips tabaci. Some others are too little known to be placed here. i EE? PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Per haps if may not be too much out of place here to speak more par- ticularly of other movements a aside from flying. The Tubulifera are very slow and deliberate in their movements, both in crawling and) flying, and they never spring or run. Terebrantia vary in this. respect, though in general they are much more active, and many run) quite rapidly and fie flight quickly. Some possess a power of: springing which is well developed and often used in place of flight., The abdomen, head, and prothorax are raised and the little creature: balances itself by its middle legs. Then suddenly the upraised parts: are brought down together and the insect is thrown a considerable: distance by the force of the contact. | DEVELOPMENT. ‘ Oviposition.—As may be inferred from what has been said of the: sexual apparatus of the two suborders, each has its own method of | oviposition. The Terebrantian female cuts a slit with her saw through) the epidermis and deposits her eggs singly in the tissue of the plant.. The process of oviposition is as fallen in Anaphothrips striatus | will doubtless hold in most points for the group: The abdomen is raised somewhat and the ovipositor is let dog from the sheath till it is nearly at-right angles to the body. The) abdomen is arched to bring the weight of the body to bear upon the) slender saw, the valves of which are then moved back and forth upon: each other by powerful muscles in the ninth segment. The toothed! blades are gradually worked down somewhat obliquely into the tissue, and when the slit is sufficiently large there may be seen successive con=) tractions of the abdomen as the egg is pushed out between the valves of the ovipositor and under the epidermis till it is nearly concealedy The entire operation requires about one and a half minutes, and upon} its oe es eae moves off a non ee to rest or feed, i to deposit their eggs externally. The number of eggs laid by a single female has been observed only) in the case of Anaphotheips striatus, from a number of oe an a lot of 5 females being 72. These Pecan were amet in the: laboratory upon females confined in bottles. The percentage of eggs) which hatched was also observed in this species and was found to vary in the laboratory from 35 to 40 per cent. It seems very probable that the artificial conditions under which these experiments were made must have in this case greatly reduced the percentage that hatched below the normal. . "x0, 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTER. {—HINDS. 143 Tubulifera deposit their eges externally, either oe or in groups, upon leaves and flowers or under bark, ete., according to their habitat. e _ The period of oviposition in all species in this order is quite long. Ligg.—The eggs of Terebrantia are more or less Stn and ‘slightly bean-shaped. They are colorless, delicate in structure. and no micropyle is apparent. The position of the eggs in a thin leaf is easily ‘seen upon holding the leaf before a bright light, when they appear as _ brighter spots in the darker green tissue of as ee Eggs are laid in Bimost any green part of the plant, but not in the petals of flowers. The eggs of Tubulifera are of an elongate-oval shape, attached with _the long axis perpendicular to the surface, and have at the free end a thickening of the chorion with a mic ropyle in the middle. The eggs ety from yellow to brownish in color. Eimbryology.—The development of the embryo can be observed in ® translucent eggs of Terebrantia. Various writers agree in stating ‘that the germ band is immersed. Before revolution the appendages of the embryo lie along the convex side of the egg, after revolution along ‘the concave side. The length of the egg stage varies considerably in ‘different species and, even within the same species, according to the weather conditions. So far as life histories are known, fe stage ‘appears to last from three to fifteen days in Terebrantia, but no record ds found upon this point for the Tubulifera. The ed eyes of dey eloping embryos are particularly prominent. If the egg bed dries the egg is quickly destroyed, but if moist, even though decaying, the development continues. | Emergence of the larva.—When ready to emerge, the young Tere- brantian larva breaks through the tender poring and pushes up through the slit in the epidermis made for the insertion of the ege. The lar va works its way up till all but the tip of the abdomen is fr ee, but remains supported by the tip in this upright position until he antenne and legs have separated from the body, to which they are at first closely applied, and have become sufficiently dried and hardened for use. It then falls forward onto its feet and is r eady to travel or to feed almost immediately. No observations have been found on this point for the Tubulifera, but just as their eggs are laid singly or in groups, so also do we ae the larvee | Larval stage.—The length of the fener stage varies with the species, and the statements recor ded place it at from five to forty days. _ When just hatched the head of the larva is ver vy large in proportion to the body and the mouth parts are essentially like those of the adult. The thoracic segments are subequal. The abdomen is strongly con- tracted and very rough. As the larva grows the thorax and Porn enlarge noticeably, while the head shows little change. In some spe- cies (eliothrips) the abdomen becomes strongly distended and shining as though under considerable pressure, anda globule of fluid excre- Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 8 =e De ie igs aes a 114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. ment is frequently held by the hairs around the anus. The larvee are less active than the adults and have no power of springing. The lar- ‘al antenna always has fewer segments than the adult. In Phlco- thripide the number is constantly seven. Thickened femora and tar- sal hooks do not occur, the tarsus appears to be one segmented, and claws may or may not be present. The structure of the foot is much more distinct than in the adult. The eyes are not compound, but com-— posed of afew separated facets, which are strongly elevated and always _ circular in outline. The number of facets increases in successive molts, i but the circular form is retained. The rudiments of the ovipositor or genital apparatus appear on the under side of the eighth and ninth seoments as indistinct lobes. The food habits of the larvee are just as” varied as are those of the adults, and some species are also found upon | the roots of plants. Molts. From two to four molts appear to occur while in the larval” stage, the last marking the change to the pupa. The chitinous cover-_ ing of the internal mouth parts and of the bladders can be distinctly ‘seen in the cast skin. When larve have become full grown theyj cease to feed, become restless, and seek some very secluded place in which to molt. In this search they are so successful that in many? species pupe are hard to find. : Nymph or Pupa.—The metamorphosis of Thysanoptera is peculiar, for though complete in many respects, it is much less so in others. Two stages are distinguishable while in the nymph condition. Afte the last larval molt, the insect still retains its larval appearance, the antenne are extended, and the pro-nymph is moderately active. The wing pads are partially developed, extending to about the second abdominal segment, and the beginning of the formation of the adult appendages can be seen. After another molt, the true nymph stage is reached and the animal remains quiet unless disturbed, when it is ‘apable of slight movement. No food is taken during this period The antennz are laid back upon the head and prothorax; their seg- mentation has become indistinct and the adult antenna can be seem) within the nymphal skin. The number of facets in the eyes greatly increases, producing the adult condition. The legs are inclosed in loose sheaths and the wine pads reach to and from the sixth to the eighth segments. The pads extend obliquely outward along the sides of the body and do not cover each other. The fringes appear along the edges of the forming wings, the fore fringe being directed toward the tip and hind fringe toward the base of the wing. The forming lobes representing the ovipositor elongate, and those on each side over: lap but remain separate. Within them develop the pointed valves of the adult ovipositor, which now extends to.the tip of the abdomen The development of the male genital apparatus takes place in a very, similar way to that of the ovipositor of the female. The nymph stage | 4 | 1 | 4 4 tama 0.1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 115 is passed in some secluded place, pup being found in the loose soil about the base of the plant, in the leaf sheath, or some similarly pro- tected place, and many have been recorded as transforming in galls. When these changes have been completed, another molt takes place and the adult emerges. _ The most noteworthy points in the metamorphosis may be summa- rized as follows: The larva resembles the adult in general form and in mouth parts; wings are developed in external sheaths; the transitional ‘stage between larva and adult is quiet, and during it no nourishment is taken. The metamorphosis is therefore intermediate between com- plete and incomplete. _ LMibernation.—Thysanoptera pass the winter in either larval. pupal, or adult stages. Many species, without doubt, hibernate in very nearly the same places in which they have fed. The bark-inhabiting forms remain in such places, together with many of the leaf forms which migrate onto the trunk. The dried stems of flowers and grasses shel- ter many species, while many of the leaf-inhabiting forms fall to the ground and are among those which may be found under fallen foliage, in moss, etc. Lichens and fungi shelter some as winter guests, while dead grass and turf contain many forms. It appears very probable that some of the larve which have been found upon the roots of plants were hibernating there rather than feeding thereon, as has been upposed. | The hibernating individuals appear to be able to withstand extreme degrees of cold and moisture. I have brought in a number of species thered by pulling the frozen grass from bare mowings in midwinter fter a temperature of—21° F. Upon being brought into a warm room, they very soon became active and ran about. Thrips emerge from hibernation very early in the spring, and as on as their normal food plants begin to grow most of them are ina condition to deposit eggs for a new generation, which in some cases in assachusetts hatch during the latter part of April or the first of May. Length of life.—Few observations have been recorded upon this int, but it seems improbable that even the longest lived exceed a ingle year. Among those species which produce several generations n a season, the hibernating individuals must live for at least seven nonths in the northern United States while the summer generations re much shorter lived. Their age however, as a rule, considerably, xceeds the length of the life cycle, for oviposition is a slow process, md in Anaphothrips striatus is known to extend over a period of ve or six weeks. Asa result of this there is an indistinguishable verlapping of broods. I have kept a female of a midsummer gen- ration of A. striatus confined in a bottle in the laboratory for almost ve weeks. This species has eight or nine generations in a season, nd may therefore be expected to be one of the shortest lived in 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. testa cli ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS. INJURIOUS FORMS. Small and apparently insignificant though these insects are, they can, not be disregarded from an economic standpoint. Only a few species, to be sure, must be considered as decidedly injurious, but these are. widely spread and hard to control. Doubtless much damage, really, caused by these tiny foes, has been attributed to more conspicuous but: less injurious insects. The most important species in this country, belong to the family Thripide. The economic importance of each of. these species is considered in connection with its description, butt there are, however, some general points worthy of note which may be considered together here. | Feeding habits.—Thrips are found upon most flowering and some flowerless plants. The general mode of feeding is the same through- out the order. The green parts of the plant, chiefly, are punctured. by the piercing mouth parts and the sap withdrawn therefrom by sucs| tion. The emptied plant cells become white and shriveled as they dry up and the insect, standing usually parallel to the veins of the leaf, moves on to fresh cells. The traces of their feeding are thus left in irregular streaks of dried, whitened cells. Behind them, as they feed, they leave rows of dots of dark colored excrement, which, it seems, have sometimes been mistaken for eggs. . On flowers Thrips are most abundant in summer, Burmeister states that the nectar of flowers furnishes them with nourishment, and Per: gande has expressed a similar opinion (219); but this does not seem te me to be the case, as when present on flowers they are found sucking} sap, not nectar. They feed to some extent upon the petals, but no so freely as upon the green parts. The inner surface of the sepals i a favorite place for feeding and oviposition. The essential parts of the flower come in for their part of the general attack and it is just here that the greatest injury to the plant is caused. Injury of thi sort has been reported, especially upon strawberries by Quaintane (454), and upon apple and other fruit blossoms by Osborn (218, 223 924), in which cases they caused so much injury to the styles by them punctures as to prevent fertilization and the setting of the fruit. (See Euthrips tritici, p. 152.) Probably Euthrips tritict and Thrips tabae are guilty of most of such injuries. Mally has recorded a very simila, injury to cotton bolls by an undetermined species of the family Th ri pide (841). Many other flowers, though perhaps of less economis importance, are similarly attacked. Flower species feed also upor leaves. On the leaves of plants and trees may be found a large variety © species, most of which feed mainly upon the under surface of th leaves, probably chiefly for protection from sun, rain, and enemies 0.1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 17 though it is also possible that more tender tissues may be an attraction. Such species avoid the light and, if a leaf be turned over, the insects will move around to the under side again. The constant sucking of myriads of larve and adults soon causes the feeding ground to wither, the leaf becomes encrusted with dead cells and dark colored spots of excrement and it is not long before its death results. Unless disturbed, most species do not travel much, and thus in time there appears to be something of a colony feeding around the place where the mother has fed and deposited her eggs. Though many plants thus suffer from the destruction of their leaves, the onion seems to be most severely afflicted. (See Thrips tabaci, p. 183.) _ Grasses and cereals may be included in a third class in which the nature of the injury is somewhat different. Besides the abstraction of sap from the leaves of these plants, Thrips cause a greater injury by attacking the tender axial stems, thus cutting off directly the supply of sap to the head, which therefore fails to bear fruit and may be entirely killed. This is the way in which ‘‘Silver Top” is caused, and it is impossible to estimate with any degree of accuracy the damage which results to the hay crop. Besides working in this way, Thrips are charged with attacking directly the growing kernels of cereals. In the case of wheat, rye, oats, etc., they suck the nutritious milk directly from the growing kernels in the ear and produce an abortive condition of much, if not all, of the head, which is then called ‘* pungled.” _ Greenhouse species appear to be becoming more numerous and more injurious each year. The principal injury here is done to the leaves, and nearly all kinds of greenhouse plants are subject to attack. Thrips tabaci, which has recently come into prominence, especially in cucum- ber and carnation houses, has an unusually wide range of food plants. It has already proved to be a serious pest, capable of the complete destruction of a crop, and is exceedingly difficult to control. BENEFICIAL FORMS. Predaccous Thrips.—The late B. D. Walsh once expressed the opin- ion that Thrips ‘‘are generally, if not universally, insectivorous, and that those that occur on the ears of the wheat, both in the United States and in Europe, are preying there upon the eges or larve of the Wheat Midge (Diplosis tritic/), and are consequently not the foes, as has been generally imagined, but the friends, of the farmer” (127 and 132). Such an opinion from so eminent an entomologist is likely to have some basis in fact, though we question whether his conclusion is even usually correct. Thrips have been frequently found in the galls caused by other insects, either with the makers of the galls or alone, and the conclusion has been drawn, though frequently, we suspect, without a direct observation to that effect, that the Thrips were prey- ing upon the makers of the galls. Walsh also writes that he has 4 Pe ae 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. ‘*found Thrips preying upon the gall-making larve of more than twenty different galls, so that there is now no manner of doubt in my mind that Thrips is a true cannibal insect” (132). All recorded observations which I have seen seem to agree that such gall-fre- quenting forms belong to the Phloeothripide, and in very many of the cases noted it is said that they are in the pupal stage (123). It seems to me entirely possible that in many cases their presence in the gall may be incidental, they having entered it for protection, It is impossible for Thrips to make for themselves an entrance into_ any closed gall, and when present in such it can only be after the exit of the gall maker or some parasite upon it, so here certainly the Thrips is not predaceous. Furthermore, 1t does not seem improbable from what we know of the food habits of the Tubulifera, which feed mainly upon leaves or decaying wood or fungi, that they may live peacefully in- company with the true maker of an open gall which they can readily enter, finding there the same favorable conditions for abundant food and a secure retreat as does the gall maker. Phylloxera galls have often been found to contain Thrips, but the same doubt exists as to” the real purpose of their being there. Walsh states that he has found six or seven red Thrips pup in nearly every gall of Phyllorera caryae-folize, This observation shows-plainly one object for which these insects seek out and enter galls, as a safe refuge during pupation, and this will account for the frequent presence of larvee and adults in both inhabited open galls, as those of Phylloxera, and deserted closed galls, as those of Cynipide. It may be true that Thrips prey upon the gall makers, but further observations upon this point are desirable before we can fully accept that conclusion. “Thrips phyllowere” of Riley’s manuscript (one of the Phlcothri- pide) is said by him to *‘do more than any other species to keep the leaf-inhabiting grape Phylloxera within bounds” (165). A species of Phleothrips has been observed destroying eggs of the Gypsy Moth (353). | Some species of Thripide have been observed feeding upon other insects and are undoubtedly beneficial. Zhrips 6-maculatus has been repeatedly observed feeding upon ‘‘mites” or ‘‘red spiders,” and other species have been said to do the same. Riley observed a Thrips larva feeding upon the eggs of the Curculio in Missouri (148a and 144). Thrips trifasciatus Ashmead is apparently predaceous and was observed feeding on the cotton Aleurodes (Alewrodes gossypi7) in Mississippi (386). I have occasionally noticed that under the influence of con- finement without plant food Anaphothrips striatus, which is certainly normally herbivorous, becomes cannibalistic and will feed upon its own species. Flower fertilizers.—It is very probable that a few flowers, of which the ‘‘ wild pansy” is one, are fertilized by Thrips, although such a relation must be exceptional. Few flowers are adapted to thus profit No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. ray by the presence of Thrips, as their action would tend almost entirely to self-fertilization of the flowers, which Nature does not generally approve. Therefore I believe that their value in this way must be very limited. NATURAL CHECKS. Insects and Acari, etc.—The most important insect enemy appears to be Triphleps insidiosus Say, which is very common on flowers and may often be found with a Thrips impaled upon its rostrum and held in the air while the captor sucks the juices from the body of its victim. The eggs of Zriphleps are laid ina similar manner to those of Thrips and the larvee of the former also prey upon the larve of the latter. The length of the life cycle of Zriphleps is about the same as that of Thrips. Jfegilla maculata also devours Thrips in great num- bers when both are abundant. Chrysopa and Syrphus larvee have been found feeding upon the larvee of Zhrips tabaci. Heeger has recorded Seymnus ater, Gyrophaena manca, and some fly larve as preying upon them, and Uzel has found Zp/phleps inénuta also. I have frequently found Anaphothrips striatus bearing one or more small, scarlet Acari (probably the larve of a Zrombidium) attached to some membranous area of the body. Both Uzel and Quaintance have found the eggs and adults of Nem- atode worms in the bodies of Thrips, Uzel recording over 200 worms from one specimen. Plant parasites. —Thaxter (297) has taken Hinpusa (Hntomophthora) sphaecrosperma Fries from a species of Thrips which it was destroying in larval, pupal, and adult stages. Pettit has found in Michigan another parasite which he thinks will prove to be a Gregarinid (464). It was most abundant in the moist breeding cages, causing the insects to die and turn black. I have rarely found a fungus growing in a dead specimen-which appears to be a species of Macrosporiwm, but it was not possible to tell whether the fungus caused the death of the insect or came in later. Rain.—Of all the natural checks, none can compare in efficiency with a hard dashing rain. It has been noted that Zhrips tabaci and Anaphothrips striatus, which become extremely abundant during hot, dry weather, disappear almost entirely as soon as the heavy showers of midsummer begin, and as long as such showers continue at frequent intervals the Thrips do not again become abundant. The same result will probably be found true in most outdoor leaf-inhabiting species. ARTIFICIAL CHECKS. These fall naturally into two groups, insecticides and cultural methods. _ Insecticides.—So far as we know, no attempts to control Thrips by means of insecticides have been made outside the United States. Here 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. a at each of the three most important economic species, 77 hrips tabact, Euthrips tritici, and Anaphothrips striatus, has been experimented with considerably. Webster recommends, for Thrips tabaci in the field, spraying thoroughly with 1 pound of Standard whale-oil soap in 8 vallons of water (476), and he says also, ‘*The grassy borders of ditches have been sprayed with kerosene with excellent results.” Quaintance (454) tried many insecticides for Thrips tabaci and Luthrips tritic’ in Florida and found that ‘‘ rose leaf insecticide”—1 pint in 8 eallons of water—killed from 65 to 70 per cent of the insects, and was the most successful of anything tested. For Thrips tabaci he recom- mends ‘‘whale-oil soap (Anchor brand), at the rate of 1 pound of soap to + gallons of water,” or ‘‘rose leaf insecticide at the rate of pint to + gallons of water.” Sprays must be very thoroughly applied to do even fair service, and ditches and margins around fields, as well as the ground between rows, should be treated also. Even with the most careful treatment many of the tiny insects will escape the spray, and the embedded eggs are entirely unharmed. Therefore, spraying, to be at all successful, must be repeated after a short interval. It must be admitted that at best spraying is an unsatisfactory remedy; still, it is perhaps the best method we know of at present for field work. . In greenhouses spraying may be more successful than In the field. but fumigation methods are here preferable. These also must b repeated in about a week to be successful. The most satisfactory results have here been obtained by the vaporization at night of 20 ce. of ‘* Nikoteen” in 750 cc. of water for 5,000 cubic feet of space. This — treatment did not injure the cucumber plants, while nearly all of the Thrips tabaci were killed (471). Cultural methods.—Vhese are undoubtedly too important to be neglected, even if insecticides be used, and in some cases they may — prove even more efficient than the latter. For the Onion Thrips, Web-_ ster says: ** All culls, tops, and other refuse of onion fields should be burned in the fall.” He also recommends the burning of the grass” along ditches and around the margins of the fields in winter or early spring to destroy the hibernating insects (476). & For the Grass Thrips it seems that cultural methods are the only ones that can be of any considerable help. A thorough burning of the old grass in early spring before growth begins destroys large numbers of hibernating insects—Thrips and many others. The attacks of the Grass Thrips are worst upon old, worn-out meadows, fields, and lawns, largely because Pow pratensis (June grass) is most common in’ such places. Infested grass should be cut as early as possible or fed green. So far as I can learn, the seed of June grass is sold only in lawn mixtures and is not used for field seeding, though it comes in naturally as the other stouter-growing species which are usually sown run out. The appearance of a large amount of ‘Silver Top” is there- “No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. Lot a) H fore a sign that the field is becoming exhausted. Such fields should _be plowed, and it is advisable to plant with some cultivated crop for at least one season before re-seeding. fF i CHARACTERS OF THYSANOPTERA. Small insects; length ranging from one-fiftieth to one-third of an inch. Wings usually present; four in number, long, narrow, mem- branous, never folded, with at most two longitudinal veins and few or “no cross veins; hind margin always, front margin usually, fringed with long, slender hairs much exceeding in length the breadth of the “membranous part of the wing; wings laid horizontally along the abdomen when at rest; wings sometimes reduced to short pads not reaching beyond the hind edge of the thorax and entirely absent in a few species. _ Mouth parts intermediate in form between those of sucking and chewing insects, but probably used almost entirely for sucking; arranged in the form of a cone situated on under side of head and placed so far back that it lies almost entirely under the prothorax (see Plate X, fig. 111), and is more or less concealed from the side by the fore coxe and femora. Mouth cone formed by the labrum, the broad, flat, triangular, external portion of the maxille bearing each a two or three segmented palpus, and the labium bearing two or four seg- mented palpi; these external parts grown together and not freely movable. Mouth always asymmetrical, only the left mandible being developed. Mandible and lobes of the maxille modified as internal, _protrusile, bristle-like piercing organs. Antenne quite slender, six to nine segmented, situated closely together upon vertex of head. Ocelli always present when long ‘Wings are present, always absent in entirely wingless forms; usually present, sometimes absent, when wings are reduced to pads. Protho- -rax distinctly separated from mesothorax* and freely movable. Meso and metathorax firmly and closely united; metanotum longer than mesonotum. Tarsi usually two but sometimes one segmented; the terminal segment fitted at the tip with a protrusile, bladder-like organ which can be withdrawn entirely within the segment so as to be invis- ible. Abdomen ten segmented. Terminal segment either conical or tubular. Three pairs of stigmata are always present and a fourth pair is found in all Tubulifera and many Terebrantia. In the adult these are situated one pair each upon mesothorax and first and eighth -abdominal segments. The metathoracic pair in Terebrantia is small, invisible except in carefully prepared specimens, and in some cases I have been unable to find any trace of it. In the larva the stigmata are distributed in the same way except that they are present on the econd abdominal segment and not on the first. Young resemble adults in general form, structure of mouth parts, and in food habits. There is, however, a distinct pupal stage during Seenieetiteinetadiementiine toe ee eee 7 mieh the insect moves very little or not at all, and takes no food, The wings develop entirely during this stage and are outside the body | skin. The metamorphosis approaches closely to a complete one, but on account of the similarity of larval and adult forms and mouth parts ‘t must still be considered as incomplete. Reproduction is oviparou and frequently parthenogenetic. METHOD OF MEASUREMENTS. species. Another difficulty which has been noted in some descrip tions is the giving of comparative dimensions relative to other spe= | cies. This may be useful to the collector if he happens to have or know all the species referred to; otherwise he is at an utter loss know what is meant. Having experienced these difficulties at various — times, the writer came to the conclusion that es ch Ce shou nation and separation of these insects. The eye can not be relied upon for exactness in this matter, as has been frequently found in the- course of this work, and therefore all measurements given in the fol-_ lowing descriptions have been made in the same way, by means of an eyepiece micrometer, as follows: A stage micrometer of reliable make was first proven to be accurate by comparison with a steel millimeter, scale, then with each combination of lenses used the number of spaces on the image of the stage micrometer covered by the scale of the eye-— piece micrometer were determined, two points being selected where — the divisions coincided. Then the number of spaces covered on the — stage micrometer was divided by the number of spaces of the eye-— piece micrometer covering them, and the quotient was, evidently, the fraction of a micromillimeter upon the stage shown a one division of the eyepiece micrometer. This quotient may be called the factor of: the eyepiece micrometer for that combination of lenses and will hold unchanged for any object measured with that magnification, but will of course vary for every other magnification. Tieneaeeee Using a 1-inch objective ‘and a 1-inch eyepiece (Bausch and Lomb) with the- tube closed, I find that the fifty divisions of the eyepiece micrometer cover, say, exactly 1 millimeter of the stage micrometer. Dividing then 1 millimeter by 50, I have two one-hundredths millimeter, which is the factor for that combination of lenses. Now, placing the object to be measured upon the stage, we find, e. @., that forty -five spaces of our eyepiece micrometer just cover the object to be measured. Mul-- tiplying by the determined factor, we have two one-hundredths milli- meter times forty-five, which equals ninety one-hundredths millimeter as the length of the object measured. This method has been used in| e. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 123 the determination of length and breadth of the species herein described. When comparative lengths only are desired, as e. @. in the compara- _ tive lengths of segments of antenne, relative length and breadth of the head, etc., there is no need to determine the actual measurement. It is sufficient to compare directly the number of spaces read upon the eyepiece micrometer, and this is the method used in such cases. In the case of the comparative lengths of segments of the antenna, all measurements have been made with a 4-inch objective and a 1-inch eye- piece. The measurements given show, therefore, not only a compari- son between the segments of one antenna, but also between the see- ments of all antennz so measured. The number of the segment has been given above the line, and directly below it the number of spaces of the eyepiece micrometer covering that segment. Illustration: Number of segment, 1 2 3 .4 5 ete. Spaces of micrometer, 5 10 14 12 9 ete. It has been found that there are slight individual variations in the lengths of corresponding segments in different specimens of the same species, and even in the two antenne of the same specimen, still there is in general.a quite close agreement in this respect and the propor- tions hold very well. The antennz were selected for such critical study, because there is an evident variation in the proportional lengths of segments in each species, and because the antenne are the most surely available for a careful, accurate study of any organs of the insect. Then, again, proportional measurements do not vary nearly as much as do the absolute measurements of different sized individuals. All statements made as to lengths, both actual and comparative, in the descriptions herein given are based upon actual measurements made in one or the other of these ways, an average being taken of the total number of specimens used in the description. In describing colors it has been my intention to follow a few definite rules, which are given herewith: First, to name colors in plain, well- known terms when possible; second, when the color being described appears to result from a mixture, in equal proportions, of two more elementary colors, they have been given together in the same form and connected by a hyphen (gray-brown); third, when a predominant ground color is modified by more or less mixture with another color, the name of the ground color has been given last with the modifying color preceding it (grayish brown). Depth of coloring is indicated by such words as light, dark, ete. INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS. Individual variation must always be considered in specific determi- nations and due allowance made therefor. The most common variation will naturally be found in the line of color. It is probable that toa slight extent the age of the individual may influence the depth of the yer PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. = VOL, XX ; > 124 oo rio. heeause a short time is required, in several species which have heen observed at least, after the emergence of the adult from the pupa staoe before the full depth of coloring is acquired. There is, however, a common variation in color, apparently not due to difference in age, producing in some of the most variable species color varieties. These may be either lighter or darker than the color of the typical form, but, so far as our observations have gone, complete intergrades are to be found. A yariation from the usual number of segments in the antennee is quite frequently met with, but this is always in the line of a reduction in number due usually to a fusion of the last two or more segments. The length and breadth of the abdomen is, perhaps, the most variable character, as in most species the segments are slightly telescoped natur- ally, and being connected with each other by a flexible membrane are capable of oreat distension. This may be caused naturally by the simul- taneous development of a number of eggs in the ovaries of a female, When specimens are mounted in balsam, glycerin, or any such medium for study, there is danger of compressing the body of the insect if” ‘are be not taken to have present plenty of the mounting medium, and the usual result of this compression is the distension of the abdomen. Measurements of a series of specimens show that a variation, often amounting to one-sixth, sometimes as-high as one-fourth, frequently occurs between the extremes in the size of individuals in the same species. SYNOPSIS OF SUBORDERS AND FAMILIES. Female with a saw-like ovipositor. Terminal segment of abdomen of female conical; that of males rarely like females, but usually bluntly rounded. Fore wings with at least one longitudinal vein reaching from base to tip of wing. 1 aa TEREBRANTIA (p. 124). 2 Female without an ovipositor. Terminal segment tubular in both sexes. Both pairs of wings similar in structure with only one median longitudinal vein, and this only partially developed, never reaching to tip of wing. . TuBULIFERA (p. 187). Includes single family Phlceothripide. Antennze with nine segments. Wings broad and rounded at the tips; fore wings with cross veins. Ovipositor of female up-curved .._.-- AXOLOTHRIPID#E (p. 126). Antenne with six to eight segments. Wings usually narrow and pointed at tips, without cross veins. Ovipositor of femaledown-curved_.THRiprpx (p. 132). CHARACTERS OF TEREBRANTIA. Antenne have from six to nine segments, the terminal segments being usually much smaller than the preceding. Ocelli absent in the entirely wingless forms (Aptinothrips rufus) as in all wingless Thysa- noptera, and sometimes in the wingless males of species in which the — females are winged, they are present in all long winged forms. Maxil-_ lary palpi usually three, sometimes two segmented, and labial palpi usually two, sometimes four segmented. ‘No. 1310. _ NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. I 25 . Prothorax rarely longer than broad, but usually transv erse, fre- quently twice as wide as long ery rectangular in general outline and scarcely wider at the find edge than at the fore edge, except in the genus Chirothrips, in which it is strongly broadened behind, where it ~ is about twice as wide as at front edge. The fore wings are broader, stronger, and much more specialized than the hind wings, shaded darker, if shaded at all. Asa rule they have more veins, there being usually two, sometimes apparently only one, fully developed longitu- dinal veins besides frequently a strongly developed vein following the border of the wing and known as the ring vein; cross veins are present insome cases. The veins are usually set with more or less numerous -and conspicuous spines which vary in size, the smallest being minute and indistinct, the largest extremely stout and conspicuous, exceeding ‘in length the breadth of the membrane of the wing. The membrane itself is thickly set with numerous microscopic spines. A fringe is always present upon the hind margin, consisting on the hind wing of one, on the fore wing of two rows of long usually wavy hairs. On the fore wing these rows appear to be placed at different angles to the edge, so that instead of the hairs being parallel when the wing is in action, they cross each other at a slight angle, thereby forming a mesh- -work which must add materially to the strength and resistant power of the wing. Spines such as are found on the other veins are wanting -upon the hind margin. The fringe upon the front is always shorter than that upon the hind edge and is composed of a single row of stouter, more bristle-like hairs. The development of the fore fringe “appears to be in inverse proportion to that of the spines borne upon the costal edge, and when these last are very stout the fringe is ves- tigial, though sometimes both fringe and spines are wanting on the costa. In many cases the sbading of the fore wings takes the form of dark cross bands alternating with light or almost white bands or areas. The hind wings are more slender and more delicate than the fore wings and have but one median longitudinal vein, usually fully developed, and no ring or cross veins. The median vein is without spines such as are borne upon the veins of the fore wing. The hind fringe is single instead of double and the fore edge always bears a more or less well-developed fringe. Shading of the hind wings is very slight and a distinct banding of them is not known. When at rest the wings are laid straight back upon the abdomen, the fore wing of each side com- pletely covering the hind wing and en pair lying “parallel to but not upon the other. The hind fringes are very foals or jointed at their attachment to the wings and when at rest point backward between them. The wings are very frequently reduced to small, rounded or oval pads which are usually invisible even when present. Rarely they are entirely absent, but when this is the case the structure of the thorax indicates the fact. The fore legs are often more thickened a i 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIg re = - : aes 4 ; . q than the others—in the genus Chirothrips they are extremely thick-7 ened. The hind legs are usually longest and sometimes exceed the 3 abdomen in length. a The abdomen is constricted somewhat at its junction with the thorax ~ and is always ten segmented. The terminal segments are usually § shaped differently in the two sexes; in the females the last three seg-— ments form a cone the apex of which is quite pointed, and rarely the last seoment is rather tubular instead of conical. The abdomen of the male is usually more slender and lighter than that of the female, and asa rule its end is much more blunt, though occasionally shaped much like that of the other sex. The ninth segment is comparatively — laree and contains the genital apparatus, and frequently the tenth segment is also much retracted within it. In the females the sexual opening is between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments, but in” the males it is between the ninth and tenth. The female has a four-valved, saw-like ovipositor fitted to the under- side of the eighth and ninth segments and reaching to about the tip of © the abdomen, sometimes a little beyond. When at rest this apparatus lies partially concealed in a sheath on the underside of the last three segments; when in action it can be let down so as to work at almost any angle less than 90 degrees. The copulatory apparatus of the male is almost or entirely withdrawn into the body, but it is freely — protrusile. 3 The males are often quicker motioned and more active than the females. Most of the members of this suborder move rapidly, though — some are quite sluggish; they run rapidly and take flight readily. — Some species, provided with well-developed wings, seem loath to use— them, and many possess a considerable power of leaping. Family AZZOLOTHRIPID 2. The antennx are nine segmented. Ocelli are present in both sexes. — The maxillary palpi are three segmented, and the labial palpi two or four segmented. The wings are large, broad, and rounded at the— outer ends. In addition to a heavy ring vein, each fore wing has two longitudinal veins extending from its base to tip, where they unite with — the ring vein on each.side of the tip, while the hind wings have only a vestige of a median longitudinal vein. Four or five cross veins are— present in each fore wing. The fore wings are without a fringe upon” the front edge, though some more or less stout hairs are there present in some species. Both sexes bear a peculiar hook-like appendage on the underside of the second segment of each fore tarsus. (See Plate I, fig. 9.) The ovipositor of the female is bent upward so that its convex side is ventral. The males have the first abdominal segment much — longer than the second. The members of this family run rapidly, having very long legs, but they do not appear to have the power of springing. 0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. Tae The genus Zolothrips is the only one of the three genera of this family found in the United States. Genus HOLOTHRIPS Haliday. : Head about as broad as long. Ocelli present in both sexes. Anten- ‘ne nine segmented, the last three or four segments being very much ‘shorter than the preceding and closely joined together; third segment much longer than any other. Maxillary palpi three segmented, ‘geniculate. Prothorax about as long or a little longer than the head, without large bristles. Legs very long and slender; fore femora omewhat Sarekonad in both sexes; hind femora broadened; fore tibive “unarmed; second fore tarsal segment, in both sexes, with hook-like ‘appendage. Wings usually present in both sexes; fore wing some- what narrowed before the middle; fore part of the ring vein fur- nished with very short hairs, which hardly overreach the edge of the wing. Fore wings white, with two broad, dark cross bands. First abdominal segment in the males much (one than the second, and the ninth segment is drawn out at the hind angles into short clasping organs or hooks. } The two species which I place here can be distinguished by the presence of a white band around abdominal segments two and three in pte female of A. b7color, which band is wanting in the female of A. fasciatus. The last four segments of the antenna taken together are | Feonich longer in A. bicolor than the fifth, while in A. Sasciatus the last sl four segments together are approximately as long as is the fifth alone. ZEOLOTHRIPS FASCIATUS (Linnezus). if Plate I, figs. 1-3. ry «Thrips fasciata Linnxvus, Syst. Nature, 10th ed., 1758, p. 457. 5 Thrips fasciata Linnauus, Fauna Svecica, 1761, p. 266.—Grorrroy, Histoire abrégée des Insectes, 1764, p. 385. Thrips fasciata Linn mus, Syst. Naturee, 12th ed., Holmize, and 13th ed., Vindo- bone, J, Pt. 2, 1767, p. 743. Thrips fasciata Fasricius, Systema Entomologia, 1775, p. 745. Thrips fasciata SCHRANK, Enumeratio Insectorum Austriz indig., 1781, p. 297. Thrips fasciata Fasrictus, Species Insectorum, II, 1781, p. 397. Thrips fasciata Fasricius, Mantissa Insectorum, II, 1781, p. 320. Thrips fasciata GMELIN, Linn. Syst. Nat., 13th ed., Pt. 4, 1788, p. 2223. Thrips fasciata BERKENHOvT, Synop. Nat. Hist. Gt. Br. and Ire., 1789, p. 123. Thrips fasciata Faprictus, Entom. Systematica, [V, 1794, p. 229. Thrips fasciata Stew, Elem. of Nat. Hist., II, 1802, p. 114. Thrips fasciata Fasricius, Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, p. 514. Thrips fasciata Turron, A General Syst. of Nat. (Transl. from Gmelin’s Syst. Nat., 18th ed.), II, 1806, p. 717. Aolothrips (Coleothrips) fasciata Hatipay, Ent. Mag., III, 1836, p. 451. | Molothrips fasciata Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entom., II, 1838, p. 417. _ Molothrips fasciata AMyor and SErRvVILLE, Hist. nat. d. Ins. Hemipt., 1843, p. 646, 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXV ; Baloibrivs (Coleothrips) fasciata THALIDAY, Walker, Homopt. Ins. of Brit. i Pt. 4, 1852, p. 1117, pl. vu, figs. $1— 42. Molothrips fasciata Havarr, Sitzungsb. d. Acad. d. Wiss. Wien, VIII, 1852 pp- 135-136, pl. xxi. Coleothrips trifasciata Frrcw, Count. Gent., VI, Dec. 1855, p. 385. ; Coleothrips trifasciata Frrcx, Second Rept. Nox. Ins. N. Y. 1857, p. 308 (or 540). Thrips fasciata DE Man, Tijdschr. v. Entomol., 1871, p. 147. Eolothrips ( Coleothrips ) fasciata, REUTER, Diaeneeee ofver nya Thysanop. f Finl., 1879; p. 7, or Otv. Fin. Soc., XX], 1879, po 214. Coleothrips fasciata PERGANDE, Brtomelenie April, 1882, p. 95. Coleothrips trifasciata WrBsTER, Rept. Dept. Agr., 1886, p. 577. . Coleothrips trifasciata TuaxTEr, Rept. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1889, (1889), p. 180, Coleothrips 3-fasciata Rirey-Howarp, Ins. Life, III, 1891, p. 301. Coleothrips trifasciata TowNsEND, Canad. Ent., XXIV, 1892, p. 197. Coleothrips trifasciata GrtLETTE, Bull. 24, Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1893, p. 15. Coleothrips trifasciata Davis, Bull. 102, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1893, p. 39, fig. 10. Coleothrips trifasciata CocKERELL, Bull. 15, N. Mex. Agr. eae Sta., 1895, p. 7 Eolothrips fasciata Uzer, Monographie d. Ord. Thysanop., 1895, p. 72, pl. a fig. 4; pl. v, figs. 46-48. Coleothrips trifasciata Davis, Special Bull. No. 2, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, p. 13, fig. 4. Eolothrips fasciata Témpet, Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 286, pi XXIII. Female.—Length, 1.63 mm. (1.36 to 1.76 mm.); width of mesotho rax, 0.30 mm. (0.27 to 0.84 mm.). General collor yellowish brown to) dark brown. Head slightly wider than long, rectangular in outline,) retracted slightly within prothorax; cheeks arched but slightly behind eyes; front nearly straight; surface of head but faintly striated an bearing numerous minute spines. Eyes large, black, elongated down- ward; borders of eyes light; ocelli ernie well spa orange- yellow with maroon crescents. Mouth cone sharply pointed; maxil= lary palpi geniculate, three segmented; labial palpi four segmented; chitinous thickening extending from left eye connected with that at juncture of mouth cone with frons; just a trace of such thickening extends down from right eye; the two spines standing at base of frons close to transverse thickening are less than twice as long as sub= antennal pair of spines. Antenne nine segmented, nearly three: times as long as head and very slender, approximate at base; relative” lengths of segments: last . Seon are lone lee rl and from base of six they taper. epally to the ap: eaten brows except tip of two and all but (ttonmiy aothed AE ae spines; those around tip of two being much the stoutest; no sense cones present, but both three_and fou ~~ 0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 129 have an elongated, narrow, membr: anous sense area on iden side of outer half; five bears a small, rounded spot of similar texture near tip below. _ Prothorax somewhat wider than long, and a little wider than head, ‘nearly rectangular in shape; sides but slightly arched, without con- -spicuous spines but with numerous minute ones. Mesothorax smoothly rounded at front angles. Metathorax slightly narrower at front end than mesothorax and tapering somewhat posteriorly. Wings always present, about one-seventh as broad as long, rounded at tips; fore wing heavily veined having a ring vein and two longitudinal veins which extend from the base and join the ring vein just before the tip of the wing; fore vein united to costa by two cross veins at one-third and eds its length; longitudinal veins united by one cross vein just before the middle and the hind vein is joined to the hind ring vein opposite the outer front cross vein; hind wing veinless. No fringe upon costa of either wing, but costa and longitudinal veins set with a number of short, dark spines; hind fringe hairs short and straight, double row on fore wing. Fore wings with three white bands (at base, middle, and tip) and wider dark brown cross bands between these; hind wings with similar areas, but the two darker bands are so pale gray that they are hardly noticable. Legs gray-brown, dark brown in dark specimens, very long and slender; fore femora slightly thickened and tarsi armed with a peculiar, hook-like structure opposed toa stout tooth something like a forefinger and thumb (Plate I, fig. 9); first segment of all tarsi very short; all legs thickly set with short spines; all tibiee armed with very ooh spines at tips. Abdomen about two-thirds the length of the whole body, small at base, enlarging to the middle; segments frequently overlapping con- siderably in the last half; last three segments long and tapering to tip; ovipositor very long and up-curved; spines upon last two segments long, dark, and conspicuous. Entire body yellowish brown to dark brown; connective tissue red. Redescribed from seven specimens. No males found. Food plants. — Alfalfa, buckwheat, celery, clover, Composite, oats, onion, tansy, wheat, various grasses and weeds. | Habitat.—England (Haliday), Vienna (Heeger), Finland (Reuter), Germany (Jordan, Bohls, near Berlin, Uzel), United States: Connecti- cut, Indiana, lowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Mexico, New York, Ohio. Larva.— ‘Larva yellow, the abdomen behind deeper orange, a whorl of hairs on each segment, more conspicuous on the last two; prothorax elongate; antenne shorter than in the perfect insect, the number of mints similar; mouth nearly perpendicular, not inflected under the breast; joints of maxillary palpi not very unequal.”—Haliday. Life history unknown. Fitch observed that it was abundant on Proc. N. ~ 7 a4", — a er 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, wheat early in the season and afterward passed to later-flowering pi ints, such as tansy (Zanacetum vulgare). Webster found it common in all stages on buckwheat in Ohio. Thaxter believed that this species caused the rust of oats in Con- necticut. Davis has reported it as the most common species on the heads of clover in Michigan, and found it both in and out doors on many plants. ZEOLOTHRIPS BICOLOR, new species. Plate I, figs. 4-9. Female.—Length, 1.9 mm.; width of mesothorax, 0.29 mm.; width of abdomen, 0.38 mm. General color light yellowish brown to dark brown. Head as wide as long, also as long and as wide as prothorax; cheeks” slightly arched behind eyes; anterior margin slightly arcuate; occiput transversely striated, quite thickly clothed with minute spines. Eyes large, black, a downward, coarsely granulated, each facet dis- tinct, slightly pilose; ocelli separated, bright reddish yellow, mar-- gined inwardly with maroon crescents. Mouth cone sharp; maxillary palpi three segmented, geniculate, third segment very small; labial palpi four segmented, first segment very short. Chitinous thickening around left eye connected with that uniting mouth cone to frons; only a short vestige of such thickening below right eye; two long, slender spines are borne upon frons in front of the middle of the transverse thickening and one equally long spine upon middle of labrum; these spines are many times as long as any others upon the head. Antena as long as head, pro and mesothorax together, slender, filamentous, approximate at base; relative lengths of segments as follows: BB 8) ee 8.1. 13.2 37.1 29 19.6 19608 Steams y Segment one thickest, as long as wide; three to six slightly nar-— rower than two; seven to nine tapering; the last very minute and conical. All segments, except three, of uniform brown color; three is very pale yellowish white, except brown band around apex; two is” brown at base fading to light yellowish at apex. Segments three to- nine quite evenly clothed with fine hairs of uniform size; three and four bear each a narrow, light-colored, membranous strip on a part of underside, indistinct upon ies on account of its light color; 7 a small elliptical spot of similar structure near tip of five beneath. Prothorax nearly square, slightly constricted in middle, with num- erous minute spines, but none conspicuous. Mesonotum transyer atm striated; fore angles of mesothorax broadly rounded. Metanotum reticulate; metathorax tapering posteriorly. Wings broad, rounded at tips; fore wing with two longitudinal veins which bone outward | | : 3 . 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 131 just before the tip and unite with the ring vein; fore longitudinal vein - united to front part of ring vein by two cross v eins at about the first and second thirds of its le sngth and to the hind vein by one cross vein just before the middle of the wing; hind vein united to hind part of ring vein by one cross vein at sa three-fifths the length of the wing. Fore part of ring vein and both longitudinal veins set with numerous short, dark spines; both pairs of wings thickly covered with microscopic spines; no fringe upon front edge of fore wings, but a very light one upon hind wings; posterior fringe on fore wings double, on hind wings single; hind wings veinless. Wings clear white; fore pair conspicuously marked with two broad, brown bands so that there are narrow white bands across the base, middle, and tip of the wing; hind wings almost clear white. Legs concolorous with body, very long and slender; fore femora slightly thickened, but less than half as wide as long; second segment of fore tarsus fitted with a peculiar hook-like structure recurved toward base of segment and at tip opposed toa stout tooth. All legs quite thickly set with small spines; hind legs much the longest, nearly as long as wings; each tibia armed at apex with two or more stout spines. Abdomen small at base, enlarging gradually to its sixth segment, where it is about one-fifth as wide as the body is long; eight, nine, aad ten tapering uniformly and quite abruptly; no marked difference in length of segments. Posterior part of segment one and segments two and three white or yellowish in color; remainder of abdomen yellowish brown to dark brown. No spines apparent upon the abdomen, except on last three segments; nine bears a circlet of eight long slender bristles near its posterior edge; ten bears six similar bristles. Ovipos- itor very powerful, up-curved, and extending a little beyond the tip of abdomen. Described from nine females. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6323, U.S.N.M. Male.—Length but little more than 1 mm.; width of mesotho- rax slightly less than one-fourth body length. General color tawny yellowish with brown extremities to appendages, not nearly as dark as female. Head subequal in length and breadth and slightly smaller than prothorax; spines in front of transverse thickening at base of mouth cone not conspicuously long. Antenne three and one-half times as long as head, almost equal to length of abdomen; relative lengths of segments as follows: - Outer two-thirds of antenna dark brown; first three segments light vray-brown, two and basal half of three being lightest; antennz very 29 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. axis hi airy. ‘Hind lees: very slender, Jonger than abdomen; all femora and fore tibie brownish yellow shaded darkest above; middle and hind] tibie and tarsi gray-brown to dark brown. A Abdomen very small, but slightly longer than antennz and not as broad as mesothorax, narrowed somewhat at attachment to thorax, increasing gradually in breadth up to ninth segment; tenth segment very abruptly smaller and conical. Segment one very lone and marked — by two brown, longitudinal carinze dividing it into thirds dorsally, : Ninth segment also peculiar, being very long and as broad as any in~ the abdomen; hind angles produced into a pair of claspers, also bearing a pair of stout spines; tenth segment small and set with quite long, : stout spines. Second, third, and fourth segments nearly white, some- times irregularly suffused with yellow; rest of abdomen tawny yellow. Described from three males. Cotype.-—Cat. No. 6328, U.S.N.M. These males differ much more than is usual from the description of the female but it seems that they are more closely allied structurally to A. bicolor than to A. fusciatus, and so I place them with the former species. Food plants.—Brunella vulgaris, Panicum sanguinale, bindweed, and various grasses in mowings. [labitat.—Ambherst, Massachusetts. Seimei + > oa ntti eral ee diet Family THREPID A. The members of this family have from six to eight segmented — antenne (apparently nine segmented in Anaphothrips striatus and — Pseudothrips inequalis); the segments beyond the sixth are usually — short and form what is called the style. Maxillary palpi are usually — three, sometimes two segmented; labial palpi never composed of more | than two segments. The wings of Thripide are usually slender, gradually tapering more or less and pointed at the tips. The fore wings, as a rule, present two parallel longitudinal veins, the front one run- ning from the base to near the tip of the wing; the hind vein appears usually as a branch from the fore vein at about one-third the length — of the wing. Sometimes, however, all connection between these veins is wanting. Cross veins are rarely visible, though traces of them can — sometimes be seen. The ring vein is not usually very heavy or promi- nent. A fringe is generally present upon the front margin of the fore wing, but may be vestigial. More or less stout spines are found along — the veins and costa of the fore wing. The hind wing has one median, — longitudinal vem without spines and no cross or ring veins, but the | costa bears a frmge. The ovipositor of the female is bent downwaten i. e., concave side ventral. | No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 133 SYNOPSIS OF THRIPID. 1 es With velg Minseomn Shite Mera vee ree te eT oe a pee ee 2 Antenne with seven segments......-.-----.- Pe rt bie is Bare eyae ee See 11 9 ae with markedly reticulated surface......-...--------- Feliothrips (p. 168) may ewivhoitirenculare: suviace \2) ite Sek tol ll lef ck ete elle 3 3 ce wit clothed with fine hairs and haying a silky luster_ Sericothrips (p. 141) Bedawithouncotwing otding hairs. Soe eh oe et bok oa ee ak wh 4 4 ae two segments of the antenna longer than the sixth... Raphidothrips (p. 158) Pari two. serments shorter thanisixth 12.052 25-522 0254.222 2-2 -32-20 63h 5 Terminal segment of abdomen with a pair of extremely stout, short spines 5 MELE lyr aOVe sash tear h aa rs Je Lk SE ESS oe Limothrips (p. 138) Terminal segment without unusually stout spines.......--...----------- 6 Antenne with second segment drawn out into an acute process on outer 6 [ DIN ALD eae Pam carpet ape es Men ein ol Pa Seat ee wae ete CR SM Chirothrips (p. 183) Second segment of antennz normally symmetrical. ..-..--..------------ 7 7 wes eolbbandowines wanting 22.422 oes oc esl ee Aptinothrips (p. 166) ree liirancdewancrcorenent eens eee ance ere tin ae Tew i Dae 8 8 ee ioSspiNes ah hind angles:oL-probhorax. 26 $2 sic 202 see: Ses Pl rk ee ee 9 Without spines at hind angles of prothorax...-..------- Anaphothrips (p. 160) 9 ee ith two long spines at each hind angle of prothorax .---.....-.------- Or? With one long spine at each hind angle of prothorax--- -- Pseudothrips (p. 146) 10 au ithout a long spine at middle of each side of prothorax .... Huthrips (p. 147) With a long spine at middle of each side of prothorax--.-.- Scolothrips (p. 157) rT oe wings broad and without front fringe .--..-...---- Parthenothrips (p. 175) Fore wings slender, spines on outer half fewer than on basal... Thrips (p. 178) Genus CHIROTHRIPS Haliday. Body thickened. Head very small and in front of the eyes drawn out into a three-cornered process upon which the antenne are situated. Ocelli present in the females and located very far back; wanting in the males. Antenne eight segmented, the second segment ending in a blunt prominence at the outer angle. Maxillary palpi three seg- mented. Prothorax nearly twice as long as the head, and trapezoidal in form, being about twice as broad at the hind edge as at the fore edge. Two prominent spines present at the hind angles or wanting in some species. Legs short; the fore pair extremely thickened, so that the tibie are short and broad and the tarsi small. Wings long and very slender; fore wing with two veins upon which there stand a few small spines; front fringe well developed. Males wingless. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. With two moderately long spines at each hind angle -.....--- manicatus (p. 134) Macaout lone spines at the hind anples.-25-4<.-..._ 22.222. 2enn5sese se 2 encomecte ont yollow Ms. ese fs oh es et 22 ees obesus (p. 187) \ Abdomen OGIO LO Willlessse pee ae nee coe Le EA 2 crassus (p. 136) CHIROTHRIPS MANICATUS Haliday. Plate II, figs. 14-16. Thrips ( ¢ ‘hirothrips ) manicata HaLipay, Entom. Mag., III, 1836, p- 444, Thrips manicata BURMEISTER, Handb. d. Entomologie, II, 1838, p. 413. Thrips longipennis BURMEISTER, Handb. d. Entomologie, II, 1838, p. 413. Chirothrips manicata AMyor and SERVILLE, Ins. Hemipteres, 1843, p. 642. Chirothrips longipennis AMyor and SERVILLE, Ins. Hemipteres, 1848, p. 642. Thrips ( Chirothrips ) manicata HALLIDAY, Walker, Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., 1852, 2 p. 1106, pl. v1, fig. 12. Thrips (Chirothrips) manicata Revver, Diagn. ofy. nya Thysanopt. f. Finland, (1878-79), pp. 6, 6. Chirothrips antennatus Osporn, Canad. Ent., XV, 1883, p. 154. Chirothrips antennatus LrNDEMAN, Bull. d. Soc. Imp. d. Nat. d. Moscow, LXIT, | 1886, No. 4, pp. 322-325, fig. 12. Chirothrips manicata JABLONowSKI, Termes. Fuzetek, X VII, 1894, p- 47. Chirothrips manicata Uzer, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 80, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. vi, fig. 49. VOL. XXVI1, Chirothrips manicata Tiimert, Die Geradfiigler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 287. It male. 0.27 mm. (0.24 to 0.382 mm.). yellowish brown. Head somewhat shorter than wide, almost conoid in shape, frequently — hidden up to the eyes in the prothorax; cheeks only about one-third the length of the eye; head prolonged into a triangular process in front of the eyes; a row of four small spines across the head between the front edges of the eyes and one small spine on each side of the Eyes large, black, rather coarsely faceted; ocelli subapproximate, almost white or pale yellowish with heavy maroon anterior ocellus. -Length 1 mm. (0.84 to 1.18 mm.); width of mesothorax General color quite uniform dark | 3 | Ce il ka is crescentic inner margins, placed in a low triangle far back between hind half of eyes. palpi three segmented. as follows: ee eee see 0.8 0:9 ~6.4:. 1.02101 Seams Mouth cone short, broad and blunt; maxillary Antenne less than twice the length of head; _ segments thick and more or less rounded; relative lengths of segments Basal segments very broad and almost contiguous; two drawn out — into a short, blunt angle on outer side; three and four bear each one very stout, blunt sense cone on outer angle. tips of two and three frequently yellowish. All segments brown; Prothorax large, trapezoidal, a little less than twice as long as head, as wide as head in front and twice as wide behind; sides nearly straight; surface dotted with numerous very small spines and marked with transverse, arched wrinkles, giving it a sealy appearance; numer- ous small spines stand at hind edge, and two spines at each hind angele are much larger than the others. Mesothorax a little broader than ie ie ‘= \ & “xo. 1510. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. : 135 ‘the prothorax, widest behind, sides curving forward; metathorax ‘abruptly somewhat narrower, and its sides curve inward to base of ‘abdomen. Wings nearly always fully developed in females, about four-fifths as long as body and in middle about one-seventeenth as broad as long, sharply pointed at ends, heavily fringed on both edges. Hind longitudinal vein branches from the fore at about one-fourth the length of the wing; fore vein bears six or seven spines before the branching off of the hind vein; beyond this the fore vein bears usually two and the hind vein four spines; costa bears numerous short spines. Fore wings gray-brown; hind wings gray. Legs short and powerful; fore femora extremely short, nearly as broad at base as long, wrinkled on surface and at tip outside with chitin turned up into a sort of tooth; fore tibiz also extremely short and thick; each tibia bearing a row of spines of gradually increasing length and stout- ness on inner side toward tip; these are most strongly developed on hind legs. Legs dark brown except tarsi more or less gray or yellowish. Abdomen broader than mesothorax, hardly twice as long as broad (segments usually overlapping considerably and giving a dark and light brown banded appearance); spines around last two segments moderately long and stout, dark brown and conspicuous; ovipositor of good length. Color of abdomen uniform dark brown; recepta- culum seminis inconspicuous or invisible. Redescribed from ten females. Male.—Length 0.83 mm. (0.66 to 0.96 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.22 mm. (0.20 to 0.24 mm.). Ocelli wanting; spines on head as in female. Relative lengths of antennal segments as follows: 1 2 3 + > 6 7 8 Jed iowaue + 0.0; 4-4-2520. 1.8 18 Segments two and three pale yellowish. Wings entirely wanting. Abdomen more narrow than in female and bluntly rounded at the end. Ninth segment very large, conoid; tenth segment retracted therein; ninth with a short stout spine on each side of the hind edge above; genital apparatus protruding beyond the tip of tenth segment; a rounded light depression in middle of ventral plates on segments three to six. Described from five males. tood plants.—Flowers of various grasses and cereals, clover, wild carrot. Habitat. —England (Haliday), Germany (Burmeister, Jordan, Bohls), Finland (Reuter), Russia (Lindeman), Bohemia (Uzel), United States: Manchester, Iowa; Amherst, Massachusetts. 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. all i 1 — Life history unknown except that they hibernate in dried flower ae stems and in turf. . I have compared my specimens with those of Osborn’s C. antennatus and they are identical. . CHIROTHRIPS CRASSUS, new species. Plate II, figs. 17-20. Female.—Length 0.78 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.26 mm. Gen- eral color of head and thorax brown; abdomen gray-brown or yellow- ish brown. Head very small, slightly wider than long, narrowed in front between the eyes and elongated anteriorily; distance between eyes’ equal to one-half the width of head; frons between antenne bluntly acuminate. Eyes reddish orange by reflected light; ocelli placed in a low triangle far back between hind edge of eyes; each ocellus pale, margined inwardly with a dark-red crescent. Mouth cone very short and broadly rounded; maxillary palpi short, three segmented. Anten- nx approximate at base; relative lengths of segments as follows: Or ie One ee 6 ee 156 oT 6b Coes _ Basal segments large, longitudinally compressed, nearly twice as wide as long; segment two drawn out at outer angle into an acute process; three with slender peduncle, subpyriform, bearing one promi- nent sense cone on outside, as does also four; four and five rounded; four nearly as thick as long; five somewhat narrower; six elongated; seven and eight moderately slender. One and two pale straw yellow; three to six shading gradually to a medium brown; seven and eight also medium brown. Prothorax one and one-half times as long as head, one and three- fourths times as wide as long, twice as wide at posterior edge as at anterior; sides nearly straight, indented above fore cox, with prom- inent spines at posterior angles. Mesothorax one and one-fourth times as wide as prothorax, quite a deep constriction between mesothorax and metathorax; pterothorax with more or less rusty tinge. Wings long, saber-formed, slightly overreaching the tip of the abdomen; fore wings shaded with gray, hind wings nearly clear. Fore longitudinal vein extends through the wing; hind vein arises from fore vein at one-third its length; both veins disappear before reaching the tip of the wing. Fore vein bears two spines on distal half; hind vein bears five spines. Legs short; fore pair strongly thickened; all femora grayish or yel- lowish brown; fore tibie and all tarsi pale yellowish; middle and hind tibie brownish at bases and above, fading to pale gray or yellow beneath and at extremities. NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. = OT % , Abdomen elongate-ovate in outline, bluntly pointed at tip, one and four-fifths times as long as broad; spines upon last twe segments short, weak, and inconspicuous; ovipositor short and weak. Color rusty- gray brownish upon sides, and pale yellowish upon last two segments. Described from two females. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6324, U.S.N.M. Male.—Length 0.66 mm. (0.58 to 0.78 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.23 mm. (0.19 to 0.25 mm.). General color of head and prothorax ‘grayish or yellowish brown; pterothorax abruptly pale yellowish, ‘shading through gray to chestnut brown upon last two abdominal . segments. Head as wide as long, . without ocelli; relative lengths of antennal ‘segments as follows: ; 1 2 3 4 5 6 it 8 AA O20 20.9 25.0 Oi) C9). 252-0 2-6 _ Prothorax one and one-third times as long as head, and one and one- half times as wide as long; mesothorax one and one-sixth times as wide as prothorax; wings wanting; terminal two segments conoid; “spines thereupon slightly more prominent than in female. Described from seven males. Cotype.— Cat. No. 6324, U.S. N.M. Food plant.— Panicum capilare. Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts. Life history unknown. CHIROTHRIPS OBESUS, new species. Plate II, figs. 21, 22. Female.—Length 0.78 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.29 mm.; width of abdomen 0.275 mm. General color of head and thorax yellowish brown; abdomen pale yellow. _ Head very small, as wide as long, narrowed anteriorly, much elon- gated between the eyes, acuminate between basal segments of antenne. Eyes dark, relatively large, occupying sides of head from close to base of antenne almost to posterior edge of head; distance between eyes one-half the width of head; ocelli rather small and placed very far back between hind edge of eyes; anterior angle of triangle formed by ocelli is very obtuse; color pale yellow, margined inwardly, or entirely surrounded by red patches. Mouth cone very short and blunt; max- ‘illary palpi short, three segmented. Antenne one and three-fourths times as long as head, situated upon the elongated portion thereof; relative lengths of segments as follows: Dede Te Aee | DR eO 38 1 Ae ea TRE Re pe A ONG 8 138 PROCE EDINGS: OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. vw First segment muc h compressed longitudinally; transverse diamete more than twice its length; two very strongly drawn out externally ‘nto a stout. conical elongation; segments three, four, and five rounded; three with a quite long peduncle; three and four each bear one stout, transparent sense cone upon outer angle. Color of one and two clear pale yellow; three to six becoming gradually more brownish; six to eioht uniformly chestnut brown. ; Prothorax one and one-third times as long as the head; anterior edge but slightly wider than hind edge of head; sides slightly concave, divergent so that width at posterior edge is more than twice that at anterior edge; hind angles acute, without long spines; sides quite” deeply indented above fore coxe. Sides of mesothorax rounded, con-_ verging anteriorly; met tathorax narrower than mesothorax, its sides | also rounded but converging posteriorly. Color of thorax fone yel- | lowish brown, sometimes splashed with red. Fore legs very short and extremely thickened; other legs short, but not thickened. Legs pale yellow, middle and hind tibize slightly brownish on upper side, basal part of fore femora shading to light brown. Wings long, sabre- formed, overreaching tip of abdomen, shaded with gray. Two long” veins, the hind one branching from the fore at about one-third the | length of the wing; both veins disappear before reaching the apex. Each vein bears four to six spines; basal third of wings “unfringed;, fore fringe sparse, long and slender. Abdomen ovoid, acuminate at apex, broadly attached to metathorax, — one and two-thirds times as long as broad. Spines upon last two seg- ments very short and weak, 7 those upon ventral plates weak and inconspicuous. Ovipositor very short and weak, apparently not func-— tional; tenth segment split open above. Color of abdomen uniformly — clear pale yellow, except apex brownish and posterior edges of seg-— ments faintly brownish, receptaculum seminis over base of ovipositor bright reddish orange. Described from three specimens. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6325, U.S.N.M. Male unknown. ible hci Food plants.— Festuca ovina, Poa pratensis. Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts. Genus LIMOTHRIPS Haliday. Body powerful. Head longer than wide, broadened behind, and ip front of the eyes extending into a triangular projection upon which the antennxe are borne. Ocelli present in females, but wanting in| males. Antenne eight segmented; third segment drawn out into a blunt, triangular process at outer angle. Maxillary palpi two seg- mented (LZ. cerealium three?). Prothorax somewhat shorter than the head, slightly broadened at hind edge; hind angles provided with r 1310. ee AMERICAN THYSA LE ae A—HINDS. 139 one long, stout spine. Legs rt rather short and thic ik Wi ing’s quite Jong and of medium breadth; costa bearing a fringe; veins bearing a few short spines. Terminal segment of abdomen in female elongated somewhat and approaching a tubular form, split open above; each side bears a short, extremely stout spine and similar stout spines are borne upon the sides of the eighth segment. Male entirely wingless. End of abdomen bluntly rounded; ninth segment bears a stout spine at middle of each side and a pair of simi- Jar spines stands closely together near the dorsal line above. Species of this genus move slowly and have no power of leaping. I found only the new species avenx of the genus. = SS crea LIMOTHRIPS AVENZ, new species. Plate I, figs. 10-12; Plate II, fig. 13. Female.—Length 1.57 mm. (1.48 to 1.66 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.28 mim. (0.26 to 0.30 mm.). Form elongated, slender. General color dark yellowish brown. Head a little longer than wide, tapering a little anteriorly; cheeks very slightly arched; surface of head not at all, or but very faintly, cross striated and bearing a few scattered minute spines; front strongly arcuate, produced considerably between bases of antennze; color of head dark brown. Eyes of moderate size, black with yellow margins, triangular above, protruding slightly; ocelli fairly well separated, anterior one smallest, pale yellow with very dark red crescents on inner margins. Mouth cone short and moderately thick; maxillary palpi short, only two segmented. Antenne rather short, about one and one-half times as long as the head, considerably separated at bases; relative lengths of segments as follows: lise oO AAA AG 1029) 21005 1A e i] eee Oe OE 2B ) Oo Oo a Segment one much wider than long; two cup-shaped; three to five clavate; six fusiform; seven and eight slender, cylindrical; one and two dark brown; three to eight shading gradually from pale brownish gray to more or less dark brown; outer angles of three and four strongly developed (three especially so, though obtuse), and each bears one long pointed sense cone; six also bears one long, slender sense cone on inner side at two-thirds its length. Prothorax a little shorter than head and about one and one-third times as wide as long; sides diverging from head posteriorly; only one long stout spine at each posterior angle; other spines scattered and minute; transverse margins nearly straight; sides slightly rounded; concolorous with head. Mesothorax about one and one-third times as wide as prothorax; metathorax abruptly narrower; sides nearly par- 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI allele pterothorax more or less rusty brown in color. Wings present, ‘lone and slender, about one-seventeenth as broad in middle long, tapering eradually from base to tip; two longitudinal veins, n fore wine, the second branching from the first at about one-fourth its leneth; both veins and costa beara few short, rather stout, dark brown | spines: costa about twenty, fore vein about twelve, of which only two | stand beyond the middle of the wing; hind vein about nine spines; fore wings dark, smoky gray; hind wings very slightly gray; costal} frinoeslone. Lees rather short, but not thickened; femora and middle | 9. quite hind tibiz alone bearing stout spines. Abdomen about two-thirds the length of the body and only abo at tip of tenth. Spines on sides of abdomen weak and inconspicuo Ss before the seventh segment; eight bears three or four short, very stout, slightly curved, dark brown spines on each side; nine bears a_ circlet of long, slender spines; tenth segment split open above, sharply — pointed at tip, and on each side above is a short, very stout, straight, dark brown spine reaching but slightly beyond the tip; color of abdomen gray-brown, shading to almost black at tip; connective tissue” pale yellow; surface of segments finety reticulated. ‘ Described from eight long-winged females. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6326, U.S.N.M. Male.—Length 1.05 mm. (1.02 to 1.08 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.22 mm. (0.20 to 0.22 mm.). Head as broad as long. Ocelli generally wanting, though some- times vestiges are present. Antenne only one and one-third times as long as the head; relative lengths of segments: L525, 8 roe Or aso deanna 4:89. TC ee as 8 3 Color paler than in female, with more of a yellowish tinge, becoming yellowish brown at tip. Pterothorax without traces of wing pads; the dorsal plates very broad, being as wide as first abdominal segment. Head and thorax yellowish brown; legs yellow; femora and tibie con- siderably shaded with brownish. Abdomen but little more than twice as long as wide, though seg- ments overlap considerably, giving it a yellowish brown and dark- brown cross-banded appearance; bluntly rounded at tip; segment nine very large and bluntly conoid; segment ten small, cylindrical, and plainly visible retracted within the ninth: copulatory apparatus pro- Jecting a little from ten. Close together in middle of nine above stand | two extremely short blunt spines borne upon broader black, chitinous: oy No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. AT projections, the inner edges a ic h are parallel and fhe blak ae ing tapers to a point anteriorly; on eac ‘h side of these peculiar proc- esses stands a long, slender spine; at about the middle of each side of ‘ninth segment is a very abrupt, angular, chitinous projection shaded almost black, supporting on the inside of it an exceedingly- short, stout, dark brown, blunt spine; other spines on this segment slender, but not very long. Segment ten is blunt at end and bears a row of short, small spines above; close to hind edge; nine is cut out on upper side over about half of ten, which at tip does not quite reach to tip of nine or under side; abdomen yellow-brown. Described from four specimens. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6326, U.S.N.M. Food plants. —Oats, Festuca pratensis. Habitat.—Pennsylvania, Massachusetts. Life history unknown. This species was very abundant upon and caused much damage to oats at State College, Pennsylvania, during the summer of 1898. Genus SH RICOTHRIPS Halliday. Body broad and having a silky luster due to the presence of numer- ous minute spines on the abdominal segments. Head fully one and one-half times as wide as long. Eyes large and protruding; ocelli present in both sexes. Antenne eight segmented. Maxillary palpi ‘three segmented. Prothorax much longer than the head, without long spines at hind angles (one present in S. varvabilis). Legs, especially hind pair, quite slender. Wings either reduced or fully developed; when present, the fore wing is broad at basal fourth, the remainder being very narrow; only one longitudinal vein developed; fore fringe Jong; spines on veins numerous and moderately developed. Abdomen ‘in some species strongly arched and its segments broad and short; tip of abdomen conical in both sexes. Abdomen of male much more slen- der throughout. Species of this genus leap readily. — The characters of this genus are extended to include the following species: SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. Body nearly black except segments four, five, and six of abdomen almost white; __ wings reduced ......-..-----------++--++++-2+-02222-222----- cingulatus (p. 141) Body yellow with brown or gray markings; wings present and with two spines on ian sourth, where hind vein usually is -..: 2522-20-52. 2-2 variabilis (p. 148 SERICOTHRIPS CINGULATUS, new species. Plate ITI, figs. 27-29. — Female.—Length 1 mm. (0.84 to 1.25 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.25 mm. (0.22 to 0.31 mm.); width of abdomen 0.37 mm. (0.31 to 0.45 mm.). General color very dark brown; abdomen cross- banded with white in the middle. 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ‘NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 4 © eee at the insertion of ao nnthortaeel Eyes small, rounded strongly protruding, occupying together only one-half the width the head, black, oe el: ated; margins vent yellow, oc preg Mouth cone reaching to san cae oe ode of aco max- illary BaP ee segme mes ae very eee as ae as hea 1 ments: i 2 3 4 5 6 nee 58 9.9 16.4 145 199 123-32 7 Basal two segments thickest; spines slender and inconspicuous, Segments one, tw 0, and ae light yer one fhe pe ot brown | n than prothorax; et beeen ce notal plates dark prowl sides of metathorax not converging posteriorly; metanotum much wider than long. Wings reduced, the pads reaching only to the first abdominal segment. Fore and middle legs of approximately sami length; fore pay Jee hind pair longest and quite slender; all Callow ae more Ghee at basal attenuations, fore pair lightest; tarsi uniformly yellowish, slender, and tapering evenly from thei bases to tips. Surface of all femora and tibie thickly covered with transverse ridges; spines upon hind tibix especially long and slende1 uniformly thickly covered with minute spines which appear most clearly as a fine fringe at posterior edge of each segment; a transverse dorsal row of about twelve quite uniformly long, brownish spines regularly spaced across the middle of segments ree to six, and si similar spines stand in as Inany small, dark depressions along the posterior edge of the sternal plates of these segments. First thre e abdominal segments light brown; four, five, and six abruptly pale gray, or yellowish gray, tinged with pron in middle of dorsum, most broadly on sixth segment; last four segments again abruptly dark brown. A narrow, ane brome transverse, chitinous thickening = ‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 143 ok (appearing as a stripe) extends across two-thirds of the width of the dorsal plates of segments two to seven near their anterior edges; spines upon terminal segments short and weak. This species possesses a well-developed power of leaping. Described from twenty specimens. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6327, U.S.N.M. Male.—Length 0.87 mm. (0.66 to 1 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.21 mm.; width of abdomen, 0.27 mm. (0.22 to 0.30 mm.). Relative lengths of antennal segments: epee ee ee ee!) 8 e101. 1S. t09 19.87° 918! 3.7 End of abdomen shaped as in female; a transverse elliptical depres- sion in the middle of ventral plates of segments five to seven. Seg- ment nine long and tapering; tenth elongate and retracted within the ninth. Genital apparatus appears to be wholly protrusile. Testes large and brownish yellow in color. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6827, U.S.N.M. Food plants.—Various grasses. Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts. Life history unknown. SERICOTHRIPS VARIABILIS (Beach). Plate II, fig. 23; Plate III, figs. 24-26. Thrips variabilis Beacu, Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., 1895, III, 1896, pp. 220-223. Female.—Length 0.84 to 1.28 mm.; width of mesothorax about one- fourth the length of the body. General color yellow, with more or less striking brown or gray-brown markings. Head about two-thirds as long as broad, broadest through eyes, retracted considerably into prothorax; cheeks moderately full, con- verging somewhat posteriorly; anterior margin nearly straight, but slightly elevated between bases of antennz. Spines upon head incon- spicuous; but one moderately long spine on each side of fore ocellus, and one behind each hind ocellus; a row of fourshort, strongly curved spines across front near margin, and a few small spines upon cheeks; color of head pale yellow with dusky shadings. Eyes moderately large, protruding a little, nearly black, coarsely faceted, plainly pilose, occu- pying about three-fifths the width of the head; ocelli large, approxi- mate, reddish orange, heavily margined inwardly with maroon, situated upon a slightly raised area between the eyes. Mouth cone tipped with black; maxillary palpi slender, three segmented. Antenne eight seg- mented, more than twice as long as head, bases separated by about two-thirds the width of a basal segment; relative lengths of segments: SO AS ae) 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXYI Seoment one nearly spherical and slightly narrower than two which i, broadest: three and four fusiform; five similarly formed to four at its hase, but quite broad at its apex, and rather broadly joined to six which with style tapers gradually to tip. Color: One white and nearly tra s parent; two pale or brownish yellow; three and four pale yellow; three lieht brownish at tip and four in outer half; remainder of antenna light to dark brown, base of five somewhat lighter. | Prothorax about three-fourths as long as wide, a little longer and @ versely striated on dorsum; only one long, slender spine at each hind anele= anterior third of pronotum concolorous with head, remainder marked with a saddle-shaped patch of brown, the anterior edge of which is concave and sharply defined; six or eight medium-sized spines stand in this dark border, behind it there are six more or less well- defined brown spots. Pterothorax large and apparently symmetrically formed on account of first segment of abdomen being closely joined metathorax and closely approaching it in color; meso and metathorax equally wide and about one and one-half times as wide as the pro- thorax; metanotal plate light brown; rest of pterothorax bright or dusky yellow, except small brown spots at anterior edge of mesonotum and at anterior angles. Wings long, reaching to tip of abdomen fore wings very slender beyond the basal fourth, breadth at middle only about one twenty-sixth their length; only the fore longitudinal vein is fully developed, though vestiges of the hind vein may be seen vein placed at regular intervals; two isolated spines stand upon the last fourth of the wing on the line where the hind vein might be expected; the scale bears four spines along its inner edge and one discal near its base. Fore wings uniformly dusky or marked with three white and two gray-brown cross bands alternating; scale also gray-brown; anterior fringe long and fine on outer two-thirds of costa, Legs, especially hind pair, quite long and slender; general color pale yellowish with brown markings on fore femora above, both outer and inner sides of fore tibize, around outer halves of middle and hind femora, around middle of these tibie, and bases of all bladders. Tarsi slender and tapering; hind tibie without stout spines within. Abdomen cylindrical, tapering sharply from anterior edge of eight or acute avoid; two to two and one-third times as long as broad; thickly clothed with minute slender spines appearing most: prominently as é fringe on hind edges of dorsal plates. Eight to ten spines upon eack segment from two to eight, two or three of these stand quite closely together in a group upon each side, and the middle pair stand very closely together upon segments two to five, but separate more widely upon following segments and become larger; spines upon last two seg- . 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 145 ents short, weak, and not strongly radiating. Segments two to seven ‘marked with a very prominent dark-brown cross line at anterior third ‘of each; on each side of these segments behind this line is a more or ess extensive brown shading which on seven extends clear across the back; ground color of these segments is white or pale yellowish gray; eight, nine, and ten are without the brown markings, and are pale or dusky yellowish. _ Male.—Similar to female with the following exceptions: Length 0.64 mm.; width of thorax 0.19 mm.; abdomen only four-fifths as wide as thorax, and more than twice as long as wide, nearly cylindrical to seventh segment; eight to ten conoid; spines upon last segment short; the testes large and brownish orange. y : : : Relative lengths of antennal segments: pe ee oy Bi ts 8 e oe lO Oe oe AOL oa ie r Var. a. female.—Head and front third of prothorax clear, pale yel- _Jow; pterothorax darker yellow; hind part of prothorax and metano- tum abruptly brown; abdomen pale yellowish with very conspicuous dark brown cross-streak at first third of segments two to seven; on each side behind this streak is a narrow brown shading which upon "seven extends clear across the back. Fore wings slightly tinged with yellowish, darkest at base. Brown spot on femora above, darkest on hind femora. Abdomen acute ovoid. Food plants.—Clematis, clover, elm, hackberry. Habitat.—lowa, Massachusetts. “Var. b. male and female.—Body pale yellowish, immaculate; apical _ joints of antenne black, remainder pale; wings and fringes tinged with yellowish.” —Beach. Food plants.—Hawthorn, hackberry. Habitat.—lowa. “Var. c. male and female.—Wings nearly uniformly fuliginous; last three joints of antenne, distal half of joints 4 and 5 black, some- times intermediate altogether dusky; brown markings very distinct, confined to two large spots on thorax and scutellum respectively, the latter oblong and approximating posteriorly; abdomen immaculate.” Beach.“ . Food plants.—Hawthorn, hackberry. Habitat.—lowa. “Var. d. male and female.—This variety is characterized by having the wings fuliginous, trifasciate with white bands, and in being more al have seen and studied the specimens of Miss Beach labeled “ Thrips variabilis Beach, Var. c. male and female types.” These specimens seem to me to fit much better her description of ‘‘ Var. d.”’ An emended description based upon these speci- mens would not be distinguishable from the foregoing description of o Var. d.*? Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 10 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ heavily marked with brown; the markings on the thorax and bands at | bases of first, second, and third (sometimes of second and third only), and seventh and eighth segments of the abdomen are extended until they coalesce and form broad bands; the dorsal surface of the head is hrown: sometimes all of the caudal segments are brown; the legs are™ white. with brown streaks on dorsal surface of femora, an frequently on tibiew also; antenne same as in preceding variety.” Beach. ; Food plants.—Cucumber, grass, smartweed. 2 Habitat. —lowa, Massachusetts. PSEUDOTHRIPS, new genus. Head much broader than long. Ocelli present. Maxillary palpil three segmented. Antenne eight segmented (apparently nine seg- | ) mented, owing to an apparent division of the sixth segment). Pro- . thorax much longer than head and somewhat broadened posteriorly; — one stout spine at each hind angle. Wings with two longitudinal | veins which, with the costa, are thickly and regularly set with quite prominent spines; fore fringe well developed. Abdominal segments two to eight, inclusive, bear across the middle of each dorsal plate four weak spines, of which the middle two are close together upon anterior segments but diverge posteriorly. This genus is erected for the single species ¢neqgualis. (ysevda, false; Apu.) PSEUDOTHRIPS INEQUALIS (Beach). Plate III, figs. 30-32. Thrips inequalis Bracu, Proc. lowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III, (1896), pp. 223-224. Female.—Length 0.88 mm.; width of mesothorax, 0.22 mm.; gen- eral color yellow; thorax and abdomen tinged with orange. Head fully one and one-half times as broad as long, slightly con- stricted at hind edge, and retracted into the prothorax somewhat; cheeks full; anterior margin nearly straight. Eyes of medium size, rounded, slightly protruding, slightly pilose; ocelli large, well sepa- rated, with orange-red margins; ocellar bristles present, but not very long or prominent. Mouth cone moderately sharp and somewhat shaded with brown at tip; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antenne over two and one-half times as long as head; eight segmented, though there appear to be nine segments; relative lengths of segments as follows: Ue eae + Z 8 Aire wise 6 8+2 3 Segment six has a distinct annulation around it at four-fifths its length, the outer part appearing much like a separate segment. Seg- ments one and two quite stout and rounded; three irregularly, and four regularly clavate; seven and eight psikinidieaead Segment one paler than two, concolorous with head: three to six pale yellow in bo] ~T Oo] ox i: No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 147 basal parts, shading to dark brown toward ‘the tips: seven and eight dark brown; spines distinct but not prominent, becoming more slen- der toward the tip. | Prothorax about one and one-half times as long as head, and one and one fourth times as broad at posterior edge; sides nearly straight, diverging backward; dorsal surface bearing a number of small, dark ‘spines, mostly near lateral and posterior borders; one stout, promi- nent spine at each hind angle. Mesothorax over one and one-half times as wide as head; sides rounded and converging anteriorly; fore angles prominent. Metathorax but little narrower than mesothorax; its sides nearly parallel, curving inward abruptly at hind angles. Wings reaching almost to tip of abdomen; two longitudinal veins quite prominent; both veins and costa thickly and regularly set with prom- inent dark brown spines; costal twenty-four to twenty-eight, fore vein eighteen to nineteen, hind vein ten to eleven, scale five, internal one. Fore wing about one-fifteenth as broad in middle as ioe shaded faintly yellowish; costal fringe well developed. Legs dusky yellow, quite slender; fore femora slightly thickened; femora and tibie bear- ing numerous short spines; inner side of hind tibizw with but few stouter spines except one pair at tip; each hind tarsal segment with one stout, dark spine on the side; a dark brown spot on under side of each tarsus at tip. Abdomen elongate-ovate; few dark spines along the sides; segments two to eight bear across the middle of each ddoreal plate four weak spines, the middle two are close together upon anterior segments, but diverge posteriorly; posterior edge of nine bears a circlet of six stout spines, the median pair being only slightly more than half as long as the others. All spines on body, and spines and fringes on wings conspicuously dark brown; abdomen dusky yellow, dark brown at extreme tip. Redescribed from one female, ** Type” of Miss Beach. Male unknown. Food plant.—Aster. Habitat.—Ames, Iowa. This species bears a close general resemblance to Huthrips tritic?, with which it was taken. Genus EUTHRIPS Targioni-Tozzetti. PHYSOPUS.¢ Ocelli usually present but sometimes more or less rudimentary. Antenne eight segmented. Maxillary palpi three segmented. Pro- «The name Physapus was used by Amyot and Serville for this genus in 1843, but it ‘ean not hold, as this name was previously used by Leach for a genus of the Neurop- tera in 1817. I have been unable to see Targioni-Tozzetti’s characterization of his genus Luthrips, but as nearly as I can tell it may include the species which have been placed in the genus Physopus, and I therefore adopt it for this genus. 148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, thorax as lone or somewhat longer than the head, with two long spines upon each hind angle and one similar spine upon each anterior angle in many species, but this is wanting in others. Legs usually unarmed, but in a few species with a stout tooth on under side of fore tibia at end. Wings usually fully developed but sometimes reduced. When present they are moderately broad, have two longitudinal veins which are set with numerous stout spines at regular intervals in those species having a spine at the fore angle of the pronotum. Spines upon abdomen moderately stout; anal spines long and slender. These species are active and can spring. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. {General color of body yellow -.-.-..---------------+---+--+-++++-+----------+- 2. \General color of body brown ..--<-- 22-22 -- 2 oe te eee oa {Fifth antennal segment about five-sixths as long as four .... occidentalis (p. 152). = \Fifth antennal segment about two-thirds as long as fourth -...... tritici (p. 148). , JAntennze about three times as long as head -.----..------------ fuscus (p. 154). ° |Antennz but slightly more than twice as long as head.-.-.-.- nervosus (p. 155). EUTHRIPS TRITICI (Fitch). WHEAT THRIPS. Plate LV, figs. 36-39. Thrips tritici Frrcu, Count. Gent., VI, Dec. 13, 1855, p. 385. Thrips tritici Frrcu, Rept., 11, Nox. Ins. N. Y., 1857, pp. 304-308. Thrips tritici ASHMEAD, Orange Insects, 1880, p. 72. Thrips tritici OSBORN, Canad. Entom., XV, 1883, pp. 152, 156. Thrips tritici OsBorN, Trans. Iowa St. Hort. Soc., X VIII, 1883-1884, pp. 520-521; Coll. Bull., 2, lowa Agrl. College, 1885, pp. 96, 97. Thrips tritici Hupparp, Ins. Affect. Orange, 1885, p. 164, fig. 77, pl. x1, fig. 5. Thrips tritici Forses, Centralia, Il]., Sentinel, 1887; Prairie Farmer, June 4, 1887. Thrips tritict Lintner, Cult. and Count. Gent., LI, June 9, 1887, p. 459. Thrips tritici Weep, Prairie Farmer, LIX, 1887, p. 343; Trans. Ill. St. Hort. Soe., 1887, pp. 230-233. Thrips tritici OsBorn, Insect Life, I, 1888, p. 141. Thrips tritici WEED, Popular Gardening, III, 1888, p. 176. Thrips sp. Comstock, Bull. XI, Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta., 1889, p. 131. Thrips tritici Ritey-Howarp, Insect Life, I, 1889, p. 340. Thrips tritici Forses, 16th Rept. St. Entom., Ill., 1890, p. ix, pl. v, fig. 4; 17th Rept. St. Entom., Il., 1891, pp. xiii, xv. Thrips tritici WEED, Ins. and Insecticides, 1891, p. 95. Thrips tritici Forses, Insect Life, V, 1892, pp. 126, 127. Thrips tritici Weester, Bull. 45, Ohio Exp. Sta., 1892, pp. 207, 208. Thrips tritici Townsend, Canad. Ent., XXIV, 1892, p. 197. Thrips tritici BRUNER, Rept. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr., 1893, (1893), p. 457, fig. 96. Thrips tritici Bruner, Nebr. St. Hort. Rept., 1894, (1894), pp. 163, 214, fig. 82. Thrips tritici ASHMEAD, Insect Life, VII, 1894, p. 27. Thrips tritici Craw, 4th Biennial Rept. St. Bd. Hort., Calif. for 1893-94, 1894, | p. 88. Thrips tritici Weep, Ins. and Insecticides, 1895, p. 146. Thrips tritici Uze., Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, pp. 220, 278. Thrips tritici Smrrn, Economic Entom., 1896, p- 102, fig. 73. a r % |g 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 149 Thrips tritici LIntNER, 11th Rept. N. Y. St. Entom., 1896, pp. 247-250. Thrips tritici Rois, 10th Ann. Meet. Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1897, p. 97. Thrips tritici QuAINTANCE, Bull. 42, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1897, pp. 552-564. Thrips tritici Powers, Fla. Farmer and Fruit Grower (editorial), March 27, 1897. Thrips tritici QUATNTANCE, Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1898, pp. 77-103, figs. 1-9. Thrips tritici Howarp, Bull. 18, N. 8., U. 8. Dept. Agri., 1898, p. 101. Thrips tritici Rours, 11th Ann. Meet. Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1898, pp. 54-38. Female.—Length about 1.22 mm.; width about 0.26 mm. General color brownish yellow, thorax tinged with orange. Head three-fourths as long as broad and four-fifths as long as pro- thorax, but slightly withdrawn therein; cheeks but slightly arched behind the eyes and converging slightly posteriorly; anterior margin very nearly straight; back of head transversely striated. Eyes large, dark, and slightly pilose, occupying together about three-fifths the width of the head; ocelli present, sub-approximate, pale yellow, mar- gined inwardly with bright reddish orange crescents; spines between ocelli on each side long and conspicuous; post-ocular spines shorter. Maxillary palpi three segmented. Antenne nearly two and one-half times as long as the head; relative lengths of segments: ei. 4 5 6 Gos Gaeta Pole ore 10,5 2.9 Color: One pale yellow; two light brown, base sometimes yellowish; three light yellow in basal half, remainder shaded light brown; four and five brown, yellowish at bases; six, seven, and eight brown. Spines upon antennal segments, especially two to five, quite stout and conspicuous. Prothorax rather rounded, three-fourths as long as broad; one pair of stout spines at each angle, also one short anteriorly directed spine standing close to lower one of each fore pair; between each posterior pair and median line stands a row of five spines, number four alone being large; color of prothorax pale orange-yellow. Mesothorax rounded at anterior angles; mesonotal plate with one stout spine at each lateral angle and two pairs of small spines on posterior margin. Metathorax tapering but slightly posteriorly; metanotal plate bearing four spines close together at anterior edge, the middle pair being much more stout and conspicuous. Wings nearly reaching the end of abdomen; breadth at middle about one-twelfth their length; shaded but slightly; each fore wing has two longitudinal veins extending from base to tip of wing; spines on veins at regular intervals; costa twenty- six to twenty-eight; fore vein twenty to twenty-two; hind vein fifteen to eighteen; scale five, interior of scale one; a light, sparse fringe on costa of each wing; posterior fringes heavy and wavy. Legs clear pale yellow, sometimes slightly shaded with light brown above, quite thickly set with short brown spines; a pair of stout spines at extremity of each tibia; rows of spines on inner side of hind tibix rather weak. 150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI Abdomen cylindrical-ovate, pointed at the apex; dark brown stripe aACTOSS segments two to seven near their anterior edges; dorsal plates, except nine and ten, shaded more or less with brown; three or fou ‘ moderately stout brown spines stand out prominently upon the pale ae Toer sider or segments two to eight; terminal spines long, stout, and dark colored; tip of abdomen dark brown, Redescribed from eight females. Male.—Leneth about 0.7 mm. (0.64 to 0.80 mm); width of meso- | thorax 0.195 mm. (0.18 to 0.22 mm.). General color pale yellow, darkest upon pterothorax. . Kyes somewhat smaller than those of female. Antenne about two ; and one-third times as long as the head. Relative lengths of segments : as follows: 4.3) 8 AiG Ot es A ee 208 6 Tee a 11) 10:3 269 0a = eae Wings large and reaching beyond the tip of the abdomen. End of ; abdomen (ninth segment) bluntly conical; tenth segment retracted and _ not reaching the tip of the ninth; nine bears four pairs of long, stout, : dark spines, of which one pair stands on each side near the anterior — end of the segment, and one pair on each side near the tip; near the middle above stand two short spines. Described from four specimens. Food plants.—Altalta, apple, asparagus, aster (cultivated), bind- weed, blackberry, buttercup, canna, cherry, clover, cone-flower, dan- — delion, dog-tooth violet, English pea, goldenrod, grasses, hardhack, — heal-all, heliotrope, honeysuckle, hydrangea, lilies, mesquite, orange, — pea, peach, pear, pink, plum, potato, raspberry, red clover, rose, — shrubby Althea, smartweed, Solidago bicolor, Spiranthes simplex, squash, strawberry, sunflower, sweet william, wheat. Habitat.—California, District of Columbia, Florida, Mlinois, Iowa, @ Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York. + The following descriptions of early stages are taken from Quain- 4 tance: “ Fqg.—Size 0.25 by 0.1 mm.; clear whitish in color; oblong, curved in shape. 2 Larva, first stage.—Length about 0.5 mm.; width of thorax nearly — 0.1 mm.; body fusiform, gradually tapering caudad from fifth or sixth — abdominal segment. Color, clear whitish; eyes reddish. Antenne distinctly four-jointed:; basal joint cylindrical, short; second somewhat urn-shaped, with distinct distal rim, about as long as broad; third joint — conical, apex of cone united to second; fourth fusiform, widest near basal fourth, quite as long as other three joints together. Joints two, three, and four ringed, two and three rather obscurely, but on fourth joint the rings are quite pronounced, where, on distal part, they “Bull. 46, Fla. Exp. Sta. oa TD "xo. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 151 ‘¥ appear to divide the joint into short, cylindrical segments. On the fourth joint the rings are minutely setate. Numerous large sete are also present on all joints, most numerous on fourth. Legs stout; hind femur about as long as tibia; tarsus one-jointed, terminating in claw- like fork; bladder-like expansion of adults apparently wanting. - Abdomen composed of ten segments, marked dorsally with four longi- tudinal rows of sete anda row on each side. Allof these setee appear to be somewhat enlarged and rounded distally, except one pair on dorsum of last segment. On tenth segment these sete «re quite long, being from two to four times longer than the others. Larva, second stage.—Length about 1 mm.; width of thorax about 0.22 mm.; shape about as in stage one.- Color of body deep orange yellow; legs and antenne lighter; eyes reddish; antenne four-jointed, as in first stage; basal joint short, cylindrical, about one-half as long as wide: second, subcylindrical, somewhat longer than wide; third, subconical, about a third longer than wide; fourth, about as long as proximal three together, fusiform, thickest about basal fourth. Joints three and four plainly ringed, the rings of fourth joint quite distinct and minutely setate, as in first stage. Large sete are also present about as in stage one. Femur of hind legs about as long as tibia; tar- sus one-jointed, somewhat forked distally, and bearing a membranous expansion. Nymph or pupa, young nymph.—Resembles the full-grown larva in shape; in color it is much lighter, being light yellow, with legs, antennx, and wing-pads still lighter. Eyes reddish. In the antennz, legs, and wing-pads the nymph skin appears some- what as a sheath to these parts of the forming adult. The antenn are three or four jointed, apparently, thick and clumsy. The basal joint is large, swollen, slightly longer than wide; the second is about twice as long as wide and somewhat constricted in middle. Third joint is about a third longer than second, gradually tapering distally to an obtuse end. When the nymph stage is first entered the antenne project cephalad in normal position. In six or eight hours, however, they are laid back over the head and prothorax. In the hind legs, femur and tibia of about equal length; tarsus indistinctly one-jointed, very short, and rounded distally. Wing-pads short, scarcely reaching caudal end of second abdominal segment, bearing one or two sete. Abdomen as in larva, with dorsaland lateral rows of setee, which, how- ever, are acute. On the dorsum of ninth segment, near caudal margin, are four stubby, hook-like processes, curving cephalad, which appear to be the four modified setee of this region. Mature nymph.—Length about 1 mm.; width of thorax about 0.22 mm.; color light yellow; shape very similar to that of adult Thrips. Nymph skin more or less separated from the body of the adult within, particularly so in the legs, antenne, mouth-parts, wing-pads, and 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, caudal end of atdomen® phos wing-pads reach to about the sixth seginent. Lif, history.—**The life cycle of Thrips tritict is quite short, requir- ing but twelve days. Eggs are deposited in the tissues of infested plants, and hatch in three days. The larval state lasts for about five davs. during which time the insect makes two molts, the second when emering the nymph stage. The nymph stage continues for about four days, during which time they take no food, rarely move to any extent, but remain hidden away.” Economic considerations.—This is one of the most widely spread and generally injurious species in this country. The specimens from which Fitch described the species were taken at Geneva, Wisconsin, from a wheat field which was being injured by the little pests. At various times it has been noticed swarming in the blossoms of orange and causing injury thereto. It is a very common species on a large number of flowering plants, both wild and cultivated, but unless pres- ent in great numbers their injuries are likely to pass unnoticed. By far the greatest damage appears to be done to strawberries, in the blossoms of which they swarm, and by their punctures of the essential parts of the flower they prevent its fertilization and the consequent development of the fruit. This failure of bloom, though perhaps pro- duced at times by other insects and in other ways, is known to grow- — ersas *‘buttoning.” The most serious injuries ee been reported from Florida and Illinois. In Florida the strawberry crop in some sections has been reduced to one-third in dry seasons. EUTHRIPS OCCIDENTALIS Pergande. Thrips sp. CoquttiETt, Ins. Life, IV, 1891, p. 79 ; Huthrips occidentalis PERGAND®, Ins. Life, VII, 1895, p. 392. Female.—Length about | mm.; width at mesothorax about one- | fourth the body length. General color head pale lemon yellow, thorax orange yellow, abdomen brownish yellow. | Head about one and one-third times as broad as long, three-fourths as long as the prothorax and considerably withdrawn into the latter. | Eyes eather large, occupying together about three-fifths the width of | the head, dark, slightly pilose; ocelli subapproximate, pale yellowish, margined with reddish orange crescents; one very prominent spine between ocelli on each side: post-ocular spines very conspicuous. Maxillary palpi thee segmented. Antenne about two and one-half — times as long as the head; first segment slightly shorter than the style; two is one : and one-half ae as long as one; three is longest; four is six-sevenths as long as three; five is five eras as long as four; six | nearly as es as ice seven very short, about one-fourth as long as _ five; eight is one and three-fifths times as long as seven. Color of one translucent whitish; two brownish yellow (uniform), basal parts of — wee: 1510. NORTH AMERICAN EE oe 1—HINDS. Pao oO = = three, four, and hee e pale Follow ish; apical parts shading quite abruptly to light brownish; six uniformly brown; sty le slightly lighter than six. Spines upon antennal segments, especially two to four, are unusually stout and prominent. Prothorax nearly one and one-third times wide as long; color intermediate between that of head and pterothorax. One pair of prominent, stout spines at each angle; one short anteriorly directed spine close to the lower one of each fore pair; a row of tive small spines (the fourth is stoutest) stands on each side of hind margin between pair at angle and median line. Anterior angles of mesotho- rax rounded; metathorax slightly narrower than mesothorax, its sides nearly straight and parallel; mesonotal plate bears one stout spine at each lateral angle and two pairs of small spines on posterior margin; metanotal plate bears two pairs of spines close to anterior edge, the middle pair being much the stouter; color of pterothorax bright orange. Wings very slightly yellowish; both longitudinal veins extend from base to tip of wing; both internal and the costal veins bear very stout, brown spines set at regular intervals; costa twenty- four to twenty-six, fore vein nineteen to twenty-two, hind vein fifteen to eighteen, scale five, internal on scale one. Fringe upon costal edge is very light, that upon hind edge is long and wavy; cross veins can ‘sometimes be seen between the longitudinal veins and between the fore and costal veins at about two-fifths their length from base and sometimes a third at about four-sevenths between the fore and costal veins. Legs uniformly concolorous with head, bearing numerous small spines; a pair of strong spines at inner side of tip of each tibia. Abdomen elongate-ovate in outline, conical at apex; a transverse, narrow, brown band extends across anterior part of segments three to seven; brownish tinge on abdomen fades behind sixth segment leaving ‘only the apex of the cone brown; a group of three or four stout spines ‘stands upon each side of segments two to eight; terminal spines long, ‘stout; all spines brown. Male.—Length about 0.65 mm.; width about 0.17 mm. Lighter in color than the females; nearly a uniform lemon yellow, slightly darker on throax; form more slender; apex of abdomen blunt, terminated on ‘sides by two pairs of long, stout, inward curving spines; ninth seg- ‘ment also bears two pairs of very long, stout spines near its posterior border and near the dorsal line on this segment is a pair of short ‘spines; the brown bands across the abdomen of female are wanting in males and they have fewer spines on sides of segments; the bright orange-colored testes are very prominent. Food plants.—Apricot, orange, potato, and various weeds. Habitat. —California. _ Redescribed from specimens at the U. 5. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology—presumably types. 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX. Jt Remarks.—This species 1s very gta to Luthrips tritici (Fitch but it has a longer though more retracted head, which is also slightly wider: the terminal segment of the antenna is one and three-fift 8, times as long as seven; spines on body stouter and more prominent. 30th £ sani tritici and Luthrips occidentalis approach very close to Physopus nigriventris Uzel. EUTHRIPS FUSCUS, new species. Plate IV, figs. 40, 41. Female.—Length 0.93 mm. (0.70 to 1.08 mm); width of mesothorax 0.21 mm. (0.18 to 0.24 mm.). General color brown. In dark speci: mens the abdomen is blackish brown; in light specimens the general color is yellowish brown. | Head about one and one-half times as wide as long, about one-fourth | retracted into prothorax; occiput deeply wrinkled transversly; ante- rior margin of head slightly and smoothly elevated in middle; cheeks. straight and parallel. Eyes moderately large, occupying together about one-half the width of the head, dark, slightly protruding; margins pale yellow; ocelli smaller than facets of eye, pale yellow margined with dark red, widely separated, posterior ones contiguous: with yellow margins around eyes; one stout spine in front of each posterior ocellus. Mouth cone short and tapering abruptly; maxil- lary palpi slender, three segmented.” Antenne inserted a little below. the margin, about three times as long as dorsal length of head; relative length of segments: ‘ ieee 3 Ae 5 6 98 é 5 (8.8 102 10 ot eee 3 4 First segment rounded, one-third broader than long; two is cupa clavate; three with very slender peduncle; six cylindrical-ovate. Antennx quite uniformly brown (sometimes three, four, and five lighter gray-brown, especially at bases), only segment three somewhat more yellowish; spines on segments two to five quite stout and dark colored. Color of head uniform grayish to orange-brown. j Prothorax fully one and one-half times as wide as long and one and two-fifths times as long as the head; sides arched; angles rounded; wider behind than in front; one large curved spine at each anterior angle and another on anterior margin between this and the median line; two stout spines at each posterior angle, the inner one of which is much the weaker; also a stout spine on the posterior edge between the pair and the median line; other spines on prothorax small and not conspicuous. Mesothorax but very little wider than the prothorax; projecting prominences at anterior angles; mesonotum broad, a shaped; three to six subequal in thickness; three to five clove d . Xo. 1310. subee: TH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 155 = - — a — prominent s spines; posterior edge 1 ne early straight for one- third the width of the segment; metathorax narrows abruptly after the anterior edge till narrower than prothorax, then sides run nearly parallel to abdomen; mesonotum with two pairs of spines near anterior edge, the outer one of each pair being much less stout than the inner one; meso- thorax and metathorax together not longer than the prothorax. Wings reduced, barely reaching to the first abdominal segment; pads set with several stout spines. Legs of medium length and of moderate size, quite thickly set with short bristles, concolorous with, or usually lighter than body; bases of posterior femora and inner sides of posterior tibiz more yellowish; thorax colored nearly like head. Abdomen one and one-half times as wide as the mesothorax (short- winged female) and twice as long as broad, or nearly twice as long as head and thorax together; elliptical in outline except that apex is conical; broad, dark bands cross the abdomen at the anterior edge of dorsal plates on segments two to eight. Each segment except one and ten bears two or three short, stout spines on sides; in addition to these nine bears a circlet of eight unusually long, strong spines, and ten also bears a circlet of six long spines though these are somewhat shorter than those on previous segment. Segment ten is split open above; color of abdomen yellowish brown to brown-black, usually con- siderably darker than head and thorax; segments usually more or less telescoped. Described from eighteen short winged females taken in hibernation in February and Nopanoer Cotype.—Cat. No. 6328, U.S.N.M. Food plant.—Grass ? Habitat.—Massachusetts. Life history unknown. EUTHRIPS NERVOSUS (Uzel). Plate III, figs. 33, 34; Plate IV, fig. 35. Physopus nervosa Uz, Monographie d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 102. Thrips (Euthrips) maidis Beacu, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III (1896), pp. 219; 220. Female.—Length 1.33 mm. (1.22 to 1.39 mm.); width of meso- thorax 0.32 mm. (0.28 to 0.84 mm.). General color dark yellowish brown. ‘ Head somewhat pentagonal in form, not as long as wide; cheeks straight and converging slightly posteriorly; front broad and obtusely angular; back of head transversely wrinkled and bearing a few minute spines. Eyes rather small, black with light yellow borders, rounded ‘or oyal in outline; ocelli yellow, widely separated, posterior ones con- tiguous with light borders around eyes; one very long slender spine on each side midway between ocelli. Mouth cone pointed, tipped a 4 ioe 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XxVis with biack; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antennv slightly more” than twice as lone as head and very slender beyond second segment; comparative leneths of segments as foilows: ay 3 4 5) 6 Cages 6 All -Ale SalOs oy wise 15:34. 93s Color of antenne dark brown, except segments three and four and extreme base of five abruptly yellow. Spines on first segments quite | dark and conspicuous, becoming paler and more indistinct toward the tip. Prothorax approximately as long as head and a little wider, almost rectangular in form, bearing many prominent spines; one at each fore angle and two at each hind angle are longest: one half way betwee nn fore angle and median line on front margin and one similarly placed: on hind margin are intermediate in size; numerous others are smaller, Color of head and prothorax dark brown. Mesothorax approximately as wide as length of antenne; front angles obtusely rounded; metanotal plate bears four spines close to front edge, the middle pair being large and prominent, the others small; pterothorax yellowish brown. Wings present, fully as long as the abdomen, about one-twelfth as broad as long, sharply pointed at ends; surface of wings thickly covered with minute, dark-colored spines; both longitudinal veins and costa of fore — wing thickly and regularly set with quite long, dark-colored spines; costa has from twenty-five to twenty-nine, fore vein from sixteen to | twenty-two, hind vein from fourteen to sixteen; fore wings shaded with gray; veins not prominent; costal fringe of fore wings weak and _ less than twice as long as costal spines. Legs moderately long, not thickened; femora dark brown, yellow at extremities; tibisx and tarsi yellow; tibise shaded more or less with brown around middle aiid tarsi with prominent dark brown spot at tip within; each tibia with a pair | of prominent, dark brown spines at tip within and a row of from five to seven short brown spines on inner side of hind tibize. Abdomen about two and one-half times as long as width of meso thorax, somewhat cylindrical in shape, but enlarging from base to hind” edge of second segment and tapering evenly from eighth segment to_ tip. Spines along sides and around tip of abdomen very dark brown and conspicuous; those on segments nine and ten are long and sub- equal on both segments. Color of abdomen dark brown, shading toward tip; connective tissue yellow; last segment split open above. — Redescribed from six females; no males found. Compared a identified with Thrips (Luthrips) maidis Beach. Food plants.—Corn, various grasses (first spring flowers, Uzel). Habitat.—Bohemia (Uzel): Ae Iowa; Amherst, Massachusetts Life history unknown, except that it hibernates in turf. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 157 SCOLOTHRIPS, new genus. : Head wider than long, retracted considerably into prothorax. Byes protruding; ocelli present. Maxillary palpi three segmented. oC short and thick; sense cones very long. Prothorax slightly onger than head and somewhat broadened posteriorly. Spines arranged as follows: One at each anterior angle, one halfway between these angles and the median line, one at the middle of each side, two at each hind angle, and one between this pair and the middle of the hind margin. Wings present, slender, with two longitudinal veins and ring vein orale developed; fore fringe very weak but spines on veins very strong. Intermediate abdominal segments with one spine ‘on each side at the hind angle. _ This genus is erected for the species 6-maculatus. ee s, prickly or thorny; pz.) x ; SCOLOTHRIPS 6-MACULATUS (Pergande) , Plate IV, figs. 42-45. : Thrips 6-maculata PERGANDE, Trans. St. Louis Acad., V, 1894, p. 542. ' Thrips pallida Beacu, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III, (1896), pp. 226-227. _ Female.—Length, 0.83 mm. (0.72 to 0.97 mm.); width of meso- ‘thorax, 0.21 mm. (0.18 to 0.25 mm.). General color clear pale yellow. _ Head about three-fourths as long as wide, frequently considerably tetracted within prothorax, even to the eyes sometimes; cheeks ‘straight and parallel; front margin rounded; vertex elevated between the eyes. Eyes large, protruding; posterior ocelli nearly contiguous with mar gins of eyes; one very long, backwardly curved spine stands in front of each posterior ocellus, and two pairs of curved spines stand upon the margin in front. Maxillary palpi slender, three segmented; labial palpi very long and slender. Antenne rather short and com- pact; inserted below front margin; approximate at base, relative lengths of segments: . 1 = See 4 Gaal Ge 2 ne 8 4.9 6d Tee OSBe Gi eOehy vs B55 “1 © -] =] S fe Segment one cylindrical, about two-thirds as thick as two, which is more rounded; seven and eight rather thick. Color of one and two nearly white, the remainder almost uniformly dusky gray; spines on segments two to five long and prominent as are the sense cones; the ‘sense cone on the inner side of six arises below the middle of the segment and reaches beyond the end of the seventh. ; Prothorax slightly longer than the head, but only about three-fourths as long as wide, broadened somewhat posteriorly and rounded at hind angles, sides curving gently inward anteriorly; spines extremely long and slender, ar feed as follows: One at each anterior angle, one half 158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XVI, Wily shetwe en these a the me ‘cia line, one at middle of each side, two at each hind angles and one between this pair and middle of hind mar- ein. Mesothorax about one and one-third times as wide as the pro- thorax. with one slender spine at middle of each side. Wings long, reaching nearly to tip of abdomen, at middle about one-seventeenth as broad as long, pointed at tips. Fore wing with two longitudinal veins and a very heavy ring vein; hind longitudinal vein branches from the” fore vein at about one-third the length of the wing. Spines upon — costal and both longitudinal veins very long and stout, fully equaling” those upon the anal segments; costal vein bears from fifteen to twenty, : fore vein from nine to eleven, hind vein five or six (the third and fourth spines, sometimes the second also, which I have counted as_ standing upon the fore vein, stand at the same angle to the wing as do those upon the hind vein and really belong thereto, though the veins have united); the front fringe of the fore wings is extremely sparse, short and weak, and does not extend to the tip; hind fringes also” unusually short. Fore wings are characterized by three light brown- ish spots on each—one at base of wing, one immediately beyond sepa-_ ration of longitudinal veins, and the third halfway from the second to the tip of the wing (the third is a band extending clear across the wing). Legs concolorous with body, sparsely set with slender spines. Abdomen cylindrical-ovate, pointed at extremity, surface smooth; ~ only one spine of any prominence at posterior side angles of segments two to eight; spines upon segments nine and ten not as strong as those ~ upon the wings; color nearly uniformity pale yellow without prominent markings. . Redescribed from ten specimens. | Male. —Male smaller than female, but otherwise agreeing very closely — with the foregoing description. Abdomen bluntly conical at tip; tenth segment partially retracted within ninth, which is cut out in last half — above the tenth; spines borne on top and sides of nine are shorter and weaker than those on wings. Described from one specimen. . Food plants.—** Found on many plants infested with red spider, on— which it has repeatedly been observed to feed.”—Pergande. ‘‘ Feed-— ing on mites in fold of cottonwood leaf.”—Bruner. Taken on bean, blackberry, elm, and hop.—Beach. Habitat.—Missouri ‘; Ames, Iowa; Barraboo, Wisconsin; Lincoln, Nebraska. - Thrips pallida Beach is positively identical with this species, as has been learned from an examination of her types. Genus RAPHIDOTHRIPS Uzel. Ocelli present. Antenne eight segmented; the fifth segment short and cut off abruptly at the end so that it joins the base of the sixth by an unusually broad surface; style very slender, composed of two equally — : 0 . 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 159 Doe segments, which are ‘together : as ES as are ‘the fifth ‘and sixth. Maxillary palpi three segmented. P fee a little longer than the head and somewhat broader at the hind than at the fore edge; no long spine at the front angles, but two at each hind angle. Legs unarmed. Wings usually reduced, but when present they are of medium length, and have two longitudinal veins which are set with small spines. I find here only the new species fusc/pennis. RHAPHIDOTHRIPS FUSCIPENNIS, new species. Plate V, figs. 46-48. Female.—Length 1.32 mm. (1.20 to 1.66 mm.); width of meso- thorax 0.24 mm. (0.22 to 0.27 mm.). General color nearly uniform chestnut brown. Head as long as wide, but little shorter than prothorax, into which it is retracted a little; anterior margin slightly elevated and rounded: constricted a bit close behind the eyes; cheeks nearly straight behind the constriction and diverging slightly posteriorly so the head is widest at hind edge; back of head finely striated. Eyes quite large, rounded, protruding; margins light; ocelli present, larger than facets of eye, light colored with dark crescentic margins, well separated, but posterior ones not contiguous with margins around eyes; ocellar spines very long and conspicuous; post-ocular spines quite large. Mouth cone extending back to anterior edge of mesosternum, slender, so that head from below appears considerably elongated; labial palpi small; maxillary palpi quite long, slender, and three segmented. Antenne twice as long as head; relative nea of segments: Be eA E a 6 Pe 8 ee del Ls OED 6.20: 10,5: < Book Br D5: First segment shortest, cylindrical; second cup-shaped; third pedi- eellate; third, fourth, and sixth are approximately equal in thickness; third and fourth elliptical; fifth constricted at base and increasing in size to apex, where it is cut off abruptly and unites by its entire w idth to the equally broad base of sixth, which tapers gradually from one- third its length to its apex, where it is but slightly wider than seventh; seventh and eighth slender, cylindrical. Color: First and second uni- formly slightly lighter brown than head; third and fourth pale yellow with slight brownish tinge; fifth shading from color of fourth to a lit- tle lighter than sixth; sixth, seventh, and eighth eray-brown; spines long and fairly conspicuous. Prothorax slightly wider than long, widest at posterior angles; sides but slightly arched; no prominent spines at anterior angles; two stout spines stand close together at each posterior angle; surface finely striated and set with a few scattered small spines; bases of spines light 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. yellowish; pronotum frequently extending considerably over edoe of mesonotal plate. Mesothorax about one and one-third ° as the prothorax and considerably wider than metatho at its anterior edge; anterior angles of mesothorax very acute; ispicuously large spines upon pterothorax. Wings someti when present, long and about one-thirteenth as broad middle as long; fore wings shaded with gray, pale brownish al veins, clear at base; second longitudinal vein arises at about two- the leneth of the wing, its origin indistinct. Spines upon all ve quite long and slender, but not thickly set or very conspicuous; @ hears seventeen to nineteen, fore vein eight or nine, hind vein eé or nine. Wing pads, when present, not overreaching the pterotho Lees moderately strong, but not thickened; femora and tibie d brown like body; inside of fore tibize, extreme tips of the others all tarsi pale gray or yellow; legs scatteringly set with fine spines apex of hind tibie alone bearing a pair of stouter spines. s Abdomen very long—almost twice as long as head and _ thoray together—and three times as long as broad, nearly cylindrical, tap ing abruptly from anterior edge of eighth segment to the apex; ments overlapping more or less when abdomen contains no eggs; uniform dark brown without conspicuous markings or spines exe those upon two terminal segments, which are quite long and slend Described from six females, five of them long-winged. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6329, U.S.N.M. Male unknown. ‘ This species agrees very closely in most respects with 7. longistylos Uzel, but differs in the following points: Head as wide as long; seco antennal segment somewhat shorter than third, fourth, and sixth; seement lighter colored at tip than sixth. Body length, average (exe sive of ege-filled females), 1.25 mm. food plant.—Grass. Habitat.—Massachusetts. Life history unknown. as wide except no col reduced; Genus ANAPHOTHRIPS Uazel. Ocelli present. Antenne eight segmented (apparently nine 7 A. striatus). Maxillary palpi three segmented. Prothorax abouta long as head. Legs unarmed. Wings usually present (usually ab in the fall generations of stratus), with two longitudinal veins; sp upon veins small and inconspicuous. No stout spines at angles of pre thorax; all spines on body short except the anal spines, which are sho1 and slender (in stratus they are short and stout). 4 Males have usually two pairs of very short, stout spines upon thi ninth abdominal segment above, of which the anterior pair is stronge than the posterior. a i" +5 x0. 1310, NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 16 Species of this genus have no power of springing. In this genus I find only the species strzatus. ANAPHOTHRIPS STRIATUS (Osborn). GRASS THRIPS. Plate V, figs. 49-51. Limothrips poaphagus Comsrock, Syllabus ot Course of Lectures at Cornell and Peoria, 1875, p. 120. Limothrips poaphagus Lintnrr, Rept. N. Y. Agr. Soc., 1881-82. Thrips striata OsBorn, Can. Ent., XV, 1883, p. 159. Limothrips poaphagus FERNALD, Grasses of Maine, 1885, p. 42. = — NE: Parmer, June 19) 1886: Lintner, 3d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1887, pp. 96-98. Limothrips poaphagus Comstock, Introd. to Ent., 1888, p. 127. Thrips striatus PackarD, Ent. for Beginners, 1888, p. 73. FietcHer, Ent. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 152. —— —— Howarp, Ent. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 152. Limothrips poaphagus Osporn, Ins. Life, I, 1888, p. 140. Thrips striatus PACKARD, Stand. Nat. Hist., 2d ed., II, Append., 1888. FLercHeER, 19th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1888, p. 11. Fiercuer, Ann. Rept. Exp. Farms, 1888, pp. 59-62. Limothrips poaphagus Lintner, Rept. N. Y. Agr. Soc., 1888. Phloeothrips poaphagus FiercHer, 20th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1889, pp. 2, 22. Broprz, 20th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1889, p. 8. Limothrips poaphagus Lintner, 5th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., 1889, pp. 153, 304, Ossorn, Can. Ent., X XIII, 1891, pp. 93, 96. —— ——_ }yercHeEr, Ins. Life, V, 1892, p. 124. =. Forses, Ins: Life, V, 1892, p. 127. —— —— FrercHer, Ann. Rept. Exp. Farms, 1892, p. 3. Limothrips poaphagus Comstock, Man. for Study of Ins., 1895, p. 120. Limothrips poaphagus Uzer, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanopt., 1895, pp. 279, 485, 446, 448. Thrips striata UzeL, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanopt., 1895, p. 220. Hopxins—Rumsey, Bull. 44, W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, pp. 270, 271. —— —— SmiruH, Economic Ent., 1896, p. 102. Putnam, N. E. Farmer, July 2, 1898. Anaphothrips striata Hips, 37th Ann. Rept. Mass. Agr. College, 1900, pp. 81-105, 4 pls., 33 figs. Anaphothrips striata FERNALD and H1nps, Bull. 67, Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1900, pp. 3-9, pl. 1, figs. 1-6. Female.—Length 1.3 mm. (1 to 1.6 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.25 mm. (0.23 to 0.26 mm.). General color yellow, with more or less dusky or brownish shading upon some parts. Head very slightly wider than long, rounded in front; cheeks straight and parallel; surface back of eyes faintly striated; head yellow with brown posterior border, without long spines. Eyes small, rounded, black or very deep purplish red; ocelli subapproximate, yellow, with orange-red margins. Mouth cone moderately sharp, and very promi- nently tipped with black; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antenne approximate, about twice as long as head, eight segmented, though Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 11 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXY seomented, owing to the division of the sixth seg apparently nine 3 ment by an oblique suture at about three-fourths its length. Rela tive leneths of segments: | 2 3 4 5 6 © 8 5 85 f1 10 10 9572357235325 Seoments one and two rounded; three to six fusiform. One is pale, snost white; two light brown; three lighter than two; three to six shading gradually to dark brown, almost black; spines pale and not conspicuous. Prothorax but slightly longer and a little wider than the headj | sides rounded slightly and without prominent spines. Mesothorax | much wider than prothorax; fore angles obtusely rounded.. Meta-_ thorax quite smoothly joined with mesothorax and tapering gradually to base of abdomen. Wings usually present in summer generations, reduced to mere pads in hibernating females; when present, approx mately as long as abdomen, about one-thirteenth as broad as long and tapering gradually; two longitudinal veins in fore wing extendin, from base to tip; veins quite prominent, being darker than rest of wing. All veins bear a few very small, rather indistinct spines; fringe on fore edge well developed, being nearly half as long as pos- terior fringe. Fore wings shaded with yellowish gray; hind wings nearly white. Legs of medium length and size; stout spines only on dle, curving outwardly at both ends. ' Abdomen quite long, cylindrical, widening somewhat at first twe segments and tapering from eight to tip; eight to ten sharply conical. Spines on nine and ten short and weak, but dark-colored and quite conspicuous; other spines on abdomen small, pale, and indistinct Abdomen pale yellow; segments one to seven slightly dusky on top, segment ten shading to dark brown at tip. | Redeseribed from six long-winged and four short-winged females, Male unknown. Food plants.— Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense. [have also found genuine ‘‘silver top” upon the following list 0} grasses at Amherst, Massachusetts, but I can not positively connect this species with all the injury: Poa serotina, P. nemoralis, P. ¢o pressa, P. arachnifera, P. fletcheri, P. aquatica, P. trivialis, P cxesia, Agrostis alba, A. canina, A. stolonifera, A. vulgaris, Festuet dleoll, F. heterophylla, F. datior, F. ovina, F. duriuscola, F. rubra Panicum crus-galli, P. sanguinale, Elymus striatus, E. virginie s Bromus erectus, B.inermis, Avena flavescens-vera, Agropyrum caninum Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Lolium perenne. > NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 168 Habitat.—Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Ontario. I have sought in vain for the males of this species, for although I have mounted over a thousand specimens, and have bred many more in bottles in the laboratory, and have taken and examined large num- bers of them in the field, I have never seen any that I even suspected were males. A series of experiments begun in the laboratory in July and continued into December showed that no males are developed in the autumn generations. Experiments were begun the following sea- son by obtaining hibernating females before the weather was warm enough for them to move out of doors and confining them in bottles in the laboratory. These became active and deposited eggs, from which succeeding generations developed without the appearance of any males. 1 conclude, therefore, that this species is parthenogenetic, and reproduces without the intervention of males, at least for a series of generations, in this locality. The following descriptions are of the early stages: Eggs.—The eggs are reniform, and vary in length from 0.265 mm. to 0.33 mm. and in width from 0.085 mm. to 0.145 mm. The average dimensions taken from twenty-five eggs are: Length, 0.288 mm.; width, 0.11 mm. The color is a translucent white. By transmitted light the eggs are seen to be filled with a mass of yolk globules which vary considerably in size. Larva.—As the larva emerges from the egg it is very soft, shiny, and nearly white. The eyes are purplish red in color; the appendages are folded closely against the ventral side of the body. The length soon after emergence is about 0.3 mm. and the width is about 0.1 mm. Body tapers from eighth segment to tip; head is nearly as wide as the thorax. Antenne are comparatively large, approximate at base, and composed of seven segments, of which the last four are closely joined and appear almost like a single conical segment; fourth segment is larger than any other, and distinctly ringed with whorls of minute hairs; the second and third are indistinctly ringed; basal segment bears one small spine on inner side; two has four spines which are directed forward and one very long spine which is directed backward toward the head; the third bears five short spines, and the terminal part of the fourth and each of the following segments a number of spines, which are quite long and stout. Legs are stout; tarsi one segmented and terminated by two claws. The bladder-like expansion is present. Abdomen much compressed longitudinally and, except the tenth segment, marked with six longitudinal rows of set, three pairs to each segment. The four dorsal rows also extend forward along the thorax and head; tenth segment bears six-very long setee—two dorsal, two lateral, and two ventral. The full-grown larva is fusiform, about 1.2 mm. in length and about 0.3 mm. in breadth, while the width of head isabout 0.1mm. Antenne ee 164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVK | seven segmented, somewh: ut separated at their base and rather thick tor their length; color darker than that of the body, often nearly black; segmentation beyond fourth segment more distinct than in- ie ens larva; first four segments suneael in thickness, and third | and fourth nearly equal in length, and each as long as this first and — second segments together; last three segments much smaller; fifth” shortest. Spines ar ranged much as in younger stage; third segment | distinctly ringed and without sete. Each segment, except last two, | bears short spines which are slightly thickened at their extremitiogy and arranged as in the young larva; spines on last two segments long , and acute. Integument of body roughened by transverse rows of | clearly defined ridges. Body marked by dorsal and lateral longitudinal i stripes of yellow which are most distinct upon thorax; dorsal stripe — widest. Pupa.—its general form resembles that of the larva; color of legs, wing pads, and antennx clear white; thorax and abdomen very light yellow; eyes bright red. When the pupal stage is first entered the antenne are apparently three or four segmented, much shortened, and directed forward as in the larva; but after a few hours they are laid back upon the head and thorax. Wing sheaths short and developed outside of the body; legs thick and clumsy. Upon dorsal side of ninth segment, near posterior margin, are four prominent, stout, recurved, hook-like processes; abdominal setz slender and acute. Wing sheaths finally extend to the sixth segment and fore pair bear a few small spines. : Life history.—About 98 per cent of the adults which hibernate are of the short-winged form, while from 90 to 95 per cent of the first eeneration in the spring develop long wings, and this form predomi- nates until late summer, when the proportion declines, and in October only a small number of winged adults can be found. ‘The females continue to deposit eggs and the young larve develop and may be taken from the grass upon warm fall days till snow covers the ground; but so far as I can find, only the adults survive the winter. Hiber- nating females do not appear to suffer from exposure to a temperature of —21° F., and they may be brought in at any time during the winter by pulling a few handfuls of grass from infested fields and bringing it into a warm room, where the little animals will very soon become lively and begin to crawl. Accidentally it was found that they could survive for several days though completely submerged in a weak solu- tion of potassium hydrate, and they have been found to revive after being frozen solid in a 2 per cent solution of the same; but so far as_ my experiments went, freezing in pure water killed them. The females become active very early in the spring and the development of eggs begins. As many as eight apparently fully developed eggs have been seen at one time in the body of one of these hibernated females. Ovipo- . oe : - No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 165 sition soon begins, and lasts for from four to six weeks in many cases. They seem to oviposit as readily at night as in daylight. The deposi- tion of an egg requires about one and one-half minutes. The eggs may be readily seen in the leaf by holding it before a light, when they appear as small, lighter spots; they may be easily separated from the leaf by stripping off the epidermis. The length of the egg stage varies from ten to fifteen days for the first generation to from four to seven days during the heat of summer. The length of the larval stage varies from two weeks in early spring to about four days in midsummer. The mature larve select secluded places in which to transform and are hard to find in the field, but it appears that they usually go down to the basal leaves near the root or into the sheaths higher up the stem. The pupal stage is longer for the long-winged females than for the short, in the former requiring four or five days in early spring, whereas the short-winged form requires only from two to three days at the same season. As the weather becomes warmer they transform more rapidly. The appear- ance of a number of winged adults early in May marks the maturity of the first generation, but as the length of the period of oviposition exceeds the length of time required for the early stages, there is no distinct line between the generations out of doors after this time. The length of the life cycle is from about twelve to thirty days. Common name.—Since Professor Comstock’s first mention of the injury done by this species of Thrips to June grass and timothy, sev- eral economic entomologists have referred to the most conspicuous effects of its work, the dead tops of these grasses, as ‘‘Silver top” or ** White top.” Many have questioned the agency of Thrips in produc- ing this injury and have ascribed it to some other suctorial insect, but the majority of writers are now inclined to credit Thrips with a large part, if not all, of this damage. As they had no means of identifying the little pest, they have usually referred to it as the *‘ Grass Thrips.” This name has been very generally used for this species and for no other, so far as we can learn. It therefore appears to be the gener- ally accepted common name. Economic notes.—Extensive injuries to grass have been reported from the New England States, New York, southern Canada, Ohio, northern Illinois, and Iowa. Without doubt the insect causing this damage infests a larger territory than this, for it is so small that it easily escapes observation, and the damage done by it is often attributed to other agencies. In southern Maine, Professor Fernald reported (258) that by haying time one-fourth of the June grass (/%oa pratensis) in the fields was dead and worthless. In 1887 it produced great injury around Emmet, Ohio, where 30 per cent of the grass was killed (272). In 1888 and 1889 widespread injury was reported from New York (291) and Ontario (822), where it appeared to work most 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X upon lawns and meadows. In Massachusetts, especially in dry se - | sons, its injuries are severe, it having been stated by Prof. W. Py | Brooks that this tiny foe does more damage to grasses here than any other single insect. : Genus APTINOTHRIPS Haliday. Body slender, almost naked. Head longer than wide, extending” forward in a blunt projection between the eyes. Eyes small; ocelli” wanting. Antenne eight segmented (six segmented in A. rufus var. | connatticornis). Maxillary palpi three segmented. Prothorax shorter — than the head and somewhat broadened posteriorly, without long spines — at angles. Legs short; femora plainly thickened; tibiz very slender at the base, the remainder unusually broad; tarsi equally broad. Wings” entirely absent. Hairs at end of abdomen short and very slender. Males with two spines in middie of ninth segment above. , Species of this genus move slowly and have no power of springing. I have found only the species 7fus and its variety, connatticornis, — belonging to this genus. APTINOTHRIPS RUFUS (Gmelin). Plate V, figs. 52-64. “ Der rothe Blasenfuss’? v. GLEICHEN, das Neueste aus dem Reiche d. Pflanzen, — 1764, pl. xvi, figs. 6 and 7. Thrips rufa GMELIN, Caroli a Linné Systema Nat., 1788, p. 2224. Thrips rufa Nicnoison, Journ. Nat. Phil., 179-, pl. vin, fig. 1. Thrips ( Aptinothrips) rufa Hauipay, Entom. Mag., 1836, p. 445. Thrips ( Aptinothrips) rufa Hatrpay-WaALKER, Homopt. Ins. of Brit. Mus., 1852, p- 1103, pl. v, figs. 5-11. Aptinothrips rufa LixpEMAN, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Natur. d. Moscow, 1886, pp. 319-320, fig. 11 Aptinothrips stylifera TryBom, Entom. Tidskriit, Arg. 15, Haft. 1-2, 1894, pp. 41-58. Aptinothrips rufa Uzet, Mon. der Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, pp. 152-154, pl. 11, fig. 17; pl. vi, figs 78, 79. Aptinothrips rufa TryBom, Ofv. Ak. Forh., 1896, p. 613. Aptinothrips rufa Reuter, Uber die Weissiihrigkeit der Wiesengriser in Finland, 1900. Scattered references, especially pp. 92-120. Aptinothrips rufa Timpr., Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 290. Lemale.—Length 1.22 mm. (1.06 to 1.80 mm.); width of mesothorax about 0.18 mm. (0.16 to 0.20 mm.). General color, entire body and legs clear, pale yellow; outer part of antenne, mouth parts, and tip of abdomen shaded with brown. Body slender and smoothly fusiform. Head considerably longer than broad, rounded in front; cheeks straight and parallel. Eyes small, black, oval, composed of few facets, situated at anterior angles, protruding very slightly; ocelli always absent. Mouth cone moderately long, not sharply pointed, tipped with brown-black; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antennz ie { 0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 167 only one and three-sevenths times as long as the head, approximate at base, composed in the typical form of eight segments of following relative lengths: Segment one is broadly rounded; two has an unusually constricted basal stalk, though it is broader than that of three; three to five bear each one quite slender sense cone on outer angle, and six has one on inner side beyond the middle; spines and sense cones upon all segments pale and inconspicuous. Antenne concolorous with head at base, but shading outwardly gradually to brown-black at tip. Prothorax slightly shorter than head and a little broader than long; smooth and without spines. Pterothorax a little broader than protho- rax, without spines or traces of wings. Legs short and thick, all nearly equal in length, concolorous with body; tarsi tipped with brown within. Abdomen unusually long and slender, nearly three and one-half times as long as its greatest diameter, about twice as wide as head, nearly cylindrica 1 to Senin seement, then tapering toa point at tip. No spines upon ntaee except around segments nine and ten; these are quite short and slender and stand out nearly perpendicularly to the surface upon which they are borne. Extreme tip of ten shaded yery dark brown. Redescribed from three specimens. Males unknown to me. According to Haliday, they are clear yel- low, and the saffron-yellow spermaries show through the abdominal valls. The ninth abdominal segment bears two spines in the middle above, not far from the hind edge. Var. connatticornis Uzel.—This variety agrees very closely with the typical form except that the antenne have only six segments; the relative lengths of segments are as follows: “I| bo 3 5 T6566 16:3 The sixth, seventh, and eighth segments are grown together into one compact sixth segment of an elongated conical form. The abdomen may be a little shorter in proportion and broader. No males have been taken. This species appears to be surely Apt. rufus Gmelin, but it is larger and differs in some other respects. food plants.—Various grasses and in turf. Habitat.—England (Haliday), Russia (Lindeman), Sweden oy Bohemia, Peace Helgoland (Uzel), Finland (Reuter), United States: Amherst, Massachusetts. Life history unknown. 168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. on Genus HELIOTHRIPS Haliday. | Body, especially the head and prothorax, with a deeply recticulated structure. Head broader than long, uneven, somewhat broadened behind, and with a sharp hump between the eyes in front. Cheeks not arched. contracted into saddle-shape in the middle. Eyes promi- nent but not protruding. Ocelli present. Antenne eight segmented; second segment of style very much longer than the first and provided with a short, slender hair at the tip. Maxillary palpi sometimes two, sometimes three segmented. Prothorax shorter than the head, without long spines at angles. Legs unarmed. Wings present, not reticulated. Fore wing broad at base, with two longitudinal veins, though the fore vein runs very near to and sometimes fuses with the costa; veins set with slender spines; fore fringe, in some species, very weak and sparse, and when this is the case the costal spines are very strongly developed. Anal spines weak and light. The characters of this genus have been extended to include these species SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. [All tilbise: yellow... 2-1: 2-226 22s S32 ae ee oe = 2 \Middle and hind: tibie brown. .-.222 22502 2525525 525-2 42 eee 3 , |Antennze nearly three times) as long as+head) 2222 e222 sasee eee femoralis (p. 172) “ |Antenne only about twice as long as head....-..--.----- hemorrhoidalis (p. 168) Antennze two and one-half times as long as head; segments three and four modio- | liform. Maxillary palpi three segmented-.....-..----------- fasciatus (p. 174) ° \Antannee twice as long as head; segments three and four fusiform. Maxillary palpi twosegmenteditttsi:. 5 2224 see ee ee fasciapennis (p. 171) HELIOTHRIPS HAEMORRHOIDALIS (Bouche). Thrips haemorrhoidalis Boucnk, Schidl. Garten-Insecten, 1833, p. 42. Heliothrips adonidum Waripay, Entom. Mag., III, 1836, p. 443. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Burmeister, Handb. d. Entomologie, II, 1838, p. 412. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis BurMEIsTER, Genera Insectorum, colored illustration, 1838. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Amyor and SERvILLE, Ins. Hemipt., 1848, p. 641. Fleliothrips haemorrhoidalis HatipaAy, Walker, Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., 1852, p. 1002, pl. vi, fig. 13. Feliothrips haemorrhoidalis Heecer, Finfte Fortsetzung. Sitzungsb. Kais. akad. Wiss., Wien, IX, 1852, p. 473, pl. xvir; separate, Wien, Gerold, 1852, VIII, pp. 3-4. Thrips haemorrhoidalis Bremi, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1855, pp. 313-315. Reprinted from Abhandl. d. Zurich Gartenbau-Gesell., III, pp. 260-261. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Low, Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch., Wien, XVII, 1867, p. 747. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Borspuvat, Ent. Hortic., 1867, pp. 283-235, fig. 32. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Packarp, 17th Ann. Rept. Mass. Bd. Agr., 1870, p. 263, pl. 1, fig. 2; Injurious Ins. new and little known, Daols Thrips adonidum Coox, 3d Ann. Rept. Pom. Soc. Mich., 1873-74, 1874, p. 501. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Packarp, Half Hours with Ins., 1881, pp. 118-119, fig. 86. t | No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 169 | Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis PERGANDE, Psyche, III, 1882, p. 381. Heliothrips Lerrvrer, Ent., XV, 1882, p. 240. Thrips haemorrhoidalis Frié, Prirodopis zivocisstva, 1882, p. 113. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis LintNER, 2d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, pp. 29, 31, 38, 56. Feliothrips haemorrhoidalis , Bull. Soc. Ent. Belgique, X XIX, 1885, p. Luxx. FHeliothrips adonidum Cameron, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow (new ser.), I, 1886, p. 301. Feliothrips haemorrhoidalis Tarctont-Tozzerri, Cronaca entomologica dell anno, 1887, (1888), p. 5 (7). FHeliothrips haemorrhoidalis Jorvan, Zeit. f. Wissens. Zool., XLVII, 1888, pp. 541— 620, pls. XxXxVI-XXXVIII. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Reurrr, Meddal. af. Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn., X VII, ' 1891, pp. 164-168. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Uzer, Mon. d. Ord, Thysanopt., 1895, pp. 168-170, pl. v1, figs. 90-92. Thrips (Heliothrips) haemorrhoidalis FRANK, Die tierparasitiiren Krankheiten der Pflanzen, 1896, p. 154. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Burra, Riy. Patol. Veget., VII, No. 1-4, pp. 94-108; continued, VII, Nos. 5-8, 1898, pp. 129-135, 136-142. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Témpei, Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 290. Female.—Lenegth 1.23 mm. (1.12 to 1.389 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.30 mm. (0.25 to 0.35 mm.). Color of head and thorax dark brown; abdomen yellowish brown, fading at tip to brownish yellow. Entire body and legs showing reticulating chitinous thickenings, which are heaviest upon the head, thorax, and anterior sides of abdomen. Head one-fourth wider than long, outline very irregular and rough; cheeks slightly concaved, narrowed abruptly near posterior edge into a short neck; anterior margin strongly arcuate; dorsal surface of head bears a few small spines, the bases of which appear like small air bubbles in the angles of reticulations; frons reticulated. Eyes protruding considerably, strongly pustulated; three ocelli situated on sides’of an elevation between the eyes, separated considerably from margins of eyes, pale yellowish, very faintly or not at all margined inwardly by erescentic pigmentation. Mouth cone short, blunt, not reticulated; maxillary palpi three segmented, second segment longest; labial palpi short. Antennz twice as long as head; relative lengths of segments as follows: ee i ees 8 4 3 Oe SB etd Or| Oo ¥ *3 SLT : . zt c a 5 meister, Bremi, Jordan, Bohls), Vienna (Heeger, Low), Finland (Reu-_ ter), United States: District of Columbia, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan. : Buea ete gots + Life history unknown. ( In his original description Bouché states that he believes the native land of this species is America. In both countries, however, it has been found almost entirely confined to greenhouses and feeding upon greenhouse plants. i It has been very injurious in some places. Packard calls it ‘‘one of | our greatest pests in hothouses,” and Cook records it as ‘‘one of the worst pests around Detroit, at ie and in the southern counties” of Michigan. | No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 1 ~] i HELIOTHRIPS FASCIAPENNIS, new species. Plate V1, figs. 58-61. Female.—Length 0.92 mm. (0.90 to 0.94 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.22 mm. (0.22 and 0.23 mm.). General color yellowish brown or dark brown. Head, thorax, and legs distinctly but not deeply reticulated. Head about one and one-third times as wide as long; form rather rectangular; front margin depressed at insertion of antenne; cheeks nearly straight. Eyes dark, quite large, prominent but hardly pro- truding, margins lighter; ocelli present, approximate, pale yellow with dark crescentic margins, well removed from eyes. Maxillary palpi small, two segmented. Antenne eight segmented, twice as long as head; relative lengths of segments: Mone 3) Adio ibeeeh 58 a 6) TP SI0 9515 3.528 _— t Segment one much narrower than two and almost spherical; two is thickest segment.and but little longer than thick; three and four fusi- form; five clavate; six and seven together of same form as five only inverted; eight very slender and terminated by an equally long hair. Segments one and two, outer half of five, six, seven, and eight brown; three, four, and basal half of five pale yellow. Spines on three, four, and five long, dark, and prominent; color around bases of those on three and four brownish. Prothorax as long as head and less than twice as wide as long; sides rounded slightly and diverging somewhat posteriorly; without prom- inent spines at angles; concolorous with head and reticulation of about same depth. Mesothorax somewhat wider than prothorax; anterior edge about straight and angles nearly right angular; membrane yellow; plates brown. Wings long, overreaching the abdomen; fore wing quite slender beyond basal fourth at which point the hind longitudinal vein branches from the fore vein; width in middle about one-tifteenth its length; both veins run close to edges of the wing, the fore one becoming fused with the costa while the hind one remains distinct. Internal veins set with few short spines; costa set with stout spines but without fringe except for slight vestiges along the middle; hind fringe long, dark, and wavy. Wing dark brown crossed with three bands of white as follows: At one-fifth, three-fifths, and four-fifths its length; outer part of scale also white; the brown area at the tip is confined to edge on border around last fifth, the middle here being grayish and in continuation of the last white band. Legs fairly stout but not thickened, weakly reticulated; femora yellowish brown to dark brown; front pair lightest and yellow at tips; fore tibie yellow shaded with brown around middle; the other tibiz brown, yellow at 172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI tips: all tarsi pale vellow with brown shading at bases of bladders; spines weak and light colored; hind coxe large, approximate, andl ee about twice as long as wide. : Abdomen elongated ovoid, about twice as long as wide; width of seoments gradually increasing up to the fourth, shen decreasing grad- ually to tip; greatest width equal to about twice that of head; dark line across seoments one to eight irregular, conspicuous only on the lighter specimen; that on segment one curving forward greatly in middle. Surface of abdomen very faintly reticulated, but this is not visible on darker specimen; spines on last two segments short and fine; color yellowish brown to dark brown, lightest along middle. Described from two females. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6330, U.S.N.M Male unknown. Food plants.—Taken on grass. Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts. HELIOTHRIPS FEMORALIS Reuter. Plate V, figs. 55, 56; Plate VI, fig. 57. Heliothrips femoralis Reuter, Meddel. af. Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, XVII, 1891, p. 166. Heliothrips cestri PERGANDE, Ins. Life, VII, No. 5, 1895, pp. 390-391. Heliothrips femoralis Uzer, Mon. d. ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 170. Heliothrips femoralis Bercrotu, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XL, 1896, Pt. 2, p. 67. Female.—Length 1.3 mm. (1.12 to 1.5 mm.); width of mesothorax about one-fourth the body length. General color dark brown to yel- lowish brown, lighter at extremities. Entire surface of body weakly but plainly reticulated. Head two-thirds as long as broad, widest in front; anterior margin depressed at insertion of antenn; vertex carinated; bases of antenne separated by a prominence as high and nearly as wide as the first antennal segment; two transverse wrinkles near back of head more prominent than the others; behind the anterior one of these two the longitudinal parts of the reticulations become very faint; spines upon head scattering and small. Eyes quite large, protruding anteriorly, coarsely granulated: eyes and margins of ocelli bright, dark red by reflected light; ocelli placed on sides and front of a distinct elevation on top of head between eyes. Head light brown with light yellowish | longitudinal stripe on each side between eye and ocelli. Maxillary palpi three segmented, short, small; labial palpi minute. Antenne eight segmented, slender, nearly three times as long as head; relative | lengths of Pomieni as Billoses Les 2) 3s ae eran 8 2 8.8 16.6 12.2 11° (8% 4a) wis —! Segment one cylindrical, three-fourths as broad as two, which is” ER c ¥ No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 173 barrel-shaped and annulated; remaining segments narrower than these two and more elongated; three and four fusiform; seven and eight nearly cylindrical; eight very slender; one, two, and three nearly concolorous, light yellow with tinge of gray or brown on one and two; four and five light yellow in basal half, shading to light brown on apical half; six, seven, and eight uniformly chocolate brown; segments two to five annulated; spines slender, light colored. Prothorax transverse, about one-fifth wider than the head, twice as wide as long and shorter than the head; sides rounded; without con- spicuously large spines. Mesothorax about one and two-thirds times as wide as the head; anterior angles prominent; mesonotum with deep incision on posterior margin; metanotum with four spines standing in a square near its center. Wings present, long, about one sixteenth as broad as long; fore wings broadened at base, with two longitudinal veins, the second branching from the first not far from the base of the wing. Spines upon veins of fore wing stout, dark colored, and set at uniform distances; costa bears seventeen to twenty, fore vein fourteen to seventeen, hind vein ten to thirteen, scale three to five besides pair at its tip; spines on basal fourth of wing are light colored, smaller and much less conspicuous; anterior fringe on both wings fairly long and stout; posterior fringe long, slender, and dark colored. Wings grayish brown to dark gray, lighter between the longitudinal veins; three nearly white cross bands; one across base before branch- ing of veins, another at three-fourths the length of wing and the third across the tip. Legs: All tibie, tarsi, and fore femora yellow; mid- dle and hind femora dark brown, yellow only at ends; spines upon legs small and inconspicuous except ten to twelve on inner side of hind tibie. Abdomen broadly ovoid, conical at tip, twice as wide as head; ovi- positor long and slender; tenth segment split open above; segments two to eight with dark cross line near anterior edge. Two or three spines on sides of each segment from two to eight, not conspicuous; anal spines weak. Color of abdomen yellowish brown to dark brown; last two segments much more yellow, but shading to brown at poste- rior edges. This species has the power of springing. No males found. food plants.—Amarillis sp., Aralia, Arum, Cestrum nocturnum, Chrysanthemum, Crinum, cacumber, Dracaena spp., Hucharis grandi- flora, Ficus elastica, F. grandiflora, Gardemia, Gossypium, Hydrangea, Mina lobata, moonflower, Pandanus, Phoenix, Richardia aethiopica, tomato, V7¢7s. Habitat.—Helsingfors, Finland (Reuter), United States: District of Columbia; Amherst, Massachusetts. Life history unknown. 174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, HELIOTHRIPS FASCIATUS Pergande. Heliothrips fasciata PERGANDE, Ins. Life, VII, No. 5, 1895, pp. 391-392. © Female. —Leneth 1 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.29 mm. Body faintly reticulated. General color dark brown. re Head about two-thirds as long as wide; cheeks straight; anterior margin depressed at insertion of antenne; color uniformly brown, - Eves small, black, not protruding; ocelli pale yellowish margined with reddish. Mouth cone moderately long; maxillary palpi slender, three segmented. Antenne two and one-half times as long as head, eight segmented; bases separated by low elevation; relative lengths of segments: A <9 913 215959. 1655: 232 oeeeaes Segment one rounded, wider than long; two is broadest, constricted abruptly at base, broad at outer end; three and four are of similar shape: modioliform (uniformly constricted at each end with median enlargement regular); outer end of five is quite broadly cut off; six is abruptly constricted at base, outer half tapering gradually; seven” nearly cylindrical; eight tapers gradually and bears one very long, slender hair at tip nearly as long as segment itself. One and two uniformly brown, concolorous with head; three and four with light brownish ring around middle of enlargements; remainder pale yellow- ish, as is also basal half of five; rest of antenna brown; spines around middle of segments three and four and near end of five are long, — dark, and conspicuous. Prothorax fully twice as wide as long, slightly wider at posterior edge than at anterior, without conspicuous spines, colored like head. | Mesothorax widest at posterior edge; sides curving gradually inward | to anterior edge. Metathorax as wide at front edge as mesothorax | is at hind edge, and its sides curve gradually to base of abdomen, so” pterothorax appears smoothly rounded. Wings present, extending to’ tip of abdomen, slender except where broadened at base; two Jongi-- tudinal veins, the second branching from the first near the broadened base; the fore vein then inclines toward the costal and runs contiguous - with it to tip of wing; the hind vein runs close to hind edge, but is dis- tinct. Costal spines twenty in number, very large and stout, much longer than the very weak fringe; fore vein bears four stout spines at basal third and two not far from tip; hind vein bears five moderately long spines; posterior fringes dark, heavy, and wavy. Wings gray-. ish brown, darkest over veins; fore wings at base and a rather broad band at three-fourths their length transparently white, darkest brown around the outer shaded portion. Legs of medium length; femora and tibie dark brown except around outer ends of femora, and both. | ‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 175 —— a ——— es a —— extremities of tibiz pale yellowish; tarsi also yellowish, brownish around tips; legs bearing quite a number of inconspicuous spines; hind tibie alone bearing stout spines at their tips. Abdomen broadly ovate, pointed at tip, wider than thorax. Color dark brown, somewhat lighter on last two segments. Anal spines weak, especially on last two segments; the few spines on sides of seg- ments two to eight are inconspicuous. Redescribed from one specimen at U. $8. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology. Male not, known. Food plants.—Orange leaf infested with Aspidiotus aurantii. (Prob- ably not feeding on scale.) _ Habitat.—Yuba County, California. Life history unknown. Genus PARTHENOTHRIPS Uzel. The body, principally the head and prothorax, with deeply reticu- lated structure. Head broader than long, with a hump in front between the eyes; cheeks swollen, constricted into a short neck at hind edge. Eyes protruding; ocelli present. Antenne seven segmented, very slender except the first two segments; style one segmented, hair-like, as long as the sixth segment and bearing a slender hair of equal length at the tip. Upon the third to the sixth segments, separated from each other, there are always two sense cones. Maxillary palpi two see- mented, the second segment being distinctly longer than the first. Prothorax plainly shorter than the head, uneven, broadened posteri- orly, with one long spine upon each hind angle. Legs unarmed. Wings very broad and long, so that they reach beyond the end of the abdomen. ‘The fore wings have the form of a ‘‘cake-knife;” their sur- face is reticulated and there appears to be only one longitudinal vein and a very strongly developed ring vein. The vein arising from the base of the wing bends forward at the first fourth of the length of the wing and unites with the unusually strong ring vein from that point, while the hind vein, branching from the main vein at this point, bends toward the hind edge of the wing and runs parallel to it, but remains distinct. The fore fringe has disappeared and its place is taken by the stout costal spines. The hind vein is set with stout spines at regular intervals. Beyond the first fourth the wing is somewhat narrower than at the basal fourth. The front edge is nearly straight and the hind edge bending forward unites with it to form a sharp point. The last two abdominal segments are distinctly narrowed in the females. The Spines at the end of the abdomen are weak and light. The species belonging here have the power of springing. I have found only the species dracaenx of this genus, ee BOTY AO 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIL PARTHENOTHRIPS DRAC/AEN£ (Heeger). Plate VI, figs. 62-65. Heliothrips dracene Hencer, Sitzungsb. d. math.-naturw. Classed. kais. Akad. d, Wissensch., Wien, XIV, December, 1854., p. 365. Separata. Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte d. Insecten Osterreichs, pp. 3-7. Thrips dracene Reaet, Bull. phys.-mathem. Acad. Sciences, St. Petersburg, XVI, 1858, pp. 333-336; Melang biolog., I, 6, pp. 628-633. Heliothrips dracenx Vv. FRAUENFELD, Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch., XVII, Zool. Miscellen, XIII, 1867, pp. 793-801. Heliothrips dracenx PERGANDE, Psyche, III, 1882, p. 381. Parthenothrips dracenx Jorvan, Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool., XLVITI, 1888, pp. 541-620 (Biological part). ; Parthenothrips dracene Reuter, Meddel af. Soc. Fauna et Flora Fennica, X VII, 1891, p. 166. Z Heliothrips dracene Trysom, Entom. Tidskrift, 15 Arg., Haft 1-2, 1893, pp. 56-58. Parthenothrips dracene Uzet, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanopt., 1895, pp. 171-173, pl. m1, fies. 12-14; pl. vi, fig. 93. Parthenothrips dracene Témpet, Die Geradfliigler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 291. Female.—Length about 1.15 mm.; width of mesothorax about 0.28mm. General color dusky yellow, more or less strongly shaded with brown, especially upon the abdomen. Head, thorax, and wings covered with more or less clearly defined reticulating ridges. Head widest in front through the eves, four-fifths as wide as length; general shape quadrangular above, though front margin is somewhat elevated in middle; heavily reticulated; cheeks straight, but abruptly constricted at hind edge, neck-like; color quite uniform brownish yel- low. Eyes black, very strongiy protruding at fore angles; a slight depression surrounds each eye; ocelli small, approximate, with dark red margins contiguous, situated upon a slight elevation between the eyes and well removed from them. Maxillary palpi two segmented, the second segment being longer and more slender than the first. Antenne seven segmented, very slender beyond second segment, about two and one-half times as long as the head; relative lengths of - segments: Sp =~] eee o 1 > 5 OT 20.52 0 WGioaerise oer aes Segment one nearly spherical, fully as long as broad, narrower than two, which is thickest; three to six subequal in thickness and about one-half the diameter of two, faintly ringed; seven very slender and bearing at its tip a still more slender spine, which may be nearly as long” as the segment. Segments one and two slightly more dusky yellow than three to five; five is shaded with brown at its tip; six and seven | brown or gray-brown. | Prothorax transverse, fully twice as wide as long and about two- thirds as long as the head, wider behind than in front; sides somewhat | | ! 4 NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. aL re rounded; surface reticulated like head and concolorous with it; one stout spine at each hind angle. Pterothorax on dorsal line only two- thirds as long as wide, one and one-fourth times as wide as prothorax; metathorax nearly as wide as mesothorax; color of pterothorax some- what more yellow than head and prothorax; mesonotal plate deeply incised in middle behind; reticulations converging to anterior end of this incision. Wings very long and about one-tenth as broad, over- reaching the abdomen considerably; form and venation unique; fore wings somewhat longer and about one and one-half times as broad as the hind wings; their front edge runs straight clear to the tip: the hind edge runs nearly parallel to it till near the end, where it curves forward to join the fore edge at the tip; the entire wing is bounded by one very heavy ring vein. There appears to be only one longi- tudinal vein; this at about basal fourth of wing curves forward to the costal vein, which it joins;¢ then it curves backward and runs parallel with and quite close to the hind edge till it joins the ring vein before the tip. The costa bears no fringe, but is set with numerous stout spines as is also the longitudinal vein; hind edge bears a double fringe of long hairs; surface of fore wing shows faint reticulation. There ave three rather faint brown spots on fore edge, the darkest being where the fore vein joins the costa, and one longer spot on hind edge; spines standing in these spots are much darker than the others. Legs concolorous with body, finely reticulated; hind coxe approximate; fore femora brownish yellow, the others brown, yellowish at extremi- ties; tibie and tarsi concolorous with second segment of antenne; tarsi tipped with dark brown; spines very weak and light colored. Abdomen distinctly wider than thorax and broadly joined to it; about twice as long as broad, ovoid, pointed at tip; general color brown or yellowish brown; last three segments yellow; sometimes the sides of each segment are much more yellow than its brown central area; anterior edge of segment one is curved forward very abruptly in the middle forming a rounded apex to the dorsal plate; prominent dark stripe on anterior edges of three to seven; anal spines weak and light. Redescribed from five females taken in Amherst, Massachusetts, on Kentia and Ficus. I have no male, but Heeger says: Male.—The abdomen in males is distinctly more slender than in females; is yellow-brown, thinly chitinized; about twice as long as the meso and metathorax together; almost cylindrical, with tapering anal extremity; naked, set with some long bristles only at the hinder edge of the last three abdominal segments. Food plants.—Dracena, Ficus castica, Kentia balmorina. “1 believe that the fore vein coincides with the costal from the spot where they join, the cross vein being more apparent than real, and that the vein which runs parallel with and close to the hind edge is really the hind vein. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02. 19 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. ~ Habitat.—Vienna (Heeger, Frauenfeld), Finland (Reuter), St. Petersburg (Regel), Germany (Jordan, Bohls), Bohemia (Uzel), United. States: Washington, District of Columbia; Amherst, Massachusetts. _ The early stages are described as follows: | The eggs are nearly membranous, greenish white, elongate~_ kgq- ovate, +,” long, half as broad. ¢ Larva.—Larve are milky white, nearly cylindrical; only the last_ three abdominal segments taper gradually to a blunt point; they are peut 14!" long, ‘i as pe The head a aps conical, a little an pans are thin, fone OF dienes nee seus like. “lavas are on the — sides of the head, circular, not raised; relatively large and clear red. The antenne are thread-like, white ith gray points, five segmented, somewhat ee than the he: id; first three segments small, cup- shaped, of equal size; fourth, candle: shaped, about as long as first three _ together; fifth is gray, conical, very pointed, coment longer than the fourth. The thorax is somewhat longer than the antennze, swollen, flat beneath; prothorax is rounded- triangular, somewhat shorter flan the pterothorax, the segments of which are grown together, and are aluigated-rre tangular aud rounded. ‘The legs are close together, with very large cox; nearly as long as the antenne; middle pair noticea-_ bly shortest, hind pair longest; femora shorter and thicker than tibize,” which are cylindrical; tarsi very short, indistinctly two segmented. Abdomen spindie- shaped nearly as broad and somewhat more thai | twice as long as the entire thorax; the nine segments are hardly per ceptibly marked, equality long and set at sides with single, knobbed— hairs. . Nymph or pupa.—The nymphs in the last days before their trans-— formation are whitish, fusiform; their eyes are raised, round, and red; antenne indistinctly eight segmented, laid back over the head near one another; wing sheaths ing at the sides of the abdomen, — slender, bottle-shaped, poaehine to ae fore edge of the sixth segment | and set with many transparent, white hairs, as is also the spindle= shaped abdomen; the hind edge of the next to the last and the end of the last segment, a with single, knobbed hairs. Genus THRIPS Linnzus. Ocelli present. Antenne seven segmented (style one eae | Maxillary palpi three segmented. Prothorax regularly somewhat longer than the head; two long spines always present upon its pos- =] terior angles. Fore legs cole unarmed, Wings usually present, moderately broad, with fore fringe developed and veins set with shor spines. he species belonging here have the power of springing. "No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 179 * Although this is the largest genus of the order, I have here found but two species which I can place in it. These two may be easily distinguished by their colors. _Head brown, thorax reddish brown, abdomen yellow or gray-brown .perplexus(p. 184). Color uniformly light yellowish varying to brownish yellow. -..---..- tabaci (p. 179). THRIPS TABACI Lindeman. ONION THRIPS. Plate VII, figs. 69-71. ? Limothrips tritici Packarp, 2d Ann. Rept. Ins. of Mass., 1872, pp. 5-8, 2 figs. ; 19th Ann. Rept. Secy. Mass. Bd. Agr. for 1871, pp. 333-336, in 9th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Geog. Sury. Territories for pl. txvur, figs. 3-5. Thrips on onion plants, Sarptey, Bull. 10, Miscell. Information Roy. Gardens, 1887, p. 18. Thrips tabaci LinpDEMAN, Die schidlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabien, 1888, p. 15, 61-75. Thrips sp. Taaxter, Ann. Rept. Conn. Exp. Sta. for 1889, 1889, p. 180. Thrips sp. Rirey-Howarp, Insect Life, III, 1891, p. 301. Thrips tabaci RrrzEMA Bos, Tierische Schidlinge und Nitzlinge, 1891, pp. 577, 578. Thrips tabaci Taraiont-Tozzerti, Animali ed Insetti del Tobacco in Erbal del Tobacco Secco, 1891, pp. 222-224. : Thrips sp. LintNER, Count. Gent., LVII, Oct. 27, 1892, p. 809; Abstract in 9th Rept. Ins. N. Y., p. 445. Timothrips sp. BAkrr, Amer. Florist, VII, 1892, p. 168, fig. Thrips striata ? Gitterre, Ann. Rept. Col. Exp. Sta. for 1892, 1892, p. 36. Thrips on onions, Wesster, Ins. Life, V, 1892, p. 127. Thrips striatus GILLETTE, Bull. 24, Col. Exp. Sta., 1893, pp. 13-15, figs. 11, 12. Thrips striatus Ritny-Howarp, Ins. Life, VI, 1893, pp. 4-5, 343. Thrips striatus ? GitLerrr, 5th Ann. Rept. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1892, 1893, p- 36; 6th Ann. Rept. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1893, p. 55. Onion Thrips, Suirn, Ann. Rept. N. J. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta. for 1893, 1894, p. 441. Limothrips tritici Wepsrrr, Ins. Life, VII, 1894, p. 206. Thrips allii StrRRINE and Lows, Bull. 83, N.S., N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1894, pp. 680-683, pl. m1. Thrips allii Wessrer, Ohio Farmer, Aug. 2, 1894, p. 97; Aug. 23, 1894, p. 157; Nov. 7, 1894, p. 373. Thrips alli StrrtNe and Lows, 13th Ann. Rept. N. Y. Exp. Sta. for 1894, 1895, pp. 758-760, pl. Thrips allii OsBorN-MAuuy, Bull. 27, lowa Agr. Exp. Sta.,1895, pp. 1389-142. Thrips tabaci PERGANDE, Ins. Life, VII, 1895, pp. 892-395. LTimothrips tritici Wrpster, Bull. 58, Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895, pp. xxxiii- xxxiy, fig. 3; also in Ins. Life, VII, 1895, p. 206. Thrips communis Uzet, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, pp. 176-179, pl. v1, fig. 100. Thrips tabaci UzeL, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 447. Thrips tabaci SLINGERLAND, Rural New Yorker, LV, 1896, p. 561. Thrips tabaci FRANK, Die tierparasitiiren Krankheiten der Pflanzen, 1896, p. 134. ? Thrips sp. near tabaci Davis, Special Bull. 2, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, p. 13. 2 figs.; reprinted 1875, pp. 742-744, 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI ® Thrips on aaieaas SMITH, Mfeonomie Ent., 1896, p. 102. ? Thrips on cuc umber, Brirron, 20th Rept. Conn. Exp. Sta. for 1896, 1897. Thrips tabaci SIRRINE, 15th Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Exp. Sta. for 1896, 1897, ppy- 612-615 Onion Thrips, SIRRINE, Bull. 115, N. Y. Exp. Sta., 1897, p. 70: | Onion Thrips, SuNGERLAND, Rural New Yorker, ‘May 8, 1897, p. 309. Thrips tabaci LuNTNER, 51st Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 363; Separata, 13th Rept. Inj. Ins. ING 1898, p. 363. Thrips striatus GrLLETTE, Bull. 47, Col. ie Sta., 1528, p. 44. | Thrips tabaci: QUAINTANCE, Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1898, pp. 103-114, figs, | 10-12. Thrips tabaci Howarp, Yearbook, U. 8S. Dept. Agr. for 1898, 1899, pp. 142, 148, | fig. 27. | Thrips tabaci Perrrr, Bull. 175, Mich. Exp. Sta., 1899, pp. 343-345, figs. 1, 2. Thrips tabaci QUAINTANCE, 3ull. 20, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., p.59. Remedies, vari- ous authors, 1899, p. 60. Thrips tabaci WEBsTER-MALLY, Bull. 20, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., 1899, pp. 67-70. 9) Thrips in Greenhouses, FerNALD-Hrps, Bull. 67, Mass. Exp. Sta., 1900, pp. 9-12. | Thrips communis Témpet, Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 293. Thrips tabaci GARMAN, B fll 91, Kentucky Exp. Sta., 1901, pp. 42-45. Thrips tabaci WEBSTER, oun Columbus Hort. gee XVI, 1901, No. 3, 7 ppm 4 figs. | Thrips tabaci H1nps, Proc. 17th Ann. Cony. Soc. Amer. Florists, 1901, pp. 90-92. | Female.—Length about 1.1 mm.; width about one-fourth the length. Color quite uniformly light yellowish varying to brownish yellow. Head one-fifth wider than long; cheeks slightly arched behind the eyes; frons slightiy arcuate between them; occiput indistinctly trans- versely striated; hairs upon the head few and minute; eyes not pro- truding, coarsely granulated, very dark red by reflected light, black) by transmitted light, sparsely pilose; ocelli subapproximate, standing well back to the line of the hinder edge of the eyes but posterior ocelli not contiguous with margins of eyes; color light yellow, mar- gined inwardly with light brown crescents. Maxillary palpi three segmented; first and third segments equally long, second shorter. Antenne seven segmented; relative lengths of segments as follows: Ds Be ola Eero eee £4 Bt Ti) WO" a6 oni | Segment one short and globose; two barrel-shaped; three to five pedunculate, elongated ovoid; five joined by moderately broad surface to base of six which tapers somewhat from its middle to its apical end; seven tapering slightly, blunt at apex. Segment one lightest in color, clear ight yellow; two, six, and seven nao light grayish brown; three lieht brownish yellow; four and five colored like three at their bases but apices nearly as dark as six. Prothorax as long as head, one-half wider than long; pronotum, indistinctly transv oc sthinted and sparsely clothed with small spines; each hind angle bears a pair of very stout, conspicuous spines, “No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. TRI and between these pairs, along the hind edge of pronotum, stands a row of three smaller spines on each aie. Metathorax one-third wider than prothorax; metanotal plate bears a few small spines. Wings about one-fourteenth as broad as long, slightly colored with light yellow; costal fringe of fore wings composed of short, stout bristles intermixed with a row of shorterspines. Fore longitudinal vein bears from ten to twelve spines arranged in three groups, as follows: Two groups upon the basal half of vein, the first of three or four spines, the second group of three, and beyond the middle of the wing four to six spines scattered at considerable distances along the yein to its tip; when only four are present in last group they stand at nearly equal distances apart; hind vein bears from fourteen to seventeen spines. Occasionally one or two cross veins may be seen between the fore vein and the costal at about one and two-thirds its length, but usually they are not present; hind vein arises from fore vein at about the middle of second group of spines. Hairs composing posterior fringes on both wings are long, slender, wavy, and light colored. Legs concolorous with body or somewhat lighter, quite long and slender; second seg- ments of tarsi much longer than first; spines on inner side of hind tibix weak, except the pair at its extremity; legs sparcely clothed with fine hairs. Abdomen as wide, or slightly wider, than the mesothorax, about twice as long as wide; each dorsal plate of segments two to eight marked near its anterior edge with a narrow, transverse line of dark chestnut-brown color, widest at its middle and tapering gradually toward the sides, disappearing at the upper edge of the groups of three to five short spines which stand upon these segments just above the pleural plates. Posterior edge of ninth segment bears a circlet of eight long, stout spines, most prominent dorsally; terminal segment bears six spines which are nearly as long as the preceding; besides these long spines both of these segments bear a few finer spines. Redescribed from many specimens. Male.—*Head and abdomen yellowish white; thorax yellow. The first two antennal segments white, the third at the end very weakly, the fourth and fifth more strongly shaded with gray; the sixth is gray, at the base or even to the middle white; the seventh segment entirely gray. Wings present.”—U-zel. food plants.—Apple, aster (cultivated), blanket flower, blue grass, cabbage, candytuft, catnip, cauliflower, celery, chickweed, cinque- foil, clover, coneflower, crab-grass, cucumber, dandelion, /yechthites, Erigeron canadensis, four-o’clock, garden leek, goldenrod, heal-all, honeysuckle, Jamestown weed, jimson, kale, melons, mignonette, mullein, nasturtium, onion, parsley, pink, plum, pumpkin, Rubus sey- eral species, shepherd’s purse, Specllaria, squash, stonecrop, sweet clover, timothy, tobacco, tomato, turnip, wheat. 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX Habstat.—Russia (Lindeman), England (Shipley), Italy (Targioni- Tozzetti), Bohemia, Helgoland (Uzel), Bermuda, United States: Mas- sachusetts. Connecticut, New York, Long Island, Pennsylvania, New” Jersey, District of Columbia, Virginia, Florida, Kentucky, Ohio,” Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, southern Canada, Colorado, Cali. fornia. The early stages are described by Quaintance “ as follows: 2 qq. Length 0.26 mm.; width 0.12 mm.; in shape the egg is elliptical and curved. Fresh eggs are clear white. In eggs with advanced embryos, the reddish eyes are distinctly visible. Larva, first stage.—(About one-half hour after hatching). Length, 0.38 mm.; width of thorax, 0.14 mm.; somewhat fusiform in shape; eradually tapering caudad from fourth or fifth abdominal segment; body, legs, and antennz clear white; eyes reddish. Head in dorsal aspect about as broad as long; the eyes are situated at the cephalic lateral margins; no ocelli. In cephalic aspect the head is seen to be considerably produced—ventrad and caudad; suboval in outline. The four jointed antenne are borne upon the vertex, and are approximate at base. Basal joint short, cylindrical, about half the length of second; second segment subpyriform, slightly longer than wide; third sub- spherical, about as long as secoad; fourth joint as long as the proxi- mal three together, club-shaped, thickest near the basal third, tapering distally toa point. Joints three and four ringed; in the distal part of four these are much more pronounced, dividing it into what might be taken for short, indistinct segments. The antennee bear sete, which are much more numerous on fourth joint. Legs stout; coxa and trochanter short; femur about as long as tibia and tarsus together. The tarsus appears to be composed of but one joint, which terminates distally in two diverging claw-like processes; the bladder-like expan- sion on tip of tarsus does not seem to be present in this stage. Abdo- men composed of ten segments; on the dorsum are four longitudinal acute sete, and a row on each lateral margin. On the tenth segment these sete are quite large, being from two to four times longer than” the others. : Mature larva (second stage).—Length 0.94 mm.; width of meso- thorax 0.22 mm. Body elongate; abdomen tapering caudad from about fifth segment. Head slightly longer than wide. Color green- ish yellow, varying to greenish white. Legs and antenne lighter; eyes reddish brown; ocelli wanting. Sete practically as in stage 1. Antenne four-jointed;? basal joint short, cylindrical; second, sub-— cylindrical, about twice as long as first. Third joint a fourth longer “Quaintance, Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. >**Lindeman regards the antennze as six jointed, but to me joint four has not appeared to allow of being considered as made up of three joints, although there are four more or less well-defined parts, as determined by the rings, which, if considered as joints, would make seven in all, instead of six.” i , No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 183 than second; subpyriform, united to second by narrow *‘neck,” rather ‘closely ringed. Fourth, about as long as proximal three together, club-shaped, ringed as in stage 1. Antenne bearing setee much more numerous on fourth joint. Tarsi without the pronounced claw-like structures of the first stage. In other respects essentially as in pre- ceding stage. Nymph (about two days old).—Length about 0.7 mm.; width of mesothorax about 0.15 mm.; color yellowish, varying to almost color- less; eyes reddish. Pupa-skin somewhat separated from the body proper, being particularly noticeable in the caudal end of the abdomen, wing-pads, legs, and antennze. In these two latter the joints are very obscure, the pupa-skin covering them as a sheath. The wing-pads reach to about the eighth abdominal segment. There are numerous setee on the body, antennse, legs, and wing-pads. On the abdomen they have practically the same position as in the adult larva. The dorsal setze of the last segment in the nymphs are very stout, almost hook-like, curving cephalad. Life history.—Dyr. Lindeman’s conclusions, quoted by Dr. Lintner, are so different from those which have been reached by workers upon the same species in this country that we are led to suspect that he has confused the early stages of very different species. In Massachusetts, using specimens found infesting a cucumber house in January and February, I have found that the egg stage varies from four to seven days. Pupation takes place in seven or eight days and lasts for nearly a week, when the adults emerge and after a few days lay their eggs. The whole life cycle ina greenhouse thus occupies from three to four weeks. In Florida Quaintance found that the egg stage lasts in summer from three and a half to four days; the larval stage from seven to nine days, during which time the larva molted twice; the nymph stage four days, the total life cycle thus requiring about sixteen days. There appeared to be no distinct broods at any season. In Ohio Professor Webster has found that this species hibernates in larval, pupal, and adult stages, the first predominating, being found in matted grass or refuse tops left in the onion fields, and that they safely passed through winters when the temperature fell to —23 to —25 degrees F’. Economic considerations.—Dr. A. S. Packard, in 1872, was the first to record the ravages of the ‘‘ Onion Thrips,” which he called Zimo- thrips tritici Fitch, believing it to be identical with the ‘* Wheat Thrips.” While Dr. Packard’s description is unidentifiable, it is suffi cient to show that the insect was not Thrips tritici Fitch, nor did it belong to the genus Limothrips. Furthermore, Packard states that the antenna consists of eight segments, which would separate it from Thrips tabaci, which has only seven. Still the injury recorded is so like that which is known to have been committed by Thrips tabaci at 184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI é various times that I have ine eluded a reference to it under this species, | though its correctness is questionable. Dr. Packard found that this insect has been observed attacking onions — for fifteen years previously, but the damage in 1872 was unusually severe in Essex County, Massachusetts, amounting that year to at least one-tenth of the crop, and having a money value in that one> county of at least $10,000. In 1889, Dr. Thaxter found the Onion Thrips generally distributed and very injurious to onions in Connecticut, the injury produced being known as ‘* White Blast.’ The next report of very serious injury was made by Prof. C. P._ Gillette from Colorado, where for several seasons it had been noticed as very abundant and doing considerable harm. It has also been found a serious pest all through the Middle States and in several of the | Atlantic coast States as well as on the Pacific coast. This shows its ) very wide general distribution, and since its attacks seem to be most | severe upon onions and cabbages—two important garden crops—it_ must be considered as, perhaps, the most injurious species of the order. THRIPS PERPLEXUS (Beach). Plate VI, figs. 66-68. | Sericothrips? perplexa Bracu, Proc. lowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III, (1896), pp. 216-218. - Female.—Length 0.935 mm. (0.80 to 1.0 mm.); width of mesotho- | rax 0.197 mm. (0.18 to 0.21 mm.). General color: head brown and thorax reddish orange-brown, very much darker than the pale yellow | or gray-brown abdomen; body slender. Head very large, eee pentagonal, approximately as long as_ broad or but slightly shorter, almost as large as prothorax, within | which it is slightly withdrawn; cheeks nearly straight and parallel; anterior margin broadly elevated; without special prominences between | bases of antenne; occiput transversely wrinkled; without conspicuous | spines. Eyes black, not protruding, together occupying about one- half the width of the head, margins lighter colored; ocelli conspicuous, large and well separated, placed far forward, all three being in front of the middle of the eyes, reddish yellow with maroon inward margins; ocellar bristles moderately long. Maxillary palpi three segmented. | Antenne fully twice as long as head, subapproximate; relative lengths | of segments: | Ae aS iB A ee eee 55. 17.6 104 TON is: eet Segment one broader than two which is intermediate in thickness between one and three; three and four thickest at about their middle . then tapering eradually to the ends; seven bluntly conical. Spines | ‘Bo. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 185 —_—<— ~ ~-— long and slender, but not very conspicuous; those on three to five nearer the middle than usual. Color of one, two, five, six, and seven brown like head; three and four pale yellowish or gray; four shaded slightly with brown, increasing toward tip; basal constriction of five yellowish. Prothorax not longer and but very slightly wider than the head, nearly square, without stout spines upon fore angles but with two long spines at each hind angle. Mesothorax about one and one-half times as wide as head, slightly wider than metathorax; greatest width at hind edge; color reddish or orange-brown. Wings reaching usually beyond the tip of abdomen, about one-seventeenth as broad as long; fore wing with two longitudinal veins; the origin of the hind yein indistinct; neither vein heavy; costa set with about twenty quite long spines besides the fringe hairs; fore vein bears ten to twelve rather weak spines and the hind vein about thirteen similar spines. Legs rather short; fore femora slightly thickened; yellow to gray- brown, bases of bladders dark brown; spines small except row of eight or nine on inner side of hind tibiz. Abdomen nearly cylindrical and long, two and two-thirds times as long as wide; but very slightly wider than mesothorax; last three segments very short and tapering very abruptly to the acute apex. Color pale yellowish or grayish brown, very much lighter than thorax and head; ninth and tenth segments shading to brown-black; inter- seomental membranes pale yellowish or gray. Segments not over- lapping; receptaculum seminis placed far back beneath eighth dorsal plate, very conspicuous, bright orange-red; ovipositor indistinct, vestigial; tenth segment split open above and sides nearly meeting beneath; anal spines long, slender, not very dark. Redescribed from seven females taken on grass at Amherst, Massa- chusetts. Male unknown. Food plants.— Cyperus sp., corn and grass (lowa), Dactylis glomer- ata, Panicum sanguinale, and various other grasses (Massachusetts). Habitat.—Ames, Iowa; Amherst, Massachusetts. These specimens have been compared with Miss Beach’s types and are identical. The vestigial condition of the ovipositor, however, misled her into thinking her specimens all males, whereas they are really all females. This species is exceptional among the Terebrantia in lacking a functional ovipositor, but it is surely vestigial in this case. The egos are very large, while the ovipositor is disproportionately short and weak, and it seems that it must be impossible for this species to deposit its eggs in the plant tissue. In this respect they thus show a divergence toward the Tubulifera, which lay their eggs wholly exter- 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV mally: It also seems probable that the so-called **rod” of the Tubu. liferan female is but the vestige of a former ovipositor. The wins venation also indicates that the olothripide come nearest the prime itive form and that Phleothripide have diverged farthest from th type, with the Thripide somewhere in between. This species is- therefore of considerable interest as possibly being one of the puidem posts to the phyllogeny of the order Thysanoptera. CHARACTERS OF TUBULIFERA (PLGZOTHRIPID:). 3 The members of this suborder agree so closely in general characters that they have all been included in the single family Phleothripide, They are, as a rule, considerably larger a more powerfully formed than the Terebrantia, some of them being the giants of the order. In the insects belonging to this suborder the head is always as long” as broad, and may be two or three times as long. In most of those species which have comparatively short heads the front is smoothly” rounded, but in those having very much elongated heads the vertex is conside rably elevated, in some cases even forming a very prominent conical projection of the vertex beyond the bases of the antennae. The eyes vary widely in size and number of facets. Ocelli are gen- erally present. The cheeks are usually nearly straight and parallel, and in some species ‘set with more or less numerous spine- bearing warts. Nearly every species has a pair of well-developed spines stand- ing immediately behind the eyes, and therefore called post- -ocular spines. The antenne are invariably eight segmented in the adult stage and the sense cones on the intermediate segments are always simple. The mouth cone varies in form, being in some species short and blunt, and none of the external parts are acute at the tips; in. others the labrum is abruptly constricted beyond the middle, its end forming a sharp spine-like process, which reaches beyond the broadly rounded labium; in still others the entire mouth cone, labium and all, is elongated and tapers to a quite slender tip, which, however, is not spine-like. These different forms of mouth cone have been thought to possess a generic value in classification, but my studies thus far have led me to the conclusion that too hiek a value has been placed upon this single character. The maxillary palpi have always two segments, of which the basal is very short, and the labial palpi are also two segmented, though frequently they are short and indistinct. 3 The prothorax has, in most cases, a trapezoidal form, and this is especially noticeable in those species in which the fore femora are much enlarged. The regularity of the outline of this trapezoid is, however, more apparent than real, as will be seen by reference to Plates. VIII, IX, and X. The projecting fore coxe fill in the hind angles” so smoothly that in many cases careful focusing is necessary to show that the outline is not entirely that of the proiaee: alone. ‘The pro-_ Mau alate me Osi. : “No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—ITINDS. 187 notum usually bears around its outer portion a number of conspicuous, Jong spines. The fore femora are frequently greatly enlarged, and when this is the case there will be found upon the fore tarsus a more or less stout tooth or hook. In most species the femora and tarsal teeth are larger in the males than in the females. The pterothorax is very compact and nearly rectangular in outline. The wings, which are usually present, are all very similar in form, venation, etc. They -are cither quite slender throughout or somewhat constricted near the middle, and are rounded at the tips. They have almost no veins, there being no ring or cross veins, and only one partially developed median yein in cach wing. Along the margins of each wing there is borne a long, slender fringe, which is single except near the outer end of the hind margin of the fore wing, where it is double for a short distance. The membrane of each wing lacks microscopic spines such as are found upon the wings of Terebrantia. When brought to rest the wings are laid back closely upon the middle of the abdomen, so that they overlap in their second halves. They are here held in place, and the long, slender fringes confined by the rows of inwardly curved spines which stand upon each side of the second to seventh segments. In some species the wings are reduced to short, rounded pads, while in others even these are wanting. The abdomen is very similar in both sexes, except that in the male it is usually more slender, especially through the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments. The female has no ovipositor, The sexual opening is between the ninth and tenth segments in both males and females. The last segment is a simple tube in both sexes and at its base, beneath, are found the distinctive sexual characters. The female is distin- guished by a short, strongly chitinized rod upon the ninth segment near the base of the tube which is regular and entire. The male is distinguished by a semicircular notch in the base of the underside of the tube, providing an opening for the protrusion of the copulatory ‘apparatus which is wholly retracted into the ninth segment. In many species the abdomen is somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally so that a cross section is elliptical in outline. Tubuliferans live usually in secluded places, as between the parts of composite flowers, under the bark of trees, on the underside of foliage, in galls, moss, turf, fungi, etc. Their movements are very deliberate and they never run or spring. SYNOPSIS OF PHL(HOTHRIPID A. Body more or less thickened, head less than one and one-half times as Me aa me ween ce tert ee te Sone Mtoe. ee eee a he Stk { Breadth of abdomen of female nearly or quite one-half its length ..----.-- Body slender, head more than one and one-half times as. long as wide -- -- 8 1 o> bo Breadth of abdomen of female not nearly equal to one-half its length - -- - - 4 3 Head broadly rounded in front, cheeks without warts. -.-..-.Trichothrips (p. 191) MumnmArTOWeM dm front... 2. Sons kb sas see eek aes ----- Eurythrips (p. 202) ee nd tires Ww 185 PROCE] EDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXYVI ( Wings always present, ee aie eTapne fisies 2 Soe Se Genus ANTHOTHRIPS Uzel. oI Wines usually reduced, usually inhabitine) barks ors tities _ ( Cheeks without spine-bearing warts. -----------------------4 Anthothrips (p ? ( Cheeks with spine- -bearing warts ..-.----------------------------------- Fore femora with teeth at tip w ithin, intermediate antennal segments un- 3 | usually long and slender. -.----------------------------4 Acanthothrips (p. 198) _ 2 Kore femora without teeth in female and usually in male, intermediate antennal segments not elongated....--------------------- Phileothrips (p. 195) — _ ( Head very large, rounded in front.--.-.------------------ Cephalothrips (p. 194) | ‘Sartead stnall, narrowed in front..0222 Jo.) 02564 = eee Malacothrips (p. 200) — -¢ Head more than twice as long as wide. --------------------- Idolothrips (p. 206) — : \ Head less than twice as long as wide ©....-2-,---=-===2-2-5- Cryptothrips (p. 205) | | Head but little longer than wide, reunded in front; cheeks nearly | parallel, without warts. Antenne nearly twice as long as the head. Ocelli and wings always present in both sexes. Wings narrowed in- the middle. Mouth cone not longer than the breadth at its base; labrum narrowed toward tip but not sharply pointed. Fore tarsi armed with a tiny tooth which is somewhat larger in males than in- females. Males without a scale at base of tube. The two species belonging here may be easily separated by the presence or absence of spines upon the head. In A. niger (p. 188) the cheeks are smooth, without spines, and there are no post-ocular spines, while in A. verbasci (p. 189) the cheeks bear small spines not standing on warts and the post-ocular spines are well developed. ANTHOTHRIPS NIGER (Osborn). Plate VII, figs. 72-75. Phleothrips nigra OsBorn, Canad. Entom., XV, 1883, p. 154; Rept. U.S. Dept. Agr. for 1887, (1888), pp. 163, 164; Ins. Life, I, 1888, pp. 137-142; Insi Life, V, 1892, pp. 112-113.—Davis, Bull. 116, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1894, pp. 62, 63. Anthothrips nigra Uzet, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 242. Female.—Length 1.5 mm. (1.1 to 1.8 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.34 mm. (0.8 to 0.4 mm:.). General color more or less dark reddish brown. Head approximately as long as broad, longer than prothorax, smoothly rounded in front; cheeks straight, parallel, and without warts. Eyes small, finely faceted; ocelli quite large and well sepa- rated, posterior ocelli almost contiguous with margins of eyes; no post-ocular bristles. Mouth cone shorter than its breadth at base and blunt at tip. Antenne subapproximate, as long as width of meso- thorax; segments quite short and stout; fourth thickest and most rounded; relative lengths of segments as follows: 1 2 is 4 5 ni be 8 NO ADS 19:9. I TOR eee G ae A ; _ No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 189 - Color nearly uniform brown; three and base of four yellowish brown; spines short and weak; sense cones short and blunt. Prothorax one-half as long as breadth to outer angles of coxe; front and hind edges nearly parallel, gently curved; one short spine at each posterior angle and one nearly halfway between this and middle of hind edge. Mesothorax somewhat wider than prothorax but usually less than twice as wide as the head; sides of pterothorax nearly straight, shorter than its breadth. Legs short and moderately stout; fore femora but slightly thickened; fore tarsi armed with a tiny tooth near tip within; middle and hind tibie with one prominent spine externally at tip. Legs brown; middle and hind tarsi slightly yellowish, sometimes brown; fore tarsi and tip of tibix yellow. Wings always present, narrower in middle than at ends, shaded with brown only at base, where fore wing bears three erect spines. Wines and fringes nearly equal; fringes single, except on hind border of fore wing near tip, where for seven or eight hairs they are double. Abdomen about twice as broad as head, averaging about two and one-half times as long as wide; segments overlapping somewhat; sides nearly parallel to middle, then tapering gradually to base of tube. Tube about four-fifths as long as head, only slightly tapering; sides straight; terminal spines shorter than tube. All spines on abdomen short, weak, and not conspicuous. Redescribed from seven specimens. Male unknown. Food plants.— Achillea millefolium, ox-eye daisy, red clover, white clover, various grasses. Habitat.—lowa, Michigan, Massachusetts. ANTHOTHRIPS VERBASCI (Osborn). Plate VII, figs. 76-78. OssBorN, Ins. Life, I, 1888, pp. 137-142. Phleothrips verbasci Ossorn, Proc. Iowa Acad. Se., III, 1896, p. 228. Female.—Length 1.8 mm. (1.42 to 2.12 mm.); width of mesotho- rax 0.38 mm. (0.32 to 0.44 mm.). General color dark brown. Head but slightly, if any, longer than wide; cheeks nearly straight and parallel, set with few minute spines; post-ocular bristles prom- inent; hind margin of head not covered by front margin of prothorax. Eyes finely and closely faceted, rounded, not protruding; ocelli widely separated, posterior ones contiguous with the light margins of eyes; front ocellus placed at extreme vertex. Mouth cone about as long as it is broad at base, pointed. Antenne approximate, almost twice as long as head; relative lengths of segments: = 1 ee oko 6 7 coe OPO sel ees eam Amalia, © OG VOL. XXVI. 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Segment three cl: ae foun fusiform: five and six becoming mor sle nder and less fusiform; seven ya val; eight sharply conics 4 sieht sie Seen - bere sesame pale salle Sind pale and weak: sense cones short and blunt. Prothorax short, only about three-fourths as long as head; fore and_ hind margins nearly parallel and curving backward; one stout spine. at each angle, one in middle of sides, and one on each side between | those at the angle and the median line on both fore and hind margins; hind angles appear to entirely cover the fore coxx as arule; each fore coxa bears one stout spine. All these stout spines are blunt but not | knobbed. Sides of pterothorax full and smooth; fore angles oblique; color of thorax uniform dark brown or yellowish brown, more or less | irregularly mottled with dark red. Wings present, adem in mid- dle, transparent except at base, where the fore wing bears three long. spines upon the remnant of the single median vein. Fringes long, single, except near end of hind fringe of fore wing where it is doubil for ten or twelve hairs. Legs moderately long and slender; fore femora only slightly thickened; fore tarsus one segmented and armed with a tiny tooth. All femora and middle and hind tibie dark brown; middle and hind tarsi slightly yellowish or grayish brown; fore tibiz and tarsi bright yellow like middle of antenne; fore tibiz shaded a little with brown toward their bases outside. One long slender) spine near base of each fore femur below; each fore coxa with one- long spine. | Abdomen broadly joined to metathorax and but slightly wider, widest at base but less than twice as wide as head; segments more or} less imbricate, tapering gradually to tube. Tube about four-fifths as- long as head, tapering slightly, not swollen at base, bearing a circlet of spines at tip which are enone than the tube. All spines on abdom: inal segments slender and rather faint; color of abdomen quite uniform | yellowish brown to dark brown. In the lightest colored specimens : the irregular dark mottlings show up most prominently. Redescribed from eight females. Male. —The male agrees quite closely with the foregoing description; it is usually somewhat smaller throughout; relative lengths of antennal segments are as follows: 1 2). 98) 9 Ge ae 8.5 11.5 13.54 15ers eee Fore tarsi are armed with a medium-sized tooth, which is larger than that in the female. Of the four spines standing near the hind edge of | the ninth segment, the outer pair is very short, stout, and acute; the abdomen seems to be somewhat more slender than in female. | Described from four males. 0, 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 191 — Food plant.—Mullein. Habitat.—Ames, Iowa: Amherst, Massachusetts. Genus TRICHOTHRIPS Uzel. saree _ Head about as broad as long, broadly rounded in front. Eyes small. Ocelli present in both these species, but often wanting. Mouth cone not longer than its breadth at base; labrum pointed at tip. Fore femora somewhat enlarged and tarsi armed with a tooth. Wings usually wanting, but present in both these species, slender throughout. Abdomen very broad and heavy; tube very slender in proportion to width of abdomen; no scale at base of tube in the male. The two species which I have placed in this genus may be distin- guished by the following characters: Sueimilyoas long asthe head = 1<...- <2 .0..2.----.22-l------ beachi (p. 192) Sere bwo-thirds as long as the head...._._...........--..--...---- ambitus (pp. 191) TRICHOTHRIPS AMBITUS, new species. Plate VIII, figs. 81, 82. - Female. Length 2 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.45 mm. General color brownish yellow shading to brown or reddish brown. Head slightly longer than wide, widest just behind the eyes, rounded in front; cheeks straight and converging posteriorly; at hind edge only six-sevenths the diameter at widest part; frons slightly elevated between bases of antennze; post-ocular bristles present; a few scat- tering small spines upon head not raised upon warts; surface faintly reticulated. Anterior half of head light brown flecked with reddish, posterior half fading to yellow at the neck. Eyes small, finely gran- ulated, compact, not pilose, purplish by transmitted light, reddish orange by refiected light; ocelli present, subapproximate, pale yellow Margined inwardly with reddish brown crescents. Mouth cone reach- ing nearly to posterior edge of prosternum; maxillary palpi two seg- mented; labial palpi short and thick; labium broad and rounded; maxille converging abruptly below the palpi and short. Antenne one and three-fourths times as long as the head, eight segmented, though the joint between seven and eight is very indistinct; relative lengths of segments as follows: Gu ee 5 (Oe ciSesOe ObecOl <20 15 o0| 0 _ Segment one truncate, conical; two constricted toward base into a broad stalk, cut off squarely at end; three to seven slenderly stalked at bases; three to six clavate; seven cylindrical-ovate, very closely united by full width of end to eight which is conical. Color of one le brownish yellow; two and three clear yellow; four yellow at base 199 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI shading to light brown at end; remaining segments dark brown. Sense cones on segments three to six very long a slender; transpar ent spmes upon each segment also long and slender Prothorax thre e-fourths as long as head and three fifths as long ag wide; fore cox project considerably beyond posterior angles. One medium length spine on each side of middle and near anterior edge one near each anterior angle, one at middle of each side and one longer one at each posterior angle. Mesothorax equal in width to prothorax and concolorous with it; mesonotum bears one long spine close to base of each fore wing. Metathorax equal in width to mesothorax, nar-- rowed but very slightly posteriorly, pale yellow in middle, shaded on sides, splashed with red. Each fore coxa bears a single long spine on. outer side; fore femora somewhat enlarged; each femur bears ¢ single long, erect spine on the outer side near its extremity; tarsi short and thick, fore pair armed with a stout tooth. Femora gray-brown, fore | pair yellowish brown; fore tibie and tarsi pale yellow; caedle and hind tibiz and tarsi almost white. Wings reaching to tip of abdomen; both pairs equal in size, edges parallel, heavily fringed; fore wings bearing a costal group of three long slender spines between the fringe: and base of wing. Color of wings dea: transparent, except a slightly, clouded band across fore wings at about one-third their length. i Abdomen broad and ee last three segments tapering abruptly at sixth segment one and one-sixth times as broad as thorax. Tube two-thirds as long as head and at middle one-seventh as bro ad as the fourth aidomanal: segment; terminal spines about as long as tube. A stout bristle projects anteriorly from each side angle of first segment; each following segment, except tube, bears on each side one spine; these are short upon first segment and increase in length and size pos teriorly. Color brownish yellow in middle, shaded aan dark reddish brown on sides; tube bright brownish yellow tipped abruptly with gray-brown. Described from one female. Male unknown. Food plant.—Grass. Habitat.—Awherst, Massachusetts. r TRICHOTHRIPS BEACHI, new species. Plate VII, fig. 79; Plate VIII, fig. 80. Female.—Length 1.84 mm. (abdominal segments one-third tele- scoped); width of mesothorax 0.48 mm. General color y ellow-brown. Head as broad as long, rounded in front; cheeks slightly converging behind the middle, set with scattered, small, stout spines borne upon small warts; post-ocular bristles quite long and acute. Eyes small, finely faceted, rounded; ocelli large, distant, posterior two almost % ‘ a . 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 193 ‘contiguous with light yellowish margins around eyes, color reddish yellow. Antennx more than twice as long as the head; length and breadth of segments increase gradually from base to middle, then decrease to tip of antenna; relative lengths of segments as follows: Peers 475" 6 8 Seow ko eh 145 3 Color dark brown; bases of three to five yellowish; spines of medium length, but not very conspicuous; sense cones about one- third of the length of the segment bearing them. Prothorax about five-sixths as long as head, and nearly twice as broad as long, broadly rounded at hind edge; spines upon fore edge much smaller and weaker than the mid-lateral and those on hind edge; all these spines are acute. Mesothorax about one and one-half times as wide as prothorax, uniting closely and evenly with metathorax so that sides of pterothorax are nearly straight. Wings present, long and powerful; fringes long, double for from nine to eleven hairs in hind fringe of fore wing near tip. Legs of medium size and length; fore femora a little thickened and tarsi armed with a very tiny tooth; mid- dle legs much the smallest. All femora chestnut brown; tibize at base brown, fading to yellowish at tips; fore tibix lightest; tarsi yellow. Fore cox project a little beyond sides of prothorax and each bears one long spine; each femur bears one long slender spine on under side near base; three or four long slender spines stand around tips of middle and hind tibi. _ Abdomen large and heavy, somewhat broader than thorax, slightly more than twice as broad as head; segments overlapping about one- third; sides nearly parallel up to eighth segment, then tapering very abruptly. Tube slender in middle, about one-eighth the breadth of the abdomen, fully as long as the head, tapering but slightly; ter- minal circlet of spines shorter than tube; spines on abdomen light colored. Color of whole body generally yellowish brown, lightest along mid- dle of back of thorax and abdomen: abdomen darkest where segments overlap; thorax and abdomen show some irregular dark red hypo- dermal pigmentation. All spines acute. Described from one female taken under quince bark in early spring, together with many bright-red larve around it. Male unknown. Food plant.—Taken under quince bark. _ Habitat.—Ambherst, Massachusetts. _ I take pleasure in naming this species for Miss Alice M. Beach in Tecognition of her work upon the Thripidee of Iowa. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——13 194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXV Genus CE PHALOTE EEE S ere Head considerably longer than its bre adth or the length of the pro | thorax, broadly rounded in front and larger than in most species im proportion to the other segments. Eves small; ocelli present. Anten-_ q ne about one and one-half times the length of the head. Mouth cone | shorter than its breadth at base; labrum not narrowed in the middle | and ending in a blunt point. Fore femora slightly thickened and | tarsi with a tiny tooth. Wings usually reduced or wanting entirely, Male without a scale at base of the tube. | I place here only one species, yece. CEPHALOTHRIPS YUCC£:, new species. Plate VIII, figs. 83, 84. Female.—Length 1.48 mm. (1.40 to 1.56 mm.); width of meso- | thorax 0.29 mm. (0.28 to 0.30 mm.). General color yellowish brown, | | irregularly mottled with dark-red hypodermal pigmentation. | Head broad and large, about one and two-fifths times as long as wide; cheeks slightly arched and smoothly joined to eyes, converging” slightly toward neck; front smoothly rounded; post-ocular bristles. present, but rather small and not prominent; cheeks smooth. Eyes_ small, each being less than one-fourth the breadth of the head through | them, triangular above and surface even with that of head, very dark | red in color; ocelli small, situated far forward, quite widely separated, | with very dark red inner margins. Mouth cone short and rather blunt. Antenne nearly one and one-half times as long as head, con-— siderably separated at bases with but slight elevation between them; relative lengths of segments as follows: ‘| 1 2 3 4 5 6 v 8 6.5 ° 11.6, 12.50 Taro eS se ee eee! Segments three to five subequal in breadth and similar in shape. Antenne yellow, segments one and two shaded with brownish. Sense_ cones quite long and slender; spines shorter and light colored, so} inconspicuous. Prothorax two-thirds as long as head and across outer angles of coxe about one and two-fifths times as wide as head; sides of thorax | really considerably indented above fore coxe. Anterior marginal| and mid-lateral spines wanting; those at angles present, but weak and} inconspicuous. Pterothorax as broad as prothorax through coxe, equal to about one-fifth the length of the body; its sides straight and) parallel; about four-fifths as broad as abdomen. Wings usually” reduced to mere pads, but when occasionally present they are of mod- erate length, though not very powerful. (Winged specimens have the. 0. 1310, NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 195 pterothorax nearly as w wide as the abdome en.) meee rather short and thick; fore cox project somewhat beyond thorax; fore femora ‘slightly thickened and the tarsi armed with a tiny tooth; tibia of each Tee slightly shorter than its femur; all tarsi short and thick. All femora and middle and hind tibie brown; all tarsi and fore tibie, except at base outside, pale yellow; a prominent brown spot at tip of tarsi within. Abdomen about three-fifths the length of the body; about one and one-fourth times as broad as the mesothorax; nearly cylindrical to seventh segment, then sides curve smoothly to base of tube. Tube less than one-half as long as head and at middle only about one-ninth the breadth at middle of abdomen. Spines on abdomen of moderate tength, slender, acute, light colored, and not prominent. The abdo- ‘men is darkest at sides and tip; on each side of segments two to eight, slightly outside the line of wing-confining spines, there is a rounded or elliptical clear yellow spot. The bedy lacks any striking coloration. Described from ten wingless and two winged females. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6331, U.S.N.M. Male.—The males are about five-sixths as large as females. Their antennz are about one and two-fifths times as long as the head; there ‘appears to be less difference in the length of antennal segments than in female; relative lengths of segments as follows: ee 8. oT 8 Git lee 10> 010 987d.) O75. "%, ns Abdomen about one and one-fifth times as broad as mesothorax; tube about one-half as long as head and at middle about two-fifteenths as broad as middle of abdomen. Described from nine males, all short winged. All of my males were taken in September, and it may be that winged specimens occur earlier in the season. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6331, U.S.N.M. Food plants. — Yucca jfilamentosa, goldenrod. FHabitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts; Washington, District of Columbia. Genus PHLGOTHRIPS Haliday. _ Head somewhat longer than wide; ‘cheeks with small warts, each bearing a tiny spine. Intermediate antennal segments not particu- larly elongated; the whole antenna less than twice as long as head. | Mouth cone as lens or longer than its breadth at base and narrowed; labrum sharply pointed at tip. Fore femur enlarged and tarsus armed with a tooth. Wings not narrowed in middle, present in both ‘sexes. No scale at base of tube in male. 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI ; | place two species in this genus. They may be separated by the following characters: | All femora dark brown; tibiee and tarsi bright yellow: 22 sseeer see uzeli (p. 196). Legs gray-brown; tarsi somewhat lighter; fore tibize yellowish. .-pergandei (p. 197). The female of the species vze/ comes within the definition of the venus Phleothrips, but the male of this species has the teeth at the: tip of the fore femora, which is the principal character upon which Uzel has separated his genus Acanthothrips. This species, therefore, appears to unite the characters of these two genera, and as more emphasis is placed upon the description of the female than upon that of the male, I have preferred to include this species in the established” eenus Phlwothrips rather than to erect a new genus for it. PHLGOTHRIPS UZELI, new species. Plate VIL, figs. 87-90; Plate IX, figs. 91, 92. Female.—Length 1.76 mm. (1.72 to 1.86 mm.); width of mesothorax” 0.39 mm. (0.38 to 0.40 mm.). General color dark brown with yellow — tibie and tarsi. 4 Head about one and one-fourth times as long as wide, rounded in- front; cheeks nearly straight and parallel, set with several short, stout _ spines borne upon smali warts; post-ocular bristles quite long and knobbed. Eyes moderately large,- rounded, finely faceted; ocelli prominent, distant, reddish yellow, posterior ones contiguous with light borders of eyes. Mouth cone long and pointed, reaching to pos terior edge of prosternum. Antenne about one and three-fourths times as long as the head, slightly more than twice as long as width of - head; relative lengths of segments as follows: 5 he 2. Br Sa eee Cpe 9.72 12.3 “18 1815 16ers eee one-third the length of the segment bearing them. Prothorax two-thirds as long as head, and to angles of coxe twice as wide as long; usual anterior marginal, posterior marginal and mid- lateral spines present, knobbed. Mesothorax slightly wider than pro-— thorax; sides of pterothorax straight and converging a little to base of abdomen. Wings long and powerful. Legs of medium length and femora dark brown; all tibiz and tarsi bright yellow, the middle and hind ones being slightly shaded with brown. No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 197 Abdomen large « and stout, about four times as long as he: ad, as wide “as mesothorax; sides nearly parallel to seventh segment, from there tapering roundly to base of tube; segments overlapping about one- . Tube four-fifths as long as head; sides straight and converging ‘slightly; breadth in middle one-seyenth that in middle of abdomen; Germinal circlet of hairs about the length of the tube, very slender. ; Spines on sides of abdomen blunt; abdomen quite uniformly yellowish brown (dark brown where segments overlap). Described from three females. © Cotype:—Cat. No. 6332, U.S.N.M. Male.—Males about ea as iarge as females. Cheeks slightly fuller; relative lengths of antennal segments as follows: 4 S 2 ® z A ch 3 4 5 6 7 8 Peo t eG tel Ors bor. tae Tt 7.9 _ Fore femora larger than in female and terntinating in two teeth at tip within; fore tibixe have each a small tooth near base within; teeth on fore tarsi large. (The teeth upon femora and tibie are not found at all in the female of this species.) Tube at middle about one-sixth the width at middle of abdomen; abdomen tapering slightly. _ Deseribed from five males. & Cotype.—Cat. No. 6332, U.S.N.M. Food plants.—Taken on various grasses, clover, and (/imus montana var. pendula. Habitat.—Anmherst, Massachusetts. This species is named for Dr. Henry Uzel, of Koénigeriitz, Bohemia, whose Monograph of the Order Thysanoptera js by far the best work that has been published upon this order. PHLG@OTHRIPS PERGANDEI, new species. Plate VIII, figs. 85, 86. Female.—Length 1.68 mm. (abdominal segments overlapping for about one-fourth their length); width of mesothorax 0.42 mm. Gen- eral color yellowish brown, with considerable irregular red hypoder- “mal pigmentation. Head about one-sixth longer than wide, widest close behind the eyes, rounded in front; cheeks slightly curved and bulging behind eyes, converging slightly posteriorly, set with a number of short, stout spines borne upon quite prominent warts; post-ocular bristles long and knobbed. Eyes about medium in size, slightly elongated, finely faceted; ocelli quite large, distinct, subapproximate, reddish _ yellow with date red crescentic margins, situated well forward upon vertex, which is slightly elevated. Mouth cone quite lone, reaching to back of prosternum; labrum sharply pointed and overreaching the a 198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX labium. te twice as long as width of head; relative lengths of seoments as follows: J0. 14 99 91 1% 14 eae Color of antenne brown with bases of three, four, five, and six decreasing in area and intensity of yellowishness; sense cones about one-third the length of segment three; spines quite long, dark, and conspicuous. Prothorax only five-sevenths as long as head, and to outer angles of fore cox slightly more than twice as wide as long; usual prothoracie¢ spines present, quite long and knobbed. Mesothorax as wide as width across fore cox, closely joined with prothorax; pterothorax very compact, sides converging slightly to base of abdomen. Wings long and powerful. Legs quite strong; fore femora much thickened, over” one-half as broad as head; fore tarsi armed with a small tooth. Colal of legs uniformly gray-brown; tarsi somewhat lighter; fore tibive yel- lowish. shaded with brown at bases and on top. Abdomen less than twice as broad as head, equal in width to meso-_ thorax, nearly cylindrical to eighth segment; eighth and ninth taper- ing abruptly to base of tube. Tube only renee as long as head; sides straight, tapering somewhat; breadth in middle about one-eighth that of middle of abdomen; terminal hairs a little longer than tube. — All large spines on body, except those on hind edge-of nine and at tip of tube are short and knobbed; those on nine and tube are acute. — Color of abdomen pale brownish yellow, lightest in middle; blood-— red pigmented tissue confined mostly to sides of abdomen in this specimen. Described from one female. Male unknown. Food plant.—Taken on grass. Habitat.— Amherst, Massachusetts. I name this species for Mr. Theodore Pergande, by whom several o our native species have been described. Genus ACANTHOTHRIPS Uzel. Head somewhat longer than wide; cheeks with spine-bearing warts Antenne very nearly twice as long as head; intermediate segments elongated and bearing very long sense cones. Mouth cone consider- ably longer than its breadth at base and quite slender.. Fore femora enlarged in both sexes and with one or two teeth at tip within; tarsus | armed with a stout tooth (Uzel says the tooth is weaker in the male — than in the female). Wings present in both sexes. No scale at base— of tube in the male. § : | . 2 ‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 199 iI have placed the single species magnafemoralis in this genus, though Ido not know the female. The characters of the fore femora and antenne are sufficient to separate it generically from PAlwothrips. ACANTHOTHRIPS MAGNAFEMORALIS, new species. Plate IX, figs. 93, 94. Male.—Length 2.16 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.42 mm. General color yellowish brown with antenne, legs, and eighth and ninth abdom- inal segments banded with nearly transparent or yellowish white. Head nearly one and one-fourth times as long as wide; cheeks bulg- ing abruptly and greatly behind the eyes, then converging to the neck, which is as wide as the diameter through the eyes; cheeks, especially anterior parts, set with short spines borne upon very prominent tuber- cles; front between eyes very narrow, carinated. Eyes large, finely faceted, reniform above, inner edges parallel; ocelli small, approxi- mate, and placed between the middle of the eyes. Proboscis long, slender, pointed; labrum sharply pointed. Antennz scarcely twice as long as the head and very slender; relative lengths of segments as follows: Missi Dini ies Ay | 5 GirechG8 Oe he PO 265, 28s Vy dbs 9 Segments one to five subequal in thickness; three to five similar in shape, elongated, urn-shaped; eight sharply conical.. Segments one, two, seven, and eight quite uniformly dark brown; bases of three to five and tips of three and four pale yellowish, nearly white on three; six entirely pale yellow, with slight brownish tinge on outer half; antenne appear annulated with pale yellow and dark brown. Spines and sense cones long, slender, and light colored; the cones on three to five fully one-third the length of segment three and on six about three- fifths its leneth. Prothorax about two-thirds as long as head: width to outer angles of cox nearly twice its length; transverse margin nearly straight; the usual stout spines on thorax and abdomen, except those at tip of tube, are extremely short and blunt. Mesothorax slightly wider than the abdomen; middle of pterothorax concaved slightly. Wings long and rather slender. Legs moderately long; fore femora extremely thick and large, almost as wide as length of fore tibiew; fore femora armed with a stout tooth at the tip within; fore tibixe bent outward at base; fore tarsi one segmented, armed with a very stout tooth; middle and hind tibiz rather short and swollen in the middle, their tibis quite slender and their tarsi two segmented. Fore femora yellowish brown; fore tibix and tarsi pale yellowish, tibie alone shaded with brown on middle of outside; middle and hind femora almost trans- parent white at base, outer half shaded with brown and having a 900 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. roundish, light yellowish spot on side of dark area; middle and hind — tibiw pale yellowish at base and tip, banded with dark brown around — the middle, these tarsi pale yellow, brown at tips; surface of all legs rough, being thickly set with minute warts, each bearing a small — spine. Abdomen about two-thirds the length of the body, tapering gradu- ally from second segment to tip; width at second segment but slightly less than that of mesothorax. Tube slightly more than three-fourths as long as head; diameter at middle of tube about one-sixth that at middle of abdomen. Sides of metathorax and surface of abdomen, up_ to about the seventh or eighth segment, peculiarly roughened with — closely set small warts, many of which bear small spines. The tube — is nearly cylindrical, without a scale at its base, and at the tip bears a circlet of eight extremely long, slender, acute hairs, which are nearly three times as long as tube. The basal third of tube is very pale yel- lowish white; the outer two-thirds is abruptly brown-black; segments eight and nine pale yellow; three to seven appear irregularly striped with pale yellow and dark brown; dorsal stripe pale yellow and about the width of the wings; a subdorsal row of dark-brown, semicircular — spots, which stand one in the middle on each side of these segments with the straight side toward the dorsal line, gives the appearance of a subdorsal stripe; then follows on each side an irregular, pale yellow stripe, and the middle of the sides of the segments is shaded with brown. Spines on sides of abdominal segments and the back of eighth and ninth are extremely short and blunt. Described from one specimen. Female unknown. hood plant. ¢ /labitat.—Miami, Florida. MALACOTHRIPS, new genus. Head plainly longer than wide and narrowed in front. Cheeks full — and with spine-bearing warts; vertex elevated. Antenne nearly twice as long as head. Mouth cone as long as its breadth at base, reaching the hind edge of the prosternum; labrum quite sharply pointed at tip. Prothorax two-thirds as long as head. Pterothorax somewhat con- — stricted in middle. Fore tarsi with a tiny tooth. Wings usually reduced to pads. Abdomen large and full in the female. A closely lying scale at base of tube in the male. Phis genus contains only one species, zonatus. (Hakakos, soft; Apu.) MALACOTHRIPS ZONATUS, new species. Plate IX, figs. 95-98. Female.—Length 1.62 mm. (1.50 to 1.68 mm.); width of pterothorax 0.30 mm. (0.27 to 0.84 mm.). General color pale bright yellow on ee oe No. 1810. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 201 thorax and segments one, three, four, and five of the abdomen; head and other abdominal segments brown. Body apparently weakly chitinized. Head nearly one and one-third times as long as wide, narrowed in front; cheeks moderately full and set with a few small spines borne upen small warts; head appears constricted close behind the eyes, and slightly so at neck; post-ocular bristles well developed; front of head between eyes developed into a prominence bearing the antennz; ver- tex produced into a sort of hump, which, however, does not overreach the insertion of the antenne. Eyes small, finely faceted, dark pur- plish red, surrounded by pale yellow margins; ocelli present, subap- proximate, borne well forward upon the hump, the front ocellus being upon its vertex; pigmentation around ocelli bright red. Mouth cone moderately long and slender; labrum abruptly constricted and sharply pointed at tip. Antenne approximate at base, almost twice as long as head; relative lengths of segments as follows: Wipe esawes asta Oe aeG eign co Br 9.8 13.5 184 16.5 15.8 18.9 12.4 11.4 Basal segments large, truncate-conical, placed divergently; three clavate; from three to eight the segments become gradually more nar- row. Antenne nearly uniformly brown, except three, which is yel- lowish brown; spines and sense cones quite long, but slender and light colored, so inconspicuous. Prothorax about two-thirds as long as head and across outer angles of cox about twice as wide as long. All the usual prominent pro- thoracic spines well developed, but light colored; hind margin not sharply defined. Pterothorax in middle slightly narrower than width across fore cox; mesothorax short, slightly narrower than metatho- rax and slightly brownish yellow in color. Wings reduced to very small pads, each fore pad bearing three quite long, bluntspines. Lees of medium length and middle and hind pairs quite slender; fore coxee projecting considerably beyond thorax; fore femora slightly thickened and tarsi armed with a small tooth. All legs pale yellow or pale brownish yellow with prominent brown spot within tip of tarsus. Abdomen about one and two-fifths times as broad as metathorax, quite stout to eighth segment, then sides converging to base of tube. Tube about three-fourths as long as head and one-third as wide at mid- dle as long; sides straight, tapering slightly; terminal spines about as long as tube; spines on sides of abdomen pale, but quite prominent in reduced light. Segment one is concolorous with metathorax; three to five are clear, bright yellow; two, six, seven, and eight are yellowish brown, darkest on sides; nine and tube are darkest brown. _ Described from four females. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6333, U.S.N.M. 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI, |} Malv._Leneth about five-sixths that of female; head and prothorax nearly as long as in female; relative lengths of antennal seements follows: pope up ee 5 6 t 8 (0 11 16 14 138° ieee Abdomen only about four-fifths as long or as broad as in female and tapering more uniformly from base to tip. Described from two specimens. 4 Cotype.—Cat. No. 6333, U.S.N.M. | Food plant.—Vaken in turf. Habitat.— Amherst, Massachusetts. EO ROY as EUR Ss men ven Geils. Head as long or somewhat longer than wide, narrowed in front. Eyes small and vertex between them elevated. ne fully twice | as long as the head and thicker than in most species. ' Prothorax: about two-thirds the length of the head. Fore tarsi with a small’ tooth, which is larger in the male than in the female. Wings usually, reduced to short pads. Abdomen unusually large and heavy in pro-| portion to the rest of the body. Males with a closely lying scale at the base of the tube. | The species umpliventralis is the type of this genus. (evpus, broad; Fz.) ‘ The two species belonging to this genus may be separated by the breadth of the abdomen, which in ampliventralis (p. 202) is about one | and two-thirds times as wide as the pterothorax, while in osbornd (p. 208) | it is only about one and one-fourth times as wide as the pterothorax. | EURYTHRIPS AMPLIVENTRALIS, new species. Plate IX, figs. 99-101. Female.—Length 1.08 mm. (1 to 1.20 mm.); width at middle of}! pterothorax 0.24 mm. (0.22 to 0.25 mm.). General color of head and legs clear yellow to brownish yellow; body shading posteriorly to dark, brown beyond middle of abdomen. | Head slightly longer than wide, slightly narrowed in front, broadest at neck; cheeks diversine gradually behind the eyes; vertex drawn | out into a hump between and in front of the eyes; post-ocular bristles: quite long; head clear, brownish yellow with some red hypodermal pigment on vertex. yes extremely small and composed of but very few large facets, slightly protruding, oval in outline, black; ocelli) wanting. Mouth cone short and blunt; labrum not onstnttel beyond middle. Antenne approximate, large, and heavy, fully twice the: length of the head, with peculiar, semicircular, shelf-like support! visible on under side at base; relative lengths of segments as follows: | | | | 1 1. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 203 ie Is 2 3 4 5 6 i 8 at ois 5 108 11,9 9:5 6.4 Segment one is broadest, cylindrical, and following segments decrease gradually in diameter; three is clavate, four to seven each barrel- shaped, with a short stalk. Antennal segments shade gradually from concolorous with head at base to very dark brown at tip; spines and sense cones very long, slender, and quite prominent. Prothorax quite variable in length, butaveraging slightly more than two-thirds as long as head; width also unusually variable, but averag- ing twice its length and equal to width of pterothorax. Anterior marginal spines wanting; others present, moderately long, blunt, but not knobbed. Pterothorax very small, rather shorter than prothorax and usually slightly narrower. Wings reduced to mere pads. Fore and middle legs rather short and thick, but hind legs quite long and slender; fore femora but slightly thickened and tarsi armed with a tiny tooth. Legs concolorous with head; femora shaded somewhat with brown, but without hypodermal pigment. Abdomen exceedingly large and heavy, about one and two-thirds times as broad as pterothorax; posterior half rounding up to base of tube. Tube fully two-thirds as long as head and almost one-half as broad at middle as it is long; sides straight and tapering evenly; terminal hairs slightly shorter than tube; spines on sides of abdomen quite long and prominent. Prothorax concolorous with head, but much more suffused with irregular, bright red hypodermal pigmentation. (Seen by reflected light on white background.) Pterothorax and base of abdomen more shaded with brown, and the latter becoming darker toward tip, where it is dark brown or almost black. Pterothorax, and sides of abdomen especially, thickly marked with bright red hypodermal pigment. Described from five females. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6334, U.S.N.M. Male unknown. food plant.—Taken in turf in fall. Habitat.— Amherst, Massachusetts. EURYTHRIPS OSBORNI, new species. Plate X, figs. 102, 1038. Female.—Length 1.12 mm. (1 to 1.22 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.27 mm. (0.25 to 0.30 mm.). General color light yellowish brown to dark brown; head and legs yellow. Head approximately as long as wide, narrowed in front; the antenne standing upon a triangular projection between the eyes; head enlarged quite abruptly behind the eyes; cheeks not converging posteriorly. Kyes very small, depressed, finely faceted, almost oval in outline, i Bs 904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. seoments as follows: AG Oo 1 2 4 be sO em 83 10.5- 15.8 149 4129 11-9] Segment one large and cylindrical; two cup-shaped; three ver slender at base. clavate: four to seven also slender at bases, decreasing eradually in diameter and length of stalk; eight enlarging to one- i its length and then tapering to a sharp point. Color shading gradu- ally from concolorous with head at base to dark brown at tip. = and sense cones long, slender, and quite conspicuous. Head clear, pal yellow to brownish yellow. 3 Prothorax and pterothorax (in short-winged specimens) along dorsal line, each approximately as long as head; “width of prothorax across- coxe nearly twice its length, its sides indented considerably above: them. Anterior marginal spines wanting; others present as usual (at angles, mid-lateral and posterior marginal) long, slender, and blunt. Mesothorax approximately as broad as prothorax; in long-winged | specimens about one-fourth longer than in short-winged, and also slightly fuller. Legs short and moderately stout; fore femora but) slightly enlarged and tarsi armed with a small tooth; one long, erect, knobbed spine upon the back of each femur. Legs yellow; femora | shaded with brown; in darker specimens femora more strongly shaded. Abdomen large and heavy; fore angles abrupt; about one-half us wide as long; nearly cylindrical to on segment, then sides curve. roundly to base of tube. Tube as long or slightly nos than head, about one-third as broad in middle as nae more slender in outer thai in basal half; terminal spines only about two-thirds as long as tube; those on sides of abdomen quite long and prominent, knobbed. : Thorax and abdomen uniform in color, abruptly darker than head and legs, ranging from yellow-brown to dark brown, with considerable e, dark red, irregular, hypodermal pigmentation. , Deseribed from ten females, eight long and two short winged, Cotype.—Cat. No. 6335, U.S.N.M. Male.—Males about six-sevenths as large as females. Relative’ lengths of antennal segments as follows: Bt #4 zi i 2° 8 * 4-95 Spee 8 10-126 19 19) 202 Rete eare The prothorax is a little wider than the mesothorax. Fore femora | 0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 20D nsiderably enlarged and tooth upon tarsus quite stout. Abdomen more slender than in females and tapering more gradually. _ Described from five mates, all short winged. § Cotype.—Cat. No. 6335, U.S.N.M. _ Food plants. —Grasses. _ Habitat.--Amherst, Massachusetts. _ This species is named for Prof. Herbert Osborn, who has for many years shown considerable interest in the study of these tiny insects. Genus CRYPTOTARIPS Uzel, Head cylindrical, fully one and one-half times as long as wide. Byes large and prominent. Vertex strongly elevated and bearing the anterior oceilus at its extremity. Mouth cone about as long as its breadth at base and reaching about two-thirds across the prosternum; labrum blunt. Prothorax about as long as width of head. Legs slender; fore femora but slightly enlarged; fore tarsi unarmed. Wings present, slightly narrowed in middle. Male with a scale at base of tube. I find only one species belonging to this genus, @spersus. CRYPTOTHRIPS ASPERSUS, new species. Plate X, figs. 104-106. Female.—Length 1.68 mm. (1.45 to 2 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.32 mim. (0.28 to 0.36 mm.). General color yellowish brown to brown- black; body and legs considerably marked with irregular, dark-pur- plish, hypodermal pigmentation. Head cylindrical, one and one-half times as long as wide, about as wide as length of prothorax; cheeks almost straight and nearly parallel, set with a few minute, slender spines; postocular bristles short; sur- face of head finely cross-striated. Eyes quite large, finely faceted, very slightly protruding, dark-purplish red with pale yellowish inner margins; ocelli present, small and inconspicuous, frequently concealed by local hypodermal pigmentation, situated far forward; posterior ceili close to margins of eyes, front one on apex of prolonged vertex of the head. Mouth cone rather short, reaching only to middle of prosternum; maxillary palpi long and slender; sides of labrum straight, its point blunt. Antenne inserted below vertex, approximate at base, slightly more than one and one-half times as long as the head, quite slender; relative lengths of segments as follows: Disa + 5 6 Lay. 8 fe ee te A816 = Th Id-.6 8 Segments one and two concolorous with head; three pale yellow; test of antenna shading gradually to dark brown at tip, except bases of four and five, which are pale yellow; spines and sense cones short and i inconspicuous. 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY: Prothorax small, scarcely two-thirds as long as head. One spine each posterior angle alone prominent; those at fore angles smalle than the anterior marginals; ali indistinct; midlaterals w anting; poss terior marginals small and not visible except on lightest specimen with careful focusing. Pterothorax approximately as wide as abdomen; its sides nearly straight and parallel. Wings present; hind fringe of fore wing double for five or six hairs near tip. Legs long and slen= der; fore coxe projecting strongly; fore femora sce coe thic kened | and tarsi unarmed; one spine near base of each femur below much longer than others on legs and longest on fore femora; legs concol- orous with body. y Abdomen long and slender, cylindrical to about seventh segment, | about twice as wide as head, from seventh segment tapering quite | eradually to tube. Tube short, only one half as long as head; its sides | straight and converging slightly; width at middle about one-third width of head; terminal hairs about as long as tube. Spines at sides: of abdomen slender, pale, and not very prominent; segments usually, overlapping considerably; sides darkest in color. i Described from eight females. Cotype.—Cat. No. 6836, U.S.N.M. Male.—Male about five-sixths as large as female, though antennal are of about same size in both sexes; relative lengths of segments as follows: x LD 3 Ae 6 Sone 8 19." 16:5 16) To. eoes ieee Abdomen much smaller than in female and tapering gradually from base to tip. Described from one specimen. food plant.—Grape. [labitat.—Ambherst, Massachusetts. Genus [IDO LOT ERE S petellticlanyac Anterior ocellus remote from the base of the antenne. Proboscis reaching the base of the prosternum; labial palpi papiiiform; vein one of the fore wings shortened by one-half or abbreviated. Head very long, rounded; abdomen hoitlowed out. Antenne siender, three or four times as long as the thorax; prothorax unequally tuberculated; metatarsi unarmed. Size large, marked with three or more lines. In this genus I find onty the species con/ferarum. IDOLOTHRIPS CONIFERARUM Pergande. Plate X, figs. 107-110. Idolothrips coniferarum PERGANDE, Entom. News, VII, 1896, pp. 63-64. Idolothri me ana um TRYBOM, F estskrift f6r oer oE 1896, p. 218. “This generic deseription i is translated from Haliday’ 8 original description. Be 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—IHINDS. 207 ; | _ Female.—Length oat te mm. (3 3+ to 4. 26 mm. o breadth of meso- thorax 0.55 mm. (0.50 to 0.60 mm.). Color coal-black without mark- ings. ~ Head long and cylindrical; proportional length more variable than in most species, but averaging about two and one-third times as long as wide; surface of head transversely finely striated; cheeks set w ne a number of short, stout spines; head broadened a trifle just before the neck-like constriction at the base; vertex produced into avery promi- nent, conical hump in front of the eyes and overreaching the insertion of the antennxe. Eyes large, finely faceted, bulging slightly, extend- ing as far around on under side of head as on upper; ocelli small, widely separated, the anterior one occupying the extreme vertex; the posterior ones, nearly on a line with the middle of the eyes and close to their margins, are often invisible, unless in fav orable light, owing to the opacity of the head. Mouth cone short and rounded. Antennze approximate at base, inserted under the vertex, only about one and one-sixth times as long as the nead, and slender; relative lengths of segments as follows: Ware ig 6 fi 8 1210-38 230) 9G 17-5 13:38. 15 Segment one concealed at base; three to five clavate; six to eight fusiform. Three mostly yellow (two-thirds); four nearly one-half, and five about one-third yellow; rest of antenna brown-black. Spines and sense cones light and inconspicuous, but the cones especially are long, slender, and acute; three apparently bears only one sense cone, and that is on outer side; six has but one, which is on inner side; four and five have four each. Prothorax small, only about two-fifths as long as head; only the one long spine on the outer angle of each fore coxa is at all conspicuous. ae othorax appears nearly square; sides straight and parallel; more than twice as wide as head. Wings present, but short as compared with great length of abdomen, not reaching beyond fifth or sixth seg- ment, heavily fringed; hind fringe of fore wing double for about 26 hairs near tip. Legs short as compared with length of body; fore femora but slightly thickened and tarsi armed with a tiny tooth; legs set with a number of quite long, slender, black spines. Legs black, except fore tibie dark yellowish brown along middle of inside, and all tarsi dark brown. Abdomen extremely long and slender, about two-thirds the length of the entire body and less than one-fourth as wide at base as it is long; tapers gradually from second segment to tube. Tube of female fully five-sixths as long as head and a little more than one-third the width of head; iad hairs weak and only about two-thirds the length of the false. spines on sides of abdomen short and weak. \ Redescribed from four females. aad 205 EO Ee OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. fant one fonsles ioe 4. 2 mm. ee to 4.10 sah They are somewhat more sle Lee espe Cl ially three one eee of abdomen. than in female, about one and oniestitit times as a as need: “ctl leneths of segments as follows: Ms 1 2 3 4 oe 6 4 By [4.90 49 34 995 22105 2 ee alae Prothorax nearly one-half as long as the head; fore femora consid= erably thickened (almost as broad as the head) and each fore tarsus_ hearing an extremely stout tooth; fore tar si and inside of tibiee yellow. Abdomen at second segment only two-elevenths as broad as long; tube three-fourths as long as head and very slender. ‘ Male newly described from two specimens. a Food plants.— Pinus ops, Juniperus virginiana, and Abies sp. i Found on either green or dry branches in spring and early fall and : hibernating under bark. : Hubitat.—Near Washington, District of Columbia; Amherst, Massa~ chusetts. UNCLASSIFIED DESCRIPTIONS. 2 LIMOTHRIPS TRITICI (Fitch) Packard. $ “The females alone are winged, the males being wingless and closely resembling the larvee. The body of the female is smooth and shin- ing, uniformly open yellow, with no other markings; the legs are. a little paler toward the articulations. The antenne are eight- jointed, slightly longer than the head; the two basal joints are the largest; the three succeeding joints equal, regularly ovate, the sixth a little longer than the fifth; seventh and eighth minute, seventh a little shorter than’ eighth, each joint bearing four large bristles. This species differs) from the European Z. ceraliwm in having but eight joints, the seventh and eighth being minute, and with no intermediate short one, as. described in the European insect. 7 “The prothorax is square, the scutellum short, crescent-shaped, and) the abdomen is long and narrow, smooth and shining, ten-jointed. Length, four one-hundredths of an inch, or less than half a line. ; ‘The larva (fig. 2) is entirely gre penien yellow, the head and protho- rax of the same color as the rest of the body. The eyes are reddish. The feet and antennx are whitish, not annulated, as in JZ. cceralium. The feet (tarsi) consist of but a single joint ending ina point. . “The male differs from the larva in having two-jointed feet (tarsi) and seven-jointed antennw, those of the larva being four-jointed. ‘The: second joint is exactly barrel-shaped, with two ridges or lines sur- rounding it, third and fourth joints long, ovate, the third being a lit- 4 ” : no. 1510. - NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 209 — = tle larger than the fourth, and with about twelve transverse lines, there being about eight on the fourth joint, from the end of which projects a remarkable tubercle, as seen in the figure. The fifth joint is square at the end, with about eleven transverse lines, and three or four stout hairs externally; sixth joint minute and spherical, while the seventh is three times as long as the sixth, and is finely striated, and with four unequal stout hairs. It is just twice the length of the female, meas- uring 0.08 inch.” THRIPS TRIFASCIATUS Ashmead. ‘* emale.—Length 0.8 mm. Light brown; eyes strongly faceted, purplish-brown in certain lights; three basal segments of the abdomen above, dark brown; segments 4, 5, and 6 white; apical segments light brown, the sutures dusky; legs, except hind femora toward tips, white; wings linear, strongly fringed, without nerves, the ground color brown or fuscous, with three transverse white bands, i. e., the front wings have a white band at base, another at about two-thirds their length, and with the apices white. ** Habitat.—Near Utica, Mississippi.” THRIPS SECTICORNIS Trybom. I have been unable to see the description of this species which was published in Ofversigt af k. Vetenskaps-Akademiens. Férhandlingar, 1896, page 620. PHLC@OTHRIPS MALI Fitch. ‘‘This insect measures only six-hundredths of an inch in length and one-hundredth in width. It is polished and shining, and of a blackish purple color. Its antenne, which are rather longer than the head and composed of eight nearly equal joints, have the third joint of a white color. The abdomen is concave on its upper side, and is furnished with a conical tube at its tip which has a few bristles projecting from its apex. The wings when folded are linear, silvery-white, and as long as the abdomen; they are pressed closely upon the back, spread- ing asunder at their bases, and appear like an elongated Y-shaped mark. Viewed from above, the head is of a square form, longer than wide. The first segment of the thorax is well separated from the second, is broadest at its base, and gradually tapers to its anterior end, where it is as wide as the head. The following segment is the broad- est part of the body and square, with its length and breadth equal.” PHLC@OTHRIPS CARY Fitch. ‘This insect is 0.07 long, of a deep black color and highly polished. Its head is narrower than the thorax and nearly square. The third, fourth, and fifth joints of the antenne are longer than the others, yel- low, and slightly transparent; the last joint is shortest and but half as — . Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02-——14 = é 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. —_ VoL. XXVI. thick as those which precede it. The abdomen is egg-shaped, with its tip drawn out into a tube thrice as long as it is thick, with four long bristles at its end, and the abdomen is furnished with bristles at each of its sutures. The wings do not reach the tip of the abdomen. They are white and slightly transparent and fringed with black hairs, In its larva state it hasa more slender linear form. witha dull greenish vellow head, a white thorax witha broad black band anteriorly, a pale red abdomen with a black band at its tip, and whitish legs.” FOSSIL THYSANOPTERA. Tiny though they are, these insects are not unknown as fossils. The White River deposits are the only ones in this country from which they are yet known. Three species, representing as many genera, have been found there in Tertiary rocks, and have been described by Dr. S. H. Seudder (174, 336), whose descriptions of these insects follow. The last two genera are extinct. Of the genus J/elanothrips, no living representative has as yet been found in this country, though a species of this genus is known in Europe. MELANOTHRIPS EXTINCTA Scudder. Melanothrips extincta ScuppEr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 221; Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIII, 1890, p. 371. ‘*Head small, tapering; the only appendages visible are the antenne; these are only sufficiently preserved to recognize that they are very long and slender, longer than the thorax. The thorax is rather small, quadrate; wings nearly as long as the body, fringed on the costal border as in Palxothrips fossilis. The abdomen is composed of only eight joints, but is very long and very tapering, fusiform, the last joint produced, as usual in the Physapods; the third joint is the broadest; of the wings only the costal border and a part of one of the longi- tudinal veins can be seen; there are no remains of legs. ‘Length of body, 2.2 mm.; of antenne, 0.8 mm.; of head, 0.14 mm.; of thorax, 0.5 mm.; of abdomen, 1.56 mm.; greatest breadth of abdomen, 0.5 mm. ! “Chagrin Valley, White River, Colorado. One specimen, W. Denton.” | Genus LITHADOTHRIPS Seudder. | Bat Lithadothrips Scupprr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 221; Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIII, 1890, p. 372. | ‘‘Allied to Melanothrips Haliday. The head is large, broad, globose; the eyes exceedingly large, globose, each occupying on a superior. view fully one-third of the head; the antennz very slender, equal, as long as the thorax, the joints eight or nine in number, cylindrical, equal, scarcely enlarging toward their tips. The prothorax is no ine NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. PA larger than the head, of equal breadth with it, the w hole thorax shaped asin Paleothrips. Only fragments of the wings remain, sufficient to render it probable that they agree well with the character of the group to which Melanothrips and Molothrips belong. The legs resemble those of Paleothrips, but are slender and appear to be rather profusely supplied with hairs. The abdomen differs considerably in the two specimens referred to this genus. In one it is very broadly fusiform, the tip a little produced, nine joints visible, the apical furnished with a few hairs, and bluntly rounded at the tip; the other has the sides equal, the apex not at all produced, but very broadly rounded, only seven or eight joints vaguely definable. **A single species is known.” LITHADOTHRIPS VETUSTA Scudder. Lithadothrips vetusta ScuppEr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 222; Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIII, 1890, p. 372. ‘The specimens, both of which represent the upper surface of the body with fragments and vague impressions of the members, are too poorly preserved to add anything to the above description of their generic features, excepting the following measurements: ** Furst ee tact of body 1.76 mm., of antennz 0.6 mm., of thorax 0.6 mm., of abdomen 0.87 mm.; breadth of head 0.28 mm., of thorax 0.52 mm., of abdomen 0.56 mm.; length of fore femora, 0.37 mm. ?; breadth of same, 0.14 mm.; length of hind femora, 0.42 mm.; breadth of same, 0.13 mm. ** Second speciémen.—Length of body 1.96 mm., of antenne 0.76 mm., of thorax 0.56 mm., of abdomen 1.10 mm.; breadth of head 0.38 mm., of thorax 0.59 mm., of abdomen 0.59 mm. ** Fossil Canyon, White River, Utah. Two specimens, W. Denton.” Genus PALA OTHRIPS Scudder. Palxothrips ScuppER, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 222. **This genus is allied to Molothrips Haliday. The head is small, globose; eyes rounded, much smaller than in Lithadothrips; antenne slender, fully as long as the thorax, not more than seven jointed, the joints cylindrical, subequal. Prothorax considerably larger than the head, the thorax as a whole very large, stout, and tumid; fore femora very stout, scarcely more than twice as long as broad; fore tibiz also stout, a little longer than the femora; the other legs are moderately stout, long, reaching beyond the tip of the abdomen, with a few scat- tered, rather short, spinous hairs; the hind tarsi three jointed, the last joint smaller than tie others, and altogether two-sevenths the length of the tibie. Fore wings unusually peoad. broadest apically, w here their breadth more than equals one-fourth of their entire length, pro- vided with two longitudinal veins, dividing the disk into three nearly 3y 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XxVI equal portions, connected in the middle by a cross vein, and with - either border by other cross veins at about one-third and two-thirds of the distance from the base to the tip of the wing; the wing is heavily fringed, especially along the hind border. Hind wings veinless, nearly as long, and at the tip nearly as broad, as the fore wings. Abdomen nine jointed, half as long again as the thorax, rather tumid, scarcely — or not at all produced apically.” PALAZZOTHRIPS FOSSILIS Scudder. Palxothrips fossilis ScuppER, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, pp. 222-223.—Zirre,, Handb. d. Paleontology, I, Pt. 2, 1885, p. 784) fig. 999; Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIIT, 1890, pp. 373-874. ‘‘Head small, tapering a little in front, where, however, it is broadly rounded. The antenne are certainly seven jointed, and none of the apical joints show any indication of being connate, the last joint being of the same length as the two preceding it, tapering, and bluntly pointed; none of the joints show any enlargement in the middle, but the middle joints are slightly larger at the distal extremity than at the base; they appear to be destitute of hairs. The prothorax is sub- quadrate, a little broader than long, with rounded sides; the fore femora are unusually stout, as long as the width of the prothorax. The longitudinal veins of the fore wings approach each other somewhat abruptly in the middle, where they are united by a cross vein, and at the tip of the wing they curve away from each other; the two cross veins on the lower third of the wing are, respectively, slightly farther from the base of the wing than the corresponding veins of the upper third; the fringe on the posterior border is largest near the tip of the wing, where the hairs are about three times as long as those on the costal border. The first hind tarsal joint is scarcely longer than broad, cylindrical; the second of about the same length, but decidedly broader at apex than at the base; the apical joint is nearly globular, smallest at base, as large in the middle as the base of the other joints. There are a few hairs at the tip of the abdomen and a few short ones on the hind tibiz; the apical ones stouter than the others, resembling spines; | but the insect appears to have been unusually destitute of hairs, _ excepting on the wings, where not only the edges but also all the veins are fringed. | ** Length of body 1.6 to 1.8 mm.; of antenne 0.58 mm.; of fore” femora 0.32 mm.; breadth of same 0.14; length of fore tibiz 0.32_ mm.; of hind femora 0.38 mm; breadth of same 0.11 mm.; length of | hind tibiz 0.42 mm.; of hind tarsi 0.12 mm.; of fore wings 1.4 mm.; of hind wings 1.27 mm.; greatest breadth of fore wings 0.37 mm.; length of prothorax 0.16 mm.; breadth of same 0.32 mm.; length of | whole thorax 0.64 mm.; of abdomen 0.92 mm.; greatest breadth of the same 0.37 mm. | ** Fossil Canyon, White River, Utah. W. Denton.” No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. oS GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. As has been shown in Jordan’s conclusion in regard to the system- atic position of this group (see p. 82), Thysanoptera have branched off from the line of the Orthoptera-Hemiptera and resemble the Homop- tera more closely than they do any other group. Starting with a given form which we may call Prothysanopteron, I believe that changes in the degree of development of any of its organs must be correlated with changes in its habits and environment. What was Prothysanopteron like? Judging from its line of phyllogeny, it must certainly have been an active running and flying insect, having elongated mouthparts which were probably becoming suctorial in function and bearing near the other extremity of the body a saw-like ovipositor. Having these organs which would be concerned in the chief relations of its life to its environment-—nutrition, locomotion, and reproduction—what can we infer as to the habits of that primi- tive insect? It fed externally upon the juicy parts of plants, probably puncturing them with its elongated mouthparts and sucking up the exuding juices. It flew from flower to flower or tree and ran about actively thereupon. In the tissue of its food plants it deposited its egos, cutting the necessary slits for them with its saw-like ovipositor. Its legs, used chiefly in running or crawling, would present few, if any, modifications, while its wings, though surely slender, were prob- ably broad as compared with those found in the order to-day, and the hairs which happened to stand along their edges had begun to elongate so as to compensate, in some degree, for the narrowness of the mem- branes. With such an insect and such habits as this hypothesis sug- gests, if we can name reasonable changes in habits which, acting m accordance with the laws of Nature as we know them to be acting to-day, will produce the various forms of insects which we now include in this order, we feel that our hypothesis can be as well sustained as any such hypothesis with reference to primitive forms is capable of being. If some of the descendants of our external-feeding Prothysanopteron in their struggle for existence should, in the course of numerous gen- erations, acquire a habit of feeding in some well-protected part of the plant, e. g., inside the closely rolled central leaves of Yucca filamentosa, where they would be comparatively safe from the attacks of their ene- mies (a change of habit easily produced by natural selection), then, this environment being favorable, they would no longer find as fre- quent or as urgent use for their wings and legs as had their ancestors, ‘and they would be favored by remaining in a very restricted place. Asa result, wings would degenerate from disuse, and the movements of the insects upon their feet would become slower. Wings might, and probably would, be a distinct disadvantage in such a fectneted pei so that many influences would tend toward their reduction, | 914 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. “7 which, however, “eould not be complete without entailing a decided disadvantage to the species by hindering its spread to other food plants. Nature has established her line of equilibrium somewhere between the) two extremes, and we have a majority of short-winged individuals: favored by the absence of long wings, but yet in nearly every species will be preserved in some sex, generation, or individuals fully devel-| oped wines to assist in the’ spr eading of the species. This line of | ‘“halance” will be affected by nearly every habit of the species, so that. we may naturally expect to find it in different places in species having. different habits, and such is indeed the case. (See p. 105.) | Such a change of habit from frequenting an exposed to a protected feeding ground would affect other organs than the wings. There would no longer be any need of embedding the eges for protection, and should the atmosphere prove sufficiently moist, they would: undoubtedly develop though laid upon the surface of the leaf or stem. | This would save much of the energy of oviposition, and in the course of time the practice of embedding the eggs would cease altogether. | Having now no use for the ovipositor, that, too, would degenerate | from disuse till, at most, a mere vestige would remain of this origi- nally well-developed organ. Some such course of development I be- lieve to have taken place in the Phloeothripide, and the chitinous rod now found on the underside of the ninth abdominal segment just in: front of the sexual opening seems best explainable as the remaining vestige of the former ovipositor. (See Plate X, fig. 115.) As the: ovipositor became weaker and weaker other changes feed to this. must have been in progress. The sheath which had contained the ovipositor, being no longer needed, would naturally become closed up. . The ventral plates which had previously disappeared to provide room for the sheath would not again develop, but the edges of the dorsal plates closing around still further would meet on the ventral line. forming the tube of the Tubulifera. At the same time the sexual | opening seems to have moved backward till it reached the hind part! of the ninth segment, where it is now found. Other modifications of the Prothysanopteron, found in the Tubulifa era (mainly), may logically be traced to this one change of habit. I refer to the trapezoidal form of the prothorax, the enlargement of the fore legs, and the development of a tooth upon the fore tarsus. which thereby has lost one segment in a large number of forms, also. the flattened character of the body, and possibly its elongation. In regard to the modifications of the prothorax and the fore pair of legs, it is very evident that they may all be related to the one simple. change of habit in regard to the place of feeding, which has been. assumed. Naturally considerable effort would frequently, perhaps: usually, be required to drag their bodies through such narrow places: as those in which they lived. Any variation in the line of a more: } | | | } | | ’ | ; NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 215 powerful development of the muscles of the fore legs or of any modifi- cation of the tarsus which would tend to give a firmer hold in crawling, being favorable to the insect, would be preserved by natural selection, and thus in the course of many generations the tarsal tooth and the powerful, thickened femora of most Tubulifera would be developed. There would also be a correlative broadening and flattening of the prothorax, which would necessarily result in pushing farther apart the fore coxe, which are attached to its hind angles. The logical result of these changes is the trapezoidal form of the prothorax always found in those species having such thickened femora and well-developed tarsal hooks. The elongation and flattening of the body are doubtless referable in some degree to the same change in the conditions of external life, for such a changed form would certainly have been favorable to its pos- sessors, and we are surely safe in assuming that the favorable changes are the ones which have been preserved, while the unfavorable ones have been eliminated. We do not presume to say that all the descend- ants of Prothysanopteron followed this suggested line of change; some of them certainly may have done so. Neither do we presume that all the descendants of those which did follow some such line of develop- ment would continue in an even similar environment till all the modi- fications which have been named had been accomplished. We have just as much reason to expect a change of environment any where along the phyllogenetic line as at its beginning, and such changes certainly must have taken place. What would be the result if this were the ease? Different environments acting upon different subjects, or even upon like subjects, would favor entirely different variations. Struc- tures which had become developed during the changes subsequent. to Prothysanopteron might be lost, but those that had been lost could never again be developed in their original form; e. g., tarsal teeth and thickened femora might develop and then disappear, but an ovi- positor of the original type would never again be found in the Tubu- lifera. We would expect then that the descendants of Protubuliferan would vary in habits, habitat, form, and life rather than in the tubu- lar nature of the terminal segment of the body. Such is indeed the case, and so while there do take place great modifications of each organ, the presence of the tube is constant. We feel justified in con- cluding that the family Phlceothripide has now diverged far more widely from Prothysanopteron than has either of the families of the Terebrantia. _ The two families constituting the suborder Terebrantia resemble each other quite closely in many respects. We find between them no such marked points of difference as we do between each of them and@ the Phleothripide. The principal differences which do exist are Mainly various modifications of the same organ, and the most impor- ex nS 5 - O16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_ 4 tant structures which we must notice are the antennz, wings, and ovi- positor. What are the chief points of difference that we find in the structure of these organs? Only a modification in the structure of each organ has taken place. In Holothripide we find always nine | seemented antenne, comparatively broad wings, which are rounded at their extremities, and have, in the fore wing, the fore fringe and | the spines along its veins very weakly developed, a strong ring vein, two longitudinal veins, and four or five cross veins, and finally a strongly developed ovipositor, which curves upward toward the tip of the abdomen. In Thripide we find antenne with from six to eight segments, wings which are nearly always slender and quite sharply pointed at their tips; that in the fore wing the fore fringe and numer- | ous spines along its veins are nearly always well developed, two | (sometimes only one) longitudinal veins are present, the ring vein is — rarely strongly developed, cross veins are absent or but slight traces of them occasionally appear, the ovipositor is moderately well devel- oped in most cases, but sometimes is small, weak, and functionless, though it is always plainly present and curves downward away from the tip of the abdomen. Between these two families we shall find it much more difficult to decide just what influences may have favored the development of the differences noted. Certainly many influences were concerned, and they could not have been of such a nature as to favor such radical changes as have resulted in the development of the Tubulifera. Rather than attempt to outline these varied influences and their probable results, we prefer, in this case, to base our conclusions upon the gen- eral tendencies which now appear to be acting, and which we may reasonably assume to have been acting in the same way during much, perhaps all, of the past history of this suborder. We have shown that Phlceothripide have diverged more widely from Prothysanopteron than have any other members of the order. A comparison of the antenne in the three families will aid us in deter- mining the order in which the families must be arranged. In the Phlcothripide these organs are always eight segmented. The inter- mediate segments are, as a rule, much thicker in the middle than at the ends, and are sometimes rounded. Stout spines are borne around the apical thirds of segments two to six, inclusive, and more slender spines are more generally distributed over the last two segments. A whorl of small spines stands also around the first third of each segment from three to six, inclusive, and simple, stout, specialized sense cones are borne at about the outer third of these segments in most cases. The antenne of Thripide consist of from six to eight segments, of which the intermediate ones are always considerably thicker in the middle than at their ends. Stout spines are usually present around the apical ends of segments two to five inclusive. More slender spines ie i no. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. Pay are generally distributed over segments six, seven, and eight, and from three to five whorls of small spines are often discernible around the middle half of each intermediate segment. Sense cones are found upon segments three to six, inclusive; in some cases these are all sim- ple, though in the majority those upon segments three and four are double or crescentic in form. The antenne of Molothripide have always nine segments, of which the intermediate ones are always much elongated and regularly cylindrical in form. Stout spines are found only around segment two, while the remaining segments, except the basal, are thickly set with small spines, which are irregularly, but generally distributed. Of these last two types of antenna, that of Thripidze unquestionably approaches more closely to that of Phlceo- thripide. Granting that the latter exhibits the extreme degree of divergence from the original type, we must place Thripide next, and this leaves the antenna of Aolothripide as resembling most closely that of Prothysanopteron. If we examine the wings in like manner, we shall find that both pairs of those of Phlceothripide are similar in form, long, slender, and rounded at their ends. Ring vein and cross veins have entirely disap- peared. Each wing has only one longitudinal vein, which is median and though quite strong at its base usually disappears before the mid- dle of the wing. The fringes upon both margins are equally well developed and quite similar in all respects. The membrane of the wing is smooth and the veins are not set with spines except for about three, which usually stand near the base of the vein in the fore wing. Thripide have wings which differ in many regards from those of Phieothripide just described. The fore and hind winys are dissimi- lar in many respects. They are both, however, long, very slender (except the fore wing of Parthenothrips), and sharply pointed at the tips. The fore wing is always somewhat stronger than the hind wing and has more veins and heavier fringes. There are usually present in it two fully developed longitudinal veins (sometimes only one), and these disappear before reaching the end of the wing. The ring vein, though very strong in the one species of Parthenothrips, is weakly developed in most species and in some is hardly distinguishable. Traces of cross veins can sometimes be seen, but they are never strongly developed except the one between the two longitudinal veins at the first third of the wing. While entirely absent (with the excep- tion named as strongly developed) in most species, there may occa- sionally appear individuals having wings which show traces of cross veins, and it is very significant that these always occur at just the same positions in the wing as are occupied by the cross veins of Molo- thripide, which will be more fully described in connection with that family. The hind wing has one longitudinal vein which is median, but no ring or cross veins are present. Fringes usually occur upon 918 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. both margins of both wings, but are ‘Gimerenn upon the two margins, the fore fringe being single, shorter, and usually stouter than the hind one. The veins of the fore wing alone bear more or less strongly developed spines w hich upon the costa may even take the place of the fringe. The membranes of both wings are thickly set with very minute, microscopic spines. In /Holothripidse we find wings which | are long, comparatively broad, and rounded at their extremities. Here also the fore and hind wings are dissimilar in many respects, the fore wing being stronger and far more heavily veined. The — fore wing has always a strongly developed ring vein,“ two longitudinal veins which extend throughout the wing and unite with the ring vein — on each side of the tip, and four or five well-developed cross veins — situated as described on p. 129. The hind wings have no fully devel- oped longitudinal vein and no trace of cross or ring veins. No fringe is developed on the front margin of the fore wing and only a very short, weak fringe is here present upon the hind wing. The veins of — the fore wing bear only short spines and the membranes of both wings — are thickly set with small spines which, though minute, are larger than the similar spines in Thripidee. Comparing now these three types of wing point by point, and bal- ancing the weight of evidence, we are led to the conclusion that A¥o- lothripidx and Phloeothripide stand at the extremes in respect also to their wings, with Thripidee somewhere between them but nearer to the former than to the latter group. The strong, constantly developed ring vein of Aolothripide has become much weaker or entirely dis- appeared among Thripidee, while in the widely divergent Phlceothrip- ide no trace of it is found. Cross veins are also disappearing in Thripidie, and their occasional presence in much the same position in the wing as in Aolothripide suggests the idea that they are under- going degeneration and that ee process has gone farther in some species than in others. In Kolothripide the longitudinal veins join the ring vein near the tip, in Thripide they do not reach this point but taper out and disappear before the tip, while in Phleeothripide they rarely reach beyond the middle of the wing. The microscopic spines upon the membranes and the comparative development of the fore fringes both point to this same relation of the families. In only one character do the wings of the extreme groups closely resemble each other—this is in the broadly rounded tips. The Phloeothripide being, as we have seen, the most widely divergent group, we must conclude that, so far as wings are concerned, those of Molothripide resemble most closely the wings of Prothysanopteron. In regard to the ovipositor but little will need to be said. It is always found more strongly developed in Aolothripide than in Thrip- “This heayy ring vein is a most remarkable character and, so far as the writer can learn, nothing like it is found in any other order of insects. ' no. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA HINDS. 219 — ee = : - ! = ‘ids, while in Phlceothripide it is entirely wanting. Moreover, there exists in Thripidee a wide variation in the degree of its development, as has already been shown. So in this respect, also, we must place our three families in the same relation to each other, and if Prothysanop- | teron possessed an ovipositor, as we can not doubt from its phyllogeny -must have been the case, the well-developed organ found in Molo- thripide must very probably approach most closely to the primitive form. Summarizing the conclusions which we have now reached, we find, first, that the Tubulifera (Phlaothripide) have diverged more widely from Prothysanopteron than have either of the families of the Tere- brantia. Second, a comparative consideration of antennae, wings, and ovipositor shows that Afolothripide and Phloeothripide present the extreme types of these structures found in the order. Therefore we conclude that the AZolothripids most nearly preserve the characters present in the Prothysanopteron ancestor of this order. From this it appears that the descendants of Prothysanopteron early divided into two main groups, one of which diverged widely from the original form and has developed the Tubulifera of to-day. The other of these groups continued nearly along the original line, but in time it divided again and a group (Thripidee) branched off, taking in some respects the direction of Phlosothripide, while in the majority of characters it fol- lowed a line of its own. The group which still continued most nearly in the original direction includes the insects which we now place in the family “olothripide. BIBLIOGRAPHY.4 . Bonannt, Ph., Micrographia Curiosa, 1691, pp. 52, 53, fig. 38. . DE Geer, C., Abhandl. d. Schwed. Akad., VI, 1744, pp. 3-9; Vetensk. Acad. Handl., V, 1744, pp. 1-9, pl. 1, fig. 4; Deutsch Uebers, VI, pp. 3-9, fig.; Latein Analecta Transalpina, I, 1751, pp. 277-281 . Linnzxus, C., Systema Naturee, 4th ed., 1744, p. 93. . Linnzus, C., Fauna Svecica, 1746, p. 220. . Linn evs, C., Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, 1758, p. 457; 12th ed., I, Pt. 2, 1767, p. 743; Iath ed. 1 Pt. 2, 1767, p. 743. . Linnus C., Fauna Svecica, 1761, pp. 266, 267. . Suuzer, J. H., Die Kennzeichen d. Insecten, 1761, pp. 83-85. . Scopou, J. A., Entomologia Carniolica, 1763, p. 141. . GLEICHEN, F. F. W., Das neueste aus dem Reiche der Pflanzen, 1764, pp. 13, 14, pl. xvi, figs. 6, 7. . Georrroy, E. L., Histoire abrégée des Insectes, I, 1764, pp. 383-386, pl. v1 fig. 6. . 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B., Insects, their Structure and Life, 1899, pp. 183-185, fig. 100. SHarp, D., Cambridge Nat. Hist., VI, 1899, pp. 526-531, fig. 254 DEL GueErcio, G., Atti della R. Acad. dei Georgofili, X XII, No. 1, 1899, pp. 50-76, 6 figs. Also in Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., X XX, pp. 165-186, 6 figs; also in Nuove Relazioni della R. Sta. di Ent. Agraria, No. 1, 1899, pp. 207-233, 5 figs. Perrit, R. H., Bull. 175, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1899, pp. 343-345, figs. 1, 2. QuarnTance, A. L., Bull 20 (new ser.), U. S. Dept. Agr., 1899, p. 59. Wesster, MAtty, Bull. 20 (new ser.), U. S. Dept. Agr., 1899, pp. 69-70. Trysom, F., Ent. Tidskrift, XX, 1899, pp. 194-196, 267-277. SCHENKLING, S., Illust. Zeitsch. f. Entom., V, No. 1, Jan., 1900, p. 9. Hinps, W. E., 37th Ann. Rept. Mass. Agr. College, 1900, pp. 81-105, 4 pls., 33 figs. Smirn, J. B., Rept. Entom. Dept. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1899, 1900, pp. 427, 428. FrerNALD-Hinps, Bull. 67, Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1900, pp. 1-12, 1 pl. Reuter, E., Acta Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn., XIX, 1900, pp. 16, 17, 68-75, 92- 94, 97-99, 115, 116, 117, 120. Tipe, R., Die Geradfliigler Mitteleuropas, 1901, pp. 278-298, pl. xx1mt, 7 figs. Garman, H., Bull. 91, Kentucky Exp. Sta., 1901, pp. 42-45. Leonarpt, G., Gli Insetti Nocivi, IV, 1901, pp. 614-657. Wesster, F. M., Journ. Columbus Hort. Soe., X VI, No. 3, 1901, 7 pp., 4 figs. Hinps, W. E., Proc. 17th Ann. Cony. Soc. Amer. Florists, 1901, pp. 90-92. Lucas, R., Archiv f. Naturgesch., LXV, ii, 1901, p. 900. Reuter, O. M., Ofv. Finska Vetensk. Forh. Helsingfors, XLIIT, 1901, p. 214. CHITTENDEN, F. H., Florists’ Review, April 17, 1902, pp. 738-740. INDEX TO GENERAL SUBJECTS. Introduction ......-..--22--- 2006-25 = eee aie ie = eee ere History of Thysanoptera ...-..-.------------------+-+++--+--+-++----++-------- Systematic position of Thysanoptera....-.-----------------+-------+-+------- Collection of Thysanoptera -..-.-.-------------------------++---+----------- Preservation ax Outing eo See eee nna External anatomy....---------<-- <5 =25 525 fee oo oe Integument: adult, larva, pupa -.--.-------------------------------------- Head antenns 22225. ee oe Se oe ee eee ee ee eee Organs of vision: eyes, ocelli....-..-------------------------+------------- Mouth parts: labrum, maxillze, labium, mandible, maxillary lobes, other mouth structures, movements of mouth parts ----------------------------------- Thorax: prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax, variation in structure of ptero- thorax invwingless species 2222 92 = = ea ee Appendages of the thorax . :=--5. -- 22-222 - S25 32 oe ih ie Legs: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, spines, bladder, bladder mech- anism, other organs of doubtful function- <=> === eae eee y Wings: venation, fringing, spines upon wings, taking flight, coordination of the wingsreduction of the win@S-2 2-2-2... === =e ee Abdomen: Terebrantia, Tulbulitera -22--2e-00- esse eee eee eee Sexual charaeters: £35); < 52. scr soe = rte Terebrantia: female, ovipositor; male’ 322-2 ee ee ee Tubulitera: female; male copul atoms es sae Deformities 2 3s. 26525 12.22 e once se eeee eet cee Ae eee ee eee Reproduction: bisexual reproduction, unisexual reproduction .....-.-------- Dissemination. Loc... 26s. ae Soc eee ok Se ee ee ee Development: oviposition, egg, embryology, emergence of the larva, larval stage, moits, nymph or pupa, hibernation, length of life..........---.---- Keonomié considérations-:.- 2.2.2. i222-c20 es =e ss eee eee eee Injurious forms: feeding habits,.2:2.2 2221-2 33-0) eee Beneficial forms: predaceous thrips, flower fertilizers. .......--------------- Natural checks: insects and acari, etc., plant parasites, rain.....-.---------- Artificial checks: insecticides, cultural methods -...........---------------- Characters of Thysanoptera ..2..22)..22) 2eee eee ee Method of measurements |... + -1-. 2.322 55) Se ee Individual variations <2... pe Synopsis'or suborders amd tamales ye ees eee eer Characters of Terebrantia.. 2.22. j.02 ice ee te ee oe ee Characters of Aeolothripide —. 2... 222.2222 jee ee Characters:‘of Thripidee ...2.. -.. 3.252 2522 eee Synopsis of Thripide) ..-... ss. ..ss see 119 | PP aim BS we coe ee ee 188 | striata:? S525 a ee nee 81,179 nied veritris cs. Gas Se eee 154 | striata 2-2 sa eeeeoe eee 81, 161 Aaa ieee he pet eee 108; 112,133; 18% |: striatusse = eee ee ee 179 Dedontalig oe eee 148, 152,154. | striatus. 2a eee eee 107, 111, onion thrips: 0 2ee 2s sees 120, 179, 183, 184 112, 115, 118, 119, 120, 132, 160, T@mS) OshOriil 22 to cnt eee ee 202,208 | styliferd.-— << Soe nee ee 166 — Palzcothirips sae. ase ese 211,212 Syrphus Sa 119 . PONG Se nee ae Scien eee 157, 158:'|-talael > 2 ee ee Sif. | Parthenothrips ES a aot at oranades 87, init 116, Lely 119, 120, NGS 180, 183 | 90; 91. 102, 111, 133, 175,076,217 |) PaarPipa = sso. 79, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, perpandel... 2( 2.2. sete seere 197 96, 99, 102, 103, 104, 108, 116, 118, _ perplekat:. See eer eae 184 124, 132, 133, 186, 216, 217, 218, 219 perplexus ee NE eee 108, Le 7) 184 Thrips ye aa ed 79, 80, 81, 118, 127, | PHL@OTHRIPIDE ....--------- 87, 89, 90, 134, 148, 145, 146, 148, 152, 155,156, | 93,96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 114, 157, 158, 161, 166, 168, 169, 176, 183 118, 186, 187, 215, 216; 2L7, 21S \009 (Ehnips2.< se eee ee eee Sir Phimothirypss > sAgees. cones 161, 188, 189 82, 108, 111, 112, 116, 117, 118, Tae Phileothripsiss2 222 saves cee lo: 120, 1383, 178, 179, 180, 183, 184, 209 82; 110, 118, 188, 195, 196; 197, 209 | TamrpsipEs T 2-2 eeis ee Sir Py lloxeras isn anak eee enone 118 || Tisgepsrres’ 22) _ 2) 25ers 81 puydloxene coo. noe e eee 79, 118. | “Trichethrips 2.2 = oessae 187,191, 192 IPVSMPT, 25022 5 JOS ee were 81 |*8-fasciatas: 22 se ee eee 128 IPHYSSEODESS oe Sou saa 2 eee Sl | trtfasctata, a sae ee 128 Physapus: 22205 Vso eee 147 | txtfasciattiss 22325 See eee 118, 209 PM BOPUS 2 SIo ee 8 Os 815147, 154,955: | @riphleps (se ao eee 119 OCPROGUSE ser: Se A eee SOG | ntnitiet= sere es eee 79, 179, 183, 208 Rseudothmipseesss se ee eee 132133146 |) tritici) =o eee 116, 120, 147, 148, 154 Raphidothripstsss=esse. ses 133, 158,159 |:‘Trombidiumis.- 22. <5 45s=eeeeee 119 redtspider® 0 ees. et Deel ee 118, 158 || ‘waelis. S25. 2 a See ae 196 MUA Meee Ee eee ak a ee GGi4| Eviarstaloils eee 141, 148, 145 MUMS pee Pe 90;.111, 124, 266; 167 | verbaseiess< 23 ae ee ee 188, 189 colo thnipseser sae Sea eee 133,157 -| V ESITARSES- ¢2<2 =e ee 81, 82 SCyMUNUIS ah tee aes eee 119+) ‘vetusta..22 = ..3-2 tS eee ae 211 SCCHEORTIAN aids ee ae ee 209 | wheat thrips::= sees see 148, 183 SEMCONTIPS =F Seon. A 184 +] *ytleeses 2 ae ee 194 Sericothrips..------ 885.102, 133.91419143 |vzonatugis= = eee ee 200 INDEX TO FOOD PLANTS. Generic hames begin with capitals, specific and common names with small letters. Scientific names are italicized. Page. VAD LCS tne as oN er alee Pie 208 PACIUL ULE Cena) oa etre Ones epee hs Aen 189 | BLNBOURCU ern Ae Reg oe ee ag 173 | PA OO DUTT aire eae oats an epee 162 | MOMS Rca DAN ea) eis: Me aes 162 | eM a teeth eal bea ac ae 162 | suielt eer el erty ee eet Sao Oe 129, 150 | ALLL CO RASS esp rare on ak SL 150 | PALO URS Se aa ae Pe ek Ene 173 Page. apple 2.5. che Sa eee 150, 181. apricot: 2: 2 52 ees oe eee 153 AQUabiCd s | gtomeraids ios 222 bai kn 2s 245524 2 185 Ree oe i Et te 162i Mepldenrod.=-2.:i.iss<.25: 150, 181, 195 BETES SE ee ee ie OS Sie eG OSR Liens Se are cee eee 173 TID Sg aa Se a 1SEs | orandyiora 2... 2.,.2225-202h52-<2%2 173 LYRE i ES Es aL ea ee MODS Per Syke ae a ele eee i wae 206 UTD SSS a ae 1162 | grass' 2 ..2- 146, 155, 160, 172, 185, 192, 198 Been Rts we OP ee oe, OOn |S emaSSed= eee eee oe ers, 129, 132, 135, EE a ee 137 145, 150, 156, 167, 185, 189, 197, 205 BSc om 2 aoe a. eek hs isc es 1814 | shackpentye .c. $= 22<.=a2$sece2 145 BEBO Wet: © eae con gait Se ies Sie ehandnackmae = te a son cea ee 150 EE Se) a Sere catia 3 PZ PRIGNE StALG See =e ee cs eee 170 R= 2 Ps 2 oe be Hi aie Cig 1s iso i ebawinonm lite. eh es oe 145 I-A eek ee eines ne ee ne oe eieal-allexees saat eee C St oo Ge oe 150, 181 |. > ae ie ees ilps) FHOMOLO pe Saas <2 225 toh -sa2se eee 150 RECs ce See x Be oe es SHE | SCCCTOPUMILG. 22 en S22 eee ese ee 162 BMRIUNCMUM ©. - 2222022552522. iia | shtoneysuckle: = 2222222222 sess 2 150, 181 EEE ES ae a ee POs AOD eee hee oes Bo See ae 158 MER rea oe eres Ser Sc SS tee Ay) AY OPONGED a 2.223 5 ssk cusses 150, 173 mere OO eI 30) ligand. 15OF SI 97-| Wnermiss coos ss oniccccnecsessee525< 162 HOSUR os —- 1 PLATE VII. Thrips tabaci Lindeman. Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of | 107 f le. emale i 107 is 85 EB 62 85 85 240 Fig. Fig. Fig. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 75. Anthothrips niger, left fore wing of female. a = 76. Anthothrips verbasci (Osborn). Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of - ‘ 50 = |) female. : + | bi . i, end of abdomen of female. 2 =| 77. Anthothrips verbasci, end of abdomen ¢ SS aie Stn . 85 78. Anthothrips verbasct, left antenna of female. ris 79. Trichothrips beachi, new species. Head, prothorax, antennz, and fore legs” Vie 50 2 of female. —. S. 1 a PLATE VII. + 50 i 80. Trichothrips beachi, new species. End of abdomen of female. a ki é i 81. Trichothrips ambitus, new species. Head, prothorax, antenne, and fore : : 50 a femora of female. 7 . 82. Trichothrips ambitus, end of abdomen ot female. ai 83. Cephalothrips yucce, new species. Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of female. oo > 50 : 84. Cephalothrips yucce, end of abdomen of female. i : | 85. Phlewothrips pergandei, new species. Head, antennze, prothorax, and fore legs &, = e of female. pu 5 1 ; SL SR TSTE : a : ay 50 f 86. Phicothrips pergandei, end of abdomen of female. i : 87. Phlwothrips uzeli, new species. Head, prothorax, antennz, and fore legs of 5 3s 50 3 male. —. 3 ay | ya ee , 5 ire Se 50 =| 88. Phieothrips uzeli, end of abdomen of male. : 1 ; A 2 tee 4 8 89. Phleothrips uzeli, under side of right fore leg of male. = 90. Phleothrips uzeli, upper side of left fore leg of male. = : “3 PLATE IX. : 91. Phleothrips uzeli, new species. Head, prothorax, antenne, and fore legs of female. o8) ; 1 \ £ 92. Phieothrips uzeli, end of abdomen of female. pes i & 93. Acanthothrips magnafemoralis, new species. Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of male. 50. + 1 \ : : rr 94. Acanthothrips magnafemoralis, end of abdomen of male. - $ 95. Malacothrips zonatus, new genus and new species. Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore femora of male. 50) | 1 96. Malacothrips zonatus, end of abdomen of male. >. i ¥ % NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 241 97. Malacothrips zonatus, head, prothorax, antenne, and fore legs of fe- 50 male. —. 1 Pees : ae re 98. Malacothrips zonatus, end of abdomen of female. r 99. Eurythrips ampliventralis, new genus and new species. Head, thorax, and : 62 fore legs of female. 100. Hurythrips ampliventralis, end of abdomen ot female. ’ 101. Eurythrips ampliventralis, left antenna of female. 8) PLATE X. % . 102. Eurythrips osborni, new genus and new species. Head, prothorax, anten- 62 r: 103. EHurythrips oshorni, end of abdomen of female. nee, and fore legs of female. 62 104. Cryptothrips aspersus, new species. Head, prothorax, and fore legs of : 50 female. 2, 2 ; ; wer 50 105. Cryptothrips aspersus, end of abdomen of female. °°. 106. Cryptothrips aspersus, right antenna of female. . 7. Idolothrips coniferarum Pergande. Head, prothorax and fore legs of 99 vo male. = ‘ : =. vs : ; 50 108. Idolothrips coniferarum, end of abdomen of male. 1 : : : save 30 109. Idolothrips coniferarum, head, prothorax, and fore legs of female. 110. Idolothrips coniferarum, right antenna of female. i 111. Thrips tabaci, longitudinal-vertical section through anterior part of body showing form of head and thorax and position of nervous system and 83 alimentary canal. + 112. Anaphothrips striatus, surface view of stigma from first abdominal seg- 716 ‘ ments 22 =~. ii 113. Anaphothrips striatus, cross section through stigma from first abdominal . 716 segment. a 114. Anthothrips verbasci, under side of last two abdominal segments of male; : ; 62 A, notch in base of tube. T 115. Anthothrips verbasci, under side of last two abdominal segments of female; ao a A, chitinous rod. 7 : PLATE XI. 9 » ig. 116. Kolothrips fasciatus, dorsal view of pterothorax of female. e Al, first abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutum; M2, metascutum; M3, metascutellum. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV : : 2 ¢, 117. Holothrips fasciatus, ventral view of pterothorax of female. ee _C, coxa; S1, first abdominal sternite; 52, second abdominal sternite; T, trochanter. | eRe 3 : : 62 118. Heliothrips femoralis, dorsal view of pterothorax of female. TT: A abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutun metascutum; M3, metascutellum. 62 119. Heliothrips femoralis, ventral view of pterothorax of female. I" ET, en-— dothoracic invaginations; MS, mesosternum; MT, metasternum. ; ‘ ‘ se 115 120. Anaphothrips striatus, face ol REM Cee =: 1, first 1; M2 ay Sy ql 5 et KC, endocranial thickening at — base of mouth cone; LI, labium; LP, labial palpi; LR, labrum; MD, mandible; ML, internal piercing lobe ef maxilla; MP, maxillary MX, maxilla. 121. Anaphothrips striatus, side view of end of abdomen of female; ovipositor : Sy aoeder 107 lowered into position for use. ——. : a 213 122. _Lolothrips bicolor, under side of antennal segments two to five. i sense areas. 213 123. Thrips perplexus, upper side of antennal segments two to seven. sense cones. 124. Trichothrips ambitus, upper side of antennal segments two to seven. SC, sense cones. 4 ae ; ° . nue 1 125. Limothrips avene, dorsal view of pterothorax of wingless male. eI lpi; palpi; ans ~ o A - Peaiettectia ova prary? TR 2 tere Hee 150 07 AT first abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutum,; M2, metascutum. 126. Anthothrips verbasci, dorsal view of head and thorax of female. 62° Ad i 1s first abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutum; — M2, metascutum; M3, metascutellum. . a 127. Anthothrips verbasci, ventral view of head and thorax of female. 62 aie ; EDs endothoracic invaginations; MS, mesosternum; MT, metasternum; S1,_ first abdominal sternite; S2, second abdominal sternite. e S oe bi ht a SDS in aN aC NN © PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. | SS ES Ss . J YX S MELAS VY WWMMMAM NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 286, 237. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. II NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 237. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. III NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 237, 238. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. IV SSS SSS SSS 35 ; RNS WV WSSSS SS SSS = \ SAQA SMM OM we oom SS a SS en ee ae LO YZ LZ, _ .—— — Poe 4 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 238. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. V SS SS % ye oe gm a ele MYM NWR SS WIMMER NoRTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 238, 239. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. VI BIT Fy VM MYWII YYW \\y S CREEK —— eK WEA MAAN 68s WOR MWS = = — a 2D Se ae LILLE NorRTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 239. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. VII a — AS WS : een 2S NA RISES SN eee ah NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 239, -U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. VIII NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 240, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. IX NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 240. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. X NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 241. _u. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XI NorRTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 241, 242. DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS AND FORTY-SIX NEW ® SPECIES OF CRUSTACEANS OF THE FAMILY GALA- THEIDA, WITH A LIST OF THE KNOWN MARINE SPECIES. By James E. Brenepicr, Assistant Curator of Marine Invertebrates. The collection of Galatheids in the United States National Museum, upon which this paper is based, began with the first dredgings of the U. 8. Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1888, and has grown as that busy ship has had opportunity to dredge. During the first period of its work many of the species taken were identical with those found by the U. S. Coast Survey steamer Blake, afterwards described by A. Milne-Edwards, and in addition several new species were collected. During the voyage of the Albatross to the Pacific Ocean through the Straits of Magellan interesting addi- tions were made to the collection. Since then the greater part of the time spent by the A/datross at sea has been in Alaskan waters, where Galatheids do not seem to abound. However, occasional cruises else- where have greatly enriched the collection, notably three—one in the Gulf of California, one to the Galapagos Islands, and one to the coast of Japan and southward. _ The U.S. National Museum has received a number of specimens from the Museum of Natural History, Paris, and also from the Indian Museum, Calcutta. _ The literature of the deep-sea Galatheid from the nature of the case is not greatly scattered. The first considerable number of species were described by A. Milne-Edwards from dredgings made by the Blake in he West Indian region. Prof. S. I. Smith then described some interesting forms from the U. 8. Fish Commission dredgings off the east coast of the United States. This was followed by the report of the Anomura of the voyage of the Challenger, by Prot. J. R. Hen- derson, which contained descriptions of many species of Galatheids rom widely separated localities. In 1893 Dr. Faxon published pre- liminary descriptions of 24 new species from the A/batross expedition PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1311. . 243 244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. oil to the Galapagos Islands in 1891; also 38 species and subspecies dredged — by the Indian survey ship /nvestigator since 1884 have been described by Wood-Mason or by Alcock and Anderson. Family GALATHEIDZ. The Galatheidz, as has often been pointed out by recent writers; belong to the Macrura Anomalia, but with more or less brachyuran relationships. . In form they resemble the true Macrura, and are closely related to the Porcellanide, which at first sight, on account of their form and habits, would be placed with the Brachyura. Most of the Galatheide live on the bottom and, with the exception of a few forms like Grimothea and Pleuroncodes, probably do not swim freely to any great distance. Some of the genera are blind, inhabiting deep water and even abyssal depths, others again have a well-developed cornea divided into facets. While many Galatheids must prefer a sea bottom affording numerous hiding places, others, — as some of the genus Uroptychus, are well fitted for climbing on sponges, hydroids, or corals. Occasionally a specimen will be found with a small worm tube on its carapace, though usually they are as completely free from any foreign growth as are any of the more active Crustacea. More fre- quently the carapace will be distorted by the presence of an Isopod parasite in the branchial chamber. This family presents problems in classification of considerable interest. The genus M/unidopsis, as now constituted and upheld. by some good naturalists, is made to include several of the genera estab- lished by A. Milne-Edwards. In a long and able article“ on the sub- ject, A. Milne-Edwards and E. L. Bouvier contend for the generic distinctness of the groups. With the groups united in one genus, the species differ widely in form, more widely than is desirable, because the name does not convey to the mind a sufficiently distinct picture of the forms designated by it. On the other side of the ques-_ tion it may be said that if the genera were divided a satisfactory key could not be made on generic lines unless perhaps in the case of Galathodes. The species placed in the genus Munda come fairly well under one generic name, with the possible exception of one or more species some- times placed under Gr/mothea, about which much has yet to be learned, especially in regard to the young forms, which do not seem to have the same development as the young of other species. Individual varia- tions within the species are not uncommon. Sometimes the abdomen will be unarmed, where usually it is armed. This is more often true «Considerations Generales sur La Famille des Galatheides, Ann. des Sci. Natr., (7), XVI, p. 191, 1894. i ta Sat no.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 245 _ in species having an armature of very small spines, as if chance condi- tions more easily pushed aside the less emphatic character. In old specimens of some species (and perhaps of all) the spines have a tend- ency to become blunted or even aborted, the chelipeds to become elongated, and the fingers to be separated by a hiatus. The relative lengths of the supraocular spines are as a rule uniform, and, in con- nection with others, furnish a very good character. The size and arrangement of the spines of the carapace and also of the abdomen, if BOA See. armed, are important. Correlated with other characters, the width of the lines of the carapace, the length and character of the cilia, and the size of the granules are of value in determining species. Some of the species in the U. S. National Museum are represented by but few specimens or even single individuals. In other cases the representation is greater. Large numbers of J/uneda iris A. Milne- Edwards, were taken on the tile-fish grounds during the first year’s work of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer /7%sh //awh. So numer- ous in fact was this J/wnida that it gave character to the ground. Yet two years later, when the Albatross went over the same ground, the hauls of the beam trawl showed that this species, formerly so abun- dant, was wanting. ‘Three degrees farther south, however, in latitude 37° north, numerous specimens were found. It will be remembered that the so-called tile-fish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps Goode and Bean) was found abundantly during the year 1880, and that some time afterwards a vessel passed through miles of water covered with dead fish of this species. It was not again taken for a long time. The Fish Commission steamer A/batross dredged and set trawl lines on the ground time and again without taking either tile-fish or J/wnidas; and even farther south, where the Munidas were found in abundance, the fish were not to be had. It is interesting to note that the bottom Crustacea suffered at the same time and probably from the same cause. Munida refulgens, M. tenella, and M. pusilia, species with elongated chelipeds, have, like J/. cris, been found in large numbers, while J/. subrugosa and M. quadrispina, are species with short prismatic cheli- peds, and are represented in the collection by a smaller but yet plentiful number of specimens. Some interesting, though by no means novel, deductions may be drawn from the character and environment of some of the genera. The mass of ova carried by the female J/unida contains a very large number of individuals in comparison with some genera of the family living in much deeper water. To count the individuals in the egg mass of a Galathea or Munida would be a long task, while to count those of a Munidopsis, Galacantha, or Uroptychus would be a very easy matter. Some species of Uroptychus live in moderate depths that furnish innumerable hiding places. Here there is abundant protection 246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ie for the individual. The natural inference is that the young indi- viduals of the species having large eggs and few in number, do not encounter the dangers which must be common to the species having numerous eggs, and, asa matter of fact, it can hardly be supposed that a Galacantha or a Munidopsis, blind and with limited activity, passes an eventful life on the soft bottom of the deep sea. Another matter worthy of consideration is that where the brood is small and matures near the parent it is not liable afterwards to become ereatly scattered, a fact which would be expected to aid in the form- ation of races and species in the same way that it is known to have done in the cases of nonmigrating birds inhabiting islands or other isolated localities. And here it may be remarked that little is known of the range of any species in the deep sea. Only a beginning has been made. > OES oe a at i “age eee >_> Pt 217. es) > Pe eet pe SSS Riess Fie. 10.—MUNIDA HISPIDA, x 3. The gastric spines are small; a much smaller pair is placed in advance and a little closer together. On the median line of the gastric region there are five or six spines, and on a ridge behind these there is a row 0.1311, SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 261 = Be pinules: at the eae eres are Ene spines obliquely placed; a num- ber of spinules are scattered over the anterior portion and sides of this area. There are about sixteen spinules on the triangular area; -aspine on the branchial area just behind the apex of the triangle, and another paired spine just behind this. The posterior border of the carapace has an armature of low spines about eighteen in number in the figured specimen, and about ten in the smaller ones; the spines _of the lateral margin number from seven to ten. The rostrum is more than twice as long as the supraocular spines; ‘itis slightly sigmoid and minutely serrate. The supraocular spines area little longer than the eyes, are stout at the base and taper rapidly to a sharp point, The merus of the maxillipeds is armed on its in- -ferior margin with two spines, which are widely separated. The chelipeds are stout, prismatic, and spinose. The merus of the ambu- latory feet is triangular in cross section; both upper and lower anterior “margins are thickly set with short curved spines. The second, third, and fourth segments of the abdomen are armed, the second and third with two rows of spines and the fourth with a single row; the second row of the double rows is composed of smaller “spines, and in all but the largest specimens these are usually wanting. Length of the type from the extremities of the rostrum and telson, -83mm.; length of right cheliped, 186 mm.; merus, 70 mm.; palm, 53 -mm.; fingers, 30 mm. = Loca Albatross station 2817, Galapagos Islands; A/batross sta- tion 2987. Off Lower California seven specimens much smaller than the type. | Type.—Cat. No. 20535, U.S.N.M. _ The variation between the large specimen taken for the type and _ the smaller specimens is considerable. The carapace of the smaller ones lack many of the spinules, and the spines are Jarger; the fourth segment of the abdomen may show only two small protuberances in place of the row of spines. The chelipeds are much shorter, and they are armed with definite rows of spines; the palm is prismatic, and the prehensile edges of the fingers are in contact throughout. ‘The “rostrum i in some of the smallest is slightly bent upward. With all this variation, however, the specimens intergrade, and in my opinion Be ive no eround for separation. | MUNIDA HONSHUENSIS, new species. The rostrum is slightly sigmoid, and is more than twice the length of the supraocular spines, which do not quite reach the cornea. The spines of the gastric area are sixteen in number—twelve in the “gastric row, a pair separated by the first ciliated line, and a paired ‘Spine at the base of the antero-lateral spine; there is a single paired Spine in the fork of the cervical suture and one ack of the fork. 262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. =i a a \ eG The spines of the merus of the maxillipeds are large and situated at— the extremes of the segment. The chelipeds are short, stout, and prismatic; the spines of the distal portion of the merus are very large, becoming smaller proximally. There are four rows of spines on the carpus. The largest occupy the crest, the smallest the row on the outer surface near the lower margin. Medium-sized spines occupy the rows that arm the inner and outer surfaces. The outer margins of the fingers are each armed with four rather large spines. The second segment of the abdomen is armed with nine spines, which are short and blunt. The length of the carapace from the end of the rostrum is 16 mm.; length of chelipeds, 26 mm. One specimen, female, from A/batross, station 3708, in 60 to 70 fathoms, off Honshu Island, Japan. Type.—Cat. No. 25472, U.S.N.M. This species is an addition to the: group of which Munida militaris Henderson is the typical example. It differs in not having spines on the median line of the carapace and in its shorter and less divergent supraoculars. The hands of this species are compressed, the out- line of the palms is straight, and not as shown in the figure of J/. malitaris in the Challenger report; the outer surface of the palms is made up of two planes which intersect at the median row of spines. Two males were taken at station 3739 in 55 to 65 fathoms, which differ from the specimen taken as the type in that the chelipeds are elongated, and are without any promi- nent spines, there are numerous small spines on the merus and carpus, afew on the palm, and one or two on the margins of the fingers. There is a hiatus between the fingers, the prehensile edges of which are set with small teeth even in size and with rouned ends; the hiatus which extends the length of the fingers is filled with bristles which arise from the lower surface of both fingers. FrGg. 11.—MUNIDA HONSHUENSIS, 21 age MUNIDA MEDIA, new species. The carapace is widest in the middle; the sides are arcuate, the anterior portion is armed with six or seven spinules. The transverse striz are not crowded; are both granulated and cili- ated; the cilia are iridescent. The postocular or gastric spines are small; a much smaller paired spine stands at the side in line with them; another paired spine is placed farther down near the hepatic region. The cervical groove is deep; where it meets the side there is a notch; the cilia in both branches are longer than elsewhere. The triangular No. 1311, SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 26% areolation in the fork of the groove is armed with five or six spinules. There are also several spinules on the anterior border of the branchial ‘region. The posterior border of the carapace is unarmed. The rostrum is slender and elongated, equaling in length the width of the carapace; the supraocular spines are short, not reaching the distal extremity of the cornea. The inferior border of the merus of maxillipeds is armed with three slender spines proximal being the longest. graded in size, the cee eed ne ee ee Fic. 12.—MUNIDA MEDIA, x 4. The eyes are large with spreading cornea. The chelipeds are long, slender, and subcylindrical; the merus and carpus are armed with slender spines, the palm with spinules. The merus of the ambulatory iegs has a row of spines on the upper _ margin; in line with these there are five or six on the carpus; the lower margin of the propodus has a row of seven spinules. _ The second segment of the abdomen has a row of eight small spines and the third segment a single pair. The other segments are smooth, y pt 264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. The length of the body from the front to the end of the telson is 10 mm.; length of the chelipeds, 24 mm.; length of the palm, 5 mm.; ; length of the fingers, 4.8 mm. | Locality. —Oft Habana, Albatross station 2343, 279 fathoms. Type.—Cat. No. 9524, U.S.N.M. ; MUNIDA MEXICANA, new species aR crus aan ii oa Nasi! Ne ! “if Lean es “A ) Ny l NWN \\\ Fig. 13.—MUNIDA MEXICANA, 31, The carapace is widest at about the beginning of the posterior third; from the widest point it tapers forward to a rather narrow front. The ciliated lines are unusually distant; the cilia are short. No 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEA NS—BENEDICT. 265 There are eight spines on the gastric area, six in a transverse line and two separated by the length of the first ciliated line. There is a paired spine in the fork of the cervical suture; no spines occur posterior to these. The rostrum is nearly twice the length of the eyes, its upper margin is slightly roughened; the supraocular spines are about one-half the Jength of the eyes and twice the size of the antero-lateral spines. The merus of the maxillipeds is armed on the inferior border with three slender spines and by three small denticles and a spine on the opposite border. The merus of the anterior feet shows upward of twenty-five spines when viewed from above; the carpus is short and is armed with spines and spinules; the palm is short and spinulose; the fingers are much longer than the palm, and in some specimens have a large hiatus near the base. The abdomen is unarmed. _ The length of the largest specimen is 12 mm. from the front to the end of the telson; length of the chelipeds, 29 mm.; length of dacty], 10 mm.; length of palm, 5.2 mm. _ Locality.—West coast of Mexico, 9 to 783 fathoms; stations 2794, 2809, 9816, 2826, 2829, 2833, 2988, and 3012. f pe. DCit 20536, Gx: New. ; ee ern station 2816, off Galapagos ‘ Bands. Variations: The proportionate length of the fingers varies. a MUNIDA NUDA, new species. ae RPE The carapace is broadest anteriorly. The transverse lines are widely sic and are almost devoid of cilia; the only unbroken line runs ACTOSS the middle of the gastric region; it is conspicuous on account of its straightness and its ending at a spine on the sides of the gastric region. There are eight subequal spines on the gastric region—four in a row near the front and a pair on each side near the hepatic region; the larger one of the pair is higher up on the area and at the end of the straight carinated line. The front is broad and produced in the middle. The supraocular spines are short and stout, not reaching more than one-half the length of the eyes. _ The rostrum is compressed, serrate above, less so on the sides, and > mooth below. The merus of the lower border of the maxillipeds is rmed with one large spine. The chelipeds are strikingly different rom those of any species examined. They are short; the merus has bout ten spines; the largest are on the distal margin; the carpus has wo or three large ones on the inner margin and a large number of smaller ones on the upper surface; the outlines of the hand are ellip- tical; spines run along the borders nearly to the ends of the fingers; th ee are upward of fifty spines on the outer surface; the inner sur- lace is free from spines. The second segment of the abdomen has 266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. four spines. “Length of body, 12 mm.; length of cheliped, 17 mg of palm, 4 mm.; of fingers, 4 mm. > Locality. Alhatpods station 2338, latitude 23° 10’ 40” N., longitude 89° 90! 15” W.; 189 fathoms. One male. Cat. No. 9516, U.S.N.M. | Fic. 14.—MUNIDA NUDA, X 4}. MUNIDA PERLATA, new species. The carapace is broadest in the middle, where it nearly equals tht distance from the posterior border to the line of the gastric spines In the single specimen obtained there are but two spines on the cara’ pace; these are on the gastric area. In line with these, between amt outside, are tubercles which in some specimens would probably ocew as spines. he ciliated lines are elevated. There are six small spine on the margin behind the antero-lateral angle. The eyes are small “merus are small, except those of the distal border, where there are four very large ones. There are two large spines on the inner margin f the carpus and smaller ones elsewhere. The hand is very hairy; The second ~e-)s AGO ILE FICE RE TORE ON RAN rag Fig. 15.—MUNIDA PERLATA, X 23. _ This species in some of its characters superficially resembles small specimens of J. propinqua Faxon and of JM. mécrophthalma A. M. Edwards. From the first it is distinguished by its small eyes, from _ both by the armature of the maxillipeds. The supraocular spines are also much shorter in perlata than in mécrophthalma. Length from the front to the end of the telson, 24 mm.; length of the cheliped, 21 mm.; length of palm, 4 mm.; length of fingers, 4mm. Locaiity.—Station 2808, off the Galapagos Islands; 634 fathoms. One female with eggs. > Type.—Cat. No. 20538, U.S.N.M. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 19 ae 068 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUS MUNIDA PUSILLA, new species. The carapace is broadest posteriorly; the sides are arcuate. The transverse lines of cilia are iridescent. The spines and spinules of the gastric area vary in number; the largest are those of the pair behind the supraocular spines; in line with these are one or more pairs of spinules; there is also a pair close to the hepatic area. There are two Fic. 16.—MUNIDA PUSILLA, X 4. or three spinules in the fork of the cervical suture and one on the branchial region behind the fork of the suture. The sides of the front retreat a little to the antero-lateral angle. The supraocular spines are less than one-half the length of the eyes. The rostrum is long and slender and is raised but little above the horizontal. The superior mar-_ JUM. VOL. XXVvnue i Lape “No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 269 ~ gin of the maxillipeds is armed with but a single spine. The anterior feet in the male are very long and slender; in many specimens there is a prominent hiatus near the base of the fingers of one hand; in one specimen the hiatus exists in both hands. The spines, or rather spin- ules, of the merus are very small; the palm is scabrous, much as in . ris. There are but few very small spines on the ambulatory legs; the only ones at all prominent are those at the distal ends of the merus and carpus. The second segment of the abdomen of many specimens has a widely separated pair of spinules; in other specimens with correlated characters the spinules are wanting. The females are readily distinguished by the shorter and more spiny chelipeds. The spinules of the second segment of the abdomen are often wanting, as in the males. Male: Length of body, 10 mm.; chelipeds, 28 mm.; palm, 8 mm.; fingers, 4.5 mm. Locality.— Albatross station 2405, Gulf of Mexico; also, at stations 9120, Caribbean Sea; 2365, 2372, 2406, 2407, and 2640, Gulf of Mexico. A lot of three specimens is labeled ** Warsaw, New Providence.” Type.—Cat. No. 20539, U.S.N.M. Station 2405. MUNIDA QUADRISPINA, new species. The carapace is narrowest near the front margin; the posterior angles are much rounded. There are six spines on the gastric area, four in a line in the usual place behind the supraocular spines, and one on the sides near the hepatic region; the terminal spines of the line are very weak and small, but one spine occupies the anterior branchial region. The marginal spines vary from eight to ten in number. The rostrum is long and compressed, moderately serrate above and slightly so below. The supraocular spines do not reach quite to the ends of the eyes; they are united to the rostrum for nearly one-half of their length. The eyes are small. The merus of the maxillipeds is armed on the inferior border with four spines; the first and last are long, the others short. The distal ends of the terminal segments of the maxillipeds are rather more dilated than is usual in the genus. The anterior feet are well set with spines and spinules. The merus has fourteen spines; the carpus about twenty spines and spinules:; and the palm upwards of thirty. The ambulatory feet are compressed; the meral and carpal joints are ‘Spiny-—spines short, blunt, inconspicuous. Length of a large specimen, 35 mm.; length of palm, 15 mm.; length of fingers, 13 mm. Locality.— Albatross station 2960; 267 fathoms, 2878. Type.—Cat. No. 20537, U.S.N.M. Also taken at stations 2861, 2866, 2871, 287 B170, 3183, 3445, 3449, 3454; 3457, : see 364 if Q7 8, 2886, 29386, 30538, 3104, : » ) , and 3673. One speci- . 270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXV men in the collection is labeled Sitka, Alaska, Dr. W. H. Jones, U. Say N., 1882, No. 13947. 3 The merus of the maxillipeds is commonly armed with four spines — on the lower border; variations are numerous; while the two medium spines are usually smaller than the others. This is not always the as they may range from small tubercles to large spines. case, e OREO eee, Ak 3 ie if 2 52 > ¥ Fic. 17.—MUNIDA QUADRISPINA, * 1}. MUNIDA SCULPTA, new species. 5 The carapace is broadest behind the middle, and is moaerately swol- len. The ciliated lines are rather more than usually elevated, and its” anterior edges are thickly set with minute denticles. The cilia are. worn from the anterior and central portions of the surface, but on the region near the fifth pair of legs are intact, and are brightly irides- cent; the cilia cover about two-thirds of the space between the line The carapace is armed with more spines than is usual in species witl 0.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. O01 unarmed abdomens. A row oe ‘bight spines on fhe aaah area 1s rranged in size as follows: The gastric pair is the largest: the next re.the second and fourth pairs; those of the third pair are little more than spinules; a little behind the third and fourth paired spines of ‘the front row is a spinule, and on the sides are two other paired spines. On each of three females there is a denticle near the extremities of a ciliated line forming the anterior margin of the posterior lobe of the al ht wt Fie. 18.—MUNIDA SCULPTA, X 2. gastric area. These spinules are wanting in the three males. In the fork of the cervical suture are three or four spines; on the border behind the suture there is a row of from three to five paired spinules. _ The rostrum extends beyond the eyes by more than one-half of its length, it is slender, slightly compressed, and is obscurely serrated bove. _ The supraocular spines extend to about the middle of the eye. The ntero-lateral spines equal the supraoculars in length. ~ The inferior border of the merus of ‘ee m: methods is nana with, three or more spines on the proximal and one on the distal end. The chelipeds are shorter than those of J/. ¢rrasa. The merus has three rows of ten or more spines in good alignment; the surfaces on each side of the middle row are flat and diverge at an angle of 90 decrees. There are seven or eight spines on the carpus and two rows on the inside of the palm; all of the articles are scabrous throughout. The abdomen is unarmed. The type specimen is an ovigerous female, and is more nearly perfect than the others. Unfortunately, the exact locality is unknown; it is labeled ‘‘Caribbean Sea, 1884.” All of the other specimens come from the north of Cuba. These specimens differ from the type in having the supraocular spines less divergent and in having three spines on the merus of the maxillipeds where the type has four; the distal terminal spine is also wanting in these specimens. The type measures from the front to the end of the telson 32 mm.; width, 12 mm.; length of chelipeds, 38 mm.; length of palm, 9 mm.; length of fingers, 9 mm. Locality. —Albatross station 2159; 98 fathoms; one male and one female. (Station 27, Iowa State University Expedition; two males and one female.) Type.—Cat. No. 8942, U.S.N Y.M. MUNIDA SIMPLEX, new species. The carapace is broadest behind; the transverse ciliated lines are well separated; the cilia are iridescent and extend forward one-fourth of the distance to the next line. There are six spines in line near the front of the gastric area and a single spine at the extremes of the first ciliated line. Two paired spines are situated in the fork of the cervi- cal suture, making twelve spines in all on the surface of the carapace. The eyes are nee ; the supraocular spines extend to the cornea. In the type specimen the lower border of the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with a long spine and three rudimentary ones in the other speci- mens; the merus has but one or two rudimentary ones. The chelipeds are long and cylindrical, and under a lense they are lightly scabrous; the scale-like areas are bordered with iridescent cilia, The merus has about twenty-five spines, large and small, in a dorsal view. ‘The spines of the carpus are small; there isa row of small spines near the crest of the palm. The hands are long and a little curved inward, and bent slightly downward from the base of the fingers, which are a little longer than the palm. In the specimen selected for the type the chelipeds are unequal; the left one is the smaller, and has the most marked bend at the base of the fingers, making a large shallow sinus in the lower outline; the outline of the dacty! is con- cave; the curves in the right hand are not so strong as in the left, and De, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, : . SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 273 etter moprcsent, she: hands of the three specimens from the other : The length of the body from the front to the end of the telson is 14mm. The chelipeds are 34 and 37 mm. in length, respectively, and the palm of the right is 9 mm.; the fingers, 9.2 mim. Qo aye Fig. 19.—MUNIDA SIMPLEX, X 3. Type.—Cat. No. 7789, U.S.N.M., from Wibotrose St ation 2169; depth 78 fathoms. A second specimen was taken at station 2320 in 150 fathoms; two other specimens were taken at station 2322 in 115 fathoms: the three Stations were off Habana, Cuba. 274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, MUNIDA TENELLA, new species. (Se SSO se Oud Fig. 20.—MUNIDA TENELLA, X 3. : The carapace is broadest in the anterior-middle, tapering slightly forward to the slender spines behind the antenna. The ciliated lines — a ‘No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 275 re well separated, re oie are enone and slightly iridescent; the lines are for the most part unbroken. The gastric pair of spines is small, and the other spines of the gastric row are very small; in some specimens they should be designated as spinules. There are eight spines in the gastric row and two at the extremities of the first cili- ated line, making ten spines on the gastric area. A large spine occu- pies the area in the fork of the Pe ical suture and a second paired spine the border just behind the fork. The rostrum is about twice as long as the eyes; two or more spinules break the continuity of the sides: the upper border is sub- serrate. The supraocular spines are small and reach only about the middle of the eyes. The eyes are large, the cornea is much inflated, and the peduncles are very short. The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with a large spine on the proximal part and by a short spine on the distal part. The merus of the chelipeds is armed with three rows of spines, the inner row with seven, the middle with six, and the outer with nine. There are five spines on the carpus, three on the distal border, and two small ones on the inner margin. The upper margin of the palm has a row of from ten to fourteen small spines. The ambulatory feet are spinulose. The second segment of the abdomen has a line of six spines, the third and fourth two each. Length of a large specimen, from the front to the end of the telson, 18 mm.; length of chelipeds, 39 mm.; of palm, 9 mm.; of fingers, 8mm. Taken by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer A/batross at several stations off St. Josephs Island, Gulf of California, in from 39 to 71 fathoms. Type.—Cat. No. 20540, U.S.N.M. Variations: The gastric row of spines may have six spines in small specimens. The rostrum may show several spinules or none. The second segment of the abdomen may have but one pair of spines in some of the smaller specimens; usually six can be made out under a lens. Genus MUNIDOPSIS Whiteaves. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MUNIDOPSIS EXAMINED. a. Eye spines present. b. Eye spines short, conical. ec. Chelipeds short, bearing but few spines. d. Carapace broadest behind; gastric area with six spines. ---- aculeata, p. 315 d. Carapace broadest in front; gastric area with two spines. subsquamosa, p. 327 ec. Chelipeds elongated, bearing numerous spines. d. Abdomen unarmed. e. Auxiliary eye spine at the base of the large eye spine. ----.-.scabra, p. 325 eA miany eve Spine: Wanting .— 5242.2. 252. Sones. -n- ==. -tannert, p. 327 321 4 che yeti SV eS Pec iel on (o/0 EOE See a ce hystrix, p. 3 b, Eye spines long. bo ~I Sa PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. SAV ie +. Without spines or teeth on the front behind the antennal pedunele. d. With four spines on the posterior margin of the carapace -.--bairdi, p. 317 _ d. Without spines on the posterior margin; margin roughened by a large | number of sharp granules. ¥ | e. Rostrum straight; = =. 2-5 ose ae ee antonii, p. 316 — e. Rostrum’ curved. => === see eee beringana, p. 279 ¢. With spines or teeth on the front behind the antennze. d. Spines wanting on the gastric area ......---------------spinoculata, p. 327 d. Spines on the gastric area two or more. e. One eye Spine .-.---- = -- <2 + sae oe = a ee crassa, p. 318° e. Two eye spines. yf. Crest of palms spiny. g. Merus of chelipeds with ten to twelve spines (exclusive of the ter- minal spines)io 222.222 25 — ose ae ee similis, p. 326 g. Merus of chelipeds with six to eight spines -...-.----- verrilli, p. 291 f. Crest of palms not spiny .--.--------------------------- nitida, p. 323 a. Eye spines not present. }. Rostrum broad, with subparallel sides; extends considerably beyond the eyes where it terminates in a trident. ¢. Rostrum long and strongly bent upward, as in Galicantha. d. Carapace without spines except on margin ..-.---.-------- expansa, p. 282 d. Carapace with spines on the surface ...-.------- bee Se ieee gilli, p. 283 c. Rostral point short, horizontal (Galathodes). d. Gastric area armed with two spines or spinules. ! e. Palm spiny above and below --.--..=-----=2--.2-_----..- Uri ee e. Pali’ not spiny .2 22 52 2222 See = ae ee mina, p. 285 d. Gastric area without spines or spinules. e. Maxillipeds with the inferior margin of merus armed with three spines. J: Sides! of rostrum: CONVEX] == en —-— eee eee tridentata, p. 328 f. Sides of rostrum) straight 222 22-o. 2 se eee bahamensis, p. 278 e. Maxillipeds with the inferior margin of the merus armed with two spines. f. Both spines slender from the base. g. Carpus of chelipeds with a single long slender spine -tenuirostris, p. 289 g. Carpus with three long slender spines. ..--.--------- latifrons, p. 321 f. Both spines not slender. g. Fingers of the chelipeds acuminate from base to tip-acuminata, p. 277 g. Fingers not,acuminate: —- = 2¢45-02-5- 5= modesta, p. 286 b. Rostrum not tridentate. c, Abdomen unarmed. d. Eyes movable. e. Gastric area with two very short conical spines -- ---- - - platirostris, p. 324 — e. Gastric area without spines. jf. With a sharp spine at the anterolateral angle. g. Rostrum broadest at base. h. Spine of anterolateral angle very short.---.----- cylindropus, p. 281 h. Spine of anterolateral angle long .........---------- sigsbei, p. 326 g. Rostrum broadest in the middlewee2s. = eee armata, p. 316 — J. Without spine on the anterolateral angle. g g. Eyes long, cylindrical 33. cylindrophthalmus, pp. 319, 281 — g.*Byes'short: 22.2 ee eee =f Soa polita, p. 324 d. Eyes immoyable. : e. Surface of carapace smooth, punctate =-_ 2225-2. ss=eeeeeee espinis, p. 282 e. Surface of carapace rough, coarsely granulated ......---- squamosa, Pp. 327, c. Abdomen armed with spines or tubercles. a Ho.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. ° 277% —— Say - ‘ d. Rostrum armed with ise spines. e. Rostrum armed with a single pair of lateral spines. 7 OMcmon Mane UNAnINed- 2.22.2 2502...5---5---.--2-5 erinaced, ~. 320 f. Posterior margin armed with spines. Pee Spier AOUC WO MK oi mciass == - ten saas- 2! - = +. ------8pinifer, p. 327 Pop MmesqiiMmerous, (Sinai, 22... kee ee ee sericea, p. 326 e. Rostrum armed with two or more spines on each side. PoebiyGemMiOna Dene att oe oc sl Leese cs. Sos et ee le... opalescens, p. 287 RaelyeoreuMlerer eS 8 oo. So oe c)s temo v le knee hamata, p. 320 d. Rostrum not armed with lateral spines. e, Armature of the abdomen not confined to the median line. f. Armature of abdomen consisting of small conical spines, uniform in size, placed in a double row on the second, third, and fourth SGOT CT eee ee ey eee ce iahsinic ote nara cies cle wae orto scobina, ~. 325 . Armature consisting of prominent spines on the median line and a single spine on each side. g. Spines on the posterior margin of carapace, 2 ..---: serratifrons, p. 326 g. Spines on the posterior margin of carapace, more than 2-hastifer, p. 284 e. Armature of abdomen confined to the median line. f. Gastric area armed with 1 or more spines or tubercles. Ge OsunMeGe PrESseMe ssa ns secacieeciss Sess -- 24. - ss latirostris, p. 321 g. Rostrum curved upward. h. Median line on the gastric area free from spines ----- villosa, p. 330 h. Median line on the gastric area armed with spines or tubercles. i. Orbicular sinus well developed. k. Rostrum strongly curved upward and much longer than the OWES Se Scie Ss SEE ee robusta, p. 325 k. Rostrum nearly horizontal and but little longer than the eyes. tounsendi, p. 290 i. Orbicular sinus lacking. k. Carapace of nearly uniform width, widest in middle, not cut HMO LOWS sem a pasos cr. sobs. 2 oo co sumplem, p. 320 k. Carapace not uniform in width, cut into lobes by cervical sutures. I. Broadest near anterior end .........----.- longirostris, p. 322 l. Broadest near posterior end......--------- curvirostra, p. 319 jf. Gastric area lacking spines or tubercles. @ g. With sharp anterolateral spines...--....c-...----- abbreviata, p. 315 g. Anterolateral spines wanting. h. Rostrum short, broad, concave, apex rounded. Lata pace.ai uniiorm width «5-62 -52--.—--.- longimana, p. 322 i Carapacesproagest in front'. 222... 22262 es e325 = carinipes, p. 317 h. Rostrum acuminate. i. Lateral margins of carapace straight -.......---- quadrata, p. 325 Zanllateralemarcinsarcuate 3 -2—co-ssese5 cet k sesh aspera, p. 316 MUNIDOPSIS ACUMINATA, new species. The rostrum extends beyond the eyes about one-third of its length; the base is broad; the rostral point is twice as long as the lateral points. The antennal spines are alittle smaller than the rostral spines. The spines of the lateral margin are four in number, including the oM. aspera may be an nee: as the rough eae are general on the carapace. ye) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. anterolateral spine. The posterior spine is situated just behind the branch of the cervical suture, as indicated by a slight notch; the ante-_ rior branch of the suture ends in a notch just behind the anterolat-— eral spine; both branches are_ indistinct, while the groove is well marked behind the gastrie area, The carapace is roughened by short, granulose ruge; there are no spines on any part of the gastric area. The spines of the ambulatory legs are con- | fined to the crests of merus and carpus. The chelipeds have spines on the crest and on the “\ inner margin of the merus and on the distal margin of the carpus. . The lower margin of the hand is nearly straight, with a slight aa swelling at the palm andaslight Ne - > sinus at the base of the fingers; Ape rp the fingers are acuminate, the Dl NA OLN Cater: Ut chee outline of the closed fingers See atte eee from the base to the tip is tri- FIG. 21.—MUNIDOPSIS ACUMINATA, X 2. ; : X 2 oe anguiar. This feature distin- guishes the species from all related forms of the subgenus Galathodes. The two specimens, one male and one female, were taken by the Albatross at station 2663, in 421 fathoms, off South Carolina. Type.—Cat. No. 11490, U.S.N.M. 7 i) MUNIDOPSIS BAHAMENSIS, new species. The rostrum is seven-eighths as long as it is broad at the base, measured from the base to the base of the lateral points; between the points it is three-fourths the length of the base. The lateral teeth are large and stand out well from the margin. The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with three spines; the proximal spine is broad at the base; the second is as long and is uniform in size; the third is short, sometimes inconspicuous or wanting. The merus of the chelipeds has two rows of spines and two large spines between them; the carpus has a large spine at the inner angle and a smaller one at the condyle; the palm is broad and unarmed; in large specimens there is a hiatus between the fingers. The upper margins of the meral joints of the ambulatory feet bear a row of spines; the 7. 0.131. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS--BENEDICT. 279 as, carpal joints have a single spine placed at ine Reel Seale of the upper margin. _ Length of a large male from the front to the end of the telson, 44 mm.; length of chelipeds, 51 mm.; length of the carapace, 18 mm.; width, 16 mm. Locality.— Albatross station 2669, 352 fathoms, off the coast of Florida. Type.-—Cat. No. 20555, U.S.N.M. Cie, Fig. 22.—MUNIDOPSIS BAHAMENSIS, x 1}. MUNIDOPSIS BERINGANA, new species. Three specimens of a Munidopsis were dredged in Bering Sea, which at first sight would be called JZ anton/7,; but a careful examina- tion shows that Ane texture of the carapace differs, that the rostrum is curved and not as in IZ anton//, which, though directed upward, is perfectly straight. The carapace of the Bering Sea species is, in its texture, more like _ @ Allowance must be made for the figure of this species, as the specimens were soft; the exuvice still partly attached to one. The small one is, however, hard, and this in ae confirms the specific characters given to the large specimens. The short rugose lines of the posterior sides are more marked in the specimens than in the figure. t § 280) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X that of the Jf antonii figured by Henderson in the Challenger Ano- | mura. The sharp granules are arranged in short lines or squame on | the posterior portion of the carapace. The specimen figured has about twenty short, sharp spines on the gastric area. The smallest specimen, a male, has fifteen; a large female, with a part of the exu- | vie yet attached, has the same spination as a specimen of J/. antonis from the Paris Museum of Natural History (taken by the Zalésman), but otherwise it is like its companions. The 7a/isman specimen and the Bering Sea species agree in being broadest behind and tapering | eradually forward; the Challenger figure shows a species slightly nar-_ rower a little beyond the middle; the figure of the latter also shows | Fig. 23.—MUNIDOPSIS BERINGANA, wie | | a slight difference in the spines of the gastric ¢ a single spine in | the center where the other species have ine In comparing JZ. berin | gana with M. aculeata Faxon, the spination of the gastric area is very similar. The cornea of aculeata is much larger than ber/ngana and | the eye-spines smaller; the ruge of the posterior portion of the cara-. pace are coarse and separated in aculeata, and exceedingly numerous | and crowded in beringana | Length of the large female, figured from the middle of the pos- terior margin to the margin behind the eye, 32 mm.; greatest width, | 28 mm. 4 Locality.—F rom Albatross station 3608, neere7c’s fathoms. ‘ Type.—Cat. No. 20557, U.S.N.M. i _ gi no.13. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 281 ee ; MUNIDOPSIS CYLINDROPUS, new species. _ The rostrum is sharp; the distal one-half is triangular in cross sec- ‘tion; it extends horizontally forward beyond the eyes by about one- half of its length. From the apex to the eyes the upper margin is a ‘sharp ridge; from this point the ridge is forked, the branches running back to the front of the gastric areolation, inclosing a slight triangular depression. The antero-lateral angles are right angles with sharp apices; that portion of the front which lies between the bases of the antennz is much advanced beyond the line of the angles. The articles of the antennal peduncles are each about as lone as broad; the flagelli are long and thread-like, reaching far beyond the chelipeds. The carapace is 5.5 mm. in breadth and 6.5 mm. in length, measured from the front behind the eve; the lateral margin is but slightly arcuate from the middle to the front, but much more so posteriorly.. The areolations are protuberant; the surface is everywhere broken by raised transverse lines varying greatly in length. The chelipeds measure 20 mm. in length and are ric. 24—Mvsrpor- almost uniformly 1 mm. in diameter throughout, the — “8,CY!NPReres, palm enlarging to 1.2 mm. at the base of the dactyl. : ‘The merus and carpus are granulated, while the palm is smooth and slightly iridescent; two spines arm the inner surface of the merus and two or three the distal margins of both merus and carpus. The fingers are shorter than the palm; their prehensile edges are thin and minutely dentate. The ambulatory feet are granulated; with the exception of a small graduated comb under the dactyls they are free from spines. The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with two spines. The abdomen is wanting in both spines and tubercles; the margins of the second, third, and fourth segments are raised, forming deep transverse channels. This species in its general appearance very much resembles J/un/- dopsis cylindrophthalmus, but close inspection shows marked differ- ences in many characters. The latter species has a much broader Tostrum and smaller eyes; the ‘arapace is much smoother, and its antero-lateral angles are rounded. This single specimen, a female without eggs, was taken by the Albatross at station 3697, in 265-120 fathoms, off Honshu Island, Japan. & Lype.—Cat. No. 26163, U.S.N.M. z Sywws as QS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. MUNIDOPSIS ESPINIS, new species. The rostrum is about three times as long as broad in the middle the apex is blunt. The carapace is about as broad as long, subquad- | rate: the antero-lateral angle is formed by a broad, triangular, blunt | tooth, which projects be yond the base of the rostrum. The marein | between the rostrum and the tooth is divided by a triangular projee- tion into two parts; the inner part is semicircular. In this the eye is immovably fixed both to the front and rostrum. On the margin behind the antero-lateral tooth is a double-pointed tooth; behind this and in front of a deep transverse depression is a small tooth. Fig. 25.—MUNIDOPSIS ESPINIS, X 23. This species is altogether without spines, with the exception of two on the merus of the maxillipeds. The carapace is 7.5 mm. in each dimension. Locality.— Albatross, station 2351, 426 fathoms, off Yucatan. Type.—Cat. No. 20559, U.S.N.M. MUNIDOPSIS EXPANSA, new species. The front extends forward horizontally and ends in two points and) a sharply upturned rostrum. The carapace is very broad, and, except- ing on the margin, is altogether devoid of spines; the surface is rather crowded with short, semicircular, raised lines; the antero-lateral angles| are formed by triangular teeth, the points of which are directed for- ward; behind the angles are two teeth on a small lobe and a third one at about the middle of the margin. The merus of the maxillipeds 1s unarmed. The distai margins of the meral joints of both the chelipeds r No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 283 and ambulatory legs are armed with tubercular spines; the chelipeds are much shorter than the body. Length of the body from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson, 52 mm.; length of the chelipeds, 30 mm.; length of carapace from the sinus behind the eye, 20 mm.; breadth in the middle, 22 mm. Locality.— Station 2663, 421 fathoms, off Florida. Type.—Cat. No. 20561, U.S.N.M. Wn Orrakect NU Fic. 26.—MUNIDOPSIS EXPANSA, 14. MUNIDOPSIS GILLI, new species. The rostrum projects forward and ends in two horizontal points and a sharply upturned rostral point, as in Galicantha. The portion of the front behind the rostrum is unarmed. The lateral margins are very uneven. A lobe bearing a small spine marks the antero-lateral angles; behind the angle is a lobe with two points, followed by a sinus, then another short spine or point. There are eight or more small tubercu- lar granules on the posterior border and numerous similar granules scattered over the carapace and legs The different areolations are protuberant; the gastric area is surmounted by three spines, placed at the points of an equilateral triangle; there are two short spines on the cardiac area. The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with three spines; the first is very stout at the base, the second is slender, the third is short. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 20 984 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. eg The Gneneeas are shorter than the body. The second, third, and fourth segments of the abdomen are each armed with a single spine. — Length of body from the rostrum to the end of the telson, 58 mm.; _ : length of carapace from behind the eyes, 24 mm.; breadth, 19.5 mm. Localita _—Albatross, station 2629, 1,169 fathonts: off Bahamas Islands. Type.—Cat. No. 20562, U.S.N.M. Named for Dr. Theodore Gill, associate in zoology, U. 5. National Museum. Fic. 27.—MUNIDOPSIS GILLI, x 1. MUNIDOPSIS HASTIFER, new species. The rostrum is rather broad, its sides are arcuate, the apex is acute, and the margin is cut into small serrate teeth; a prominent carina runs from the apex to the highest part of the gastric protuberance. The sides and front meet in an obtuse angle which is armed at the apex with a small spine. The front runs forward from the angle to a point almost under the eye, then back around the eye to the rostrum, leaving the eye ina semicircular orbit in which the eye moves slightly. The carapace is about one-sixth longer than broad, the areolations— are protaberant and curiously armed with compressed spines, many YN ON =, — 0.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 2385 having sharp procur rved points, especially those near the sides of the carapace; the gastric area has two large spines of this nature and numerous smaller ones. There are two on the median line on the eardiac area. The posterior margin of the carapace is raised, the middle third is free from spines, but on either side of this space is a pair, rather large and procurved. The chelipeds are about three times the length of the carapace, not including the rostrum; the merus is set with rows of elongated gran- ules, the middle inner surface is set with three sharp spines on one cheliped and with two on the other; there are three spines on the distal margin. The armature of the car- pus is similar; the palm is thickly set with small spiny granules below, large ones run along the upper mar- gin in a well-formed line. There is a line of hair along the ridge of the movable finger; the hiatus formed by the fingers is set with hair. The ambulatory feet are thickly set with spiny granules. The second. and third segments of the abdomen are armed with spines, the second segment has two spines in a central position on the posterior margin, and a_ paired group of two on tbe surface nearer the side; the third segment has a spine on the median line on the ante- rior margin and a pair separated by the line on the posterior margin, also smaller spines near the sides. The carapace of the largest specimen, a female without eggs, is 9.5 mm. in length measured from the orbit, and 8 mm. in width; the chelipeds are 28 mm. in length, the palm at the base of the dactyl 1s 3.2mm. in width, the fingers are 4.5 mm. long, and the palm 6.8 mm. Three specimens were taken at A/batross station 3697 in 265-120 fathoms, off Honshu Island, Japan. Type.—Cat. No. 26164, U.S.N.M. MUNIDOPSIS MINA, new species. Fig. 28.—MUNIDOPSIS HASTIFER, X 23. The rostrum is about as long as broad, measured from its base to the base of the lateral points. The distance between the lateral points is about five-eights of the length of the base. The carapace is elon- gated: the sides are slightly arcuate and armed with four short spines. There are two short spines on the gastric area, as in J/. tredens qv LMAO 286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, A. M. Edwards. The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with four spines. The first is very broad, but sharp pointed; the second is slender: the third and fourth are short. The merus of the right che- liped has a row of small spines on the upper margin and three or four large spines on the inner surface. The carpus is armed on the distal margin with five spines. The palm is slender, a little compressed smooth on the sides, granular above and below. eneseern>} Se owen ae ae 4 | | Fic. 29.—MUNIDOPSIS MINA, X li. Length of body from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson, 40 mm.; length of carapace from the front to the posterior margin, 16 mm.; width of carapace, 12.5 mm. Locality.— Albatross station 2818, 392 fathoms, off Galapagos Islands. Type.—Cat. No. 20557, U.S.N.M. MUNIDOPSIS MODESTA, new species. The rostrum is broad; the rostral point is very much fonger than the lateral points at its base. The antero-lateral and other marginal spines are small for this see- tion of the genus. The carapace is inconspicuousty set with short hair; : ‘No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 287 the hair on the chelipeds and ambulatory legs is long, but not at all ‘dense. There are no spines on the carapace. The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with two short, sharp-pointed teeth. The spines on the merus of the cheli- peds vary in number, in most specimens there are four or five on the inner surface. There is but a single true spine on the carpus, situated at the inner angle. The hands are smooth; the palms are rather broad. The ambulatory feet are almost unarmed; the terminal spines of the meral and carpal joints are the most conspicuous. Fig. 30.—MUNIDOPSIS MODE™.a, X 3. ~ E Length of the carapace from the front behind the eyes, 8.5 mm.; breadth of carapace, 7 mm.; length from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson, 22 mm.; length of chelipeds, 22 mm. Locality.— Albatross station 2818, 392 fathoms, off Galapagos Islands. Type.—Cat. No. 20553, U.S.N.M. A number of specimens, one small female with eggs. MUNIDOPSIS OPALESCENS, new species. The rostrum is sharp pointed, triangular in section, armed on the sides with three or four spines irregularly placed. The carapace is subquadrangular in shape; the antero-lateral angles are armed with a 288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. al e —— single spine, which stands out diagonally and curves forward. The | | areolations are very protuberant; three spines arise from the gastrie area, a transverse pair near the front and one on the median line farther back. There is a large spine on the cardiac area, followed by one or more smaller ones; three spines on the post-branchial area are in line near the margin; behind the antero-lateral angles there are three spines onthe margin. The posterior border is armed with six or (Ca Fic. 31.—MUNIDOPSIS OPALESCENS, 22. more spines. In addition to the spines enumerated there area variable number of spinules and spiny granules scattered over the surface. The second segment of the abdomen is armed with two large spines; anterior to these at the sides are one or more paired spinules. The third segment is armed with four spines, a pair on each of the two ridges; the anterior pair are the larger. The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with four spines, the third is usually the shortest; the superior margin has three or four small denticles. 7 male and a little arcuate in yes. se ess SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—B5 SENEDI Cr 289 = SS a 3 The chelipeds are icnder: the spines on the merus are distantly “placed in three principal rows; there is a very large spine at the inner angle of the carpus; many smaller ones are arranged in three rows. The palm has a single row of spines on the superior margin; the -fingersareshort. Color very light, with bréiliant opalescent reflections. Length of a female from the margin behind the eyes to the end of the telson, 20 mm.; length of chelipeds, 2 27 mm. i Aibarross station 2781 in 348 fathoms and 2785 in 449 fathoms, off Patagonia. Type.—Cat. No. 20558, U.S.N.M. MUNIDOPSIS TENUIROSTRIS, new species. The length of the rostrum from base to tip is equal to one-half the width of the carapace at the antero-lateral angles; the distance between the lateral points is two-fifths of the length of the base. The carapace is hairy and devoid of spines; the anterior half of the lat- eral margin is straight in the the female; the margin be- tween the spine above the antenne and the base of the rostrum is transverse; the antero-lateral and other spines of the margin are subequal. The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with two slender spines and one very short conical one. There are two ‘rows of spines on the merus of the chelipeds, with two large spines between them; the hands are flattened and ; a little elongated. ac nae Length of the carapace Fig. 32.—MUNIDOPSIS TENUIROSTRIS, X 2. from the margin behind the eye to the middle of the posterior margin is 11 mm.; breadth of cara- pace, 9mm.; length of cheliped, 32 mm. Locality.— Albatross station 2415, 440 fathoms, off the coast of Georgia. Type.—Cat. No. 20560, U.S.N.M. 29() PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, MUNIDOPSIS TOWNSENDI, new species. The carapace is a little longer than wide, measuring from the base of the rostrum. In shape it is almost as quadrate as J/. quadratus Faxon. The areolations are protuberant, and the entire surface is thickly set with tubercular granules subequal in size. These granules extend to the end of the rostrum. The rostrum is short and narrow, extending but little beyond the eyes. A tooth on the margin behind the antenne forms the outer angle of the orbital sinus. The posterior margin is armed with granules of the same size and character as the surface of the carapace. The second and third segments of the abdomen are armed each with a large tubercle; the tubercles and the surfaces of the segments are covered with the same granulations as the carapace; the other segments are smooth. The upper surface of the merus of the cheliped is armed with about fifteen short and very stout spines; the lower surface is semicylindrical and smooth; the carpus is armed with nine to twelve short tubercles. The palm is rather longer than the fin- gers and a little narrower. On the outer surface, in line with the gape of the fingers of the right hand, are the three largest spines on the cheliped; near the crest and parallel with the line of large spines is a row of very much smaller ones. The fingers are compressed, thin, and evenly toothed on the prehensile edges. On the left hand the three spines behind the gape are replaced by six smaller ones, and one or two of the parallel rows are hardly indicated. The merus of the ambulatory feet is tubercular or spiny on the distal half, the carpus is tubercular, and the propodus is smooth with the exception of a line of three to four conical spines on the upper surface. The dactyls are short and much curved. The merus of the maxilli- peds is armed with two short, stout spines. Length of carapace, from base of rostrum, 8 mm. Named for Mr. C. H. Townsend, who served as naturalist on the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. The type is a female with eggs from A/batross station 2818. Type.—Cat. No. 26167, U.S. N. M. Fig. 33.—MUNIDOPSIS TOWNSENDI, QitornOxees Ss ( mm.; greatest width, g a: SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 291 ie. MUNIDOPSIS VERRILLI, new species. The rostrum is slender and triangular in cross section; the upper margin runs back as a carina to a point behind the spines of the gas- tric region; the rostrum is slightly bent upward. The front from the base of the rostrum to a point under the anterolateral spine is nearly straight and is at an angle of about 45 degrees to the median line. The eyestalks are armed with two spines, of which the inner is much the longer. The carapace is iridescent; the short and rather elevated ruge are hairy. The abdomen is unarmed. Fic. 34.—MUNIDOPSIS VERRILLI, X 12. 3 The merus and carpus of the ambulatory legs are spiny. The merus of the chelipeds is triangular in cross section; it has four spines on the upper ridge and two on the inner; there are five or six spines on the carpus, and two prominent spines on the crest of the palm; the pre- hensile edges of the fingers are evenly dentate. This species is related to W/. brev/inana Henderson and to J. esliata Wood-Mason and to M/. nitida Milne-Edwards. Taken by the Albatross at stations 2919 and 2923, off southern California. Named for Prof. A. E. Verrill. Type.—Cat. No. 20656, U.S.N.M. 292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. e rl The rostrum is long, sharp, and broadat the base; the sidesare straight. The carapace is broadest near the posterior margin; the lateral mar-_ gins are armed with six or seven spinules, and converge to a narrow — front. The species is remarkable for the large size of the hands. The palm is com- pressed; the immobile finger is longer than the dactyl, which closes inside of its hooked apex; there are several large spines on the merus and carpus. ‘The pro- podal joints of the am- Fic. 39.—UROPTYCHUS MINUTUS, x 33. Fig. 40.—UROPTYCHUS PRINCEPS, X 1}. bulatory legs have four or five long, slender spines on the lower margin. This is the smallest species oon Length of carapace, 3 mm.; chelipeds, 10 mm. Locality.— Albatross station 2120, in 73 fathoms, off Trinidad. Type.—Cat. No. 7833, U.S.N.M. UROPTYCHUS PRINCEPS, new species. The rostrum is long, sharp pointed, broad at the base and curved downward; four or five small spines lie along its margins irregularly placed. The carapace is broader than long, flattened, armed on the mar- gin with fine, long, slender spines. A row of spines extends across the ‘arapace a little behind the front; the row is interrupted in the middle. There are numerous spinules on the carapace near the margins. | No.131. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 297 —— _ The upper distal angle of the merus of the maxilli ipeds is armed with a single spine; the corresponding angle of the following joint with two. There are four lines of spines on the merus of the chelipeds; the “spines near the distal margin are long; there are seven rows on the “carpus; the palm is compressed and long; eleven spines on the crest ‘and fifteen on the lower margin; a few spinules are placed on the outer surface near the carpus and crest; the inner surface is smooth. The ambulatory legs have a single row of spines on the crest of the meral and carpal joints; the meral joints have two additional rows below. The carapace is 12.5 mm. in length and 13.5 mm. broad. The ros- trum is 5.5 mm. long; the iiclipeds 55 mm. in length. Locality.— Albatross station 2752, in 281 fathoms, lat. 13° 34’ 00” N., long. 61° 04’ 00" W., Lesser Antilles. Type.—Cat. No. 20564, U.S.N.M. UE fPietaak “RGN UROPTYCHUS SCAMBUS, new species. The rostrum is triangular, its apex reaches the base of the cornea. The front is cut back into semicircular orbits, which are continuous with the rostrum on the inside and nearly so with the finger-like projection qm at the antero-lateral angles which guard / 4 y) the outer angles of the orbital sinus. The carapace is broader than long, | measuring 7 mm. in length to 8 mm. in breadth, it is convex in all directions, and has no marginal or other spines; the surface is glabrous; the sides are, prolonged at the antero-lateral angles ‘into finger-like processes, which do not suggest spines. In shape the carapace is triangular, with rounded posterior apices and the anterior apex cut off to make room for the eyes and other appendages. The merus of the maxillipeds is unarmed. The elongated chelipeds are unarmed, with the exception of some slight projections at the distal margins of the merus and carpus and two tubercles in the gape of the fingers. The ambulatory feet are cylindrical; the dactyls are subprehensile, and armed beneath with a row of little spines which are hidden hy a dense growth of hair. It will be seen by the figures that this species is very closely related to Uroptychus brevis of the Antillian region; the subprehensile dac- _tyls common to both, in conjunction with the proportions of the cara- pace, might well enough warrant generic distinction, if the genus as at present constituted was overcrowded, which can hardly be claimed for ake au IG. 41.—UROPTYCHUS SCAMBUS, X 2}. 298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, The type and only specimen is a female with eggs, dredged by the Albatross off Honshu Island, Japan, at station 3706, in 337 fathoms. Type.“ ‘at. No. 26165, U.S.N.M. UROPTYCHUS SCANDENS, new species. The rostrum is about 1.2 mm. in length, narrow, pointed, concave — above. The posterior line of the orbital sinus is but little behind the | line of the antero-lateral angles. The eyes | are cylindrical and about 1 mm. in length. The carapace is4mm. in length, measured | from the orbit to the posterior margin at the | median line and 4.5 mm. in breadth. | The lateral margins are spinulose; a few spinules are placed along the side of the gas- | tric region, replaced on the front of the re- | Fic. 42.—URoprycHus scaNDENS, ojon by granules. The antero-lateral angles ; os are armed with spines a little larger than those of the margin. The chelipeds are long, slender, and altogether lack- ing in armature, with the exception of a tubercle on the prehensile edge of the movable finger; the opposing finger has a sulcus into which the tubercle nicely fits. The dactyls of the ambulatory feet are short and blunt; a fringe of short sharp spines render them pre- hensile in no small degree. The carapace and legs are set with long fine hair. The type and only specimen is a female, with eggs, dredged by the Off the Travancore coast, in 430 fathoms. . ‘no. 1511. SOME epee DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 321 3 MUNIDOPSIS HENDERSONIANA Faxon. 2 = Munidopsis hendersoniana Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 190; ; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 100, pl. xxiv, figs. 2-2c. : Orophorhynchus hendersoniana Epwarvs and Bovuyrer, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.. (7) < XVI, 1894, p. 287. Adbatross station 3393, in 1020 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. MUNIDOPSIS HYSTRIX Faxon. Munidopsis hystrix Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 183; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 89, pl. xrx, figs. 1, 1a. Albatross station 3417, in 493 fathoms. Off Acapulco. Stations 3424 and 3425 in 676 and 680 fathoms. respectively, off Tres Marias Islands. MUNIDOPSIS INERMIS Faxon. Munidopsis inermis Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 191; Mem. Mus. Com. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 98, pl. xxi, figs. 2, 2a. > Albatross station 3354 in 322 fathoms. Gulf of Panama. MUNIDOPSIS IRIDIS Alcock and Anderson. Munidopsis iridis Aucock and ANpERson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), III, 1899, p. 20; Illus. Investigator Zool., Crust., 1899, pl. xurv, fig @, 1.—ALcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 255 Fifty-two specimens from off the Travancore coast, 430 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS LAVIGATA ( Henderson). Galathopsis lievigatus HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 417. Elasmonotus lievigatus Challenger Report, X XVII, Anomura, p. 164, pl. xvi, fig. 3. Challenger station 219, depth 150 fathoms, North of Papua. One specimen. MUNIDOPSIS LATIFRONS (A. Milne-Edwards). Galathodes latifrons A. MruNne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 57.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvirr, Ann. Sei. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 279; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 94, pl. vin, figs. 2, 3. Blake station 288, in 399 fathoms, Barbados. One specimen. MUNIDOPSIS LATIROSTRIS Faxon. Elasmonotus latifrons Henperson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 416; Challenger Report, X XVII, 1888, Anomura, p. 160, pl. x1Xx, fig. 1. Orophorhynchus latifrons A. MitNe-Epwarps and I. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat. Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 287. ¢ Munidopsis latirostris Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VILI, 1895, p. 99. Albatross station 3381,-in 1,772 fathoms, off Malpelo Island. One f female. Station 3391, in 153 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. One female. < ie 3292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. MUNIDOPSIS LEVIS (Alcock and Anderson). Bathyankyristes levis Avcock and ANpERsoN, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIII, 1894, Pt. 2, p. 175; Illus. Zool. of the Investigator, Crustacea, pl. Lv, fig. 3. Munidopsis ( Bathyankyristes) levis Avcocx, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 274. Arabian Sea, in the neighborhood of the Laceadives, 636 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS LIVIDA (A. Milne-Edwards). Elasmonotus lividus A. Mitne-Epwarps, in Ed. Perrier, Les Explor. sous- marines, 1886, fig. 242. Orophorynchus lividus A. Mrtne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 287, and fig. 12, p. 208; Expéd. Scient. du Tra- vailleur et du Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 343, pl. rv, fig. 3) Pls XXX Hos i 22) MUNIDOPSIS LONGIMANA (A. Milne-Edwards). Elasmonotus longimanus A. MitNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 60.—A. Mitnre-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 282; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 106; pl. rx, figs. 1-6. Blake station 195, in 502 fathoms, Martinique; station 130, in 451 fathoms, Frederickstad; station 221, 423 fathoms, St. Lucia; station 188, in 372 fathoms, Dominica; station 222, in 422 fathoms, St. Lucia. MUNIDOPSIS LONGIROSTRIS Edwards and Bouvier. Munidopsis longirostris A. MitNe-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 365; Résult. des Camp. Scient. de I’ Hirondelle et de la Prin- cesse-Alice, Pt. 12, 1899, p. 82; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talis- man, Crust. Deca., Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 314, pl. rv, fig. 4; pl. Xxx, figs. 5 to 9. MUNIDOPSIS MARGARITA Faxon. Munidopsis margarita Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X XTV, 1893, p. 184; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 91, pl. xx, fig: 2. Albatross station 8404, in 385 fathoms. Male and female. Near the Galapagos Islands. MUNIDOPSIS MARGINATA (Henderson). Elasmonotus marginatus Hexprerson, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 416; Voyage of the Challenger, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 161, pl. xrx, here ae Orophorhynchus marginatus A. MrtNE-Epwarps and FE. L. Bouvrer, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, pp. 286, 287. Challenger station 168, off New Zealand; depth, 1,100 fathoms; bottom, blue mud. 80.13. = SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 393 MUNIDOPSIS MARIONIS (A. Milne-Edwards). Galathodes marionis A. M1tNe-Epwarps, Rapport sur la faune sous-marine, p. 17 (note). Orophorhynchus marionis A. MILNE-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvrer, Ann. des. Sei. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 287; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 340, pl. xxxu, figs. 14-16. European waters. MUNIDOPSIS MEDIA Edwards and Bouvier. Munidopsis media A. MitNn-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvirr, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), X V1, 1894, pp. 275, 325; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talis- man, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 325, pl. xxx, fig. 25. European waters. MUNIDOPSIS MIERSI (Henderson). Elasmonotus miersi HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 416; Voyage of the Challenger, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 162, pl. xix, fig. 3. Challenger station 173, off Matuku Island, Fiji; depth, 315 fathoms; bottom, coral mud. MUNIDOPSIS MILLERI Henderson. Munidopsis miller’ HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., , XVI, 1885, p. 414; Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 155, ay Xvil, fig. 3. Challenger station 207, depth, 700 fathoms, off Tablas Island, Philip- pines. A female with ova and two males. MUNIDOPSIS MINA, new species, see p. 285. MUNIDOPSIS MODESTA, new species, see p. 286. MUNIDOPSIS MORESBYI Alcock and Anderson. Munidopsis moresbyi ALcock and ANDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), II 1899, p. 22; Illus. of the Investigator, Tonle Crust., 1899, pl. xu, fig. 3.— Axcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crustacea, 1901, p. 259. Arabian Sea, off the Travancore coast, 430 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS NITIDA (A. Milne-Edwards). Orophorhynchus nitidus A. MitNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 59. Orophorhynchus spinosus A, M1LNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 98. Munidopsis nitida A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, Pics vi. hes, 6,7. Llake station 163, in 769 fathoms, Guadeloupe. Station 180, in 982 fathoms, Dominic: ie Oe ) (aD 394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. MUNIDOPSIS OPALESCENS, new species, see p. 287. MUNIDOPSIS ORNATA Faxon. Munidopsis ornata Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 186; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 87, pl. xx, figs. 1, la. Albatross station 3404, in 885 fathoms, Galapagos Islands. MUNIDOPSIS PALLIDA Alcock. Munidopsis subsquamosa var. pallida Aucocx, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, p. 331; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, 1895, pl. xin, fig. 7. Munidopsis ( Orophorhynchus) subsquamosa var. pallida Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep- Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 268. Bay of Bengal in 1,803 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS PARFAITI (A. Milne-Edwards). Elasmonotus parfaiti A. MitNE-Epwarpbs, in Filhol, La Vie au Fond des Mers, 1885, pl. vi. Orophorhynchus parfaiti A. MtLNE-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI., 1894, p. 287; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 236, pl. mn, fig. 1; pl. xxx, fig. 11-13. European waters. MUNIDOPSIS PILOSA Henderson. Munidopsis pilosa HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 415; Challenger Report, X XVII, Anomura, 1888, p. 157, pl. xvu, fig. 4. Challenger station 196; depth 825 fathoms, near Philippine Islands. One male. MUNIDOPSIS PLATIROSTRIS (A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier. ) Orophorhynchus platirostris A. MILNE-Epwarpbs and Bouvigr, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 287; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 114; pl. rx, figs. 12-15; pl. x, fig: 3. U. S. Coast Survey steamer //assler, December 27-30, 1871, LOO fathoms, Barbados. MUNIDOPSIS POLITA (S. I. Smith). Anoplonotus politus 8. 1. Smirn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 50, pl. m, fig. 1; pl. 1, figs. 1-5a. : Kast North Atlantic. Dr. Faxon says:” ‘As the genus Anoplonotus of Smith does not seem to be sufficiently distinct from /Vlasmonotus, it is here merged, with the latter, in M/unédopsis.” “Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, 1895, p. 81. F te 70.131. = =SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 325 MUNIDOPSIS POSEIDONIA Alcock and Anderson. Munidopsis poseidonia Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIII, Pt. 2, 1894, p. 167; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., pl. x1, fig. 2. Munidopsis (Galathodes) posidonia Atcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 263. Bay of Bengal, off Madras coast, 210 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS QUADRATA Faxon. Munidopsis quadrata Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 188; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1895, p. 97, pl. xxi, figs. 1, le. Elasmonotus quadratus A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bovvrer, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.. (7), XVI, 1894, p. 282. Albatross station 3424, in 676 fathoms, and station 3425 in 680 fathoms, Tres Marias Islands. MUNIDOPSIS REGIA Alcock and Anderson. Munidopsis regia Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX III, Pt. 2, 1894, p. 168; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 1; Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 261. Arabian Sea, off Colombo, 142-400 fathoms, Andaman Sea. 405 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS REYNOLDSI (A. Milne-Edwards). Galathodes reynoldsi A. MitNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, _ p. 56. Munidopsis reynoldsi A. MitNr-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XTX, 1897, No. 2, p. 80, pl. v1, figs. 1-5. Blake station 138 in 2,376 fathoms, Ham’s Bluff. MUNIDOPSIS ROBUSTA (A. Milne-Edwards). Galathodes robustus A. M1LNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VITI, 1880, p. 54. Munidopsis robusta A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., (7), XVI b ) 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 69, pl. v1, figs. 15-20; pl. vu, fig. 1. Blake station 258 in 159 fathoms, Grenada. MUNIDOPSIS SCABRA Faxon. Munidopsis scabra Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 186; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 93, pl. xx1, figs. 1, la. Albatross station 3424 in 676 fathoms, and station 3425 in 680 fathoms, Tres Marias Islands. MUNIDOPSIS SCOBINA Alcock. Munidopsis scobina Aucock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, p. 880; Illus. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. xu, fig. 1; Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian Museum, 1901, p. 254. Northern end of the Bay of Bengal, 193, 240, 272, 405-285, and 409 ~ fathoms. ¥ gy . 326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. MUNIDOPSIS SERICEA Faxon. Munidopsis sericea FAXon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X XIV, 1893, p. 184; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 90, pl. xix, figs. 3, 3a. OO>( Albatross station 3394 in 511 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. MUNIDOPSIS SERRATIFRONS (A. Milne-Edwards). Galathodes serratifrons A. MrtNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, No. 1, 1880, p. 55. Munidopsis serratifrons Hexprerson, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 149, pl. xvi, fig. 3.— A. Mitnr-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, p. 78, pL wi nes 24: Blake station 185 in 333 fathoms, Dominica; Challenger station 56. off Bermuda, in 1,075 fathoms; A/datross station 2154, in 310 fathoms, off Habana, Cuba. MUNIDOPSIS SHARRERI (A. Milne-Edwards). Orophorhynchus sharreri A. MttNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIIT, 1880, p. 59. Munidopsis sharreri A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2; p. 71; pl. vai, fig. 2-0: Santa Cruz. in 248 fathoms, steamer Blake. MUNIDOPSIS SIGSBEI (A. Milne-Edwards). Galathodes sigsbei A. Mitne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 56. Munidopsis sigsbei HENDERSON, Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 150, pl. xvi, fig. 2.—A, Mr~ne-Epwarpsand Bouvirr, Ann. desSci. Nat., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 83, pl. v; fig. 8-26. Blake station 200 in 472 fathoms, Martinique. MUNIDOPSIS SIMILIS S. I. Smith. Munidopsis similis S. I. Smrrg, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 496.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275. Off the east coast of the United States: A/batross station 2192, lati- tude 39°, in 1,060 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS SIMPLEX (A. Milne-Edwards). Galatnodes simplex A. Mitnre-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 56. Munidopsis simpler A, Mitne-Epwarps and Ek. L. Bouvrer, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), X V1, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897,- No. 2: p. 89, pl. v, figs. 2-7. XN ae . - a ’ re VO a Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, 333 to 982 fathoms. xo.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 397 § MUNIDOPSIS SPINIFER A. Milne-Edwards. Munidopsis spinifer A. MItne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 54.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvter, Ann. des Sci. Nat. Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 64, pl. vir, figs., 6-8. Blake, station 146, in 245 fathoms; St. Kitts. Station 100 in 250 to 400 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS SPINOCULATA (A. Milne-Edwards). Orophorhynchus spinoculatus A. MILNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 59. Munidopsis spinoculata A. MILNE- Se cate and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), X Vi, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p: 75, pl. vi, figs. 8=11. Dominica, in 824 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS SQUAMOSA (A. Milne-Edwards). Orophorhynchus squamosus A. MitNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 58. Elasmonotus squamosus A, Mitne-EKpwarps and E. L. Bouvirr, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, p. 282; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool, XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 99, pl. vi, figs. 4-6. St. Lucia. in 116 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS STYLIROSTRIS Wood-Mason. Munidopsis stylirostris \WWoop-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 1891, p. 201.— Aucocx, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, p. 328: Illus. Investigator, Zool., Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 6. Arabian Sea, in 738, 824, 836, and 947 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS SUBSQUAMOSA Henderson. Munidopsis subsquamosa HenpERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 414; Challenger Report, XX VII, Anomura, 1888, p. 152, ve xvu, fig. 4.— Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in Indian Museum, 1901, p. 256; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 85. Challenger, station 237, in 1875 fathoms, off Yokohama. MUNIDOPSIS TALISMANI Edwards and Bouvier. Munidopsis talismani A. MitNe-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman, Brachyures and Anomoures, 1894, p. 316, pl. xxx, figs. 11-14. Kuropean waters. MUNIDOPSIS TANNERI Faxon. Munidopsis tanneri Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXTV, 1893, p. 187; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, 1895, p. 94, pl. xxur, figs. 1, la. Albatross station 3396, in 259 fathoms, gulf of Panama; station 3397, in 85 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. f+ open 328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. MUNIDOPSIS TAURULUS Ortmann. Munidopsis taurulus OrrMANN, Zool. Jahrb., System, 1892, p. 256, pl-m, figs aes MUNIDOPSIS TENAX Alcock. Bathyankyristes spinosus Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIIT, 1894, Pt. 2, p. 174, pl. 1x, fig. 2; lus. Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, pl. Lv, fig. 2. Munidopsis (Bathyankyristes) tenax AvcocK, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian Museum, 1901, p. 273. Andaman Sea, off Ross Island, 265 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS TENUIROSTRIS, new species, see p. 289. MUNIDOPSIS TOWNSENDI, new species, see p. 290. MUNIDOPSIS TRACHYPUS Alcock and Anderson. Munidopsis trachypus Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIIT, . 1894, Pt. 2, p. 169; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 2.— Ancock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian Museum, 1901, p. 262. Arabian Sea. north of the Laceadives, 636 fathoms. MUNIDOPSIS TRIZENA Alcock and Anderson. Munidopsis triena Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXITI, 1894, Pt. 2, p. 168; Illus. Investigator Zool. Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 5. Munidopsis (Galathodes) triena Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian Museum, 1901, p. 261. Bay of Bengal, off the Andaman coast, in 240-290 and 375 fathoms, MUNIDOPSIS TRIDENS (A. Milne-Edwards). Galathodes tridens A. MttNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 57.—A. Mrtne-Epwarpsand Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., (7), X V1, 1894, p. 279: Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 96, pl. vu, figs. 13-15; pl. vi, fig. 1. Blake station 148, in 208 fathoms, St. Kitts. MUNIDOPSIS TRIDENTATA (Esmark). Galathea tridentata Esmarx, Forhdl. Skandin. Naturt., 7 Méde, (1856), 1857, p. 157. Galathodes rosaceus A. MrtNE-Epwarps, Rec. de Fig. de Crust., 1885, pl. x11, fig. 1. Galathodes tridentatus A. Mitng-Epwarpbs and E. L. Bouvier, Crust. Hirondelle et Princesse-Alice, Monaco, 1899, p. 83. > Munidopsis rosacea Aucock and ANnpERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1899, (7), Depo: Miunidopsis ( Galathodes) ? tridentata Avcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust., Indian Museum, 1901, p. 264. Two hundred and thirty-seven specimens were taken in the Arabian Sea, off the Travancore coast, in 480 fathoms.” 0. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 329 MUNIDOPSIS TRIFIDA Henderson. & s E Munidopsis tritida Henperson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 415; Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 156, pl. xv1, fig. 2 Galathodes trifidus A. MItNE-Kpwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. ae Zool, (7), XVI, 1894, p. 279. Challenger station 310, in 400 fathoms, Sarmiento Channel, Pata- -gonia. Mr. Henderson describes his specimens as having ‘*a few short hairs scattered over the surface.” This is true of the specimens in this museum, one from | L900, are synonymous. | Section Baroda Stoliczka, 1871. Type, Venus fragilis D’Orbigny. . Cretaceous. : Valves elongate, thin, with purely concentric sculpture; the poste- rior cardinals elongated, sometimes grooved, the others simple; pallial sinus ample, horizontal, rounded in front; margins entire. 3 This group appears to be the Mesozoic precursor of Paphia. The Tertiary Zaurotapes craveri (Michelotti) Sacco, seems hardly distinet: / es | from Laroda. Section Jcanotia Stoliczka, 1871. Type Psammobia impar Zittel, Gosau. Eg This is stated to differ from Baroda only by the presence of more! . i. or less radial sculpture. 4 Section Parutapes Stoliezka, 1871. Type, Venus tertile Gmelin. & Valves elongate, turgid, smooth or feebly concentrically sculptureds| lunule circumscribed, narrow; escutcheon undefined; middle cardinals | bifid as in Paphia; inner margins: entire; pallial sinus obliquely | ascending, small, squarish anteriorly. 7 This is Zeatrix Romer, 1857, not Sundeval, 1833. 4 Section Protapes Dall, 1902. Type, Venus gallus Gmelin (on ve malabarica Dillwyn). Bp Valves trigonal, closely concentrically ribbed, with no radial sculp-) ture; a yernicose periostracum; a large elongate impressed lunule, no! differentiated escutcheon; smooth inner margins; an ample, obliquely ascending pallial sinus, rounded in front; the two anterior and the; left posterior cardinals entire, the others bifid; all the teeth short and concentrated. . This is Pullastra Chenu, 1862, not Sowerby,. 1826. gs Subgenus Tapes Megerle, 1811. Type, Venus literata Linneus. | , SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 363 & Valves oblong, subcompressed, vertically expanding and subangular ‘on the posterior dorsal margin; lunule set off by an incised line, the escutcheon defined by a carina, both long and narrow; surface concen- trically grooved; internal margins smooth; pallial sinus ample, hori- zontal, free below, rounded in front; the posterior right and two ante- rior left cardinals bifid or grooved; colors lively, often with a dark Jineated pattern on a paler ground. _ Tropical and temperate waters of the Old World. Parembola Romer, 1857, is synonymous. Section Zupes Megerle s. 8s. (See above.) Section Polititapes Chiamenti, 1900. Type, Venus aurea Gmelin. Valves oblong, plump, not angular above, behind; surface with fine concentric sculpture and obscure radial striation; lunule small, cir- eumscribed, escutcheon not defined; pallial sinus short, ascending, free below, rounded in front; color delicate and variable. The siphons are united for three-fourths of their length in 7. v/rgin- eus which is not known to forma byssus. The group is 7iapes Sacco, 1900, not Megerle, 1811. Section Pullastra Sowerby, 1826. Type, Venus pullastra Montagu. Shell oblong, tumid, blunt behind; valves finely reticulately sculp- tured, with hardly differentiated lunule or escutcheon; the latter nearly linear; inner margins entire; pallial sinus deep, ample, horizontal, rounded in front and confluent with the pallial line below; the two pos- terior right and middle left cardinals are bifid; coloration feeble. The siphons are three-fourths united in the typical species. Section Myrsus H. and A. Adams, 1858. Type, Tapes corrugatus Deshayes. Valves as in Pullastra, but the concentric sculpture is broken and corrugated, the shell more elongate, though, from its nestling habit, yery variable in outline; teeth as in Pullastra, \unule obscure or not defined, the escutcheon with a feebly carinate margin; pallial sinus small, slightly ascending, free below and rounded in front; inner margins smooth; coloration dull and unattractive. This is Met’s Adams, 1857, not 1856; Myrsopsis (pernarum Bonelli) Sacco, 1900, from the Italian Tertiaries, differs but slightly. Subgenus Ruditapes Chiamenti, 1900. Type, Venus decussata Lin- neus, Valves convex, oblong; surface dull and feebly colored; sculpture strong distally, more or less reticulate, the concentric ridges inosculat- ing anteriorly and feeble on the middle of the disk; the radial sculp- _ ture stronger; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus large, free below, Ke? pm ree Pours horizontal, rounded in front; lunule circumscribed, the escutcheon feebly defined; all the inner cardinals more or less bifid; the siphons wholly free from each other and a byssus present. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 25 364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. This is Amyg- dala Romer, 1857, not of Van Phelsum, 1774; Cuneuws H. and A. Adams, 1857, but not of DaCosta, 1776. It is not Amygdalum Megerle, LG 15% Section Ruditapes s.s. (See above.) ) Subgenus Protothaca Dall, 1902. Type, Venus thaca Molina (+ J. dombeyi Lamarck). Shell ovate, convex, coloration white or dull; surface dull, reticu-— lately sculptured, the radials usually stronger; sculpture more or less distinctly divided into three areas, the middle of the valves with — chiefly radial, the anterior radial and scabrous, the posterior with irregularly concentric sculpture; lunule and escutcheon of the left— valve, sharply circumscribed; in the type species the right valve shows | no escutcheon and the margin partially overlaps that of the left v alve but does not conceal the lizament; middle cardinals grooved or bifid; pallial sinus free, mode miter pointed in front; fhe inner margins : sharply crenulated in the typical section. Section Protothaca s.s. (See above.) The siphons are short and united, the foot hatchet-shaped and not byssiferous. The distribution — of this group includes the west coast of America, Japan, and New Zealand (V. costata Quoy). : Section Callithaca Dall, 1902. Type, Tapes tenerrima Carpenter. Sculpture delicate, uniform over the disk and reticulate except in distorted individuals; lunule feebly defined with no escutcheon; the dorsal margin not overlapping in the right valve; inner margins entire, otherwise as in Protothaca. i Distribution, Northwest America. The tropical species of Proto-— thaca are maculated, the northern forms yellowish white, with a dull surface. There is no byssal groove and the papillose siphons are — united to their tips in the type species. The group is Saaidomus B— of Deshayes, 1853. ; Genus LIOCYMA Dall, 1870. a , Type, Venus fluctuosa Gould. * * Shell small, white or unicolored, covered with a vernicose perios- — tracum, and concentrically waved, without radial sculpture; lunule | circumscribed, escutcheon absent; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus i short, free, rounded triangular; three cardinals in oie valve, the | anterior right and posterior right, entire, the others bifid; siphonal ‘ tubes unequal, the anal shorter, both united to their tips; foot long — and pointed, without a byssal groove; the mantle open ventrally and * smooth edged. i Distribution, Boreal and arctic waters of the Northern Hemisphere. — g The group was called Lyocima by Barrois in 1887, and the spect é. were formerly referred to Zapes. SIAR e", reetTy Se aoe on ai Oe us Ss SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 865 Genus VENERUPIS Lamarck, 1818. Type, Venus irus Linneeus. _ Valves elongate and subquadrate; seulpture radial with distant, _ prominent concentric lamellation; lunule and right half of the “escutcheon absent, left half of the latter defined by a keel; ligament exposed; the pallial sinus short, ascending, free, blunt in front; inter- “nal margins smooth in the type species; there are three cardinals in -each valve, the anterior right and posterior left entire and slender, he others broad and deeply bifid; the siphons are lone, united for half their length and with papillose orifices. _ The species of this group are nestlers and often deformed. They have been much confused with species of Petricolidex. _ The name has been spelled Vener/rupis by Sowerby and Venererupes “by Swainson. /etrifora Latreille, 1827, may be identical, but Zrus oe Oken, 1815, is a synonym of Saaicava. Subfamily GHMMIN 424+. SPECIES VIVIPAROUS, MINUTE. Genus GEMMA Deshayes, 18538. ecrenate; pallial sinus distinct, small, triangular; siphons separate, the branchial longer and papilliferous; an elongated posterior left and anterior right lateral tooth received into a groove on the margin of the opposite valve; foot linguiform, not byssiferous. _ The genus belongs to the Atlantic coast of North America, but has ‘been introduced on the Pacific coast with seed oysters. It is repre- sented in the eastern Tertiaries. It is Zottenia Perkins, 1869. Genus PARASTARTE Conrad, 1862. Type, Astarte triquetra Conrad. Shell trigonal, with prominent elevated beaks, equilateral, heavy, with a short ligament and large lunule, but no escutcheon; surface smooth, brightly colored, with a vernicose periostracum; internal “margins crenate; pallial line slightly flexuous behind, but with no definite sinus; right valve with a strong middle vardinal and two feeble _ ones; left valve with two strong cardinals, but no lateral teeth; dorsal “margins outside the hinge plate feebly grooved to receive the edges of the opposite valve. _ This genus is confined to the coast and Tertiaries of the southeastern United States. — Itis Callicistronia Dall, 1883, olim. 366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Genus PSEPHIDIA Dall, 1902. Type, Psephis lord: Baird. . Shell small, veneriform, polished, with faint concentric sculpture; beaks not prominent; valves inequilateral, with a narrow, feebly — defined lunule and no escutcheon; inner margins not crenate; pallial — sinus distinct, angular; hinge with three delicate entire cardinals in ~ each valve, but no laterals; animal with the mantle edges fused below, — the siphons short, simple; an anterior opening for the foot, which is — not byssiferous. _ This group is confined to the Pacific coast as far as known, and is ~ represented in the Pacific Pliocene. It is Psephis Carpenter, 1864, ‘ not of Guenée, Lepidoptera, 1854. Carpenter named several species — without specifying a type in 1864. In 1865 he selected P. lordi Baird ‘ as type, and for the first time gave a distinctive diagnosis of the ~ genus. Part of the species, among those originally referred to the ~ eroup, belong elsewhere. /. tantil/a appears to be a Transennella, — and P. tellimyalis is the nepionic young of Petricola. EAST AMERICAN SPECIES. DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) CONCENTRICA Born, 1780. Florida Keys (Conrad); Martinique, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Virgin ~ Islands, Santa Cruz, and St. Thomas, West Indies; Colon or Aspin-— wall; Maracaibo to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. é The Venus concentrica of Gmelin is a mixture of various species, the — name is fixed by Born’s figure, which represents the southern type. The concentrica of early American writers was the 1). discus of Reeve. The PD. concentrica of Reeve is the D. elegans of Conrad. ; The present species is Arthemis patagonica Philippi, 1844; Venis— philippii Orbigny, 1847; Venus dilatata Solander, 1797; and Dosinia — floridana Conrad, 1866, was probably founded on a young specimen. — D. concentrica is the analogue of the Pacific coast )). ponderosa DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) ELEGANS Conrad, 1846. In the offshore warm water, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; at Charleston, South Carolina; east and west Florida, the Tortugas, Texas, — and south to Yucatan and St. Thomas, West Indies. This fine, flat, and evenly concentrically sculptured species was— figured by Lister (pl. 288, fig. 124), and is one of those long confounded — under the name of concentrica. The young were referred to D. obovata” Conrad by Miss Bush in 1885. DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) DISCUS Reeve, 1850. Cape May, Virginia, and south on the coast of the mainland to Vera Cruz, Mexico. "NO. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF *THE VENERIDA—DALL. 367 _ This is the most compressed and dark- Akos of our East once species and has finer and closer striation than any of the others. It is the Artemis or Dosinia concentrica of the earlier American writers but not of Born. The color which resides in the periostracum is fre- } quently distributed in darker and lighter zones. TRANSENNELLA CUBANIANA Orbigny, 1847. Cape Florida to St. Croix, West Indies. A small, usually pure white species, living in 8 to 30 fathoms, and _ especially nbandant,i in Porto Rico. It was inadvertently and errone- ously referred to Gouldia in the report on the Blake mollusks. Soe ee eae oe TRANSENNELLA STIMPSONI Dall, 1902. _ Cape Hatteras, Egmont Key and south to Key West, in 15 to 31 ~ fathoms. _ White, with brown lineation or maculation externally, and orange or deep purple internally, in the central part of the valves. By an acei- dent this species was figured“ for the following species, which is a smaller and more rostrate shell. 7. stimpsoni is the largest and pret- tiest of the genus so far recognized. TRANSENNELLA CONRADINA Dall, 1883. _ St. Andrew Bay, on the north coast of the Gulf of Mexico in west- ern Florida, south to the Florida Keys and north on the east coast of Fiorida to Palm Beach, near low-water mark. This peculiarly cuneate species has much the same range of color as _T. stimpsoni, but is different in form. TRANSENNELLA CULEBRANA Dall and Simpson, rgor. Culebra Island, Porto Rico. A specially trigonal, short form, white inside, and light yellow brown externally. TIVELA ABACONIS Dall, 1902. Abaco, Bahamas, and Vera Cruz, Mexico. Shell small, subtranslucent, of a warm rose color, passing into white distally. It is notable for having only three cardinals in each valve. TIVELA MACTROIDES Born, 1778. Bahama Islands and through the West Indies and adjacent continen- tal shores and south to Santa Caterina, Brazil. This species may be white, or chestnut brown, or with brown rays na.lighter ground. The form is almost as variable as the coloration. “The adults appear to have more tumid umbones and a longer and more @Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIV, pl. xxx1, figs. 5 and 7. IPA Nr STE L2G 368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, pointed posterior end than the juvenile specimens. The species is the - Venus corbicula of Gmelin, 1792; Tivela vulgaris of Link, 1807; 777-7 gona radiata Megerle, 1811; Venus turgens (Solander MS.) Dillwyn, ~ 1817; Zrigona fasciata Schumacher, 1817, and the Cytherea corbicula’ of Lamarck, 1818. TIVELA (MACTROIDES var.?) NASUTA Dall, rgo2. Santa Marta, Colombia; Baker. ; Having the striped color pattern and tints of varieties of mactrozdes, — this shell has a very much more elongated form and more delicate — hinge. There is nothing in the collection which enables me to bridge the gap between the two. TIVELA TRIGONELLA Lamarck, 1818. West Indies, and the Gulf of Paria. . This little oval species appears to be rare. It is the Zrigona angu- lifera of Gray, 1838, and perhaps the Cytherea incerta, Sowerby, 1851. TIVELA BRASILIANA Dall, 1902. West Indies; Santa Caterina, Brazil; Ihering. This form was at first supposed to be 7! b/color Gray, but after study it was found to — differ, being a heavier and less angular_shell, with the dorsal slopes less — straight and the pallial sinus shorter and relatively smaller, though the — shell attains a greater size than 7. bicolor. The type is from Brazil;_ some young specimens from the Antilles appear to be the same. It is not at all certain that the 7!) diliwyni Deshayes, 1853 (7. mae — troides Sowerby, 1851), is not, after all, an extreme variety of mac-_ trovdes Born; there is a specimen of 7. bzcolor Gray, in the collection, — marked as from Florida, but it is doubtless adventitious. TIVELA FULMINATA Valenciennes, 1827. Coast of southern Brazil at Rio and Santa Caterina. Arcuate, with brownish umbones and more or less zigzag tracery. — It has a length, when adult, of 60 mm. TIVELA (PACHYDESMA) VENTRICOSA Gray, 1838. Southern coast of Brazil. q This fine species is figured from juvenile specimens in Rémer’s Mon-_ ograph, and in all the manuals it is stated to come from China. Dr. von Ihering has repeatedly collected it from the coast of Brazil, and the Chinese habitat is certainty erroneous. One specimen in the United States National Museum measures 105 mm. in length, 90 mm. in height, and 70mm, in diameter. It is usually white with a dehiscent vernicose periostracum. "No. 1312, - SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAS—DALL. 369 & TIVELA (EUTIVELA) PERPLEXA Stearns, 1891. - Argentine coast; and off the Rio La Plata, in 10 to 15 fathoms, muddy bottom. ; Notable for its crenulated margins and yellowish-white coloration. TIVELA (EUTIVELA) IHERINGI Dall, 1891. reb winey ; Sao Paulo and Santa Caterina, Brazil, Ihering. _ More delicate and arcuate than the last species, and mottled or _ banded’ with purplish brown on a paler ground color, the interior more or less purple. r GAFRARIUM (GOULDIA) CERINA C. B. Adams, 1845. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to Bermuda, the Antilles, and to 90 miles southwest of Cape San Roque, Brazil, from low water to 95 fathoms. This was first described as Thetis cerina by Professor Adams. GAFRARIUM (GOULDIA) BERMUDENSIS E. A. Smith, 1885, Bermuda, Barbados, and Curagao in 5 to 100 fathoms. More convex, heavy, and more coarsely sculptured than G. cerina -asarule, but sometimes varying toward that species, which is also found in Bermuda. GAFRARIUM (GOULDIA) INSULARIS Dall and Simpson, rgor. Porto Rico, in 5 to 30 fathoms; also in the Oligocene of Bowden, _ Jamaica. Smaller, more inequilateral, and destitute of the lively color paint- ing characteristic of the two species above mentioned. G. insularisis _ of a grayish-white color. MACROCALLISTA NIMBOSA Solander, 1786. Beaufort, North Carolina, south to Cuba and west to Mobile on the Gulf coast. _ This is Venus ecarien of Gmelin, 1792 (after Chemnitz, 1788); — Pectunculus nimbosus ** Humphrey,” 1797; Paphia ala-avis Bolten, 1798; Cytherea multiradiata Menke, 1830; and Callista (Macrocallista) gigantea Meek, 1876. This is the most showy of American Veneride, and the largest of _ its genus. MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) MACULATA Linnezus, 1758. _ Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, the Florida Keys, through the Antilles, and to the ; Vicinity of Cape San Roque, Brazil. It is the Cardium trigonum of Martyn, according to Arango. 4 | 370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ AMIANTIS (EUCALLISTA) PURPURATA Lamarck, 1818. a Cuba (Arango) and southward to Brazil. This is Cytherea lubrica Deshayes, 1853, but not of Broderip, 18355 and was aa Chione purpurascens by Gant 18388. It is not Vera purpurata Gmelin, 1792, but is Venus brasiliensis var. 6 of Gmelin, — CALLOCARDIA VESICA Dall, 1886. Gulf of Mexico to Barbados, in 84 to 175 fathoms. White and concentrically grooved with isocardia-like beaks. De- scribed as Cytherea ( Veneriglossa) vesica. ; CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) TEXASIANA Dall, 1892. Coast of Texas from Galveston to Indianola. Z| Resembles the following species, but is larger, much more elongate, _ and with a narrower lunule. Described as Cytherea texasiana. CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) MORRHUANA Linsley, 1848. 3 Prince Edward’s Island, and southward to the vicinity of Cape Hat-_ teras, North Carolina, in 10 to 107 fathoms. Rounded trigonal, earthy white, with fine inosculating, concentric — wrinkling externally. This species has long been confounded with — the fossil Cytherea convexa Say, 1824, not of Brongniart, 1811; which — name was replaced by Conrad in 1833 by C. sayana. Both names have been applied to the present shell, which has also been called C. say by Perkins, 1869. (©. morrhuana has lower beaks, a narrower — and more delicate hinge plate, and is in general less trigonal than the Miocene fossil. Linsley’s name was given to a very young shell, with- out description, and subsequently identified by Dr. Gould from Lins-_ ley’s specimens. It has been proposed to use the name Sayana for the recent shell, but this is clearly inadmissible, and Conrad himself retained it for the fossil after he decided that the two were not identical. CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) ARESTA Dall and Simpson, 1go1. Porto Rico, in 12 to 30 fathoms. More porcellanous, inequilateral, and rostrate than the preceding — species. CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) ZONATA Dall, 1902. North Carolina coast near Cape Hatteras, in 18 to 22 fathoms. Small, trigonal, evenly concentrically grooved and zoned with yellow brown. . ; PITARIA ALBIDA Gmelin, 1792. From the Florida Strait through the West Indies and on the north: | ‘ ern shores of South America, in 4 to 25 fathoms. - No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. oll An elongate, squarish, white species, with the anterior end some- what attenuated, frequently confused with bleached valves of P. fulminata. . PITARIA FULMINATA Menke, 1830. wis a PRI ong haere Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Bermuda, the Antilles, and Brazil, in depths varying from a few feet to 170 fathoms, the latter locality _ having afforded living young specimens. _ This is supposed by Krebs to be the Cytherea hebrea of Lamarck, - 1818. This species appears to be very common in the West Indies. Nor- mally it is white, with radial or zigzag painting of bright yellow brown, under a chalky periostracum. The dead valves, bleached and worn, are frequently taken for P. albida. It is the Cytherea varians of Hanley, 1844; C. rubiginosa Philippi, 1845; but not C. fulininata Philippi, 1845, or Venus fulminata Valenciennes, 1827. The latter isa Tivela. PITARIA PENISTONI Heilprin, 1889. Bermuda, and St. Thomas, West Indies. A small thin oval shell, more or less painted with brown outside and with purple inside. PITARIA SIMPSONI Dall, 1895. West coast of Florida, at Tampa and Sarasota bays, low water to 26 fathoms. Larger, more trigonal, and solid than the last species, but very simi- larly painted, though it is occasionally pure white. This is a modified descendant of the Tertiary species of //yphantosoma. PITARIA EUCYMATA Dall, 1889. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to the Antilles and Cape San Roque, Brazil, in 20 to 111 fathoms. Short oval, inflated, elegantly distantly concentrically grooved, pol- ished, and painted with brown and cream color and internally with rose; this rare species is one of the most elegant and attractive shells of the coast. PITARIA MUNDA Romer, 1860. St. Thomas. West Indies. A young and dubious shell, as yet unfigured. PITARIA (HYSTEROCONCHA) DIONE Linneus, 1758. Texas coast to Costa Rica and Colon; also the Antilles and Trinidad. . This beautiful and well-known shell has been fortunate in escaping with a single specific synonym, Dione vencris Deshayes, 1853, the other names which have been cited for it being derived from authors é with no standing in binomial nomenclature, unless we except the | 7 37 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE. i anonymous Pectunculus aculeatus of the Museum Calonnianum, in | 1797. A variety in which the spines are aborted is not uncommon. PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CIRCINATA Born, 1778. The Antilles, the northern shores of South America, and southward 2 to Santa Caterina, Brazil. Ri This shell can hardly be separated from the P. alternata Broderip, — of the Pacific shores of South and Central America, and has been — stated to occur on the west coast of Africa as the Venus guineénsis a Gmelin, 1792. Other synonyms are Cardium purpurea Martyn, 1784, % and Venus rubra Gmelin, 1792. F CYTHEREA (CYTHEREA) LISTERI Gray, 1838. From Lake Worth, Florida, and the keys, southward through the — Antilles, as far as Tortola and the Virgin Islands. This has been erroneously cdenuneds with V. reticulata Linneeus and ? V. crispata Deshayes, 1853, and wrongly referred to the Indo-Pacific fauna by Deshayes. There is a dash of purple under the nymphs. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) RIGIDA Dillwyn, 1817. Florida Keys to Rio Janeiro, including the West Indies; also in the Gulf of California. ; This well-known shell is the Venus rugosa Gmelin, 1792, not of Lin-— neus, 1771; it is the Pectuneulus rigidus Solander MS.. 1798: V. eincta Gmelin, 1792, is probably the young, and Schréter wrongly identified — our shell with Venus casina. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) RUGATINA Heilprin, 1886. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the Gulf of Mexico and southeast- ward to Porto Rico in 26 to 85 fathoms; also fossil in the Florida Pliocene. Shell resembling ©. r/gida, but with the primary concentric lamelle more distant and the secondary lamelle more distinct. The margin below the lunule is produced into a point. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) STRIGILLINA Dall, 1902. From Key West, Florida, to Barbados, and 90 miles southeast of Cape San Roque, Brazil, in 20 to 100 fathoms. Shell entirely white, much smaller than the preceding species, and with very much finer, though similar, sculpture. The lunule is also proportionately larger. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) CALLIMORPHA Dall, 1902. Barbados in 76 fathoms; a young shell, perhaps identical, off Capel San Antonio, Cuba, in 300 fathoms. ia ice ARB a 8 i eg tale a Hh os tae or and tee pane a Ne BE Rc ou pen uly SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDE—DALL. Silo Reeve’s Venus pilula in the Blake report, but I am now confident that Vit is distinct. The sculpture resembles that of C. strigdllina, but is less dense and prominent. CYCLINELLA TENUIS Recluz, 1852. _ Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Guadeloupe, West Indies, Recluz; and northward through the West Indies to Cedar Keys, West Florida. This was erroneously identified with C. kroyers Philippi, in Poulsen’s Catalogue. It is not the Artemis tenuis of Sowerby, of slightly later ‘date than A. tenuis Recluz; it is smaller and more delicate than the West American species. Lucinopsis gundlachi Dunker, in Arango, 1878, is synonymous, and probably the unfigured C. fragi/cs Romer, 1860, from St. Thomas. CHIONE (CHIONE) CANCELLATA Linnzus, 1767. _ From Cape Fear, North Carolina, southward to Brazil, including - Bermuda, the West Indies, and the adjacent coasts, in shallow water. This very abundant and variable shell has naturally received many names, and by the early naturalists was confounded with other cancel- lated species of Linneus and others. It is the Venus dysera and -ziczac of variousauthors, but not of Linneeus; it is V. c¢ngenda Dillwyn, 1817; V. elewata (and probably V. inxgualis) Say, 1822; V. lamellata Deshayes, 1853, in synonymy; and Cardium bicolor Martyn, 1784. It is the Venus lamarckii of Beau, but not of Gray, the V. zéczac of -Morch and Krebs, but not of Linnzeus; the V. macu/osa of Gmelin, 1792. CHIONE (CHIONE) SUBROSTRATA Lamarck, 1818. © . Miami, Florida, and the Keys, and south to the Abrolhos Islands, off the Brazilian coast, and Rio Janeiro, in shallow water; also on the shores of the Pacific at Mazatlan, ete. - This is also the Venus beaui Recluz, 1852; and Venus portesiana ' Orbigny, 1846. It is the V. crenifera of Carpenter in the Mazatlan ~ Catalogue, and Sowerby, 1835; probably also Venus /unularis Philippi, 1844 (as of Lamarck), but not of Lamarck, 1818. CHIONE (CHIONE) MAZYCKII Dall, 1902. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to the vicinity of Cape San Roque, Brazil, in 15 to 127 fathoms. The bright rose color of the interior and its quadrate form are the ‘most striking characteristics of this small but pretty species. It was cited in Bulletin 37, United States National Museum, as Venus lamarckii Gray, the young of which it much resembles, but the latter is an Indo-Chinese species, and has a different hinge. 374 ROGER OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. CHIONE (CHIONE) INTAPURPUREA Conrad, 1849. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to Florida and the~ : Keys and westward on the mainland coast to Texas. Also fossil in the Pliocene of Florida. 2 This elegant species is the Venus punctulata of Conrad, 1843, not 7 Talenciennes: and the V. /acunata Reeve, 1863. : a CHIONE (CHIONE) PUBERA Valenciennes, 1827. t West Indies and northern shores of South America. This fine — species has been much confused with an East Indian form for which — the name of Cytherea crenata Gmelin, 1792,“ should be retained. The — present species is a Chvone, and is the Venus crenulata of Sowerby, — 1853, and Reeve, 1863, but not of Dillwyn, 1817, or Deshayes (ex _ parte), 1853. A young specimen with the valves somewhat worn is — figured on Plate 267 of the Encyclopédie Méthodique (figs. 4, 4a), and to this in the explanation of these plates by Bory St. Vincent, in — 1827, page 152, is attached the name of Venus pubera Valencieanaaa za To figs. 83 and 3a is given the name of Venws punctata Valenciennes, — but it is not the Venus punctata of Linneeus. Conrad, in 1843, cited — fig. 4 as Venus punctulata Valenciennes,’ thus committing a double — error. Our shell is Venus eximia Philippi, 1847, and V. superba Guppy, 1875. V. lacunatus Reeve, 1863, is probably a young specimen of it. — It is remarkable for its resemblance to the Oriental Cytherea referred to, but can at once be distinguished by the absence of the vestigial anterior lateral. Venus doumeti Bernardi, 1860, may be a rather short young specimen of this species. CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PECTORINA Lamarck, 1818. The Antilles, and southward to Brazil at Sao Paulo. It is Venus elegans Gray, 1828. : ~ CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) GRANULATA Gmelin, 1792. Belize, and throughout the West Indies to Brazil. This is Venus marica Born, 1780, but not of Linneus, 1768; C.~ lavacrum Bolten, 1798; and Venus plumbea Reeve, 1864. It is V. wio-— lacea, and perhaps V. purpurata, Gmelin, 1792. Lamarck and Bory St. Vincent have confused numbers of the figures on the plates of the — Encyclopédie Méthodique, so that the same figure is made to stand for — V. granulata Gmelin, V. cardioides Lamarck, and Venericardia radiata Valenciennes, 1827. V. cardioides is probably notan Antillean species, andmay be identical with Zapes histrionica Sowerby, as wellas Cytherea cardilla Lamarck. Dak caege i ta ne « Venus crenulata € Teens Conc a Gane V L, 1782, p. 370, pl. xxxvi, fig. 385. 6 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, p. 311. “ eo Pphenereileces sks" SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAW—DALL. eh) ~I or CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) GRUS Holmes, 1858. ; Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and south and west on the mainland ‘coast to Yucatan, in 12 to 63 fathoms. Also fossil in the Pliocene. ~ This little shell has been very generally confused with Venus pyymea Lamarck, but it is perfectly distinct. 1¢ may perhaps be V. anti/larwin Orbigny, 1853; but this can not be positively determined at this time. Tt is Venus parva Sowerby, 1854, but not of Sowerby, 1829, or Munster, 1836; and it was named Venus trapezoidalis by Kurtz in 1860. The animal has two subequal, closely united, fringed siphons, two-fifths as Jong as the shell. CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PYGM®A Lamarck, 1818. Florida reefs, and throughout the Antilles. This little shell was named Venus ineguivalvis by Orbigny in 1853. ‘It is of a white color, with brown maculations and a brown spot on the hinge, with coarser sculpture and attaining a larger size than C. grus. CHIONE (LIROPHORA) PAPHIA Linnezus, 1767. West Indies and southward to the coast of Brazil, in shallow water, and thence to 30 fathoms, usually on a sandy bottom. _ This fine and well-known shell is the Pectunculus vetula of Da Costa, 1778, but it is not the Venus paphia of Pulteney. It is proba- bly the shell listed as C. affinzs Gmelin, by Poulsen, 1878. CHIONE (LIROPHORA) LATILIRATA Conrad, 1841. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, south to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 10 to 124 fathoms. Distinguishable from ©. paphia by its ribs, which are not pinched off behind and do not bear any elevated expansions. It is Venus varicosa Sowerby, 1853, and V. alveata Bush, 1885, not of Conrad. CHIONE (GOMPHINA) KOCHII Philippi, 1843. A single valve from Belize was collected by the Rey. Mr. Stanton, but it is believed to be derived from ballast, since no living specimens were obtained. ANOMALOCARDIA BRASILIANA Gmelin, 1792. Wilmington, North Carolina, and south to the West Indies and to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is the Venus flexuosa Born, 1780, not of Linneeus, 1767; the JV. _macrodon of Hanley, 1843, and Sowerby (fig. 88), 1853; V. /unularcs Lamarck, 1818; and Oryptogramma brasiliana of Romer, 1867. This is the common Anomalocardia of the West Indies, a shell very variable in form and color. 316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ ANOMALOCARDIA CUNEIMERIS Conrad, 1845. From Lake Worth, Florida, and on the shores of the continent south — to Cartagena, Colombia. It is not yet authentically reported from the islands of the West Indies. This is Venus punctifera Gray, in Sowerby, 1853; V. rostrata Sow-— OF Nes asap iM gt erby, 1853, a young shell; J 7 aie LUOSA Chenu, 1862, but not of Lin-— neus, 1767, nor Born, 1780. It is V. maerodon Reeve, in part. It : s ss is smaller, more slender, and more delicate than the V. macrodon of — Lamarck. | ANOMALOCARDIA LEPTALEA Dall, 1894. 2 7 7 . ~X . re Lagoon at Watling Island, Bahamas. Small, very thin, curiously ' depauperate from its extraordinarily saline habitat. The inner mar- ‘ gins are entire and there is no trace of radial sculpture. The colora-— tion is very variable. | x ANOMALOCARDIA MEMBRANULA Romer, 1860 : s] prteng *; St. Thomas, West Indies; Rémer. Elongate like A. leptalea, but with numerous (23) concentric lamel- } lee, obsolete posteriorly, and of a ferruginous brown, with white specks; the inner margin crenulated. Perhaps a variety of the next species. = ANOMALOCARDIA PUELLA Pfeiffer, 1846. E Punta de Maya, Matanzas Bay, Cuba. Small, whitish, with radiating brown flecks between concentric lamelle; internally reddish brown. The lamelle are persistent and about 13 in number, in a shell 11 mm. long. The inner margin is — crenulated. Venus auberiana Orbigny, 1853, is probably identical. VENUS MERCENARIA Linnezus, 1758. Living from Bay of Chaleurs, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and at Sable | Island, southward, locally, to Cape Cod, and thence generally south- ward to the Florida Keys, westward to the Mississippi Delta, and, sparsely, on the coast of Texas as far west as Corpus Christi Bay. Fossil from the early Miocene to recent times. 2 This is the Venus mercenaria of Spengler, 1785, and subsequent authors; the V. meretr‘x Bolten, 1798, not of Linneeus, 1758; Mer- cenaria violacea Schumacher, 1817; IM. cancellata Gabb, 1860; DL antiqua Verrill, 1875; and Crassivenus mercenaria Perkins, 1869. ; VENUS MERCENARIA var. NOTATA Say, 1822. New England to Georgia. This form is marked by zigzag brown blotches and lines, and is des- titute of the purple coloration internally. It is Venus obliqua Anton, | 1837, and V. cyprinoides Anton, 1839. oD =] = “No. 1312. ; SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERID.E—DALL. VENUS MERCENARIA var. CANCELLATA Gabb, 1860. _ A rare variety, described from the Miocene, and occasionally found Jiving, in which the medial smooth space of the type is concentrically divided into flat riblets by shallow grooves, the riblets being also radially sulcate. VENUS MERCENARIA var. RADIATA Dall, rgoz. Similar to the last, except that the smooth medial area is not con- eentrically sulcate. VENUS MERCENARIA var. ALBA Dall, rg02. In this form the interior is like notata, and the exterior destitute of olored lineation. — & é VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS Gmelin, 1792. £ _ Chesapeake Bay and southward to Cuba; westward to Texas and 4 southward to Yucatan, near low-water mark. Fossil from the Miocene to recent faunas. _ This is the largest species of the family and the most ponderous, characterized by high inflated beaks, blunt ends, white shell, frequently with zigzag brown lineation in the young externally, and a surface sculpture of dense, low, thin concentric lamellation. The young usu- ally begin in a somewhat quadrate form, with more distant lamellation, without a purple border internally, but sometimes a purple flush in the cavity of the beaks. It passes through a series of mutations anal- ogous to those of V. mercenaria. The young shells about 2 inches or so in diameter have been named Venus calearea by Philippi, 1844; V. tenutlamellata Sowerby, 1853, and V. fulgurans Tryon, 1865. Gmelin’s type was also an adolescent shell. The recent adult has been named V. preeparca Say, 1822; V. mortoni Conrad, 1837, and V. alboradiata Sowerby, 1853. To the various mutations exhibited by the species in the fossil state the fol- Towing names have been given: V. tefrica Conrad, 1838; 1. permagna Conrad, 1838; V. capaw Conrad, 1844; V. submortond Orbigny, 1852; Mercenaria obtusa Conrad, 1866; J/. cuneata Conrad, 1868, and JZ. carolinensis Conrad, 1875. VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. ALBORADIATA Sowerby, 1853. Shell with broad brownish rays on a paler ground. Sate Sen Te? VEN'TIS CAMPECHIENSIS var. QUADRATA Dall, 1902. _ Shell small, quadrate, thin, compressed, and unicolorate, usually yellowish white. : $F oe VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. TEXANA Dall, 1902. 378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. ae Texas coast. ; Shell suborbicular, inflated, with the concentric lamelle toward the middle of the disk coalescent, forming broad, more or less inosculating, — low, flat-topped ribs with polished tops, sometimes showing the brown lineations of the younger stages. VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. TETRICA Conrad, 1838. Shell with the size and dense surface sculpture of the typical form but the produced trigonal outline of V. mercenaria. VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. CUNEATA Conrad, 1868. 3 Shell subtrigonal, very thick, with very prominent beaks, and very short and blunt, the antithesis of the elongated variety tetrica. VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. CAROLINENSIS Conrad, 1875. Shell much like the normal form but with the lamelle more or less coalescent in the middle of the disk and not flattened or polished. This occurs living and also in the miocene of North Carolina, from which it was described. LIOCYMA FLUCTUOSA Gould, 1841. Arctic, Spitsbergen, and Greenland seas, and the Sea of Okhotsk; southward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic coast. The typical form is creamy white. A variety brunnea, of rich chestnut or yellow brown, is noted from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is the Venus astartoides (Beck MS.) Philippi, 1849, but not of — D’Archiac, 1847. Zapes arctica Reeve, 1864, from the ‘* Arctic Seas,” though not this species, may belong to this group. : GEMMA GEMMA Totten, 1834. Labrador to Woods Hole, Massachusetts; New York Bay ? Flattish and irregularly rippled concentrically. The type is more — or less purple, varying to pure white, which forms the variety Manhat- faunensis Prime, 1862. The species is Gemma tottent Stimpson, 1860, and Zottenia gemma Perkins, 1869. eas GEMMA (GEMMA var.?) PURPUREA H. C. Lea, 1842. Cape Cod to the Bahamas and Texas. More inflated, trigonal, and with uniform concentric threads sharply defined. It is Gemma concentrica Dall, 1889. The color is variable, but usually paler than G. tofttend. ) ‘ 1 - 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. 879 PARASTARTE TRIQUETRA Conrad, 1845. From Hillsboro Inlet, on the east coast of Florida, south to the Keys. and on the west coast north to Cedar Keys. Also fossil in the Pliocene. Small, polished, very elevated, purple and white. Though much resembling Gemma, it can easily be discriminated by its smooth and more elevated shell. NOTES ON AND DESCRIPTIONS OF EAST AMERICAN SPECIES. DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) ELEGANS Conrad. Plate XII, fig. 6; Plate XIII, fig. 7. Owing to the confusion that has involved this species a figure of it was thought to be desirable. The figured shell is from Florida. Cat. No. 6120, U.S.N.M. DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) DISCUS Reeve. Plate XII, fig. 1; Plate XIII, fig. 1. No good figure of this species being available in any recent Ameri- can publication, one is now supplied. The specimen is from South Carolina. Cat. No. 54094, U.S.N.M. TRANSENNELLA CONRADINA Dall. Plate XII, fig. 5. Cytherea ( Transennella) conradina Dau, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 340. A figure drawn from a specimen of 7. st/mpsoni Dall, as noted below, was inadvertently published under this name, so I now give a figure taken from one of the typical specimens. Cat. No. 64487, U.S.N.M. TRANSENNELLA CUBANIANA Orbigny. Plate XIII, fig. 4. Venus cubaniana OrpiaNy, Moll. Cubana (Sagra), II, 1853, p. 278, pl. xxv, figs. 44-46. An enlarged figure of this species is given, which shows a few brown flecks dorsally, though this species is usually pure white. It is from Florida. Cat. No. 54135, U.S.N.M. TRANSENNELLA STIMPSONI, new species. Meretrix conradina Dau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XIV, pl. xxx1, figs. 5, 7. Shell small, rounded trigonal, rather plump, polished, painted with purple-brown on a white ground externally, the lunule, and central portion of the disk internally usually purplish; beaks prominent. incurved, small; lunule defined by a sulcus, elongate, narrow; escutcheon not defined; beaks five-fourteenths of the length from the anterior end, Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 26 380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI. which is rounded, with the dorsal slope rather flat; posterior end attenu- ated; hinge normal, the posterior left cardinal obscure, thin, con solidated with the nymph; internal margins tangentially sulcate; pallial | sinus deep, narrow, somewhat rounded in front. Length 14; height | 10.5; diameter 7 mm. : ¥ Type locality.—Kgmont Key, Florida. Cat. No. 54100, U.S.N.M. © The shell is marked by fine concentric lines of growth, and by a\ few, irregularly distributed, stronger concentric sulci, which become» evanescent toward the middle of the disk. | TIVELA ABACONIS, new species. Plate XIII, fig. 3. Shell small, subtranslucent, deep rose color at the beaks and in the : middle of the disk, becoming paler toward the margins; beaks high, , pointed, subcentral; shell moderately inflated, the ends rounded, the base gently arcuate; surface polished; hinge delicate; the teeth small three cardinals in each valve, the anterior lateral elongate, thin, dis-. tant; pallial sinus short, wide, rounded; length, 11; height, 8.2; : diameter, 6 mm. Type locality.—Abaco, Bahamas, I. Greegor. Cat. No. 103551,_ U.S.N.M. The shell is smaller, more delicate, more equilateral, and of a differ-_ ent color and texture from 7. trigonella Lamarck, which is the only species comparable with it and which is white and opaque with a con-_ spicuous periostracum. TIVELA NASUT- 4, new species. Plate XII, fig. 2. : Shell of moderate size, solid, nearly equilateral, somewhat rudely” concentrically striated, with a reddish-brown polished periostracum; shell substance white, with numerous pale purple radii, the dorsal posterior margin near the end dark brown within and without; beaks” pointed, dorsal slopes nearly straight; lunule impressed, defined by a distinct incised line; anterior end rounded, posterior end narrower, almost rostrate; hinge solid, with four cardinals, the anterior lateral, lamelliform, prominent; pallial line with a short, foil rounded sinus, i Length, 32.5; height, 25; diameter, 17 mm. Type locality.—Santa Marta, Colombia; Baker. Cat. No. 153377, U.S.N.M. By its rudely striated surface and produced posterior end, this seems to differ from the other Antillean forms. ee APS - a eID 7 ’ No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAZ—DALL. B81 TIVELA BRASILIANA, new species. r? Plate XII, fig. 3. = Shell subtriangular, flattish, with high, pointed, opisthogyrate beaks: cream color with darker yellowish zones; surface smooth: lunular region impressed, lunule narrow, elongate, pouting a little at the junc- tion of the valve margins; posterior slope straignt, flattened, with a short ligament; interior pale yellow brown; hinge with five right card- inals, the posterior pair rugose; the anterior lateral adjacent, strong: the pallial sinus rounded, about as large as the posterior adductor scar. Length 40; height 34; diameter 20 mm. Type locality.—Santa Caterina, Brazil. Cat. No. 125468, U.S.N.M. This peculiarly flat and triangular form recalls the 7. planulata Sow- erby, of the Pacific coast. CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) ZONATA, new species. Plate XII, fig. 4 Shell small, thin, arcuate, with a dull surface, whitish with concen- tric zones of yellow brown; surface concentrically striated or sulcate with wider interspaces, forming low riblets; beaks high, inflated, their apices small, anteriorly directed, lunule large, cordate, defined by a sulcus; no visible escutcheon; ends rounded, base prominently arcuate; interior porcellanous, with a small ascending angular pallial sinus; hinge verging toward Chionella. Length 23; height 18.5; diameter 14 mm. Type locality.—United States Fish Commission station 2608, in 22 fathoms, sand, off the coast of North Carolina. Cat. No 92015, U.S.N.M. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) STRIGILLINA, new species. Plate XII, fig. 5 Shell rotund, inflated, grayish white; beaks prominent, their apices anteriorly directed; lunule deeply impressed, cordate, striated; disk covered with low, uniform, slightly recurved thin primary concentric lamelle, about 1 millimeter apart, the interspaces with much finer and smaller secondary lamelle; there is no defined escutcheon, but the posterior dorsal slope, as usual, is less prominently lamellose; hinge strong, with large teeth, the anterior lateral large, and the posterior cardinal on the right valve bifid; pallial sinus very small, wide, and | fathoms, coral, off Key West, bottom temperature 75° F.C: angular; internal margins of the valves finely crenulate. Length 45; height 39; diameter 32 mm. Type locality.—United States Fish Commission station 23 oF in 45 \ . No. 95668, U.S.N.M. svn 3 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, hice species is easily distinguished by its fine close sculpture andl pale grayish color from aither of the other American species of — Cytherca. The interior is pure white. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) CALLIMORPHA, new species. Plate XIII, fig. 6. Shell small, globose, covered witha thin yellowish periostracum oS J over a white shell with a salmon-colored flush internally; beaks.full, prominent, the apices turned forward; lunule cordate, circumscribed, A 3 ? ~ evenly striated; surface with about 27 primary concentric lamelle having a T-rail section, the flat interspaces having 6-8 extremely fine low concentric threads, crossed by fine radial striation; escutcheon limited by an obscure ridge, ending in a subangular projection of the margin; in front of the ridge is a wide shallow radial depression; hinge well developed; posterior right cardinal long, distant from the others and bifid; middle right cardinal deeply bifid; anterior lateral small, papilliform; interior surface polished, with a salmon-colored flush behind the beaks; pallial sinus small, sharply angular, ascending; inner mite is finely crenate. Length 16; height 14.5; diameter 12 mm. Station 272. in 76 fathoms, at Barbados, West Indies, United States Coast Survey steamer Blake. Cat. No. 64292, U.S.N.M. The peculiar form of the primary lamellz renders them very lable to fracture, and if broken off they leave no visible trace, and the sur- face appears uniformly concentrically threaded, since the basal attach- ment of the primaries is no wider than the normal width of the secondary threads. CHIONE MAZYCKII, new species. Plate XIII, fig. 2. Shell small, subrostrate, with low distant concentric lamelle crossing flat radial ribs, those radials in front of the middle later becoming double, while the ribs behind the middle remain single; all the ribs are separated by subequal smooth interspaces except near the anterior margin, where interstitial threads appear; the concentric lamelle become laminate, especially on the right valve, near the posterior end; lunule distinet, lanceolate, striated; escutcheon defined by a keel, striated, the right half somewhat overlapping the other, painted with brown streaks or entirely brown; disk white with pale-brown or rose-_ colored radial bands and occasional darker-brown flecks; interior rose color with white near the end and basal margins; hinge normal, with a rose-colored ray below avery short ligament; pallial sinus very — small and blunt, inner margins crenulated. “Length, 14.2; height, 2s diameter, 8 mm. Type locality.—United States Fish Commission station 2616, off nit agg ‘No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAX—DALL. 383 Cape Fear, North Carolina, in 17 fathoms, sand. Cat. No. 92022, _ This pretty little species is easily discriminated by its form and color “fron C. cancellata at any stage of growth. It is named in honor of Mr. W. G. Mazyck, of Charleston, South Carolina. ? at NOTES. _ The following nomina nuda have been cited in connection with the East American fauna: Venus lanceata ‘*Say” and V. metastriata Say,” Venus punctulata ‘* Valenciennes” and Cytherea elevata Con- rad, by Conrad, 1846: Cytherea bella and Venus orbicularis Kurtz, 1860. Names of West American species have been mistakenly applied to those of the east coast, or West American specimens have been wrongfully attributed to eastern localities as follows: Cytherea pan- nos Sowerby, Tapes grata Say, Venus pulicaria Broderip, Chione eingulata and Artemis kroyeri Philippi, Chione asperrima Sowerby, and Callista exspinata Reeve. Exotic species wrongly given east American habitats are: Venus crenata ** Chemnitz,” Cytherea affinis “Gmelin,” Sowerby, 1853, Cytherea kingii Gray and C. modesta Phil- ippi, Dosinia dilatata Philippi, D- lucinalis Lamarck, D. cyclas Romer, and J). kraussiz Romer. Species from exotic localities like St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, of which the names are repeated in American waters, have been cata- logued as from the latter; such are Dosinia radiata Reeve and Venus verrucosa Linneus. Cytherea occulta Say, 1822, is unfigured and known only by the original description. Most of the names of Amer- ican Tivela have been indiscriminately cited from both coasts, the spe- cies being difficult to discriminate and genetically connected. Venus foveolata Sowerby, 1853, was described from Martinique, but Deshayes adds to the locality ‘‘China.” It does not come from both places, but has not been authentically reported from the West Indies since _ Sowerby’s time. Locard, in the report on the Talisman expedition mollusca, reports it from St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, in 35 fathoms. Zupes occidentalis Reeve, 1864, appears to be identical with a Bombay species, figured on the same plate. It is certainly not West Indian. The ascription of Venus decorata Broderip and Sow- erby, 1835, by Reeve in 1863, to the West Indies, is erroneous. It is of a strictly oriental type and comes from the Moluccas. I suspect Venus sallei Reeve, 1864, of a similar origin, notwithstanding the fact that it is said by Reeve to come from *‘ Bird Island, in the Caribbean Sea.” Thereareagreat many ‘ Bird Islands” scattered over the world, and this shell, so far as I may judge from the figure, has an Indo- Pacific aspect. Dosinia turgida Reeve, 1850, through confusion with Cyclinella tenuis Recluz, has erroneously acquired an American habitat. Sipser rss ee 384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, | vou. xxv. WEST AMERICAN SPECIES. DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) PONDEROSA Gray, 1838. Payta, Peru, northward to the Gulf of California, and to north ~ latitude 26° 30’ on the west coast of Lower California; in the Pleisto- cene north to San Pedro, California. Al This, the largest and finest of the genus, recalls somewhat the — Atlantic D. concentrica. It is the Artemis ponderosa Gray, 1838, the Artemis gigantea Sowerby (in Philippi, 1847), and the Venus cycloides — Orbigny, 1847. Artemis distans Sowerby, 1852, if from -Puerto Potrero, Costa Rica, as suggested by Carpenter, may be identical with the young of this species. DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) DUNKERI Philippi, 1844. West Colombia, at Santa Elena; Panama Bay; the Galapagos Islands; and northward to Mazatlan and the head of the Gulf of California; also to Magdalena Bay, on the west coast of Lower California. This is Dosinia simplex Hanley, 1845, not of A. Adams, 1855, and Cytherea pacifica, Troschel, 1845, not Venus pacifica Dillwyn, 1817. DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) ANN Carpenter, 1857. Mazatlan and the Gulf of California. This is less tumid, more elongated and smoother than D). Dunkeri, and has a more horizontal pallial sinus. The small D. nanus Reeve, 1850, was probably based on a very young specimen of this species. CLEMENTIA SOLIDA Dall, 1902. Topolobampo, on the west coast of Mexico; collected by E. Daniels. This is a large and squarish species, with a more solid shell and less degenerate hinge than any of the others heretofore known. It has somewhat the aspect externally of Saaidomus giganteus. TRANSENNELLA TANTILLA Gould, 1853. Sitka Harbor, Alaska, and southward to Lower California at Todos Santos Bay, in 3 to 16 fathoms; also fossil in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara, California. Trigonal, moderately convex, rather elongate; white, with or with- out zigzag brown painting, usually with the posterior dorsal slope dark purple within and without. This species is viviparous and was referred by Carpenter to his genus /’sephis on that account, but has a wholly different hinge. It has been referred to Venus, Trigona, etc., but on the basal margin has the suleations of Zransennella, though less distinct than in the typical species. The Pleistocene specimens were named Venus rhysomia by Gabb in 1861. peak iar. | No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 385 , The more northern specimens are smaller and more oval than those from Santa Barbara, the type locality; and the purple streak is reduced to a more or !ess distinct flush, which is occasionally wholly absent. These characters, however, seem hardly pronounced enough to deserve a varietal name. f | TIVELA PLANULATA Sowerby, 1829. Gulf of California, Gulf of Tehuantepec, and southward to the coast of Ecuador. _ This includes the variety suffusa Sowerby, 1835; Donax lessoni - Deshayes, 1835; Cytherea undulata Sowerby, 1851, a color variety; and ©. mactroides Lamarck, 1518, not of Born, 1778. It is extremely variable in coloration, but maintains fairly well its compressed trian- gular form. TIVELA HIANS Philippi, 1851. Magdalena Bay, Lower California, to Valparaiso, Chile. This form, described from Mazatlan, is more elongated and rostrate, has a more livid purplish coloration and a very distinct gape behind, - by which it is separated frou T. planulata. TIVELA ARGENTINA Sowerby, 1835. West Mexico and south to Panama. Distinguished by its yellowish-white color, thin shell, and arcuate form attenuated at both ends. It is Cytherea equilatera Deshayes, - = 1839. TIVELA ARGUTA Romer, 1864. Gulf of California to Panama. Shell small, thin, and oval, recalling 7: trigonella of the Antilles. ite 5 TIVELA GRACILIOR Sowerby, 1851. Puntarenas, Costa Rica. This isa species of peculiar form, with fine elevated radial lines anteriorly. It is not the shell figured by Romer under this name. TIVELA BYRONENSIS Gray, 1838. ~ Seammon’s Lagoon, Lower California and the Gulf of California, and southward to the coast of Ecuador. > This is 7. radiata Sowerby, 1835, not of Megerle, 1511; Venus solan- gensis Orbigny, 1847; Cytherea stultorum Menke, 184i, not of Mawe, — 1828; Cytherea corbicula Menke, 1847, notof Lamarck, 1818; ¢ Jytherea pulla Philippi, 1851, and perhaps C. intermedia Sowerby, 1851, and 7: elegans Verrill, 1870. Trigona humilis Carpenter, 1857, appears to be the young fry of this species; T. semifuloa Menke is a nearly white variety, and 7. Aindsii Hanley, 1844, is a striped and latticed color form of the young shell. It is the most common of the Pacitic coast _ species and the analogue of 7. mactroides of the Antilles. 386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI. TIVELA DELESSERTI Deshayes, 1854. Scammon’s Lagoon (young ’); Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf region, and | south to Acapulco. f This is the Cytherea nitidula Sowerby, 1851, not of Lamarck, 1818; the young fry were named 7Z/vela marginata by Carpenter, but I do — not find that this name has ever been defined in print. It is an elegant — polished shell, delicately painted with light purplish brown on a cream- — colored ground. TIVELA (PACHYDESMA) STULTORUM Mawe. Santa Cruz, California, and south to Ballenas Lagoon, Lower Cali- fornia, and perhaps to Mazatlan. This is the Donax stultorum of Mawe in 1823, but not the Zivela stultorum of Menke in 1847; the Zrigonella crassatelloides Conrad, 1837; Cytherea solidissima Philippi, 1851; C. eguilatera Romer, 1857, notof Deshayes, 1839; C. lamarcki, C. stultorum,and C. crassatelloides of Reeve in 1864. This is the largest and finest species of the genus, and is well known to most conchologists under the name of Pachydesma crassatelloides. A related fossil, P. ¢nezana, is said by Conrad to exist in the California Miocene. MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) SQUALIDA Sowerby, 1835. Cerros Island, Pacific coast of Lower California, to the Gulf and southward to Peru, in 7 to 27 fathoms. Chione biradiata Gray, 1838, and Cytherea chionxa Menke, 1847, are synonymous. The Philippine (. elegans Koch, in Philippi, 1844, has been united with them, but is probably distinct. The species is much like A/acrocallista chione of Europe, but less attractive. It is the analogue for the Pacific coast of JZ. maculata Linneus, of the Antilles. MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) AURANTIACA Sowerby, 1831. Gulf of California, Cape St. Lucas, and southward to Guayaquil, in 10 to 18 fathoms. More compressed, redder, and with a dark and dull instead of trans- lucent vernicose periostracum, compared with J. squalida. It was first figured and named in Sowerby’s Genera of Shells, Part XX XIII, but Hanley’s name of avrantia given thirteen years later has been more generally used. MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) PANNOSA Sowerby, 1835. Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and southward to Valparaiso, Chile. This pretty little species is extremely variable in its color pattern. Cytherea lutea Koch, in Philippi, 1845, is synonymous. NO. 1812. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 387 MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) PUELLA Carpenter, 1864. Gulf of California and south to Acapulco. Marvelously like J/. pannosa in color and form, but always a smaller and thinner shell, with other distinctive characters. These two species have a great similarity to the Eocene type on which the section Chionella was founded. AMIANTIS CALLOSA Conrad, 1837. San Pedro, California, to Cape St. Lucas, in shallow water. This elegantly sculptured, pure white species is well known. Dione nobilis Reeve, 1863, is based on a specimen somewhat more rounded than usual. CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) CATHARIA Dall, 1902. Ballenas Bay, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, to the Gulf of California and southward to the Bay of Panama in 7 to 66 fathoms. White, somewhat chalky, sharply concentrically striated, with a sub- cuneate outline and papyraceous periostracum. The analogue of the West Indian (. aresta Dall and Simpson, 1901. PITARIA NEWCOMBIANA Gabb, 1865. Monterey, California, to Clarion Island and the Gulf of California in 15 to 31 fathoms. Thin and delicate, with zigzag brown markings and a papery perios- tracum when fresh. PITARIA TOMEANA Dall, 1902. Bay of Panama (Galapagos Islands’), and Tome, Chile, in about 10 fathoms. The apparent analogue of 7P. fulminata Menke of the Atlantic fauna, but without color painting on the specimens so far obtained. PITARIA CONSANGUINEA C. B. Adams, 1852. Panama. Belongs in the group with (. a/bida, ete., but has radial brown markings and pinkish umbones. I have not seen it. PITARIA POLLICARIS Carpenter, 1864. Gulf of California, Cape St. Lucas, and south to Callao, Peru. A fine, large species, the young with brown painting, the adults mostly polished white. it is Déone prora, variety, of Reeve, 1863, but not of Conrad; Cytherea obliquata Romer, in part, but not of Hanley, 1844. The true prora comes from the Hawaiian Islands. 388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. PITARIA UNICOLOR Sowerby, 1835. Humboldt Bay, Lower California, and south to Panama. Somewhat compressed, the concentric sculpture obsolete in the middle of the disk, the color uniform white or brownish. The brown variety is Chione badia Gray, 1838, and Cytherea ligula Anton, 1839. Cytherea lubrica Sowerby, 1835, is perhaps identical. Some specimens are almost rostrate. PITARIA VULNERATA Broderip, 1835. Magdalena Bay, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, to the Gulf of California and south to the Bay of Panama. Remarkabie in its violet zones of coloration and for havine the inner margins often obscurely crenulate, a feature not known else- where in the genus. It is the Cytherea tricolor of Pease (MS.) accord- ing to Romer, 1867. The young are maculated with brown and the adults sometimes radially lineate with the same color; young speci- mens of elongate ovate form, which have not assumed the violet rim, have a very different aspect from the mature shell or the normally orbicular young ones. PITARIA (HYSTEROCONCHA) LUPANARIA Lesson, 1832. Ballenas Bay, Pacific coast of Lower California, the Gulf of Cali- fornia, and southward to Payta, Peru. A larger but less elegant analogue of the Antillean 7. déone Linneeus, easily recognizable by the violet spots at the base of the spines. It appears, as from China, under the name of Cytherea semilamellosa Gaudichaud, in the Récueil des Coquilles non figurées of Delessert in 1841. It has also been regarded by several authors as a mere variety of P. dione. Dione exspinata Reeve, 1863, is a mutation in which the spines are abortive. Northern specimens usually have the concentric sculpture carried evenly across tlie disk, but in the south a variety is common in which the ribs are obsolete on the posterior half of the disk. The name is frequently misspelled Jipinaria. It is Cytherea dronea Gray, 1833. PITARIA (LUPANARIA var.) MULTISPINOSA Sowerby, 1851. Realejo, Central America, and southward to Payta, Peru. This is a small form in which the concentric sculpture and spines are sharp and crowded, while the coloration is less intense, so that the whole shell is more like P. done than the better developed normal form is. There seems to be insufficient reason for regarding it as a distinct species. The Cytherea brevispinosa Sowerby, 1851, seems to have been founded on a single bleached specimen in which the inner * - ccopa elk eer oe ” ' No. 1312, SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 389 Z ; ‘ 2 f & row of spines is wanting and the outer row abortive. Déone brevi- spinata and D. brevispina Deshayes, 1853, are variants of this name. Callista longispina Mirch, is doubtless a mutation of this species. PITARIA (HYSTEROCONCHA) ROSEA Broderip and Sowerby, 1829. Gulf of California to Panama. Reddish brown, flattish, with only hints of spines, which lie in a _ white streak radiating from the umbo. Cytherea lepida Chenu, 1847, is synonymous. PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CONCINNA Sowerby, 1835. Magdalena Bay, Pacitic coast of Lower California, to the Gulf of California, southward to Panama Bay, the coast of Ecuador and Payta, Peru. Donaciform or even rostrate, with concentric round-edged ribs, white, with radial streaks of brown; all brown; or all white. Cytherea affinis Broderip, 1835, and Venus paytensis Orbigny, 1847, are synonymous. C. tortuosa Broderip, 1835, is a white specimen with the ribs more irregular than usual. According to Romer, C. suppositrix Menke, 1849, may be this species. PITRARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CIRCINATA Born, var. ALTERNATA Broderip, 1835. Gulf of California to Payta, Peru. When fully developed this is larger, more convex, and with more distant concentric ribs than any Atlantic specimens I have seen. Immature specimens are often hardly distinguishable. For synonymy see Atlantic list. The original aternata of Broderip was founded-on two shells, per- haps distinct from each other. The description was taken from one and the suggestion of the name from the other, which last is repre- sented by Reeve’s figure 284, in the Iconica, 1863. Those writers who _ have had an opportunity to examine Broderip’s types agree in reter- ring them to P. c/rcinata as a variety; from the figures I should sup- pose them to be closer to P. concinna. Romer, in 1868, figures the second or white form with alternating ribs (pl. xxxv1, fig. 2), which Sosa ey is more like P. cireinata than the other. PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CALLICOMATA Dall, 1902. Bay of Panama, in 7 to 30 fathoms. White and rather earthy, with primary concentric lamelle, from one to three secondary smaller lamelle intervening between each two primaries. It is more elongate, with a longer and narrower lunule than c7rcinata and more oval than a/ternata. 390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) FORDI Yates, 1890. Santa Barbara Islands, California, and south to the Gulf of Cali- fornia and to Panama Bay, in 13 to 58 fathoms. This fine species is near to but quite distinct from Venus toreuma Gould“ a Polynesian species, with which Carpenter doubtfully united it, and by whose name it has passed for some years. It reaches a a length of 65 mm., and is easily recognized by its /socardza-like form, concentric undulations and sharp radial striz. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) MAGDALENZ: Dall, 1g02. Off Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, in 36, and in Panama Bay in 18 fathoms. The analogue of C. strigillina Dall, of the Atlantic fauna, but thinner, less anlated: with more delete sculpture, and pale 4 yellowish coloration spattered with brown flecks. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) RIGIDA Dillwyn, 1817. ha abe Gulf of California in 94 fathoms, sand, off the peninsular coast near La Paz. Also in the Atlantic fauna. The discovery of this well-known Atlantic shell by the United States Fish Commission steamer A/batross in the Gulf of California was a surprise; but the specimen, 85 mm. in length, does not seem to differ constantly in any respect from the West-Indian shells. The synonymy is summarized inthe Atlantic list. Itis not Venus rigida Gould, 1850. The Pacific shell was named Venus ¢socardia by Verrill in 1870. CYTHEREA (FOVEOLATA VAR.?) LEPIDOGLYPTA Dall, 1902. Purchased at Acapulco by W. H. Dall in 1868. This species has an extraordinary resemblance externally to Venus campechiensis of the same size, but it has the hinge of Cytherea. It also resembles the figure of Venus foveolata Sowerby, 1853, a species referred to both Martinique and China by Deshayes. The raised lam- elle are minutely, transversely, closely striated, but there is no radial interstitial sculpture. The shell is of a yellowish white color. It was purchased with a lot of beach shells, all West American, at Acapulco. CYTHEREA (CYTHEREA) MULTICOSTATA Sowerby, 1835. Gulf of California and south to Panama Bay, in moderate depths of water; also at the Galapagos Islands. Belonging to the group of C. //ster/, but more oval and with some- what different sculpture. Venus thouars/ Valenciennes, 1846, is prob- ably synonymous. The anterior lateral is usually obsolete in adult specimens, but distinct in the yous: « Venus toreuma Goaid onal “1850, from Mangsi Talat +1. crebrisulea Sowerby, 1858, and V. jukesii Deane es, 1853, Luzon, and Port Beaman! North Australia. TTP No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 391] SAXIDOMUS NUTTALLII Conrad, 1837. Baulinas Bay, California, and south to San Diego. There are two species of Saxidomus on the coast, of which one has brownish markings near the beaks in the young, and a trace of purple ‘internally on the upper posterior margin. The other is all white or yellowish. The present species is rather thin, but reaches a length of 120 mm., and is usually rudely concentrically suleate. It is the Venus maxima Anton, in Philippi, 1846; the Saxvidomus aratus Gould, 1861, also called by him in the index S. ovatus (1862); while the young, with its colored markings, he named Zapes gracilis in 1855. Conrad’s type was young, 50 mm. long, but his allusion to the color markings settles the identity of the species referred to. SAXIDOMUS GIGANTEUS Deshayes, 1839. The Aleutian Islands, from Attu eastward to Kadiak, and south- ward to the Bay of Monterey, California. There is no sufficient evidence of the occurrence of this species on the Asiatic coast. It is solid, broad, and heavy; the young are yel- lowish white; the adult attains a length of 130 mm., and the concen- tric sculpture is much less pronounced than in S. nuttallii. The exterior is sometimes fulvous, but the interior is always white. Spec- imens which have nestled in rock crevices are usually stunted and distorted. The synonymy has been much confused. It is the Venus sulcata of Potiez and Michaud, 1844, but not of Montagu, 1803, or Lamarck, 1818. It was named Venerupis gigantea by Deshayes, and has been confounded with S. sqgualidus Deshayes, a South American species, and S. nuttal/// Conrad. CYCLINELLA SUBQUADRATA Hanley, 1845. St. Elena, West Colombia; Panama Bay; Mazatlan, and northward to Guaymas, on the Gulf of California, in 7 to 25 fathoms. Arthemis saccata Gould, 1851; Cyclina saccata Deshayes, 1853; Artemis tenuis Sowerby, December, 1852, not of Recluz, June, 1852 (and not Artem/s turgida Reeve, 1850), are synonymous. CYCLINELLA KROYERI Philippi, 1847. Chile and Peru; Salango, West Colombia, in 9 fathoms; and the Gulf of California in 14 to 26 fathoms. Artemis macilenta Reeve, 1850, appears to be synonymous. It is Venus kroyert Philippi, 1847, but not Lucinopsis kroyert Poulsen, 1878. It is smaller, more orbicular, and proportionately flatter than C. su- quadrata. 392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. CYCLINELLA PRODUCTA Carpenter, 1856. Panama Bay, Bridges. This species, represented by a unique valve in the Cumingian col- lection, is said to be produced behind like Cyrena maritima. C. B. Adams. CYCLINELLA SINGLEYI Dall, 1902. Guaymas, on the Gulf of California, and at the delta of the Yaqui — River near Guaymas, Singley. This is a moderate sized but turgid species with fine, sharp striation, heavy shell, and the posterior adductor scar very large. CHIONE (CHIONE) FLUCTIFRAGA Sowerby, 1853. San Pedro, California, to the Gulf of California and on the shores of the Gulf. 2. f The sculpture of the middle of the disk is strong in youth, obsolete _ or absent in older stages; some large oblique specimens recall in sculp- ture Venus mercenaria. The species is Venus callosa of Sowerby and Deshayes, in 1853, but not Cytherea callosa Conrad, 1837; Dione gib- — i ; Y g hosula Deshayes, 1853, and Reeve, 1863, and Venus cortezi (Sloat MS. in) Carpenter, 1864, are synonymous. CHIONE (CHIONE) UNDATELLA Sowerby, 1835. San Pedro, California, to the Gulf of California and southward to Guayaquil. A species larger than but varying like (. cancellata, with many names; a large series of good specimens leaves no doubt as to the con- solidations needed. The characteristics are the generally inflated and closely concentrically lamellose form. The young have the lamelle more distant, but they are always thin and sharp. The type is painted with angular brown lines like Venus notata; young specimens with dark brown blotches are Carpenter’s Venus excavata of 1856. Speci- mens without brown painting, adult, and conspicuously lamellose are V. simillima Sowerby, 1853. The left half of the escutcheon is usually smooth; the right half may be smooth or lamellose. When coarsely — lamellose we have the variety neglecta Sowerby, 1839. Carpenter is much confused in his synonymy of these species. V. nuttall/i Conrad, _ 1837; V. entobapta Jonas, 1845; V. perdix Valenciennes, 1846; J. bilineata Reeve, 1863; and V. subrostrata Reeve, 1863, not of Lamarck, 1818, are synonymous. JV. sugillata Reeve, 1863, recalls a young acidulated specimen. CHIONE (CHIONE) SUCCINCTA Valenciennes, 1833. San Pedro, California, the Gulf of California and south to Panama. mi: . . . . e * This is another variable species, about which Carpenter fell into “No, 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 3 93 ‘confusion. It can be discriminated ve CO. lainila by its coarser and more distant sculpture and the fact that in the adult the ribs of _ the middle of the lower half of the disk generally are thickened and flattened, showing a polished surface which nearly covers the inter- spaces. V. californiana Conrad, 1837; V. californicns/s Broderip, 1835; V. leucodon Sowerby, 1835; V. simillima Carpenter, 1857, not of Sowerby, 1853; and V. crassa (Sloat, MS. in) Carpenter, 1864, are synonymous. PME Era pave CHIONE (CHIONE) COMPTA Broderip, 1835. Aaicpi Peru and northward to the Gulf of California in 21 to 26 fathoms. This species has the concentric ribs few and very distant, is rela- tively flatter than C. succincta of the same size, and the pallial line is hardly sinuated and is unusually distant from the ventral margin of the valves. Venus californica Carpenter, 1856 and 1872, is this species, the name arising from an error of the types. a CHIONE (CHIONE) SUBROSTRATA Lamarck, 1818. Mazatlan, Central American coast, and south to Payta, Peru. Also on the Atlantic coast. This is Venus crenifera Sowerby, 1835; V. portesiana Orbigny, 1846; V. beawi Recluz, 1852; and probably V. lunular’s Philippi. 1844. Carpenter, in 1863, identified V. sugi/lata Reeve with this _ species. CHIONE (CHIONE) PURPURISSATA Dall, 1g02. Cape St. Lucas and the Gulf of California. This beautiful species, with the interior of the disk rosepurple, was figured by Reeve“ as a variety of Venus crenulata of the West Indies (by which Chione pubera Valenciennes is meant), and was named variety /ilacina by Carpenter, 1864; but it is not Chzone lilacina _ Gray, 1838, and soa new name is proposed for it. It is a rounder shell than C. pubera, with less prominent lamellation, especially on the pos- terior slope, which, in this species, is often wholly destitute of lamell. CHIONE (CHIONE) PULICARIA Broderip, 1835. Gulf of California from its head to Guaymas and south to Chiriqui, West Colombia. This is Venus eingulata Reeve, 1863, not of Lamarck, 1818; and V. _ pinacatensis (Sloat, MS. in) Carpenter, 1864. This species is the Pacific analogue of C. ¢ntapurpurea Conrad, of the Atlantic fauna, but a more elongated and pointed species. It is Venus pfeffert Dunker, MS.., according to Rémer, 1867. « Cone h. reoeaeae aoe oL xu, fig. 46, 1863. 394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, CHIONE (CHIONE) AMATHUSIA Philippi, 1844. Gulf of California to Panama, in 7 to 24 fathoms. Perfectly distinet from (. gnidia, with which it has been confused. Venus encausta is said by Sowerby to be a synonym, but no author is cited for it in the 7Zhesavrus. It is smaller, more pyriform, and with — much less prominent lamellation and finer radial sculpture. ] CHIONE (CHIONE) GNIDIA Broderip and Sowerby, 1829. Cerros Island, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, the Gulf of — California, and south to Panama Bay, in 7 to 24 fathoms. This is the largest and finest of the genus, reaching a length of — 85 mm. It is white inside and, when fully adult, has the crenulated — inner margin of the valves brown. I suspect V. ornatissima Broderip, — 1835, to be founded ona particularly oval and lamellose young shell of this species. CHIONE (CHIONE) EFFEMINATA Stearns, 1890. **Panama Bay;” Thomas Bridges. A small, compressed, closely reticulate species, grayish white exter- — nally, wholly purple internally, with the hinge and profile of an Anomalocardia, to which group I am tempted to refer it, though it, in some respects, seems closer to Chione. It has a very Indo-Pacific aspect. a CHIONE (CHIONE) DARWINI Dunker, 1857. Mazatlan to Panama (Rémer). Regarded as a variety of C. gnidia by Carpenter, 1857, and as a variety of C. amathusia by Deshayes, 1853. It is stated to differ by — having the ventral faces of the concentric lamelle polished purple — brown, as well as the lunule and escutcheon. I have seen no speci- mens which agree with the descriptions, and regard it as a doubtfully — distinct form and perhaps a variety of C. subrostrata. Tt was described from Dunker’s manuscript by Rémer, 1857. CHIONE (LIROPHORA) OBLITERATA Dall, 1902. Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama; Arthur Schott. This is the analogue of (. latilirata Conrad of the Atlantic fauna, from which it differs in having the concentric ribs less elevated and more irregular and the shell more rostrate. The coloration is about — the same. ' CHIONE (LIROPHORA) KELLETTII Hinds, 1844. Gulf of California and south to the Bay of Panama in 8 to 50 fathoms. A remarkable species, in which the concentric ribs (of a yellow-— brown color) are smoothly coalescent on the disk, but are expanded as “No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 395 a ‘ prominent white leaflets at each end of the shell. The nepionic young are white, smooth, globular, with one or two sharp distant concentric — lamellee. | CHIONE (LIROPHORA) MARIZ Orbigny, 1847. | Gulf of California and south to Guayaquil, in 12 to 50 fathoms. This analogue of Chione paphia has narrow, high, and recurved concentric ribs, with fine radial wrinkles, obsolete in the interspaces, except near the beaks. The closeness and number of the ribs in the young is quite variable. It is quite distinct from (. paphia. It is the Venus cypria Sowerby, 1835, and Chione cypria Deshayes, 1853, but not Venus cypria Brocchi, 1814, or Risso, 1826. Venus discrepans Sowerby, 1853, should be compared with this species. CHIONE (LIROPHORA) SCHOTTII Dall, rgo2. Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama; Arthur Schott. Small, white, with close, flat, subconcentric, low ridges, abruptly attenuated or duplex on the posterior dorsal area; the valves rounded below with high beaks. The sculpture, on a small scale, recalls that of Amiantis callosa. CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) ASPERRIMA Sowerby, 1835. Gulf of California, at La Paz, and southward to Payta, Peru. This shell is easily confused with Protothaca grata Say, from which it may be distinguished by its more rasplike surface, larger lunule, extremely long anterior cardinal, and more cuneate outline. It is yel- lowish or olive, sometimes maculated with brown. Venus ¢ntersecta Sowerby, 1852, is said to be a synonym though the figures look more like (. pectorina. The dubious Lamarckian name of cardiordes has also been assigned to this species, but this depends chiefly on guess- work. The V. pectunculoides Valenciennes, 1839, is said to be identical. CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) TUMIDA Sowerby, 1852. Panama and West Colombia. This is distinguished from the preceding by its tumid, squarish form, finer and more delicate sculpture, and longer hinge line. It is not the variety twmida cited by Carpenter for a Californian Protothaca. CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) COLUMBIENSIS Sowerby, 1835. Mazatlan to Payta, Peru. This is remarkable for the strength of its flat ribs and rounded, —Cardium-like outline. It is not the Venus dombeyi ov dombeti of Lamarck, as was supposed by Deshayes, but it shares with that species the peculiarity of having the concentric sculpture absent over the mid- dle part of the disk. It is generally of a dark mottled brownish color _ externally, and white or with a faint purple flush internally, : Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 27 396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PERTINCTA Dall, 1902. Galapagos Islands. This is a remarkable shell, white, with brown flames on the poste- rior dorsal slope, and a brown lunule; the sculpture almost exclusively of distant narrow sulci, which tend to fail at an anterior space in front of the vertical of the heaks. The inner margin is crenulate and white, and except the cavity under the beaks, the interior is usually of a very dark rich purple. Worn specimens were referred to Paphia grata Say, by Stearns in his list of Galapagos shells, in 1893. ANOMALOCARDIA SUBRUGOSA Sowerby, 1834. Margarita Island, Lower California. the Gulf of California, and southward to Valparaiso. . This well-known and characteristic form was named Cytherea sub- sulcata by Menke according to Philippi, 1844; and Venus (Triquetra) triradiata Auton, 1839. ANOMALOCARDIA SUBIMBRICATA Sowerby, 1835. Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and south to Panama Bay. Venus bilineata Reeve, 1863, may perhaps be synonymous. Chione tumens Verrill, 1870, is one of the numerous mutations. VENUS KENNICOTTII Dall, 1871. Neah Bay, Washington, to Little River, Mendocino County, Cali-. fornia. Shell of a yellowish-white color and apparently very rare. It is finely closely lamellose over the whole surface and the rugose area of the hinge is much smaller than in V. mercenaria. The corrugated space is more narrow and delicate than in the Atlantic species, but this area is still further diminished in the Japanese V. stimpsoni Gould, the only exotic species of the group, first named V. orientalis in MS. according to Carpenter, 1856. VENUS APODEMA Dall, 1902. Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama, Arthur Schott. A rounded species with low, wide concentric riblets, radially striated on the umbones and with very feeble crenulation of the inner Inargins, MARCIA KENNERLEYI (Carpenter MS.) Reeve, 1863. Kadiak Island and Port Etches, Prince William Sound, Alaska; and southward to Monterey, California, in 8 to 18 fathoms. | The shell is grayish white, with low, coarse, somewhat irregular concentric ribbing. It has been confused by Gabb with Venus per- a nN: ~, op ° aS S , laminosa Conrad, 1855, a miocene fossil, and another form afterwards called pertenuis by Gabb, 1869, No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. B97 MARCIA RUFA Lamarck, 1818. 4 Chile, northward to the Gulf of Panama. This is the Venus opaca of Sowerby, 1835, and has the external fea- tures (but not the hinge) of Suv/domus,; there is also a circumscribed lunule. Venus lethorda Jonas, 1844, is synonymous and J. expallescens Philippi, 1844, is based on the young shell. The striation on the ante- rior half of the shell varies and may be obsolete. On a smooth spee- imen Deshayes, in 18538, founded his Suaidomus squalidus, a name which has been wrongly applied to a northwest coast species. Jonas stated in his diagnosis that there is no lunule, but his own drawing, given by Philippi, shows it to be present; and in separating Philippi’s figure from Jonas’s name Deshayes overlooked the fact that both were derived from Jonas himself. He also duplicates the species by enter- ing it as Chione rufa in his list. MARCIA (VENERELLA) SUBDIAPHANA Carpenter, 1865. Unimak Pass, Alaska, east and south to the Santa Barbara Channel, in 10 to 120 fathoms. Thin, white with olive gray periostracum; variable in form from trigonal to long ovate. Described by Carpenter under the name of Clementia. lt reaches a length of 63 mm. and is found in the Pliocene of California. PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA) GRATA Say, 1831. From Turtle Bay, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, to Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and southward to Panama Bay. This beautiful species revels in color variations, many of which have received names. Thus it is the Venus discors, tricolor, fuscolineata, and histrionica of Sowerby in 1835, and was called straminea (as of Conrad) by him in 1852. Deshayes referred it to Ch7one and described a Tapes grata from the Philippines in 1853, which is a whoily different shell, named 7. deshayes?i by Carpenter in 1864. It was called Venus muscaria by Reeve in 1863, but it is not the Cytherea muscaria ot Lamarck in 1818.) V. pectuneuloides Valenciennes, 1846, may be synonymous. The escutcheon varies from distinct to obsolete, and the species can not be divided on this character. Zipes fluctuosa Sowerby, 1853 not of Gould, 1841, is probably a young shell of this species. PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA STAMINEA Conrad, 1837. North Japan, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Bering Island, the Aleutians, and the west coast of America, from the peninsula of Alaska south- ward to Cape St. Lucas and Socorro Island. I have seen no specimens of this species from the Pribilof Islands or from south of Socorro Island. The specimens from Panama 398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI, referred to this species should be united with 7. thaca Molina, which’ occurs there abundantly. It is one of the common market came of California, and is even canned for export. There are a number of recognizable varieties which will be noted. The typical form is elegantly radially ribbed with fine even riblets, the concentric sculpture inconspicuous, the color yellowish white with pale purplish brown maculations. This variety has been collected at” Crescent City, California, and occurs from thence southward to the — limits of the range, though the species is not abundant anywhere south ~ of Monterey, California. ; Conrad’s original specimens came from Santa Barbara and San Diego. Absolute synonyms of the typical form are Venus mundulus— Reeve, 1863; Chione straminea Deshayes, 1853, but not of Sowerby, 1852; and Venus dispar and ampliata (Gould MS.) in Carpenter, 1857. PAPHIA STAMINEA var. PETITI Deshayes, 1839. This is the most common form of the species, the form especially — abundant north of the Columbia River. It is larger than the southern — variety, of a yellowish, chalky white, or dull gray color, without — maculations; and the separation of the sculpture into areas is often — well marked. er It was described as Venerupis and afterward referred to Saxidomus — by Deshayes. It is Venus rigida Gould, 1850 (not of Dillwyn, 1817), — in major part, and Zapes diversa Sowerby, 1852. F PAPHIA STAMINEA var. LACINIATA Carpenter, 1864. Monterey, California, to San Diego. ‘ This extremely elegant variety is evenly reticulated by concentric — and radial sculpture, and derives its individuality from the develop- ment of small prickles or spines at each intersection. When these — spines are worn off it can not be separated from the variety petit’, but — with them it is unmistakable. | PAPHIA STAMINEA var. RUDERATA Deshayes, 1853. This form, which is found chiefly in the north, is characterized by the turgidity and prominence of the concentric sculpture, which — becomes more conspicuous than the radial ribs. Occasionally the — shells are delicate and elegant, but usually specimens of this variety — are rude and irregular, coarse and unattractive. It was referred to — Chione by Deshayes, and sometimes it looks not unlike J/areia ken-_ nerley?, which, however, has no radial sculpture. ‘ PAPHIA STAMINEA var. ORBELLA Carpenter, 1864. This variety comprises those specimens which have nestled in the” borings of the large Pholads of the coast, especiaily at Monterey, and have been obliged to grow into an abnormally swollen and tumid No, 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA~—DALL. 399 shape. They are usually chalky and of a gray tint. A variety fvin/da (but not Zapes tumida Sowerby, 1853) has been proposed by Carpen- ter, but it does not differ from orbe//a sufficiently to name, though it was renamed Ohione conrad’ by Romer in 1867. a PAPHIA STAMINEA var. SULCULOSA Dall, 1902. * : : a , _ San Ignacio lagoon, west shore of Lower California. _ This differs from the ordinary forms of the species in having the concentric sculpture obsolete, the ribs fewer and stronger, and behind _ the middle of the shell separated by equal or even wider unsculptured channels or interspaces. The color is pure white, and the only speci- “mens of this variety I have seen were collected hy Henry Hemphill. PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA) THACA Molina, 1782. Bay of Panama to Valparaiso, Chile. When well developed this form is very striking on account of the ‘ discrepant sculpture on the different parts of the disk, a feature which exists, more or less distinctly, in all the species of this group. The young are sometimes prettily painted with purple brown. It is a “notable species for economic purposes in Chile, where it is largely used for food, and called taca. It was first described by Molina as ~ Chama thaca and referred to Venus by Gmelin. It is the V. dombesi Lamarck, 1818; V. chilensis Sowerby, 1835; V. 7gnobil’s Philippi, 1844: but not Venus columbiensis Sowerby, as stated by Deshayes in 1853. « PAPHIA (CALLITHACA) TENERRIMA Carpenter. 1856. Victoria, British Columbia, and south to San Quentin Bay, Lower California. This magnificent shell is markedly distinct in its characters from, and much larger than any of the other west coast species of the genus. It seems to be rather rare. When Dr. Gould described his Venus — rigida (not Venus rigida Dillwyn, 1817) he included representatives of two species. One of these was Paphia staminea Conrad, and the _ other the: present species, which was discriminated by Dr. Carpenter. LIOCYMA BECKII Dall, 1870. é Plover Bay, Eastern Siberia, near Bering Strait, and southward to ~ Unalaska, eastward to Kadiak and Prince William Sound, in 6 to 60 - fathoms. Also North Japan. Shell subtrigonal, inflated, with yellow or greenish periostracum, and irregular concentric sulci. Length of largest individual, 18.0; diame- ter, 8.5 mm. LIOCYMA VIRIDIS Dall, 1871. _ Point Barrow, Arctic Ocean, south through Bering Strait and Sea to the Okhotsk Sea, the Aleutian Islands, and eastward to Kadiak Island, Alaska, in 4 to 70 fathoms. Also North Japan. 400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Shell oval, quite inequilateral, when fresh of an olive-green or rich olive-brown color, bleaching on the beach to cream color, with regular, rather distant concentric sulci; subeompressed, sometime almost ros- trate behind. Maximum length, 38.0; diameter, 13.5 mm. The young are very like the adult Z. fuctuosa Gould, of the boreal Atlantic, but have a deeper pallial sinus. LIOCYMA SCAMMONI Dall, 1871. Port Simpson, British Columbia, Scammon. Brown, dark, solid, with heavy hinge and strong, prominent liga- ment. The umbones are more central and the pallial sinus more shallow than in any other species. Maximum length, 24.0; diameter, 11.5 mm. VENERUPIS LAMELLIFERA Conrad, 1837. a ARS how = "522M vi lmotyines 21 ee is Srey ert Farallones Islands, off San Francisco Bay, and south to Lower _ California. This very irregular species has obsolete radial and often very strong, distant, concentric lamelle, though under favorable conditions, espe- cially in adolescent specimens, the lamellee may be thin and sharp. The young are brightly colored, the adults dull and earthy, though toward the southern extreme of its range the shell becomes more porcellanous. It was described as Venus lamellifera by Conrad, and Petricola cordiert Deshayes, 1839, 1s synonymous. It has been gener- ally known as Rupellaria lamellifera, as determined by Carpenter. VENERUPIS FOLIACEA Deshayes, 1853. Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and southward to Acapulco and the Bay of Panama. A short and foliaceous species, more or less stained with purple. Tapes squamosa Carpenter, 1857, from Mazatlan, is the nepionic young of this species. Venerupis paupercula Deshayes, 1853, if really from Mazatlan, is perhaps identical, and Venus troglodytes Morch, 1861, is certainly synonymous. VENERUPIS OBLONGA Sowerby, 1834. Bay of Panama to Payta, Peru. : Venerupis fimbriata Sowerby, 1853, is probably synonymous; J. edip- tica and V. solida Sowerby,1834, belong in the genus Petricola, where Sowerby originally placed them, and not in Venerupis, to which they were referred by Deshayes. The relations of V. oblonga to V. foliacea are in need of elucidation. No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALLI. 4()1 PSEPHIDIA LORDI Baird, 1863. Port Etches, Prince William Sound, Alaska, and southward to Cata- lina Island, California, in + to 15 fathoms. White, pale green, or straw color, quite trigonal and plump, often containing the nepionic young. PSEPHIDIA OVALIS Dall, 1902. Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, the eastern Aleutians, and the main eoast eastward and southward to San Diego, California, in 3 to 20 fathoms. Yellowish white, oval, subcompressed, and attaining a larger size than P. lordi. . Psephis tellimyalis” Carpenter, 1864, is the nepionic young of Petricola, as determined from the type specimens. The name has often been mistakenly applied to P. ovalés, and the latter has also been mistaken for P. lordi in the absence of figures or typically named specimens. A species of Psephidia quite near to P. ovalis occurs in the Pleistocene terraces of Volcano Bay, Yesso, Japan, where speci- mens were collected by Pumpelly. GEMMA GEMMA Totten, 1834. Shores of San Francisco Bay, introduced with * seed” oysters from Chesapeake Bay about 1899. The form obtained is the variety purpurea Lea. For synonymy, ete., see Atlantic list. It is not yet certain that the species is estab- lished on the Pacific coast. NOTES ON AND DESCRIPTIONS OF WEST COAST AMERICAN SPECIES. The available material for the west coast of South America is so meager that no attempt has been made to include species which do not reach the southern limit of the Panamic fauna near Payta, Peru. CLEMENTIA SOLIDA, new species. Plate XIV, fig. 4. Shell large and solid for the genus, with an obscure ridge extending from near the beaks to the posterior end of the basal marein; wnbonal region concentrically undulated and the whole shell concentrically, somewhat irregularly, strongly striated; beaks prominent, small; lunu- lar region deeply impressed, though there is no defined lunule or escutcheon; ligament short, on strong nymphs; three entire ‘ardinal teeth in each valve; inner margins smooth; adductor scars large; pal- lial sinus narrow, long, obliquely ascending, rather blunt in front. Height, 63; length, 79; diameter, 34 mm. 402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. A single valve of this rather remarkable shell was brought to the United States National Museum from Topolobampo, Mexico, by Pro-— fessor Daniels. Cat. No. 126352, U.S.N.M. CALLOCARDIA CATHARIA, new species. Plate XIV, fig. 3. Shell large, white, somewhat earthy, with a pale olive periostracum; o beaks high, prominent, strongly anteriorly directed over a large cord- ; { ate lunule delimited by an impressed line; extremities slightly pro- ff duced, base arcuate; anterior slope short and straight, posterior é arched, a shallow suleus cutting off a narrow raised area on each side a of the ligament; surface more or less shining, finely, closely, sharply, — concentrically sulcate; the middle of the shell in the early stages — smooth or with the sulcations feeble, but in the adult they are uni- formly continuous; interior white with a faint salmon flush in the — vavity of the beaks; pallial sinus very near the margin, exceptionally { wide and shallow, rounded in front; the muscular impressions quite — small; hinge well developed, normal. Length, 52; height, 43; diame-— ter, 50 mm. Bay of Panama, in 30 fathoms, mud, at station 2799, United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross. Cat. No. 96368, U.S.N.M. The species appears to be abundant and always pure white exter- nally. The pallial sinus seems to vary in form; in the younger shells it is relatively narrower and more angular, in the adults shorter and more rounded, These ditferences are rather surprising, as the form of the pallial sinus in most bivalves is fairly constant. PITARIA TOMEANA, new species. Plate XV, fig. 2. Shell small, yellowish white, rather earthy in texture, smooth except for very fine concentric wrinkles; beaks small, pointed; lunule small, detined by a feebly impressed line; periostracum thin, papyracous; interior white, margins entire, the area within the pallial line earthy, the pallial sinus linguiform, short; hinge normal, solid, the anterior lateral subconical. Length, 23.5; height, 20; diameter, 12 mm. Brought up with mud on the anchor at Tomé, Chile, by the United States Fish Commission steamer A/hatross.. Cat. No. 109220, U.S.N.M. This is an inconspicuous little species, which may in some instances develop color markings, though the specimens obtained do not. PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CALLICOMATA, new species. Plate XVI, fig. 8. Shell white, rather earthy, moderately convex, elongate ovate; coy- ered with prominent sharp, thin, concentric lamelle, every third or fourth of which is higher than the others; near the anterior end the na s ume be viucs ; _ No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERID&—DALL. 403 ‘Jamellation is somewhat more prominent, as usually the case in this group; there are also some fine concentric wrinkles; lunule small, lanceolate, nearly smooth, impressed; ligament defended on each side by a narrow raised rib; there is no radial sculpture; interior pure white; pallial sinus long, linguiform, upper boundary of it nearly horizontal; internal margins smooth, hinge normal, anterior lateral strong. Length, 47; height, 36; diameter, 22 mm. Bay of Panama, in 14 fathoms, mud, at station 2801, by the United States Fish Commission steamer A/batross. Cat. No. 96388, U.S.N.M. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) FORDI Yates. Plsteexe Ve eo. a7. As the original figures in the Bulletin of the Santa Barbara Society of Natural History are accessible to few students, I have added a fig- ure of a well-grown valve from the collection of the United States National Museum, dredged by me off the north side of Catalina Island in 16 fathoms. Cat. No. 120704, U.S.N.M. CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) MAGDALENZ, new species. Plate XV, fig. 6. Shell thin, inflated, suborbicular, inequilateral, the beaks near the anterior fourth of the length; color yellowish, with radial series of pale brown painting; lunule cordate, striate, flattish, pale brown; escutcheon not defined; sculpture of primary distant and secondary adjacent con- centric lamella which are pedicillate, their expanded summits coalescent and microscopically radially, closely striate; interior white or yellow- ish; inner margins minutely crenate; pallial sinus small, angular; hinge strong, anterior lateral distinct in the young, anterior right and pos- terior left cardinals thin, entire, the others thicker and suleate or bifid. Length, 42 (to 48); height, 38; diameter, 26 mm. Dredged by the United States Fish Commission steamer .1/atross off Magdalena Bay on the west shore of Lower California, at station 9989, in 36 fathoms. Cat. No. 109214, UiSeN. Me. CYTHEREA (FOVEOLATA VAR?) LEPIDOGLYPTA Dall. , Plate XV, figs. 4, 5. Shell suborbicular, moderately convex, yellowish white, profusely concentrically lamellose; beaks prominent, anteriorly directed; lamelle on the beaks somewhat alternated, three or four secondary lamelle appearing between each pair of primary slightly higher ones, but over the greater part of the disk they are uniform and similar, with slightly wavy edges and the ventral face of each lamella very finely closely transversely striated, the bottom of the channels between the ribs 404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. without sculpture except lines of growth; lunule large, cordate, cir- cumscribed by an incised line, lamellose, the apposited edges slightly pouting; escutcheon bordered by a sharp keel in the left and a rounded ridge in the right valve; wider and smooth in the left, narrower and more or less lamellose in the right valve, the latter slightly overlap- ping behind; ligament sunken but not covered; the concentric sculp- ture slightly more prominent distally; interior white, the margins finely crenulate; the pallial sinus short, wide, angular, reaching for- ward only to the vertical of the posterior end of the ligament; hinge strong, the posterior pair of right cardinals and the middle left one subsuleate; anterior lateral distinct. Length, 41; height, 36; diame- ter, 25 mm. Purchased with a lot of west coast beach shells at Acapulco, Mexico, in 1868, by W. H. Dall. Cat. No. 103286, U.S.N.M. This looks almost exactly like a young quahog, externally, and the Cytherea hinge is a surprise. Only one specimen has been examined, It agrees with dealer’s shells which come to me named foveolata Sowerby, a species which so far seems positively located only in the Cape Verde Islands. CYCLINELLA SINGLEYI, new species. Plate XV, fig. 3. Sheli suborbicular, white, shining, but not polished, covered with fine, sharp concentric striation and marked with obscure obsolete radial lineation; valves convex, slightly flattened on the posterior dorsal slope; beaks small, pointed, slightly anteriorly twisted; lunule lan- ceolate, defined by an impressed line; ligament long, strong, deeply inset; interior white, earthy, with entire margins and a deep, angular pallial sinus, pointing toward the umbo of the shell. Length, 39; height, 38; diameter, 23 mm. Collected near the delta of the Yaqui River, West Mexico, by J. A. Singley. Cat. No. 108817, U.S.N.M. This is a more inflated, more sharply sculptured, and more shining species than any of the others. CHIONE (LIROPHORA) SCHOTTII, new species. Plate X V1, fig. 7. Shell small, white, rounded-trigonal, with high, pointed, slightly recurved beaks; lunule long, lanceolate, narrow; escutcheon, limited by an inconspicuous keel, nearly smooth; sculpture of close-set subcon- centric, flattened ribs, separated only by much narrower sulci, and not always in harmony with the incremental lines; these ribs are abruptly attenuated or bifurcate on the posterior dorsal area; there is no trace of any radial sculpture; interior white; pallial sinus small and rather i j ¥ J 4 r 3 } ; v ear e ee oe a Se ate No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 405 open; internal margins crenate, hinge normal, teeth entire. Leneth, 14; height, 13; diameter, 8 mm. Collected by Arthur Schott, at Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama. Cat. No. 6226, U.S.N.M. These specimens .are small, and very likely not of full size; they may also be somewhat bleached, but they certainly can not be identi- fied with any of the other species of the coast. CHIONE (LIROPHORA) OBLITERATA, new species. Plate X VI, fig. 2. Shell solid and heavy, subtrigonal, with very posterior beaks; of a pale yellow or yellow-brown color, with faint purplish radial flames or flecks; lunule short cordate, nearly smooth; escutcheon elongate, excavated, smooth; beaks small, anteriorly directed; surface smooth or obsoletely radially striated, sculptured with heavy tumid concentric waves which in the adult become somewhat irregular and sometimes coalescent on the disk, more or less angular and bifid on the posterior dorsal slope; interior yellowish with a flush of purple near the hinge; hinge normal; pallial sinus very short and small, angular, inner mar- gins minutely crenate. Length, 24; height, 18; diameter, 14 mm. Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama, two left valves, Cat. No. 11821 and 6227 U.S.N.M. This is the analogue of the Atlantic C. latilirata Conrad, but differs by well-marked characters from that as well as from the species of the paphia or marix type which have regular ribs. It reaches a length of some 30 mm. CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PERTINCTA, new species. Plate XVI, fig. 9. Shell sclid, ovate or cuneate, white externally, with a flush of pink near the umbones, the small lanceolate lunule dark brown, the poste- rior dorsal slope with wavy red-brown lines irregularly longitudinal. There is a very narrow striated escutcheon; beaks low, at the anterior third; surface with feeble concentric sculpture not rising into lamelle; radial sculpture conspicuous, of sulci with the anterior slope steep and short, the other covering the whole interspace to the next posterior sulcus; near the lunule the sulci are close and well marked, then for a short space they are almost absent, after which they extend with rather wide interspaces to the posterior end of the shell; these characters of the sculpture may not be invariable, but in the two best preserved valves are similar; interior with the hinge strong, the middle left car- dinal bifid, the pallial sinus short, linguiform, the cavity of the valves except near the beaks and margin stained with very dark purple, the inner margins finely crenulate. Length, 37; height, 28; diameter, 19 mm. ee 406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. §) Indefatigable Island of the Galapagos group; a number of worn valves. Cat. No. 102457, U.S.N.M. The young shells appear to be oval, the only well-preserved adult valve, which is figured, is distinctly cuneate. In general the species is more elongate than the other species of the coast and the sculpture is quite unlike any of the others, the nearest being C. columbiensis, which has channeled and regular sulci between flat ribs. VENUS APODEMA, new species. Plate XV, fig. 8: Shell suborbicular, convex, white, concentrically ribbed with narrow, solid, hardly elevated riblets separated by narrower sulci; beaks very anterior, incurved, low, finely radially striated; anterior slope short with a small cordate lunule; posterior slope arcuate, with an elongated area bounded by a rounded ridge which does not interrupt the sculp- ture; interior white, the margins with fine obscure crenulation; pallial line with a short angular sinus; hinge normal, the corrugated area small and narrow. Height, 43; length, 47; diameter, 28 mm. Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama, Arthur Schott. Cat. No. 6248, TeS.IN SME A single somewhat worn valve was collected by Schott with numer- ous other beach shells, which he presented to the National Museum nearly fifty years ago. It has been named and figured, because of the interest attaching to the discovery of this genus in those waters, and because it seems certain that it does not agree with any already known species. It is very probable that the sculpture was considerably sharper when the shell was fresh and the concentric sculpture unworn, but it is evident that the latter never was sharply lamellar as in the Atlantic species. MARCIA KENNERLEYI Reeve apud Carpenter. Plate XIV, fig. 1. A figure of a specimen obtained alive in the harbor at Sitka, Alaska, is Included. Cat. No. 23441, U.S.N.M. A worn valve of this species was collected by me at Carmel Bay, near Monterey, California, in 1866. PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA) STAMINEA var. SULCULOSA, new species. Plate XIV, fig. 2. San Ignacio lagoon, Lower California; Henry Hemphill, Cat. No. 105421, U.S.N.M. This form, through its modified sculpture, is so different from the ordinary type that it seemed best to figure it. Only with a large series can its relations to the type be fully appreciated. Ro. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. 407 LIOCYMA BECKII Dall. Plate XVI, fig. 3. Taiocyma beckii Dati, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, XIII, 1870, p. 207; Am. Journ. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 145, pl. x1v, fig. 7. _ Plover Bay, eastern Siberia, at the western entrance of Bering Botrait. Cat. No. 163110, U.S.N.M. f LIOCYMA VIRIDIS Dall. Plate XV, fig. 1. 5 Liocyma viridis Dati, Am. Journ. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 146, pl. xrv, fig. 8. Kyska Harbor, Great Kyska Island, in 8 fathoms, sand; W. H. Dall. Cat. No. 160904, U.S.N.M. LIOCYMA SCAMMONI Dall. Plate X VI, fig. 1. Tiocyma scammoni Dati, Am. Journ. Conch., 1871, VII, p. 145, pl. xrv, fig. 9. Port Simpson, British Columbia; Capt. C. M. Scammon. Cat. No. 163121, U.S.N.M. PSEPHIDIA LORDI Baird. Plate X VI, figs. 5, 6. Chione lordi Batrp, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 69, pl. m1, fig. 10. Psephis lordi CARPENTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1865, p. 57. Lituya Bay, Alaska, in 8 fathoms, sand; W. H. Dall. Cat. No. 163071, U.S.N.M. The specimen figured is perhaps more trigonal than usual, others are slightly more produced behind. PSEPHIDIA OVALIS, new species. Plate XVI, fig. 4. Shell small, white, polished, oval, subcompressed; surface with obso- lete concentric threads near the anterior base, but over most of the disk smooth; beaks small and very low, at about the anterior third of the length; lunule elongated, extremely narrow, nearly as long as the anterior dorsal slope; escutcheon linear or none; interior white, the pallial sinus moderate, pointed; internal margin delicately striated; hinge well developed, like that of P. /ord/, with three entire cardinals and no anterior lateral tooth. Length, 8.5; height, 6.5; diameter, 3.0 mm. 408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ North side Catalina Island, California, in 16 fathoms gravel and sand: W. H. Dall. Cat. No. 163089, U.S.N.M. The species is viviparous; some of those taken having as many as thirty young shells in the anal chamber. It is always distinguishable from Psephis tantilla (Gould) Carpenter by its hinge and oval form, and from P. lord? by its oval outline, compressed valves, and thinner shell. Psephis tellimyalis of Carpenter, 1864, is the nepionic young of aspecies of Petricola, and his Psephis salmonea bears the same rela- tion to some other bivalve, apparently a species of 7Z?vela, not 7. stultorwn. NOTES. Dosinia angulosa Philippi, through having the name of the Chinese province of Chi-li, latinized into chi/ense by Deshayes, has been erro- neously supposed to extend its range to South America. The National Museum contains a valve of Dosinia prostrata said to have been dredged in the Gulf of California, but as the collector had also visited and collected on the coasts of China and Japan, I suspect a mixture of labels to be responsible for an obvious error. Clementia gracillima Carpenter, 1857, from Mazatlan, is an unidentifiable nepi- onic shell, less than a tenth of an inch in length. The genus Cvrce does not occur on the west coast of America; even Gouldia, which might be expected, is unknown. ‘Two shells described as Circe margarita and C. subtrigona by Carpenter, in 1857, from Mazatlan, are nepionic shells, which are so juvenile in their characters as to be impossible of identification at present. We may assume it to be certain that they do not belong to the genus Circe. Circe num- mulina Lamarck, 1818, was listed from Central America by Sir E. Belcher, but his localities were notoriously not dependable. Cytherea petechialis Lamarck, 1818, is listed by Carpenter from Mazatlan, hay- ing been found among the Reigen shells, but it is certainly exotic, none having appeared from there for half a century. Saxidomus brevisiphonatus Carpenter, 1865 (and Darina declivis of the same date), have never been collected since they were described from the Vancouver region. I believe them to be exotics which were acciden- tally mixed with West Coast shells. Specimens supposed to be the Saxidomus, sent by West Coast collectors, have invariably proved to be mutations of S. giganteus. The name Saxidomus squalidus, given to a South American shell, probably a Jurcia, has been frequently applied to the 8. giganteus, following an error of Carpenter. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAZ—DALL. 409 INDEX TO NAMES OF SUBDIVISIONS. [Synonyms in italies.] Page. Page. eee eee eee ere aes S20 | (Crypiogramma <. .. 2-20.22... 859 BRE ete ot Se ommsoue ole! (OUNEUSE aso 8 ek 350, 364 eae ep ae ote Sumo sUnOsn | my elGe sto. ki 28s 5. stl... BB Seep ee 2/5 Se au S's 346 | Cyclinella_........ 357,373, 391, 392, 404 BA Pek Beever ee ie Soa ONClOMAMae «2. -)-.2..22-..-.2. 355. 357 BP ee ee carers 2 a a! INS 2 S10 ACC) i a a a a RI 17 PR Ren etek Ec, 364 | Svprinerias ote OU a oe) SRE Berar isle cise sie a ais srS.e 396, 358 | Cytherea RRM ee ieee SON 259 Basu Lee = 399, 375, 376, 396 | Cytherea . 354, 355, 372, 381, 382, 390, 403 REP SAM SRN il 359 | Cytherea .................. 346, 352, 358 PR ee paki 355, 356 | Criieniongis 6s). 222. AE eg pert ts ite (oe 3 SOON OIOTe 22 ohne ee Lk) Basen eee Sete tes SE 2,2 a am OU ISIC) For the opportunity to examine this specimen I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Witmer Stone and the officers of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. | uP es ae Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02-——31 450 P ROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI feral from? 2 to 4 mm. behind that of nasals (see Plate XEX). The bony palate in fA. lenata is narrower relatively to its length than | in 2. palliata, and the anterior extension of the maxillaries which runs forward between the posterior extremities of the premaxillaries | to form hinder margin of incisive foramina is very noticeably nar- rower (see Plate XIX). In most of the skulls the anterior extremity of the interpterygoid space is narrower than in the related species, but their character is not wholly constant. | Teeth as in Ratufa palliata. | Measurenents. External measurements of type: Total length, 740; head and body, 330; tail vertebre, 410; hind foot, 76 (68). Average of eleven adults from the type locality: Total length, 732 (710-765); head and body, 334 (825-345); tail vertebrae, 398 (880-420); hind foot, 75.8 (73-79); hind foot without claws, 68.7 (65-71). For details see table, page 400. Cranial Te ee of type: Cree length, 68.6 (68);¢ basal length, 56.8 (57); basilar length, 52 (58); length of nasals, 22 (21); | least interorbital breadth, 27 (29); zygomatic breadth, 41 (42); man- | dible, 43.4 (42); maxillary os series (alveoli), 13 (12.8); mandibular | molar series (alveoli), 13.6 (13.8). Specimens examined. a welve, all from the type locality. Remarks.—The characters which distinguish this squirrel from its” nearest ally are of an unusual kind, but their constancy is such that. they must be regarded as valid. Three skulls of adult Ratufa pall) have been earca with the twelve of 2. lenata. an 28 25 ees os Measurements of Ratufa. = : as, 7 I | aa a | ea . 00) ' Name. Locality. | Number. Sex. oe and | Tail. Hing with- | engtn-| body. “) outh |} | | claws. i | mm, mm. mm, mm. mm, \ Ratufa nigrescens...) Pulo Mansalar..| 114554 | Female adult. 730 320 410 78 a | WOe ese sack ec GOee-eo eee meee dor ass 750 340 410 79 |. Sag DOe ose ee omer feet GO soe ee P4556) eee (0 Koy mee 750 340 410 78 70° DOSE sea eee Goerese-ee8 1455 7m eee doe 705 320 385 75 69, lope neat = Bees Scot es ces 114556 |... < do).vecee 705 | 340| 365 76 70 Ratufa femoralis.... | Pulo Tuangku.. 114358 ! Male adult -... 710 325 385 71 66, DO ee es lowaee dO me eae 114359 | 20.2 domes 710 325 385 73 67 Dose ee ener done taken 114365 |....- dot ee 685. |= °310))||" 9 375 72 67 Done eee Ire eee dOmrene ees 114360 | Female adult. 715 325 390 75 68 Wome eer eres eae dome eee a114361 |.-..- dotecceee 690 320 370 72 68 Dot Gere eee done eee 114362 |....: GOs weeeeee 680 320 360 70 65 DOM ese esos ewer dO} sense es 114863) | .222 Ose sse8 670 | 310| 360 72 66 oe [eeteedors ss ceeees 114364 |. 22: doses 740 | 385 | 405 76 69 Ratufa lanata...... (sy G0y ses eter 114346 | Male adult - 720 | 335 | 385 76 68 MUM teen ae doses tec | 114348 |... dott eee 720} 330; 390| 76 68. Dope ee Sie a doiea eee @114350 |_.... dons 740 | 380; 410 76 68) Doe eee ae dome 1143550) Oral emanate 755 | 338) 417 79 a DORA y tesa es donee 114353 |_...- dose 685 315 370 72 65 oman ee Geter oes | 114856 |e: doles 735 | 345 | 390 73 65. DO ea DOr Se 145540 eee doe 710} 340 380 77 70. Domes eet aoe es AST |Meeee dou a 725 | 325} 400 17 a DOE res aaa e eon QORecsfesscl 114347 | Female adult. 730 330 400 76 6S 100) See SS en erate Gessner |, i449) een dot neaen 730 330 400 75 6S DOW se 5- Seceeafeces does AL4850 soe doesn 765 345 | 420 76 7 DO ---.---------]-- eos) sco saee Hemet 0) pea doa 720 | 330) 390 74, 6% Ratufa palliata ..... 7 apanuli Bay .. 114547 | Female young 640 270 70 80 OE DOs. Serer ee Indragiri River.) 2113162} Maleadult ..... 770| 345| 425 84 i a Type. | ‘No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 45] | eee SCIURUS MANSALARIS, new species. | Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114633, U.S.N.M. Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 2, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1583. Characters. —Size and general appearance about as in Se/urus tenuis, but underparts clear gray as in S. brooke. Color.—Upperparts, sides of body, and outer surface of limbs a uniform fine grizzle of raw sienna and black, neither of which distinctly predominates, though the raw sienna is slightly in excess on shoulders, flanks, and outer surface of legs. Feet and sides of head like back, but paler and more closely grizzled. Underparts and inner surface of legs mouse gray washed with dull white. On chest and hind legs there is a faint brownish tinge. Hairs of tail with six color bands: (a) extreme base black, (4) 1.5 mm. raw sienna, (c) 2mm. black, (7) 4 mm. raw sienna, (¢) 6 mm. black, (7) 4 mm. whitish cream buff. The gen- eral effect above is a coarse grizzle, chiefly of black and whitish cream buff, through which the raw sienna appears when the hairs are disar- ranged. Below there is a broad median area of dull raw sienna edged with black, this fringed with whitish. Skull and teeth.—The skull very closely resembles that of Se/urus tenuis but is a little narrower, longer, and deeper, characters that suggest, though very remotely, the much larger skull of S. brooke. Teeth as in Scuirus tenuis. Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 255; head and body, 140; tail vertebrae, 115; hind foot, 37 (85). Average of eight specimens from the type locality: Total length, 259 (245-278); head and body, 146.5 (135-158); tail vertebra, 112 ( 8-122); hind foot, 37 (36-88); hind foot without claws, 35.4 (83-85). For details see table, page 452. Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 38; basal length, 32; basilar length, 29; length of nasals, 12; least interorbital breadth, 13; zygomatic breadth, 22.6; diastema, 8.8; mandible, 24; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 7.4; mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 7. Specimens examined.—Hight, all from Pulo Mansalar. Remarks.—This squirrel is readily distinguishable from Sezwrus tenuis by its clear gray underparts, a character that gives it a close superficial resemblance to the much larger S. brooked of Borneo. — Its relationships are undoubtedly with Se/urus tenuis, as the skull shows only a slight tendency toward the relatively narrow, elongate form characteristic of the Bornean species. SCIURUS BANCARUS, new species. Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114311 U.S.N.M. Collected on Pulo Bangkaru, Banjak Islands, January 17, 1902, by Dr. W. L, Abbott. Original number, 1422. parts more oe ee ye oe aa gray , undeuparts listinetly washed with whitish cream buff. Measurements.—In size this animal closely agrees with Scvwrus man salaris, as shown by the table of measurements, page 452. | Specimens examined.—Ten, all from the type locality. i, . Remarks.—TVhe characters which distinguish this squirrel from its relative of Pulo Mansalar are so strictly comparative that it is impos- sible to state them in such a manner as to insure positive identification of single specimens. Comparison of the eight skins of one form with the ten of the other shows, however, that the slight differences are remarkably constant, so much so that, with the exception of a single specimen from each series, there is no difficulty in assigning every skin to its proper place. s SCIURUS TENUIS Horsfield. 1824. Sciwrus tenuis Horsrreip, Zoological researches in Java and the: neighhouaa ing islands (pages not macenere ty Singapore. Five skins from Japanuli Bay, Sumatra. They are in all respects_ typical, and show no approach to Secwrus mansalaris and S. bancarus. For measurements see table, page 452. Measurements of Sciurus bancarus, S. mansalaris, and S. tenuis. | eae a y Hea - 00 Name. Locality. | Number. Sex. l ae ae and | Tail. ae with- |tensth-| body. out | claws. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.— Seiurus bancarus ...| Pulo Bangkaru.| 114308 | Male, adult .. 262 150 112 36 32 DOR ete ee Seatee donee ee 114309 |. ...- GOshseeaee | 266 160 106 36 32 DOK see eee eenl| ema = dope CoA Sai eee d0= eee 260 145 15 37 34 DOS i ascot ea ce amet s Ose se eee AST Oeeeee dope ee 265 145 120 35 oovoe | DO cee aes tape OOMaae tees M4313 |e dose 267 142 125 37 34 DO eee eels dots (a4 3157) Ree dosseitees 255 162 93 35 32 DOERR esse | Ene dos etace wee | 114810 | Female, adult 264 155 109 35 32 DO Pees eek aletene dose hee 143145) see dot oes =~ 275 TOW ele 37 34 WO dake scesl eset GOR sera 114316 |..... dole eae 253 139 114 39 32 DOve Sats an ese eee Goes aes | CAT aS ei| eet ee doresae 265 145 120 36 33 * Sciurus mansalaris .| PuloMansalar..| 114632 | Male, adult -. 245 147 | 98 38 30 DOs See Se axerons ade eas | 114633 |....- dip eeyan 255 | 140| 115| 937| Spe 1) Oe sec tec doe eee I eh a634r eee VOM me aces 270 148 | 122 36 33 DO ee ea ee dover sae eee G 360) eee Gowen 260 150 110 36 33 WOre ese nee eee lee cee LOR ees la, e437, 1 See doe sshew 255 145 110 38 39 DOR steer ese eel see dope eaeoncae | 114635 | Female, adult 245 135 110 “36 33 Doses ess eae don scree 114638 |_...- dorsetss 278 158 | 120 38 35 UO een clare ae dares |.) Tiaes0N sees dos abet 263) 150] 113 37 3eB) | Sciurus tenuis ....-- | Tapanuli Bay .. 114542 | Male,adult... 255 140 115 35 328 Dome eee ee doa ane 114545 |... does 235 | 120:|" 115 34 31.4 Doms eee eas aes do..........| 114543 | Female, adult 255 140 115 36 Some | DOR ecser ere eleeees does sseeeee | 114544 |..... doa 220 17} 1038 34 32° DORE Se eee a doje 114546 |..... downeanee 235] 125) 110 36 33 ees errr os 2 = aType. | a oe SCIURUS ALBESCENS (Bonhote). 1901. Seturus notatus albescens 3ONHOTE, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., VI, I May, 1901, p. 446; Acheen, Sumatra. e Six specimens from Loh Sidoh Bay, practically topotypes of the species. or measurements see table, page 456, Be is z xo. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 453 This squirrel shows a ‘striking and unexpected resemblance to the Seiurus abbottii of the Tambelan Islands. The skins are quite indis- tinguishable, except that the red element of the underparts is salmon rather than rusty. The skulls show certain slight though constant differences. The rostrum is somewhat broader proportionately to its length in the Sumatran animal, and the audital bulle are more inflated. The maxillary teeth of Scezurus albescens, while of the same general size as in S. abbottii, may be distinguished by their less thickened crowns, a character easily appreciated on comparison of the tooth rows viewed from the Jingual side. SCIURUS VITTATUS Raffles. 1822. Sciurus vittatus Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 259; Ben- coolen, Sumatra. 1901. Sciurus vittatus Bonnotr, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., VII, May, 1901, p. 447. ( Part.) Twelve specimens (two in alcohol, one skull without skin) from Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra. For measurements see table, page 456. The skins present no color variation worthy of note. In none is there any indication of such red in the tail as is characteristic of Sc¢vuris miniatus, though a few show a tendency for the light annulations in the pencil to be more tinged with orange than they are elsewhere. SCIURUS SATURATUS, new species. Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114629, U.S BM: Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 9, “1902 by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Geral number, 1633. Characters.—Similar to Sciurus vittatus but general color darker, pale lateral stripe less well defined, though of normal extent, and tail noticeably darker than back, its pencil mostly black. Color.—Type: Upper parts and sides a uniform fine grizzle of black and ochraceous, the latter decidedly paler and less bright than that of Ridgway. The two colors are everywhere mixed in nearly equal quantity and the hair is distinctly glossy. Outer surface of legs somewhat paler and more buffy than back; cheeks and inner surface of ear decidedly so. A distinct buff eye ring. Muzzle marked with light grayish buff. Lateramees of normal extent, the upper one ¢ light grayish buff, quite different from the grayish white stripe of S. vittatus. ‘Tail essentially like back, but grizzle coarse, and black element more noticeable, particularly along edge and at tip, where the pencil is almost entirely black. Under parts and inner surface of legs intermediate between the ochraceous-rufous and tawny of Ridgway, but rather darker than either. This color extends to wrist and almost to heel. Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth resemble those of Sccwrus wittatus, though perhaps averaging slightly larger. °y Aare PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 400 head and body, 215; tail vertebrae, 185; hind foot, 51 (47). Averagi of five adults from the type locality: Total length, 395 (375-411); head and body, 208 (185-2: 21); tail vertebrae, 187 (180-190); hind foot, 51.4 (51-52); hind foot without claws, 48 (47-49). For details see table, page 456. Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 5 2 (51): a basil length, 43.6 (43); basilar length, 40 (40.2); length of Sane 16.4 (16); Td breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 7.4 (8.2); diastema, 11. 6 (11.8); least interorbital breadth, 18 (17. 8); zygomatic broaden 30. (30.4); mandible, 32.4 (31.4); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 9.6 6 (9. Oy mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 10 (9). Specimens examined,—Five, all from Pulo Mansalar. i Remarks.—This is a well-marked form of the Sevwrus notatus group, closely related to S. w’ttatus, but readily distinguishable by its dark general coloration, dull outer lateral stripe, inl black-tipped_ tail. — The series shows no variations w orthy of special note. : SCIURUS PRETIOSUS, new species. Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114825, U.S.N. M. Collected on Pulo Bangkaru, Banjak Islands, January 20, 1902. Orig- inal number, 1442. : , Characters.—Like Sciurus saturatus, but average size less, red of underparts not as bright, tail not darker than back, and pencil not darker than rest of tail. Skull distinctly smaller than that of Sccurus saturatus. ; Color.—In general the color so closely resembles that of Sccwrus saturatus as to need no detailed description. On comparison of the two series the red of the underparts is seen to be less bright than in the Mansalar squirrel, and the pale element in the grizzle of the upperparts less yellow, though so far as possibility of description is concerned the colors are essentially the same. The most tangible difference is in the amount of black in the tail. In the Pulo Bangkaru animal this shows _ no tendency to form a black pencil or dark lateral Rest as in Sciurus saturatus. Skull and teeth.—Both skull and teeth are smaller than in Sevurus saturatus ov WS. vittatus, but I can deteétno differences in form. Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 3753 head and body, 200; tail vertebra, 175; hind foot, 46 3 Avera of seven adults from the type loc: ale Total lene 387 (872-400)5 head and body, 207 (192-220); tail vertebrae, 181 (170-195); hind foot, 47.6 (46-49); hind foot without claws, 44.3 (48-46). For details see table, page 456. > eMeasueements in Nentness are ee of an adult female Sciurus vittatus from Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra (No. 114518). od) Weed oe baa Ss 0. 1317. MAMMALS OF CE SUMATRA—MILLER. 455 Cranial measurements of type: ‘Greatest length, 49.4 (52); basal ength, 43 (43.6); basilar length, 40.4 (40); length of nasals, 15 (16.4); breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 7.4 (7.4); distance from front of nasal to back of frontal, 25 (27.6); diastema, 11.6 (11.6): least interorbital breadth, 18 (18); zygomatic breadth, 29 (30); mandible, 32 (32.4); maxillary tooth row (aiveoli), 9 (9.6); mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 9.8 (10). _ Specimens examined.—Kight, all from the type locality. Remarks.—The specimens of this squirrel show no noteworthy variations. SCIURUS UBERICOLOR, new species. Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114378, U.S.N.M. Collected on Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, February 5, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1517. Characters.—In general appearance like Sc/urus saturatus and S. pretiosus, but red of underparts darker and duller than in either and median line of belly frequently blackish; tail not distinctly darker than back; outer lateral stripe reduced in both length and width; size nearly as in S. saturatus. Color.—The general color is closely similar to that of Sezurus satu- ratus and S. pretiosus, but the tone of the upperparts is lighter than in the former and more red than in the latter. Tail more coarsely grizzled than back, but the general effect scarcely darker. Outer lateral stripe of the same dull color as in the related forms, but its length usually less and its width generally not more than half as great (about 5 mm. at middle in type). Underparts a duller red than in the related species, this due chiefly to the darker bases of the hairs. Along median line the dark bases increase sufficiently to form a distinct median dusky stripe in some specimens (including the type). The black lateral stripe tends to extend its inner margin in the same manner. Skull and tecth.—TVhe skull and teeth are essentially like those of Sciurus saturatus. Measurements. External measurements of type: Total length, 405; head and body, 215; tail vertebra, 195; hind foot, 51 (48). Average of seven specimens from the type locality; total length, 389 (845-415); head and body, 215 (205-225); tail vertebrae, 180 (170-210); hind foot, 49.3 (46-51); hind foot without claws, 45.9 (43-48). For details see table, page 456. Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 52; basal length, 44; basilar Jength, 41.4; length of nasals, 17; Becatihe of both nasals together anteriorly, 7; distance from front of nasal to back of frontal, 38; diastema, 13; least interorbital breadth, 19; zygomatic breadth, 84; mandible, 34; maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 9.6; mandibular tooth- row (alveoli), 9.8. Specimens examined.—Nine, all from the type locality. 456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVE Remarks.—W hile Seiurus ubericolor is darker beneath than in eith of the two related forms, its upper parts are not as dark as in S. satur- atus and the tail is much less suffused with black. The reduction of the pale lateral stripe easily distinguishes it from its allies. Measurements of squirrels of the Sciurus notatus group. Head : Total . Fi P Locality. Number. Sex. | and | Tail. Name A length. body. mm. | mm. | mm. Sciurus albescens....| Loh Sidoh Bay. . 114154 | Maleadult.... 343 193 150 Doren. {aera do |; aTbba| Rese Gore asec 390 190 160 DO eceeeeseemeelaeeee do 114157 |..... Ome Seer 390 200 190 DY0). Ae sesoaccccdd loose do | 114158 |....- dos nscace 370 195 175 Dome ceseeesere saa do | 114156 | Female adult. 350 170 180 DO peer eaoneece aaa do | 114159 d 373 203 170 Sciurus vittatus...-- Tapanuli Bay--- 114518 |. 405 220 185 Dt ae oe ee ee eens GOs. a0 fee 114522 = 397 200 197 MOM ee nc wee eat tees (Ololeoecdeseetc | 145235 | eee Oe eeee sae 398 206 192 DO meee oa eee GOs sseeeene 114594))/22S-- Gometercee 390 190 200 DOM terete seas dOseeee-roee 114525 |...-- (Koa See ee: 385 205 180 z [Does emeso a odesse lsaace Oise seen ee 114526 |....- dO"-tS eens 380 215 165 Se DO isc acess ea seste| Saee= OO esesceee 114519 | Maleadult.... 393 208 185 48 46 er DON oa aeeneosee bese Onn ease eee 145200 |2e— ee dole tetaee 395 210 185 50 47 a DO neces os les Ones ecee 1145 2as | eoeee Ose -2e soe = 380 200 180 48 44 << Sciurus saturatus...| Pulo Mansalar..| 114627 |.-..-- lt heaessoee 411 221 190 52 48.4 | DOS seteocecoleeece GO sas steeaes T4628 Bea doextiees 400 220 180 51 48 1 DY a) See aoeenoraaa eae QOssaas2=-3 a 114629 | Female adult. 400 215 185 51 4i DOP eaesaa cee ces ees Osa eo-5- 2 114630 |...-- dO esas 390 200 190 52 49 ee DDO ane sooreoaad accor OOissecsneeee °114631 |=. --- Ops sa550s 375 185 190 51 47.4 Sciurus ubericolor ..| Pulo Tuangku.. 114366 | Maleadult.... 382 207 175 48 45 Do d T4367 eos -= GOm eerie 400 220 180 50 47 x Do 114369 |....- Gaseeeen: 375 | 205 | 170 46 42a Do 4 Sl eee Over onnse 395 210 185 50 46 Do 114368 | Female young 310 175 135 47 39.25 Do 114370 | Female adult. 345 225 | ¢120 49 45 Do 14ST eee (o Koper 6415 | 6205 | 6210 50 46. Do @114873 |... Om eet eee 410 215 195 51 48 — Do 143745 ee ee Op apace 415 | _ 225 190 51 4i- Sciurus pretiosus. . -. 114318 | Maleadult...- 375 205 170 48 46 Do 1143200) Saree doses 400 205 195 48 45 Do 4S 2 eee dost teenee 372 192 180 47 44 Do 1A S22 RSet dom tees 390 210 180 47 43 Do 4323 | eee OOse ease © 335 210 | ¢125 48 45 Dore sce h sk? 114324 |2220- doe 400 215 185 48 44.4— Do 114319 | Female adult. 400 220 180 49 45 Do GAWAZ obs eee GO stones 375 200 175 46 43 5 aType. b Estimated from dry skin. ¢ Tail injured. | SCIURUS EREBUS, new species. ¥, Type.—Adult female (skin and skull). Cat. No, 114537, U.S.N.M. Collected at Tapanuli Bay, northwestern Sumatra, March 17, 1902, by) Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1653. Characters. Similar to the Bornean Sciurus pluto Gray, but larger, red area on legs more extensive, and pale lateral stripe completely obliterated. t q Color.—Under parts and inner surface of limbs bright chestnut (lighter and more red than that of Ridgway); elsewhere glossy black. | On cheeks, feet, and outer surface of front legs the black is slightl 7 grizzled with whitish and red, and along flanks and thighs a few hairs) bear a single whitish annulation rather less than 1 mm. in length, but these markings are lost in the general black effect, except on very | : t ‘No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 457 close inspection. The black of cheeks extends under chin across an area about 10mm. in width. On front legs the red area is much wider than the black, and on inner side it extends to naked surface of palm. In S. pluto the black area is the more extensive, and it encircles the wrist just above palm. On hind legs the same differences occur. The red area is much wider in the Sumatran than in the Bornean form, and it usually extends to edge of naked sole, though occasionally the black narrowly encircles ankle. Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth so closely resemble those of Sciurus pluto that I can detect no tangible differences. Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 485; head and body, 260; tail vertebrae, 225; hind foot, 58 (53). Average of twelve adults from the type locality: Total length, 473 (480-498); head and body, 247 (230-263); tail vertebrae, 227 (200-240); hind foot, 58.1 (57-59); hind foot without claws, 53 (51-55). For details, see table, page 457. Sranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 58 (56);% basal length, 50 (49); basilar length, 46.6 (46); diastema, 13.6 (13.6); length of nasals, 17.8 (16.6); greatest breadth of both nasals together, 8.8 (8.6); least interorbital breadth, 23 (22.6); zygomatic breadth, 34.6 (84); mandible, 37 (37); maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 11 (11); man- dibular toothrow (alveoli), 11 (11.4). Specimens examined.—Twelve, all from Tapanuli Bay. Remarks.—W hile Sciarus crebus rather closely resembles S. pluto, it is readily distinguishable from the Bornean animal by its greater size and by the absence of the pale lateral stripe. There is not the slightest indication of this stripe in any of the twelve skins, while in each of five specimens of Scéwrus pluto it may be easily traced. The difference in extent of the red on the legs is a less constant character. Measurements of Sciurus erebus. * : pind oe Head | Tai : | foot Locality. Number. Sex. set and | verte- oes with- engi body. | bre. Oe out | claws. mm. mm. mm. | mm. | mm. SEMRPENIIB RY a occas cessed oe0c cc 114530 | Male adult ....... 480 250 230 | 58 53 Pr ee sete icee PIAS SE eee GO ose ee eee 483 250 233 57 52 Vo eee ALADSS ees dow 2s 430 230 200 58 b4 BREE ete a) eee cee. 114534) ..2. - GOieeeten eee sae 455 240 215 57 | 51 See So) Se onc cwime ATABSS) aes Gor eee 470 235 235 59 | 53 Lee DPA DATS |. 2 doy eS 165 245 220 58 | 53 ere oo ole accnc 114532 | Female adult..... 498 263 235 59 5d SR oc. os taco 114535: |... -. GO e 8 Soe RES 480 245 235 59 5d te ee 114536. |--.2: Gores 480 255 225 58 53 Sarees hook 2.5 cl.: @114587 |...-.. Gomes rare 485 260 225 58 | 52 J ee 114538 |..... GOs ee 485 245 240 59 53 Ree Reet, 2 Se 114540 |....- GO) ects cs 470 245 225 57 | 52 aType. _ “Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male Sciurus pluto from British North Borneo (No. 34941). Be 458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATI ONAL MUSEUM. VoL. xi RHINOSCIURUS LATICAUDATUS (Miller and Schlegel). 1939-1844. Seiurus laticaudatus MULLER and ScHLEGEL, Verhandel. over de — natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederl. overzeesche bezittingen, p. 100; Pon- tianak, Western Borneo. An adult female was taken on Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, Febru- arv 15, 1902. Total length, 360; head and body, 230; tail vertebree, 130; hind foot, 46 (44). Skull: Greatest length, 59; basal length, 525 basilar length, 49.4; palatal length, 31; diastema, 17; length of nasals, 21: breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 6; least interorbital breadth, 13; zygomatic breadth, 28.6; mandible, 35.6; maxillary tooth-— row (alveoli), 12; mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 10.4. ‘* Uterus con- tained one embryo the size of a pea. Mamme, 4,” Famity MURIDAX. MUS SIMALURENSIS, new species. Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114216, U.S.N.M. , Collected on Simalur Island December 14, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbotts Original number, 1372. Characters. —Like Mus pannosus of the Butang Islands, but rather smaller: fur shorter and less coarse; color darker and less yellowish; teeth smaller: mammz 10, as in other members of the group. Fur.—The fur is rather close and fine in texture, much more so than that of Mus pannosus, though it contains many grooved bristles. These, however, are scarcely more stiff than the longer terete hairs. | At middle of back the body of the fur is about 14 mm. in length, the scattered long hairs exceeding this by about 6 mm. These long hairs. show no distinct tendency to increase in length on rump and lumbar region. Color.—Back and sides a moderately coarse, but not very conspicu-. ous grizzle of black and dull ochraceous buff, the former a little in) excess on back, the latter distinctly so on sides, and tips of bristles) and longer hairs with metallic iridescence. Underparts buff, rather lighter than that of Ridgway, and somewhat clouded by gray along: median line of chest. Feet dull brownish. Ears and tail uniform) dark brown. Skull and teeth. —The skull is larger than that of Mus alecandrinus, though of essentially the same form. In size it closely approaches that of Mus pannosus, but the average length appears to be less than in the Butang animal. In form the skulls of dus simalurensis and M. pannosus closely resemble each other, except that the rostrum is more slender in the Simalur rat and the incisive foramina are longer, narrower, and more nearly parallel-sided. Teeth as in Mus pannosus, but smaller. | Measurements. — External measurements of type: Total length, 402} = | a | } & : v0. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 459 head and body, 204; tail nee, “198: hand foot, 42.4 (40). ae age of 5 adults from the type ene Total length, 388 (877-402); head and body, 206 (200-213); tail vertebrae, 182 (176-198); hind foot, 40.4 (39.2-42.2); hind foot without claws, 37.8 (36-40). For details, see table, page 459. Cranial alse eG gas of type: Greatest length, 47.4 (46);¢ basal length, 41.8 (40); basilar length, 39 (37); ae cenit! 15 (12.4); length of incisive foramen, 9 (8); combined breadth of incisive foramina, 3.4 (8.8); length of nasals, 18 (17.6); greatest breadth of both nasals together, 5.2 (5.6); zygomatic breadth, 23 (22); least interorbital breadth, 7.4 (7); breadth of brain case above roots of zygomata, 17 (17); depth of brain case at front of basioccipital, 12 (11.4); fronto- palatal depth at posterior extremity of nasals, 11.8 (11.6); mandible, 28 (28); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 8 (8.4), mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 8 (8.4). Specimens examined.—Thirty-two from the following localities: Simalur Island (main island), 8 (2 in alcohol); Simalur Island (Pulo Siumat), 6 (1 skull without skin); Pulo Lasia, 46 (3 in alcohol; 3 skulls without skins); Pulo Babi, 2 (skulls only). Remarks.—This is a well-defined member of the dus rattus group, most closely related, apparently, to the form occurring on the Butang Islands on the opposite side of Sumatra. Its presence on Simalur and the neighboring islands may have been originally due to human agency, though there is no reason to suppose that the animal has been introduced within historic times. Measurements of Mus simalurensis. | | a | Hind : eac . | foot Locality. Number. Sex. oa and | Tail. Hind | with- engtn.! pody. 20% out claws. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. Beomlor island .......-....---. 114214 | Male adult ....... 389 213 76h |e 36 ae a os ie eis aie ATADAS see or GO stent eso. 393 211 182 40 36 Diese RS eet escke 114213 | Female young.... 357 190 167 38 35 a ca as a 114216 | Female adult..... 402 204 198 De 40 Oe ee TAD eee Come 82: Bn 380 201 179 40 | 33 Re eee oo ce WAS Se Gomis 2 377 200 177 41 39 Semi at... 2... 5... --- 114221 | Male adult ....... 415 224 191 42 38. 6 EEE Ree cc kk clces ADO |e oe or GO eek ere. 413 212 201 42.4 40 Ne 114222 | Female adult..... 383 204 179 40 38 Me es en: 114223 | Female young.... 342 172 170 39.6 37 BRE s seco -. el a ee 114224 | Female adult..... 375 198 177 41.4 38.4 US 114257 | Male adult ....... 433 225 208 43 39.4 REE asso oo so. cnc 3 114260 |..... GOR naseaosues 417 205 ZA Ad: 39 DEM ee 14261" |-2o5- GO eee ree ees 411 210 201 42.4 40 DORE AS oi 114262 | Male young ...... 385 178 207 42 40 Meer nee. ee oae 114253 | Female young.... 356 176 180 40 | 38 Merete eeesss5.,.-_....---.| 114254 | Female adult..... 456 231 225 42.2 40 ee he ce os wicaic ATA ay he AOisese- 22 sas: 437 225 212 40.4 39 REE ee oa) isk ee wo a 114256 | Female young.... 370 182 188 40.4 39 0. S360geeeee SeEe ee merc 114258 | Female adult..... 445 227 | 218 43.4 41.2 | aType. _ Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult female Mus pannosus (No. 104115) from Pulo Adang, Butang Islands. 460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE MUS SURDUS, new species. Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114184, U.S.N.M Collected on Simalur Island December 11, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbott, Original number, 1359. Characters. Shes to Mus concolor Blyth and Mus pullus Mile, but larger and paler. Fur and external characters in general.—The fur, tail, ears, feet, ete are as in Mus concolor and Mus pullus. Mammae, i. 2-2, p. 2-2=8.9 Color.—Back and sides a coarse, inconspicuous grizzle of dull ochra- ceous buff and blackish brown, the former slightly in excess on ba and distinctly predominating on sides. Underparts and inner sur- face of limbs dirty white, tinged with cream buff. In the type there is a fairly well defined line of demarcation between the color of sides and that of belly. This contrast, though not always so conspicuo :, is invariably more noticeable than in the type of J/us pullus or the two specimens of Mus concolor that I have examined. Kars blackish bro externally, lightly sprinkled with fine, silvery hairs internally. F dirty whitish. Skull and teeth.—Both skull and teeth are noticeably larger than in Mus concolor and Mus pullus, but I can detect no ee differend e in form. ~ Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 265; head and body, 127; tail vertebra, 138; hind foot, 28 (26). Average of 21 adults from the type locality: Total length, 268 (238-324); head and body, 130 (112-148); tail vertebrae, 139 (119-152); hind foot, 27 (26-28.2); hind foot without claws, 25.4 (24-27). For details see | table, page 461. oY Genial measurements of type: Greatest length, 33 (30);¢ basa ue length, 28.6 (26); basilar length, 26 (23); diastema, 8.8 (8); length of | incisive foramen, 6.4 (5.4); Cone breadth of incisive foramina, 2.8 Bei (2); length of nasals, 12 (11); greatest combined breadth of nasals, 3 (8); zygomatic breadth, 15.4 (13.6); least interorbital breadth, 5 (4); breadth of brain case above roots of zygomata, 13.6 (13); dope : brain case at front of basioccipital, 9.6 (9); frontopalatal depth at p terior extremity of nasals, 7.4 (6.6); mandible, 18.8 (15.4); maxilla tooth row (alveoli), 5.6 (4.6); mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 5.6 (4. Specimens examined.—Vhirty-two (11 in alcohol), all from the type locality. 2 Remarks.—Though closely related to Mus concolor and Mus pullus this species appears to be well differentiated. Like Mus simalure it probably owes its introduction and therefore its existence to prehis toric man. | “ Measurements in parantheses are those of the type of Mus pullus. ; 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 461 : aoe | Measurements of Mus surdus. Pee oe ae Moats ead | | : oot Locality. Number. | Sex. oe and | Tail. | Hing | with- engto-! body. | OL Olt claws. j mm. mun. | nin, min. mm. SeUrrsiand .225..<------- 114181 | Male adult ......- 270 | 130 | 140 | 27 25 | eee 114182 |..... Hae eeeer ce | 970/130] 140] 27 25 Beene 523 ee ee oe WAT SS ess = does. 2eeee:- 264 130 134 | 26 24 Gree eee ee a114184 |..... GO Piteccn ces 265 127 138 27.8 26.4 Ie Sn aces odelnce DIAT8b "Ee. 5: GO nerd se ses = 276 132 144 | 27 26 Cae oc nai dure twas samme PIATRG eee GO eee eeees 249 | 125 124 | 26.2 25 BC a ies a eeiccoseite ses TAT STE oe a GO Pesa= souc cnn 270 130 140 | 26.4 25 MTR reo Scien Soe a abc sin coc 114190 |..... GOt Pee eases 266 135 ST ete al 26 DSR ee ee PATS Sa WO\s. Fess ceen © 272 129 143 | 26 25 BIR ceric l= sain a n/a om clare WV41 929) 2 =< (Gk) Se eee eee 324 142 182 28 20 I aoe nia sais ans «Se 114193 |....- Olesen ee 285 143 142 | 28 26 BNE ee eal ctewmidalm = on 1174194 |..... Coe eeccsoetecs 298 143 | 15d 25 26.4 RUPE ee SUS sce nests 114196 |....- GOse en eee 285 134 15] 28.2 26 EE Gach cccince ces 2 Ss 114198 |....- Goes eee 269 129 140 | 26 24.4 EP sa Roc Ses 114200032. Geet os —sesses 273 133 140 |. 27.2 26 PU se ase io anie AT4201 23 - GO eee: 260 135 125 28 27 Peete Ae ce ebeseisiee ss 114188 | Female adult -..-- 240 121 119 | 26 25 BUTE oo Sac oe See eene 114189 |....- UGHESS coder 243 116 137 | 27 25 MES do et: PATO D ear GOs ae. eee 238 112 126 Gamal 25 IR REA Soc cccicone se cele DATO ee 2s Gomes seen. 268 124 144 Dae | 26 Ber nS Se he a LALOR IS So. GO S322 = Ss5 425: 201 125 126 | 26. 2 25 aType. MUS FIRMUS Miller. 1902. Mus firmus Mitier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 156; June 11, 1902; Linga Island, off east coast of Sumatra. An immature rat taken at Tapanuli Bay, 8 specimens (1 in alcohol) rom Pulo Tuangku, and 7 (1 skull without skin) from Pulo Bang- aru I can not distinguish satisfactorily from the J/us firmus of Linga sland. The skins from Pulo Bangkaru and that from Tapanuli Bay re practically indistinguishable from the original series. Those from -ulo Tuangku are, however, not as clear buff beneath, as the hairs of be lateral portions of the belly have distinct gray bases, and this color ppears slightly at surface. The series is too small to prove that this ifference is constant. For measurements see table, page 462. MUS DOMITOR, new species. Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114621, U.S.N.M. Jollected on Pulo Mansalar at entrance to Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 4, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1592. ~— Characters.—Similar to Mus firmus but under parts so little tinged vith yellow as to form no marked contrast with color of sides. Mam- axe 8, as in Mus firmus and related species. Fur and general external features.—The external characters, other han color, are so like those of Mus firmus, Mus integer, and the weviously known members of the group as to need no description. Color.—Upper parts a fine grizzle of blackish brown and pale, dull, muff, the two colors nearly equally mixed on the back, but the buff in Xcess on the sides, where, however, it is clouded by the appearance 462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVq, VL at surface of the gray (very nearly Ridgeway’s No. 6) of the under fur, The longer hairs show a distinct bluish luster. Under parts and inner criekace ol legs gray (about Ridgeway’s No. 6) faintly washed with erayish buff, the contrast between the color of this region and that of sides very slight. Head similar to back, but grizzle more fine. Feet dull, dark brown. Ears and tail uniform blackish. Shull and teeth.—TIhe skull and teeth so closely resemble those o1, Mus firmus that I can find no tangible characters by which to dis. tinguish them. | Measurements. —External measurements of type: Total length, 490. head and body, 243; tail vertebree, 247; hind foot, 47 (44). Average of 5 specimens from the type locality: Total length, 457 (400-497)' head and body, 227 (200-251); tail vertebrae, 230 (200-252); hind foot; 46.4 (45-48); hind foot without claws, 43.6 (42-45). For details set table, page 462. | Cranial measurements of type: . Greatest length, 53 (53);% basa: length, 46.4 (46); basilar length, 43.6 (43); length of nasals, 21 (21.4). ereatest combined breadth of nasals, 5.5 (5.6); diastema, 15 (15) zygomatic breadth, 26 (27); least interorbital breadth, 8 (8); depth o- brain case at front of basioccipital, 13 (13); frontopalatal depth at pos terior extremity of nasals, 12.4 (18); mandible, 31.4 (32.4); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 9 (9.4); mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 9.6 (10)ae | Specimens caamined.—Seven (one skull without skin), all from Pull Mansalar. ; Remarks.—The distinctness of this species from the J/us firmus 0° the near-by mainland is unquestionable. 7 Measurements of Mus firmus and Mus domitor. | | Head ‘ . r : Total | . Hind Name. socality. N ber. Sex. anc ail. Locality umber Sex length. | ae Tail rants | | mm. mm. | mm. | mm. Mus firmus ......-.- Pulo Bangkaru. 114285 | Female adult . 435 232 203 | 45 Does ens see: [peer AG. eens 142 86nleeeee dois seeone 441 233 208 | 46 DOF ee one tee doe ee 1493778 eee doje eee 408 216 192 | 43.4 Dor siens see El sien don eo 1149897) Sone dom sneee 440-| 230| 210} 45 DO eee at Ee ae dope: 114989) S222e do Reseeeee 411 | 218 193 | 44 DOicanrcesniws sees GOraae eee 114290 | Male adult -.-.. 412 212 200 | 46 MOM ase ee Pulo Tuangku..| 114378 | Female adult. 457 | 220 237 | 50 Doe Gate eel | eee donee 14380 eee doe 435 | 222| 213 | 46.4 Do ese eet dorsi 114382) |. 2... donieesees 482 | 242 240 | 48 DO sae scce oes lee rs Gove eae 114384 |-...- dont: 485 245 240 | 47 (BVO) See aS ae ee ae dows =e 114379 | Male adult... 458 | 228 230 | 49 WOM erenctoeeecelSacee dose-sseeas: T4381 eS -s G\osemeagoc 487 | 249 238 48 DO Reese nae naar sec doe =e 114383) Fees Goeeiass Bea | LK) 260 | 50 Mus domitor....-.... Pulo Mansalar. . 114620 | Female adult. 400 200 200 | 46 DOs Pee eieis Sisic a iaizlecsse Os Sar @114621 |..... does sa ence 490 243 247 | 47 DO eeecee ce er |oeetee GOSsee esas 114622 | Female young 384 185 199 | 42 DO isha -2 =: 23-|-r oe ako ee 114623 | Male adult... 485 233 252 | 48 DOU cence es \seaet GOs Scere 114624 |..... dO). seae 413 207 206 | 45 DOpeetsecccwasck|ueccie GOvcscoescesl 114625"). 5.<.: GOs tes 5e4 497 251 246 46 aType. “Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of Mus firmus, No.1317. ° MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA —MILLER. 463 MUS FREMENS Miller. 1902. Mus fremens Mrtiirr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 154, March, 1902; Sinkep Island, off east coast of Sumatra. Twenty-four specimens, from the following localities: Pulo Tuangku, 7(2 skulls without skins); Pulo Bangkaru, 1; Pulo Mansalar, 7 (1 skull without skin); Tapanuli Bay, 9 (5 skulls without skins). This series shows variation in both size and color, but for the present I prefer to refer it as a whole to Mus fremens. None of the skins show any close approach to the bright colors of J/us vociferans. For measurements, see table. Measurements of Mus fremens. mn | | Hind Mat ead | : foot Locality. Number. Sex, Total | and | Tail. | Hind | with- | length. : foot. body. | out | | claws. MM. MLN. WN, nim. mm. mmo bane karu..s-.---..------ 114307 | Female young....- 481 207 274 45 43 See PETAN EK ..2. 5.2. -2- eee 114401 | Male adult ....... | 567 245 | SOO) Ay 45 Do TAZO2) Pee (0) AE eee 585 257 | 328 | 48 45 114403 | Male young ...--. 515 228 | 287 | 45 13 114404 | Male adult ...._.. 578 250 | 328 48 45.4 114405... Geek. 572 | 249| 393] 50 48 114451 | Female adult..... 610 242 | 368 46 44.4 114452 |_.... dows ee 579 995 | 354] 46 44 114458 | Male adult ....... 611 236 | 375 48 45 114454 |..... Goss -e S825 2- 22 605 240 | 365 47 45.4 114581 | Female adult....-. 480 241 a239 | 46 44 114586 |....- Gomsenr ae foes: 483 220 | 263} 44.4 42 114582 | Male young....... 495 910} 285 | 44 41.4 114583 | Male adult ....... 549 250 | 299 | 48 45 114584 |..... MOG s-eeese ees 522 218 | 304 | 45 43 | 114585 |..... doentnececes 520 | 230 | 290 | 45 43 aTail damaged. MUS ASPER Miller. 1900. Mus asper MituEr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, April 21, 1900, p. 145; Trong, Lower Siam. An adult male (skin and skull) and female (skull only) from Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, and an adult. female (in alcohol) from Tapa- nuli Bay. These specimens so closely resemble J/us asper that with- out further material I am unable to distinguish them. The male from Pulo Tuangku measures: Total length, 249; head and body, 140; tail, 109; hind foot, 29.6 (28). The female from Tapanuli Bay measures: Total length, 210; head and body, 105; tail, 105; hind foot, 27 (26). MUS LINGENSIS Miller. 1900. Mus lingensis M1tuER, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., IT, August 20, 1900, p. 206; Linga Island, off east coast of Sumatra. Forty specimens, as follows: Pulo Bangkaru, 15 (1 in alcohol, 4 skulls without skins); Pulo Tuanku, 12 (2 in alcohol, 3 skulls without skins); Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, 13 (1 in alcohol, 7 skulls without skins). For measurements, see table, page 464, = ee 464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI Many of the skins are in fresh, unworn pelage, a stage in which | they differ almost as strongly from the bright-colored Mus surifer of the Malay Peninsula as was the case w ith the original specimens taken. ‘n midsummer. In fact, the general color of the rats of this group) appears to be only slightly < affected by abrasion of the fur. In the, six specimens from Papal Bay there is no indication of a dark col- lar. The collar is present in about half the skins from the Banjak| Islands, though in none is it developed as in the Pulo Mansalar form, : Measurements of Mus lingensis. | en ung I ; Y Total) See | Hind | 2ogmmal Locality. Number. | Sex. ae and | Tail. | with- ) | length. body. | foot. one claws. }/ -— | mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. PuloBbangkarle. sssc0~-- 1 -- | 114292 ; 191 153 alee 39° DG sete eee eee ree A] ee ene 294 205 167 42 39.4. DOE eee hoe so eee eae 114295 180 148 39 36 DOE eee chee esas fama UEAD9G: |... SEO Oie xe oo oct a Sia ae ee | eee etal Sree 40 38 DOM her neice none eee 114299 200 158 | 39.4 37.4 | Doreen eee eee 114300 | 204 | D128] 40 38 | DOP Retain ae eeate 114301 180 152 39 By Doh ee en eaten 114293 184 159] 38.4 36 DONS seer eerste cases 114297 200 6130 36.4 35.4 DOE erence came nies 114298 205 175 41.6 40 PiMOu bane Kuss seeeeee see 114887 | Male young ...-.--. 316 182 134 38.4 36 DO soe eee coe cer eureee 114389 | Male adult ....--- 330 183 147 39, 2 36 DOS enw arene neon 4392" eee GOs aes seee 342 191 151 40.6 37 DO Sooo ee eeeeees neous 114388 | Female adult...-. 361 204 157 39 om DOs oe ct eee ore yA S90 Caer (VO) nemo So aeree 331 177 154 41 37.4 Dog uen ee eae noe eee T4391 Oe eee Go Sees 340 192 148 | 39 36 | DoOrssasw Eee eee 1AS931|ee oe OO tssteseees 334 186 148 39 37 Moh GidohsBay enen ses see 114161 | Male young.....-. 295 145 150 37 85} MapanulitBaysos sense seeders 114499") See do aes 330 173 157 | 39 37 | Do 114436 | Female adult..... 320 167 1538 38 36.2 Do 44370 Reece dO tas eeeeteae 394 213 181 39 36.4. Do 114439 | Female young...- 315 162 153 39 37 | Do 114440 | Female adult...-. 414 218 196 41.6 40 Linga Island . 101610 | Male adult .....-. 362 203 159 38 Sima Do 101612 |....- doves eee 400 216 184] 43 42.) | Do a101614 |...-- dO. eg ee 387 216 171 42 40.4 Do 113044 |. 22 0- COC rae cee saee 354 188 166 41 39 Do 113048 |) 5.2e- GOjt see eescee 389 219 170 43 41 Do T3049 eae dO! 2522 eee ae 420 237 | 183 41 39.4) Do UT3050"| See ee Os eee 383 201 182 39 36. 4. Do 101611 | Female adult..... 375 210 165 38 36034 Do 113040) |53.=- Oe: 822 asec 380 205 175 40 38 Do 113042 |....- GO: 2 soveeaeese a310 220 ag 39.4 37 Do APS ORS yee O's Sas cese wees 330 | 177 | 153 41 38 | a Type. b Tail imperfect. MUS CATELLIFER, new species. Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114590, U.S.N. MI Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumner March 3, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1587. | C ee —In general similar to Mus lingensis, but darker; lower leg entirely tawny, and throat with broad cross-band of same ital Fur and general external features.—The external characters, color excepted, agree so closely with those of Mus lingensis as to need no special description. The spines on the back are rather less coarse than in the related species. —— — —_ __Ff<_, _ __ No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 465 — Color.—Type: Back and sides tawny ochraceous, considerably paler than that of Ridgway, everywhere heavily clouded by the blackish brown of the spines and longer hairs. On middle of back the dark color is greatly in excess, but on sides the tawny-ochraceous slightly predominates. Crown and forehead like back; cheeks clear, dull, tawny-ochraceous. Outer surface of limbs tawny-ochraceous, paler than that of sides, and somewhat dulled by appearance at surface of slaty bases of hairs. The tawny-ochraceous completely encircles heel and wrist, extending up to middle of lower leg and forearm. Under- parts dull white, distinctly marked with cream buff. Throat just in front of forelegs crossed by an ochraceous buff band about 25 mm. in width. Feet dull whitish. Ears and tail blackish brown, the latter indistinctly whitish beneath and at tip. Nine of the skins show no yariation worthy of note, but the other three (Nos. 114611, 114612, and 114613) are so peculiar as to suggest their specific distinctness. In these the tawny-ochraceous is absent from median dorsal region, the whole of which is consequently a clear slaty brown from shoulders to base of tail, strongly contrasted with color of sides. Entire ventral surface dull, light, ochraceous- buff, slightly marked with whitish along median line. Otherwise as in the type. As these specimens show no peculiarities other than color, I think they are to be regarded as a dichromatic phase of J/us catellifer. Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth are not distinguishable from those of Jus lingensis. Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 348; head and body, 202; tail vertebrae, 146; hind foot, 40 (39). Average of nine specimens from type locality: Total length, 350 (309-398); head and body, 195 (176-221); tail vertebra, 155 (183-177); hind foot, 41 (40-48); hind foot without claws, 38.9 (87.441). For details see table, page 466. Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 46 (47.5); basal length, 39 (40.4); basilar length, 37 (87.5), diastema, 13 (13.4); length of incisive foramen, 7 (7); combined breadth of incisive foramina, 4.4 (4); length of nasals, 17 (19); greatest combined breadth of nasals, 5 (5.4); zygomatic breadth, 20 (20); least interorbital breadth 6.6 (6.8); mandible, 25 (25.4); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 7 (8); mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 7 (7.2). Specimens examined.—Vhirty-two (2 in alcohol; 18 skulls without skins), all from Pulo Mansalar. ah Sg ak ie z «Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of Mus lingensis, Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 32 | 466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. | Measurements of Mus catellifer. cere ane e | Head i ee Total | re | Hina | 20m Locality. Number. Sex. : and Tail. with- OCalily | length body. foot. out | claws, | | [a eee | us | i mm. mm. | mm. mm. mm. | Pulo Mansalar.......-.-------- 114588 | Female adult...-- b322 220 | «102 41 39 i DGz see bee sas -| 114589 |..--- (Vos ecerdooscicc 376 208 168 40 37.4 f Do se ere -| a114590 |.-.-- OME pee eee 348 202 146 40 Soin ik DO cacao Ee Ab oe aes OKO) sen succncccd 366 222 144 38 36 DOr tesa eee eee Be AO Gm | eae dotneeeaasc se 333 177 156 40 ‘38 | DOs te ee ay cee cists Be MAGI" | eee OKO Wnoriadcodooc 383 219 164 41 39m | DO eee Benes ..| 114591 | Male adult ....--- 338 183 155 43 41 WO Base cere Sopetietpec nets 114592 | Male young ...... 297 157 140 40 Sia DO eee eee a otiaeaicists | 114594 | Male adult .....-. 398 221 177 AL 38) | [Dia sot sececuanenrodesocce | 114595 | Male young ...--.. 333 186 147 42 39.4 | TS eee cen eee = | a4 G1) Baas Goa aa eeee 328 179 149 42 40 | DD Oe eetncemraeee tecrers= 114613 |-..<- GOs ee eetes| 309 176 133 40 39 i ee ——— ————— eo 4, a Type. b Tail damaged. ] / LENOTHRIX, new genus. , Type: Lenothrix canus, new species. | Characters.—Form as in the larger species of Mus, tail longer than head and body. Fur densely woolly, interspersed with long, straight | hairs. Feet as in J/vs, but plantar tubercles unusually large. Gen-) eral form of skull asin J/vs, but supraorbital ridges g ereatly developed, _ somewhat as in Zy/omys. Teeth essentially as in Lenomys,“ but width of upper molars only about half that of palate, and supplemental reen-, trant angles on inner side of these teeth less strongly developed. LENOTHRIX CANUS, new species. (Plate X VIII.) Type.—Adult male (skin and skull). Cat. No. 114386, U.S.N. Mai Collected on Pulo Tuangku, January 27, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott!) Characters.—A slender, bluish gray rat. In external appearance similar to Lenomys meyer? as figured by Meyer,’ but considerably smaller (head and body 236 instead of 290; hind foot 42 instead of 46), and with tail longer than head and body. Fur. fur is composed of three elements: (1), a fine, dense,’ woolly underfur, the hairs of which at middle of back are about. 12 mm. in length; (2), slender, straight, terete hairs, the length of} which in same region averages about 25 mm., and (3), weak, flattened) hairs intermediate in length between the two other kinds and most abundant on sides and underparts. The flattened hairs are very incon-, spicuous and might readily pass unnoticed. It is the abundant woolly underfur that determines the character of the pelage and gives the: animal a very different appearance from Mus ferreocanus, which it) “ As figured by Thomas, Trans. Zool. Soe. London, XIV, pl. xxxv1, fig. 1. | »Abhandl. u. Berichte des k. Zool. u. Anthrop.-Ethn. Museums zu Dresden, VII,) 1899, pl, vin. ‘No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 467 rather closely resembles in color. In the type specimen there is an almost naked area about 4 mm. wide and 70 mm. in length extending along median line of belly to posterior portion of chest. It has the appearance of a normal character. Oolor.—Upper parts and outer surface of limbs ecru-drab, irregu- larly tinged with broccoli-brown and clouded, particularly along middle of back, by the blackish long hairs. Both under fur and long hairs have a distinctly glossy texture, which causes much variation in the exact shade as the skin is viewed in different lights. Cheeks light broccoli-brown. Whiskers shining black. Underparts and inner sur- face of limbs cream-buff, the line of demarcation between this color and that of sides fairly well defined. Feet dirty whitish, shaded with ecru-drab, this color extending around heel. Ears blackish. Tail blackish throughout basal fourth, the rest white. Tail.—The tail shows no peculiarities of importance. It is distinetly and uniformly annulated, about 11 rings to the centimeter at middle. The rings are not very clearly divided into scales except toward base. Beyond middle the rings become much more closely crowded, but they retain their distinctness to extreme tip. On basal fourth the hairs which spring from between the rings are too minute to cause any con- cealment of the annulation, but beyond this region they increase in length and slightly obscure the outlines of the rings. At tip they are about 5 mm. long. Fars.—The ears are of moderate size and normal form. Laid for- ward they extend about to eye. The surface of the ear is naked, except for a sprinkling of minute blackish hairs. Skull.—The skull is in size and general form not unlike that of a large house rat. The brain case, however, is less deep, the audital bulle are much smaller, the incisive foramina are shorter, the nasals flare abruptly anteriorly, and the plate of the maxillary which forms outer wall of antorbital foramen is not produced forward beyond level of upper zygomatic root. The most striking differences are found in the interorbital region. In general contour this region is much as in Mus norvegicus, but the supraorbital beads are developed into upturned blade-like ledges between which the main surface of the frontal lies at the bottom of a distinct trough. A similar condition is suggested by some skulls of very aged members of the J/us surifer group and by those of species of 7%/omys. Teeth.—Incisors as in Mus norvegicus, except that those of the upper jaw are a little less strongly curved. Molars(Plate XVIII, figs. + and 5) slightly larger than those of the house rat. First upper molar: The anterior ridge contains three distinct cusps, the outermost of which is nearly as large as the innermost and situated distinctly farther forward. As a result, the outer side of the tooth appears longer than the inner— the exact opposite to the condition in J/vs. Between central and inner 468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, cusps there is a distinct reentrant angle. Another small reentrant angle lies at the posterior base of the outer cusp. ‘The second ridge | is practically a repetition of the first, except that the reentrant angle — between middle and inner cusps is broader and not as deep, while that | at posterior base of outer cusp is better developed. There is also a ) rudimentary reentrant angle at front of outer cusp, so that the- resulting form of the cusp is an imperfect trefoil with a large median | lobe, a posterior one of nearly the same size, and a minute anterior segment. In the type the process of attrition has extended far enough to unite the median ridge with the posterior along the inner edge. Third ridge with median cusp larger than in either first or second, | the outer cusp rather smaller than that of first or second, and inner | cusp obsolete. There is a distinct reentrant angle at posterior base of outer cusp. Second upper molar: Anterior ridge represented by | a large inner cusp and a minute outer one, both joined in present | state of wear to front of main cusp of second ridge. Second like; that of first tooth, but with outer cusp smaller and lacking the anterior limb of the trefoil. Third ridge as in anterior tooth. Third upper molar: Anterior ridge represented by a large internal cusp, as well! developed as that of middle tooth, but quite distinct from second: ridge. Second ridge formed by a simple, transverse loop, nar-. row on the inner side, but expanding externally to a rudimentary median cusp. Third ridge consisting of a single large cusp, probably the median. It is fully as large as the median cusp of the other teeth.) First lower molar: This tooth consists of three very similar bilobate: cross ridges, slightly convex or concave in front, deeply concave behind. The anterior is somewhat concave anteriorly and is preceded, by a small median tubercle. A similar but rather smaller tubercle. lies between first and second loop on outer side, and a still smaller one between the same loops on inner side. Posterior loop like second, except that there is a small reentrant angle on outer side. It is fol- lowed by a median tubercle, rather larger than that at front of tooth. Second lower molar: Essentially a duplication of the second and third loops and posterior tubercle of first tooth, but anterior lobe with a rudimentary external tubercle and reentrant angle on outer side of second lobe deeper. Third lower molar: This tooth is reduced to an anterior loop about like that of middle tooth, and a broad, crescentic posterior loop, the slightly concave side of which is directed forward: Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 534. head and body, 236; tail, 298; hind foot, 41 (88.6). Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 49.6; basal length! 44.6; basilar length, 42.6; palatal length, 22; least width of palate between anterior molars, 4.8; diastema, 14.6; length of incisive fora: men, 6.8; combined breadth of incisive foramina, 3.2; length of nasals 18; greatest combined breadth of nasals, 6.6; zygomatic breadth, 25. i t if 7 ) cs —jeast interorbital breadth, 5.8; breadth of brain case above roots of ; “No, 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 469 zygomata, 17; depth of brain case at front of basioccipital, 11.6; fronto- palatal depth at posterior extremity of nasals, 11.4; least depth of rostrum immediately behind incisors, 9.6; mandible, 28.6; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 9; width of front upper molar, 2.6; mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 8; width of front lower molar, 2. Specimens examined.—One, the type. Remarks.—Lenothrix ravus is easily recognizable among Malayan rats by its woolly fur, long tail, and bluish gray color, combined with the rather large size. In general appearance it somewhat resembles Mus ferreocanus, but the quality of the fur in the two animals is quite unlike. Famity HYSTRICID. TRICHYS MACROTIS, new species. Type.—Adult female (skin and skull). Cat. No. 114488, U.S.N.M. Collected at Tapanuli Bay, northwestern Sumatra, February 20, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1555. Characters.—Similar to the Bornean 7richys fasciculata (Shaw) but with longer ears; skull with broader, more strongly angled hamulars. Kars.—The ears differ from those of Zrichys fasciculata in form as well as in size. The anterior border is very moderately convex and the tip is more broadly rounded off than in the Bornean animal. These two characters, in connection with the greater length, give the ear an almost spatulate appearance quite different from the contour of the ear of the related species. Color.—The color so exactly resembles that of 7richys fasciculata as to need no description. Skull and teeth.—The skull closely resembles that of T7ichys fase?- culata, except that the hamular processes of the pterygoids are of a dis- tinctly different form. In 7. fasciculata these processes are slender and uniformly curved throughout, the lower margin slightly thick- ened and the tip tapering rather abruptly to a point. In 7! macrotis they are much wider, there is an abrupt angle near middle, the lower edge is not thickened, and the tip is broadened and swollen into a dis- tinct head. Teeth as in 7. fasciculata. Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 653; head and body, 428; tail vertebrae, 225; hind foot, 64 (61); ear from meatus, 28. Average of four adults from the type locality: Total leneth, 614 (590-653); head and body, 420 (410-428); tail vertebra, 197 (180-225); hind foot, 64 (62-66); hind foot without claws, 60.3 (58-62). For details, see table, page 470. Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 82 (84%; basal “Measurements in parentheses are those of a young adult male Trichys fasciculata from Mount Salikan, Borneo (No. 83940). e 470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. length, 72 (72); basilar length, 68 (67); length of nasals, 27 (25.4); diastema 24 (24); zygomatic breadth, 44 (44.4); least interorbital breadth, 16 (19); mandible, 52.4 (52); maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 13.4 (14.8); mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 14.8 (15). Specimens ecamined.—F ve, all from the type locality. Remarks.—Though closely related to the Bornean form, Z7richys macrotis appears to be readily distinguishable by its large ears and peculiar hamulars. Anembryo with head and body about 40 mm. in length clearly shows that scaly integument, the vestiges of which in the adult have been ‘alled attention to by Jentink.“ The scales are very distinct on the back, sides, thigh, upper arm, and proximal third of tail, much more so, in fact, than in an embryo Manis javanica of about the same size, The largest average a little more than 1mm. in length. Longitudinally there are about 52 rows, each of which contains 24 scales at middle of body. At the posterior border of each scale the incipient spines appear as minute rounded projections, of which the central is usually the best developed. Five of these rudiments to each scale appears to be the usual number, though seven may occasionally be counted. The middle and terminal portions of the tail lack scales, but in a favorable light traces of rings are visible along the second third. Near tip the tail rather abruptly thickens, and its surface becomes somewhat rugose. Measurements of Trichys macrotis. | | Hind | Total Head | Tail Hind foot Locality. Number. Sex. sear and | verte- | > with- ee pody. | bre. | 10% | out | | | | claws. 2 by oe 29 ee See pe | mm. | mm. | mm. mm. | mm. TPADAN WIR By; oe eteieisiaaeerne seco 114487 | Female adult.....|.......- | ADS See aera 64 | DOS eRe ees cose meens a@114488 |..... dO osceeereeas 653 428 | 225 64 | 3 60 Donen see eee maes seer eeee 114495 | eee do siaeeeee 617 | 422 195 60 | > 57 WO See Sa ees es oe sine | 114489 | Male adult ......-. 590 | 410 180 66 | 62 MOR ee ase eee Soe Se Sees Srateie P T4490 tas (oto Saeenaator 600 415 185 | 62 | 58 | | : aType. Famity VIVERRID. HERPESTES BRACHYURUS Gray. 1837. Herpestes brachyurus Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist., I, November, 1837, p. 578; “Indian Islands.’’ A pair of adults, Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 24 and 26, 1902. Measurements: Total length, male, 630, female, 650; head and body, male, 430, female, 435; tail vertebra, male, 200, female, 215; hind foot, male, 83, female, 82; hind foot without claws, male, 78, female, 78. — “ Notes from the Leyden Museum, X VI, 1894, p. 209. BY No. 1317. MAMMALS OF eee SUMATRA— pote he 471 HEMIGALE HARDWICKII Gray. 1830. ‘‘ Viverru hardwickii Gray, Spic. Zool., I, p. 9.” Adult female, Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, February 12, 1902. Meas- ‘urements: Total length, 830; head and body, 520; tail vertebrae, 310; hind foot, 73 (71). PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITUS (Pallas). 1778. Viverra hermaphrodita Pauuas, in Schreber, Siiugthiere, III, p. 426; “ Barbary.’’ Six specimens from Simalur Island. For measurements, see table, page 471. Dr. Abbott writes that the musang of Simalur Island is lighter in weight and much more slender in form than that of the Malay Peninsula. The measurements, however, show no appreciable differ- ences, and I can detect none in the skins or skulls. Measurements of Paradoxurus hemaphroditus. | | aS | Hind Total Head Tail | Hind foot 475 410 | 70 69 | | Loeality. Number. Sex. le and | verte- with- jJength.| body. | bre. foot. out | claws. | | mm. mim. nL. nvm. mm. 114171 | Male adult ....... 845 | 465 380 68 65 114174 | Young male....-. 758 | 388 370 | 66 63 114175 | Male adult .....-. 875 485 390 | 71 70 114172 | Female adult..... 883 | 183 400 | 66 65 ARTS Ue ip eee eS. Soe g6e5| 470| 395] 71 69 885 | | 114176 | atte DOs aaecveeiicce Family MUSTELID. AONYX CINEREA (lIlliger). 1815. Lutra cinerea Iuuicrer, ‘‘Abhandl, Akad. Berlin, 1811, p. 99.”’ Java. An adult female was taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, on March 27, 1902. Measurements: Total length, 760; head and body, 470; tail ver- tebree, 290; hind foot, 82. Family GALEOPITHECID ZA. GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS (Linnzus). 1758 [Lemur] volans Linnxvs, Syst. Nat., I, 10th ed., p. 30; Asia. Two specimens from Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands. Measurements of Galeopithecus volans. | | Hind Head Tail | : foot Locality. Number. Sex. eee | and | yerte- me with- & body. bre. ; out claws. | mm. mim. mm. min. mm, Pulo evaangica Bee ee 114375 | Female, adult ...- 620 385 235 61 55 pele falas a Ae cisi = xlolnlo = ci 114376 | Male, adult.....-. | 590 3380 215 60 53.6 (an | 472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Family ERINACEID 4. GYMNURA GYMNURA (Raffles). | 1822. [ Vinerra] gymnura Rarres, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, XIII, p. 272; Ben- | | coolen, Sumatra. One adult male, Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 29, 1902. For) measurements see table, page 472. ' Family TUPAID Zi. TUPAIA FERRUGINEA (Raffles). 1822. Tupaia ferruginea Rarries, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 256; | Singapore. Five specimens, two from Loh Sidoh Bay and three (one skull with-) out skin) from Tapanuli Bay. For measurements see table, page 472.! Both skins and skulls closely agree with those from fhe southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula and show no approach toward the; Tupaia pheura” of Sinkep Island. | TUPAIA TANNA Raffles. 1822. Tupaia tana Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XXIII, p. 257; Bencoolen, | Sumatra. A pair of adults, Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, January 29 and 31, | 1902. For measurements see table, page 472 TUPAIA MALACCANA Anderson. 1879. Tupaia malaccana ANDERSON, Anat. and Zool. Researches, p. 184; Malacea.; A male was taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 22, 1902. For) measurements see table, page 472. Measurements of Gymnura and Tupaia. Hind © | Head : foot | Name. Locality. Number, Sex. | zou and | Tail. ae with- ength.| jody, oot. | out’ |) claws. | | | Ah mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. Gymnura gymnura .| Tapanuli Bay ..| 114551 | Male, adult... 632 377 255 53 50 Tupaia ferruginea.-| Loh Sidoh Bay .| 114152 | Female, adult 365 190 175 45 43, DO sso 2. ac eee |-----do Sele ietatae 114153 | Male, adult...| «330 190 | 2140 47 44 DO Feces tacie | Tapanuli Bay .. 114548 | Female, adult 365 195 170 45 42,4 ° Do Eee eam a sre | eaiepie AO ase ait 114549 | Male, adult... 390 200 190 47 45 1 Tupaia tana ......-. | Pulo Tuangku .| 114412 |__... GOiss5en cee 375 215 160 46 43, DO orecne sess. 5. OO anes 114413 | Female, adult 365 205 160 45 42 Tupaia malaccana . | Tapanuli Bay . 114550 | Male, adult... 284 132 152 43 41. |) aTail imperfect. “Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 157, June 11, 1902. } No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA— NS 473 Family VESPERTILIONID. MYOTIS MURICOLA (Gray). 1846. Vespertilio muricola Gray ‘Catal. Mamin., ete., Nepal and Thibet, p. 4, (ex Hodgson, nomen nudum) ;’’ Nepal. Seventeen specimens (in alcohol), from Simalur Island. While it is quite possible that these do not represent true Myotis muricola, | am unable to distinguish them in the absence of material for comparison. They closely agree with specimens from Trong, Lower Siam. Measurements of Myotis inuricola. \ —- Tai | aac: ae: ewe % | | |Ble|Bl] 4 lecls | Num- ; 5 pl eltlalt |S egise Locality. ean Sex. = ; Ba ers (ed [pests Ses ; eee aes cece oreo es ileal eyelash lee |S ° q Slits q leas Sid eis , © ies) |itex 3 SPSS cao neg este nese as eR Ea Bia ;}Q); ae) ea) | Ie | | | | mm mm ‘im mm m|\m mm mmmmmm mim mim mmm 1142380 15 | 7 | 85 | 6.4) 29 | 61 | 50 | 46 | 18 | 114231 15 | 8 | 36 | 7 | 80 | 60 | 49 | 45 | 12 }10 114232 DAS pow Dil 827 1063: 52 (47) 14S 114235 15 | 7 | 34/5 | 80] 62 | 48 | 45 | 14° )11 114237 lined 16 | 8 36 | 5.4) 31 | 61 | 50 | 45 | 16 /11 114240 | Female, young ...| 52 | Zan LOT. e275) 19) | 385° (800 83: | LOy eke. 114241 | Female, adult .--. ; 70 | 87/15) 7 | 86) 5 | 381 | 61 | 48 | 43} 14 /10 114244 | Female, young ...| 65 | 28) 14| 7 | 31/6 | 22 | 44/ 37) 35] 11 | 9 | 114245 | Female, adult -...| 79 | 37 | 15 | 7.4] 34 | 6 | 32 | 65 | 50 | 45 | 15 |13 fA 24Gn 22252 Opec ne aacs | 80 | 37 | 15 | 7 36 | 6 | 31 | 62 | 52 | 48 | 13 |10 114233 | Male, adult ....-.. 75 |85)/15/8 | 38515 | 31 | 60} 48 | 44 | 13 10 114234 |. ose. dorset sey lees Dy eSieal Stale 298 e59ul 47 43, lati 19 A1493652oe 0. Or sess eee 76 | 35|15)7 | 84/6 | 28 | 60 | 49} 46 | 14 |11 114238 | Male, young ...... 65 | 22/11/7 | 26/6 | 17 | 35 | 28 | 26 | 10 8 114239) ).-... doh etaa sd os 65 | 37) 1317 | 31] 6 | 25 | 49} 40 | 38 | 12 |10 114242 | Male,adult.....-. ibs Soe (6 | 7 4|n8b || 56) 29) | 57 1 45 142) 12 0 114243 |..... do Sa etete reesei 72 | 338 |-15) 8 35 | 6 30 | 58 | 46 | 42 | 18 20 Family EMBALLONURID. EMBALLONURA PENINSULARIS Miller. 1898. Emballonura peninsularis MituER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1898, p. 323, July 25, 1898; Trong, Lower Siam. Six specimens (in alcohol) from Pulo Babi. Measurements of Emballonura peninsularis. | | é | | S| an | \e |] 2/8 : Num- re bo 1 asin fis P| set ses s Locality. nae Sex, g | gq]. {3 |= oe |e aL uleselee dagol ide eb sete t ee lie) fe Sila lZlelfislisisisigials ° 3 et © eo". 5o o ete pe) soi] 3 Belal/alelelel/alelele|aja = | | = | | mm\ mm mm mm mm mm) TM) MN mm) mm) mm mm mo Babi........... 114274 | Female adult..... 50|10|17| 8| 42| 8/35] 62 | 42| 44/11 | 10 ae 114279 |..... Gigas ete 57 | 13 | 16 | 11 | 44| 8 | 37 | 69 | 49 | 46 {13 | 10 eee 114275 | Male adult ....-.- 6413/16 |10| 44| 8| 35 | 65 | 47 | 44 12.4) 11 eis... 114976 |..... doce sels 53 | 11 | 15 | 10 8 | 33 | 68 | 45 | 44 12 | 10 ees... 114977 |. 20. do heh soak 57 |13|17| 9/43 | 7/37| 66 | 48| 45/14 | 11 Beto sss... 114978 |... domo pa) S| 17 || 45 |B [Bo | 66 | 47) 46 12 | 0 | 5 (us: eid cecamin OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. ) | ws “I Family NYCTERID. MEGADERMA SPASMA (Linnzus). 1758. [ Vespertilio] spasma Linnxus, Syst. Nat.,; I, LOth ed., p. 325 “‘Asiaz?? Nine specimens: Pulo Siumat, off Simalur Island, 3 (2 in alcohol);) Pulo Lasia, 4 (2 in aleohol); Pulo Babi, 2 (in alcohol). Measurements of Megaderma spasma. | ah ean | | Eee | | 4 | = | 43 = ; | 5 4 | 7 seal ~ - Locality. | ay Sex. 2 } g 7 mo | lg a) g go chet Om : B/2iol >|] a] | one si;/dla/8)4)81/281#8 14 )S9e | S/S1B/S)/B1S!1oi313 14 | Sie 5 oS tA © S = o o © “A oS Syl Sie /8\|/e/e/e\/n/e |e |e] | ee | mm mm) mm nem mm TM, mar NIM, MM) NM, MAL mm Pulo Siumat.......- a4: 297 | Female adult....- 75 |...-| 82 | 18 | 58 | 19 | 50 |105 | 78 | 83 | 39) Bly Do eases eee WesI429 85) eeeer one oe eeeteee 69 | 5 | 33 | 15 | 59 | 19 | 58 |110 | 79 | 82 | 86 | 30k DOr see se eee eA D DOR eae (Kon accgose ses 68 3 | 30 | 17 1 60 | 17 | 51 |109 | 81 | 85 | 36 | aeOr PuloPasia=sses-e-- a114249°'| Male adult ....--- 80) )-22|- 82.959: | 19 56 |101 | 81 | 81 | 37 30) DOs eae eer. be PEAR ee 306 (ie tetodee coo: 77 | 2.) 29 | 20 | 58 | 20 | 53 (108 | 82 | 85 | 37 | B0)) DO ee aa coos ote @ 414250 F ‘emale adult. +... 85 |...-| 33 | 19 | 60 | 19 | 55 \107 | 84 | 88 | 36 29 DOM aeencesesee 142510 )|Peeee GO teas Seasiesee 70 4 | 34 | 19 | 61 | 19 | 55 {110 | 84 | 88 | 38 | *Bil) Pulo/ Babiis-sseeeee- | 114272 | Male adult ...-... 78 2/31 | 19 | 59 | 18 | 53 |108 | 80 | 83 | 36 2e DO tence cerelereiets | 114273 Female adult....-. 79 |....| 83 | 19 |....] 20 | 58 /112 | 85 | 88 | 37 | Saei | | i Family PTEROPODID ZL. CYNOPTERUS TITTHACHEILUS (Temminck). 827. Pteropus titthecheilus Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., I, p. 198; Buiten: zorg, Java. 1902. Cynopterus titthecheilus Stone and Renn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadel. i phia, 1902, p. 136, June 4, 1902. | Twenty-four, from the following localities: Pulo Babi, 3 (2 in aleox hol); Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, 21 (19 in alcohol). They closely agret with specimens of true Cynopterus titthecheilus from Jaya, and are readily distinguishable from the C. montanod of the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula by their larger general size, and particularly by their large skulls and heavy teeth. As in (@. montanot the eary show no indication of a whitish border. The original description of this species was based on material fron! Java, Sumatra,and Siam. It therefore included Cynopterus montanot As Temminck expressly states that most of his specimens were taker at Buitenzorg, Java, it is safe to regard this as the type locality. = ‘xo.1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 475 Measurements of Cynopterus titthecheilus. Ye UYNo} na . : ‘ er bo) 8 |S l/s | ais ea | NO) ex. la/./2 2/2 | 8) alg ton 4 3 = be] Soa Miwa oS © S heey eis ielals| eS lelals)4 Messe. Ses i|s 15/5) 8 18 (ES )R Alea lelan]/ es |e |e} ale | | mm \mne Pama TNL TNL, Nek Varner ea MIN, MI Polo Babi........--. a114269 | Female adult...| 103 | 8 | 25] 15 | 65 | 27 | 46 | 108 | 85 | 85 13 110 Patience == Ta |e dozer oes. 93] 8 | 27 | 15 | 66 | 26 | 44 | 112 | 88 | 86 |17 [16 Meee a 114270 | Male adult ...-.. | 95] 6 | 25 | 15 | 67 | 25 | 42 | 112 | 87 | 86 118 115 Tapanuli Bay -...-.-- 114466 |..... GOB sere at | 113 | 10 | 27 | 18 | 68 | 28 | 46 | 110 | 86 | 89 15 [14 IE sa. sis. >.s 114486 | Male, young....| 87) 9 | 21 | 16 | 60 | 28 | 43 93) 74 | 74/17 1/15 Nan Mee sees. so. c: a@114467 | Female adult..-| 110 | 8 | 28 | 17 | 66 | 29 | 46 | 107 | 88 | 86 |16 13.4 114468 | Female, young .| 86 | 10 | 24 | 15 | 62 | 25 | 41 97 | 79 | 78 |17 {14 114469 | Female adult...| 96 | 10 | 24 | 14] 61 | 28 | 43 | 109 |} 83 | 83 |18 |16 114470 |..... Gore wiss2: 90 | 10 | 23 | 15 | 65 | 26 | 44 | 106 } 81 | 80 j17 1/15 4a |S Se 5 GORe wes as 94} 9 | 24! 17 | 67 | 26 | 44 | 110} 85 | 85 18 116 ATAAT OD ecee dotes: 5-22 3- |} 93] 9 | 24 | 15 | 65 | 27 | 44 | 109 | 83] 81 /19 |17 114473 | Female, young -| 85] 9 | 23 | 17 | 63 | 22 | 43 | 103 | 78 | 77 |18 |15 114474 | Female adult.-.| 93 | 8 | 25 | 14! 66 | 26 ! 43 | 110! 85 | 88 118 |15 114475 |..... dora st | 89] 9 | 24] 16 | 65 | 26 | 45 | 110 | 89 | 90 20 117 AAT GN eee One ssee= 90 | 10 | 26 | 15 | 68 | 26 | 48 | 110 | 83 | 82 \18 {17 114477 |....- domserer oe: 92 | 10 | 25 | 16 | 66 | 27 | 42 | 107 | 86 | 80 18 |15 114478 |..... Gor REsses 93 | 10 | 23 |. 15 | 64 | 25 |} 42 | 1038 | 79 | 78 116 |15 M4479 See doses s 90 9 | 22 | 18 | 66 | 28 | 44 | 109 | 83 | 80 |19 15 114480 |..... (OOS ae 96 | 10 | 26 | 16 | 67 | 29 | 46 | 107 | 85 | 83 17 ‘/16 ROWE oni. = - | 114481 |..... Goren 95 | 10 | 23 | 17 | 66 | 29 | 48 | 111 | 85 | 85 18 15 MO ieaece 228s =} | 114482 | Female, young -| 88 | 7 | 23 | 15 | 63 | 25 | 41 | 100 | 84 79 |18 [14 BP ieee ncnsc-- =~ = 114483 | Female adult...) 100 | 9 | 25 | 14 | 64 | 27 | 41 | 107 | 82 81 |17. 6/15 IE a aie eccee 114484 | Female, young .| 85) 8 | 26 | 15 | 60 | 27 | 40 | 104 78 | 77 |17 i14 Boe een =. .5- 55 D44857) 28 Go pissisee. | 88 | a 24 | 16 | 64 | 26 | 45 | 105 | 838 a /16 | a Skin. Family NYCTICEBIDZ. NYCTICEBUS MALAIANUS (Anderson). 1881. [Nycticebus tardigradus] var. malaiana ANpERSoN, Catal. Mamm. Indian Mus., I, p. 95; Malacca. 1902. Nycticebus coucang malaianus Stoner and RexHn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 139, June 4, 1902. An adult male was taken at Tapanuli Bay on March 20, 1902. Measurements: Total length, 328; head and body, 312; tail vertebra, 16; hind foot, 65. This specimen has been examined by Mr. Stone and Mr. Rehn, who write me that they consider it ‘‘ undoubtedly malatanus.” Although Anderson mentions no type specimen in his original description of the form, the stuffed adult male and its skull which heads his list of material (p. 96) may be regarded asthe type. This was collected at Malacca. Family CERCOPITHECIDZ. MACACUS NEMESTRINUS (Linnezus). 1766. [Simia] nemestrina Linn xus, Syst. Nat., I, 12th ed., p. 35; Sumatra. Two pig-tailed macaques taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, were the only individuals of the species observed. For measurements, see table, page 477. nan 476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. XXVIy MACACUS “CYNOMOLGUS” Auct. Macacus cynomolgus AvCT., not Simia eynomolgus LINNAEUS. | Seven specimens of the common crab-eating macaques were obtained, three on Pulo Tuaugku, two on Pulo Mansalar, and two at Tapanul: Bay, Sumatra. For measurements, see table, page 477. | MACACUS FUSCUS, new species. | Type.—Old male (skin and skull). Cat. no. 114164, U.S.N.Mij Collected on Simalur Island, northwestern Sumatra, November 20. 1901? by Dr. W. 1 Abbott. Original number, 1348. Chapacters.—Similar to Macacus umbrosus” of the Nicobar Islands! but smaller and with relatively shorter tail. Color.—Type: Upperparts and outer surface of limbs blackish brown with a paint tinge of drab, each hair drab at base and with t wood-brown annulation 2 to 4 mm. in width near tip. As the furi. of a soft, silky quality, the exact effect of the two colors varies con. siderably with reflection of light and with disarrangement of hairs, bu the wood-brown is everywhere very distinct though not in excess 0. the dark underlying brown. Underparts and inner surface of limbs. light bluish gray (very nearly Ridgway’s No. 8). This color suffuse: cheeks and region surrounding ears. Tail like back above, but wit) the light annulations very indistinct, like belly below and at tip. Shull and teeth.—The skull and teeth resemble those of Macaeu umbrosus except for their much smaller size. Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 92¢ head and body, 470; tail vertebree, 450; hind foot, 125 Average | five males from the type locality: Total length, 939 (905-985); hea and body, £78 (460-495); tail vertebrae, 467 (435-490); hind foot, 12 (118-130). For details see table, page 477. Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length (exclusive of ine. sors), 122 (134);? basal length, 93 (102); basilar length, 87 (96); leas palatal length, 49 (57) eat breadth (between front molars), 21 (25) zygomatic breadth, 83 (90); mastoid breadth, 64 (71); greatest breadt, of brain case above roots of zygomata, 60 (61); least breadth of bral case immediately behind orbits, 38.6 (39); orbital breadth, 61 (67, least distance from orbit to alv eolus of inner incisor, 44 (49); greate | depth of brain case (exclusive of sagittal crest), 45 (50); mandibl 82 (97); greatest depth of ramus, 19 (19.6); maxillary tooth ro (exc ed of incisors), 40 (44.6); mandibular tooth row (exclustay meisors), 45 (50); crown of Se upper molar, 7.4 by 7 (8.8 by £ ¢ crown of middle lower molar, 8 by 6 (8.2 by 7.4). : Specimens ecamined.—Ven, eight from Simalur Island and two fro. Pulo Lasia. | a Miller, Se ce S. Nat. nies “XXIV ' May 28, 1902, p. 789. +’Measurements in parentheses are those of the type if Macacus umbrosus, a you. adult male, with unworn teeth. at = x0. 1317, MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 477 Remarks.—In color and size ae specimens from Simalur Isl: a are yery constant, presenting no variation worthy of note. In the two from Pulo Lasia the tail is considerably longer, making the proportions essentially the same as in Macacus umbrosus. ‘They are readily separa- ble from the Nicobar species, however, by their much smaller skulls. Measurements of Macacus. | | } | | | 7 Head : Name. Locality. | Number. Sex. Total | “and | Tail. | Hind | length.| 1 = foot. | body. | mm, mm, mm. mm. Macacus nemestrinus.| Tapanuli Bay -.-- 114502 | Female adult. 690 480 210 160 Do TVADOS™ |S GOmneeteescce f 660 490 170 143 114505 | Male adult ..... 922 452 570 | 127 14506 \5< 5 - COM Sete ee 973 | 453 520 130 174559"). 2. GO Peoren Se lecene ae: BAB Eaieee csc | 127 114560 |...-- Gp paeenereee 940 440 500 125 114408 |..... ope ee ee: | 955 420 535 | 125 114409 |....- dO se eee 953 | . 493 530. | 125 PIAATO oS 55. COpcate= tes 905 425 480 | 117 114247 | do 960 440 | —+520 | 125 114248 1, 025 470 5D | 130 114162 915 440 475 115 114165 | 830 420 410 | 110 114166 830 410 420 | 110 114163 905 470 435 118 114164 | 985 495 490 | 128 | 114167 940 495 445 | 125 @114168 920 470 450 | 125 114169 945 460 485 | 130 a Type. PRESBYTES“@ SUMATRANUS (Miller and Schlegel). 1839-1844. Semnopithecus sumatranus M@LLER and ScHLEGEL, Verhandel. over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederl. overzeesche bezittingen, p. 73; Sunatra. Four specimens taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, are essentially identical with those previously collected by Dr. Abbott on the Indragiri River, eastern Sumatra.’ For measurements see table, page 477. PRESBYTES CRISTATUS (Raffles). 1822. Simia cristata Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 244; Ben- coolen, Sumatra. One skin from Loh Sidoh Bay and five from Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra. For measurements see table: Measurements us meee | Head . = Name. Locality. Number. | Sex. Total | and Tail. Hind | length. = foot. | | body. | | mm. | mm. | mm. mm. ed sumatranus., Tapanuli Bay ....) 114507 , Male adult ...-. 1, 270 510 760 160 06S oe5e6e eee Bee GOs oce cess 114508 | Female adult...) 1,230 500 | 730 170 be Se tee sac aca 2 doers stead: 114509 |...-- Ones cece | 1,260 515 745 165 eee sess... - OPE ees Pm t14 LON SO). Ges sa osee || dy 1D 455 760 165 Presi cristatus....| Loh Sidoh Bay - 114160 |....- domace eeeee 1, 200 500 700 145 Bee Reecee csicas .| Tapanuli Bay . 114512 | Female young...) 950 400 550 132 Do eee ee. |.: 2 WOeseeee ees: ‘| 114513 | Female adult...| 1,190 530 660 150 Bere s elo... Oe eee te 114515 |..... doe tee 1,130 465 665 145 eee 5-52... omer Monee 114514 | Male adult ..... | 1,290 540 750 163 a doe awaits PIAGIG|o=5-.dO 2: -2See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 159, June 11, 1902. 478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, ee ee Family SIMD. HYLOBATES AGILIS F. Cuvier. 1821. Hylobates agilis F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammiféres, III, Pts. 32 and 33, September, 1821; Sumatra. 1902. Hylobates hoolock M1LuER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 159), June 11, 1902. t Three specimens from Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra. For measurements. see table, page 475. This animal is the same as that from the Indra giri River, eastern Sumatra, which I recently recorded as //ylobate: hoolock. It is undoubtedly the /7. agilas of F. Cuvier, some of the light-colored specimens almost exactly matching the figure in the original account of the species. H ( SYMPHALANGUS SYNDACTYLUS (Raffles). f oes ‘ i i 1822. Simia syndactyla RaFF es, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 241; Ben’ coolen, Sumatra. f ¢ | Four adults were taken at Tapanuli Bay, where the animal 1 common. Measurements of Hylobates and Symphalangus from Tapanuli Bay. I Name. Number. | Sex. ieee ai i | mm. | mm. Hylobates agilis....2.ccccecceecesveeeseeeeceeecceceee | 114499 | Male adult .....--. 470 | 19) ons ae Cisne lee dockets: ates 445 | 1 lDOpaccndeaonenenoacoue See Seiie ...| 114501 | Femaleadult....-. 415 12 Symphalangus syndactylus..-.----- 114494 |....- GOeass2- eee 470 14 1D eyes as CReSoeCnbor ooberenr esac 114497 |....- COs ses eeeee 500 Li INYO) eon Copco abee Goce nor anne suDcrne | 114495 | Male adult ...-.-- 510 1E| DO pee cereale daca Seen eee 114496 |....- GOs scee sees 525 le | NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE LOCALITIES VISITED. | Lists of the mammals observed at the different collecting station’ follow, together with the collector's field notes. | Lou Stpon Bay. Sumarra (November 5 to 8, 1901). Sciurus albescens.—Common in jungles and cocoanut plantations. Mus lingensis.—Trapped ona low, jungle-covered hill east of the bay. Tupaia ferruginea Raffles. —Found in dense jungle by the seashore. Presbytes maurus.—Shot in dense jungle by the seashore. i “Saw tracks of tiger, Cervus equinus, pig, kijang, ete., but did ne! secure any specimens.” Smraur Istanp (November 16, 1901, to January 2, 1902). Sus vittatus—Pigs are very common. One meets with their track and “diggings” everywhere; but except where sago is being mad No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 479 they are hard to catch sight of. An adult female (No. 114177) was killed in the forest while feeding on the trunk of a sago palm. Others were killed in clearings and among the mangroves on the shore. Mus simalurensis. — Mus surdus.—No rats were caught in the forest, though many traps were set there. Afterwards the traps were moved to stumps, dead tree trunks, and stony, weedy places in paddy fields with much better results. A few of the larger kind (J/us s¢malurens/s) were caught in these situations, and they were common in heavy jungle on Pulo Siumat, 5 miles offshore. The smaller species was common in the paddy fields, and also about houses. Some were found in the stomachs of snake eagles and also in snakes. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus.—Common. Only once seen in the jungle, but natives caught several; said to be very destructive to poultry. Myotis muricola.— Brought in by natives at Sibaboh Bay, where they were caught in hollow trees. Megaderma spasma.—QObtained in some small caves at the seashore on Pulo Siumat. Pteropus sp.—Called by the natives ‘‘tupai,” the Malay name for squirrel. A ‘‘camp” existed on Pulo Asu and two others were said to be on Pulo Siumat. Although frequently seen flying about in the evening, no specimens were secured. Macacus fuscus.—Common. Has the usual habits of J/acacus. The only monkey on the island. Puro Lasta (January + to 7, 1902). Mus simalurensis.—Common in the jungle. Megaderma spasma.—A bunch of four were shot while hanging under a projecting rock in the jungle. Macacus fuscus.—Common. Is not found on the neighboring Pulo Babi. Puvo Bast (January 7 to 14, 1902). Sus vittatus.— Although no pigs occur on Pulo Lasia they are abun- dant on Pulo Babi, but are not easily seen in the dense jungle. Only three were shot. Their ‘‘sarongs” or nests were very common in the jungle. These are generally made of the leaves of a small palm and resemble little haycocks. The pig of Babi appears to be different from that of Simalur. It is considerably larger. Mus simalurensis.—A large gray rat was not uncommon, but all the specimens trapped were so cut to pieces by crabs that no skins could be saved. Several skulls, however, were preserved. Emballonura peninsularis.—No notes. Cynopterus titthecheilus——Common. Found hanging by day from the midribs of the leaves of an areca palm. | 480) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. | eee Puto Banexaru, Bansak Istanps (January 16 to 21, 1902). No pigs or monkeys were seen, and the natives say that none occur, A number of Pferopus were seen, and at least two kinds of smaller bats, but none were obtained. My Malay sailing master said that he saw a red ‘‘tupai” on the ground. It was probably the form of Zupaca tana afterwards taken on Pulo Tuanku. | Tragulus brevipes.—Several seen; only one taken. Sciurus pretiosus.— Common. Sciurus bancarus.— Very common. Mus firmus.— Mus fremens.— | Mus lingensis. Rats were very plentiful, but land and hermit crabs abounded to such an extent that trapping was difficult and many of the specimens caught were ruined. | Puto Tuanexu. Bangak Istanps (January 22 to February 5, 1909); Tragulus russeus.—Very common. Am not certain whether there are one or two forms. Three males weighed over 5 pounds each, bu) none of the females were so large. Now in Zragulus the female 1 considerably larger than the male; but no correspondingly largy females were obtained among the thirty or more that I examined Most of the females were pregnant. Sus vittatus.—A rather small form. Common, but only one f and an immature male obtained. Sciurus ubericolor.—Common. Ratufa palliata.— Ratufa femoralis——Both very common and very noisy. Often see’ together in the same tree. When alive the brown one ( femoralas appears smaller than the other. Rhinosciurus laticaudatus—A female was caught in a rat trap 8 Ujong Tumbaga. Mus firmus.— Mus fremens.— } Mus asper.— | Mus lingensis..— All four species of J/ws were common. | Lenothrix canus.—Only one taken. [ emal: Galeopithecus volans.—Common. : A } Macacus “cynomolgus.’”—Common. A small form similar to that « ’ Sumatra. | | I Puto MANSALAR, AT ENTRANCE TO Tapanutt Bay (March 2 to 1, 1902). A monkey, apparently identical with the Presbytes maurus of th mainland, was observed, but no specimen could be secured. It wo shy and not very common. The tracks of pigs were abundant, b) to ae oe _ MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER: 481 none of the animals ficuisele es were seen. ONativds reported Gale 0 pithecus common, and also said that no musangs occur. Tragulus amenus.—I'wo were brought in by natives. Tragulus jugularis.—Common. About thirty were brought in by natives. Three Nias men with two dogs went to the northwest end of the island, and returned in two days with fourteen napu, so the animals must be very plentiful. Sciurus saturatus.— Common. Sciurus mansalaris.—Very common. Crepuscular, but a few may be seen at all hours. Ratufa nigrescens.—Common, but neither as plentiful nor as noisy as the species of Pulo Tuangku. Mus domitor.— Mus fremens.— All three species of rats were common. Tapanuti Bay, NORTHWESTERN SuMATRA (February 12 to 28 at Lobo Pandan Bay, and March 16 to 29 at Jaga Jaga). No elephants are in the immediate vicinity, but they are said to be common only a few miles away. 1.75). Figs. 1 and 13, male, No. 114352. Figs. 7 and 19, male, No. 114357. 2 and 14, female, No. 114349. 8 and 20, male, No. 114350. Type. 3 and 15, male, No. 114354. 9 and 21, female, No. 114347. 4 and 16, female, No. 114355. 10 and 22, —, No. 114003. 5 and 17, male, No. 114346. 11 and 23, —, No. 114004. ; 6 and 18, male, No. 114356. 12 and 24, male, No. 113162. Type. Nos. 1-9, 13-21, from Pulo Tuanku; Nos. 10-11, 22-23, from Sumatra, exact locasity not known; Nos. 12 and 24, from the Indragiri River, eastern Sumatra. \ Flo Juan fut, FulolLasiag ANG Ss Fulo Babi? ips NBuiem Filo Mersalar Hit NORTHWESTERN SUMATRA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS. PL. XVIII PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM SKULL AND TEETH OF LENOTHRIX CANUS, TYPE. For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 483, a tj geeg ede qaryhe ; Fitintte spies PL. XIX PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI ‘U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘Sp AOVd 39S 3ALWid 4O NOILVNV1dx3 HO4 “VLYNV1 ‘Y GONV VL2INIVd VSANLVY NI SLVIVd GNV NOIDSSY IWILISHYOUSLN| JO LYVd BIRDS COLLECTED BY DR. W. L. ABBOTT ON THE COAST AND ISLANDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA. By CuHarues W. RicnmMonp, Assistant Curator, Division of Birds. The collection noticed in the following pages was received by the United States National Museum in July, 1902. It consists of about 450 specimens, representing nearly 140 species, many of which are of great interest, and was made by Dr. Abbott in the course of a five months’ cruise on the northwest coast of Sumatra. This untiring traveler sailed from Singapore in the latter part of October, 1901, for the purpose of visiting certain zoologically unexplored islands on the west side of Sumatra. His first stopping place was Loh Sidoh Bay, a few miles south of Acheen Head, where, owing to the unfriendliness of the natives, work was carried on fora few days only (November 5-8). Simalur (Babi, Simalu, or Si Malu of some maps), a hilly and well-wooded island about 55 miles in length, was next visited. Here several weeks (November 16, 1901—January 3, 1902) were very profit- ably passed at various points (Telok Dalam, November 17—December 1; Sibaboh Bay, December 8-17; Sigoeli River, December 19; Pulo Asu, December 25-26; Pulo Siumat, December 27-30; and Labuan Badjau Bay, January 1-3) on the Sumatran side. Early in January Dr. Abbott sailed to Pulo Lasia and Pulo Babi, small islets lying 14 miles southeast of Simalur, and separated from one another by a narrow strait only 14 miles wide. Pulo Lasia is about 2} miles long by 2 miles wide, while Pulo Babi is even smaller. Both are uninhabited, low, wooded islands (the ‘* Flat Islands” of some maps) of coral formation. After a few days (January 4-14) spent here, the Banjak Islands were visited. This group consists of Pulo Bangkaru (or Beng: Karu), Pulo Tuangku (or Tunangku), and about four unnamed islets. Pulo Bangkaru, heavily forested, with an area of about 20 square miles, was first visited (January 16-22), and later Pulo Tuangku (January 22-February 6), which is 17 miles long by about 5 miles wide. On the latter, birds were found in abundance, both species and individuals outnumbering those observed on Simalur. Many species additional : PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI, No. 1318. : 485 486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI to ieee given in ie 1e Tet 7 the oa of this paper were seen, but the collector writes that ‘‘no large parrots, hornbills, or barbets were seen 1 heard, and no drongos or orioles were noticed;” also, ‘‘no par- tridges or pheasants were found on any of the islands visited.” From | the Banjak Islands Dr. Abbott proceeded to Tapanuli Bay (February | 11-March), on the coast of Sumatra, where he remained for six weeks, visiting various points on the bay, including a short trip to Pulo Mansalar, situated about 7 miles from the mainland. Tapanuli Bay | and Pulo Mansalar are both heavily forested, and birds were abundant ) at the former place, but the time spent here was mainly occupied in | collecting mammals. | The birds enumerated below are referable to 152 species, of which | 19 are believed to be new,“namely: Jlacropygia simalurensis, Spilornis abbotti, Pisorhina umbra, Paleornis major, Psittinus abbotti, Pelar- | JOPsis simalurensis, IE: sodalis, Thriponax por DUS, Magropiage per- longa, Cyanoderma fulviventris, Stachyris banjakensis, Malacopteron notatum, Llypothymis abbotti, II. consobrina, Tchitrea procera, Graw calus babiensis, G. simalurensis, Campephaga compta, and Oriolus mundus. All measurements in this list are in millimeters. Those of total | leneth were taken from the fresh bird by the collector, and have been | reduced from Enelish inches to millimeters. Family CHARADRID. CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS FULVUS (Gmelin). [Charadrius] fulvus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 687 (Tahiti). Three specimens from Simalur. Length, 235-248 mm. ‘Feet! slaty.” “Common about river mouths and on the padangs.” t y OCHTHODROMUS GEOFFROYI (Wagler). | | i Charadrius] geoffroyi W AGLER, Systema Avium, I, 1827 [p. 61], (Pondichery; | Java). Three ex: unples from Simalur, where they were common. One specimen, a female, has an unbroken dusky band across the chest. | OCHTHODROMUS PYRRHOTHORAX (Gould). Charadrius pyrrhothorax Temminck MS., Gou.p, Birds of Europe, IV (Pt. 20), | 1837 [p. 299], pl. ccxcrx (‘‘Russia’’). Two females from Simalur. Length, 191-197 mm. ‘*Common on the seashore. in e oo with the last.” i « Hight of these were deconbed in ae 1c. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, 1902, pp. 187-190." | 0, 1818. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 487 Family SCOLOPACID 2. GALLINAGO STENURA (Bonaparte). colopax stenura *‘ KunL’’ BonApartTr, Ann. Stor. Nat. Bologna, IV, 1830, p. 335 yp ? oo) ) >I (Sunda Islands). One pair from Simalur. Length, 267 mm. —**Common in the paddy fields and in the wet padangs (meadows).” TOTANUS TOTANUS EURHINUS Oberholser. Totanus totanus eurhinus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 207 (Lake Tsomoriri, Ladak). 39 **A few seen along the Sigoeli River,” in Simalur. , ACTITIS HYPOLEUCOS (Linnzus). . [Tringa] hypoleucos Linnamus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 149 (Europe). “Common” in Simalur. LEIMONITES RUFICOLLIS (Pallas). Prynoa ruficollis Pauuas, Reise Russischen Reichs, III, 1776, p. 700 (“circa Lacus ynga ru eae salsos Dauuriae campestris’) . A single female, from Simalur. NUMENIUS ARQUATUS (Linnzus). [Scolopax] arquata LiInNxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 145 (Europe). A female from Pulo Tuangku. Length, 559 mm. NUMENIUS PHAZOPUS (Linnezus). [Scolopax] phxopus Lrxnaus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 146 (Europe). One female, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common.” Length, 445 mm. ARENARIA INTERPRES (Linnzus). [Tringa] interpres Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 148 (‘Europa & America septentrionali’’ ). A female was collected December 20,0n Simalur. Length, 235 mm. Family Q2DICNEMIDZ. ESACUS MAGNIROSTRIS (Vieillot). (Edicnemus magnirostris ViEILLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., XXIII, 1818, p. 231 ( Nouvelle-Hollande). An adult male, from Pulo Babi, where ‘‘a pair frequented a sand beach at the east point of the island.” It was noted on Tuangku, and at Simalur ‘‘three were seen on the seashore at Sigoeli.” Leneth., 553 mm.; weight, 1.134 ke. ‘‘Iris yellow.” 488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ro | Family RALLIDA. HYPOTAENIDIA STRIATA (Linneus). t i [ Rallus] striatus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Pt. 1, 1766, p. 262 (Philippines) ‘¢Common in the sowahs. One caught in a rat trap” (Simalur). | This specimen, a female, measures 241 mm. “Tris pale yelloy. ih AMAURORNIS PHCNICURUS (Forster). . | | [ Rallus] phenicurus Forster, Zool. Indiea, 1781, p. 19, pl. 1x (Ceylon). | brown.” Three specimens, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘ common in the padd: fields.” These examples, all males, measure 298-318 mm. **Tril brown; bill green, brownish over nostrils; forehead red.” Family ARDEID. | ARDEA SUMATRANA Raffles. { Ardea sumatrana Ra¥Fr.Es, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 2, 1822, pi932 (Sumatra) . No specimens were shot, but the species was observed both on Bal and Tuangku. On Sane it was noted as ‘‘common. This specie, seems to nest singly, not in heronvies. A nest, with two well-grow young ones, was found in a tree overhanging the fresh-water cree at Telok Dalam.” g | | \ DEMIGRETTA SACRA (Gmelin). Ardea] sacra GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 640 (Tahiti). | J ) >] | One female, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common along the see shore.” Also noted as *‘common” on Tuangku. BUTORIDES JAVANICA (Horsfield). Ardea javanica Horsrretp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821, }) 190 (Java). | ” **Common” on Simalur, where two males were obtained. Thes measure: Length, 470, 476; wing, 192, 180; culmen, 66 and 64 mm) respectively. ARDEOLA, species. ** Ardea gray (or bacchus). One seen in Telok Dalam.” oP | Family TRERONIDL. SPHENOCERCUS OXYURUS (Temminck). =| | Columba oxyura ‘‘Reinw.’’ Temmrnck, Pl. Col., IV (Pt. 41), Dec. 1823, pl. cc}! (Java). i One specimen, from Tapanuli Bay. This is sexed as a female, bi) agrees with S Salv: adori s description of the young male.” Length, 32: «Catal. Birds Brit. Wien XXI, p. 8. | 9. 1818. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 489 ying, 158; tail, 127mm. ‘Iris, inner circle blue, outer circle pink; eet bright red; bill leaden, base green, cere blue; naked orbital space vale dusty green; claws pale horny brown.” BUTRERON CAPELLEI (Temminck). | Columba capellei Temminck, Pl. Col., IV (Pt. 24), July, 1822, pl. exnim (Java). ' Four adult males, from Tapanuli Bay. The wing and tail measure- ents of these individuals agree with those given by Salvadori in is account of this species in the British Museum Catalogue, but the ength, in the flesh, is much greater (387-400 mm., instead of 330 mm.). , “Tris dull red; eyelids, orbital skin, and feet yellow.” TRERON NIPALENSIS (Hodgson). Toria nipalensis Hopaeson, Asiat. Researches, XIX, Pt. 1, 1836, p. 164, pl. rx, fig. (Nepal). Three adults, from Tapanuli Bay. The length of the wing varies ‘rom 129-137 mm. in two females, while that of the male is 129. ‘Tris pale orange, with an inner blue circle; naked orbital skin green- sh blue; feet deep purple red; bill horny yellow, base deep red.” | } , } | | TRERON FULVICOLLIS (Wagler). 3 _ [olumba] fulvicollis W acer, Systema Avium, I, 1827 [p. 229], (““Java’’). — One pair from Tapanuli Bay. The male is 281 and the female 273 nm. in length. ‘‘ Bill leaden, base dark red; feet deep red.” TRERON VERNANS (Linnzus). Columba vernans Linn =us, Mantissa Plant., 1771, p. 526 (Philippines). Three specimens, from Simalur, where it was **‘ common, and the only small fruit pigeon seen.” Length of a male, 298; of a female, 280 mm. The wing measurements are: Male, 153-156; female, 152 mm. _ A species of 7reron was common on Tuangku, but no specimens were preserved. | CARPOPHAGA CONSOBRINA Salvadori. Carpophaga consobrina Satvaport, Ann. Mus. Ciy. Genova, 2d ser., IV, 1887, p. 558 (Nias Island). ; A fine series of 18 skins, from the islands of Simalur, Babi, Lasia, and Tuangku, on each of which it was found to be ‘‘common, and not at all shy.” These birds agree with the original description of C. consobrina, and in the absence of Nias examples for comparison, I am content to refer them to this species. As is the case with a number of other species common to several of the islands, the birds living on the insignificant islets Babi and Lasia prove to be larger than their neighbors. In the present species the length of males from Simalur and Tuangku varies from 400 to 432 mm. | \ ¥ bees aes | | | £9) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. zee (wings, 218-232), w hile those from Babi and Lasia measure 439 ti 440 mm. (wings, 241-245); females from the first-named localities ar from 381 to 407 mm. (wings, 211-231); those from Babi and Lasia ar | 419 mm. (wings 232-234). ‘“‘Iris deep red, eyelids red; bill leaden dark beneath at base; cere dull purple; feet purplish red.” MYRISTICIVORA BICOLOR (Scopoli). { { f Columba (bicolor) ScoPout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insub., Il, 1786, p. 94 (“howl Guiana’’). | Reported as ‘*common” on Tuangku, less so on Simalur; noted als, on Babi and Lasia. Two examples (Simalur and Babi). ‘amily COLUMBID. COLUMBA PHASMA, new name. ' This is Columba grisea (Bonaparte, ex Gray), which is preoccupie by Columba grisea Bonaterre, 1790. Three adult males of this rare species, from Simalur, are apparent] not different from an individual collected by Dr. Abbott on Pulo Tay, (southeast of Singkep and Lingga). Length, in the flesh, varies froy 403 to 419 mm.:; wings, from 231 to 245 mm. “Only seen at two places; one was up a fresh-water creek at Tele Dalam, where it was common, and at Labuan Badjau Bay. I only she four or five in all, and they were in very poor plumage. Only thre skinned. It was shy and hard to get.” The colors of the soft par’ are noted as ‘tiris orange red; bill greenish horny, base, cere, ar naked skin about eye dull purple; feet leaden, distal parts of to! pinkish white, claws white; anterior parts of tarsi, purple.” i} another specimen the iris was ‘* bright red.” MACROPYGIA SIMALURENSIS Richmond. Macropygia simalurensis RicuMonn, Proe. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 190 p. 187 (Simalur Island). Three specimens, from Simalur, where it was ** common.’ M. ruficeps (Temminck) appears to be its nearest relate but ¥ have no specimens of this form for comparison. The Simalur bi! differs from Salvadori’s description of J/. ruficeps” in not having t) ‘pectoral feathers more or less broadly tipped with whitish butl and in lacking a whitish throat; the colors of the soft parts are al) different. ‘Tris bluish gray; feet dark purple brown; bill dark brown, bla: at tip.” | | | | “Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., X-XI, p. 361. Sanna ~ oe _ BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 491 CHALCOPHAPS INDICA (Linnzus). a ol nba) indica Lixxxvs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 2, 1758, p. 164 (India 2 _ orien ientali). Occasionally seen in the jungle” on Simalur, and ** quite common Pu lo Siumat.” It was also ‘* heard in the forest” on Babi. No mens were preserved. CALCENAS NICOBARICA (Linnzus). ymba\ nicobarica Lixnxts, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 164 (Nicobars). ‘A few seen at Telok Dalam,” on Simalur, and noticed on Pulo . No specimens. Family FALCONID. ASTUR SOLOENSIS (Horsfield). co soloensis Horsrrexp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821, _ p. 137 (Java). single male, shot in Labuan Badjau Bay.” Simalur. Length, mm. ‘Iris dark brown, eyelids green; bill black. leaden at base, e orange; feet yellow, claws black.” be ACCIPITER VIRGATUS (Temminck). Fin Blea sirgatus “Reinw.”’ Temminck, Pl. Col., I (Pt. 19), February, 1822, pl. vax (Java). SC eaeakare females, three from Simalur and one from Lasia. omach of one individual and the crop of another contained the ains of small birds. ‘A number were seen, both in the forest and about the clearings. o seen on Pulo Siumat.” SPIZAETUS ALBONIGER (Blyth). Niza Ee alliiniger Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 1, 1845, p. 173 ae ay Ls eer male, shot on Pulo Asu, in dense jungle.” Length, 514: g. : 11; tail, 208 mm. ~**Billand cere black: lores dull leaden: toes low S ciwe black.” Spizaétus, probably of this species. was seen on Bulo Bangkaru. HALIZZETUS LEUCOGASTER (Gmelin). "I lencogaster Guetx, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 1, 1788, p. 257 (no locality given). Sim Jur it was ‘generally common along the sea shore. One was elsting on Pulo Asu and two or three on Pulo Siumat. — on the latter island was completed about Christmas day. a 4 . 492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX¥I, The re were e probably egos, but the natives were afraid to climb aa | get them, the tree being large and rotten.” It was common on \ Authors generally, since the time of Horsfield and Moore’s catalogue, have given “1772” as the date of publication of this name. Giebel gives the correct date in his Thesaurus. 504. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATI ONAL MUSEUM. Family PITTID. PITTA MOLUCCENSIS (P. L. S. Miller). Turdus moluccensis MiuuEr, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, p. 144 (‘‘moluccise! Inseln’’). . A single adult female from Pulo Tuangku. Length, 200; wing, 1 tarsus, 40; bill, from gape, 29 mm. Compared with a series of fres specimens from the Malay Peninsula, this bird is rather small, with; more yellowish in the green of the upper parts; the white patch the primaries is much restricted, the black tips of the feathers ocet pying more space than in any of our other specimens. ‘‘Common. Feet pale purplish fleshy.” Family MOTACILLID At. Genus DENDRONANTHUS Blyth. Dendronanthus Burra, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1844, p. 116. Type, Motacilla indica Gmeiin. DENDRONANTHUS INDICUS (Gmelin). 2 ° | [ Motacilla] indica Gmewin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 962 (Sonnerat’s “La bergeronnette grise des Indes”’ ). \ Two specimens, one from Simalur, the other from Loh Sidoh Bay. It was ‘‘common” at the first-named locality, and was noted also o Pulo Bangkaru. This bird has received several generic names, the earliest of whiek appears to be Dendronanthus Blyth (1844). The next is Vemorico “Blyth,”¢ which may clash with Vemoricola of Hodgson, for a spec of snipe.? Limonidromus, of Gould, commonly used for the speci dates from 1862, and Fitzinger’s Vemorivaga was proposed about the same time. Budytanthus, of David,¢ is still later. MOTACI LLA MELANOPE Pallas. Motacilla melanope Pauuas, Reise Russischen Reichs, HI, 1776, p. 696 (“1 Dauuria circa ripas glareosas rarius occurrit”’ ). 7 An adult male, from Simalur, where ‘‘ common.” BUDYTES FLAVUS LEUCOSTRIATUS (Homeyer). Budytes leucostriatus Homnygrr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, p. 128 (Baical region). : One specimen, an adult male, from Simalur. ‘*Common.” aJerdon, Madras Journ., XIII, p. 132, dated 1844, but not published befony August, 1845. 2 in my notebook as the type of a new genus or subgenus, under the style of Nemom cola Nipalensis, but I forbear, for the present, from so naming it.’”? Gray used name in 1842 (Appendix to List Genera Birds, 1842, p. 14). ¢Nouv. Arch. du Mus., III (Bull.), 1867, p. 33. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA~RICHMOND. 505 > Family PYCNONOTID. CHLOROPSIS CYANOPOGON (Temminck). | Phyllormis cyanopogon Temminck, Pl. Col., IV (Pt. 81), October, 1829, pl. px1r, . fig. 1 (Sumatra). An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 178 mm. IRENA CRINIGER Sharpe. Irena criniger Snarpn, Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., III, 1877, p- 267 (Borneo and Sumatra). “Six specimens, from Pulo Mansalar, Tapanuli Bay, and Tuangku. These birds are identical in color with /. criniger, but the Tuangku specimens, four in number, differ in having larger and heavier bills, with rather larger wings (bill, from gape, 30; wing, 123-129 mm.). ~ “Common,” on Tuangku. HEMIXUS MALACCENSIS (Blyth). _ H{[ypsipetes] malaccensis Buyru, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 2, 1845, p. 574 (Malacca). Four specimens, all from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 219-229 mm. “These two pairs shot in heavy forest on Gunong Kebong, where they were pretty common. Izis’ clear brown; feet dark fleshy brown.” IOLE OLIVACEA Blyth. I ole] olivacea Buyrn, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIII, Pt. 1, 1844, p. 386 (sup- posed to be from Singapore). - An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 194 mm. ‘Iris , dy gray. 4 EUPTILOSUS EUTILOSUS (Jardine and Selby). Brachypus eutilosus JARDINE and Sevpy, Ilustr. Orn., new ser., No. 1, February, 1837, pl. m1 (Singapore). One specimen, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 206 mm. ‘‘Iris red; bill and feet black.” MICROTARSUS MELANOCEPHALOS (Gmelin). [Lanius] melanocephalos GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 1, 1738, p. 309 ( ‘‘in insulis Sand- 3 wich maris australis’’ ). _ Seven adults from Simalur and one from Tapanuli Bay. The Sim- alur birds do fot differ in color from those of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, but the bills are perceptibly stouter. Length, 172-184; wing, Ti-79 mm. ‘The only bulbul noticed. Common about the clearings in scrubby jungle” (Simalur). Ee TRICHOLESTES CRINIGER (Blyth). é Br{achypodius]? criniger ‘‘ A. Hay’’ Bryta, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 2, 1845, p. 577 (Malacca). . Three specimens are in the collection, from Pulo Mansalar and Tapa- nuli Bay. : 506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, | 8 Ee eae TRACHYCOMUS OCHROCEPHALUS (Gmelin). [Turdus] ochrocephalus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 821 (‘“Zeylonet Java’). | A female, from Loh Sidoh Bay. Length, 267mm. ‘Iris brown- ish red.” | PYCNONOTUS ANALIS (Horsfield). Turdus analis Horsrretp, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1SaiRy p. 147 (Java). | One male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. Length, 203 mm. ‘‘Iris dark: brown; bill and feet black.” PYCNONOTUS PLUMOSUS Blyth. Plycnonotus] plumosus Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 2, 1845;) p- 567 (Singapore). | Adults from Tuangku, Mansalar, and Tapanuli Bay. These do not differ from Singapore specimens. ‘‘ Iris brownish yellow; feet fleshy: brown.” | PYCNONOTUS SIMPLEX Lesson. Pienonotus simplex Lesson,” Revue Zool., I, June, 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra). Seven specimens, from Loh Sidoh Bay, Tuangku, and Bangkaru.! It was found to be ‘‘common” on both of the Banjak islands. Length, from 181 to 191 mm. The irides in six of the skins are noted as ‘‘red,” but in one male from Tuangku are stated to be ‘* brownish. yellow.” PYCNONOTUS, species. | One pair, from Tapanuli Bay. Length of — 178; of female. 158mm. ‘“‘Iris pale yellow; feet fleshy brown.” ! This species is related to P. s*mplex, but is easily distinguished by its paler color below, paler sides and under tail-coverts, smaller Size (or slenderer appearance in the prepared skin), and white or pale yellow irides. We have about thirty skins of this form and an equa number of /?. simplex, all nicely prepared and properly sexed, with color notes, and no difficulty is experienced in dividing them into twe) lots, except in the case of birds from Subi and Sirhassen, in the Natu! nas, which have the plumage of the present bird, with the red irides 0} P. simplex. We have P. simplex, with red irides, from Trong, Pule Lankawi, the Dindings, the Butang Islands, Singapore, Pulo Tioman, the Anambas, Indragiri River (Sumatra), Boece Loh Sidoh Bay, ant the Banjak Islands. The present species (white or yellowish whit irides, except as mentioned above) is represented from Tapanuli Bay Lingga Island, Singapore, east coast of Johore, Borneo, Trong, ant from the Anambas and Natunas. | aLesson’s description is as follows: ‘‘Corpore supra griseo-luteol4, albo lute tincto infra; rostro corneo; pedibus bruneis. Hab. Sumatra.’’ ex Xe "9 No. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 507 _ Lesson, in his description of P. s¢mpler, did not give the color of the irides, but it may be assumed” that he had the red-eyed form. The status of the white-eyed bird can be properly determined only by an examination of the types of /. brunneus and P. modestus Blyth, and of Wicrotarsus olivaceus Moore, any one of which may refer to it. PYCNONOTUS ERYTHROPTHALMOS (Hume). I{xos] erythropthalmos Hume, Stray Feathers, VI, 1878, p. 314 (Pakchan, Ten- asserim ). One adult male from Pulo Tuangku. Length, 165 mm. ‘Iris red; eyelids orange; angles of mouth and inside of mouth orange; feet brownish fleshy.” This is P. pusillus Salvadori (not Hwmatornis pusillus Blyth), renamed P. salvadori by Sharpe.” Family TIMALIID. ANUROPSIS MALACCENSIS (Hartlaub). Brachypteryx malaccensis Hartuaus, ‘‘Syst. Verz. nat. Sammi. Gesellsch. Mus., I, Vogel, 1844,’’ p. — (Malacca). One pair from Pulo Tuangku. ‘* Common in the forest.” These are similar to Malaccan birds. MIXORNIS PILEATUS (Blyth). Prinia pileata Buyrn, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XI., Pt. 1, 1842, p. 204 (Malay Peninsula). : One adult male from Pulo Bangkaru. This is as dark on the upper surface as MW. everetti, from the Natunas, but in other respects is similar to Singapore birds. Mixornis gularis (Motacitla qularis Raffles, 1822) as commonly applied to this species is preoccupied (Motacilla qularis Shaw, Cimelia Physica, 1796, p. 61). CYANODERMA FULVIVENTRIS, new species. Type.—Adult male, No. 179359, U.S. N. M.; Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, west coast of Sumatra, February 1, 1902; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Similar to C. erythroptera, but throat, breast, sides of head, and neck darker slate color; abdomen, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts deeper fulvous; bill slightly longer and total length a trifle greater. Length, 146; wing, 59; tail, 50; tarsus, 21; culmen, 17 (bill, from gape, 20)mm. ‘‘Iris brownish red; naked skin on throat pale blue; naked skin about eyes dark blue.” “The type was in the collection of Dr. Abeillé, of Bordeaux, and may still be extant. Catal. Birds, VI, 1881, p. 401. - 508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Two males and two females from Tuangku, all agreeing with above characters; the females, as in C. erythroptera, being a lit smaller than the males. ‘‘Common.” STACHYRIS BANJAKENSIS Richmond. Stachyris banjakensis RicamMonD, Proce. Biol. Soe. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, p. 190 (Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands). i Two adult males from Tuangku. This species has a longer bill than typical S. maculata; is more! heavily spotted below, and has a paler nape, back, and wings. Both! spec ies have a large pale-blue bare space on the ae of the neck, which is ordinarily hidden by the feathers. ‘ “ALCIPPE CINEREA Blyth.” ‘““Aleippe cinerea, Burro, J. A. S. Beng., XIII, p. 384”’ (Sharpe, Ce Birds 3rit. Mus., VII, 1883, p. 622). | Anadult male from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 153mm. “*Iris brown Benes ath.” Iam unable at present to consult Blyth’s paper; my recollection that he did not intend to name a new species, but merely included wha he thought to be Eyton’s Malacopierom cinereus in his new genu: Alcippe. : MALACOPTERON MAGNIROSTRE (Moore). j Aleippe magnirostris Moors, in Horsfield and Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. Eas - India Co., I, 1854, p. 407 (Malacca). a Three males from Pulo Mansalar and Tapanuli Bay. The lengtl of the wing varies from 77 to 81 mm. ‘ MALACOPTERON NOTATUM Richmond. Malacopteron notatum RicuMonD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 190, p. 190 (Pulo Bangkaru, Banjak Islands). | a Five specimens from Pulo Bangkaru. ‘“‘Iris brown; bill dar brown, leaden beneath; feet leaden.” It was found to be * common on both Tuangku and Bangkaru. : In the original description this species was compared, in part, » wit ‘M. cantori (Moore);” this should have been ‘‘M. magnirosti (Moore).” z CHALCOPARIA SINGALENSIS (Gmelin). [Motacilla] singalensis Gmewin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 964 (in inst Zeylon’’). = One adult female from Tuangku. Length, 108 mm. ‘Iris red. The lower surface in this specimen is of a brighter yellow than in fou BONE from the Malay Peninsula. ’ BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICH MOND. 509 f ; Family MUSCICAPID®. f MUSCITREA GRISOLA (Blyth). T(ephrodornis] grisola Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XII, Pt. 1, 1843, p. 180* (‘‘near Calcutta ’’). One female from Simalur, where it was ‘‘not plentiful.” Length, 165; wing, 86; culmen,14.5mm. This specimen agrees fairly well with the description of Pachycephala vandepolli Finsch,“ a species from the Batoe Islands said to be nearly related to JZ. grisola. Our bird, how- eyer, can be matched by examples from Lingga and the Natunas both in color and dimensions. HYPOTHYMIS ABBOTTI Richmond. Hypothymis abbotti RicaMonD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, p. 189 (Pulo Babi, west coast of Sumatra). Seven specimens, from Babi and Lasia. Length, male, 178 to 187; female, 178 mm. The male, as originally described, is wholly blue, without the black occipital spot and band across foreneck of //. azurea. The color is bright light cyanine blue (of Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors), with a tinge of deep campaznula blue on breast, abdomen, and sides. Wings and tail black, with a bluish shade above; under wing-coverts and axillaries, dusky gray, with bluish tips; wing feathers, from below, with dusky gray edges. Length (in flesh), 181 mm.; wing, 76; tail, 77; tarsus, 19; culmen, 13 (bill from gape, 20). In another male the wing measures 79 mm. “Tris blackish; feet dull leaden blue; bill blue, tip and a narrow line along commissure black; inside of mouth yellow.” While there is no visible black nape patch, or black band across the chest, the feathers of these areas have black tips on their wnder Bitaces. The female has the head, neck, and throat as in the eae, but duller; the thighs and bend of wing are of the same color. The remainder of the plumage is brownish black, with a blue wash, most prominent on breast and center of abdomen, less so on back, wing-coverts, outer edges of primaries, and tail feathers. Wing, 78 mm. The immature male is like the female, but the thighs are dusky, while the wing-coverts and secondaries (possibly new, adult feathers) are similar to those of the adult male. From its solid blue color this spec ies appears to be considerably larger than 7. azwrea, but in its various dimensions it hardly exceeds specimens of the latter from the Anambas and Tambelans. £7. abbotti was **common” on Lasia, and on Babi it was ‘‘the commonest bird.” aNotes, Leyd. Mus., XX, p. 224. 35 Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE HYPOTHYMIS AZUREA (Boddaert). Muscicapa azurea Boppaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 41 (‘‘Philippines’’). Five specimens, from Tapanuli Bay, Pulo Tuangku, and Bangkaru, — Males from the Banjak Islands (length, 165; wing, 72-73) are just a | trifle larger than those from Tapanuli Bay (length, 162; wing, 71-72), | and have a bluish wash on the under tail-coverts. This species is : reported as common on the Banjak Islands. at Feet dull leaden blue; bill blue; tip black; inside of mouth yellow- + ish green.” HYPOTHYMIS CONSOBRINA Richmond. Hypothymis consobrina RicumonD, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, , p. 189 (Simalur Island, west coast of Sumatra). Two adult males, from Simalur, where it was “common.” A. tytler’ has reen recorded from Engano by Salvadori, but the bird from ) that island will doubtless prove to be Z/. consobrina. ‘Bill blue, black at tip; inside of mouth yellow; feet leaden blue.” — RHIPIDURA JAVANICA (Sparrman). Muscicapa javanica SpARRMAN, Mus. Carls., Pt. 3, 1788, pl. Lxxv (Java). One adult male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. TCHITREA PROCERA, new species. Type.—Adult male, No. 179415, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west | coast of Sumatra, December 12, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. This. species closely resembles 7. nécobarica in the white plumage, but has | shorter wings, and the color of the head is glossy blue black, without a greenish sheen. Length, 445; wing, 86; tail, 320; tarsus, 17.5; culmen, 17 (bill, from) gape, 26.5) mm. ‘Iris dark brown; eyelids blue; inside of mouth! ereen; bill blue, tip and commissure black; feet leaden blue.” The central rectrices in procera are broad, as in nicobarica and floris, not much narrowed as in affinés and incid. The wings of nicobarica,) afiinis, incti, floris, sumbainsis, and insularis are 90 mm. or over; in| procera they vary from 81 to 87 (both sexes). In affinis, inet, nico) burica, and floris (I have not seen the others) the head is of about the: same shade of glossy greenish black, but it is glossy bluish black in procera. In nicobarica the feathers of the mantle are white, almost to the base, with narrow black shaft lines; in procera they are similar, but a little darker at the base; in afinds and zncid these feathers are largely dark gray at the base, with the shaft stripes broader and more pronounced in the last-named. It has been stated that 7. znezz has no white plumage, but we have several in this phase from the Malay Veninsula, and one from north China. . (0, 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 511 & The female and immature male (with short tail) of 7. procera resemble the female of 7. nécobarica, having the back brown (between wood brown and tawny olive), instead of cinnamon rufous, as in 7: affinis; the under tail-coverts are russet, and the abdomen, sides, and flanks are pale buffy cinnamon, like nzcobarica, not white as in affinds. They may be distinguished from nicobarica by the rather bluer shade of the cap, while the young male has a gray throat, lores, and sides of head, as in the females, not glossy greenish black as in the young male of necobarica. . The white plumage of 7. znsularis, if it has one, does not appear to have been described. In the dark phase the cap is gray, instead of black; it has a longer wing (93 mm.), but shorter tail than 7: procera. Six specimens, from Simalur, where it was found to be ‘‘ common.” PHILENTOMA VELATUM (Temminck). Drymophila velata TemMinck, Pl. Col., IIT (Pt. 56), March, 1825, pl. cccxxxiv (‘‘Timor; et isolément ou par paire dans celle de Java’’). One pair, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 203; wing, of male, 104; of female, 99 mm. RHINOMYIAS PECTORALIS (Salvadori). Alcippe pectoralis Satvavort, Atti. R. Acc. Sci. Torino, III, 1868, p. 530 (Borneo). One adult, from Pulo Mansalar. Length, 162; wing, 81; tail, 68 mm. ‘Iris brown; bill black; feet purplish fleshy.” This specimen is very like one from Lingga, in color, but the bill is a little larger. CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS (Swainson). Platyrhynchus ceylonensis Swatnson, Zool. Ilustr., 1, No. 3, December, 1820, pl. xim (Ceylon): Two males, from Simalur. ‘* Common.” Family TURDID&. PRINIA, species. One male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. ‘‘Iris brownish gray; feet pale brownish fleshy.” This bird isin very poor plumage, with the feathers of the tail worn down to the shafts. It resembles P. flaviventris, but is much less greenish olive on the back, and has no yellow on the underparts, which are white with a slight buffy tinge. The tail is very long, measuring (although much abraded) 85 mm.; wing, 50 mm. ? ORTHOTOMUS ATROGULARIS Temminck. Orthotomus atrogularis Temmincx, Pl. Col., III (Pt. 101), 1836, text only (Malacea, Borneo). “Common” on Tuangku, but no specimens were preserved. * a 512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE, CISTICOLA CISTICOLA (Temminck). Sylvia cisticola Temminck, Manuel d’Orn, 2d ed., I, 1820, p. 228 (Portugal). Three males, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common in the paddy fields and in long grass.” KITTACINCLA MELANURA Salvadori. Cittocincla melanura Satvaport, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., TV, 1886, p. baat pl. vi, fig. 1 (Nias Island). Five specimens, from Simalur, Babi, and Lasia. These specimens are smaller than typical A melanura, having a wing measurement of 86-95 mm.; for the Nias bird Salvadori gives” 95-97 mm. In our birds the outermost tail feather has a bare sug-— gestion of white at the tip. Length, male, 258-286; female, 216-241, The two females in this series are slightly paler on the underparts than the males. ‘‘Tris dark brown; feet dull purplish brown; bill black.” R On Simalur the species was found to be ‘‘not very common, and — very shy.” It was ‘‘common, but very shy,” on Babi and Lasia. KITTACINCLA MALABARICA (Scopoli) . Muscicapa (malabarica) Scorout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., II, 1786, p. 96 (based ie on ‘“‘Le gobe-mouche 4 longue queue de Gingi’’ of Sonnerat, Voy. aux Indes, ete., IT, p. 196; Malabar). Five adult males, from Pulo Mansalar, Tuangku, and Bangkaru. — In oe these birds can be iter ee with ee from various wing measurement ine males) varies ie 95 to 99 mm. **Common” in the Baujak Islands. ; The name malabarica antedates both tricolor and macroura, and is | of unquestionable application, but Scopoli’s reference to *‘ tab. 111” Sonnerat’s work is erroneous. COPSYCHUS SAULARIS MUSICUS (Raffles). Lanius musicus Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt 2, 1822, p. 307.4 Five specimens from Loh Sidoh Bay and Simalur. It was ‘‘ common Bok clearings” on Simalur. Seno ee eaten Lanius. It is one of the few singing birds of India, and its note is pleasing. It is abot at eight inches and a half in length. In the female the feathers of the throat and breast are whitish, mottled with grey and brown; and several of the wing-coverts — are also white with reddish-brown shades. All the colours are duller than in male.”’ - x0. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 513 ———— ‘Family HIRUNDINID2. HIRUNDO GUTTURALIS Scopoli. Hirundo (gutturalis) Scopout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr, II, 1786, p. 96 (Antique, western Panay, Philippines) . Two specimens, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common.” It was also noted as ‘‘common” on Tuangku. Family CAMPEPHAGID2. GRAUCALUS BABIENSIS, new species. Type.—Adult female, No. 179220 U.S.N.M.; Pulo Babi, west coast of Sumatra, January 13, 1902; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Head, back, scapu- lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts gray (No. 7 of Ridgway’s Nomencla- ture), the feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts indistinctly edged with grayish white; underparts gray, like the back, but slightly paler, becoming still lighter on the abdomen, which is unbarred; thighs gray, like the back; under tail-coverts grayish white, with obscure grayish bars; under wing-coverts white, with blackish bars; axillaries pale gray, with dusky grayish bars; wings black, the lesser, middle, and greater coverts and outer webs of tertiaries, secondaries, and of primary coverts gray like the back; inner primaries washed on edge of outer webs with the same color; under surface of wings pale gray, with a whitish line on edge of inner webs of inner primaries. Tail black, the middle pair of feathers with a wash of dark gray, the outer- most pair with grayish tips. Leneth, 305; wing, 168; tail, 117.5; tarsus, 29; exposed culmen, 28 (bill, from gape, 41); width of bill at base,20 mm. ‘‘ Ivis pale yellow; bill and feet black.” A second female measures: Length, 318; wing, 170; tail, 123 mm. This is a large bird, like G. hannegieter’, but the lower breast and abdomen are entirely unbarred; there are no 4/ack bars on the upper tail-coverts, and the iris is pale yellow instead of white. ‘‘ Common. Larger and differently colored from that of Simalur.” GRAUCALUS SIMALURENSIS, new species. Type.—Adult male, No. 179215, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west coast of Sumatra, November 19, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. This species is very like the female ‘of G. babiens/s (the shade of gray on the upper and lower surfaces is exactly the same as in that species), but smaller; the under tail-coverts and axillaries are unbarred, and there are only a few obscure grayish bars on the under Wing-coyerts. Length, 299; wing, 166; tail, 121; tarsus, 26; exposed culmen, 26 (bill, from gape, 39.5); width of bill, at base, 20 mm. ‘Iris pale greenish white; bill and feet black.” 514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. The female differs from the male in having the under wing-coverts — and axillaries white, conspicuously barred with slaty black; the un tail-coverts are grayish white, less plainly barred with gray ar darker slate; the breast is like that of the male, but on the abdomen and flanks there are almost obsolete bars of gray (the bars being about the same shade as the breast). Wing, 165-167 mm. a An obviously younger female has the primaries, primary- covert and secondaries narrowly edged with white; the rump and upper tail. coverts are barred with blackish slate and tipped with white; the | breast and abdomen are white, with slaty black bars, mingled on the | breast with new, unbarred, gray feathers. . The male resembles that of G. swmatrensis and G. bungurensis, but is a little paler, both above and below, and the under wing-coverts are. obscurely barred. It is larger than G. swmatrensis, and about the size of G. bungurensis, but ane bill is longer and broader (about 18 mm. broad in bungurensis, and 20 mm. in Een ‘‘Common in the forest, generally in parties of three to five.” In addition to G. babiensis and G. simalurensis, the following spe- cies, related to G. sumatrensis, have been deceee from islands off | the west coast of Sumatra: G. crissalis Salvadori (Mentawei group), @. enganensis Salvadori (Engano), and G. kannegietert (Bittikofer) | from Nias. ; P| CAMPEPHAGA COMPTA, new species. Type.—Adult female, No. 179222, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west coast of Sumatra, Noy emis 28, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Top of head, lores, nape, back, annie rump, and upper tail- coverts bluish slate color, the feathers of the rump and upper tail- coverts with narrow anit tips, immediately preceded by still nar-| rower obscure blackish slate bars; some of the feathers of the crown | with blackish centers; a narrow fringe of feathers on the forehead, a distinct line over the lores, eyes, and above ear-coverts, white; ear-| coverts and malar region white, with conspicuous bluish slate stripes (darker than the upper ee a broad line between ear-coverts and white superciliary stripe dark bluish slate color; entire under parts, including sides of neck, under wing-coverts and axillaries, white, prominently barred with slaty black, with a grayish suffusion on the sides (thighs almost uniform slate); the black and white spaces on the under surface are of nearly equal width, except on the axilliaries, under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts, where the white spaces are much wider than the cen ones; on the under tail-coverts the black markings are mainly U-shaped. Wings black, the coverts, secondaries, and tertiaries with the outer webs washed with bluial slate color; feathers of the inner greater coverts and secondaries with a narrow white border on the outer webs; primaries and pri- mary coverts black, with a narrow dark-gray edging to most 0 } 2 5 Py | — * “No. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 515 the feathers; secondaries obscurely and very narrowly tipped with _white; under surface of inner primaries largely white on basal half of inner webs (some of the secondaries also edged with white). Tail black, the middle pair of feathers washed with bluish gray, except at the tip; some of the other feathers edged with gray, and all of them tipped with white, the middle feathers very narrowly so, the white becoming more extensive toward the outermost pair, on which there is a narrow white line bordering the shaft on the outer web, extending almost to the base. Length, 203; wing, 101; tail, 85; tarsus, 21; culmen, 14 (bill, from gape, 21) mm. “‘Iris clear brown; bill black, pale brown beneath, at base.” : Another female, apparently a younger bird, is less distinctly barred on the breast, abdomen, and sides, these areas being much suffused with gray. In this species the color of the under parts suggests that of the lower breast in Graucalus sumatrensis (typical); on the upper parts C. compta is of a darker and clearer color. This species is related to C. neglecta, but is darker above, much more strongly barred below, has a distinct white superciliary stripe, etc. PERICROCOTUS FLAMMIFER Hume. [ Pericrocotus| flammifer Humes, Stray Feathers, III, No. 4, May, 1875, p. 321, note (Pakchan, Tenasserim). Ten specimens, from Simalur, where ‘‘common.” The males are identical in color with P. fammifer from Tenasserim and Trong, but they average slightly larger. I have no females for comparison with the three contained in the present collection, but these appear to be very dark above (almost slaty black, with a slight gloss), not ‘‘ashy brown tinged with green,” as described by Oates.¢ Length, males, 190-207; wing, 90-94; tail, 81.5-88 mm. Females are smaller, measuring, length, 190-197; wing, 87-89; tail, 80-82 mm. ‘Tris dark brown; bill and feet black.” PERICROCOTUS IGNEUS Blyth. P{ericrocotus] igneus Buytnu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XV, 1846 (1847 ?), p. 309 (Malacca). Two males, from Simalur. These have rather long wings (78-80 mm.), and the two middle pairs of rectrices are wholly black. In the descriptions of P. igneus, given by both Sharpe and Oates, the two central feathers are said to be black, the next pair with an ‘‘ orange-red mark at the tip,”? or ‘‘ with some red at the tip.”° @ Birds Brit. Burmah, I, p. 237. bSharpe, Catal. Birds, IV, p. 78. ¢Oates, Fauna Brit. India, Birds, I, p. 485. “ee 516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Lenath, 168-172; wing, 78-80; tail, 75-76; bill, from gape, 17 mm ‘+ Apparently not common, but several that were shot were lost in the dense underbrush.” P. igneus has been recorded from Nias. “ Family DICRURIDZ. DISSEMURUS BRACHYPHORUS (Bonaparte), E{dolius] brachyphorus ‘‘Temm.’’ Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, I, 1850, Pp 351 (Borneo). 7 Ten specimens, from Loh Sidoh Bay, Simalur, Babi, and Lasia, those from the last-named island having longer tails and wings than the } others. The dimensions of this series are given below: q Measurements of Dissemurus brachyphorus. Locality. Sex. Length. | Wing. Tail. Billa Mm. Mm. Mm. Loh SidOh Bay ....ccccncccacncnccsscasscccnssccenn= Male ... 470 148 301 Sima Oat erate ae lata aetna a atelier aetna Female. 445 136 287 474 139 306 474 138 307 Se Sk ate rare 141) | See cetees Dees eee V4 ortcis careers 540 153 363 521 152 347 534 154 370 540 152 367 aBill, from gape. The Simalur birds have less of a ereenish gloss than those from Loh Sidoh Bay and the Flat Islands, but otherwise the color is about the same. In length of wing the birds from Babi and Lasia are approached and even exceeded by others from widely different locali- ties, but no specimens in our series (from the Natunas and Anambas;_ Pulo Tioman; Lankawi; Lingga, ete.) have tails quite as long as these : Flat Islands examples. ‘‘Common in the forest” on Simalur; also ‘‘common” on Babi, and **common, apparently larger than that of Simalur” on Lasia. | BUCHANGA ATRA (Hermann). Muscicapa atra Hermann, Obs. Zool., March, 1804, p. 208 (Tranquebaria). One adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 279; wing, 142; tail, 124 mm. BUCHANGA CINERACEA (Hope Edolius cineraceus HorsFietp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821, , p- 145 (Java). Nee y ; Sie S ari 3 Six adults, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common about clearings, — sitting on dead trees. Less common in forest.” Length, 257-2 280 mm. “ Buttikofer, Motes Leyd. Mus., X VIII, p. 177. = x0, 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 51 “I ‘i Family LANHD&. | LANIUS TIGRINUS Drapiez. | Lanius tigrinus Draprez, Dict. Class. d’ Hist. Nat., XIII, 1828, p. 523 (Java). | Two males, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘not common.” Length, 178mm. ‘Iris dark brown.” PLATYLOPHUS CORONATUS (Raffles). Lanius coronatus RarriEs, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 2, 1822, p. 306 (Sumatra). Three specimens, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 270 (female) to 280 (male)mm. ‘‘ Feet leaden blue.” : Family ORIOLID. ORIOLUS MUNDUS, new species. Type.—Adult male, No. 179268, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west coast of Sumatra, November 19, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. General color bright lemon yellow, inclining to cadmium yellow, especially on back, breast, and sides of neck; paler on greater wing-coverts, axilla- Ties, under wing-coverts, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; wing feathers, including alula, black; third to sixth primaries very narrowly edged with white on outer webs; secondartes with almost obsolete pale yellow tips, the yellow extending down the shaft on the innermost feather; primary coverts all black, without a yellow speculum; under surface of primaries with a narrow white border oninner webs. Lores, a line over and under the eye, passing back to and including the nape, black (the black 11 mm. wide, on nape); middle tail feathers black, narrowly tipped with yellow, and very narrowly edged with yellow on both webs for a short distance; remainder of tail black, tipped with yellow, the outermost feathers black on basal half, the inner ones with the black extending progressively toward the tips. Length, 280; wing, 151; tail, 103; tarsus, 26; culmen, 35 (bill, from gape, 40 mm.). ‘Iris dull red; feet leaden.” The female is duller than the male, with a greenish-yellow wash on the back, central tail feathers, wing-coverts, and outer webs of tertiaries. Oriolus mundus belongs to the black-naped section of the genus, in the group of species having no wing speculum, but it is not very nearly allied to any described species. It differs from most, if not all, of the members of this group in having the back and mantle clear rich yel- low, not sordid or greenish. Four specimens, from Simalur. ORIOLUS MACULATUS Vieillot. Oriolus maculatus VirwLoT, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XVIII, 1817, p. 194 (Java). One adult female, from Loh Sidoh Bay. Length, 260; wing, 142 mm. - “* Iris red.” 518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Family CORVID. PLATYSMURUS LEUCOPTERUS (Temminck). Glaucopis leucopterus 'TEMMINCK, Pl. Col., TL (Pt 45), Aprils e228 (Sumatra). ms | Three adults, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 407-488; wing (male), | 197-199, (female) 181 mm. ‘‘Iris deep red; inside of mouth white.” ; ou CORVUS COMPILATOR, new name. — Three specimens, from Simalur, where ‘‘tolerably abundant and not: at all shy.” Length, 445-457 mm. ‘‘Tris dark brown.” 5 Corvirs tenutrostris Moore,“ used for this form by Biittikofer,” is preoccupied by C. tenuirostris, C. L. Brehm,’ and as no other name appears to be available, I have given it a new one. Family STURNID 2. AGROPSAR STURNINA (Pallas). | i Gracula sturnina Pauuas, Reise Russischen Reichs, II, 1776, p. 695 (“In salicetis Dauuriae australioris, circa Ononem et Argunum”’ ). ) One immature female, from Simalur. ‘‘A flock seen at Sibabo.” Family EULABETID 2. LAMPROCORAX ALTIROSTRIS (Salvadori). Calornis altirostris SatvAport, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., IV, 1887, p. 553, pl. rx, fig. 1 (Nias Island). | Four specimens, from Simalur and Pulo Babi. Dr. Sharpe thought this form might be closely related to Z. tytlert,” but ¢ytler? has the small bill of chalybea, with green, rather than bronzy, upper parts, and differs also in size and in the more prominent lanceolate feathers surrounding the head. In other words, Z. alti rostris is allied to L. chalybea rather than to L. tytlerc. : Lamprocorax altirostris was seen on Pulo Lasia, and ‘‘ common” on Babi; on Simalur it was ‘‘common, especially on the small islets.” The measurements of the specimens are given below: Measurements of Lamprocorax altirostris. Locality. Sex. Tenth Wing. Taille | s Mm. Mm. Mm. | Shnialur Island: ..cssjocec-ciesstes.- 0-2 seeee eee eee eee Male ... 207 100 62. Pulo Babli cso cco cecc chee ee ee Gomes 213 105 65. VD os scecetnc eect asec cbs oeussek ne sce oe ee Female. 216 100 62. DOP reece coeee sedate gs atte cae See eee es do ....| 210 100 | 63. «Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. Co., II, 1856-58, p. 558. i b Notes Leyden Mus., X VIII, 1896, p. 185. | cVollstindige Vogelfang, 1855, p. 57. 4 @ Catal. Birds, XIII, p. 147. =| 0.1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 519 EULABES JAVANUS Cuvier. Eulabes javanus Cuvier, Régne Animal, 2d ed., I, 1829, p. 377 (Java). Six specimens, from Simalur, with lappets larger, and the fleshy portion which passes anteriorly toward the eye wider, than in true javanus,; but in color and measurements these Simalur birds can be matched by individuals from various localities. ‘‘Iris dark brown; feet yellow; wattles bright yellow.” Length, 299-318 mm. EULABES ROBUSTA (Salvadori). Gracula robusta Satyapori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., IV, 1887, p. 554, pl. 1x, fig. 2 (Nias Island). Eight specimens, from Babi and Tuangku. Length, 343-372 mm. ‘Iris dark brown; bill red at base, yellow at tip; feet and wattles yellow; claws horn brown, base whitish.” _ This species was found to be ‘‘common” on Pulo Babi, and on both of the Banjak Islands (Tuangku and Bangkaru). Family NECTARINIID. ARACHNOTHERA FLAVIGASTRA (Eyton). Anthreptes flavigaster Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 105 (‘‘Malaya’’). An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 197; wing, 97; cul- men, 39mm. ‘Iris dark brown; bill dark horn brown, paler beneath, at base.” ARACHNOTHERA CHRYSOGENYS (Temminck). Nectarinia chrysogenys TEMMINCK, Pl]. Col., IV (Pl. 65), May, 1826, pt. cccLXX XVIII, fig. 1 (Java). Three adult males, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 178; wing, 87-88 mm. ‘Iris dark brown; bill black, with a narrow dull yellow line on edges of both mandibles; angles of mouth white; feet pale brownish fleshy.” ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS (Latham). [Certhia] longirostra Laruam, Index Ornith., I, 1790, p. 299 (Bengal). Three specimens, from Bangkaru and Tuangku. Length, of male, 171-174; wing, 67-69; culmen, 41-43; of female, length, 156; wing, 62: culmen, 37 mm. The bills of these individuals are rather longer than those of Malay Peninsula birds. ‘‘Common” on Tuangku. ARACHNOTHERA MODESTA (Eyton). Anthreptes modesta Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 105 (‘‘Malaya’’). Three adult males, from Loh Sidoh Bay and Tapanuli Bay. Length, 172; wing, 80-82 mm. ‘“‘Iris dark brown; feet pale brownish fleshy; bill dark horn brown above, paler beneath.” z 520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vo ANTHREPTES MALACENSIS (Scopoli). | Scopout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., I, 1786, p. 91 (Mala ca). Certhia (malacensis ) Five adults, from Simalur, where ‘‘ common about cocoanut planta tions.” These are perceptibly longer than Malay Peninsula examples, but color is identical. Length, 134-143 mm. ARACHNECHTHRA BRASILIANA (Gmelin). [Certhia] brasiliana Consan, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 1, 1788, p. 474 (“Brasilia”), One adult male, from Simalur. Length, 108; wing, 49; ua 16mm. ‘This specimen agrees in all respects, except that of bill, birds from other localities. Ordinarily the culmen measures abou 12 mm., but in this individual it is 16 mm. Some specimens fr islands in the China Sea have long bills, but they do not quite mate this Simalur bird. ‘Not very common.” Also seen on Tuangku. ZETHOPYGA SIPARAJA (Raffles). Certhia See Rarrugs, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond., XIII, Pt. 2, 1822, p.% (Sumatra). Twelve specimens, from Tapanuli Bay, Simalur, Babi, Lasia, ax Bangkaru. The males from Babi and Lasia are a little ae ker on abdomen than any others in our collection, and the color of the fema is rather brighter ee in those from other localities. On Simalur it was ‘‘ generally in thick jungle about the edges of: clearings, and in cocoanut plantations. Most plentiful on Pulo Bal in Telok Dalam.” It was ‘‘ common at edge of jungle on the shore of Lasia, Babi, and on the Banjak Islands. CHALCOSTETHA INSIGNIS ata “974 (Java). Four specimens, from Simalur and Tapanuli Bay. On Simalaa was ‘‘common in the mangroves about Telok Dalam.” Family DICAID A. DICZUM TRIGONOSTIGMA (Scopoli). Certhia (trigonostigma) Scorort, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., Il, 1786, p.7 (‘‘Chine’’). Three specimens, from Simalur and Lasia. At the first-name island it was ‘‘common.” ee Family PLOCEID ZA. MUNIA MAJA (Linneus). [Loxia] maja Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, 1766, p. 301 (Malacca). Five from Loh Sidoh Bay and three from Simalur. It was foune ‘in large flocks upon the fields of paddy ” on Simalur. ; BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 521 i ierohiera: x fringillarius. udynanys honorata malayana. eenicophanis erythrognathus. a cyon armstrong??. SIMALUR ISLAND, Nharadrius dominicus fulvus. Iehthodromus geoffroy?. Iehthodromus pyrrhothorax. fallinago stenura. Potanus totanus eurhinus. citis hypoleucos. ul simonites ruficollis. Vumenius phxopus. Arenaria interpres. Ysacus magnirostris. Typotzenidlia striata. {maurornis phenicurus. trdea sumatrana. Demiegretta sacra. Bulorides javanica. {rdeola, species. [reron vernans. Parpophage consobrina. Myristicivora bicolor. Jolumba phasma. Macropygia simalurensis. Jhaleophaps indica. Dalenas nicobarica. Astur soloénsis. Accipiter virgatus. ‘pizaétus alboniger. Halizetus leucogaster. Spilornis abbotti. aliastur mdus intermedius. peregrinus ?. Porn wmbra. corms fasciatus. inus abbotti. Cacomantis sepulcralis. eurystomus calony.. elittophagus wrica. ps philippinus. rgopsis simalurensis.: lynamys honorata malayana. OF SPECIES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING CATALOGUE, BY LOCALITIES. LOH SIDOH BAY. INCLUDING PULO ASU Pycnonotus simplex. Rhipidura javanica. Prinia, sp. Copsychus saularis musicus. Dissemurus brachyphorus. Oriolus maculatus. Arachnothera modesta. Munia maja. AND PULO SIUMAT. Alcedo ispida bengalensis. Alcedo meninting. Ceyx, species. Halcyon coromanda. Haleyon pileata. falcyon chloris?. Thriponax parvus. Macropteryx perlonga. Salangana fuciphaga. Dendronanthus indicus. Motacilla melanope. Budytes flavus leucostriatus. Microtarsus melanocephatos. Muscitrea grisola. Hypothymis consobrina. Tchitrea procera. Culicicapa ceylonensis. Cisticola cisticola. Kittacincla melanura. Copsychus saularis musicus. Hirundo gutturalis. Graucalus simalurensis. Campephaga compta. Pericrocotus igneus. Pericrocotus flammafer. Dissemurus brachyphorus. Buchanga cineracea. Lanius tigrinus. Oriolus mundus. Corvus compilator Agropsar sturnina. Lamprocorax altirostris. Eulabes javanus. Anthreptes malacensis. Arachnechthra brasiliana. Aitthopyga syparaja. Chalcostetha pectoralis. Dicxum trigonostigma. Munia maja. qn bo PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, XX ee THE FLAT ISLANDS. PULO BABI AND PULO LASIA. Halcyon coromanda (1.). Halcyon pileata (B.). Hypothymis abbotti (B. ene Kittacincla melanura (B. L.). via Graucalus babiensis (B.). Dissemurus brachyphorus (B. L.). Lamprocorax altirostris (B. L.). Esacus magnirostris (B.). Ardea sumatrana (B.). Carpophaga consobrina (B. ibe Ne Myristicivora bicolor (B. L.). Chalcophaps indica (B.). Calenas nicobarica (B.). Accipiter virgatus (L.). Halixetus leucogaster (B. L.). Eulabes robusta (B.). Palzxornis major (B. L.). Aithopyga siparaja (B. L.). Eudynamys honorata malayana (B.-L. ). Diceum trigonostigma (L.). THE BANJAK ISLANDS. PULO BANGKARU. Spizaétus, species.. Halixetus leucogaster. Syrnium niasense. Ceyx, species. Dendronanthus indicus. Pycnonotus simplex. Mixorvis pileatus. Numenius arquatus. sacus magnirostris. Ardea sumatrana. Demiegretta sacra. Treron, species. Carpophaga consobrina. Myristicivora bicolor. Halixetus leucogaster. Haliastur indus intermedius. Loriculus galgulus. Merops philippinus. Pelargopsis sodalis. Alcedo ispida bengalensis. Alcedo meninting. Meiglyptes tukki. Salangana ‘‘francica.”’ Eurylaimus ochromatus. Pitta moluccensis. Malacopteron notatum. Hypothymis azurea. Kittacincla malabarica. Eulabes robusta. Arachnothera longirostris. Athopyga siparaja. PULO TUANGKU. Trena eriniger. Pycnonotus plumosus. Pycnonotus simplex. Pycnonotus erythropthalmos. Anuropsis malaccensis. Cyanoderma fulviventris. Stachyris banjakensis. Malacopteron notatum. Chalcoparia singalensis. Hypothymis azurea. Orthotomus atrogularis?. Kittacincla malabarica. Hirundo gutturalis. Hulabes robusta. Arachnothera longirostris. Arachnechthra brasiliana. Aithopyga siparaja. % ~ » fulvicollis. us leucogaster. is bacha. puleata. hinus galeritus. hea chrysopogon. hea mystacophanes. co duvaucelii. s porphyromelas. tes tukki. ernus brachyurus. mae Javensis. TAPANULI BAY, INCLUDING PULO MANSALAR. r indus intermedius. RDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 523 Pyrotrogon duvauceli. Macropteryx comata. Cymbirhynchus lemniscatus. Chloropsis cyanopogon. Irena criniger. Hemixus malaccensis. Tole olivacea, Euptilosus eutilosus. Microtarsus melanocephatos. Tricholestes criniger. Pycnonotus plumosus. Pycnonotus, species (white iris). **Alcippe cinerea.”’ Malacopteron magnirostre. Hypothymis azurea. Philentoma velatum. Rhinomyias pectoralis. Kittacincla malabarica. Buchanga atra. Platylophus coronatus. Platysmurus leucopterus. Arachnothera flavigastra. Arachnothera chrysogenys. Arachnothera modesta. Aithopyga siparaja. Chalcostetha pectoralis. 524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X3 Filo Tear fu ‘ Fulolasiag Fulo Babi? Pu See Fulo Mirsotar lt ie a Ak NORTHWESTERN SUMATRA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS. >A REVIEW OF THE SYNENTOGNATHOUS FISHES OF JAPAN. By Davip Srarr JorpaNn and Epwin Cuaprn Srarks, Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. _In this paper is given an account of those fishes of Japan belonging o the suborder of Synentognathi. The material examined belongs to lhe United States National Museum and to the Leland Stanford Junior Jniversity, most of it having been collected by Messrs. Jordan and snyder during the summer of 1900. Suborder SYNENTOGNATHI. Lower pharyngeal bones fully united; second and third superior haryngeals variously enlarged, not articulated to the cranium, send- g processes forward; the fourth small or fused with the third. ertebre numerous (45 to 70), the abdominal ones much more umerous than the caudal. Ventral fins abdominal, without spine, be rays more than five. Scapula suspended to the cranium by a post-temporal bone, which is usually simple, furcate in Belonide. Articular bone of lower jaw with a small supplemental bone perhaps jorresponding to the coronoid bone. Parietal bones usually absent, on present much reduced, well separated by the supraoccipital. Supraclavicle small when present; no interclavicles. No mesocora- ‘oid. Maxillary very close to premaxillary and sometimes firmly oined to it, the suture always distinct. Basis of cranium double in 'ront, but without muscular tube. No adipose fin. Fins without pines. Lateral line concurrent with the belly, peculiar in structure. ir bladder usually large, without pneumatic duct. Intestinal tract imple, without pyloric ceca. This order is allied to the Haplomi on the one hand and to the Percesoces on the other, and, like these yroups, it marks the transition from the soft-rayed to the spiny-rayed ishes. In their anatomical characters the Synentognath’ most resem- Mle the latter, but there are never spines in the fins, and the lower gharyngeals are united. The group is divisible into four closely elated families, which have usually been regarded as divisions of one 0 4 PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1319. ’ Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02-——36 525 526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, family. Erocatide or Scombresocide. The remarkable differences i the pharyngeals seem to us to permit the division of the group inte four families. , ” . ° , o\ (ovr, together; év, within; yvados, jaw.) a. Third superior pharyngeal on each side scarcely enlarged, not longer than its anterior process, and armed with comparatively few (about 15) pointed teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal distinct on each side; lower pharyngeals united inte a small linear plate, armed with small teeth; vertebrae with zygapophyses; both jaws produced in a long beak in the adult (the upper short in the young); teeth in jaws strong, unequal; maxillaries firmly appressed to the premaxilla _ries: a distinct suture along the boundary; ‘‘coronoid’’ bone (attached to the articular) evident. Species carnivorous ......-.------------.--- BeELonip#, 1 aa. Third superior pharyngeal greatly enlarged, covered with bluntish, tricuspid teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal wanting or fused with the third; lowe pharyngeals large, fused into a thick triangular bone with transversely con cave surface, covered with blunt, tricuspid teeth; teeth in jaws always small, conic, or tricuspid; maxillary close to premaxillary, but not suturally joined to it, there being some open space between; coronoid bone small, but present; no canine teeth; no zygapophyses to the vertebree. b. Third superior pharyngeal solidly joined with its fellow to form an ovoid pla which sends two processes forward; cleft of mouth narrow; the lower jaw usually produced; teeth of jaws tricuspid; herbivorous species. HEMIRAMPHID, 2 bb. Third superior pharyngeals more or Jess closely appressed, but not united; species at least partly carnivorous. c. Dorsal and anal fins each with several detached finlets; cleft of mouth long, both jaws being more or less produced ina pointed beak; paired fins small SCOMBRESOCID®, 3. cc. Dorsal. and anal without finlets; cleft of mouth short, the jaws not produced in a beak; pectoral fins more or less produced, forming an organ of flight. ExoceTip®, 4. Family 1. BELONIDA. NEEDLE-FISHES. Body elongate, very slender, compressed or not, covered with small thin scales. Lateral line very low, running as a fold along side of belly. Both jaws produced in a beak, the lower jaw the longer, very much the longer in the young, which resemble Hemtramphus; max= illaries grown fast to premaxillaries; each jaw with a band of small, sharp teeth, besides a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical teeth, No finlets. Dorsal fin opposite anal, both fins rather long. Air blad- der present. Lower pharyngeals united to form a long, slender, nar row plate, with flat surface, covered with small, pointed teeth; uppet pharyngeals distinct, the third pair little enlarged, each with some 1 moderate, unequal, pointed teeth (Zylosurus marinus); fourth pair well developed, with similar teeth, but without anterior processes Vertebre numerous, with zygopophyses. Ovary single. Voracious carnivorous fishes, bearing a superficial resemblance to the gar pikes; 1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 527 ound in all warm seas, sometimes entering rivers. Their habits are rdinarily much like those of the pike, but when startled they swim along the surface with extraordinary rapidity, often leaping above he water for short distances. When thus leaping the large species of the tropics are sources of danger to incautious fishermen, sometimes piercing the naked abdomen of the natives. Most of them are eood food-fishes, but the green color of the bones of the larger species often auses them to be avoided, for no good reason. | . Gill rakers wanting; no teeth on vomer; anterior rays of dorsal and anal elevated. Tylosurus, 1. ie VeOsURUS Coccéo: Tylosurus Cocco, *‘Lettere in Giornale Sci. Sicilia, XVII,’ 1829, p. 18 (can- traini=imperialis ). _ Body elongate, very slender, not much compressed. Both jaws pro- longed into a beak, the lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the longer in young fisnes, the very young resembling /Hemiramphus. Kach jaw armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, beside which is a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical, unequal teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Scales small, thin; lateral line running along the side of the belly, becoming median on the tail. No finlets. Dorsal fin more or less elevated anteriorly; caudal fin short, unequally lunated or forked; pectorals moderate; ventrals small, the latter inserted behind the middle of the body. Gill rakers obsolete. Bones usually more or less green. Size comparatively large. Species numerous. Voraci- ous fishes, chiefly American; one species crossing to Europe; some of them entering rivers. This genus differs from the Old World genus, Belone Cuvier, in the absence of gill rakers and of vomerine teeth. (tv)os, callus; ovpa, tail; in allusion to the caudal keel, on which the genus was originally based, a character of little importance. ) a. Dorsal rays about 25. b. Lateral line not forming a black keel on caudal peduncle. Posterior dorsal rays produced to form a rounded lobe as high or nearly as high as produced ante- rior lobe, these rays longest in the young. Jaws slender and long; upper jaw from anterior orbital rim 24 times longer than length of rest of head. schismatorhynchus, 1 bb. Lateral line extending on caudal peduncle, forming a low black keel. _¢. Jaws short and stout; upper jaw from anterior orbital rim 13 longer than rest of head; posterior rays of dorsal elevated; size very large. ----- giganteus, 2. ce. Jaws slender and long; posterior rays of dorsal short; body scarcely com- : MCSE Emenee ree ine aco eels cteie see Se wee = See Se ntne= coromandelicus, 3. aad. Dorsal rays about 18; posterior rays of dorsal short. Body much compressed, the width one-half the depth; caudal peduncle much compressed, without keel anastomella, 4 wee eee eee meee wow e ewe eee eee wee ee ee ee eee ee ees ee eee eee eer 528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. See San 1. TYLOSURUS SCHISMATORHYNCHUS (Bleeker). =< DATSU. . Belone gracilis SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 246, pl. cx, ie - Nagasaki; not of Lowe, 1839, a species from Madeira.—BLEEKER, Nieuwe _ Nalez., Japan, 1857, p. 116.—Nystrrom, Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1887, p. 4457) Nagasaki. B) Mastacembelus gracilis BLEEKER, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., 1866, p. 111. ; Belone schismatorhynchus BLEEKER, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind., I, 1850, p. 95.— Buierker, Verh. Gen., XXIV, 1866, p. 15.—Gtnruer, Oat. Fish, VI, 1866, p. 239; Mozambique, Zanzibar.—IsHiKAwa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Boshu. , Mastacembelus schismatorhynchus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Belon., about 1870, — p. 49; Java, Ternate, Nagasaki. Head from tip of upper jaw 44 to 4) in length; depth equals post- orbital part of head; dorsal 24 to 27; anal 25 to 27. . Body very elongate and rather strongly compressed, the sides ver- tical and parallel. Dorsal and anal outlines parallel from head to } dorsal. Jaws very slender and long; upper jaw from anterior orbital | rim 24 times longer than rest of head. Premaxillary toward base con- - stricted slightly and strengthened above by a mass of bone along the + posterior fourth of the length, which ends ina point as viewed from ( above. Diameter of eye equals interorbital width and is contained 2 to 24 in postorbital part of head. Top of head from above eyes | to ocerput smooth with a translucent cartilage-like tissue. Nostril an | elongate, somewhat triangular pit containing a simple undivided papilla. Head apparently naked except a patch of scales above cheeks and another on top of head from eyes to base of mixillary. Pectoral equal to postorbital part of head or sometimes slightly | longer. Ventrals inserted nearer the anterior margin of the eye than) the base of the caudal by a distance equal to a diameter of the eye, | their length twice the diameter of the eye. Anal placed well in) ‘advance of dorsal; the base of the sixth ray under the base of the first’ dorsal ray, the anterior part of anal strongly concave on its pos-) terior margin. Distance of base of last anal ray from base of aux iliary caudal rays 14 to 1} times the diameter of the eye; the last ray, reaches a little over half this distance. Distance from front of anal, to base of ventrals is contained 5 times in length from middle of eye to caudal base; the anal base exceeds this length by 13 times the diameter of the eye. Dorsal scarcely so strongly concave behind the anterior rays as anal; its longest rays are behind the middle.’ When fin is depressed the tip of eighth ray from the last reaches base of last ray. Distance between base of last dorsal ray and base of auxillary caudal rays equals diameter of eye; the depressed dorsa. reaches five-sixths of this distance. Median caudal rays about half the length of longest rays of lower caudal lobe, which is a little longe)) than the upper. The lateral line is not at all produced as a keel o1 caudal peduncle. | ve. Length of ventrals contained 24 E No. 1319. —— SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 529 ~ Color in spirits: A bluish diffused lateral band follows th« of back, running from the pectoral base to just of the caudal base, growing narrower posteriorly. > contour above the middle Above lateral band the body is greenish or brownish: below uniformly bright silvery, Upper part of head dark, except translucent cartilaginous area; base of upper jaw black; head otherwise silvery. Distal half of pectoral black; outer rays and tips of ventrals dusky; anterior rays of dusky toward tips; dorsal blackish, except bases of ant rays usually green; caudal dusky. Here described from specimens from Nag Other specimens are from Wakanoura. (GXio ma, split; p'vyyos, snout. ) anal erior rays, the asaki 45 cm. in length. 2. TYLOSURUS GIGANTEUS (Schlegel). OKIZAYORI (OFFSHORE NEEDLEFISH). ?Belone indica Le Survur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1821, p. 131; India. Belone gigantea Scnuecer, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 245; Buireker, Ac. Soc. Indo-Nederl., IT, Japan, p: 21. Belone annulata Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. | 447; Celebes, Friendly Islands, Seychelles, Pondicherry. | Belone annulata Gitnruer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 240; Pinang, | KAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Tokyo, Formosa. Mastacembelus annulatus BureKer, Atlas Ichth. Belon., 1870, p. 48; Java, M , Bawean, Cocos, Sumatra, Singapore, Celebes, Pinang, Batjan, Amboina, Gilolo. | ?Belone melanurus Burexer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXII, 1849, p. 11. _ Belone cylindrica BurrKxer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1851, p. 13, | ?Belone brachyrhynchus BurrKer, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, p. 61; young. Nagasaki.— China.—Isur- adura, Ternate, Gilolo, | | Head from tip of lower jaw 32 in length; depth at ventrals 11 in dostorbital part of head. Dorsal 23; anal 21. | Body as wide as deep to within a short distance of dorsal, the aterorbital space and head above gently convex. Jaws rather short ynd stout, the lower slightly the longer; their sides nowhere parallel ut approaching rather rapidly to a point. Length of snout from terior margin of eye equal to the distance from same point to middle f longest pectoral rays. Eye one-third of postorbital part of head, ne-half of interorbital. Interorbital space with two low ridges, sepa- ated from each other by a space equal to two-thirds diameter of eye, ‘upreceptibly diverging anteriorly. Between them are two narrower, horter, parallel ridges separated by a space one-third of diameter of ye. Nostrils broad, triangular, containing a fleshy process divided ito many folds. Cheeks entirely scaled; scales on top of head before yes to base of premaxillary. Length of pectoral equals postorbital part of head and one-third + times in space between their ise and front of anal. Insertion of ventrals midway between middle 580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XX¥E of eye and base of caudal. Front of anal directly under front of dor- sal. its base shorter than that of dorsal by three-fourths diameter of . eye, and equal to the distance between ventrals and anal. Outline of dorsal and anal deeply concave behind anterior rays. Anterior ray ; of the latter longer than those of dorsal. Base of the last anal ray” distant from base of auxilliary caudal rays twice the distance from last dorsal ray to the corresponding caudal ray. Anterior dorsal rays longer than the long posterior dorsal rays. When dorsal is depressed the seventh from the last ray reaches to the base of the last ray and | the tips of the last few rays barely reach the base of the auxiliary caus - dalrays. Caudal evidently forked, the lower lobe the longer. Lateral line strongly produced on caudal peduncle forming a keel. k rts growing rather gradually ereenis on back. Top of head and upper jaw black. A long black blotch at edge of preopercle. Dentate margin of lower jaw black: head other- wise silvery. Inner face and posterior part of outer face dusky. Ventrals dark except inner rays. Anterior ray of anal dusky. Dor: sal and caudal blackish. Lateral line on caudal peduncle black. | Here deseribed from a single specimen from Nagasaki, 33 inches Silvery on sides and lower pa porate: length. A young specimen of this or some closely related species from: Wakanoura differs in having the posterior rays of the dorsal length ened to well beyond the base of caudal (when the dorsal is depressed), ly forked and with a black blotch at its base, the eye, and the general color much darker and without ; the caudal scarce of course, much larger silvery pigment. It is but 12 cm. in length. a According to Bleeker the type of giganteus examined by him in thé Leyden Museum is identical with annulatus. The name giganteus ¥ apparently the earlier of the two, but rdzcus, about the pertinence 0 which there is some doubt, is earlier than either. A species appari ently identical with these occurs in Hawaii and in Samoa. 3. TYLOSURUS COROMANDELICUS (Van Hasselt). Belone coromandelicus VAN HAssELrT, Alg. Konst., 1823, p. 130; Coromande according to Bleeker. : Belone timucoides DE Frrussac, Zool., 1823, p. 372, after Van Hasselt. 4 Belone melanotus BuEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., I, 1850, p. 94.—BLEEKER, Ver XXIV, 1851, p. 14.—GtnrHer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 239; Ba > Genootsch., 2 Indies. = Mastacembelus melanotus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Belon., 1870, p. 47; Jay Singapore, Molucca, Celebes. 3 Head 34 in length; depth exceeds postorbital part of head by om fourth eye. Dorsal 25 or 26; anal 23 or 24. ’ Body scarcely compressed. Head nearly flat between eyes. Ja rather slender and long. Snout from anterior margin of eye equ ls twice the distance from same point to edge of opercle. Eye one-hi o, oe a “tt 7 ? ‘No. 1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—J ORDAN AND STARKS. 53 i postorbital part of head, five-sixths of interorbita] width. Interorbital rough, with longitudinal striations: a shallow groove along its middle. Length of pectoral equals depth at ventrals, or 22 in dorsal base. “3 Length of ventrals contained 2% times in Space between their base and front of anal. Ventrals inserted midway between caudal base and posterior third of eye. Anal a little in advance of front of dorsal, its base shorter than that of dorsal by the diameter of eye. Outline of dorsal and anal deeply concave behind anterior rays. Anterior rays of dorsal equal in length to those of anal. Base of last anal ray twice the diameter of eye distant from base of auxiliary caudal rays. Last dorsal ray three-fourths eye from auxiliary caudal rays. Pos- terior dorsal rays not much elongated; the longest scarcely as long as eye; the third ray from the last reaches base of last ray in reclined fin; the last ray reaches three-fifths the distance between its base and base of auxiliary caudal rays. Caudal not deeply forked, the lower lobe much the longer. Lateral line on caudal peduncle slightly raised to a keel which is black. Color in spirits: Greenish on back. silvery below; jaws and teeth green; pectoral dusky toward tips of rays: axil black; tips of front J i I 1 { dorsal rays dusky, and dorsal black behind: tip of middle anal rays black; dorsal dusky. Here deseribed from a specimen 78 cm. in length from Tsuruga. Another specimen is in the collection from Yokohama. There is no other record of the species from Japan. It is apparently frequently taken in the East Indies. (Coromandelicus, from Coromandel. ) 4. TYLOSURUS ANASTOMELLA (Cuvier and Valenciennes). DATSU. _ Belone anastomella CuvirR and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 446; China.—Giinruer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 249; Shanghai, Japan, India.— IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Tokyo.—SreinDACHNER and DO6ODERLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 37; Tokyo. Tylosurus anastomella JorDAN and Snyper, Check List Fishes, Japan, 1901, p. 61; Yokohama. Belonia ciconia RicHarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 264; Canton, on a drawing by Reeves. Depth at ventral fins 1} in postorbital part of head, which is 94 in ength from opercle to base of caudal. Dorsal, 18; anal, 23. _ Body compressed, the width a little less than half depth. Tips of aws broken in all our specimens; upper Jaw to eye at least 34 from ‘ame point to base of caudal. Kye 34 in postorbital part of head, even-eighths of interorbital width. Interorbital with a wide, shallow thannel along its middle. Base of upper jaw not strengthened by a pony ridge, but outline of head evenly and slightiy concave from 532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI._ occiput to tip of jaw. Nostril as broad as deep, triangular. Subor-— bital space equal to depth of eye. Teeth rather slender; no teeth on palate. Length of pectoral 14 in postorbital part of head. Ventrals inserted midway between base of pectoral and base of caudal, their length two-— thirds that of pectoral. Base of eighth anal ray under first dorsal ray, Base of anal slightly less than space between its first ray and ventrals. — Anterior anal rays longer than those of dorsal, or 13 in postorbital part of head. Base of last anal ray one-half diameter of eye anterior to base of last dorsal ray. Space between last anal ray and auxiliary caudal rays equal to length of anterior anal rays. Base of dorsal 1} _ in that of anal. Lower rays of caudal scarcely longer than upper rays; the caudal scarcely forked, lunate when fin is extended. Caudal _ peduncle compressed, without keel. ‘olor in spirits: A narrow bluish silvery lateral band, following outline of back, runs from above pectoral to caudal base; above the — back is abruptly brownish; below the sides and belly are uniformly bright silvery; top of head dark; a dark band along posterior upper part of preopercle; tip of pectoral dusky; axil colorless; dorsal and _ caudal dark. Z } Here described from a specimen 70°cem. in length from Yokohama. — Other specimens are from Tokyo, Matsushima, and Hakodate. It is — not certain that the name anastomella is prior to ciconia, but the — description is better. (avaotopos, sharp mouthed.) ) Family I. HEMIRAMPHID. HALF-BEAKS. Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with large cycloid | scales; upper jaw short, lower jaw various, sometimes much produced, — the toothed portion at base fitting against the toothed premaxillaries; teeth equal, mostly small and tricuspid; maxillaries anchylosed to pre-_ maxillaries. Gill rakers long. Caudal fin rounded, or forked; iff forked, the lower lobe the longer. Anal fin modified in the viviparous — species (Zenarchopterus), unmodified in the others and usually similar to the dorsal; no finlets; air bladder large, sometimes cellular. Third — upper pharyngeal on each side much enlarged, solidly united with its fellow to form an oval plate, with slightly convex surface and covered with blunt tricuspid teeth; this is about as large as the united lowell pharyngeals, and fits into the concavity of the latter; fourth upper pharyngeal wanting or grown fast to the third; lower pharyngeal — large, thick, triangular, with concave surface. Vertebre about 50. — Herbivorous fishes of the warm seas; mostly shore species; a few pelagic, a few confined to fresh water. They feed chiefly on green | alge, and, like the related forms, swim at the surface, occasionall 7 No. 1319, SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 533 leaping into the air. Size rather small, rarely exceeding a foot in length. The species are closely related to the flying fishes, and the two families apparently closely intergrade. a. Lower jaw acute, longer than upper, or more or less produced; teeth small; species oviparous, the anal fin in the male not modified, the caudal fin unequally lunate. b. Lower jaw produced in a long, pointed beak, usually longer than rest of head. Body moderately compressed; pectorals moderate; shore fishes. ce. Air bladder simple; sides of body more or less convex; ventrals inserted ante- Morkycwaran advance OL dorsal. :.02...2.5.52 2022.20. Hyporhamphus, 2. Zw YO RiaA MPH US Gill: Hyporhamphus Giuu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 131, (tricuspidatus= unifasciatus ). Body elongate, moderately compressed, the sides of body not ver- tical, but more or less convex; the dorsal outline parallel with that of the belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a slender beak, bordered with membrane; this beak shorter in the young; premaxil- laries forming a triangular plate, the teeth of which fit against the toothed portion of the mandible; maxillaries joined to premaxillaries. | Teeth feeble, mostly tricuspid. Gill rakers rather long. Head coy- ered above with large, shield-like scales. Scales large, deciduous. No finlets; caudal fin more or less forked, the lower lobe the longer; dorsal and anal similar, opposite each other, not modified in the males; last ray of dorsal usually short; ventrals small, inserted well forward, nearly midway between opercle and base of caudal. Oviparous. Air bladder large, simple, not cellular. Young with the lower jaw short. Sides usually with a distinct silvery band, as in Aftherina. Species numerous in all warm seas, going in large schools, but usually re- maining near shore, feeding chiefly on green alge. Size comparatively small. (v0, below; p audos, beak.) a. Front of anal not behind front of dorsal. b. Anal and dorsal opposite each other; scales 106.......---------------sajori, 5. bb. Anal slightly in advance of dorsal; scales 70...-..-.------------- kurumeus, 6. eoeeeront of anal under middle of dorsal... .200.2-2.-2-2.2 222-2. 5-225 japonicus, 7. 5- HYPORHAMPHUS SAJORI (Schlegel). SAYORI. Hemiramphus sajori SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 246, pl. cx, fig. 2; Nagasaki.—B.LeEEKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., 1853, XX V; Japan, p. 116; Nagasaki.— Ginruer, Cat.-Fish., VI, 1866, p. 265 (copied ).—SreinpacHner and D6éDER- LEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 38; Tokyo.—IsHixawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Tokyo, Toshima. Hemiramphus occipitalis Gri, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 148; young specimen from Shimoda. Head from tip of upper jaw 4% in length; depth 12. Dorsal 16; anal 17; scales 106. Eye 2 in postorbital part of head. 584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ Body not much compressed. Mandible not extremely elongate, its leneth from posterior angle of mouth equal to distance from same g I S point to base of pectoral. Upper jaw a little longer than wide. Gill rakers slender, the longest half the diameter of eye, 8+-21 in number, | Top of head and tip of upper jaw scaled to tip, the scales more imbricated than in //. kurwmeus. Sides of mandible with scales; 74_ scales in a median row on back between dorsal fin and occiput. Dorsal and anal opposite to each other and of about the same length; base of dorsal equal to distance from tip of upper jaw to posterior of eye. Ventrals inserted midway between anterior margin of eye and tips of median caudal rays. Length of pectoral equals postorbital I : g part of head and half eye. Lower caudal lobe the longer, as long as. base of dorsal. The middle rays not quite twice the diameter of eye. Color in spirits: Brownish above, silvery below lateral stripe; scale — pouches outlined with dark-brown dots on back. Sides of head sil-— very; mandible black; top of head and upper jaw dusky or black; lateral stripe distinct, widest under front of dorsal, outlined above by” a dusky stripe. Dorsal and caudal dusky, other fins colorless. Here described from a specimen 25 cm. in entire length from Aomori. 3 The young of this species agree very well with Dr. Gill’s description of /7. occipitalis (which was taken from a specimen 4 inches in length) except that his specimen is alleged to have fewer anal rays and 2 or 3 fewer dorsal rays. Owing to the small size of his type, a mistake of this sort might easily be made. No species other than /Z. sajord has been recognized along the coast of Hondo. Specimens were col- lected in salt water at Nagasaki, Matsushima, Aomori, Same, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Kobe, and Hakata. It is one of the commonest fishes of Japan, much used for food. (sayorz, the vernacular name.) 6. HYPORHAMPHUS KURUMEUS Jordan and Starks, new species. Head from tip of upper jaw 5 in length; depth 10 to 11. Dorsal 15 or 16; anal 17 or 18; seales 70. Body not much compressed, the depth appearing greatest just behind opercles. Lower jaw from tip of upper half length of head; upper Jaw slightly longer than wide. Teeth in upper jaw in a straight band at extreme sides, becoming broader anteriorly; those in lower jaw in a hand narrower than the band at front of upper jaw and becoming narrower anteriorly. Eye equal to interorbital space, and contained twice in postorbital part of head. Gill rakers slender, scarcely as long as pupil, 7+19 in number. Scales on top of head extending to snout. They are scarcely imbri- cated, circular, and with concentric striations, which form complete circles; similar scales on sides of mandible: from 47 to 50 scales in a median series on back between occiput and front of dorsal. 0. 1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 535 Pectoral rather slender and pointed, its length equal to eye and post- yrbital part of head. Anal beginning slightly in advance of dorsal. Base of dorsal equal to head from anterior edge of preorbital. The tip of the last dorsal ray when declined reaches to within a distance equal to the diameter of the eye of the base of the upper caudal rays. The ventrals are inserted midway between the base of the caudal rays and a point at the middle of opercle. The lower lobe of the caudal is the longer; its length equals that of pectoral, and is two-thirds the diameter of the eye longer than the upper lobe. The caudal is not deeply forked, the middle rays equal the postorbital part of the head. No silvery pigment remains upon the body except along the lateral stripe, which is very conspicuous, much broader posteriorly than ante- riorly, and bordered above by a dark line; back sparsely covered with small dark brown points, which sometimes outline the scale pouches; they usually arrange themselves in three lines medially along the back; Fie. 1.—HyPORHAMPHUS KURUMEUS. opercles bright silvery; top of head and upper jaw dusky, with black dots; a black blotch on mandible below maxillary: process of mandi- ble jet black; fins all colorless except caudal, which is dusky. This species differs from //. intermedius (as described by Dr. Gitn- ther) in having a slightly shorter anal, smaller eye, more anterior ven- tral, and pectoral not ‘* blackish.” This is a fresh-water species. Numerous specimens were taken in the Chikugo River at Kurume, in the province of Chikugo, island of Kiusiu. The type is 175 mm. in entire length and bears the number 7126 Iehthylogical collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Zoolog- ical Museum. Dr. Ishikawa further records Hyporhamphus dussumiert (Cuvier and Valenciennes) from the Riukiu Islands. In this species of the Indian Ocean the dorsal and anal are nearly scaleless and the ventral midway between the head and the base of caudal. Sides with a silvery band. m).15; A. 14. Scales 52. 7. HYPORHAMPHUS JAPONICUS (Brevoort.) Hemirhamphus japonicus Breyoort, Perry’s Exp. Japan, 1856, p. 280; Loo Choo (Riukiu) known from a figure only. _ Tip of lower jaw to edge of opercles 3 times in length from same point to center of margin of caudal. Tip of upper jaw to edge of percles half of last, or 6 times in total length. Height of head or . ' 536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI body 9 times, and origin of dorsal to center of caudal a little less than one-fifth of length. Origin of anal to center of caudal 7 times and to origin of ventrals 3% in total length. Lower lobe of caudal 64 times in same distance; upper lobe one-third shorter and much narrower. Eye 24 in depth. Head and beak strong and stout. Body of equal height as far as ventrals. Pectorals pointed and equal to height of body in length. Ventrals with emarginate border, first and last ray of equal length. Dorsal with first ray nearly as long as height of body, with emarginate border, and last rays quite short. Anal beginning under middle of dorsal, and resembling it in form, but smaller. Caudal so deeply forked that it appears separated into two distinct lobes. — Lower lobe longest and broadest, both pointed. Scales large, appear-_ ing to resemble those of /Zyporhamphus commersonii. Color bluish, darkest on back, lighter below. HARGERIA, new genus. Tesperornis gracilis differs so much from its larger relative that it_ should be placed ip a distinct genus, for which the name //argeria is~ proposed in honor of Mr. Oscar Har ger, who was one of Professor Marsh’s assistants at the time of his investigations of the toothed birds, and, as noted in the preface to Odontornithes, rendered valuable aid- in its preparation. The most important character is the size of the quadrate and length of the ascending process, and in birds this means | much, as there is a remarkable constancy in the shape of this bone» among related forms. As contrasted with //esperornis the genus Hargeria may be defined | as follows: Quadrate with a large, upwardly directed lachrymal pro- cess; processes of nasals short; length of femur more than twice its | greatest width across the head. ° | | NO. 1320. NOTES ON FOSSIL BIRDS—LUCAS. 55S BAPTORNIS ADVENUS. The skull of this bird is still unknown, so that we do not know posi- tively whether or not it had teeth, although this is probably the case. Neither do we know the relationship between Baptornis and Hesper- ornis; both were flightless aquatic birds, but the structure of the limbs shows that at least they belong in separate families. The body appears to have been stout, the neck long and slender, the individual vertebre being much more elongate than in Hesperornis, approaching in this respect Plotus or Podiceps. The vertebrxe present, unfortunately, are not consecutive, a portion only of the cervicals being present, while some of the dorsals belong to the anterior portion of the series and others to the posterior part. The hypapophyses appear to have been developed, much as in Hesper- ornis, well forward in the dorsal region, in contrast to what occurs in modern water birds, such as penguins, auks, and loons, in which the hypapophyses begin immediately in advance of the sacrum and are longest about the middle of the series. This would throw the center of effort farther forward in the old diving birds than in modern species, and may be due to the use of the muscles either while capturing fish or in moving about on land. The synsacrum seems to have comprised ten vertebrie, but this is not certain, the first of which belongs to the dorsal series and bore a rib. The sacrum of Hesperornis contained fourteen vertebrae. Noth- ing of the pelvis is present save the anterior portion of an ilium, and this, although weathered, resembles the corresponding portion of the ilium of Hesperornis. The dorsal vertebre were all free, and so were ‘the ossa innominata in both Baptornis and Hesperornis, but this free- dom is to be regarded as due to the aquatic habits of these birds and not as morphological characters. While the bones of aquatic animals are heavier than are those of land animals, ossification and union between contiguous parts takes place much more slowly, and in such strictly aquatic birds as the penguin and great auk the dorsal vertebree and ossa innominata are similarly free. The coracoid is rather wide and thin, much longer than that of Hesperornis, and apparently without a precoracoid process or perfo- ration; an articulation is present for the reception of the clavicle, but this latter bone was not preserved. Only the proximal portion of one scapula, the left, is present; this indicates a stout bone, and there is a suggestion that it may have expanded distally, as in penguins, but this is suggested, nothing more. The humerus is short, round in section, and considerably curved, as in Apteryx. Although the proximal end is lacking, it seems to have been not far from 4 inches (100 mm.) long. The radius and ulna are extremely short, measuring but three-fourths inch (20 mm.) in length. R54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. The e enor y ine Nene them is that ahee as they are they are perfectly formed and possess the muscular insertions of much larger bones, while it is evident that the bones of the manus were also pres- ent. This is quite different from Hesperornis, in which the humerus is rather long and straight, and the bones of the forearm and manus absent; it carries” to an extreme conditions found in the great auk, a_ bird in which the forearm is much reduced, though — still functional. Baptornis thus pre- sents the peculiarity of a forearm of diminutive size, whose bones are per- fectly formed, bear the muscular im- pressions of much larger wing bones, and ae the presence of quill feathers, and not improbably the use of the wings in conjunction with Fic. 6.—RIGHT CoRACoID AND PporTION or the feet in aquatic loeo- EE ROE (OF BORE, Pe emotion. ait ket Her spimae in which the wings have undergone extensive reduction, such as Rhea and Struthio, to say nothing of Apteryx, the radius and ulna lack the well-defined form and muscular ridges of Baptornis. The femur, while short and stout, has nothing of the squareness shown by Hesperornis, but resembles rather that of a loon on a more massive scale. The greater trochanter is slightly raised above the level of the head of the femur, and the outer condyle extends below the level of the inner; the antitrochanter also appears to have looked slightly downward, so that the position of the leg in swimming was doubtless like that of existing water- fowl. This is the ordinary arrangement and would not be specially mentioned but for the fact that it is the reverse of these conditions, coupled with the character of the tibio-tarsal joint that causes the tarsus of Hesperornis to stand out almost at right angles to the body. The procnemial process of the tibia is higher than in Hesper- ornis, and the large patella appears to have articulated on one side of this, somewhat as in grebes, and not as in penguins and cormorants, where the patella functions as a cnemial process. The patella is large, of a modified tri- hedral form, and has a large perforation for the ambiens. Fig. 7.—LEFT HU- — MARUS, RADIUS — AND ULNA OF Baptornis ad-_ VENUS, NATURAL | SIZE. ss The taxonomic value of such a perforation is lessened by the fact that among cormorants such a perforation is present in some species and— absent in others, and while this may prove to be correlated with other characters the available material does not show this. i -| 0. 1320. NOTES ON FOSSIL BIRDS—LUCAS. 555 The tarsus is stout and somewhat compressed laterally; although veathered there appear to have been no tendinal grooves, much less ny tendinal foramina, these last marking a degree of tarsal specializa- ion vastly higher than was possessed by any Cretaceous bird. If it is permitted to borrow a little of the style of W. K. Parker it might be said that the early birds show a great deal of reptilian coarseness in heir articulations, and lack the detail and sharpness of finish that same later and marks a higher degree of specialization. The lower ond of the tarsus bears a faint imprint of the presence of the small first digit, but still as much as exists in some ducks. The phalangeal articulations are narrow, indicating compressed digits; this is also shown by the proximal fragment of a median digit. Compressed digits are now associated with lobate feet, and thus, so far as we know, the lobate foot preceded the webbed foot in point of time. Our knowledge of early birds is, however, so trivial that it 1s scarcely worth while to make any generalizations on this subject, the more that there is no reason why the two types of foot may not have been evolved Fic. 8.—RIGHT PADELLA OF Baptornis advenus, NATURAL SIZE, independently of one another. The waders indeed suggest that the evolution was independent, as this group shows the beginning of such feet in such forms as the phalarope and avocet. In the length of the coracoid and absence of a precoracoid process; in the-existence of a complete though greatly reduced wing; the short- ness of the sacrum; proportions of the leg bones and position when in use, Baptornis is very different from Hesperornis and more like exist- ing birds. In the slender cervicals, arrangement of tibia and patella, and general structure of the leg Baptornis is more like a grebe than is the contemporary Hesperornis, and if, with the small amount of material available, it is deemed essential to establish any connection between groups of existing and fossil birds it is suggested that the ancestors of Baptornis are much more likely to have been also the progenitors of the Colymbine group than are those of Hesperornis. It is certain, as said near the beginning of the notes on Baptornis, that this bird belongs in an entirely different family from Hesperornis, and if it is ever given to us to know more of the bird it may prove to belong in a separate order. ty > S ~ : S wy Tdem., p. 136. ¢ Idem, p. 134) A NEW PROCELSTERNA—FISHER. 5638 A table of measurements of 7 adult Procelsterna sawatilis is here iven, and for comparison measurements of 3 adult P. cinerea, including he type, and of the same number of P. cerulea. Table of measurements. PROCELSTERNA SAXATILIS. _ Bil) Depth Middle - ae 37 | Cul- | from of | Tar-| toe, sas Number. Sex. | Wing. | Tail. | en.) nos-| billat | sus. | with Locality. tril. | nostril. claw. a Li U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. type Male. TRGM ee lor so) ee Ltn: 5.5 | 25 | 32 | Necker Island. : | iginal No. 148 .....---- Male. 186 109 | 25.2 | 17 6.5 | 25 32 Do. iginal No. 144 .....-.-- Male. 185 | 112 | 26 17 5.5 | 25 | Bent Do. Driginal No. 147 ......--- - Male. 186 | 115 | 26.5 | 17 5.+) 25 32 Do. Original No. 146 .....-.--- Male. 183 | 109 | 25 16 5.5 | 25 32 Do. O riginal INO 4bieS occ Male. 185 | 112 | 25 16.5 5.5 | 29 32 Do. U. 5. Nat. Mus. Coll. co- | Female. 180 | 110 | 25.—| 16.+ iS 24. + 31 Do. _ type 188652. PROCELSTERNA CINEREA. hil. Weads Scie. Colle |e os san. - DATE De eee Oh eas salen Leelee ee oa East coast Aus- e 5082. tralia. _ Acad. Sci. Coll. 5033.|...--...-- a206, +]..---- DS eee oa caeme nee eee se| se eae Do. U.S. ‘Nat. Mus. Coll. 15466 |.--------- a195. +|------ 27 | 19.5 6.5 | 25.5 33 PROCELSTERNA CERULEA i phil. Acad. Sci. Coll. 5029.|.......--- 180) | Io Dignan (ea ee Hepa a faces Polynesia. hil. Acad. Sci. Coll. 5031-.|......---- Bal sess DG nl eons seme seas pases eaeeeer Do. mes) Nat. Mus. Coll. |.....----- 180s De Hullhill fs sb t eae mae) -t 24 30 | Dog Island, Low — 131532. Archipelago. a Wing tip broken. THE STRUCTURAL*FEATURES OF THE BRYOZOAN GENUS HOMOTRYPA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES FROM THE CINCINNATIAN GROUP. By Ray S. Bassirr, Of the Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology. In 1882¢ Mr. KE. O. Ulrich established the genus Homotrypa for a group of species typified by //. curvata, a common and characteristic fossil of the lower Lorraine at Cincinnati, Ohio, and vicinity. In that paper two species were described—the one just mentioned and LH. obliqua. In subsequent papers this author added twelve species and varieties. Other authors have described four species which have been referred to the genus. In the course of their collecting Messrs. Ulrich and Nickles and the writer have discovered a large number of forms belonging to this genus, which will eventually include not less than fifty species. With so great a specific representation /Jomotrypa may well rank as the most important genus, not only of the Monticu- liporide, but also of the order Zrepostomata. Moreover, the genus is interesting from both the geologic and biologic standpoints; geo- logically, because most of the species are common fossils, usually of restricted vertical distribution and thus are good horizon markers; biologically, because many species exhibit remarkably well certain structures which indicate the bryozoan nature of the monticuliporoids. It is the purpose of this paper to point out and describe these struc- tures as studied from thin sections, and to define and tabulate the species found in the Cincinnatian group. The number of species of trepostomatous bryozoa is so large and their external characters often so similar that it appears a hopeless task to identify them without thin sections, yet it is a mistake to think that thin sections are always necessary. Sections are desirable, but are a necessity only when the internal characters of a new species are being studied. The structures shown in tangential sections are often @ Jour. Cincinnati Soe. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 240. ee PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1323. 565 566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. nicely brought out by smoothing the surface of the zoarium with the- edge of a knife blade or rubbing upon a gritty stone, and after etching slightly with acid examining with a lens the spot Shae treated, mois-_ tening it slightly. Similarly, vertical fractures when treated in the same way show the characters seen in v ertical sections. By this ready method it is seldom difficult to recognize a Homotrypa as the cystic phragms in the peripheral region are easily detected, if not in the tangential, then certainly in the vertical section. fecepi in the mate ter of size, the surface characters of the zocecia are seldom distinctive of any species of //omotrypa and are more or less similar in all the | species. For that reason, only the zoarium : and internal characters of | the species here described are figured and only when the surface chars acters are out of the ordinary are they described. To obtain the number of zoccia ina given space a measurement is made from the center of one macula to the center of one adjoining. The average of several such measurements gives the correct number, which may be verified by counting the number of zocecial tubes in the same spas in the peripheral region of vertical sections. HOMOTRYPA Ulrich. Homotrypa Utricn, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 240; Geol. Sur. | Tllinois, VIII, 1890, pp. 370, 409; Geol. Nenmasnias III, 1893, p. 235; Zittel’s Textb. Pal. (Engl. ed.), 1896, p. 273.—Foorp, Contr. Gero: -Pal. Cambrai Sil., 1883, p. 9.—Mruier, North American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 309.—NICKLES | and Basster, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, No. 173, 1900, p. 29. The genus has been briefly defined as follows: Zoarium frondescent or ramose; macule or monticules of larger cell apertures @ characteristic feature; apertures often oblique; zocecia with very thin or finely crenu-- lated walls and remote diaphragms in immature region and cystiphragms, isolated or in series, confined to mature region; mesopores few, in clusters; acanthopores gen- erally developed. @ 1 The essential generic characters are the upright zoarium, the pres- ence of ence in the peripheral region only, and the develop- ment of few mesopores. The form of the zoarium, the shape and size of the macule and zocecia, and the number of the latter in a given space, thickness of zocecial walls, distribution of diaphragms and cystiphragms, and the number, size, and distribution of acanthopores and mesopores are the nea variable quantities upon which the specific characters are based. The species of Homotrypa may be classed into two well- defined groups, the presence or absence of diaphragms in the peripheral region of the zocecial tubes being the distinguishing characteristic, In te typical section, which may ie designated the //. curvata group; —— “ Nickles and Bassler, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, No. 173, 1900, p. 29. Bans, yee . te N0.1393. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 567 diaphragms as well as cystiphragms are present in the peripheral region. The Warren” beds of the Lorraine formation show the advent of a group of species in which diaphragms are seldom, if ever, shown in sections either in the axial or peripheral region of the zoecial tubes. //. convmunis, an abundant Richmond species, may be considered the type of the group, and a glance over the appended table of species will show that this section will include //. bassleri and 7/. libana from the Lorraine, and //. dawson’, H. communis, 1, nodulosa, IH. austini, I. cylindrica, and IT. richmondensis from the yarious divisions of the Richmond. Whether the diaphragms were membraneous and not capable of preservation, or whether they were not developed at all, can not be determined. Associated species of the genus show diaphragms well developed in either the peripheral or in both regions, and this fact. would seem to indicate that their absence in this group is of structural importance. A subdivision of ‘the 7. communis group is suggested under the discussion of the eystiphragm. _ The typical section of the genus, the //. curvata group, includes all of the described species and the new forms of this paper with the exception of those mentioned above. It is by far the more important ‘group, and ranges through the Mohawkian and Cincinnatian groups, while the //. communis section is confined to the upper Lorraine and Richmond. | THE CYSTIPHRAGM. _ The peculiar structures which were termed cystiphragms by Ulrich are well developed in Homotrypa and constitute a generic feature. . . . m These cystiphragms, or cystoid diaphragms as formerly termed, occupy «The subdivisions of the Cincinnatian group recognized in this paper are those pubiished by Nickles (Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1902, pp. 49-100). For convenience of reference the classification is here repeated. Upper beds. Richmond. | Middle beds. Lower beds. Warren beds. Mount Auburn beds. Corryville beds. Bellevue beds. Fairmount beds. Mount Hope beds. Upper beds. Wittcae = 252 [sinat beds. Lower beds. Cincinnatian..) Lorraine. -- - ‘The Richmond strata exposed in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Manitoba, and termed the northwestern Richmond in the appended tables, are here correlated with the Upper beds of Nickles’s classification. os oe +R 568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. a gener ally” one side of the zocecial cavity as a series of superimposed vesicles. When tangential sections cut these vesicles, they show within and extending across the zocecial cavity, a curved line, the amountof curvature depending upon the gibbosity of the eystiphragm, In 7, callosa Ulrich, and 1. ramulosa (see Plate X XV, fig. 3) this lined is but slightly curved, showing that the vesicle was little rounded. In the type species the vesicle is of such a shape and occupies so much space as to cause the cut edge shown in tangential sections to extend around about two-thirds of ihe circumference of the zocecial chamber, A different style of cystiphragm occurs in such species as /7/. pulchra | and I. cincinnatiensis. Were, occasionally, the cystiphragm extends” entirely around the bounding wall but leaves the central portion of the zocecial cavity unoccupied, and here ordinary horizontal diaphragms | are developed. In this case, tangential sections (Plate XX, fig. 12, Plate. XXI, fig. 7) show the ate agm as a more or less rounded, central | ring. In vertical sections the ‘cystiphragms appear as semicircular lines lining usually one side of the zocecial tube, but when the vesicles. extend entirely around the cell cavity both sides show a series of: | | curved lines. The portion of the per ipheral region of the zocecial tube not occu-| pied by the cystiphragms is generally intersected by transverse par- titions, the diaphragms, w hee may or may not be as numerous as the cystiphragms, seldom however exceeding them in number. It is also. to be noticed that in forms showing no diaphragms in the zocecial) ane the cystiphragms seldom overlap, the lower end of one not) ‘eaching to the next below. If this interpretation is true to nature it) Ww aan imply that the cystiphragms were open at the bottom. How-' ever, one or both of the following explanations may account for this) appearance. The cystiphragms are seen in vertical sections to be) thickest at the upper end, and often are reduced in thickness to ex- treme thinness at the point of overlap. In the forms under discussion) the lower part of the cystiphragm may have been so thin that sections do not reveal it at all. Another interpretation is that suggested by Nickles in the description of 7/. bassler/, that calcification in the living 1 BY state was more or less incomplete. U pon the basis of the distribution of the cystiphragms the /7. come munis group of the genus may be further subdivided into two sections, one in which cystiphragms line the peripheral region of all the zocecia and another in which the zocecial tubes of the ecules only are pro- vided with cystiphragms, as seen in sections of ZZ. austind. The latter, an unusual occurrence, may throw some light upon the fune; tions of both macule and cystiphragms. Ulrich has considered the maculx (including the monticules and groups of larger zocecia, all 0} which are evidently identical in function) of trepostomatous bryoz0t to be connected in some way with reproduction, these groups perhapj | 0.1323. §TRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 569 yeing set aside for that purpose. In Certocava ramosa of the Creta- seous (see Plate XX, figs. 5, 6), ovarian-like vesicles, very similar to systiphragms, have been found, and this fact leads to the belief that the cystiphragm also had a reproductive function. Hence the restric- tion of these structures in this species to the zocecial tubes of the macule only may have some significance. THE ACANTHOPORE. The majority of the species of //omotrypa exhibit these spine-like structures—the acanthopores. The ordinary acanthopore when show- ing at the surface is seen to be a blunt spine situated on the cell wall, usually at the angle of junction of adjoining zocecia. Tangential sections show that this spine is composed of concentric rings of laminated tissue inclosing a minute, round canal. A vertical section brings out the fact that the spine is not a mere surface orna- ment, but that it is a tube inclosed in the wall substance of the zocecium; that this tube is developed generally with the mature region and con- tinues as an independent structure to the surface. In some species they are well developed and here exhibit their structure most clearly. The acanthopores of //. nodulosa and LH. cylindrica of this paper show all that has been learned concerning these structures. That of //. nodulosa viewed in a tangential section (Plate XXIII, fig. 7) differs from the ordinary form in haying a comparatively large central space, the diameter of this sometimes being as much as one-half that of the entire structure. A vertical section (Plate X XIII, figs. 5,6) shows clearly that the acanthopore is not only a tube, but that this tube is also crossed by thin transverse partitions about the tube diameter distant from each other. Such a section also shows that instead of being limited to the mature region, the acanthopore may develop in any part of the immature region, pass through in turn both this and the mature region, and then, instead of stopping with the zoarial growth to which it belongs, continue through the immature and mature regions of an incrusting, secondary growth of the species if this be present. This section also shows that the concentric rings seen in tangential sections surrounding the central space are the cut edges of overlapping, conical layers of tissue forming the wall of the tube. The acanthopore of //. cylindrica (Plate XXTI, fig. 10) is interesting because it shows to how great an extent these conical layers may be developed and, in contrast with preceding species, how minute the central cavity may be. Yet even in this species, in which the diameter of the tube is generally less than one-twentieth that of the entire acanthopore, the transverse partitions may be seen under favorable circumstances. Possessing such structure, it must be conceded that the acanthopores were of no little importance to the zoarium. Just what their function at 570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XX was is not known, but, as suggested by Ulrich, they may have sup. ported appendages similar to the avicularia or vibracula of recent bryozoa. They certainly are not, as considered by Waagen and Wen zel,@mere thickenings preceding gemmation. Nor do they give rise to mesopores, which in turn develop into true zoccia as schematicall r illustrated by these authors. In actual sections such a development | is not known, and among the thousands of thin sections of trepostoma- tous bryozoa examined by the writer, not one has been seen that in — anywise countenanced their interpretation. The zocecia, mesopores, — and acanthopores of these fossil forms are as distinet and independent structures as are the polypides, avicularia, and vibracula of recent chilostomatous bryozoa, whose wholly distinct morphological develop- _ ment has been demonstrated by students of living species. COMMUNICATION PORES AND INTERMURAL STRUCTURE. Under certain conditions tangential sections indicate that the zocecial | walls and the intermural space are seemingly pierced by communica- | tion pores or connecting foramina. These were first recorded by | Ulrich in the descriptions of HZ curvata and H. obliqua. Dr. Rom-, inger, in a critical paper,’ subsequently denied the presence of these, pores. I have figured tangential sections of [7 worthend and SI. nodu- losa (Plate XXIV, fig. 12; Plate XXV, fig. 15) which show that such) structures do exist.in Zomotrypa and are found in other species than those mentioned by Ulrich. Indeed, they have been found in so many species of this genus that their presence may be considered a generic) feature. These pores are best observed when the section is rather thick. As the section is thinned the pores become less distinct, and when very thin disappear altogether. This is because the denser! tissue of the zocecial walls in thick sections brings out into relief the clearer substance of the connecting foramina, but as the section is, thinned the substance of the walls becomes more and more translucent, until, finally, both wall and pore are alike in clearness and the outline of the latter is lost. 7 Thin sections show that each zocecium has its own bounding wall dis- tinct from adjacent zocecia, the space between, which is here termed the intermural space, being occupied by the acanthopores and a dotted or granular layer, which in sections has a structure very similar te that exhibited by the parenchymal chord of more recent bryozoa (see Plate XX, fig. 2). The width of this intermural space varies with the species and with the age of the zocecia. Sometimes, even in the fully matured condition, it is represented by merely a fine granular line (Plate XX, fig. 1), but in some species (see H. austind, Plate XXIV} — - $< “ Paleontologia Indica, 13th Ser., XIII, 1886, pp. 861, 871. » Studies on Monticulipora, American Geologist, VI, 1890, p. 118, i ee y0.1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 571 ig. 5) its width often equals that of the zocecium itself. Often the sranules or dots are arranged in regular, transverse lines, and give a very pretty appearance in sections. Figures 2,3,and 4, on Plate XX, show similar intermural structure in Retepora columnifera Busk, a chilostomatous bryozoan, and in “scharopora pavonia (D’Orbigny) a typical example of the order Cryptostomata. The following tables, showing the geologic and geographic distribu- tion and the specific characters, are here introduced to aid in the iden- tification of the species: ‘od “StouTTTT “BUBIPUT “AyonUey “BUBIPUT “BUBIPUT PUB OTYO ‘ od ' “BUBIPUT “BUBIPUT PUB OLIGO ‘Ordo od ‘od ‘od ‘0d i “BuRIpUy puR OLYO ‘od ‘od ‘orgo ‘aassouula, f, “AyONQUOy puev ‘vuvipuy ‘oryo “UISUOD ‘Ayonjuey ‘oro | “UISUODST AA ‘STOU “SLM ‘oassouuey, ‘BUBIpUT I IU soecenssie M8OUISNIOD “ET SAEs > suapuajds "Fy ee i DDR ET: Torres * esaqyovu “AT 77 ee cenEeel - DSOINUDL “ET verses ponipurnha "Ay peels era se iteiels SUDULUMOLE TUAYILOM “FT DIDIPIIIYUL VUAYJLOM "FT drape eats abeeNepathaininn, aes yo WMAYILON “FT ales aici Seo oae UR De eal SISUAPUOUWY ILA “FT "77" psOjNpoU "TT Piieciel STUNULULOD “ET 77755" (UOSMDP “ET Shad Ske eee Sache een DSOPUOLL “FT Se soe DUDQy "H See Aotetal|[ Or etal” Sepa SEI ener Ser oe hieis/eimsces sis piyaynd “Rr Poe le en | ecmieuniepe se =| SI-A)8. 8 Si ae SUPUDLD “FT se)zisie'rinie pnbyqgo "HT péafiurids s.uojaqoyt “HT -I[[I ‘vessouuey, ‘wuRIpuy ‘Ayonjuey ‘oryo OW IP ORO Oleh em OO mre inasghetn see | mange so cco | heme eres sR: (| oP Renker es pes eek tee ego Sir WSS eerie | SEAS Meh N St lease erat [Usted che ghee an tae sLippyaqoy "AT O(a) ee ieee Sis oreo telah ose apr) ve lief lose lea hese ernie | eerste tetelalel arelt-cotetot~ | Ree TAM tlt ced he ar Sie oo ater [os etege tere | ake eveselci | ol-seinas ote lcaes a 5 (ehensicd ea psouup “AT MAOIs PU GLOLUT Op lias cos aa eS sek eal We OL Ile Mal eee eal nee atl ee Maem Me manic | elexeimricl oe: elsieieie;e boys | mate fost asain [ain cee ea Se aie u OQ trttrtcittrtccet|eteeceecfeccc ccc) ee eee cecleseeeeeefeeeeeees| gg 0 [ester ece|eceeeces[ecee cee e[eeeeeete|see eer eesee sees ‘auna * “BUBRIpU] puB ‘AyONnJUey ‘Oro |-*77*7 7" BEI OCA ISO OC sss pidweud 0700MNI : Oe Gee es = ‘ure | | -JSOM | Sroka eey : . * |. =k TTA ana |yunout} ‘odoy |. |. x -YJ10U a PPI) “OMOT] _ aie ieee F % raddg) "oTppr] “Ioao'T “MONNGLLYASIp OIgdBis004 pure TBM | dunoWw AIIOD | -o[[oG | BY | JUNOW ‘soloodg: aodd 9 | ‘puowmyony “OUIRIIO'T "RON [owed ‘a fared you ‘Iu !uoTaTUIOD ‘) SuouTUTOD A19A ‘90] ‘saiads fo woynguiysip 260,00) 573 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. No. 1323. *poTYUMO s[TVM [BIXB uBpuNnqe sorodosoaq ut podojaaep sursviydysisp ‘sorodosoml pareynqe} sno -I9MINU ‘]{[BUIS PUR JSIR] ‘sorodoyjyuror JO sja8 OMT “uOLso [RIO Ytiod 07 [RIXB mOIy puod ur ATWO podoyea -ap AT[Bnsn *papunod ‘dasr¥ByT ‘So[NOTUOPT ‘B[NOBUL PUB BIOMOZ Od Suowe jueserd sorodosayy ‘uoTse1 [vio ydiied 04 [BIXB WOIT Pua 0} ATUTRUI po .odysor ‘sorodoyjuBoR asiel AIOA JO osnvoeq YsnoI sowjing ‘snonotdsuoo @novy “RIO@MOZ PUB B] -nowul Suowe sorodoseur jo gequmu oyeiopou y ‘SornyBay [BUOTITPPV | “sTLO. | eae Stel OD stg |anen eae ODay especie rs ODReae Le DUDE A Lea as [83 CLL Sto Gy || eee ODE sa cals mais cba Daan “* DID]JIINIQUL VUWAYILOM “FT ‘oq | *19q “pozey ‘Bop | -WINU oyBIOPOTW | -UAINU oyBIOpOT | 7777 OD Giiees lcs ewe © Diemaee 6 -norioqny Atdieyg | -urptéo ‘osouey [------ 7” WMAYJLOM “FT “ATWO BlNovUL | *sno1o Ut | See eS WAIL | PS ee eae = roy oeC OV SIOISOO SES 3 (oy oS QE chgving suo ay dotenniy || (Oita) rereee ses 00MS | [BOTIPUTTAD *[[BUIG |" ~"-" "> ">"> BUSY “AT “10q ‘sno *payRpTno | -UIMU O}BINPOW |--""°- "7 *” (Cl aeeiatel|ceae AOR CC OD aaa -rauinu = ‘[[BUIg | 8 -1O(N} Sse, OOIOW |7°-7 "~~ - 7" esOulBY | ----7” SISUIPUOWYIVL “FT | ‘snoiour ‘soporaq ‘[Rolp | pee oan OP insite ae eas sO Deeeen | eorcior = os OD rss col eT SOS OMT ANG -n} daivys ‘[yeug | -utpAo ‘esommey |----"" 7°" "" DsOjnpoU “A ‘snoro ur *‘TRoup SULsBIYCYSAD |---°-7 >"> * ODSiears| pores ee Gps arses cis OD rae yee, Sanaa gor AE | RRR Rees yjoourg | -utpAoqns ‘osiey |-------"*" SVUNUULOD “FT ‘spuody Sse errr ENO Weal eee Le TLONO Wa | ose ens O Die aaa |e ea lO Dama GTS ieisinainiel=io\-=erQy) = Ol 1M OG Old DiGN||\noe ania menin CEOS ILD MOET “Iq siciee eneete Op-**"*| -Ummu oyBIepoy |---"-77-"* Op" -*~* |" MOF ATOA ‘TTBUIS | OT ----payenoyUoy |°-°" °°" * OFBTTEqBI | "- °° DSOpUOLl “T Rie reas (aes | ain eee (© Paes ae a Sans 1) inci | lee Fal CL | Moa pees s""°"100UIG | SpUOry UIT “TPeuIg |°-""*-"----"-* DUDQn “A | “10q, | -UInuU oyBIAapO|W |°°""""** SETCLOSC Wail eases snes quasqy joyei1opouml‘{jemg | Or 8 |" poyelmorieqny, |"--- ssourvl ‘[7eug |--~-*""" "= 7"" VLIPSSDQ “FT | “19q “‘spuody Paein paepMoID |---"""* papMorp | -WINU oVBIEpOy{ |-"~"*"-" > JUASqY | 8-4 sss-s2---*t 00mg | pepuBdxe ‘esiey |-*°"---- 7" "°°" - DLyomnd “T *snorour *so,N0T] WO UL ‘TBolIp AULA BITC SAO ||P s ores saa. OD mamaria pa ae ODEs pases as OD aes nu AIA ‘[[BUIg | 6 MOT JO YQoour, | -uTpAoqns ‘asieT |-7-77*" S2-"s- Sule: Fy *payemMo SPR BOP (0) FP PPO OSS OC OS DOE Foy oF ISON OSSO ISG ho lohie Iewuzhesyorowod |pieweecsy |} (a) -19QN4 Sse, 10 aIOJ |--77 7" [BotApUTpAD |--- 7777-7777" MNDYNQO “TT ‘sno Serica se OD gs salics are aee OD siege aes be Ope ssa -Ioumnu ‘asivy | 6 poyBMoTUOU JON J-7- 7-77 Oia --* puafiurds svinjaqnyl *H “req Pei ois snoretny |--"-"*snorotny | -winu oyBlopoy, |-*""*- ">" Op™ =" "| 6 sessssss2-q00mNg |---°77-" OYBITOqBI |7--77 77-7377 > Seoyaqnyl “HT ‘‘soqouRIq See, Svar io iaiee WAN fel feces aes ne AN) Yl igre gain) [ea tie ol| niece uae AN Oe TULL ar ----payenonuoy, | oy vUped ‘[yeuIg |--"- "~~ 7" -DsowNp “FT “10d “10, ‘sno | *[BOLIp -UMNU oyBIOpOTW | -uIMU oyBIapOTT |**-7 7777" AuUesSqY: || -LeuInm “peu |G, 9 esses esas Ops sas -uljAoqns ‘[[euIg |*--""*" SIsUayDUULOUL “ET | sayouriq possord ples Sees es OP sess pes es eer we oe c ose Oar as lOO POULT LLse MO) as --/t lI Y) ara tO ON we Pi Ow Ci |p caine eaten cine mmm agD Ut OaS | fe “19q ‘sno seeigicis snogowmy |---*-" snorgeumy | -uIM oyeIOpoT | -cowmuU ‘[[eutg | OT ss--7>7>+eyQ00uTg |7"-> esOUNR ‘[[eUMg |-***** DPdrowud vyoaind “7 “SUL Z “UOTSOI ‘IoquUMUu |) Sr 4 Fi ° . ‘UOLSOI [BIX®B UL * unt 3 A suSvaydyssg | praeydied ur | “Ot : aZIs | Browoz f Aor soyoodg suseryderq suseay der ‘sazodoyjuvoy | yo aoq | 2807 FO ooB}ANS -UIUN — guajonuny oyfioady fo 97qPT, 39 02 - XXVi Proc. 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STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 5 DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. HOMOTRYPA CURVATA Ulrich.a Homotrypa curvata Unricn, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 242, pl.-x, figs. 7—7d. In growth this species is between the cylindrically ramose species umd the truly frondescent forms as //. flabellaris. Acanthopores, systiphragms, and diaphragms are present in a moderate degree. The axternal characters by which the species may be recognized are the sompressed, flattened branches and smooth surface; in thin sections, by the average number of acanthopores (three or four surrounding a Zocecittm), absence of mesopores except in the macule, ten zocecia in 2 mm., the presence of diaphragms in the axial region, and of both diaphragms and ¢ystiphragms in the peripheral region. Occurrence. —A common and characteristic fossil in the Fairmount beds of the Lorraine at Cincinnati, Ohio, and vicinity. Cat. Nos. 41729-41734, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA CURVATA var. PRAECIPTA, new variety. Plate XXIII, fig. 15. This varietal name is proposed for the only H/omotrypa known in the Utica. It has the internal characters of /7Z. eurvata, but differs in the growth of the zoarium. Its branches are cylindrical, smooth, ubout 6 mm. in diameter, and divide at short intervals, while the zoarium of /7. curvata takes the form of broad, compressed branches, dividing at less frequent intervals. Thin sections show that the Utica form generally exhibits more acanthopores, but the number of acan- thopores varies slightly in every species. Occurrence.—Rare in the middle division of the Utica at West Covington, Kentucky. Cumings’ records the same form from the Upper Utica. Cat. No. 41735, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA OBLIQUA Ulrich. Plate X XIII, figs. 12-14. Homotrypa obliqua Oxricn, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 248, pl. x, figs. 6-6b. This abundant Lorraine species in its internal characters is very much like Z/. curvata. The absence of diaphragms and the slightly crinkled walls in the axial region distinguish it from ZZ. curvata. “Under species heretofore described, the reference to the original description only is given. The complete synonymy is presented in Bulletin No. 173, U. S. Geological Survey, 1900. bAmerican Geologist, X XIX, 1902, p. 215, footnote. 576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVE Externally, however, the two species are readily separated by their different methods of growth, the ramose zoarium of /Z. obliqgua with its cylindrical or slightly compressed, more or less tuberculated, branches being quite characteristic. In the Fairmount beds of the Cincinnati area a form of the species with strongly tuberculated, cylin- drical branches seldom over 5 or 6 mm. in diameter, occurs very abundantly. The succeeding Bellevue beds also hold the species in” abundance, but here the zoarium is more robust and the branches are often subeylindrical and nearly smooth. Specimens 6 cm. or more in length without dividing and 15 mm. in diameter are often found, The prevailing form of zoarium in the Corryville beds is a rather broad, somewhat compressed, tuberculated branch, and specimens of this kind probably led Nicholson to identify /Z. dawsoné at Cincinnati, The internal structure of these various forms of the species is essen- tially the same. About 10 zocecia in 2 mm. Occurrence.—An abundant species of the above-mentioned divisions of the Lorraine at many localities in the Cincinnati area. The typical form occurs in the Bellevue beds. Cat. Nos. 41736-41740, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA CINCINNATIENSIS, new species. Plate X XI, figs. 4-10. Zoarium small, generally less than 3 cm. in height, ramose, dividing | rather regularly at short intervals; branches subeylindrical but with a tendency to become frondescent, 2 to 4 mm. thick and 3 to 9 mm, wide. Surface commonly smooth, the clusters of usually larger cells” rarely forming low monticules. Zocecial apertures angular, direct, | about nine in 2mm. No. 1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. Ditct occasionally larger expanded fronds occur - that do not seem to inoscu- late. Surface with very distinct clusters of large cells, usually raised into low monticules, but sometimes sharp tubercles. Zocecial apertures angular, direct or nearly so, inclosed by thin walls, seven to eight in 2mm. Mesopores few, usually restricted to the cell clusters. Acan- thopores seldom showing at the surface, but tangential sections reveal a limited number, best developed in the clusters. Zocecial tubes with walls thin and less crinkled than usual in the axial region and thick- ened slightly in the peripheral region, where a few diapkragms and rather large cystiphragms are developed. The characteristic features of this species are its thin walls, compar- atively large zocecia, and conspicuous clusters. //. c/ncinnatiensis, with which this form might be confused, is distinguished by a different mode of growth, smaller zocecia, less conspicuous clusters, and more abundant mesopores and acanthopores. Occurrence.—Rather rare in the Fairmount beds of the Lorraine formation at Covington, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio. Cat. No. 41741, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA PULCHRA, new species. Plate XX, figs. 11-14. Zoarium large, consisting of expanded fronds, subdividing or send- ing off other fronds,and ranging from 5 to 10 or more em. in height; fronds 3 to 5 mm. in thickness and sometimes as much as 8 cm. in width. Surface smooth, the clusters scarcely ever rising above the general surface, but nevertheless conspicuous on account of the large size of their cells. Zocecial apertures thin walled, angular, direct, seven to eight in2mm. An occasional mesopore is developed, but only in the clusters. Acanthopores are apparently always wanting, although the thickenings sometimes seen at the angles of junction sim- ulate these structures. Diaphragms from 1 to 14 tube diameters apart in the axial region and four or five times as numerous in the periph- eral region. Cystiphragms in an increasingly crowded series in the peripheral region and extending close to the surface. This fine species can be readily distinguished externally by its hand- some mode of growth, smooth surface, large and thin-walled zocecia, and conspicuous clusters; internally, by the absence of acanthopores and the unusual development of diaphragms and cystiphragms, of which the outermost are commonly visible at the surface. It is scarcely nec- essary todistinguish this from other species. //. cwrvata bears a slight resemblance in growth, but differs in all other features. Occurrence.—A characteristic and common fossil restricted to the Platystrophia lynx horizon of the Mount Auburn beds, Lorraine for- mation, at Cincinnati and Lebanon, Ohio, and other localities. At Cincinnati this bed occupies the tops of the highest hills. Cat. Nos. 41747, 41748, U.S.N.M. 578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. a HOMOTRYPA GRANDIS, new species. Plate XX, figs. 7-10. Zoarium large, 10 cm. or more in height, subcylindrical or com- pressed, branching rather frequently, an average example being 2 cm, ‘n width and half as much in thickness. Surface generally smooth, but sometimes exhibiting low rounded monticules. Apertures polyg- onal, direct, thick walled, nine in 2 mm. Mesopores restricted to the macule. Acanthopores inconspicuous at the surface, but in thin see- tions they are seen to be small and very numerous, as Many as SiX- teen sometimes surrounding a zocecium. Intermural space finely dotted, the dots often arranged in transverse rows. In tangential sections the polygonal zocecia with their numerous, regularly arranged acanthopores and intermural dots present a very, pretty appearance, In vertical sections the zocecial tubes show thin crinkled walls in the axial region, and develop diaphragms only as the peripherai region is approached. In the early part of the latter region, especially in the bend from the axial to the peripheral, numerous cystiphragms and diaphragms are developed, but in the remainder of the long mature region only an occasional cystiphragm is seen, while diaphragms con- tinue as numerous as before. : In the mode of development of diaphragms and cystiphragms this species resembles Homotrypella, but otherwise it has the characters of Homotrypa. The large subcompressed branches, the numerous, small acanthopores, the intermural structure, and the unusual disposition of diaphragms and cystiphragms are characteristic of the species. Occurrence. —Abundant in the Platystrophia lynx horizon of the Lor- raine formation exposed along Lumsleys Fork, 2 miles west of Good- lettsville, Davidson County, Tennessee. Cat. No. 41764, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA BASSLERI Nickles. Homotrypa bassleri Nrcxurs, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1902, no. 2, ps 103, figs. 1-5. The small, cylindrical or slightly flattened tuberculated branches, small zocecia (ten in 2 mm.), and internally the presence of cysti- phragms unaccompanied by diaphragms characterize this species. Occurrence. —A rather common and characteristic fossil of the upper part of the Warren beds, Lorraine formation, at Lebanon and Ore- gonia, Ohio. Cat. No. 34330, U:S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA LIBANA, new species. Plate X XII, figs. 1-3. Zoarium, composed of small, thin, flat fronds, the most complete example seen being 5 cm. high, 3 cm. at its greatest width, and less No. 1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 579 than 3 mm. in thickness. Surface smooth, with macule of decidedly larger zocecia. Apertures thin walled, direct, eight to nine in 2 mm. Acanthopores not observed at the surface. Mesopores of not infre- quent oceurrence both in the maculz and among the ordinary zocecia. Internal characters: Diaphragms practically wanting in both regions. Axial region with thin crinkled walls, which are but : slightly thickened in the short peripheral zone. A series of generally four cystiphragms is developed in the peripheral region of each zocecial tube. Acantho- pores rather few and inconspicuous, generally situated at the junction angles of the zocecia. The smooth, thin, flat fronds will distinguish this neat species from the associated //. basslert. There is no other species sufficiently related to require comparison. Occurrence.—Not uncommon in the Warren beds of the Lorraine formation at Lebanon, Ohio. Cat. No. 34329, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA FRONDOSA, new species. Homotrypa frondosa (neither Monticulipora frondosa D’OrBiaNy nor Chetetes frondosus Epwarps and Harmer.) Cumines, American Geologist, X XIX, 902,upy 208, plex, figs. 11,125 pl. x1, figs. 2, 5; pl. xu, fig. 1. In 1850 D’Orbigny proposed Monticulipora frondosa,“ based on specimens said to have been found at Cincinnati and Oxford, Ohio. In 1851 Milne-Edwards and Haime redefined and figured the species as Chetetes frondosus,’ basing their description it seems upon the same specimens used by D’Orbigny. Since the internal characters are not described in either case, and as there are several forms of different genera with which J/. frondosa might be identified, it is probably impossible without the aid of the type specimen to definitely fix upon D’Orbigny’s species. The status of the species was further complicated by Nicholson in redefining D’Orbigny’s Monticulipora mammulata,’ since, as shown later by Ulrich, he really described a species more like MM. frondosa. Recently Cumings identified D’Orbigny’s, or rather Edwards and Haime’s, species with a rare form of Homotrypa, found in the ‘“‘very top of the Lorraine or base of the so-called Richmond formation.” An effort to find D’Orbigny’s type specimens is now being made, and should this succeed the standing of his species will be adjusted. How- ever, for the present I prefer to adhere to Ulrich’s identification of We Hieulinora Frondosa, and Cumings’s Homotrypa frondosa is here recognized as a new species, preserving that writer’s name. @Prodr. de Pal., I, p. 25. bPol. Foss. Ter. Pal., 1851, p. 267, pl. x1x, figs. 5, 5a. ¢Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 1874, p. 508. ; 580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVr, Homotrypa frondosa belongs to the typical group of the genus and should be compared with //. flabellaris. The flabellate growth, large rounded monticules, few acanthopores, and the presence of both dia- phragms and cystiphragms in the peripheral region are characteristie features. Occurrence.—Rare in the Warren beds of the Lorraine formation in Indiana and Ohio. Harmans Station, Indiana, is the type locality. HOMOTRYPA FLABELLARIS Ulrich. Homotrypa flabellaris Utricn, Geol. Sury. Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 411, pl. xxxm, 3-3¢c. This species with its varieties has quite a range, both geologically and geographically, specimens being found, generally abundantly, in the Lorraine and Richmond at many localities in the Mississippi Valley. The species was described from specimens found in the tichmond at Wilmington, Illinois. The figured sections illustrating the internal structure were prepared from a colony in which the mature region was not fully developed. Mature specimens show a moderately crowded series of cystiphragms and diaphragms in the peripheral region. If the large acanthopore was omitted from our fig. 14, on Plate X XI, it would show the characters seen in a vertical section of this species. The specific characters are the flabellate growth, smooth surface, nine zocecia in 2 mm, few small acantho- pores, mesopores tabulated, numerous in the maculz and not uncom- mon among the ordinary zocecia, a moderate number of diaphragms in the axial region and a well-developed series of diaphragms and cystiphragms in the peripheral region. Occurrence.—A common species in the Lorraine and Richmond formations of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. Cat. Nos. 40217-40223 Harris collection, 41772, 41774 41777, 41780- 41782, U.S.N.M HOMOTRYPA FLABELLARIS var. SPINIFERA, new variety. Plate X XJ, figs. 11-15. This variety agrees with //. flabellaris in all essential characters save one, namely, that at rather regular intervals among the zocecia very large acanthopores are developed, the place of a zocecium often being occupied by one. This gives the otherwise smooth surface of the zoarium a spiny aspect. The acanthopores often originate in the axial region and proceed to the surface irrespective of the course of the zocecia. Occurrence.—Abundant in the Fairmount beds of the Lorraine at Cincinnati, Ohio, and vicinity, and in the Richmond at Richmond, . Indiana, Oxford and other localities in Ohio. Cat. Nos. 41773, 41778, 41779, 41783, U.S.N.M. } | no. 1323. = STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 581 HOMOTRYPA DAWSONI (Nicholson). Plate X XV, figs. 9, 10. Monticulipora (Heterotrypa) dawsoni Nicnoison, 1881. Genus Monticulipora, p. 141, pl. v, 3-3 f. With the exception of one feature this fine species was well described and figured by Nicholson. His vertical section (Plate V, fig. 3e) shows complete diaphragms in the mature region, and in his descrip- tion he says of that region, ‘‘a moderate number of complete hori- zontal tabule being developed;” and again, ‘‘tabule are in all cases complete and approximately horizontal.” The normal condition of the species, as seen in vertical sections, is shown in our figure 9 of Plate XXV. The cystiphragms are here seen to be large and rather irregularly developed or altogether absent, but in the zocecial tubes of the macule a full series is usually present. Diaphragm-like struc- tures occur, particularly in the outer part of the peripheral region, but these are probably cystiphragms, which, extending almost across the cell cavity, give in certain sections the appearance of true dia- phragms. In the section, figured by Nicholson, apparently all of the cystiphragms presented this appearance. An entire zoarium, with its broad frond and prominent, closely set monticules, is a handsome cabinet specimen. Occurrence.—A characteristic but rather uncommon fossil of the Lower Richmond in Ohio and Indiana, Waynesville, Ohio, being the type locality. The species has been recorded as coming also from. Cincinnati. This is now known to be erroneous, the Lorraine form so identified being a broad, monticulated variety of 77. obliqua, exter- nally quite similar, but internally very different. Cat. Nos. 41749-41752. U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA COMMUNIS, new species. Plate X XIII, figs. 1-4. Zoarium of subcylindrical or more commonly compressed branches from 5 to 10 cm. high and 4 to 8 mm. in thickness. Surface smooth, with clusters composed of larger cells and mesopores. Apertures direct, polygonal, rather thick-walled, with about nine in 2 mm. Acanthopores seldom seen on the surface, but sections show a zoce- cium to be surrounded by from four to seven. Walls thin and erinkled in the axial region, much thickened in the peripheral. Dia- phragms wanting in both regions. Cystiphragms few, generally restricted to the region transitional to the mature condition. Externally this species sometimes resembles //. curvata, but inter- nally is very different. The only associated form with which it might be confounded is Bythopora mech? (James), which often bears a super-- ficial resemblance. Sections show the two species to be very distinct. Oceurrence.—A common fossil in the lower part of the Richmond 582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. = ie formation at Oregonia, Waynesville, Clarksville, Hanover, and other localities in Ohio and at several localities in southeastern Indiana. | Cat. Nos. 40234-40236 Harris collection, 41755, 41756. U.S.N.M. | | HOMOTRYPA RICHMONDENSIS, new species. | Plate XXIV, figs. 1-4. : ‘ . | The more or less prominent tubercles, few mesopores, numerous, acanthopores, and absence of diaphragms are characteristic of this. species. The zoarium consists of ramose, somewhat flattened branches, ; varying from smooth to slightly tuberculated. Zocecia thin-walled, eight in2 mm. Acanthopores numerous, small. Mesopores few, as. a rule restricted to the clusters. Diaphragms wanting; cystiphragms. well developed. Although resembling several species in one or more details, the combination of characters readily distinguishes this form. For exam- ple, specimens of ZZ. wortheni, with the tubercles poorly developed, are very similar externally, but internally are distinguished by the presence of diaphragms. Occurrence. —Not uncommon in the lower and middle divisions of the Richmond formation at Richmond and Versailles, Ind.; and at Hanover, Oxford, and other localities in Ohio. Cat. Nos. 41784-41787. U.S.N.M. | HOMOTRYPA NODULOSA, new species. Plate XXIII, figs. 5-11; Plate XXV, fig. 15. Zoarium ramose, growing from an expanded base attached to other organisms; branches cylindrical or slightly compressed, 2.5 to 6 mm in diameter. Surface with small, well-marked, sharp tubercles, ana bristling with large acanthopores. Apertures irregularly polygonal direct, thin-walled, about nine in 2mm. At the surface there are twe sets of acanthopores, one set very large, perforated, and distributec at rather regular intervals, the other much smaller and more numer ous. Tangential sections seldom show the smaller set because of thei shortness. Mesopores numerous, though less so when the acantho pores are greatly developed. Walls thin in the axial region ant considerably thickened in the peripheral. Cystiphragms sparingl) developed and restricted to the early portion of the mature region: Diaphragms wanting in the zocecial tubes, but abundant and muc/ thickened in the mesopores. Vertical sections show that the larg acanthopores may arise in the axial region and proceed at variow angles to the surface, and are crossed by thin, transverse partitions The structures supposed to be communication pores are often seen i tangential sections. | ' No. 1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 583 This species is particularly interesting because of the unusual devel- opment of acanthopores and mesopores. Some specimens, however, exhibit few mesopores at the surface, and these in vertical sections show that as the surface is approached the mesopores close, while tangential sections have a strong development of acanthopores. Other specimens show at the surface few acanthopores and many mesopores, so that some relationship seems to exist in the development of these structures. Externally the acanthopores form the distinguishing character, producing the sharp, knotty tubercles and the spinulose surface. Under a lens the tubercles are seen to be clusters of a few slightly larger cells, scarcely raised above the general surface and bearing one or two large perforated acanthopores at their summits, these acanthopores causing the knotty appearance. Occurrence.—A common form in the lower part of the Richmond formation at Hanover, Ohio, and less abundant in the middle division at Richmond, Indiana. Cat. Nos. 40227-8 Harris collection, 41753-4, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA WORTHENI (James). Plate XXIV, figs. 10-14. Monticulipora (Monotrypa) worthent James, Paleontologist, No. 6, 1882, p. 50; No. 7, 1883, pl. 1, fig. 2. James’s description and figures of J/. wortheni are scarcely sufficient to recognize the species or even to place the form generically. The following description is based on material identical with specimens of MM. wortheni in the collections of the U. 8. National Museum with Mr. James’s label attached. Zoarium ramose, branches cylindrical, usually about 6 mm. in diam- eter and dividing frequently and rather regularly. Surface marked with strong, prominent tubercles, usually 2 mm. apart. Apertures polygonal, direct, rather thick walled, about nine in 2 mm. Meso- pores in the typical form few, although in the variety described below they are quite numerous. Acanthopores numerous, often inconspicu- ous at the surface, but blunt when present. In tangential sections the striking characters are the thick walls, numerous acanthopores, and wide intermural space with its dotted structure. Here also communication pores are well shown. Vertical sections show that the walls in the axial region are thin and rather straight, but become greatly thickened in the peripheral, where a series of cystiphragms larger than usual is developed with a corre- sponding number of diaphragms. The sharply tuberculated branches of this fine species readily dis- tinguish it from associated forms. /. bassler is quite similar exter- nally, but the different internal characters, the few acanthopores, and 584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~ absence of diaphragms especially, will distinguish it. //. tubereula Ulrich, from the Black River shales of Minnesota, also has a simil zoarium, but in other respects is quite different. | Occurrence. —A. very abundant and characteristic fossil of the mi 1 dle division of the Richmond in Ohio and Indiana. James’s specimens | were recorded from Lynchburg, Highland Connty ee Ohios Other : localities are Oxford, Waynesville, and Oregonia in Ohio and Rie mond, Indiana. Cat. Nos. 40224, 40226 Harris collection, 41765, 41766, U.S.N. M. ot ; HOMOTRYPA WORTHENI var. INTERCELLATA, new variety. Plate XXIV, fig. 17. This seems to be a constant and well-marked variety, agreeing with H. wortheni in its general zoarial characters, but differing in having the walls more crinkled in the axial region aa an abundance of meso- pores and small acanthopores in the peripheral. Viewed under a lens, the zocecia at the surface with the numerous mesopores and small) acanthopores resemble those of H/omotrypella, but otherwise the strue-/ ture is that of Homotrypa. f Occurrence.—Abundant in the Richmond near Osgood and near} Versailles, Indiana. Cat. Nos. 41768, 41769, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA WORTHENI var. PROMINENS, new variety. Plate XXIV, figs, 15, 16. The very prominent, elongated monticules will distinguish this variety. The zoarium also differs from the cylindrical branches of HI. wortheni by forming broader, subcompressed to flat fronds.) Internally this variety and species are practically identical. | Occurrence.—Abundant in the highest beds of the Richmond along, Elkhorn Creek near Richmond, ines Cat. No. 41767, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA AUSTINI, new species. Plate XXIV, figs. 5-9. The branches of this neat species are small, cylindrical, 4 to 8 mm) in diameter, and divide rather frequently. Sar face smooth. Zoceei: small, polygonal to rounded, thick walled, nine to ten in 2 mm Acanthopores numerous, four or more often surrounding a zoceciuD and generally visible at the surface as blunt spines. Mesopores) except an occasional one in the macule, wanting. The zocecia in th’ axial region are without diaphragms and have thin, crinkled walls, thi greatest amount of crinkling occurring just Gees the periphera, 10,1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 585 region is reached. As a rule, both cystiphragms and diaphragms are bsent in the peripheral region of the ordinary zocecia, but in those of she macule there is an abundance of the former. _ This species is named after its discoverer, Dr. George M. Austin, of Wilmington, Ohio, who, notwithstanding arduous professional duties, finds time for enthusiastically collecting and studying the fossils of that region. — Occurrence.—Abundant in the middle division of the Richmond for- mation at Dutch Creek, 45 miles northwest of Wilmington, Ohio, and at Cowans Creek, 7 miles southwest of the same place. Cat. No. 41762, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA CYLINDRICA, new species. Plate XXII, figs. 8-13. Zoarium ramose, branches long, cylindrical, from 4 to 15 mm. in diameter, dividing dichotomously at intervals of from 3 to 4 em. Surface varying from smooth to tuberculated, the macule or monti- cules generally somewhat transversely elongated. Zocecial apertures thick walled, usually angular, direct, about nine in 2mm. Mesopores few, seldom occurring outside of the clusters. Only well-preserved examples show at the surface the numerous and very large acantho- pores characteristic of the species. The walls of the zocecia in the axial region are thin and but little crenulated, but in the mature region they become so thickened as to almost equal in breadth the diameter of the zocecial cavity. Cystiphragms well developed. Dia- phragms very few, if present at all, the structures simulating them probably being large cystiphragms. The large and numerous acanthopores and the thickness and minute structure of the walls give a very characteristic, even bizarre, appear- ance to tangential sections. The number of acanthopores varies, the normal number being four to five when they are large to five to nine smaller ones around a zocecium. In vertical sections the acanthopores are seen not only to proceed directly to the surface parallel with the zocecial walls, but they also sometimes cross them obliquely. Oceurrence.—Richmond formation, Richmond and Versailles, Indi- ana, and Oxford, Ohio. Cat. Nos. 41757-41759, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA RAMULOSA, new species. Plate X XV, figs. 1-4. Zoarium consisting of subcylindrical or somewhat compressed stems from which branches proceed frequently and without regularity; an average example is 8 cm. high and 8 to 12 mm. in thickness. Surface es | e we 586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, with low broad monticules, the center of each usually occupied by a star-like cluster composed of mesopores only and surrounded by cells slightly larger than the average. Apertures polygonal, direct, ten to eleven in2 mm. Mesopores restricted almost entirely to the clusters, Acanthopores few and rather small, although now and then one of. large size may be present, and these in vertical sections have thin: transverse partitions. Diaphragms are developed in the zooecial tubes) as the peripheral region is approached and are quite numerous near the surface. Cy stiphragms of rather small size line the tubes as usual in the peripheral region; ina tangential section they appear much less, curved than is generally the case, sometimes showing as a straight) line across the cell cavity. The small cells and much branched growth externally, and the strong development of both diaphragms and cystiphragms in the) peripheral region, are characteristics which readily distinguish this form from other Richmond species. Occurrence.—Middle division of the Richmond formation at Ver- sailles, Indiana. Cat. No. 41760, U.S.N.M. HOMOTRYPA NITIDA, new species. Plate XX, fig. 15; plate X XV, fig. 5-8. Zoarium of small, frequently branching, more or less cylindrica | stems, usually 4 or 5 mm. in diameter. Surface smooth. Macula large, composed of zocecia, which are often twice the diameter of the ordinary cells; 10 zocecia in 2 mm. Diaphragms few in the axia, region, not very abundant in the peripheral region, where also the cystiphragms are large but not abundant. Acanthopores small, few: usually wanting. / This species is closely related to //. gelasinosa, and may be only. a variety of that form. The larger macule and acanthopores anc flabellate growth of the latter are deemed of suflicient value to dis’ | tinguish it from /7. nétida. Occurrence.—Richmond formation, near Osgood, Indiana. | Cat. No. 41771, U.S.N.M. 4 HOMOTRYPA NICKLESI, new species. Plate XXII, figs. 4-7. | In growth and external features this species resembles /7. communis, but is readily distinguished by the less robust growth and the tendeney to branch more frequently. The internal structure further distin: guishes the two, since //. nicklesi is of the ZZ. curvata group, while 2 communis is of the group to which it gives its name. Surface smooth) with regularly disposed macule of larg ger cells and mesopores. Zocecié STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 587 vith moderately thick walls, about nine in 2 mm. ae anthopores Tot ‘resent at the surface and usually also absent in sections. Diaphragms ‘bsent in the axial region, appearing in the transitional zone to the ‘eripheral region and increasing in number toward the surface. tystiphragms in a moderately crowded series in the peripheral region. | The well-developed diaphragms and cystiphragms and the almost omplete absence of acanthopores, together with the growth and sur- ace features, characterize this species. The specific name is in honor # Mr. John M. Nickles, who collected the species. | Occurrence.— Rather abundant in the Richmond at Raywick, Sentucky. | Cat. No. 34328, U.S.N.M. i ( HOMOTRYPA GELASINOSA Ulrich, Homotrypa gelasinosa Utricn, Geol. Sury. Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 411, pl. xxx1, 2-2d. ) The very pronounced elongate maculz characterize this species. In srowth and general characters it is near /7. flabellaris, but the smaller oecia, of which there are ten in 2mm., few acanthopores and elongate nacule, separate it from that form. The nearest relative is probably T. nitida, which see for comparison. Occurrence.—Rare in the Richmond, at Wilmington, Illinois. | Cat. No. 41770, U.S.N.M : HOMOTRYPA SPLENDENS, new species. Plate X XV, figs. 11-14. Zoarium flabellate, an average example measuring 4 to 5 cm. in ‘eight, 8 to 4 cm. in width, and 3 to 4 mm. in thickness. Surface vith strongly elevated monticules, 2.5 to 3 mm. apart, measuring rom center to center. Apertures varying from subpolygonal to sub- ircular, with very thick walls, about seven in 2 mm. Acanthopores parently wanting. In the axial region the walls are very thin and he diaphragms rather numerous, averaging a little more than their liameter apart. In the peripheral region the walls are very much hickened and both cystiphragms and diaphragms are abundant. This splendid species, with its large cells and thick walls, requires 10 detailed comparison with other forms. The associated //. flabellaris esembles it in zoarial growth, but the difference in the size of the ells of the two species can be seen with the unassisted eye. Sections how that a great deal of calcareous tissue is deposited along the tube valls and even on the cystiphragms. This accumulation often obscures he eystiphragms and the boundaries of the cells. The unusual thin- 1ess of the walls in the axial region is in marked contrast with their sreat thickening in the peripheral region. The apparent absence of T acanthopores in this well-developed species of Llomotrypa is alsa noteworthy. Occurrence. —Not uncommon in the Richmond formation at Wil. mington, Illinois. Cat. No. 41761, U.S.N.M. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLaTE XX. Homotrypa dumosa, new species, p. 576. (See also Plate X XI, figs. 1-3.) Fig. 1. Tangential section < 39, showing the thin walls, small acanthopores, ana narrow intermural space. Lorraine formation, Covington, Kentucky. Retepora columnifera Busk, p. 571. 2. Tangential section of this recent chilostomatous bryozoan, showing structury of walls and parenchymal chord. Escharopora pavonia (D’Orbigny), p. 571. 3. Vertical section X 365. - 4. Tangential section X 35. Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio. Ceriocava ramosa D’ Orbigny, p. 569. 5,6. Vertical and tangential sections of this cyclostomatous bryozoan, showin vesicles supposed to be homologous with the cystiphragms. (After Ulrich. Cretaceous of France. Homotrypa grandis, new species, p. 578. ~I . Tangential section x 20. 8. Vertical section X 20, showing only a portion of the axial and peripheré regions. 9. Tangential section < 50 of a single zocecium. 10. Natural-size view of a fragment of a zoarium. County, Tennessee. Homotrypa pulchra, new species, p. 577. phragms. 12,13. Tangential section * 20, and a small portion of same X 50. 14. A small but nearly complete zoarium, natural size. Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio. Homotrypa nitida, new species, p. 586. (See also Plate XXV, figs. 5-8.) 15. Tangential section of several zocecia & 40. Richmond formation, near Osgood, Indiana. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 589 . Puate X XT. Homotrypa dumosa, new species, p. 576. (See also Plate XX, fig. 1.) 1. Fully matured region of a tangential section x 20. 2. Vertical section * 20. 3. A complete zoarium, natural size. Lorraine formation, Covington, Kentucky. Homotrypa cincinnatiensis, new species, p. 576. 4-6. Three nearly complete zoaria, natural size, exhibiting variations in growth- 7,8. Tangential and vertical sections x 20. 9,10. Tangential sections x 50 of zocecia in the peripheral region in different stages of maturity. Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio. Homotrypa flabellaris var. spinifera, new variety, p. 580. 11. Portion of a frond, natural size. 12,13. Nearly complete zoaria, natural size, of a narrow form of the variety. 14,15. Vertical and tangential sections x 20. Lorraine formation, Covington, Kentucky. PuaTeE XXII. Homotrypa libana, new species, p. 578. . Vertical section x 20. . Tangential section « 20. . Tangential section of several zocecia < 40, showing the intermural structure and the small acanthopores. Lorraine formation, Lebanon, Ohio. one Homotrypa nicklesi, new species, p. 586. 4,5. Vertical and tangential sections 20. 6. Tangential section of several zocecia x 40. 7. Natural-size view of a fragment of a zoarium. Richmond formation, Raywick, Kentucky. Homotrypa cylindrica, new species, p. 585. 8,9. Tangential and vertical sections < 20, illustrating the internal characters of the species. 10. Tangential section of several zocecia < 40, showing the intermural structure : and the large acanthopores with the small central tube. 11. Vertical section * 50, exhibiting structure of walls and cystiphragms. 12,13. Natural-size views of two nearly complete zoaria. Richmond formation, Richmond, Indiana. PratE XXIII. Homotrypa communis, new species, p. 581. ‘igs. 1,2. Tangential and vertical sections X 20. 3. Tangential section of a single zocecium X 50, showing the characters in the fully matured region. 4. Natural size view of a small zoarium. Richmond formation, Oregonia, Ohio. | Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 40 590 Homotrypa nodulosa, new species, p. 582. (See also Plate X XV, fig. 15.) a Fig. 1 On ~ a 1 oO =~ ~_ 10. Nitze 13, 14. 15, 16. IY. . Three fragments, natural size. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Vertical sections * 20 and x 30, illustrating the internal characters. Tangential section < 20, showing large acanthopores and few mesopores) Tangential section < 20, with numerous mesopores. a Richmond formation, Hanover, Ohio. Homotrypa obliqua Ulrich, p. 575. Vertical section * 20. Natural size view of a complete zoarium of the form found in the Fai mount beds. Natural size view of the prevailing form in the Bellevue beds. Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio. Homotrypa curvata var. precipta, new variety, p. 575. Fragment of zoarium, natural size. Utica formation, West Covingtot Kentucky. Prats XXIV. Homotrypa richmondensis, new species, p. 582. . Tangential section < 20, through the fully matured region. Vertical section 20. 2 Tangential section X 50, illustrating the structure of the walls and acanth pores. Richmond formation, Hanover, Ohio. Specimen of the natural size. Richmond formation, Richmond, Indiana. Homotrypa austini, new species, p. 584. Tangential section 20, showing the wide intermural spaces. Vertical section < 20, illustrating the distribution of the cystiphragms. . Fully matured condition of a single zocecium X 50. Fragments of zoarium, natural size. Richmond formation, Dutch Creek, near Wilmington, Ohio. Homotrypa wortheni (James), p: 583. Vertical section x 20. Tangential sections x 50 and 20, illustrating the characters of the matu region, the latter showing communication pores. ‘a Fragments of zoaria, natural size, showing variations in size and surfa characters. F Richmond formation, Richmond, Indiana. Homotrypa wortheni var. prominens, new variety, p. 584. Natural size views of two fragments. Richmond formation, Elkho Creek near Richmond, Indiana. Homotrypa wortheni var. intercellata, new variety, p. 584. Tangential section x 35, through mature region. Richmond formatic near Osgood, Indiana. ee UCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTR YPA—BASSLER, 591 PLATE XXV. Homotrypa ramulosa, new species, p, 585. Vertical and tangential sections x 20, illustrating the internal characters. _ 3. Tangential section 50, through fully matured region of several zocecia. 4, Natural size view of a nearly complete zoarium. __ Richmond formation, Versailles, Indiana. ; _ Homotrypa nitida, new species, p. 586. (See also Plate XX, fig. 15.) a: Tangential section x 20. . Vertical section x 20, showing form and distribution of cystiphragms diaphragms. . Natural size views of fragments. Richmond formation, near Osgood, Indiana. and Homotrypa dawsoni ( Nicholson ), p- 581. Vertical section X 20, showing distribution of cystiphragms. Tangential section < 20, through fully matured region. Richmond formation, Waynesville, Ohio. Homotrypa splendens, new species, p. 587. . Vertical and tangential sections >< 20, illustrating the internal characters of the species. 13. A single zocecium > 50, as seen in tangential section. 14. Natural size view of a fragment of a frond of this species. _ ___ Richmond formation, Wilmington, Illinois. trypa nodulosa, new species, p. 582. (See also Plate XNXITI, figs. 5-11.) Tangential section of a single zocecium < 35, showing communication pores. Richmond formation, Hanover, Ohio. Ma | Ue S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XX COSC OOS YAGe i ‘ a 0) ROC OS AAO: * , Owe is ee) CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 588. PROCEEDING VOL. XXVI PL. XXI at Ss = Se N\ SS Os. = \ \ . ry LS oe: CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 589. —— Te U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXII CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 589. - es = 4 7 ' ' pes > ' : , 4 ~ © . : Po i 7 : * - PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXIII CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 589-590. 7 U. S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXIV a: i? we. et bys obs 7 6 ; ena CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 590. 7 . S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI FL. xxv / > cs AF CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 591. _—— agains =) a A REVIEW OF THE ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES OF JAPAN. By Davin Starr JorDAN and Henry W. Fower, Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. In the present paper is given a record of the species of Elasmobran- chiate fishes, sharks, rays, and chimeras, known to inhabit the waters of Japun. It is based on the collections made by Messrs. Jordan and Snyder during the summer of 1900, and on the material contained in the Japanese museums and in the United States National Museum, some of which were collected by the U. 8. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. The accompanying figures are chiefly by Mr. William Sackston Atkinson. Subclass SELACHII. This includes among recent fishes the sharks and the rays, marine fishes mostly of large size, abounding in all seas. We begin the group with the archaic type, the order or suborder Notidani, proceeding thence from the more generalized sharks to the specialized skates. The true sharks form an almost perfect gradation into the skates, but there are no forms extant which connect the Noti- dani with modern sharks. _ (eflayos, shark; the word originally meaning cartilage.) ORDERS OF SELACHII IN JAPAN. a. Gill-openings 6 or 7; dorsal fin single; vertebral column imperfectly segmented, each segment being equivalent to 2 vertebrae, and bearing 2 neural arches; anal lash Se NOTIDANI, I. aad. Gill-openings 5; vertebral column well segmented, each segment forming a neural arch and 1 centrum. -b. Vertebree each with the internal calcareous lamelle radiating from the central Bemamaliian present... 22...-..+...-.---+-2-2+-- 2! ASTEROSPONDYLI, LI. 6b. Vertebre with the internal calcareous lamelle not radiating, but arranged in one or more concentric ¢ircles or series around the central ring; no anal fin; palatoquadrate arch not articulated to the skull. ¢. Gill-openings lateral; dorsal fins 2 ....-.--.-------- TECTOSPONDYLI, III. ee, Gill-openings ventral; dorsal fins small and posterior, or wanting; body and pectoral fins forming a depressed disk... ---------------- BATOIDEI, IV. eee oe EE ee ee —— ee a PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1324. a ve > 5938 — . ; ? gaa. 594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, Order I. NOTIDANI. Sharks with the branchial apertures in increased number, 6 or 7; only one dorsal fin. Vertebral column imperfectly segmented so that | from each segment 2 neural arches and 2 vertebral bodies arise, Among existing sharks this group contains 2 families. Numerous | genera represented by fossils seem allied to these and to the Cestra- ciont types. (Votidanus, votidavos, dry back, the Greek name of some shark, 1 Athenzeus. ) a. Palatoquadrate apparatus articulated with the postorbital processes of the skull; body moderately elongate; teeth in the two jaws unlike; mouth inferior. HEeXxANcuHIDa, I. aa. Palatoquadrate apparatus not connected with the skull; body greatly elongate, almost eel-shaped; dorsal, anal, and yentrals close together on posterior part of body; teeth in the two jaws alike; mouth anterior..CHLAMYDOSELACHID&, IL, Family I. HEXANCHID. Body moderately elongate, somewhat depressed anteriorly, tapering | toward the caudal fin. Head depressed, oblong, with the snout pro- jecting. Eyes submedian or anterior, without nictitating membrane. — Mouth subinferior, large, arched in front; no labial fold. Teeth in the two jaws unlike; in the upper jaw | or 2 pairs of awl-shaped teeth, | the next six teeth broader and each provided with several cusps, one | of which is much the strongest. Lower jaw with 6 large comb-like | teeth on each side, besides the smailer posterior teeth. Spiracles ) small, on the side of the neck. Only one dorsal fin, without spine, . opposite the anal, and similar to it. No pit at the root of the caudal. | Gill-openings wide, 6 or Tin number. Viviparous sharks, sometimes | reaching a very large size. Species of the warm seas. | | | | a. Gill-openings, #on eachiside . j i220 5e0_ ee See Heptranchias, 1. | 1. HEPTRANCHIAS Rafinesque. Heptranchias RA¥FINESQuE, Caratteri, 1810, p. 14 (cinereus). 4 1 Notorhynchus Ayres, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 1856, p. 72 (maculatus). Heptanchus of Aurnors. j Gill-openings 7 on each side. Lower teeth uniform in size or) decreasing toward corners of mouth; cusps on the cutting edge more ( or less regularly graduated. | (é2Ta, seven: Bpayyia, gills.) | a. Norornyncuus. Median tooth of lower jaw with the central cusp small or wanting. t b. Color, gray; cusps of most teeth growing smaller from the second ..--- deani, 1.. | —a Le aA No. 1324. KELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 595 1. HEPTRANCHIAS DEANI Jordan and Starks. \ ABURAZAME (FAT SHARK). Heptranchias deani JonDAN and Starks, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1901, L, p. 348; Misaki. Head, 6 in length; width of body at pectorals, 14 in head; eye about 44; snout about 3; width of mouth at corners, 24; pectorals, 14; base of ventrals, 2; depth of caudal peduncle, 44 in head. Body very elongate, more or less rounded, though somewhat depressed in front; tail compressed, elongate, tapering. Head elon- gate, pointed, compressed, broader than deep; snout produced, com- pressed above, flat, roundly pointed; eye large, anterior, lateral, supe- ior; mouth large, triangular, narrowly rounded in front; symphysis of mandible a little before eye, which is over anterior part of mouth; lips not especially thick; corners of mouth forming a long groove equal to one-half length of exposed dental margin of mandible; teeth in upper jaw sharp, long, pointed, hooked backward, without lateral cusps; a median tooth at symphysis of mandible with two or three small cusps on each side; teeth in mandible 4 on each ramus, each tooth with a serrated cutting edge composed of 6 or more cusps; first cusp with a very small notch in front, second enlarged, and all arranged in the formula 1+1+3+1,1+1+4+41, 1+1+5+1, 1+1+6-+1, accord- ing to individual size; while the cutting edge is continuous it is not uniform and even, as depth of each tooth is a little less behind, edge above a trifle oblique; inner buccal fold in mandible thick and fleshy; tongue not free from floor of mouth; nostrils large, about midway on snout below, between its tip and front of eye; interorbital width con- vexly flattened. Spiracles small, superior, and about midway between eye behind and gill-opening. Gill-openings large, broad, becoming progressively smaller behind, all entirely in front of root of pectoral. Body very finely roughened. Dorsal fin small, its greater portion before origin of the anal; anal low, its base long; pectorals small, edges posteriorly slightly emargi- nate; ventrals low, base long, origin nearer origin of anal than origin of pectoral; caudal very long, lower lobe deep in front, then very narrow till near end, where a terminal notch is formed. Caudal peduncle compressed, somewhat triangular in cross section, flattened above. Color in spirits dark gray brown above and on the upper parts of fins, below pale or whitish; in a photograph in the Imperial University a few whitish spots are shown. Length 382 inches (98 cm. 3 mm.). This description from the original type, a female, No. 12620, ichthy- ological collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum. It ’ 596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. | was taken at Misaki by Kumakichi Aoki, with hook and line, in deep water. The species is not rare on the coast of southern Japan. (Named for Bashford Dean.) Family 1. CHLAMYDOSELACHIDE. FRILLED SHARKS. Body very elongate and slender, the tail tapering to a point. Head | very broad and depressed. Snout broad. Eyes lateral and without | nictitating membrane. Nostrils large, the nasal cavity separate from | the mouth. Mouth anterior, the jaws almost equal. ‘Teeth in oblique rows, the bases extended backward, and the cusps slender. Spiracles : present. Gill-openings six. Dorsal fin posterior, without spine; anal | fin well developed. No pit at root of caudal. First gill-membrane » not free across the isthmus, but joined by median and rather thick | membrane. Intestine said to have a spiral valve. Anterior basi- branchial cartilages present. 2. CHLAMYDOSELACHUS Garman. Chlamydoselachus GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Jan. 17, 1884, .p. 47 (anguineus). Chlamydoselache GUNTHER (variant in spelling). Opercular flap forming a broad frill over first gill-opening. Eyes » rather small; mouth very large, extending far beyond the eye. Teeth } similar in the jaws, each with three slender, curved, subconical cusps, , separated by a pair of rudimentary denticles, on a broad base; no | median series of teeth above like that on the symphysis of the mandi- ble. Mouth larger than broad, and with no labial folds at angles. . Pupil horizontally elongated. Fins broad, rounded; caudal without a notch. | Of this genus but a single living species is known. It inhabits the | open sea in waters of some depth, and is most abundant in the Kuro | Shiwo or warm current on the east coast of Japan. | (yAauds, mantle or frill; eéAayos, shark.) | 2. CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS Garman. _ | RABUKA; KAGURAZAME (SCAFFOLD SHARK). Chlamydoselachus anguineus GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Jan. 17, 1884, p. 47, with | figs.; Japanese seas; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1885, XII, No. 1, with plates and account of anatomy; off Japan.—Giinrner, Deep Sea Fishes Challenger, 1884, p. 2, with plates; Japan.—Couuert, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1890, p. 219; Funchal, Madeira.—Jorpan and EvermMann, Fish N. M. America, I, | 1896, p. 15 (after Garman ). Head about 74 in length; depth about 12%; tail 14 in trunk and head; > eye 84 in head; snout 4; maxillary 13; interorbital space 2+; width of | | No.13%4. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 597 » ' mouth at corners 24; internas: al space | 1 in interorbital space. Body very elongate and tail greatly compressed, roughened, and _tapering to a point. Head rather small, oblong, greatly depressed, broad, and its greatest depth two-thirds its width; snout depressed, broadly rounded, and projecting but little beyond mandible; eye small, its posterior margin about first two-fifteenths of length of head; nostrils large, lateral, on sides of snout and a little low in position; mouth very large, more than half the head; teeth tric uspid, spaces between er cusp with a small denticle at base, similar in both jaws, and i ee on faa an obi: ormula 774443 Well separatec in oblique rows, with not more 2s pec iota Ih; internasal space than 6 teeth in each row; tongue small, slightly elongate, point rounded, and a little free in front; inside of mouth roughened, especially the tongue. Gill-openings very large, first the largest, the others pro- gressively smaller; inner edges of branchial arches roughened; gill- dilaments flattened, adnate to interbranchial septa except at tip; pharynx jlong and broad; gill-membrane joined to isthmus medially by a thick membrane. Scales very small and sharp, a little enlarged along lateral line, most of edges of fins, and jaws, becoming especially large at angle of the latter. Dorsal small, its origin about over that of anal; anal about twice as large as dorsal; pectoral small, broad, with a very blunt angle; ven- trals large, broad, and rounded; caudal with broad lower lobe, tapering to an elongate and sharp point, upper rays very short and uniform. Color in spirits uniform brown. Length 39¢ inches (99 cm. 6 mm.). This description from a Misaki specimen. Kuro Shiwo, off Izu, Sagami, and Awa, on the east coast of Japan; our three specimens from off Misaki, in Sagami. It has also been taken off Madeira and off Norway in deep water, and it is probably widely distributed. Our largest example measures 594 inches (148 cm. 6 mm.). (anguineus, from anguis, the slow worm, the word allied to Angutlla= éyxehus, eel.) Orden cASTEROSPONDYLI. TYPICAL SHARKS. The essential character of this order is in the structure of the verte- bre. The calcareous lamelle within each vertebra radiate from the central ring. The group contains the great body of living sharks, including all of those with 5 gill openings, 2 dorsals, and an anal fin. (aornp, star; o70vdv\os, vertebra.) 1 598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. FAMILIES OF ASTEROSPONDYLI. cu iy uf > ~“ I. Crsrracionres. Palatoquadrate apparatus articulated to preorbital part of skull; dorsal fins with spines; head short and blunt; teeth of differing forms in the same individual ’.22. 2.2... 2. -c.22 5-06 4202 eee ee Herreropontips, IIT, II. GaAuer. Palatoquadrate apparatus not articulated with skull; no dorsal spines; head more or less pointed in profile; teeth not differing widely in form in the | same individual. (t. A irst dorsal fin over or behind ventrals; spiracle present; no nictitating membrane, . Tail not bent upward; nostrils not confluent with the mouth. ce. Sharks oviparous:.-. 2-2/2 $22 225.ce- are ee ee ScyLIORHINIDA, IV. ce. Sharks 'OVOvIVIparous= oie c02 = eee ee eee Hemiscy Lup», V. aa. First dorsal fin inserted more or less in advance of ventrals. d. First dorsal fin high, highest anteriorly, its base wholly in front of that of ventrals. ee. Caudal fin not lunate, its upper lobe two or more times length of lower, with a notch below toward its tip; side of tail not keeled. f. Last gill-opening above base of pectoral. g. Tail moderately developed, forming less than one-third of the total | length; eyes with nictitating membranes. h. Head normally formed...-22 42-52 seeeraeee ae CarcHarup®, VI, hh. Head hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped by the extension of its sides {Se te 8 ee SpHyrnip#, VII. gg. Tail exceedingly long, forming about one-half the total length; eyes without nictitating membrane. ..-..-..---- Aopiipm®, VILL. jf. Last gill-opening entirely in front of pectoral; snout ending in a long | flat (bladej 2. = ei ee te Se Mrrsuxurinipx, IX. ee. Caudal fin lunate; caudal peduncle with a keel on each side; size large. i. Last gill-opening entirely in front of pectorals. | j. Gill-openings moderate; teeth large and sharp..Lamnipm, X. jj. Gill-openings very wide, nearly meeting under throat; teeth | very small and numerous; size enormous. CrroRHINIDE, XID ii. Last gill-opening above base of pectorals; teeth small; size « large... ee eee Rarnopontip#, XII. | | | | | Family II. HETERODONTID 28. CESTRACIONT SHARKS. Body elongate; obtusely trihedral, gradually tapering backward; head high, with the forehead declivous, and little prominent. Mouth! rather narrow, the upper lip divided into 7 lobes, the lower with a: fold; dentition similar in both jaws, small hie facth; in front, and: the lateral teeth molar-like and enlarged. Nostrils confluent with the: mouth. Gill-openings 5. Spiracles small. Dorsal fins 2, and each! provided with a strong spine. Caudal fin usually notched at tip.) Oviparous, the egg-cases very large, subconical, without tentacles, : and spirally twisted. Small sharks now inhabiting the Pacific Ocean. | Species supposed to belong to the same family are widely distributed as fossils in the Mesozoic and earlier periods. a ae ‘$s N . 1324. HLASMOBRANCHTATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. Or -_— c© 38. HETERODONTUS Blainville. Heterodontus BuatnvitiE, Nouy. Bull. Scien., 1816, p. 121 (philippi). Cestracion Cuvier, Régné Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 129 (philippi). _ Gyropleurodus Gii1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 489 (francisci). } Tropidodus Giiu, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 489 (pantherinus). _ Body elongate, thick and heavy anteriorly, and the tail tapering. | Head thick, oblong, broad. Snout bluntly rounded, rather long, and | protruding. Eyes small, high, with the ridges above more or less | prominent. No nictitating membrane. Mouth rather small and _ narrow; teeth small and obtuse in front, in the young pointed, and provided with 3 to 5 cusps; the posterior teeth molar-like, twice as broad as long, and arranged in oblique series, one series being formed by much larger teeth than those in the other series. Spiracles small, a short distance from the lower part of the eye. Gill-openings rather narrow. Scales small, sometimes cruciform. First dorsal opposite _ the space between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal in advance of | anal; pectorals very large and below gill-openings; caudal fin mod- | erate, more or less bent upward. Species about 5, and usually placed in one genus, //eterodontus, often called by the later name of Cestracion. e ee “~ . 2 / (étepos, differing: odovs, tooth.) 3. HETERODONTUS JAPONICUS (Dumeril). NEKOZAME (CAT SHARK). Heterodontus philippi var. gaponica Dumerii, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 1870, p. 424; Japan. Cestracion japonicus Mixtouno-Macuay and Macuray, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, VIII, p. 428, pl. xx; Japan.—Isurkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 61; Tokyo. Heterodontus japonicus SvEINDACHNER, Reise Aurora, 1898, p. 224; Kobe. Heterodontus zebra Burexer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, p. 127; Nagasaki (not of Gray). ; Head 61; depth 64 in length; width of body at pectorals 1} in head; eye 54; snout 14; mouth about 3; interorbital space 2; width of mouth 13; ventrals 13. Body elongate, thick, heavy, compressed anteriorly; tail rounded, tapering backward. Head broader than deep, oblong, elevated above; snout very blunt, flattened above, much longer than interorbital space; cheeks rounded, convex, full, swollen; eye very full, elongated hori- zontally, high, and nearer gill-opening than tip of snout; snout pro- trudes so that mouth is not terminal; teeth tricuspid in front, median cusp largest, but posteriorly becoming molar-like, rounded and large; lips very thick, fleshy, with a deep fold at corners of mouth; nostrils large and confluent with mouth; interorbital space broad, concave, and superorbital ridges elevated on both sides. Spiracles very distinct, a short distance below posterior margin of eye. Gill-openings in front 4 600 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. at first, then rising above hase of pectoral, first largest, equal to 14 i the interorbital space, the others progressively emailer to last, which is one-half the length of first. : Body rough on the top of head and back. Fins large, first ane second dorsal each with a strong, sharp-pointed spine, as origin oft: first midway between tip of snout and origin of the second dorsal; first — dorsal higher than second, its margin concave and its height a little less than head; second dorsal with its origin midway between origin of first dorsal and tip of caudal, low, and with its margin also concave; anul smallest fin, posterior to second dorsal; pectorals very large, equal — to caudal, broad and with margin straight; origin of ventral nearer — first dorsal than second dorsal, short, blunt behind, and margin straight; caudal with lower lobe broad. Caudal peduncle long, compressed, — flattened above and below, its least depth equal to its ice adth a trifle | more than eye or about 24 in interorbital space. | Color in spirits pale brown, dark above; across snout a broad pall bar, then one behind eye, crosswise, above, two narrow pale hans between eye and first dorsal, then two more from first dors sal, two more between first and en dorsal, two from second dorsal, a brome | a pale one on middle of caudal peduncle, and then another at junction of © caudal and caudal peduncle; pectorals and ventrals pale above. e Leneth 194 inches (48 em. 5 mm.). .| Described from a specimen from Nagasaki. | Coasts of Japan; generally common southward. Our specimens taken at Misaki, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Hakata, and Nagasaki. _ It is close to the Australian /Zete mollonpan philippr, differing at least in the coloration. To the Chinese species //eterodontus zebra” it is | still nearer, but according to Steindachner it differs in coloration, 1 in the form of the head, sae of the individual fins. Family IV. SCYLIORHINIDZ. it 4] CAT SHARKS. y nt Dorsal fins 2, both rather small, without spines, the first more or 7 less behind the ventrals; anal fin present, usually before the second — dorsal; caudal fin rather long, usually with a basal lobe; the tail not keeled and not bent upward. Spiracles present, close behind eye; no nictitating membrane; gill openings small, the last one above the root of the pectorals. Mouth usually broad, with small teeth, several series” hi being in function; teeth small, each with a median cusp and 1 to i small cusps on each side; nostrils near mouth, not confluent with it, sometimes provided with cirri. Gill openings 5, nearly equidistant. Mucous pores about head numerous, especially on lower side of snou Oviparous. Ege cases large, quadrate, with prehensile tubes at the angles. Small sharks, the species rather numerous in warm seas. q “Cestracion zebra Gray, Zool Miscel., 1831, p. 5; Canton. | wo. 1324. HULASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 601 . ScyLiorHiNIN®. Nasal and puccal cavities separate; spiracles close behind eye; gill openings nearly equidistant; teeth small, usually tricuspid. b. Nostrils separated from each other by a broad isthmus. ec. Scales on upper margin of the tail little if at all enlarged, usually similar to those on rest of body, or at any rate not forming a serrated edge. d, Head not very broad; stomach not inflatable; second dorsal behind ana\, TDW ELN Tis SE Tos igo h neice ho 00 E2) | ne Halaxlurus, 4. dd. Head extremely broad; stomach capable of great inflation; second dorsal over anal...... Eee tt Nein eR aie Seat nib Sie Cephaloscyllium, 5. 4. HALASLURUS Gill. Halelurus Gru, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 407 (biirgeri). Body and head slender; spiracle small, close behind eye; nasal and buccal cavities separate; nasal valves simple, without lobe or groove, the nostrils separated by a broad interspace; teeth small, tricuspid. First dorsal behind ventrals, second dorsal behind anal, which is far from caudal. Very small spotted sharks, allied to Seyliorhinus and Catulus. (@\s, sea; ailoupos, cat.) ] | . 1 4. HALAZXLURUS BURGERI (Miller and Henle). Seyllium burgeri MtuLER and HENLE, Plagiost., 1837, p. 8, pl. 1m; Nagasaki.— SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 301; Nagasaki.—BierKker, Act. | E Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl., I, 1856, Amboyna, p. 69; Amboyna.—GiinrHER, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus., VIII, 1870, p. 404; Japan, Formosa, Amboyna.—Dumgri1, -Hist. Nat. Piss., I, 1870, p. 320; Nagasaki. Halxlurus burgeri Gitt, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 407. _ Head 73; depth about 125 in length; width of head 1} in its length; snout 25 in head; interorbital space 24; width of mouth about 2; eye 4; eye 13 in snout; 13 in interorbital space; pectoral 14 in head; base of anal 2. Body very elongate, depressed somewhat in front, and tail long and tapering. Head small, rather broad, but not as broad as long, and depressed above; snout depressed, produced, lateral profile pointed, but when seen from above, broadly rounded; eyes rather large, lateral, about in center of length of head; mouth very broad, mandible begin- ning in front of eye, and corners below posterior part of eye; teeth small, numerous, tricuspid in both jaws; nostrils rather large, nearer eye than tip of snout, but not confluent with mouth; interorbital space broad and flattened like top of head and snout. Spiracles large and _ directly behind the eye at a very short distance. Gill-openings small, lateral, and above base of pectorals. __. Body very finely roughened. _ First dorsal much larger than second, its origin much nearer base of lower caudal lobe in front than tip of snout, and behind ventrals; eend dorsal entirely behind anal and distant from first dorsal 3 times Ye 602 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX) the latter’s base; anal small, low, its origin a little nearer origin | ventrals than origin of lower caudal lobe; pectorals larger than othilat fins, broad, and with their margin nearly straight; ventrals rather. long; caudal equal to space between origin of its lower lobe, which is _ not very deep. : Color light brown, a trifle darker above; small round black spots | irregularly grouped in double rows over back, on the sides, and between them more or less of a warmer tint; lower parts pale, immaculate, except on tail, where there are one or two dark spots; ; spots on caudal small. Total length 154 inches (39 em., 4 mm.). A This description is from a dried aaa taken at Nagasaki by M. Yahiro. » Coast of Japan and southward, not common; seen at Misaki andl Nagasaki. i (Named for M. Burger, who collected specimens and paintings | about Nagasaki for onqaiielee and Schlegel.) be . 53. CEPHALOSCYLEIUM Gill: Re Cephaloscyllium Gin, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 407 (laticeps). This genus differs from Catudus in the very broad head, and in the) power or habit of inflating the stomach when disturbed. (xedady, head: Scyllium.) 4 5. CEPHALOSCYLLIUM UMBRATILE Jordan and Fowler, new species. — NANUKAZAMI (SEVEN DAY SHARK); OSEIBUKA (CROWD SHARK). Cephaloscyllium laticeps Nystrom, Kong. Svensk Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 49; Nagasaki— IsHrkawa, Prel Cat., 1897, p. 62; Tokyo (not Scyllium laticeps Dumeéril, | which is an Australian species). : Head 64 in length; depth about 8; depth of head 14 in its length; i snout 23 in head; interorbital space 2; width of mouth about 2; eye’ 34 in interorbital space; mouth 2 in head; pectoral 14; depth of caudal peduncle about 3 in interorbital space. : Body elongate, more or less depressed anteriorily, tail narrow, tapering downward. Head rather large, broad, its breadth a little less: than length; snout produced, bluntly rounded, flattened above; eye small, lateral, nearer tip of snout than first gill-opening; mouth large, ’ rather broad; teeth small, numerous, tricuspid; soseeile nearer tip of snout than eye, not confluent with mouth; interorbital space broad, | flat; spiracles small,-behind eye, and a little below, or for space ted than diameter of the eye; gill-openings 5, posterior smallest. and a little above base of pectoral. 4 Scales small, rough . First dorsal much larger than second, behind ventrals; space betw it and second dorsal much greater than base of first. Aorist; origin of 10. 1324, ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 603 econd dorsal nearer first dorsal then base of caudal lobe; anal fin balow, and a trifle in front of second dorsal; pectorals large, nearer tip of nout than origin of ventrals; ventrals rather low, their origin nearer origin of anal than that of pectoral; caudal longer than head. ' Color pale brown, very light below, marbled above with shades of dark and deep fee on back five broad cross bars of pale ruddy brown, with blotches of darker brown, first behind the eye, next over base of pectoral, next between it and first. dorsal where another is, and finally last at second dorsal; on caudal, two broad cross bars, one at base of caudal, the other near its tip. Length 384 inches (98 em). Type a dried skin, No. 12693 Ichthyological collections, Stanford University Zoological Museum. _ Locality, Nagasaki. | 7 Fic. 1.—CEPHALOSCYLLIUM UMBRATILE, Coast of Japan southward, apparently quite rare, as we have obtained only one specimen from Nagasaki, collected by Mr. Yahiro. From the same locality it is also recorded by Nystrom. (umbratilis, shaded.) : Family V. HEMISCYLLIUD. This group is closely allied to the Scyliorhinide, differing mainly in being ovoviviparous, the young being brought forth alive as in most sharks. The nasal and buccal cavities are confluent, the anal is behind the second dorsal, the large spiracles are more or less behind the eye, and the body is usually marked with dark cross-bands. a. HEMIscyLLIn®. Sides of head with no dermal flaps or cirri; spiracles very dis- tinct below the eye; anal far behind second dorsal .......----- Chiloscyllium, 6. aa. ORECTOLOBIN®. Sides of the head with dermal flaps or cirri; spiracles wide, » oblique slits behind and below the eye.......--..------------- Orectolobus, 7 % 6. CHILOSCYLLIUM Miiller and Henle. ee Chiloscyllium Miter and HENie, Plagiostomen, 1837, p. 17 (plagiosum). _ Synchismus Gitt, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 408 (tuberculatus). Spiracle very distinct, below the eye. Nasal and buccal cavities con- fluent; nasal valve folded, with a cirrus. Lower lip well developed, continuous across the symphysis. Teeth small, triangular, with or without lateral cusps. Last two gill-openings close together. Dorsal 604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X fins two. the first behind the front of ventrals. Anal far behind | second dorsal, close to caudal. East Indies. (veiAos, lip; Scyl/éwn, a related genus of sharks.) 6. CHILOSCYLLIUM INDICUM (Gmelin). Squalus sp. Gronow, Mus. Ich., I, p. 61, No. 133; India (from a specimen in | which the anal fin was cut away ). Squalus indicus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 1503 (after Gronow). Chiloscyllium indicum Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 411; China, Japan, || India, Cape Seas, Java, Ceylon, ete. (and of most recent authors).—JoRDAN | and EverMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1902; Formosa. Squalus gronovianus Lackpkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 1798, p. 280, pl. x1, fig. 1 } (after Gronow). Squale dentelé Lactrkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1798, p. 281, pl. x1, fig. 1. Sgualus tuberculatus Buocn and Scunemer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 137. Synchisinus tuberculatus Grit, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 408. e yim plagiosinD aN ccs of Raffles, 1830, p- 694. em obe 1870, p- 328 Gnd of various shore Seyllium ornatum Gray, Ind. Zool., HI, 1830-35, pl. c, fig. 1; India. Chiloscyllium griseum MGLLER and HENLE, Plagiost., 1837, p. 19. Chiloscyllium margaritiferum BLEEKeR, Ned. Tyds. Dierk, I, 1851, p. 243. Sceyllium hasselti BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, Plagiost., p. 19. Scyllium phymatodes BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen. Plagiost., p. 21. Squalus caudatus Gronow, Syst., Ed. Gray, 1854, p. 8. Head 8 in length; depth 13; snout 23 in head; interorbital space 235) width of head 14 in its length; eye 3 in interorbital space; base of pec-) toral 24 in head; base of anal 14. Body very elongate, slender, tail long and tapering. Head long,, depressed, broadly rounded above, flattened below; snout broadly, depressed, produced, and rounded above so that lateral profile isi bluntly pointed; eyes small, high, lateral, rather far apart, in middle! of length of head; mouth very broad, transversely straight, nearer eye than tip of snout; mandible with a broad, undivided flap, pos terior edge undulated; teeth pointed, with a basal cusp on each side, || numerous, rather small; nostrils large, confluent with corners of, mouth, and each with a pointed barbel; interorbital space elevated a little, very broad, flattened. Spiracles very large, below and behind) eye. Gill-openings about equal, the posterior above root of pectoral, | and last two very close together. Seales rather large and coarse. Origin of first dorsal a little nearer tip of snout than or igin of lower) caudal lobe, similar to second dorsal, and only a trifle larger, space between two fins about equal to he: ad; anal short, far behind second) dorsal and only separated from caudal by a deep notch; pectorals: broad, a little shorter than head, and nearer the tip of snout than origin. of ventrals; ventrals before first dorsal, their tips reaching nearly to! 9.134. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 605 niddle of its base; caudal at font up, upper be. ee straight, and ower lobe long, deeper than upper and with a notch near its tip. Back with a low median keel. _ Color in alcohol pale brown above, whitish beneath, and with thirteen broad deep brown cross-bars above, between which on median line of back a deep brown spot; sides of body and broad cross-bars with a number of light spots, of more or less irregular size, and some of those on sides of eeienier greatly enlarged. Head with a number of pores. | Length 264 inches. This description from a male from Formosa, loaned us by Dr. Shin- iieuke Matsubara. Coasts of China and Formosa, recorded once from Nagasaki by Ginther. Fic. 2.—CHILOSCYLLIUM INDICUM. ‘The synonymy above given is from Giinther; we have no means of valuing the nominal species included by Gunner under the name of Chiloseylli cum indicum. L OREECTOLOBUS Bonaparte. Bs Orectolobus BoNAPARTE, Selach., 1836, p. 11 (barbatus). _ Crossorhinus Miiter and Hen1e, Plagiost., 1837, p. 21 (barbatus). ‘Spiracle a wide oblique slit behind and below the eye; nasal and buccal cavities confluent. Head broad, flat, the snout very obtuse; mouth wide, partly anterior, a free nasal cirrus; sides of head with numerous skinny flaps; chin with or without barbels. Lips well devel- oped. Anterior teeth rather large, long, and slender, without lateral lobes; lateral teeth smaller, tricuspid in few series; last two gill-open- ings close together. First dorsal behind ventrals, the second before anal, which is very close to caudal. Tail short, Mcpexrés, stretched out; Adfos, lobe). i Proc. N, M. vol. xxvi—02——41 606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 7. ORECTOLOBUS BARBATUS (Gmelin). Squalus barbatus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 1493; New Holland (after Barbu | of Broussonet, Act. Paris, 1780, p. 657). Crossorhinus barbatus Miter and HENLE, Plagiost., 1837, p. 21, pl. v.—ScHuEeE., | Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 301; Nagasaki.—Dumgrin, Elasmobr,, I, 1870, p. 338; Australia, Japan, China.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 414; Japan, Tasmania, Australia.—Macueay, Australian Fishes, 1881, p. 301; Port Jackson. Squalus maculatus BONNATERRE, Kneycl. Meth., 1788, p. 8 (after Broussonet; Coll. Capt. Cook). Squalus appendiculatus Suaw, Naturalists’ Miscellany, 1809, p. 727. Head 64 in length; depth 9; depth of body 13 in head; depth of head | about 1% in its length; length of head 14 in its width; eye 9% in head; | 2 in spiracle; 35 in snout; 43 in interorbital space; snout 3 in head, 14 | in interorbital space; 1? in space between spiracles; width of mouth 2 in breadth of head; pectoral about 14; base of ventral 13 in length of | pectoral; caudal peduncle 3 in space poreece spiracles. Body elongate, very much depressed and broadened anteriorly; tail | rather narrow, compressed, tapering. Head very broad, flattened, | its breadth greater than length; snout broad, profile very blunt, trun- | cate, with rounded edges, upper surface flat; eyes very small, superior, superorbital ridges slightly elevated and broadly flattened; jaws nearly | equal, upper projecting beyond but little; teeth without cusps, sharp, | elongate, pointed; lips very thick, fleshy, fringed inside; nostrils con-/ fluent with mouth, lateral, far apart, inferior; pe with deep labial. groove at corner, which is a little in front of eye; tongue broad, flat, compressed, little free in front; sides of fee fe snout each with 9. compressed dermal flaps or appendages of different sizes, first pair from nostrils are largest; interorbital space like rest of top of head, \ flat. Spiracles very large below and behind eyes. Gill-opening rather) small, above pectorals. | Scales small, rough when stroked backwards. | First dorsal the larger, higher than second; space between its base. and that of second vo Haina length of its own base, and its origin: over posterior part of base of anal; origin of second dorsal nearer; origin of ventral than tip of anal; anal smallest, beginning directly behind second dorsal; pectorals large, broad, margin truncate; ven- trals nearer origin of anal than first gill- “opening; caudal moderate, with a notch near tip, equal to space between origin of first dorsal and) base of second posteriorly. Color in spirits pale brown, whitish beneath; upper surface beauti-| fully marbled and variegated with darker brown; crosswise about ten| broad dark bars made up of similar mottlings; a whitish spot bebind) the corner of spiracle. Length 33 inches (84 cm. 2 mm.). Described from a female taken at Hakata. } : e ‘. NO. 1324. HLASMOBRANCHTATE 1 FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 607 rn iapan to Australia, rather common 1 -t0 the southward. Our speci- mens from Neaeacaki. and one from Hakata, where it was found abun- dant. The identity of the Japanese species with the Australian Orectolobus barbatus is yet to be proved. (barbatus, bearded.) Family VI. CARCHARIID. TYPICAL SHARKS. _ Sharks with two dorsal fins, the first short and high, entirely before the ventrals, the second comparatively small, opposite the anal; no spines; gill-openings moderate, the last above the base of the pectorals; tail more or less bent upward from the base of the caudal fin; sides of tail not keeled; eyes with nictitating membranes; head not hammer- shaped, the snout longitudinally produced, as usual among sharks. piracles small or obsolete. Species oviparous. A large family, found in all seas. The species are often closely related and difficult of determination. 1. MusreLinx: Teeth flat and paved, without cusps or ridges; spiracles present; no pit at root of tail; labial folds well developed. PMECUMEVORVIOIUNe seats seen os 2s). ello. oft oll eed Mustelus, 8. 1d. CaRCHARUN#: Teeth more or less compressed, with entire or serrate sharp edges. | c. Spiracles present. | d. Root of tail without pit. | e. Teeth rather small, each with a medium cusp and one or two small lateral cusps on each side. f. Teeth larger, with sharp cusps; snout of moderate length; embryo not aitached toouterus by a placenta ...-..222-.--.-5.-----2.< Triakis, 9. ee. Teeth larger, with a single cusp, oblique, notched and coarsely serrated OUR NST OMLEGHMANOUI: =e ee eee) Pe leisy ela ees Galeus, 10. dd. Root of tail without conspicuous pit above; teeth all coarsely serrate, alike in both jaws, and all with a deep notch on outer margin; caudal fin with a double motehwes.-.--<2.o.0-5- a ETS ee ede ec Ses Galeocerdo, 11 ce. Spiracles obsolete; lower teeth narrower than upper teeth. g. Angle of mouth without groove or with merely a slight depression, which does not extend along either jaw. h. First dorsal fin inserted posteriorly, nearer ventrals than pectorals; embryo not joined to the uterus by a placenta; slender sharks, with very strongly serrated teeth -......-.-----.-- Prionace, 12. hh. First dorsal inserted anteriorly, nearer pectorals than ventrals; embryo (so far as known) attached to the uterus by a placenta. i. Teeth all serrate more or less (entire in the very young). Carcharias, 13. | gg. Angle of mouth provided with more or less distinct groove, which extends along one or both jaws; teeth entire, or very nearly so, more or less obliquely placed, their points turned away from the median line; embryo (so far as known) with placenta. Scoliodon, 14. 608 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 8. MUSTELUS Guvier: DOG SHARKS. Mustelus Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 128 (mustelus). | Pleuracromylon Giut, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 148 (/zvis). a} Galeus JorpAN and EvermMann, Fish. N. Mid. Am., I, 1896, p. 29 (after Rofineaae 1810). Body elongate, slender; snout comparatively long and flattendidy mouth crescent-shaped, with well-developed labial folds; teeth small, many rowed, flat and smooth, rhombic, arranged like pavement, alike in both jaws, and blunter than in any other sharks; eyes large, oblong; spiracles small, just behind the eyes; pectoral fins large; first dorsal large, not much behind pectorals; second dorsal somewhat smaller; anal opposite second dorsal and. still smaller; ventrals well developed; basal lobe of caudal almost obsolete, the tail nearly straight; embryo attached to the uterus by a placenta, or else without placenta, those so attached belonging to the subgenus Pleuracromylon. Small sharks, among the smallest of the American species. | (mustelus, a weasel or marten; the same word used for shark, as is the synonymous word ga/eus.) E | 8. MUSTELUS MANAZO Bleeker. MANAZO; HOSHIZAME (STAR-SPOTTED SHARK); HOSHINOKURI (STAP CHESTNUT). Mustelus vulgaris ScuuEcEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 303, pl. CXXXIV_ Nagasaki (not of Miiller and Henle).—Nysrrom, Kéng, Svensk, Ak. Vet. 1887, p. 50; Nagasaki. Mustelus manazo Bureker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, Japan, p. 126; Naga’ saki.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 887; Japan.—Dumerin, Elasmoi branches, I, 1870, p. 403 (after Rleeker).—Isarkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 62) Hokkaido, Boshu, Tokyo.—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.) 1900, p. 336; Tokyo, Hakodate. i Head 64 in length; depth 114; width of head 14 in its length; depth of head 2; snout 24; width of mouth 8; interorbital space 23; eyt 47; space between Spas 18; pectoral about 14; height of comm 12; caudal peduncle 1} in eye. Body long, slender, back elevated in front; tail long, taporifiel Head broad, broader far greatest depth of bade depressed in front: ( t elevated behind; snout greatly produced, depressed, flattened, rathe) broadly rounded; eyes elongate, lateral, in middle of length of head mouth obtusely angular, breadth much greater than either of rami) and tip of mandible not before eye; teeth small, pavement-like, i), many rows; lips thin, at corners of mouth a fold on each side; nostril, very large; on lower surface of head, nearer eye and mouth than ti) of snout; interorbital space broad, flattened. Spiracles small, ver) near posterior margin of eye. Gill-openings rather small, posterior!) above base of pectoral in front. 0.134. KHLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 609 - Body everywhere very finely roughened. First dorsal larger than second, nearer origin of pectoral than that of ventral; origin of second dorsal nearer that of first dorsal than tip of caudal, and with greater part of its base in front of anal; anal smallest nearer caudal than ventral; pectorals a little larger than first dorsal, broad, very slightly emarginate; ventrals small, origin nearer that of anal than pectoral; caudal short, a little less than space etween two dorsals. Caudal peduncle rather long, least depth tex than least width. _ Color in spirits uniform grayish-brown, much darker above, pale below; upper surface of body anteriorly, also along the lateral line, marked with small, round, whitish spots. _ Length 22 inches (56 em.). _ This description taken from our largest example, a male, secured at Tokyo. _ Coasts of Japan, generally abundant in shallow bays, especially to the southward, our specimens from Hakodate, Aomori, Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki, Kobe, Onomichi, Hiroshima, and Hakata. It is a small shark, reaching a length of about 23 feet, and is used for food. In young specimens the tips of the caudal and dorsals are blackish. — (Manazo, the Japanese name.) 9. TRIAKIS Muller and Henle. | | Triakis Miitter and Henin, Magazine of Natural History, II, 1838, p. 36, (seyllium). Triacis, corrected spelling. | Body compressed, elongate; mouth large, crescent-shaped, with well-developed long labial folds; teeth moderate, numerous, similar in both jaws, each with a longer median cusp, and one or two smaller ones on each side; eyes small, with nictitating membrane; spiracles small, behind the eyes; no pit at the root of the caudal; no lower lobe to the caudal; first dorsal fin opposite the space between the pec- toralsand ventrals. Embryo without placenta. Coloration variegated, black and gray. Pacific and Indian oceans. | (rpéeis, three; axis, point). 9. TRIAKIS SCYLLIUM Miiller and Henle. \9 KOROZAME (KORO, INCENSE BURNER; ZAME, SHARK). | Triakis scyllium Miter and Hen.r, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 63, pl. XXxvI; Nagasaki.—Dumerint, Elasmobr., 1870, p. 397 (after Miller and Henle).— Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 336; Tokyo. Triacis scyllium Giinruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 384 (after Miller and Henle).—Isnrxawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 62; Tokyo, Sagami. Head 62 in length; depth 8; width of head 1} in its length; depth of head 2; snout 24; interorbital space a trifle over 2; eye 64; width of mouth 24; snout to mouth 23; space between spiracles 1{; base of dorsal 14; base of anal 2. , 3 ny 610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI Body long, slender, back elevated, and tail compressed, tapering Head depressed, flattened below, much broader than deep; snout in profile pointed, rounded, when seen from above very broadly rounded and flattened; eye small, lateral, with nictitating membrane; mouth — very broad, crescent-shaped, not angular, so that it begins in front of ) eye and ends below middle; teeth small, numerous, sharp-pointed, tricuspid; labial fold at the corner of mouth on each side; nostrils large, on lower surface of head, nearer mouth than tip of snout; inter- orbital space broad, flattened. Spiracles small, directly behind eyes: Gill-openings lateral, posterior above base of pectoral. Body entirely roughened, the prickles coarser above. First dorsal large, a little nearer origin of second dorsal than tip of snout, also nearer origin of pectoral than that of ventral; second | dorsal midway between posterior base of first dorsal and anterior base of lower caudal lobe; anal well behind second dorsal; pectoral shorter than head, its posterior margin slightly emarginate, reaching beyond middle of space between its own origin and that of ventral; ventrals” nearer origin of anal than posterior base of pectorals; caudal small, . + in total length. Caudal peduncle narrow, compressed above anc 1 beneath. Lateral line present along sides, superior. Color dark gray brown, with a number of indistinct broad blackish cross-bars; in the upper surface of body a number of scattered, indis tinctly defined, blackish spots; lower surface of body pale: sides and lower portions of pectorals and ventrals grayish brown. + ; a B | Length 165 inches (47 em.). This description from an example from Tokyo. Coasts of southern Japan; rather common in the Inland Sea. A’ small shark, reaching a length of about 25 feet. Our specimens from Tokyo, Tsuruga, Onomichi, and Hakata. 23 (scyllium, the cat shark; from oKUA@, to rend.) , 10. GALEUS Rafinesque. TOPES. te Galeus¢ RA¥FINEsQus, Caratteri Aleuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 13, in part (gale ete., although that species is not explicitly mentioned, the first species mene - tioned being a species of Pristiurus, P. melastomus) . “From the definition, and from Rafinesque’s custom of taking Linnean specifie names as generic, making such species always the types of his genera, we may infer that Squalus galeus was his type of Galeus. At least this arrangement may accepted pending an agreement as to the generic nomenclature of sharks. In the name Galeus is finally used for Pristiurus or for Mustelus, the present genus W become Galeorhinus. Ina private notebook belonging to Rafinesque, now preserved in the Smithsonian Institution, he refers to Galeus, Carcharias, and several other genera named by Cuvier in 1817, as ‘‘ described by me in 1810, but don’t you tell it!’ Pending a decision of the application of Galeus and Carcharias we retain them ~ for the groups to which Rafinesque obyiously intended the names to apply. 0, 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 611 Galeorhinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Sci. Philom., 1816, p. 121 (galeus). Galeus Cuvier, Régne Animal, 1st ed., 1817, p. 127 (galeus). | Hugaleus Gri, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 148 (galeus). _ First dorsal opposite the space between the pectorals and ventrals; mouth crescent-shaped, with the teeth alike in both jaws, oblique, notched, and serrated; spiracles present, small; nictitating membrane present; no pit at the base of the caudal; caudal fin with a single notch. Tropical seas. (vadéos, a kind of shark, like a weasel.) 10, GALEUS JAPONICUS (Miller and Henle). YERAKUFUKA.¢@ Galeus japonicus MiLLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 58, pl. xxir; Naga- saki.—DumeErIL, Elasmobranches, I, 1870, p. 391 (after Miiller and Henle).— GintuER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 380 (after Miller and Henle).—Nysrrom, Kong, Svensk, Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 50; Nagasaki. Head 64 in head; depth 9$; width of head 1% in its length; inter- orbital space 24; snout 22; pectoral 14; width of mouth 24; eye 2$ in interorbital space. Body elongate, back elevated in front, sides compressed. Head greatly depressed, elongate, convex above, flattened beneath; snout pointed in profile; when viewed from above, roundly pointed, flattened; eyes elongate, lateral; nictitating membrane large, well developed; mouth crescent shaped, though rather bluntly obtuse at symphysis of | andible; corners of mouth each with a well-developed labial fold; teeth very oblique, without serrations on their edges, and with several short cusps behind; nostrils laterally inferior, moderately large, nearer mouth than tip of snout; interorbital space broad, slightly elevated and flattened in middle. Spiracle a small slit a short distance behind eye. Gill openings 5, in front of the base of pectoral above. Surface of body finely roughened. _ Dorsals similar, far apart, origin of first much nearer tip of snout than origin of second; origin of second dorsal much in advance of anal, nearer first dorsal than. tip of snout, and midway between origin of ventral and origin of lower caudal lobe; anal small, its origin nearer caudal than ventrals; pectorals large, with emarginate edges, reaching beyond origin of dorsal; ventrals behind first dorsal, their origin nearer that of anal than origin of pectoral; caudal much larger than head, with a notch near tip so that terminal portion is one and two- thirds the lower lobe. Caudal peduncle long, much deeper than broad, flattened above and below, without any pit. Color in alcohol light gray-brown, below lighter or whitish. - Length 26% inches. “Yeraku, the antefeudal period; fuka, shark. Yeraku is the name of the period in Japanese history preceding the feudal period, or Tokugawa. It closed about 1600. 612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, X: Described from a very large specimen from Nagasaki, where e amples, 15 feet or more long, were seen. 4 A very large shark, reaching a length of 25 feet and a weight of | nearly 2,000 pounds: The head of a huge specimen is in possession of f M. Yahiro, proprietor of a natural-history shop in Nagasaki. It has ; the snout very short, nostrils midway in its length; teeth serrate, _ alike in both jaws, those in back deeply notched; width of jaws much. 4 exceeding snout; jaws with short labial fold; spiracles small; second i dorsal a little smaller than first, slightly before anal; caudal considerably ¢ less than space e between dorsals. 7. This species was taken at Onomichi, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, and it appears to be generally common on the shores of Kaeo 1. GALEOCERDO Muller and Henle. Galeocerdo MiituErR and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 59 (tigrinus). Boreogaleus Grit, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1861, p. 411 (areticus). Mouth crescent shaped; teeth alike in both jaws, large, oblique, | coarsely serrated on both margins, with a deep notch on outer margin; spiracles present; caudal fin with a double notch; a pit on the tail — above and below at the base of the caudal fin; first dorsal opposite the — space between pectorals and ventrals. Large sharks, found in most | seas. - r (yaXeds, 2 kind of shark, like yady, the weasel; Kéod@, a fox or | weasel. ) . 11. GALEOCERDO TIGRINUS Muller and Henle. Galeocerdo tigrinus MitLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 59; Pondicherry.— ~ Ginter, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 378; Japan, East Indies.—Dumerm, . Elasmobranches, I, 1870, p. 393; Pondicherry (Coll. Dussumier). Head, 7} in length; depth, about 10; snout, 34 in head; interorbital space, 14; width of mouth at corners, about ie eye, 53 1n the inter-— orbital space; space between nostrils, 2. | Body elongate, tapermg to caudal. Head very much broader than deep, depressed; eyes small, lateral, nearer snout than gull opening; | snout broad, short, rounded; mouth very broad, evaiiede teeth | numerous, rather large, compressed, with several basal cusps, and — | with edges more or less serrated; a labial fold at corners of mouth; nostrils large, inferior, about midway between tip of snout and eye; | interorbital space very broad, flat. Spiracles very small behind eye. Gill openings large, posteriorly above base of pectoral. ; Body very finely roughened. 3. First dorsal beginning about first fourth of interspace between / origin of pectoral and that of ventral; second dorsal small, a little nearer origin of first dorsal than tip of caudal; anal small, beginning | behind origin of second dorsal; pectorals rather long; enn — Hl a 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 613 | puch ar pond than peetorels; caudal y very ple. (emake lobe pro- 5 Blox eth Ehove, whitish or oe pele upper surface marbled or lotched with dark brown. _ Length about 51 inches. ‘This description from a dried skin, a young male from N: agasaki, Mlected by M. Yahiro. East Indies, rarely northward to southern Japan. Dr. Giinther records a young specimen from Japan. It is probable that com- parison will show that the American species, Galeocerdo maculatus (Ranzani), is distinct from G. tigrinus. (tagrinus, tiger-like.) i IONAGE Cantor: Prionodon Mister and HeENux, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 36 (glaucus, ete., name preoccupied) . Prionace Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 399 (substitute for Prionodon Ne Cynocephalus (Kuri) Gi, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (glaucus). Large sharks, with the body and head slender; no spiracles; the teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in the adult, those in the upper jaw broad, those below narrower, str: uight, and claviform; first dorsal large, i inserted midway between axils of pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal much smaller, usually not larger than anal; embryo not attached to the uterus by a placenta. Sprcies rather few; large, slender, swift, voracious sharks of the warm seas. _ (xpia@v, saw; axis, point.) 12, PRIONACE GLAUCA (Linnzus). Squalus glaucus Linn xs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 235; seas of Europe. - Carcharias glaucus GintTHeEr, Cat. Fish., VITI, 1870, p. 364; England, St. Helena, Pondicherry, Port Arthur, Australia. —Dumiri, Elasmobr., 1870, p.353; New Zealand. Carcharhinus glaucus JorDAN and GiLBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 22; San Francisco, z Monterey. _ Prionace glauca JorpDAN and EvrerMann, Fish North and Middle America, I, 1896, p. 33; San Francisco, Monterey. _ Squalus ceruleus BuatNvitiE, Fauna Frangaise, 1828, p. 91; Mediterranean. Squalus hirundinaceus VALENCIENNES, in Miter and Hen ix, Plagiostomen, 1838, p- 37; Brazil. Snout very long, nostrils rather nearer to mouth than to extremity of snout; no labial fold except a groove at angle of mouth; teeth of ipper jaw oblique, scarcely constr icted near base; lower teeth slender, Viangular in young examples, lanceolate, with a broad base, in old omnes. Pectoral fin long, falciform, extending to dorsal, which is nearer entrals than root of pectorals. Color light bluish gray above, paler delow. 614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI A large shark of the warm seas, occasionally taken in Kurope and on the coasts of Japan and California. A mounted specimen from off Misaki is in the Imperial Museum of Tokyo, and a photograph is in the Imperial University, taken from a large specimen secured at Misaki We have no specimens. Whether this species is really identical with the European g/auca is uncertain. (vyhavKos, grayish blue.) 18. CARCHARIAS Rafinesque. Carcharias RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Alcuni, Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 10 (in inten- | tion; the only species named being C. taurus, an Odontaspis); Squalus care charias RAFINESQUE, not of Linnzeus, being the intended type as shown by the Indice d’ Ittiologia Siciliana, 1810, p. 44, where the Pesce-Cane of Sicily is ealled Curchariaslamia. The definition of Rafinesque, copied from Lacépéde is intended to cover the sharks allied to C. lamia. Carcharias Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 125 (carcharias, expressly identified with Canis carcharias of Bélon [de Aquatilibus, I, p. 60], which is — the species commonly called, after Rafinesque, Carcharias lamia). 5 Carcharinus BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, p. 264 (commersoni, a name based | on Lacépede’s figure of ‘Squalus carcharias;”’ it apparently represents Car= { | charias lamia). EBulamia Gru, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (Jamia). Platypodon Gi, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (menisorrah). Isogomphodon Grit, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (ovyrhyncus ) Lamiopsis Grit, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (temmincki). rE * ce | 3ody rather robust. Head broad, depressed; mouth inferior; teet iM in both jaws strongly serrated in adult, less so or entire in young; those in upper jaw broad or narrow, those below narrow, straight and | nearly erect. No spiracles. First dorsal large, placed not far behind | pectorals; pectorals faleate; second dorsal small. Embryos attached | by placenta to the uterus, as in Scoliodon, Triakis, and Gal Oy Species very numerous and difficult of separation. Voracious sharks - of the warm seas. 2 If the name Carcharias be transferred to Odontaspis, the present venus must be called Carcharhinus. 3 (kapyaptas, an old name of (. lamia, from yapyapos jagged; the name first applied to Squatina, from its rasp-like skin. ) si 13. CARCHARIAS JAPONICUS (Schlegel). MEJIRO (WHITE EYE); WANIZAME (CROCODILE-SHARK). Prionodon japonicus ScutEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss , 1850, p. 302; Nagasaki. Head 5% in length; depth about 7; snout 2% in head; width of mout 2°; interorbital space 13; pectoral about 13; snout from tip to tip of mandible 24; eye + in interorbital space. Body rather elongate, back high, elevated, tail compressed and tapering. Head very broad, depressed, flattened, neck and back ‘apidly becoming elevated behind; snout in profile elongate, more Or af | | not Pernine Seema ait Aetna like rest of ae of cranium; eyes jmall, lateral, nearer tip of snout than first gill-ope ning; breadth of Eipnth much greater than length of either of rami of mandible, which ‘orm a rounded angle at symphysis; teeth finely serrate, upper rather oroad, compressed, lower more elongate; nostrils large, on lower sur- face of snout, nearer tip of mandible than tip of snout; interorbital pace very broad, flat, slightly convex in middle. Gill-openings rather small, last above base of pectoral. | Body finely roughened. First dorsal about midway between tip of snout and origin of second dorsal, elevated, its height a little greater than interorbital space; second dorsal small, low, much nearer origin of first dorsal than ap of caudal; anal small, its origin nearer that of pectoral than tip of vaudal, a little before second dara pectoral large, nearer tip of mout than origin of ventral; ventrals rather low, much nearer anal han pectoral; caudal three and three-tifths in ae lower lobe low. D audal peduncle rather thick, rounded, flattened above and below, ind with deep pit at its base above. | Color in alcohol deep gray-brown above, lower surface of body vhitish; terminal portions = fins more or less white. MiLength 17s inches (43 cm. 5 mm.). This description from a small specimen from Kawatana. Coasts of Japan. A large shark, generally common. Specimens were seen at Hakodate, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kawatana, and Nagasaki. head in Yahiro’s collection is from a specimen 25 feet long, and said ‘A have weighed 2,000 pounds. It presents the following characters: | Snout rather shor t, acute, bluntish at tip; nostrils midway between ip of snout and mouth; ihe eye much nearer angle of mouth; width xf mouth almost twice length of snout; teeth not large, uppermost faintly serrate, subtriangular, without distinct notch on lower margin, and lower teeth erect, ee entire, long, narrow. In young of 3 na the snout is obtuse, and a little longer than nouth is broad; eye about midway between angle of mouth and snout: eth weakly serrate, small, upper broad, not notched, nearly erect, and lower narrow; second oreo small, smaller than anal; pectoral to gear end of dorsal, long, narrow; first dorsal not dusky; second dor- sal, pectoral, and nee lobe of caudal tipped with black. This species has been identified with Carcharias gangeticus, Car- tharids melanopterus, and Carcharias bleekeri, Wut it seems to be dis- anct from all other East Indian and Polynesian species, and there seems to be no evidence that any of these occur in Japan. Curchar/as nelanopterus of Polynesia has the fin lobes much blacker than in C. japonicus. | One small specimen from Nagasaki differs only in haying a slightly more pointed snout. 616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 14. SCOLIODON Miiller and Henle. Scoliodon Mituuer and Henir, Wiegmann’s Archiv. f. Naturg., 1837, I, p. 397 | (laticaudus. ) 3 | Teeth entire, or very nearly so, oblique and flat, the points directed | toward the sides of the mouth, so that the inner margins are more or less nearly horizontal, the teeth in front more nearly erect; teeth not swollen at the base, each of them with a deep notch on the outer ma gin below the sharp point; lips with conspicuous grooves. Otherwise as in Carcharias, from which the genus is scarcely distinct. Si small. (oKoli0s, oblique; odovs, tooth.) a. Length of the anal nearly equal to its distance from ventrals; outer angle of p torals almost a right angle; pectorals black; upper jaw without labial fold. laticaudus, 14, aa. Length of anal much less than its distance from ventrals; outer angle of pectorals acute. oF b. Upper jaw without labial groove; length of snout about equal to distance of ; eye from ‘gill opening 225.20 S220 Sec eee ee acutus, 15. bb. Upper jaw with a short labial grodve; cleft of mouth much broader than long soe: 2 tae get so So 8 a eee eee walbeehmi, 16. ; ? 14. SCOLIODON LATICAUDUS (Miiller and Henle). Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus M@Lurr and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 8 pl. vii; East Indies.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, II, 1870, p. 348 (samu types). 4 Carcharias laticaudus GénrueEr, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 358; Bengal, East Indies, » China, Amoy, Japan. a Carcharias (Scoliodon) macrorhynchus BurEKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1851 Plagiost., p.31, pl. 1, fig. 1; Bataviaa—Dumrrin, Elasmobranches, II, 18 p. 343 (after Bleeker). Snout from front margin of mouth equal to, or a little more than, distance of eye from gill-opening; a very short labial groove at angle of mouth, not extending on upper jaw, and for a very short distan only on lower. Pectoral fin with posterior margin nearly straight, upper angle nearly a right one, not extending to first dorsal; base of anal equal to, or but little less than, its distance from ventral, and i pointed lobe terminates at a distance from root of caudal; terminal) lobe of caudal obliquely truncated. Pectoral fins black. Length, 18. inches. (Giinther.) : Kast Indies; noted by Dr. Giinther from Jamrach’s Collection i Japan, a record which needs verification. (Jatus, broad; cauda, tail.) 15. SCOLIODON ACUTUS (Riippell). Carcharias acutus Riiprrny, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 1837, p. 65, pl. XVI, fig. 4; Red Sea.—Giinruer Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 358; Cape Seas Pinang, Vizagapatam, Japan. ai | | . 1324. ELASMOBLANCHIATE FISHES JORDAN AND FOWLER. 617 a Carcharias ESoiiadon) acutus Mit LLER a Hr NLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 29.— Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 399._—Dumiern, Elasmobranches, II, 1870, p. 345; East Indies, China. i Snout from front margin of mouth equal to, or a little less than, ‘distance of eye from gill-opening; very short labial groove at angle of mouth, not extending on upper jaw, and for a very short distance only on lower. Pectoral with posterior margin slightly concave, upper angle pointed, extending to, or somewhat beyond, origin of dorsal; length of base of anal one-half, or less, its distance from ven- ‘tral; its pointed terminal lobe terminates not far from root of caudal; terminal caudal lobe tapering. Posterior margin of pectoral whitish, ‘upper margin of caudal blackish. Length 17 inches. (Giinther.) _ East Indies: Noted by Dr. Giinther as collected by Mr. Jamrach in Japan. This record needs verification. re 16. SCOLIODON WALBEEHMI (Bleeker). Carcharias (Scoliodon) walbeehmi BurEKer, Nat. tyds. Ned. Ind., X, 1856, * p. 353; Bintang.—Doumerrit, Elasmobranches, II, 1870, p. 344 (after Bleeker). | ; Carcharias walbeehmi GténtueER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 359; Bintang, Japan.— Nystrom, Kong, Svensk. Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 50; Nagasaki. Scoliodon walbeehmi JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XX V, 1902, p. 318; Formosa. A Snout from front margin of mouth, more than distance of eye from ‘gill- -opening; a short labial groove at angle of mouth extending for a ‘short distance on upper jaw as well as lower; distance between outer angles of nostrils equal to that of nostril from extremity of snout. Pectoral fin with posterior margin slightly concave and upper angle pointed, extending somewhat beyond origin of dorsal fin; the length of base of anal fin is about two-fifths of its distance from ventral, and ‘its pointed terminal lobe terminates at some distance from root of caudal; terminal caudal lobe tapering. Coloration uniform. | (Ginther.) _ Coasts of southern Japan, not common. This or some related spe- cies was seen at Nagasaki, and at Kawatana on the bay of Omura, but no specimens were secured. We have examined a specimen from Formosa. (A personal name.) Family VU. SPHYRNIDZ. HAMMER-HEADED SHARKS. General characteristics of the Carchar‘ide, but the head singularly formed, kidney-shaped or ‘‘hammer”-shaped, from the extension of its sides, the nostrils being anterior and the eyes on the sides of the “hammer;” mouth crescent-shaped, under the ‘“‘hammer;” teeth of both jaws similar, oblique, each with a notch on the outside near the x 618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. base; no spiracles; last eill- -opening over the pectoral; first dorsal an pectorals large, the dorsals nearer pectorals than ventrals; second dorsal and anal small; a pit at the root of the caudal; caudal fin wi a single notch toward its tip, its lower lobe developed. One ge with 5 species, inhabiting most warm seas. Large sharks, known once by the singular form of the head, which is not quite the same- any two species. 15. SPH YRNA Rafinesque. Sphyrna Ravinesque, Indice d’Ittiol, Siciliana, 1810, p. 60 (zygena). Cestrorhinus BUAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, p. 264 (zygzna). Zygena Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 127 (zygena; name preoccupie in Insects). Platysqualus Swanson, Classn. Anim., I, 1839, p. 318 (“‘tiburo”’ =tudes). Cestracion Kuetn (pre-Linnzean) in Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V 1861, p. 412 (zygeena). Eusphyra Giut, Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, p. 412 (blochit). Reniceps Giuu, Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, p. 412 (éburo). Characters of the genus included above. In the form of the head,) there is a perfect gradation among the species, from the narrow ham-| mer of WS. dlochii, with the lobes three times as long as broad and deeply grooved along the anterior edge, to the kidney-shaped head oi | S. téburo, in which the anterior grooves are obsolete. (cAvpa, hammer.) SPHYRNA: a. Nostril with a well-developed groove, which extends along the front of th hammer-shaped head, the anterior and posterior outlines of which are nearly parallel os 22 2h oc55. 7 Jo be Be Oe ee zygena, V7.) | by a | 1 SHINOKUZAME (HAMMER SHARK): KASEBUKA (CROSS-STAFF cHARigh a5 Squalus zygena Lixn.xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 234; Europe, America. Cestracion zygena Dumérit, Elasmobranches, TI, 1870, p. 382, a Sphyrna zygena JORDAN a GILBERT, Senonne 1883, p. 25.—JorpDAN and Ey MANN, Fish. North and Mid. Am., I, 1896, p. 45; Cape Cod, Point Con- ception. 4 | Squaleus malleus Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, p. 34; Nice. Zygena malleus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1847, p. 306, pl. cxxxvin; N saki.—Srorer, Fish. Mass. , 1867, p. 238.—Gitnraer, Cat., VIII, 1870, p. 38L— Nystrom, Kong, Svensk, Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 49; Nae ? Zygeena lewini Lorn, in Griffith, Agua kangen X, 1834, p. 640; Leeuw Australia. a Zygena subarcuata Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1848, p. 70; bee Cod. a nostril close to eye; prolonged into a groove which runs along nea iy the whole front margin of head; first dorsal large; second quite smal smaller than anal; pectoral rather large. Color gray. A large voracious shark, reaching a length of 15 feet or more, foun 1 - ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND Shee 619 in all warm seas; occasionally northward to Galeton h, M: assac phase and France, rather common in Japan, as far northward as Tokyo. Our specimens from Nagasaki, Misaki, and Wakanoura. The species needs comparison with the Hammer-head shark of Atlantic. Fe (Cvyaiva, Zygena, the ancient name, from Cvyor, yoke.) Family VIII. ALOPIIDA. THRESHER SHARKS. Body moderately elongate, the snout rather short; mouth crescent- shaped; teeth equal in both jaws, moderate sized, flat, triangular, not serrated; the third tooth of the upper jaw on each side much smaller than the others; gill-openings moderate, the last one above the root of the pectorals; no nictitating membrane; spiracles just behind eye, minute or absent; first dorsal large, midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal very small; caudal fin exceedingly long, about as long as the rest of the body, a pit at its root, a notch on the upper lobe near its tip; lower lobe moderately developed; no caudal keel; ventrals rather large; pectorals very large, faleate. A single species, reaching a large size, inhabiting most seas, known at once by the great ipaeth of tite tail. 16. ALOPIAS Rafinesque. Alopias RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 12 (macrouwrus=vulpes) . Alopecias MGLLER and Hentz, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 74 (amended orthography) . The characters of the genus are included above. (@ands, afox; Latin, vulpes. A. vulpes was known to the ancients as ahonextas, fox-like. ) . 18. ALOPIAS VULPES (Gmelin). ONAGAZAME (LONG-TAILED SHARK); NADEBUKA (SMOOTH SHARK); | NEZUMEZAME (RAT-TAILED SHARK). | Squalus vulpes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 1496; Mediterranean (after Pennant). Carcharias vulpes De Kay, New York Fauna, IV, Fishes, 1842, p. 348, pl. Lx1, fig. 199. Alopias vulpes DumériL, Elasmobr. I, 1865, p. 421.—Day, Fishes of India, Supple- ment, 1888, p.810.—JorDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 27.—JoRDAN and EVERMANN, Fish. North and Middle America, I, 1896, p. 45. Alopecias vulpes GintueER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 393. Squalus vulpinus BONNATERRE, Tableau Encycl. Ichthy., 1788, p. 9; Mediterranean | (after Pennant). | Alopias macrourus Ra¥INEsQue, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 12; Sicily, | Squalus alopecias Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 1854, p. 7 _ Body fusiform, cylindrical, thickest before dorsal fin; back regu- larly arched from above pectorals to end of snout, and gradually decreasing in size posteriorly to caudal. Head short, bluntly conical; f Bed ‘ ri 620 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xx snout blunt; eye rather ree: iene horse-shoe shaped, teeth ah | re » hy » L9-++19 smaller than others. Spiracles very small or wanting. Last openings above or slightly in front of pectorals. a more or ‘Tess tone ee _third or fourth tooth on either side of center of upper ia with small process Per, eens cee than ts nearest. first dorsal: caudal nearly as long or longer than body, composed of three bluish spots; pupils a longitudinal slit, edged with golden. Length, 12 feet. A large shark, abounding in all warm seas, common on the east coast of Japan. It was seen at Misaki, nena Tokyo, and Yok hama. No one has yet compared specimens of the Japanese fish witl those from California or the Mediterranean, and the species may prove different. (vulpes, fox.) Family IX. MITSUKURINID. Skeleton flexible; snout produced in a flat, flexible blade varying ii leneth; spiracles large; teeth acicular, only the lateral ones with small basal cusps; last gill-opening above base of pectorals; fins all low, th ventral with very long base; the claspers very small; lower lobe 0 caudal long; no pit at root of caudal; first dorsal well advanced; second shorter and higher than anal. Two genera are known: Mitsukurina, and the extinct genus Scapa norhynchus of the Eocene. Dr. Arthur Smith Woodward rega Mitsukurina as identical with Scapanorhynchus. In the latter genus minor differences are apparent. The family is closely allied to the Odontaspidide, differing in produced snout. 17. MITSUKURINA Jordan. Mitsukurina Jorpan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1898, p. 200 (owstont). Characters of the genus included above. (Named for Kakichi Mitsukuri, professor of zoology in the Imperta) University of Tokyo.) *|Z9 39vd 338 3LV1d 4O NOILYNV1dx3 HO4 “"NvGYOr INOLSMO VNIYNXNSLIIA PL, XXVI PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI bo ! | | j0.184. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 62] 4 19. MITSUKURINA OWSTONI Jordan. Mitsukurina owstoni JordAN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1898, p. 200; Misaki. Length of specimen, apparently young male, 42 inches. Head (to irst gill-opening) 4% in length; depth about 10; snout from eye 12 n head; from front of mouth 24; length of blade of snout from its nsertion below 14; length of gill area 23; depth of last gill 6; eve (2 in snout from eye; interorbital area 23; spiracle a little smaller than eye; length of one mandible 23 in head; length of maxillary 22; sectoral base 1# in length of pectoral fin, which is 23 in head; first lorsal base 1? in its height, which is 2? in head; second dorsal base [in its height, which is 3 in head; ventral base 2 times its height, ength of base 3 in head; claspers very short (perhaps immature), nearly 12 in head; anal base 24 times its height and 24 in head; r»audal, measured from above, 24 in length of body; greatest height of lower lobe nearly 3 in head. Body elongate, compressed behind, flesh and skeleton extremely limp, folding like a wet rag. Head moderate; snout produced in a long, flat, flexible, leaf-like blade, somewhat like that of Polyodon spathula but narrower, more limp and more pointed; median line of snout with a thick, rounded median keel; lower side of the blade free for a considerable distance backward from upper jaw, almost to eyes; eye small, without nictitating membrane; mouth inferior, with elon- gate cleft; dentary bones broad, loosely connected, movable, capable of being spread wide apart, but normally lying close together and nearly parallel; a notch at symphysis, tip of lower jaw strongly cury- ing upward and inward; similar notch at tip of upper jaw between rather loosely joined maxillary; middle of each jaw without teeth in front; teeth few-rowed, about +3 on each side, all needle-shaped, very slender, pointed, more or less curved backward and inward; each tooth with a two-rooted base, large teeth in front simple, smaller ones on sides of jaws each with two small basal cusps; second and third tooth of lower jaw longest; the second about as long as eye; first and second tooth of upper jaw similar to these but somewhat shorter; lateral teeth of both jaws progressively smaller, but all slender and sharp; nostrils large, about as large as eye, their distance from eye twice the eye; each nostril with a small notch on lower edge and a free flap within. Spiracle large. Gill-openings about equal in height, the last above base of pectoral. Skin everywhere rough, the scutes very small, granulated No lateral line or conspicuous mucous pores. Fins all thin, flexible, papery, the broad bones somewhat exserted from soft flesh; first dorsal short, moderately high, not emarginate, the insertion above axil of pectoral, second dorsal lower, remote from first, interspace 1$ in head, the insertion nearly midway between aes : » Le 622 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV) os ventrals and anal; anal much longer than second dorsal, rather lower pectorals short, narrow, rounded flexible rays longest; ventrals wit) very long base; no caudal keel; no pit at root of caudal; lower lobe o caudal long and rather high, with a sharp notch near its tip. Color light reddish gray, brownish above; fins darker brown; nuchal region a little darker; belly paler. (Jordan.) | The type specimen, now in the Imperial University of Tokyo, wai captured in deep water off Misaki and presented by Capt. Alal Owston, of Tokohama, for whom it is named. Captain Owston ha/ had engravings of this species made, and scattered them far and widi specimen and no one who knew the fish. Ina recent letter (Novem ber, 1902) he announces the acquisition of another specimen. Family X. LAMNID. MACKEREL SHARKS. Sharks of large size, with the body stout, the mouth wide, wit) large teeth, and the tail slender, the caudal fin lunate, the two lobe not very unequal, the upper lobe strongly bent upward; cauda peduncle with a strong keel on each side; gill-openings wide, all i front of the pectorals, entirely lateral, not extending under the throat first dorsal large; pectorals large; ventrals moderate; second dorse’ and anal very small; a pit at the root of the caudal; spiracles minut or absent. Numerous fossil species are known. In this family th dentition, as well as the muscular system, reaches its highest degre’ of specialization known among sharks. a. LAMNIN®. ‘Teeth slender and sharp, with entire edges. b. Teeth without basal cusps, long, flexuous, acute; first dorsal inserted nearl midway between pectorals and ventrals ..............--------- Isuropsis, lv bb. Teeth each with one or two basal cusps; first dorsal not far behind pectorals. Lamna, i aa. CARCHARODONTINE: Teeth with serrated edges, compressed, triangular in forn without’ basal. cusp, « ...J..22¢4.3 426) eee Carcharodon, 2\ 1s: ISUROPSITS Gilt Isuropsis Git, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y , VIII, 1861, p. 153 (glaucus). Snout rather long and pointed; the body formed much lke that ¢ a tunny or mackerel; first dorsal large, inserted, entirely behind peq torals, nearly midway between pectorals and ventrals; pectorals large second dorsal and anal yery small; caudal peduncle slender; teet long, lanceolate, with sharp, entire cutting edges and no basal cusps (?G0s, equal; ovpa, tail; the two lobes of the tail being nearly equa, oypis, appearance. From /suwrus it is separated by the backward inse tion of the dorsal.) | ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 693 = zo. ISUROPSIS GLAUCA (Miiller and Henle). AOZAME (BLUE SHARK); MOROZAME. Oxyrhina glauca MéLirr and Hens, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 69, pl. xxrx; Naga- saki (erroneously stated to be from Java).—Scnircer, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 303; Nagasaki.—Dumérix, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 409 (after Miller and Henle). Lamna glawea GiNTHER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 391; Cape Seas, St. Helena. Snout long, pointed; teeth in four rows, very lone, tlexuous, with- out denticles at base. Spiracles very small. First dorsal inserted ‘vell backward, midway between pectoral and ventral, scarcely longer than high, its upper angle rounded. Color dark blue, white below. | Coasts of Japan and southward, rather common about Nagasaki. Many jaws and a stuffed foetus are in possession of Mr. Yahiro. A specimen 7 feet long was taken by Jordan and Snyder at Matsu- shima, the head having been preserved. (glaucus, hoary blue.) 19. LAMNA Cuvier. Lamna Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 126 (cornubicus). Lamia Risso, Eur. Merid., III, 1826, p. 123 (cornubicus, name preoccupied ). Selanonius FLEMING, British Animals, 1828, p. 169 (walkeri=cornubicus) . _ Body short and stout, the back considerably elevated; snout promi- nent, pointed; teeth triangular, pointed, entire, each one with a small cusp on each side at base; one or both of these sometimes obsolete on some of the teeth in the young; gill-openings wide; dorsal and pectoral fins somewhat falcate; second dorsal and anal fins very small, nearly opposite each other; first dorsal close behind the root of the pectorals. This genus is very close to /swus, with which fossil forms seem to connect it. Perhaps the two should be united under the older name, Lsurus. (Aapva, a kind of shark, from lapia, a horrible anthropophagous monster, a bugbear used by the Greeks to frighten refractory children.) 21. LAMNA CORNUBICA (Gmelin). SALMON SHARK; MACKEREL SHARK; PORBEAGLE. Squalus cornubicus GmeE.in, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 1497; shores of Cornwall (after Beaumaris of Pennant). _ Lamna cornubica Giinruer, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 389.—Jorpan and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 30.—Jorpan and Evermany, Fishes North and Middle Am., I, 1896, p. 19 (and of most authors). Snout conical, pointed, rather longer than cleft of mouth; teeth 1444 on each side; third tooth on each side in the upper jaw small; first dorsal beginning over axil of pectorals. Color bluish gray. A large and fierce pelagic shark reaching a length of 10 feet. (Jordan and Evermann.) “e 624 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.. Common i 1 Europe and rather frequent on the coast of southern Alaska, shed re it is very destructive to the salmon, thence southward to California. It has been ascribed to Japan he Dr. Giinther, and may occur in Japanese waters, but no authentic record exists, and no) specimens are in Japanese museums. It is unknown to naturalists at Nagasaki, but it may be looked for at the mouths of salmon rivers, as the Ishigari, in Hokkaido. (cornubicus, from Cornwall, from which region the species was early! described. ) 20. CARCHARODON Smith. MAN-EATER SHARKS. Carcharodon ANDREW SmitH, Proc. Geol. Soc. London, V, 1837, p. 86 (capensis=: carcharias). General characters of /swrus and Lamna, but with a different denti- tion, the teeth being large, flat, erect, regularly triangular, their edges serrated; first dorsal moderate, nearly midway between pecto- rals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal very small; pectorals large, ventrals moderate; caudal peduncle rather stout; spiracles minute or’ absent. Sharks of very large size;-the strongest and most voracious of all fishes; pelagic, found in most warm seas. (kapyapos, jagged; odo0vs, tooth.) 22. CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS (Linnzus). MAN-EATER SHARK; GREAT WHITE SHARK. Lamia Ronvetet, Hist. Poiss., 1558, p. 305; Nice, Marseilles (good figure). Squalus carcharias Lrxynmus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 235; Europe (after Artedi; not of most later authors). Carcharodon carcharias JORDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 875.—JORDAN andi EvERMANN, Fish. North and Middle Am., I, 1896, p. 50. Carcharias verus AGAssiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1836, p. 91. | Carcharodon rondeleti Miitier and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 70; Mediter- ranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean (after Rondelet). Carcharodon rondeleti GiNrHER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 392. Carcharias atwoodi Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1848, p. 71; Province- town, Massachusetts. Carcharodon capensis Smitu, IIT, Zool. 8S. Africa, 1842, pl. rv; Cape of Good Hope. Carcharodon smithi BONAPARTE, Selach. Tab. Anal., 1839, p. 9 (after Smith). Body stout; depth about 5} in total length; mouth very large; both jaws with five rows of large, triangular, serrated teeth, those in lower Jaw narrower, about 3$ in each row; first dorsal somewhat behind pectorals; caudal fin large and strong. Color leaden gray; tips and edges of pectorals black. One of largest of sharks, reaching a length of 30 feet. It is found in all temperate and tropical seas, and 1s ocea= sionally taken both in the Atlantic and Pacific. One caught near Soquel, California, was about 30 feet long and had a young sea lion, 184. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—. JORDAN AND FOWLER. 625 weighing about L100 pounds, in its stomach. fiecdins aa Ev. ermann.) _ A large pair of jaws is preserved in the museum of the Imperial University, taken somewhere off the east coast of Hondo, near Misaki. | This constitutes the only record of the species from Japan. (kapyapias, an old name of Carcharias lamia and of other man- eating sharks. ) Family XI. CETORHINIDZ. BASKING SHARKS. Sharks of immense size with the gill-openings extremely wide, extending from the back nearly to the median line of the throat, all of _ them in front of the pectorals; mouth moderate, the teeth very small, numerous, conical, without cusps or serratures; no nictitating mem- brane; spiracles very small, above the corners of the mouth; first dorsal large, midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal small; caudal fin lunate, the upper lobe considerably the larger; caudal peduncle keeled; pectorals and ventrals large. Brain very small. o252 =e —e ee Somniosus, 30. 29. DALATIAS Rafinesque. - Dalatias Rarinesqur, Caratteri di Aleuni Generi, 1810, p. 13 (sparophagus; description very incorrect) . Scymnus Cuvirr, Régne Animal, lst ed., 1817, p. 130 (lichia; preoccupied in insects). Scymnorhinus BoNAPARtTE, Cat. Pesci. Europ., 1836, p. 16 (lichia). Mouth transverse, a deep straight groove at each angle. Teeth in jaws close set, the upper small, pointed; the lower much larger, dilated, erect, triangular, not very numerous. Skin uniformly covered with minute scales. Two short dorsal fins, without spine, the first at a considerable distance from the ventrals; no anal fin. No membrana nictitans. Spiracles wide. Gill-openings narrow. _ (Giinther.) (Caos, torch, the name unexplained.) get. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 6387 bv rs — —$——$_—— es ¢ { | 31. DALATIAS LICHA (Bonnaterre). YOROIZAME (ARMOR SHARK). Squaleus licha® BonNnaTERRE, Encycl. Ichth., 1788, p. 12 (after La Liche ou Gatto, Proussonet, Mem. Ac. Sci., 1788, p. 677; ‘‘Le Cap Bréton,”’ in south- ern France). Scymnorhinus licha GARMAN, Deep Sea Fishes, 1899, p. 31. | Squalus americanus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 1503 (after Broussonet, ‘‘Cap | Bréton’’ being assumed to be in Nova Scotia). Acanthorhinus americanus BuAINVILLE, Fauna Francaise, 1828, p. 63, pl. xv, fig. 2. Squalus nicxensis Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, p. 43, pl. ty, fig. 6; Nice. Dalatias sparophagus RarrNesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 13; Palermo (description very incorrect, but certainly referring to this species). Scymnus lichia Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817.—Dumérit Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 452; Mediterranean.—GtnTHER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 426; Nice; Madeira (and of writers generally ). Dalatias lichia Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 75. Snout rather projecting, anterior edge of mouth before front of eye; ceeth of upper jaw narrow, lanceolate, close-set; lower teeth triangu- ar, margins somewhat convex and slig htly serrate. Skin covered with a shagreen of fine, sharp, close-set spinous scales. First dorsal inserted nearer Peel than ventrals by a distance equal to length of pectoral; second dorsal a little before posterior end of base of ven- trals; distance from second dorsal to beginning of caudal, 24 in distance between dorsals. Color black. Length 650 mm. (253 inches). This incomplete description is from a stuffed specimen? in the Imperial Museum in Tokyo. The specimen, being hastily compared with Miiller and Henle’s figure, showed no evident difference, though its relations may appear on close examination. Mediterranean Sea and neighboring waters, and, as above recorded, once taken in Japan. (licha, the meaning of the name unexplained. ) 380. SOMNIOSUS Le Sueur. Somniosus Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, I, p. 222 (brevipinna= microcephalus). Leiodon Woop, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1847, p. 174 (echinatum=micro- cephalus). Lemargus Miter and Henix, Plagiostomen, 1858, p. 93 (borealis = micro- cephalus). Rhinoseymnus Gru, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 264 (rostratus). Body thick and clumsy ; mouth transverse, little arched, with a deep, straight groove running backward from its angle; nostrils near the extremity of the snout; jaw feeble; teeth in upper jaw small, narrow, conical; lower teeth numerous, in two or more series, ie point so @The name licha, of the same date as americanus, is muc *h ie 498 Inappropriate. bIshikawa, Prel. Cat., p. 61, as Scymnus lichia. 638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI much turned aside that the inner margin forms a cutting edge, whick is entire; spiracles moderate; no nictitating membrane; gill-openings narrow; fins all very small, the ventrals between the dorsal fins; skir uniformly covered with minute tubercles. Tail short, much bent upward. Eggs large, soft, globular, without shell, dropped in the ooze on the sea bottom. Species of the northern seas. (somniosus, sleepy.) 32. SOMNIOSUS MICROCEPHALUS Bloch and Schneider. Squalus microcephalus Buocn and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 135, northern seas, Somniosus microcephalus JORDAN and EvErRMANN, Fish North and Middle Amer,, I, 1896, p. 57. Somniosus brevipinna Le Surur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1818, p. 122; Massas chusetts. Scymnus brevipinna Storer, Fishes Mass., 1867, p. 255. Squalus borealis ScorEsBy, Arct. Reg., I, 1820, p. 538, pl. xv, figs. 3 and 4; Arctie | Ocean. Lemargus borealis GéNTHER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 426. Squalus glacialis Farr, Fische Isl., 1829, p. 23; Iceland. Squalus norwegianus BLAINVILLE, Faune Frangaise, 1828, p. 61; Norway. | Leiodon echinatum Woop, Proc. Bost. Sov. Nat. Hist., II, 1847, p. 174. Massa= sa chusetts. Body robust, rapidly tapering behind; greatest depth little more than one-fifth length; head somewhat less; mouth moderate, upper jaw with 5 rows of small, sharp teeth, which are incurved, lancet- shaped; lower jaw with 2 rows of broad, quadrangular teeth, divided in their centers by perpendicular ridge, directed outward, about 26 teeth on each side; fins small, first dorsal about as large as ventrals, larger than second dorsal; pectorals short, caudal short, bluntish, Length about 25 feet. Arctic seas south to Cape Cod, Oregon, France, and Japan. ! A huge, clumsy shark, not rare northward; an enemy to the whales, — biting out large masses of flesh from their bodies. | The only Japanese record is that of a large example, seen by Jordan — and Snyder in the market of Tokyo, in June, 1900. Specimens from the Pacific have never been compared with those from the Atlantic, — and may belong to different species. ‘ (uiKpos, small; Kedadn, head. ) Family XV. PRISTIOPHORID. SAW SHARKS. Body elongate, covered with fine, smoothish scales, forming shagreen} snout produced in a long, flat blade, with sharp teeth on each side pro- jecting at right angles, these of unequal lengths; a pair of barbels on 0.134. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AMD FOWLER. 689 ev ower part of snout near its middle; teeth small, close-set, each with sharp cusp ona broad base; nostrils inferior, with conspicuous valves; ayes large, no nictitating membrane; spiracles large; pectorals rather arge, distant from head; first dorsal in front of ventrals; second dorsal arge; no dorsal spine; no anal fin; gill-openings moderate, all before pectoral; lower caudal lobe narrow. Species few; found from Japan co Australia, resembling the saw fishes (Pr/st/didx) of the New World, but smaller in size and different in details of structure. S31. PRISTIOPHORUS Muller and Henle. Pristiophorus Méuuer and HENxE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 97 (cirratus). ~ Characters of the genus included above. , / (zptotis, saw; Pope@, to hear.) 33. PRISTIOPHORUS JAPONICUS Giinther. " NOKOGIRIZAME (SAW SHARK); HOKABUKA (HALBERD SHARK); | DAIGIRIZAME (SAW SHARK). Pristiophorus cirratus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1847, p. 105, pl. cxxxvi; | Nagasaki.—Ricuarpson, Ich. China, 1846, p. 317.—BirrKer, Nieuwe Nalez- | ing, Ichth. Jap., 1854, p. 128; Nagasaki (not of Latham, 1794). | Pristiophorus japonicus Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 43; Japan.—Isnt- KAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 61; Sagami Bay. | Head a trifle less than 3 in body; tip of snout to eye 3% in head; greatest width of head 4% in its length; interorbital space 85 in head; spiracle 23 in interorbital space; eye 15; pectoral 3 in head; height of first dorsal 44; caudal 24. Body elongate, moderately thick. Head small, except for elongate depressed snout, or saw, greatly depressed and flattened, both above and below; saw rather broad, thin, becoming narrow at tip, truncately rounded; in each margin of saw a series of sharp teeth of uneven size, the larger with one, two, or three smaller between; on lower marginal surface of snout a single series of small, backwardly hooked teeth, each at some distance apart; in lower surface of saw, near edges, a pair of flattened tentacles about equal in length to width of head in front of eyes; teeth on edge of saw become smaller posteriorly and extend halfway in space between eye and first gill-opening; mouth broadly obtuse below posterior part and behind eye; teeth small, pointed, in many rows in jaws; nostrils area trifle closer together than ‘eorners of mouth, nearer latter than tentacles, or about in last third of space between; interorbital space more or less flattened, though ‘there are slight supraocular ridges; eye elongate, lateral, placed less than its diameter posterior to nostrils. Spiracles very large, half the eye, placed directly behind its posterior margin. Gill-openings mod- erate, in front of base of pectoral. Entire body finely roughened. 640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. xxvi, Origin of first dorsal nearer tip of caudal than tip of saw, nearer. origin of ventral than that of pectoral, nearer posterior margin of eye than second dorsal; two dorsals are similar, of about equal size, second | with posterior part of its base midway between first dorsal and tip of caudal; pectorals large, broad, blunt, rounded, nearer origin of second; dorsal than tip of saw; ventrals behind first dorsal and nearer origin | of second dorsal than that of pectorals; caudal not very broad, upper: lobe much broader than lower, whole fin a little more than space between : dorsals. Caudal peduncle rather long, thick, flattened above and below, its least depth one and one-half in interorbital space. A lateral keel along each side of tail from ventrals to caudal inferiorly. No pores; in lateral line. Color, pale gray-brown above; below, whitish. Length, 404 inches. | This description from a large example from Aomori. | Coasts of Japan; our specimens from Aomori and Nagasaki, the latter received from Mr. Yahiro. A specimen is in the museum of Aomori, taken at Ajigasawa on the Japanese Sea. | The teeth are placed somewhat differently from those represented ; in Schlegel’s figure, but the species is doubtless the same. a | Family XVI. SQUATINIDA. | ANGEL SHARKS. | Ray-like sharks. Body depressed and flat, the snout obtuse, the: mouth anterior; teeth conical, pointed, distant; pectoral fins very large, expanded in the plane of the body, but not adherent to the side’ of the head, being deeply notched at the base; ventral fins very large; dorsal fins 2, small, subequal, on the tail behind the ventrals; no anal) fin; caudal small; gill-openings wide, partly inferior, partly hidden) by the base of the pectoral; spiracles wide, crescent-shaped behind: the eyes; nostrils on the front margin of the snout, with skinny flaps;: males with small prehensile appendages; vertebrae tectospondylous. A single genus among living forms, with but one species certainly known; a small shark of singular appearance, found in most warm) seas. In appearance, as in structure, this family is strictly interme-) diate between the sharks and the rays. Its nearest living allies are’ probably the Dalatiide. 32. SQUATINA Dumeril. ANGEL FISHES. Squatina DumEriL, Zool. Analyt., 1806, p. 102 (angelus=squatina). Rhina RA¥iNesque, Caratteri Aleuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 14 (squatina). Rhina Kix, in Avauste Dumérit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 464 (squatina). — Characters of the @enus included above. | | = No. 1324, ELASM OBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 641 _ (squatina, the ancient name, akin to the English words ‘‘ skate” and ‘‘squat.’’) 34- SQUATINA JAPONICA Bleeker. TEGAIZAME (CANOPY-SHARK); KASUZAME (CHAFF SHARK); KOROZAME. Squatina vulgaris SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 305, pl. cxxxv1; Nagasaki (not of Risso). Squatina japonica BureKer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo. Neerl., 1857, III, Japan, IV, p. 40; Nagasaki. Rhina squatina IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 61, Tokyo (not of Linnzeus). Head 5 in length; space between spiracles 14 in head; interorbital space, 24; eye 33 in interorbital space. Body broad, flattened, width of disk equal to one and five-eighths total length. Head very broad, flattened, its length a trifle more than two-thirds its width; snout very broad, short, obtuse, projecting | very slightly beyond mandible; eyes small, a little closer together than spiracles, directed upward; snout well separated from mouth below by a deep furrow; jaws with about three rows of sharp, pointed teeth, upper projecting slightly beyond mandible; lips rather broad, a flap at the corner of mouth; inferior margin of head with a narrow, thin flap; nostrils closer together than eyes, on edge of snout in front; ‘Interorbital space broad, concave, this concavity extending to poste- rior part of head. Spiracles less than eye, and about diameter of latter distant. Gill-openings very large, septa with broad dermal lamine crowded together before base of pectoral. Above rough, especially along edges of dorsal and caudal; down middle of back a series of small, sharp tubercles; a number of small tubercles over eye between nostrils above; lower surface of body per- fectly smooth, with exception of anterior borders of pectorals and ventrals and lower surface of tail. Dorsals small, of about equal size, first just behind tips of ventrals, second about midway between origin of first and origin of upper caudal lobe. Pectorals with length of base about one-half of length of anterior margin, the latter not equal to breadth of head; ventrals from their origin to tip behind, shorter than anterior edge of pectoral; caudal about half head; tail broad at first, then tapering, its width in front not equal to space between outer edges of spiracles. Color in alcohol gray-brown above, marked with very numerous, ‘small, dark spots, so that lighter color between forms a reticulated network; toward edges of fins spots become smaller and crowded; dorsals and caudal with a few, indistinct, dark spots; lower surface of body creamy; outer edges of pectorals, deep gray-brown, blackish posteriorly, also some brown spots about bases of former, on breast, throat, a large blotch before the vent, and two streaks down tail. 642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, a z : f This description is from specimens obtained at Kobe and Nagasaki, where it is abundant. Coasts of Japan, common southward. Duméril unites the Japanese species with the European Squatina aculeata, While Dr. Giinther unites both with Squatina squatina. The several species of this genus, if really distinct, have yet to be defined. Order'‘LV. BATOPDSEE THE RAYS. Gill-openings inferior, slit-like, 5 in number; spiracles present; no anal fin; dorsal fins, if present, inserted on the tail; body typically disk-like, broad, and flat, the margin of the disk being formed by the expanded pectorals; tail comparatively slender, the caudal fin small or wanting. Vertebra cyclospondylous. With the exception of the Rajide, most or all of the rays are ovoviviparous. (Baros, a ray; €70os, likeness.) a. Sarcura. ‘Tail comparatively thick, with 2 dorsals and a caudal fin; no serrated candal spine. b. Snout not saw-like. b c. Electric organs absent; skin not perfectly smooth. d. Species ovoyviviparous; young developed within body of parent; disk pass- ing gradually into long, stout tail; pectorals not extending to snout. Rurvopatips, XVII. dd. Species oviparous; eggs deposited in quadrangular, leathery egg cases, with a projection at each corner; disk abruptly contracted at base of tail; pectorals extending,to snout. i222 Aue ee eee eee Rasp”, X VILL. cc. Electric organs present; a structure composed of honeycomb-like tubes between pectoral fins and head; skin perfectly smooth.Narcopatip™, XIX. aa. Masricura. Tail comparatively slender; dorsal fin single or wanting; back of tail usually with a serrated spine. e. Pectoral fins uninterrupted, confluent around snout; teeth small. | DasyaTipm, XX. ee. Pectoral fins interrupted, one portion forming detached appendages on | the snout (‘‘cephalic fins’’). jf. Teeth very large, flat, tessallated, tew in number..Myniopatipm, X XI. — jf. Teeth numerous, very small, flat or tubercular; size of body enormous; cephalic fins conspicuous, resembling horns .----- Mosuuips, XXII. | Se | Family XVI. RHINOBATID. GUITAR-FISHES. Shark-like rays. Trunk gradually passing into the long and strong — tail, which 1s provided with 2 well-developed dorsal fins, a caudal fin . . . fi and a conspicuous dermal fold on each side; disk not very broad, the — Fs t rayed portion of the pectoral fins not being continued to the snout; no | conspicuous spines, the skin being nearly smooth, or with warty tuber- | w cles; no electric organs. Warm seas; distinguished from the Rajide ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 648 shiefly by the fact a the eggs are hatched within the Hod: “The First dorsal opposite to ventrals; caudal with lower lobe well developed. b Snout shortand rounded, not much longer than interorbital width... Rhina, 33. bb. Snout narrow, produced and pointed, its length much greater than interor- ee DUN TPeR RM a ee ee eee oe Rhynchobatus, 34. ;, First dorsal much behind ventrals; anterior nasal valves not confluent: disk sub- triangular or rhombic; snout more or less produced; skin covered with fine a shagreen, usually with somewhat larger spines on the back of tail. Rhinobatus, Shs 83. RHINA Bloch and Schneider. | Rhina Buocn and Scunerwer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 352 (ancyclostomus; not of Aristotle and Klein, who, before Linnzeus, used the name for Squatina). Rhamphobatis Grit, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 408 (ancyclostomus) . Body depressed, the snout very broad and obtuse, its length not auch greater than interorbital width, its anterior outline semicircular; pack with large tubercles. Pectoral fins with the anterior margin free, rot extending to the head. Gill-openings narrow, inferior, below the ase of the pectoral. Spiracles wide behind the eye. No nictitating nembr ane. Nostrils inferior; oblique, wide slits. Teeth, obtuse. ranular, the dental surfaces of the jaws undulate. First dorsal oppo- site Saale: lower caudal lobe well developed. (pivn, a shark.) 35. RHINA ANCYLOSTOMA Bloch and Schneider. Rhina ancylostomus Brocn and Scuneier, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 352, pl. uxxit; Coromandel.—RicHarpson, Ichth. Chin., 1846, p. 195; Canton, and of numer- 4, * ous authors. " Rhamphobatis ancyclostomus Gitu, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., , p. 408.— 5 Dumerr., Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 482 (after B ee f | Rhyncobatus ancyclostomus GintHER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 440; Madras, China, : Seychelles, Pinang.—Day, Fishes of British India, I, 1889, p. 41. ) Snout very broad, obtuse, with semicircular outline; ‘large, com- pressed tubercles form longitudinal ridges, one on each side of upper part of head, one on median line of trunk; an incomplete series of smaller tubercles round front margin of eye and below spiracle; two short series of small tubercles on each side of trunk may be regarded 4 continuations of those on head; teeth 77-75, twenty-two vertical tows in center of upper and twenty- -seven in center of lower jaw, sur- ace deeply undulated, with one large median and a smaller lateral alevation on the lower jaw, and vith corresponding emarginations in upper; the teeth are largest on summit of each elevation, and all are obtusely rounded with several longitudinal ridges across each. Color dull brown, lighter beneath; body and sometimes fins, covered with itish a oceasionally some tortuous black lines. (Giinther, day.) 644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xx . East Indies; a single specimen was obtained at Kinkwazan, an island: off Matsushima Bay, in September, 1900, by Professor Mitsukuri. 2 i (ayxvios, undulate; @7o“a, mouth.) | 34. RHYNCHOBATUS Muller and Henle. Rhynchobatus MULLER and HENuE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 111 (/evis.) ] . : | . This genus differs from /2A7na chiefly in the form of the snout, whieh is produced and pointed as usual in LAcnobatus. ‘The tuber cles on the back are arranged much as in Azra, but are very small. | (pvyyo os, snout: Batos, skate.) 36. RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS (Forskal). TONGARI (SHARP-POINTED RAY); KOTAINOZU; SAKATAZAME; KASUKA; SUKINOSAKI (PLOW-POINT); SAKAFUTE; SUKINOSAZAKI. Raja djiddensis ForsKkAu, Deser. Anim., II, 1775, p. 15, figs. 1, 2; Djidda, Red Sea. Rhynchobatus djeddensis GéNTHER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 441; Red Sea, Zanzi- bar, Seychelles, Sumatra, India. Rhinobatus levis Buocn and ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 354, pl. ux x1; Coro- mandel.—ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japenica, Poiss., 1850, p. 306, pl. cCXxxx1x; Nagasaki, in open sea. | Rhyncobatus levis DumERtL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 484; Malabar, Pondicherry. Rhyncobatus duhameli BLAINVILLE, Fauna Frangaise, 1828, p. 48 (after Duhamel). Snout elongated, distance between mouth and end of snout equals one-fourth to one-fifth of entire length, excluding caudal fin, shortest in adults; eyes rather large; teeth oval, wider than broad, with a hori- zontal cusp across center of each, 40— 42-40- 42, twenty to twenty-five vertical rows across the middle of jaws, and dental plate with a cen-+ tral, and a smaller lateral elevation; corresponding emarginations exist in upper jaw. Spiracle close behind eye. Scales minute, of irregulan shapes and sizes, keeled; a number of tubercles, directed backward, exist in rows in some parts of body; a supraorbital row extends from anterior margin of orbit round its upper edge to above spiracle; a second passes from a central point between termination of last two and proceeds along back to base of first dorsal, tubercles on it much farther apart than in other lines; from slightly behind beginning of dorsal line of spines, a short, diverging row on either side, also a row on shoulder, and two or three spines on scapula. Second dorsal begins opposite extremity of first dorsal; smaller than latter fin; its shape the same. Lateral keel begins a little above termination a ventrals. In color, immature specimens dull-gray above, whitish, sometimes tinged with red beneath; a dark or black band on the upper eyelid, anda dark spot beneath on either side of snout; also usually, but not invariably, a black spot at root of pectoral, which may have several small white ones around it; body, and sometimes pectoral fin, spotted - : J B24, ELASMOBRANCHIATE FIS -DAN AND FOWLER. 645 vith whitish, or light gray; iris peoldere adult ae a dull gray above nd lighter on abdomen: _ (Day). | East Indies, north to Japan; seen by Jordan and Snyder at Onomichi, Tiroshima, Tsuruga, and Hakata. _A large ray, measuring 4 feet. We have half of the head and a portion of the disk of a large exam- le from Tsuruga. There is a small black spot on each side of the nout at tip; two blackish spots over the eye, and another at base of yectoral, with a couple of light spots near it. (Named for Djidda in Arabia.) 35. RHINOBATUS Bloech and Sehneider. __ Rhinobatus Buocu and Scunemer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 353 (rhinobatus). _ Leiobatus Rarinesque, Caratteri Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 16 b (uondapaian Syrrhina MtéuuER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 113 (column). \ Glaucostegus BONAPARTE, Catologo Metodico, 1846, p. 14 (rhinobatus). | Body depressed, gradually passing into the tail. Cranial cartillage Meduiced into a iene rostral process, the space between the process and he pectoral fin being filled by membrane; spiracles wide, behind the »ye; nostrils oblique, wide; anterior valves not confluent; teeth obtuse, vith an indistinct, transverse ridge. Dorsal fins without spine; both ‘ar behind the ventral fins; caudal fin without lower lobe. Claspers lender and pointed. Species numerous in warm seas, varying con- Misrably as to the form of the snout; those with the snout shortened md the nasal valves broader, constituting the subgenus Le/obatus, Syrrhina), to which the Japanese species belong. - (pivn, a shark; fartos, a skate.) I Lerozatus. Anterior nasal valve continued toward median line. 6. Anterior nasal valve slightly continued toward median line by a short fold, far c from meeting its fellow of other side; snout produced; dorsal tubercles obso- | jete; color uniform brown; young with brown spots. ------------: schlegeli, 37. _ 5b. Anterior nasal valve continued toward median line, nearly meeting its fellow of other side; snout moderately produced; back with a median series of very small tubercles; back with dark rings. ------ Se me See polyophthalmus, 38. | 37. RHINOBATUS SCHLEGEL Miiller and Henle. SAKATAZAME (SKATE-SHARK). _ Rhinebatus schlegeli MitteR and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 123, pl. XLIt; Nagasaki.—ScuLeGceEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 207; Nagasaki.—RicHarp- son, Ichth., China, 1846, p. 95; Nagasaki.—BLreKer, Act. Sci. Neerl., III, 1857, Japan, p. 41.—Gitinruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 445; Japan, For- mosa.—DumeERIL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 497.—IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 30; Boshu.—Srempacuner, Reise Aurora, 1898, p. 225; Kobe. JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 337; Tokyo. _ Tip of snout to spiracle 4} in length; width of disk 33 in body; space setween spiracles 44 in space between tip of snout and spiracle; inter- 646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX! orbital space 34; with across pany e origin of ventrals 13; width of mouth 33; space between nostrils 7 in snout; eye 7. ‘ Body elongate and greatly depressed. Head and disk broadly) lar, long, narrow, its tip narrowly rounded; eyes rather small; mow small, below posterior margin of eye, almost straight across; tee small, pavement-like; nostrils large, each inclined obliquely towai space flat, a supraocular ridge at each side above eye. large, und very near posterior margin of eye. Gill-opening small. Body very finely roughened on upper surface, more or less smooth below, with a very obsolete trace of a median keel down back ¢ slightly enlarged denticles. Dorsals rather large, second only a trifle smaller than first; first dorsal ne arer sec ond ae origin of f ventral; ae cores nearer first st of eye cad origin ee corand eal ota broad, idee a length two in snout. Sides of tail each with a strong, lateral keel) below. - Color in alcohol, light brown above, below whitish; young speci- mens are marked with little bunches of blackish brown spots. Length, 274 inches. Described from a male specimen. Coasts of Japan; not uncommon. This species was seen at Tokyo, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Hakata, and Nagasaki. We have specimens from Hiroshima, Hakata, Nagasaki, and Wakanoura; also one from Tokyo, taken by K. Otaki. In this latter specimen, the lower surface of the snout is dark brown. | (Named for Professor Schlegel.) 38. RHINOBATUS POLYOPHTHALMUS Bleeker. Rhinobatus polyophthalmus BureKer, Nieuwe Nalezing, 1854, Japan, p. 1295 Nagasaki; Nat. Tyd. Ned., Ind., VI, 1854, p. 423; Act. Soc. Sci. Ind@ Neerl., II], 1857, Japan, LV, pl. ty, Rhinobatus column STEINDACHNER, Reise Aurora, 1898, p. 225; Kobe (not, Bonaparte). Head 44 in length; snout 64 in head; eye 5 in snout; width of disk 27 in its length. Snout acute, processes of rostrum not distinets nares more than their leneth, distant, continued below till narrowly separate; nasal flap fringed; lips without suleation above, continu- ous below; mouth scarcely undulated, remote from margin of dis Spiracle close to eye. Orbital ridge armed in front with some spine down center of back im front of first dorsal. Dorsals subequal scarcely emarginate, much higher than length of their bases, ant 0.1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 647 ppout double their length distant; peotor: ul broadly cous ay ventrals subrhomboid anteriorly, and obtusely rounded, acute behind: above, ae green, with oblong and rounded rings of olive-violet, fre- quently interrupted with numerous spots; holon , whitish. Nagasaki. (Bleeker.) Length, 312 mm. Coasts of Japan. This species was seen by the senior author at Wakanoura, Hiroshima, Hakata, and Nagasaki. It may be identical, as Duméril indicates, with 2. annulatus Smith, from the Cape of Good Hope, but this should not be admitted without comparison of specimens. According to Steindachner, it is the young of the East Andian RAsnobatus columne Bonaparte. | (zodvs, many; offadp0s, eye.) % | Family XVII. RAJIDAS. | ; SKATES. | Disk broad, rhombic, the skin more or less roughened with spines eg, with a longitudinal fold on each side; usually 2 dorsal fins and sometimes a caudal fin present, all on the tail; pectoral fins extending to the snout; ventrals large; no ser- rated spine on the tail; no electric organs. Oviparous, the eggs being laid in large, leathery egg cases, 4-angled, with 2 long, tubular ‘*horns” -ateach end. Found in all cool seas, some of the species in deep water. | or prickles; tail stout, rather long a. Caudal fin well developed; ventral fins separate; pectoral fins confluent around | Sy Geen ee eee eee Lily ei se le et owed. eee Discobatus, 36. aa. Caudal fin rudimentary or absent; pectorals not confluent around the snout; | Sei CC MbVMAOLCNeO. 06.2 = oo2c 28h tc cet ee os bcp ok ee seers se Raja, 37. 386. DISCOBATUS Garman. Platyrhina Méuter and HeEnte, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 125 (sinensis, name pre- occupied ). Discobatus GARMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 522 (sinensis). Disk rhombic, the snout rounded in front; tail very distinct, with a fold on either side, and with two dorsals and a well-developed caudal. Body rough, with spines above. Pectoral fins united in front, form- ing fore part of snout. Ventral fins separate. 39. DISCOBATUS SINENSIS (Bloch and Schneider). he UCHIWAZAME (FAN-FISH). Raie chinoise Lackrzpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, pp. 34, 157, pl. 1, fig. 2 (from a Chinese painting). Rhina sinensis Buocu and ScuneipeER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 352 (after Lacépede). Platyrhina sinensis Mitten and HeENiE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 125, pl. XL; Nagasaki (on a figure of Burger).—ScuirceL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 307 (no description).—Dumérit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 576; Cochin China.— GtnrTHeR, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 471; China, ( 4 5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI Snenty (2in ie sad; space between spiracles 1} in snout; space between nostrils ne in snout; eye 7 in snout. : Disk very broad, much broader than long. Head greatly flattened; snout confluent with pectorals; eyes small; mouth nearly straight, andl not quite as wide as space between outer margins of eyes; teeth | numerous, small, and flattened, or molar-like; roseuils large, oblique | | toward mouth, and either equal to space between; anbecsteniadl space flattened, even a trifle concave, and a supraoral ridge on each side, | somewhat broad; spiracles directly behind eye, and rather round and deep. Gill-openings small. Upper surface of body very rough with small prickles; a median — series of small bucklers from behind the head to first dorsal, and between the latter and second dorsal; several small bucklers over eye— in front, and over the spiracles; several bucklers on each side of the — body near the base of pectoral; lower surface of the body very finely roughened. Dorsals small and posterior on tail, alike in shape, and posterior a_ little larger; origin of first dorsal nearer that of ventrals than tip of ; caudal; second dorsal a short distance from first, its origin a little nearer tip of ventral than tip of caudal; pectorals very broad, and — with snout form a very blunt angle in front; space between ventrals— below greater than snout; caudal equal to snout and eye. Sides of tail below, with a fold on each side, running from ental to caudal. Yaudal peduncle very short. Color in alcohol muddy brown above, white below; bucklers over eyes, and spiracles, together with those on sides, and the first four of the median row, cream white. Length 202 ingles: This description frum an example taken at Hiroshima. Coasts of Japan and China; not rare. We have specimens obtained | at Wakanoura and Hiroshima. 1 * (sténensis, Chinese. ) : Se RIAA imimise tts: Raja Linn xvs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 231 (batis). ae Dipturus RaAFINESQuE, Caratteri Aleuni Generi, 1810, p. 16 (batis). i Platopterus RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, p. 93 (batis). : Dasybatus BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, p. 260 (communis). Propterygia Orro, Nova Acta Acad. Ozes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Curios, 1824, p. ie (hyposticta; monstrous example, with fins not adnate to head). . Leviraja Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, X XV, 1839, p. 180 (oxyrhynchus). oh Uraptera MiLLER Ba HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 155 (agassizi; species with- out caudal fin). ¥ Batis Bonaparte, Cat. Metod., 1846, p. 12 (radula; no description). 4 Malacorhinus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, 1881, p. 236 (plutonia; — species with imperfect rostral cartilage; probably recognizable as a valid genus when the species are better known). Raia various authors, change of spelling. 0.1324. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN A ND FOWLER. 649 I io I This genus, as here understood, comprises all those Raj/dee which ave the pectoral fins not continued around the snout, the ventrals leeply notched, and the caudal fin little developed, or wanting. The ail is very distinct from the disk, and is provided with 2-rayed dorsal ins. The skin of the body is usually more or less spinous; the denti- jon differs in the two sexes, and the male is usually provided with a lifferentiated patch of spines on each pectoral. Species numerous, nostly of the northern seas. (raja or raia, a ray, or skate.) », Snout not produced. _ 6. Dorsal fins united; a single row of spines on back of tail; everywhere rough- ! ened above; no spines on supraorbital ridge. ..--..--.--------- isotrachys, 40. | bb. Dorsal fins well separated; skin above mouth smooth. ce. Angle of disk posterior to middle of its length; several rows of spines on hack of tail (only 1 row in young); spines on supraorbital ridge. MLE CEeInesUMOWS eSIZC LALGC= 5-2-0550 s es aeons ee ei scie sees fusca, 41. ieeethninedl rows» size moderate. -2..-cs-55022.5-2------ meerdervoorti, 42. bb. Angle of disk about opposite center of its length, and its anterior margin | broadly convex; 5 irregular rows of spines on back of tail; teeth in 45 rows. | kenojei, 43. 1a. Snout very long, produced, tapering to a narrow point; teeth in 88 rows. lengu, 44. 40. RAJA ISOTRACHYS Gunther. Raja isotrachys GéNTHER, Deep Sea Fishes, Challenger, 1887, p. 7, pl. 11; south of Japan. Snout rather produced, anterior margins meeting at nearly a right angle; distance between outer margins of nostrils equals their distance from end of snout; teeth small, each with a point directed backward toward interior of buccal cavity. Body and tail entirely covered on upper surface with minute asperities, each with a stellate base; no spines on superciliary margin; a single small spine in middle of back; a series of rather strong spines (eighteen) along the median line of tail, none on sides. Outer pectoral angle rounded, margins of fin would meet ata right angle. Upper parts uniform, brownish-gray; lower parts smooth, brownish-black. A female taken at Station 235 in 365 fathoms. (Giinther.) This species we only know from Giinther’s description. The plate represénts the dorsals as joined at base. South of Japan, in deep water; one female known, 224 inches long. (toos, equally; tTeayvs, rough.) 41. RAJA FUSCA Garman. Raja fusca GARMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 42; Japan. (Type. No. 26542, Mus. Comp. Zool.; taken from the eve case. ) a 9 7 Pez | Avery young specimen of some large skate, resembling Raja meer- dervoorti, taken from the egg case, 1s thus deseribed by Mr. Garman: _ Length, 4% inches; width, 2; length of pectorals, 13 inches. I Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—-02 44 i. 650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Disk three-fourths as long as wide. Snout moderately prominent. General out: line similar to that of Raja ocellata. Tail from vent equals the length of the disk including the ventrals; depressed, rather broad at the dorsals, behind which it — extends in a long point that probably is much reduced in comparative length in the adult. Teeth in 30 series. Eyes moderate; interorbital space nearly haif their distance from the end of the snout. Mouth broad, with a slight forward curve. space between always less than their distance from the margin of the disk. ‘They are more or less uniform in color like our adult male from Kobe. One from Tokyo is very dark, or soiled, below. 7 mouth is nearly straight. In a smaller specimen than any yet mentioned the spots and mar- blings above become more distinct, especially the two large spots at the ) base of the pectorals. However, there are still three rows of tubereles_ on the upper surface of the tail. - from the margin of the disk. The lower black spots on the pectoral above disappear, and the light spots at the base of the same fin vary from narrow-rimmed ocelli to deep blackish blotches. The tail is— seldom with more than a single median row of tubercles above. . Coasts of Japan, very abundant. Our specimens from Tokyo, Nagasaki, Kobe, Wakanoura, and Hakodate. It is possible that more than one species is included in our series. (Named for J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort, who collected for Dr. Bleeker.) 43. RAJA KENOJEI Miller and Henle. GANGI-EI (SEA-WALL RAY); KENOEI, KASUBE, SEBITA (FLAT- BA IGA-EI (SPINY RAY); RENTE-EI. ; Raja kenojei Méuter and Henig, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 149, pl. xiv«rr; Nagdl F saki.—ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 308; Nagasaki.—RIcHARDSON, © Ichth. Chin., 1846, p. 197; Canton.—B.LerKer, Act. Soe. Sci. Ind. Neerl.,” III, 1858, Japan, IV, p. 42; Japan, VI, 1859, p. 65.—Dumérin, Elasmo- branches, 1870, p. 557; Nagasaki.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 4635 Japan.—Nysrrom, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 51; Nagasaki.—Isar KAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 60; Tokyo.—JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus., 1900, p. 337. Raja japonica” Nysvrom, Kongl., Svensk: Vet. Ak. nes p. 52; Nagasaki. “Raja japonica is characterized thus by eon “Distance from middle of forehead between eyes to tip of snout less than half breadth of head at same point; distance between outer angles of nostrils somewhat » 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 658 — Interorbital space 1J in snout; width of mouth 2 Sian an of first Morsal, a little more than 4; caudal 2%; eye 3$ in arr bital space. Body rhomboid, very broad, width of the disk much ereater than its length. Head till, snout very little produced, though ending in a small point; anterior margin of disk full, slightly undulated, and eyes nearer to it than their space between; mouth large, slightly ‘undulate; teeth in about 45 rows in upper jaw, small, rounded; nos- trils very large, broadly separated, but not equal to width of mouth at its corners, with which it is also confluent; nasal flaps large, poste- ‘rior margin fringed; length of nostril to corner of mouth equal to two and one-half in space between latter and tip of snout; interorbital ‘space concave, though flattened in middle, and supraorbital ridges little elevated. Spiracles rather large, a little smaller than eye, oblique, directly posterior. Gill openings very small. . Body almost perfectly smooth, with exception of some roughness on snout, several small tubercles on supraoral ridges, one in center of back in front, and 5 irregular rows of thorns on back of tail. _ Dorsals separated, distance between about one-sixth base of first: second dorsal confluent with small caudal, only separation a deep notch, and equal to first dorsal in size; angle of pectoral would fall at about middle of length of disk; ventrals moderate. Color in spirits, brown above, whitish beneath; upper surface marked with small, blackish spots; at bases of pectorals, two large, blackish rings above, below which, though farther apart, also two indistinct, imperfect rings, and still posterior on last rays, a small, black spot; nine indistinct, blackish cross-bands on upper surface of tail; lower surface of body whitish, soiled with brown, pores with grayish borders. Length 17% inches. _ Coasts of Japan, rather common. We have specimens from Misaki, ‘Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Tsuruga, and Nagasaki. As this species is mature at about the length of the specimen described, the rays ** de taille enorme” noticed by Schlegel must belong to Raja tengu or some other species. In our young specimens the spots on the back form more or less distinct ocelli, and the mottlings above are distinct, fre- quently with a number of light spots. The lower surface is white, but the outer third of the pectorals broadly bordered with pale brown, which in the adult is paler. (keno-e7, the Japanese name. .) less than their distance from Fn of snout; snout somewhat rounded; mouth Ww ith 40 rows of teeth; interorbital space concave. A few small tubercles about eyes; rest of body smooth, except for a large tubercle behind eye and a row of larger or smaller ones along middle of back. Color dark brown, with larger and smailer yellowish spots. Described from a specimen 23 cm. long, taken at Nagasaki.” | 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol, 44. RAJA TENGU Jordan and Fowler, new species. TENGU-EI (LONG-NOSED RAY). Interorbital space 3 in snout; width of mouth 23; length of fi dorsal 44; caudal 6; eye 43 in interorbital space. | Body very broad, width of disk much greater than its length. He large; snout greatly produced, tapering to a sharp point; eyes sme rather far apart, though farther from margin of disk than this intery; mouth large, slightly curved or arched, with 38 rows of large tee th jaws; upper lip not free in middle; nostrils very large, broadly sey rated at corners of mouth, with which they are confluent, and with \ Fic. 8.—RaJA TENGU. large flap, the posterior margin of which is broadly fringed; spa between anterior part of nostril and corners of mouth 5, in spa between former and tip of snout; interorbital space broad, conea the supraoral ridges large, broad and convex. Spiracles smaller th eye, oblique, directly posterior. Gill-slits small. Snout roughened above; a number of small spines in front of ar over eye, several on back behind head; a single row of spines dow middle of tail above, a row on each side of same, and all rest of up surface perfectly smooth; lower surface of body, except ventrals an tail, roughened, especially on snout. First dorsal a little larger than second, from which it is well sepé ‘ated, intervening space equal to two-thirds length of second dor H * ; No. 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 655 second dorsal and caudal separated by a notch; angle of pectoral obtuse; ventrals small. Color in spirits brown, more or less finely mottled with lighter, and lower surface like upper; pores below blackish. Length 44 inches. Type No. 7138, Ichthyological collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum. Locality, Matsushima Bay. Cotypes are in U. 8S. National Museum, from station No. 3770. Matsushima, where they were dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer A/batross. The type is a young female, but is easily distinguished from other species by the elongate snout, which is, however, not so long as that of the adult; distance between eyes less than their distance from the margin of the disk; a pair of stout spines in front of each eye, a single one behind each, and a single one on the middle of the back, in front; middle of the tail with a single row aboye, and all the rest of the body, both above and below, smooth. Color more or less deeper brown above, marbled with darker; below, brownish; the pores on the under surface of the head, bordered with blackish. Length 8} inches. Coasts of Japan, especially northward; rather common. It was obtained at Aomori, Hakodate, and Matsushima. (Named from Zengu or Tegu, in Japanese mythology, a comical being with a very long nose, which he is fabled to thrust into the busi- ness of other people.) Family XIX. NARCOBATID. ELECTRIC RAYS. Trunk broad and thick, covered with perfectly smooth skin. Tail comparatively short and thick, with rayed caudal] fin, and commonly 2 rayed dorsal fins, the first of which is over or behind the ventrals; a longitudinal fold on each side of the tail; anterior or nasal valves con- fluent into a quadrangular lobe; a large electric organ, composed of many hexagonal tubes between the pectoral fins and the head. Rays of moderate or large size, noted for their power of giving electric shocks; found in most warm seas. According to Fritsch the torpedoes pass through three distinct phases of development—a shark-like, a ray-like, and finally a torpedo-like stage. The very young have long, external gills. a. Dorsal fin single; spiracles close behind eye; tail with a fold on each side. Astrape, 38. 38: ASTRAPE Muller and Henle. Astrape Miuter and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 130 (capensis). Dorsal fin single. Disk rounded, not emarginate in front; snout short, not keeled; spiracles with entire edges, near the eyes; mouth narrow, protractile, surrounded by a circular fold of skin, joined to the 656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI nasal valve by a cartilaginous frenum; teeth flattened, quadrangular, at base, not occupying the whole cleft of mouth. Skin smooth. (aotpazn, lightning.) 45. ASTRAPE JAPONICA Schlegel. SHIBIREI (SHOCKED RAY). Astrape japonica” SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850; p. 307, pl. cxi; Nagasaki. Astrape dipterygia Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 60; Tokyo, Sagami Bay, Ajiro in j Izu (probably not of Schneider) . | Disk round and equal to tail, which is broad, compressed, and taper- ’ ing. Head very small; snout short, equal to space between spiracles; eyes very small; 4 in space between spiracles; nostrils large, rather | close together, median flap only separated slightly by a thick frenum; mouth not very broad, about one-half width between spiracles, and - jaws with flattened pavement-like teeth; interorbital space nearly flat. Spiracles larger than eye, and with their edges elevated. Body perfectly smooth, but with many pores, especially along — outer portions of pectorals. First dorsal, when depressed, reaching base of caudal, and equal to half its length; length of base of ventral is equal to width of caudal at base; tail greatly depressed, broad, and along sides, a rather narrow, lateral fold. Color in alcohoi, brown above; caudal, dorsal, and middle of tail, deep brown; lower surface with greater portion soiled with pale brown, remaining portions whitish. Length, 7 inches. This description from a male from Wakanoura. a Coasts of Southern Japan, not common. Our single example is from Wakanoura. Family XX. DASYATID. STING RAYS. Disk usually more or less broad than long; the pectoral fins uninter- ruptedly confluent in front, forming the tip of the snout; tail variously formed, usually whiplike, sometimes short and stout, sometimes bear- ing a single dorsal or caudal fin, but never with two dorsals; usually one or more vertical folds of skin on tail, rarely a lateral fold. Tail generally armed with a large, sharp, retrorsely serrate spine on its upper surface toward the base; 2 or 3 spines occasionally present. Ventral fins not emarginate. Skin smooth, or variously prickly or spinous, roughest in the adult; no differentiated spines on the pectorals in the males, the sexes being similar. Mouth rather small; teeth “ Narcine timlei, a related species, is ascribed to Japan by Ginther, following Rich- ardson. There is no evidence that it has ever been taken in Japan. Perhaps Astrape has been mistaken for it. Fe Rp no. 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 657 small, paved, usually more or less pointed « or tabere ular ar. Nostr ils close together; nasal valves forming a rectangular flap, which is joined fo the upper jaw by a narrow frenum. Spiracles large, placed close behind the eyes. Skull not elevated, the eyes and spiracles superior. Species ovoviviparous. Found in most warm seas, some of them in the fresh waters of the northern parts of South America. The laree, jagged spine on the muscular tail is capable of inflicting a severe and even dangerous wound. a. UroLtopoin®. Tail stout, provided with a rayed caudal fin; no dorsal fin; disk roundish; caudal spine strong. -.--- See are ee rte ees vase Urolophus, 39. aa. DasyaTIn®. Tail slender, without caudal fin; pelvis without sword-shaped process. (Marine species. ) b. Tail whiplike, longer than disk, which is rhomboid, or roundish; caudal spine SSI) Uh eee MRE eee aertete oS Tl S2 Se SEs Bin nic on sk ee ee Dasyatis, 40. bb. Tail very short, shorter than the very broad, transversely rhombic disk; caudal spine weak, often wanting; no trace of dorsal fin........__-- Pteroplatea, 41. 39. UROLOPHUS Muller and Henle. Leiobatus® BuarnviuLE, Jour. Phys., LX XXIII, 1816, p. 262 (cruciatus; not Leiobatus, Rafinesque, 1810). Leiobatis BuAINVILLE, Faune Frangaise, 1828, p. 48 (no type named). Urolophus M@LLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 173 (aurantiacus=cruciatus) . Urotrygon Gitu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 173 (mundus). | Disk oval or rhombic, the length and breadth not very unequal; snout rounded or the tip exserted; skin smooth or more or less prickly. Tail rather short, little if any longer than the disk, muscular, provided with a distinct rayed caudal fin; no dorsal fin. Upper part of the tail with a strong, serrated spine. Warm seas. Sting rays of small size, the most vigorous and most dangerous of the group, mostly confined to tropical America. (ovpa, tail; Addos, crest.) 46. UROLOPHUS FUSCUS Garman. JUNORUI. Urolophus fuscus GARMAN, oie U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 41; East Coast of Japan (Type No. 7058, U. 8. Nat. Mus. ) Urolophus tullbergi Nysrrom, Kongl. ene Vet. Akad., 1887, p. 53; Nagasaki (Coll. Dr. W. Tullberg).—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p- 338; Tokyo. Disk round, angles of pectorals about opposite first two-fifths its length. Head small, snout produced only ina short point; anterior edge of disk broadly convex; eyes rather small, 5 in snout and 34 in interorbital space; nostrils large, confluent with mouth only separated in middle by a thick frenum; mouth small, 13 in interorbital space; @In the Riese BeAnCning: 1828, Blainville changes ‘‘batus’’ in this and all similar names to ‘“‘batis,’”’ thus Leiobatis, Aétobatis. In this form the name Li iobatis has pri- ority over Urolophus, but being not a new name, but a mere variant in spelling, it is _ perhaps not necessary to adopt it as the name of this genus. 4 2 658 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X jaws with flattened, pavement-like teeth; interorbital space conea supraocular ridges little elevated. Spiracles large, much greater tha than eye. Body perfectly smooth, with many pores. Base of ventral about equal to snout; caudal rather broad, rounded lower lobe beginning before upper, and width of fin 2% in snout; tai depressed, its width at base 2 in snout, armed with a strong, COMpTessec spine with serrate edges. | Color in alcohol, light brown above, pores with blackish borders caudal fin, a blotch below each eye and upper surface of tail blackish: lower surface whitish, except lower surface of tail, which is blac Is | edges of ventrals and of disk broadly edged with blackish or brownish: Leneth, 14% inches. This description from a female from Tokyo. Southern Japan, generally common. Our specimens are from Toky Kobe. Hiroshima, Hakata, and Wakanoura. (fuscus, brown, duswy.) 40. DASYATIS Rafinesque. STING_RAYS. Dasybatus KLEIN, missus, 1742 (pre-Linnzean ). | Dasyatis Rarrnesqur, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 16 (wus = pastinaca). | Urovis RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiol. Sicil., 1810, p. 61 (wus). Trigonobatus BLAINVILLE, Jour. Phys., 1816, p. 261 (vulgaris). Trygon ADANSON, in Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 136 (pastinaca). Hemitrygon MGLLER and HeniE, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, p. 90 (bennetti). Himantura MLLER and Henig, Wiegmann’s Archiv., 1837, p. 400 (warnak). Pastinaca Swainson, Classn. Anim., 1839, p. 319 (olivacea). Anacanthus EHRENBERG, in Swainson, Classn. Anim., 1839, p. 319 (orbicularis Pastinaca Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 1842, p. 373 (pastinaca). Dasibatis GARMAN, in Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 65 (pastinaca; ed rected orthography ). Disk oval, flat, with rounded angles. Tail very long and slender, whip-like, without fin, but often with 1 or 2 vertical, membranous folds; a strong serrated spine toward the base of the tail. Skin mol or less spinous or prickly, rarely smooth. Teeth small, paved; few papille usually present in the mouth behind the lower jay Species about 30. Sting rays of large size, abundant in warm seé Many of the spinous species are nearly or quite smooth when young becoming rough with age. Some of the species are yet imperfee known and much of the synonymy is uncertain. (Saous, shagey or rough; faris, a skate; abbreviated from Da batis.) a. Dasyaris: Tail with cutaneous folds. b. Snout not long and produced. i ea No. 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 659 c. Twoappendages at bottom of mouth inside; tail } larger than disk; under side Gicimertayemirnout redwanelites = <2 yk ed sh eel ee see kuhlii, 47. ce. Three appendages at bottom of mouth inside; under side, pale orange red in i Re eS te a aaa tes bo bos eee e wee akajei, 48. bb. Snout long and produced, so that greatest width of disk would be about Ooppo- eu MUeTe teSNenethys. 4 2 22. 22 see ok 2c sae leauge, 49. aa. Himantura: Tail without cutaneous folds; three times length of disk. gerrardi, 50. 47- DASYATIS KUHLII (Miiller and Henle). Trygon kuhli Méuver and HEnte, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 164, pl. cr; Vanicoro, New Guinea (drawing from a specimen from Nagasaki).—Scnutece., Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 308; Nagasaki.—BLrrKer, Verh. Bat. Gen. Plag., XXIV, 1852, p. 73.—DumeriL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 603; Amboina, Java, Vani- coro, New Guinea.—GitinrueEr, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 479; Zanzibar. The margins of snout form an obtuse angle; only two appendages at bottom of mouth, behind teeth. Body entirely smooth, or with a series of spines, pointing backward along the median line of back to caudal spine. Tail with a distinct cutaneous fold above and below, about one-half larger than disk. Coasts of Japan and southward, not common, readily known from D. akajet by the grayish, not reddish, coloration of the lower side. Our specimens from Hakodate, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Ono- michi, and Hiroshima. (Named for the naturalist, M. Kuhl.) 48. DASYATIS AKAJEI (Miller and Henle). AKA-EI (RED SKATE). Trygon akajei MGLLER and Hen eg, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 165, pl. Lim, Nagasaki.— ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 308; Nagasaki.—BLreEKeEr, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo.-Neerl., III, 1857, Japan, IV, p. 44.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 604; Nagasaki. Disk broadly oval; widest part about second fifth of its length. Head moderate, snout produced into a short, though very blunt point, and anterior edge of disk very broadly convex; eyes small, elevated a little, and 5 in interorbital space; nostrils large, confluent except for the thick, cartilaginous frenum; mouth small, more than one-half snout; teeth flattened, pavement-like; lower lip with narrow folds; interorbital space broad, flat. Spiracles not quite twice eye. Body smooth, except a patch of asperities between and posterior to each eye, and a median series on back, developing posteriorly, into large thorny spines to caudal spine; end of tail rough; rest of body perfectly smooth. Base of ventral less than interorbital space; tail much larger than disk, tapering rapidly till very slender, its width at base more than half interorbital space; spine on upper part of tail inserted a little before first third of its length, longer than snout, and serrate on both 660 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X edges on outer half; a small keel on tail above, behind spine, and long one runs along lower surface. Color in alcohol dark, dusky brown above, becoming lighter outer and marginal portions of disk; lower surface of body a creat white; a creamy buff bar in front of and below eye, also another abo spiracles, above and at corners; sides of tail whitish, also edges claspers. The belly is more or less bright orange red in life. Length, 27% inches. Here described from an adult male from Tokyo. Young specimens are perfectly smooth above, without any asperit or thorns, the colors more pronounced, the outer half of the tail blaek and the lower surface of the body more or less tinged with creamy light buff. Fig. 9.—DASYATIS AKAJEI. Coasts of Japan, very common southward in sandy bays. Our spe¢ mens from Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Hir shima, Tsuruga, Hakata, Kawatana, and Nagasaki. (aka-c7, ved skate, in Japanese.) 49. DASYATIS ZUGEI (Muller and Henle). ZUG-EI. Trygon zugei MéLLER and HENtE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 165, pl. L111; Nagasaki, SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 309; Nagasaki.—Cantor, Malayan Fishe 1850, p. 426.—Bierker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, Plagiost., p. @ Macao, Pondicherry.—DumériL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 606.—GitnTHE Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 481; Japan, Pinang, Madras. Disk as deep as broad; its greatest width about opposite middle | its length. Head large, with produced, pointed snout; snout abo .184. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 661 92 in disk, and anterior margins of disk, concave: eyes very small, slightly elevated, and about equal to 54 in interorbital space; nos- trils large, confluent, except for thick cartilaginous frenum, and with edges of flap fringed; mouth small, about 14 in space between nostrils, and 4% in snout; teeth in somewhat roughened, pavement- like patches in jaws; interorbital space concave in middle, elevated a little on both sides, and equal to 3 in snout. Spiracles very large, rounded, and equal to 2} eye diameters. Gill-openings moderately small. Body entirely smooth, with exception of upper surface of tail behind spine, where it is roughened. - Base of ventral about 12 in interorbital space; tail very lone and slender, greatly exceeding leneth of disk; width of tail at base, 24 in interorbital space; spines on upper pari of tail, less than interorbital space, sharp, slender, serrate on both of outer edges, and inserted about first fifth the leneth of tail; rather low keels on tail, one above short, and behind spine, the lower much longer. _ Color in alcohol, brown above, more or less uniform, and below, whitish. Length, 293 inches. This description from a specimen from Kobe. In a young specimen, with two caudal spines, the eyes are larger, the fail is smooth and with keels long, and the color darker above, and more or less mottled indistinctly. Coasts of Japan and southward, known by the long snout. Our specimens from Tokyo, Kobe, Wakanoura, Onomichi, and Hiroshima. (eug-e, the Japanese name.) 50. DASYATIS GERRARDI (Gray). -Trygon gerrardi Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 116; India.—Gtnrner, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 474; Japan, East Indies. Trygon macrurus BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, Plag., p. 74; Java, Sumatra.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 588 (after Bleeker). Disk broader than long. Snout rather obtuse, margins forming an obtuse angle. One or more large tubercles in center of back, round which, or in front of which, generally smaller tubercles are grouped, forming a small patch or short band, and not extending beyond central portion of disk. Tail without cutaneous fold, exceedingly Jong and slender, about thrice as long as disk, without tubercles at base. Color brown, with round, yellowish spots, limited to posterior parts in young examples, which have tail ornamented with alternate brown and yellow rings. (Giinther.) India, East Indies, and a half-grown specimen recorded from Japan by Dr. Giinther. We have seen no Japanese specimens. A related * ; 662 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVL species D. nudus (Giinther), known by the smooth skin, is listed by Bleeker as from Japan, but no locality is given. Duméril finds 2 buceal papillee. (Named for M. Gerrard.) 41. PTEROPLATEA Muller and Henle. Pteroplatea MéLLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 168 (altavela). Disk much broader than long, its anterior margins meeting ina very obtuse angle, its outer angles more or less acute, the form, therefore, transversely rhombic. Tail very short and slender, shorter than the disk, without fin, armed with a very small, serrated spine, which is often wanting. Skin smooth, or very nearly so. Size rather large. Warm seas. The species are closely related.- (zTEpor, fin: wAatus, broad; an ancient name of Pteroplatea alta- veld.) 51. PTEROPLATEA JAPONICA (Schlegel). TSUBAKUROEI (SWALLOW RAY); YOKOSAEI (CROSS-WISE RAY). Pteroplatea japonica SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 309, pl. cx 1; Nagasaki.—BLerKker, Act. Soe. Sci. Indo. Neerl., III, 1857, Japan, IV, p. 45.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 614. Dasyatis micrura var. japonicus Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 122; Japan, Canton. Pteroplatea hirundo, Isu1kawa, Prel. Cat. 1897, p. 60; Tokyo, Boshu; (not of Lowe). Disk very broad, its length only a little more than half its width; its greatest width would fall about opposite last fourth of its length. Head very broad, and flattened; snout only a small, blunt point, and its length equal to two-thirds interorbital space; anterior margin of disk broadly convex; eyes small, somewhat elevated, 7 in inter- orbital space; nostrils large, well separated, with large flaps; mouth moderate, equa! to its length from tip of snout, undulate; teeth in broad, pavement-like patches in jaws; interorbital space very broad, flattened. Spiracles directly behind eye, much larger than the same. Gill-openings moderate. Body entirely smooth. Base of ventral 1 in interorbital space; tail very small, short, its length about twice interorbital width; a small, weak spine on upper surface of tail at its first third. Color in alcohol, olivaceous brown above, marked with very fine, numerous, darker punctuations, tail whitish with eight dark rings about as broad as interspaces; lower surface of body whitish. Length, 94 inches. Here described from a female from Wakanoura. Coasts of Japan, rather common. It was taken at Tokyo, Waka- noura, Hiroshima, Hakata, Kawatana, and Nagasaki, - 24. EHLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 663 Sn aa < Family XXI. MYLIOBATIDZ. EAGLE RAYS. isk broad; the pectoral fins not continued to the end of the snout, ceasing on the sides of the head and reappearing in front of the ut as 1 or 2 fleshy protuberances (cephalic fins), which are sup- ted by fin rays. Tail very long and slender, whip like, with a zle dorsal fin near its root, behind which is usually a strong, rorsely serrated spine. Nasal valves forming a rectangular flap, hb the posterior margin free, attached by a frenum to the upper rf. Skull less depressed than usual among rays, its surface raised that the eyes and spiracles are lateral in position. Teeth hexangu- large, flat tessellated, the middle ones usually broader than the ers. Ovoviviparous. Skin smooth; no differentiated spines on pectorals in the males, the sexes being similar. Ventrals not arginate. Large sting rays; inhabiting warm seas, feeding chiefly mollusks, which they crush with their large, grinding teeth. 2 Teeth in several series, the middle series very broad. SPUN ZZLCTONI Ie Perea ae emt: shy (rae 20% Pays eho ew islaisre ones tases Myliobatis, 42 42. MYLIOBATIS Dumeéril. | ! | Myliobatis DumEriL in Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., I, 1817, p. 137 (aquila). Holorhinus Giri, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331 (vespertilio=californicus). Disk broad, the outer angles acute. Cephalic fins, forming a soft, Wex appendage in front of snout. Jaws about equal. Median th very broad, much broader than long in the adult, proportionally rrower in the young. Several series of narrower teeth on each side the median series; teeth changing considerably with age. Free re of the nasal valve not deeply emarginate. Tail very long and nder, with a small dorsal fin, and one or more serrated spines. in smooth, or nearly so. Size large. In all warm seas. vos, grinder; Paris, ray.) icienwO-lmrasgasilonosas DrOAd .. 0.22.2). oct hec beste creases wes tobijei, 52. Prkeuilcaracunrontmas lone =o. 325 2 oy 22 ashe t te one Shes nieuhofi, 53. 52. MYLIOBATIS TOBIJEI Bleeker. TOBI-EI (KITE RAY, OR FLYING RAY). Myliobatis aquila ScuirceL, Fauna Japonica, 1847, p. 310, pl. exuu; Nagasaki (not of Linnzeus). Myhobatis tobijei BuerKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, Nieuwe Nalez. Japan, p. 130, Nagasaki.—Dumérit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 640 (after Bleeker). Myhobatis cornuta Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 490; Japan.—Isuikawa, Prel. Cat 1897, p. 60, Matsushima. Head 3 in body (from tip of snout to base of ventrals behind); snout n head, eye 6 1n interorbital space; spiracles 24; w idth of mouth 24. 664 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xvi a — Disk very broad, length of body from tip of snout to tip of ventral . little more than 1$ in its greatest width. Head thick, depressed and ene above; nour flexible, inferior, flattened, and rounded; eyes small, lateral, at some distance in advance of spiracles; nostrils large, rather close together, separated by thick, cartilaginous and fleshy frenum, which is coarsely papillose or warty; lips and nasal flaps very thick and fleshy; teeth in pavement-like plates; interorbital space broad, fontanelle hollow in middle, and on each side of this little elevated and flattened. Spiracles large, oblique. Gill-openings moderate. Body smooth. Dorsal fin small, its base a little less than length of spiracle, inserted behind ventrals; caudal very long, filamentous; upper surface of tail with a compressed, pointed spine with serrated edges a little less in length than space between spiracles; ventrals long and free, bases rather narrow. Color in alcohol, dusky brown above, with many rather large, whitish spots, distinct posteriorly; lower surface chalky white; tail blackish. - Total length, 545 inches; without tail, about 10 inches. Description from a male taken at Tokyo. Coasts of southern Japan, not uncommon. Our specimens from Hakodate, Tokyo, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata, and Nagasaki. Some of these have the dermal thickening, or horn, over the eye, said to characterize J/. cornuta, and others are without it. This is evidently nota specific character. (tobi-ev, Flying Ray in Japanese.) 53. MYLIOBATIS NIEUHOFI (Bloch and Schneider). Raja nieuhofii BLocn and ScHNErDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 364; Indian Sea (after Zee-Vleermuis of Nieuhof, in Willughby, Appendix, p. 6, pl. x, fig. 3). Myliobatis nieuhofii Cuvier, Régne Anim., Ist ed., 1817, p. 138.—Mituoee and Herne, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 177.—DumériL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 638; Pondicherry.—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 491; Pinang, Moluccas, Japan. Raja fasciata Suaw, Gen. Zool., III, 1804, p. 286, pl. cx (after Schneider). Body smooth, disk about twice as broad as long. Fleshy prolonga- tion of snout, short; no horn on orbit. Dorsal situated at beginning of base of tail, opposite end of insertion of ventrals, no spines poste- rior to it; tail about three times as long as disk. Color, olive superi- orly, tinged externally with a reddish hue, and a dark, outer margin to disk; young have about seven blue bands across disk and two more between or close to eyes; as fish creases in size first bands on head disappear, and finally those on body. (Gunther, Day.) | Indian Ocean and archipelago; a half-grown specimen in the British | % a ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. _ 665 Museum, said to be from Japan (coll. een The r ree cord i is very loubtful, but the species, if occurring in Japan, may be recognized py the anterior position of the dorsal fin, nearly over the root of the ventrals and by the very broad disk. It was not seen by us. (Named for Dr. Jean Nieuhof, of Batavia, died in 1671, once gover- 1,0r of Ceylon, author of Voyages par mer et par terre a differens jeux des Indes Orientales, with 20 plates of fishes. Family XXII. MOBULIDE. SEA DEVILS. Rays of enormous size, with the disk broader than long, and the yectoral fins not continued on the sides of the head, the anterior or cephalic portion being separate, developed as 2 long horn-like or sar-like appendages. Mouth wide, terminal or inferior. Teeth very small, flat or tubercular, in many series; those of the upper jaw some- imes wanting. Eyes lateral. Nostrils widely separated, their valves inited, forming a flap as wide as the cleft of the mouth. Tail long ind adr, Ww hip- like, with a single dorsal fin at its base, and with or without a serrated spine. Vent “al fins not emarginate. Skin more or less rough. Males without differentiated spines on the pectorals, the sexes similar. Ovoviviparous. Largest of all rays and among the largest of all fishes; the species few, found in the tropical seas. 1. Teeth in both jaws; mouth UGUIEY AIG 5 es ey cat AR a Se SN a er I ee Mobula, 43 43. MOBULA “© Rafinesque. Mobula Ravinesque, Indice @’Ittiol. Sicil., 1810, p. 61 (auriculata=edentula). Apterurus Rarinesque, Indice d’Ittiol. Eicill, 1810, p. 62 ( fabroni=edentulus). Cephalopterus Dumérit, in Risso Ichthyol., Nice, 1810, p. 14 (giorna=edentula; not of Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809, a genus of birds). Dicerobatus BLAINVILLE, Jour. de Phys., 1816, p. 262 (mobular=edentula). Cephaloptera (Duméril) Cuvrer, Régne Animal, Ist ed., IT, 1817, p. 138 (giorna). | Pterocephala Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 1839, p. 321 (giorna). Head free from pectoral fin, truncated in front, with the cephalic fin on each side developed as a straight, horn-like appendage, pointing forward. Nostrils widely separated. Mouth inferior, wide. Teeth fe both jaws very small, flat, or tubercular, in many series. Tail very slender, with a dorsal fin between the ventrals; the serrated spine Mont or absent. Species about 5, in tropical seas, reaching an enormous size and therefore not well known. | (Mobular is a name said to be used for the European species, Jobula edentula (Briinnich), ‘le diable des aes ” in the rOres) «The name Aodon, accepted for mis genus by Jordan and Ev ermann, was origi- nally based on a shark of the Red Sea, Aodon massasa, said to have microscopic, serrated teeth, and very large pectoral fins. It may belong to the Scylorhinide. | Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 45 666 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 54. MOBULA JAPONICA (Miiller and Henle). ITOMAKI-EI (SPOOL RAY). Cephaloptera japonica Méiupr and HeEnuE, Plagiostomen, 1836, p. 185; Na saki.—ScuHLEceL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 310; Nagasaki.—Dumern, E] mobranches, 1870, p. 659 (after Muller and Henle). Dicerobatis japonica Gténrugr, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 496 (after Miller Henle). Teeth very minute, obtuse tubercles, extending laterally to t angles of the mouth. Back rough. Tail nearly thrice as long Fic. 10.—MoBvuLA JAPONICA (from a foetus). body. On each side of tail, a series of small, white tuberel (Ginther, after Miller and Henle.) | Coasts of Japan, occasionally taken. A fetus, 224 inches long, W obtained by us from Kumakichi Aoki of Misaki. ‘Two mounted spe mens are in the museum at Hakodate, both from Voleano Bay. T largest Is 8 feet across, the tail about twice the length of disk, wh is a little more than twice as broad as long. i i no.1324. HULASMOBRANCHIAT. FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 667 I Subclass HOLOCEPHALI. CHIM ARAS. | Skeleton cartilaginous. Gull cavity with four clefts within, but hav- ,ing one external opening only, which is covered by a fold of skin. No spiracles. Mouth inferior. Jaws with teeth, confluent into bony ‘plates; upper jaw, palate, and hyomandibular, coalescent with the skull; intestine with a spiral valve. Pectoral fins normally developed, placed low; ventral fins abdominal, with claspers in the male; a cartilaginous hook, with a brush of teeth at the tip (frontal holder) on the forehead of the adult male. Derivative radii sessile on the sides of the basal bones of the limbs. Skin scaleless, its muciferous system well devel- oped. This group contains a single order, Chimeroidei, among exist- ing fishes; many extinct forms belong to it, and the group is perhaps not less ancient than that of the sharks. (OXos, solid; «edadn, head.) Order V. CHIMA=ROIDEI. CHIMAROIDS. Characters of the order, included above. The group includes three existing families, Rhinochimeeride (Bassalian), Chimeeridee, and Callo- rhynchide (Antarctic). The two families found in Japan are thus defined by Mr. Garman: a. Proboscis long and pointed; lateral canal system subtubular; notochord with rings; cerebral hemispheres distant from both olfactory and optic lobes. RHINOCHIM ©RIDH, X XII. aa. Proboscis absent; lateral canal system, sulcate; notochord with ring-like seg- ments; cerebral hemispheres fused with the olfactory lobes, and distant from HOVE Oh OVE MRO) Beis cs Ss aS eee Sed ee eee CHIM®RIDE, XXIV. Family XXII. RHINOCHIMARID A. Snout very long, with a cartilaginous midrib, and foliaceous lateral expansions of the skin at the base. Two dorsal fins, the anterior one with an immense triangular spine, finely serrated on its lateral edges. Tail very elongate, with filamentous tip. Frontal region in the adult male with a ‘‘frontal holder,” as in Chimera. Ventral claspers small and simple, gill-openings separated by a wide isthmus. Lateral canal system subtubular; notochord with rings; cerebral hemispheres dis- tant from both olfactory and optie lobes. Two genera—//arriotta in the deep waters below the Gulf Stream, and PAcnochimera in similar situations in Japan. //arriotta has teeth much like those of Chimera. Rhinochimera is the most primitive of existing Chime-roids, 668 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 44. RHINOCHIMAZRA Garman. Rhinochimera GARMAN, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1901, II, p. 75 (pacifica). Teeth without tritors or dental lamina, much like the horny covers of the jaws of tortoises or birds. Snout stronger and more compressed than in//arriotta. Japan, in deep seas. (piv, snout; yiuaipa, chimera.) 55. RHINOCHIMZRA PACIFICA (Mitsukuri). Harriotta pacifice, Mrrsuxuri, Zool. Mag., June, 1895, pl. xv1; Kurihama, near Misaki. 1 Rhinochimera pacifica GARMAN, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1901, p. 75 (specimen” bought in Japan). No detailed description of this species has yet been given. Mitsu kurt’s paper reads as follows: The reader’s attentioy is called to Plate XVI, giving the figures of individuals of the Chimeeroid group. The lower figure is copied, somewhat reduced, from the April number of the American Naturalist, and represents the new chimeroid Ha otla raleighana, which Messrs. Goode and Bean discovered among the collection made by the Albatross. Its habitat is said to be the coasts of Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, 707-1080 fathoms. The upper figure represents a chimieroid which has been for some years in the possession of the Zoological Museum of the Science College in the Imperial Univer- sity of Tokyo. Thespecimen (male) was bought in the Tokyo market and is marked as from Kurihama, province of Sagami. There can be no doubt that fishermen of that village caught it in the deep water (200 fathoms or more) contiguous to Misaki. Its unique characters had not been noted by us. Unfortunately, | am not yet in possession of the original description of Harrio raleighana by Messrs. Goode and Bean; but the short description, the extremely elongate muzzle, and the feeble claspers, as well as a comparison of the two figures, leave no doubt in my own mind that the individuals figured belong to the same genus There can be very little question that they belong to different species. (1) The general shape of the body, (2) the shape and size of the pectoral and ventral fins, (3) the point to which these fins reach when back, (4) the shape and disposition of the dorsal fins, (5) distribution of lateral-line sense system, all seem to point to the- specific distinction of Atlantic and Pacific specimens. The name of Harriotta pacifica will be appropriate to the Japanese species. 4 IT hope to return to the subject and to give fuller notes at no distant date. The occurrence of this interesting genus in both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans is, howeve ’ an interesting fact well worthy of being placed on record as speedily as possible. Of this species a few specimens have been obtained by Professor Mitsukuri in deep water off Misaki. These the senior author h examined, but has not minutely described. ‘amily XXIV. CHIMAIRID &. CHIM RAS. deeply notched. Nostrils confluent with the mouth, separated by a narrow isthmus; jaws with the teeth confluent into 4 bony lamine 4 - no.1324. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 669 (tritors) above and 2 below. No spir: eles P Aten als fred. pls aced low; _yentral fins abdominal, many rayed, provided i in the male with claspers, the male also with ‘ < frontal holders” on the forehead. Dorsal fin-usu- ally divided, anteriorly with a very strong spine, which is grooved behind; caudal fin low, fold-like. Skin naked, rarely, somewhat prickly. Lateral line present, usually with numerous branches ante- riorly, the canal system, sulcate. Notochord with ring-like segments. Cerebral hemispheres fused with the olfactory lobes, and distant from the optic lobes. (Garman.) Three free gills and 2 half gills, 1 on each side; isthmus moderate; gill-rakers small. Oviparous, the eg@ cases long, elliptical, with silky filaments. Fishes of singular appearance, found only in the seas of the cold regions. 45. CHIMA®RA Linnzeus. ELEPHANT FISHES Chimera Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 286 (monstrosa). Hydrolagus Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331 (colliei). Head somewhat compressed, the snout bluntish, protruding, fleshy, not armed at tip with an appendage. Eyes very large, lateral. Teeth rather strong. Lips thickish, the lower witha frenum. Lateral line simple on the body, but forking anteriorly, forming several series of mucous tubes on the head. Male with a club-shaped, cartilaginous hook on the head above the snout; this hook is curved forward and downward, and is armed at its tip with decurved spines, its tip fitting into a depression in front of the eyes; females without this appendage. Gill-opening small. Pectorals moderate; ventrals rather large, with large bifid or trifid claspers in the male, the form partly dependent on age or season; male also with rough appendages at the base of the ventrals, protruding from a sheath of skin. First dorsal triangular, preceded by a strong spine, which is grooved behind and serrated on its edges; second dorsal and caudal fins low, often more or less notched. Tail extending in the line of the axis of the body, often more or less produced ina filament at tip. Skinsmooth. Fuishesof singularappear- ance; mostly of the northern seas; not valued for food. (yivaipa, chimera, a fabulous monster, with the head of a lon, body of a goat, and tail of a serpent.) 56. CHIMAZRA PHANTASMA Jordan and Snyder. GINZAME (SILVER SHARK). Chimera monstrcsa SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 300, pl. exxxt; Nagasaki (not of Linnzeus). Chimera phantasma JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 338; Tokyo. Body very elongate, tapering from head into the long, filamentous tail. Head deep, oblong, its width about three-fifths its length, its 670 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. depth less than ieee Pact very deep. blunt, rounded, short, eyes oblong, large, high, a little anterior, their fences in head ined r ured from surrounding cartilages); hook on tip of head in front of — snout, depressible in sockets, and with its lower rounded extremity beneath, beset with many sharp spines, directed backward; mouth — small, inferior, with thick lips; teeth of 10 laminee in upper jaw, form- ing a serrate cutting edge in front, and posteriorly broad, oblique, molar-like teeth are found; in mandible, 16 lamin, forming a serrate cutting edge in front, laminz becoming broad posteriorly and with a_ concave space in front at symphysis; no broad, posterior, molar-tike — teeth on mandible, edges of jaws elevated and enameled; nostrils large, — close together, confluent with corners of mouth; space between eyes — narrow, less than their diameter. Gill-openings small, in front of and | ; below base of pectoral; isthmus broad, with a fold of skin across. First dorsal arising directly behind oan armed with a long, i compressed, pointed spine, much longer than fin, when depressed, 7 times length of pupil, triangular in cross section, keeled in front, with — a serrate edge, posterior edge, from its separation from the soft part of fin, grooved in middle, and with each of edges finely serrate; first dorsal is depressible ina deep groove; second dorsal long, even, of uni- form height to base of upper caudal lobe; upper caudal lobe not so high as second dorsal, shorter than lower lobe, sinking on fin anterior to it; pectorals very long, broad at base, Sana not eich tips of claspers; ventrals inserted behind tip of dorsal spine, broad, rounded, about equal to length of head; lateral line running around eye above — and below, over the top of head, joined behind eyes and along sides — superiorly. Color in aleohol, brown above, white below, and washed with sil-— very; fins with their outer portions blackish. Total length, 202 inches; without caudal filament, 192 inches. This description is from a male taken in Sagami Bay. It differs from two other specimens from the same locality, and from the original type, in having the anal and caudal lobe below, confluent, and forming a single fin. This species is not rare in rather deep water along the coast of — Japan. We have secured three specimens from Misaki, besides the — original type found by Mr. Otaki in the market of Tokyo (davraopa, x vision.) SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE. * In a recent letter (January, 1903) Dr. K. Kishinouye notes the dis- covery of the East Indian shark, Stegostoma tigrinum (Gmelin), on — the coast of Japan, near Tokyo. It belongs near the Hemiseyllindae, being remarkable for the very long tail, half the length. Body wit brown spots or bands. r 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 671 SUMMARY. Class ELASMOBRANCHII. Subclass SELACHII. Order I. Norrpant. Family I. Hexancuip®. 1. Heptranchias Ratinesque. 1. deani Jordan and Snyder; Aburazame; Misaki. Family Il. CHLAMYDOSELACHID®. 2. Chlamydoselachus Garman. 2. anguineus Garman; Rabuka, Kagurazame; Misaki. Order IT. AstrrospoNnDyLtI. Family III. Hereropontip®. 3. Heterodontus Blainville. 3. japonicus (Duméril); Misaki, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Hakata, Nagasaki. Family [V. ScyLiorHINIpD®. 4. Halelurus Gill. 4. burgeri (Miller and Henle); Nagasaki. 5. Cephaloscyllium Gill. 5. umbratile Jordan and Fowler; Nanukazame, Oseibuka; Nagasaki. Family V. Hemiscy.uiip». 6. Chiloscyllium Miller and Henle. 6. indicum (Gmelin); Keerun in Formosa. 7. Orectolobus Bonaparte. ~I . barbatus (Gmelin); Nagasaki, Hakata. 7a. Stegostoma Muller and Henle. 7a. Tigrinum (Gmelin); not seen. Family VI. CarcHarips. 8. Mustelus Cuvier. 8. manazo Bleeker; Hoshizame; Hakodate, Aomori, Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki, Kobe, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata. 9. Triakis Miller and Henle. 9. scyllium Miller and Henle; Korozame; Tokyo, Tsuruga, Onomichi, Hakata. 10. Galeus Rafinesque ( Galeorhinus Blainville) . 10. japonicus (Miller and Henle); Yerakufuka; Nagasaki, Onomichi, Hiroshima. 11. Galeocerdo Miller and Henle. ll. tigrinus Miller and Henle; Nagasaki. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 13. 14. 15. 16. 18. 19. 21. 23. 24. 25. 12. Prionace Cantor. . glauca Linnzeus; Misaki. 13. Carcharias Rafinesque ( Carcharhinus Blainville). japonicus (Schlegel) ; Mejiro, Wanizame; Hakodate, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kawa- tana, Nagasaki. 14. Scoliodon Miller and Henle. laticaudus (Miller and Henle); not seen, acutus (Riippell); not seen. walbeehmi (Bleeker); Nagasaki, Kawatana. Family VII. Spoyrnip#. 15. Sphyrna Ratinesque. . zygeena (Linnzeus); Shimokuzame, Kasebuzame; Misaki, Wakanoura, Nagasaki, Family VIII. ALoprmpa. 16. Alopias Rafinesque. vulpes (Gmelin); Onogazame, Nadebuka, Nezwmezame; Tokyo, Yokohama Nagasaki. Family IX. Mirsukurinip®. 17. Mitsukurina Jordan. owstoni Jordan; Misaki. | Family X. LamMnip&. 18. Isuropsis Gill. . glauca (Miller and Henle); Aozame, Morozame; Matsushima, Nagasaki. 19. Lamna Cuvier. cornubica (Gmelin); not seen. 20. Carcharodon A. Smith. . carcharias (Linneeus); Misaki. Family XI. CrrorHInip®. 21. Cetorhinus Blainville. maximus (Gunner); Ubazame, Tenguzame, Bakazame, Zozame; not seen, but reported on good authority. Family XII. RaiNnEopontTip&. 22. Rhineodon A. Smith. typicus Smith (pentalineatus Kishinouye); not seen. Order III. TrcrosponDy Lt. Family XIII. SquaLip». 23. Squalus Linnzeus. mitsukurii Jordan and Snyder; Aomori, Misaki, Awa, Kagorhima, Boshu. 1324. HDLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 673 24. Lepidorhinus Bonaparte ? 26. foliaceus (Giinther); Misaki. aN 25. Deania Jordan and Snyder. 27. eglantina Jordan and Snyder; Totomi Bay. : 26. Zameus Jordan and Fowler. 28. squamulosus (Ginther); Misaki. 27. Etmopterus Rafinesque. 29. lucifer Jordan and Snyder; Bozuzame; Misaki. 28. Centroscyllium Muller and Henle. 30. ritteri Jordan and Fowler; Misaki. Family XIV. Davarinp». 29. Dalatias Rafinesque. 31. licha (Bonnaterre); Yoroizame; Misaki. 30. Somniosus Le Sueur. 32. microcephalus (Bloch and Schneider); Tokyo. Family XV. PristiopHoRID®. 31. Pristiophorus Miller and Henle. 33. japonicus Gunther; Nokogirizame, Hokobuka, Daigirizame, Aomori, Nagasaki. Family XVI. SQquaTINID#. 32. Squatina Dumeéril. 34. japonica Bleeker; Tengaizame, Kasuzame, Korozame; Nagasaki, Kobe. Order ITV. Barorpet. Family XVII. RarNopatip®. 33. Rhina Bloch and Schneider. 35. ancyclostomus Bloch and Schneider; Kinkwazan, Matsushima Bay. 34. Rhynchobatus Miller and Henle. 36. djiddensis (Forskal); Tongari, Kotainozu, Kasuka, Shinosaki, Sakafute; Onomi- chi, Hiroshima, Hakata, Tsuruga. 35. Rhinobatus Bloch and Schneider. 37. schlegeli Miller and Henle; Sakatazame; Tokyo, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Hakata, Nagasaki. 38. polyophthalmus Bleeker; Wakanoura, Hiroshima, Hakata, Nagasaki. Family XVIII. Rasim». 36. Discobatus Garman. 39. sinensis (Bloch and Schneider); Uchiwazame; Hiroshima, Wakanoura. TS 674 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 37. Raja Linneeus. 40. isotrachys Ginther; not seen. 41. fusea Garman; not seen. 42. meerdervoorti Bleeker; Sebita; Tokyo, Nagasaki, Kobe, Wakanoura, Hakodate. 43. kenojei Schlegel; Kenoei, Gengiei, Kasube, Igaéi, Rentiei; Misaki, Tokyo, Wake noura, Kobe, Tsuruga, Nagasaki. 44. tengu Jordan and Fowler; Tenguei; Aomori, Hakodate, Matsushima. Family XIX. Narcospatip®. 38. Astrape Miiller and Henle. 45. japonica Schlegel; Shibireei; Wakanoura. Family XX. Dasyatip®. 39. Urolophus Muller and Henle. 46. fuscus Garman; Junoruei; Tokyo, Kobe, Hiroshima, Hakata, Wakanoura. 40. Dasyatis Ratinesque. | 47. kuhlii (Miller and Henle); Tokyo, Misaki, Hakodate, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Hiroshima. 48. akajei (Muller and Henle); Akaéi; Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakano Onomichi, Hiroshima, Tsuruga, Hakata, Kawatana, Nagasaki. 49. zugei (Muller and Henle); Zugei; Tokyo, Kobe, Wakanoura, Onomichi Hiroshima. 50. gerrardi (Gray); not seen. 41. Pteroplatea Muller and Henle. D1. japonica (Schlegel); Tsubakuraéi, Yokosaéi; Tokyo, Wakanoura, Hiroshima Hakata, Kawatana, Nagasaki. Family X XI. Myxropatrip®. 42. Myliobatis Duméril. 52. tobijei Bleeker; Tobiei; Hakodate, Tokyo, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata, Nagasaki. . 53. nieuhofi (Bloch and Schneider); not seen. Family X XII.. Mopunip®. 43. Mobula Rafinesque. D4. japonica (Miller and Henle); Jtomakiei; Misaki, Voleano Bay. Subclass HoLocepnatt. Order V. CHIMaROIDET. Family XXIII. Raryocnmrrim®. 44. Rhinochimera Garman. 5). pacifica (Mitsukuri); Kurihama, Misaki. Family XXIV. Camcerm». 45. Chimera Linneeus. 56. phantasma Jordan and Snyder; Ginzame; Sagami Bay, Tokyo. aw THE CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE ATLANTIC WALRUS. By Prerre A. FIsn, Of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Through the courtesy of the officials of the U. S. National Museum there were sent to me, for examination and description, two walrus brains obtained for that institution by R. Stein at North Greenland, August 10, 1901. The specimens had been preserved in a fluid of which formaldehyde was apparently a constituent. In both brains the cerebellum had been removed by a sectica through the brain stem at the level of the junction of the optic thalami with the mesencephal, so that in the process of removal the epiphysis (pineal body) remained attached to the cerebellar portion; the two hemicerebrums were then divided by a median section. The two brains differed quite markedly in size, the one being but slightly more than half as large as the other. The smaller of the two brains had suffered quite material mutilation during its removal from the cranium, a considerable portion of the brain substance having been lost from the right hemicerebrum. In the process of hardening all of the hemicerebrums had undergone considerable distortion. The mesal surface in each case, instead of being relatively flat, was very dis- tinctly convex in its cephalo-caudal direction, and on this account the gyres (convolutions) and fissures of the lateral aspect were closely crowded together, rendering the study of these parts more difficult. On this account, also, it was decided not to photograph the brains, as the relationship of the parts would be misleading and tend to cause error and confusion to the observer. The figures which illustrate this article were sketched free-hand, the parts at the same time being manipulated so as to bring them as nearly as possible to their normal relations. By carefully verifying each part on the brain itself as the drawing progressed, it is believed the figures may be accepted as representing with approximate accuracy the normal relationship of the more important parts. Weight.—Turner“ gives the weights of three walrus brains ** after «Challenger Reports, Zoology, XX V1, 1888, pp. 89-154. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum. VoL. XXVI—No. 1325. 675 676 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. the removal of Aen me ambenen and hardening in spirit.” weighed 24 ounces 7 drams avoirdupois; B 133 ounces, and C 26 ounces. In the specimens examined by me only the larger of the two. brains was weighed, all of the membranes having been removed from | the cerebrum, but not from the cerebellum and the brain stem adja-- cent to it, the pia and arachnoid still adhering. The total weight of { the brain under these conditions was 29 ounces avoirdupois. The> weight of the cerebrum without the pia was 22% ounces, leaving aj weight of 64 ounces for the cerebellum, oblongata, mesencephal, and | epiphysis, the latter having adhered to the eercoiae Turner has: called attention to the remarkable size and leaf-like or pyriform shape : of the epiphysis (pineal body) in the walrus, but does not mention its: weight. In my specimen it weighed 1 dram, 1 scruple, and 3 grains, , Q2 or a total of 83 grains. FISSURES AND GYRES. The olfactory fissure is scarcely represented; a slight, short depres- . sion at the attachment of the olfactory peduncle is all that can be found, The olfactory bulbs were missing, but the peduncles have about the. same size as those in Callorhinus and Monachus, and are relatively much smaller than in the bear. The rhinal fissure is well developed. The olfactory peduncle for: most of its length lies in this fissure. At the base of the peduncle the rhinal swerves obliquely in a caudo-lateral direction and is lost in the depths of the sylvian. It reaches a considerable depth under the presylvian lobe (sub-opereulum). The post rhinal is represented upon the ventral surface as a short! spur or outcrop of the submerged postica, resembling in this respect the condition found in Zalophus, Callorhinus, and Monachus. In Ursus and Phoca the post rhinal is a continuation of the rhinal caudad of the sylvian. Lateral aspect.— The sylvian points in the usual dorso-caudal direc- tion on the lateral surface. It is a straight fissure, and does not bifur- cate at its end. It measures 60 millimeters in length, and has a depth ranging from 20 to 30 millimeters. It is the deepest fissure of the brain, | extending to within 5 millimeters of the lateral ventricle (paraccele). On_ opening the sylvian fissure one sees a fissure, the presupersylvian, quite near the lateral surface of the hemicerebrum. The two fissures run nearly parallel with each other, but diverge dorsally where the presu- persylvian becomesan ordinary surface fissure. From three to six minor submerged fissures are found in the cephalic wall of the sylvian. These pass upward toward the surface, and some have a superficial connec- tion with the presupersylvian, but the majority usually do not appear upon the lateral aspect of the brain. Submerged minor fissures also” appear in the caudal wall of the sylvian. These in general have the 0. 1325. CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 677 same form and direction as those in the cephalic wall. One striking exception with regard to the direction of the submerged fissures I have called attention to ina preceding paper.” This fissure I have compared with the postica. It corresponds to a fissure of the same name in the feline brain, but differs in this instance, in that it is submerged in the sylvian. Ursus, Zalophus, Callorhinus, and Phoca also show this pecu- liarity. The postica differs from. the other submerged fissures of the sylvian by extending in a direction at nearly right angles to them, that is, dorso-ventrally, paralleling approximately for a short distance that of the sylvian itself. The true insula is but scarcely developed in the walrus, and appears merely as a slight elevation in the bottom of the sylvian fissure. The submerged gyre formed by the postica fissure may easily be mistaken for a well-developed insula, as it has approximately a suitable location. Whether the submerged gyre later forms a closer relationship with the true insula, and is the precursor of the more complicated insula found in the higher forms, is a question that can not be answered here. Ziehen? describes in the walrus a well-developed insula divided by fis- sures into three gyres. Supersylvian fissurc.—TVhis fissure arches around the distal end of the sylvian in the usual way. Its frontal portion—the presupersyl- vian—passes close to the sylvian, converging gradually until near the base of the sylvian the presupersylvian becomes a submerged fissure, cropping out later to a slight extent upon the ventral surface. There is no evidence of a shallow or vadum indicating a separation of the presupersylvian and the supersylvian proper, as sometimes occurs in the fur seal. In Phoca the two fissures are entirely distinct and are without evidence even of a superticial connection. In the walrus the two fissures are continuous with each other, as in the dog and bear, and the differentiation is therefore an arbitrary one. Perhaps the most puzzling feature regarding the fissures of this specimen of the walrus brain is the relationship of the supersylvian with the postsupersylvian. The conditions appear very much as in the brain of the sea lion (Zalophus). The apparent postsupersylvian is four times as far removed from the sylvian as is the presupersylvian. In this wide area between the sylvian and postsupersylvian Zalophus shows a few minor fissures extending horizontally. In the walrus there are also minor fissures present in this area but also a fairly well- developed fissure nearly vertical in its direction, almost connecting with the supersylvian on the right hemicerebrum, but totally discon- nected on the left hemicerebrum. This vertical fissure seems to be too well developed to be classed with the minor fissures and its position and relations suggest the possibility of its being a poorly developed aFish, The Brain of the Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus), Report of the Fur Seal Investigation, 1896-97, pt. 3, pp. 21-40. b Anatomischer Anzeiger, V, 1890, pp. 692-709. 678 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV and disconnected postsupersylvian fissure. In the cat there is usually a disconnection between the supersy lvian and postsupersylvian, and occasionally this disconnection is seen in Callorhinus and Monachus. On the other hand, the vertical fissure is much shallower than the supersylvian, and the latter is continuous with a deep and well- developed fissure apparently corresponding with the postsupersylvia of the sea lion, Phoca, bear, and dog. The matter is further complicated by the fact that if this be regarded as the postsupersylvian, it is longer than usual, since it passes down from the lateral surface and appears upon the ventral aspect, and lies, in part, in the situation generally occupied by the ectolateral fissure. The ectolateral generally occupies a position between the postsuper-— sylvian and lateral fissures; sometimes it connects with the lateral, but rarely with the postsupersylvian, although such a connection was once observed by me on the hemicerebrum of a young fur seal. The exam -_ ination of a» number of brains shows that the ectolateral is a more | variable and inconstant fissure than the postsupersylvian, and in the present specimen of the walrus brain it seems safer to infer that the postsupersylyian and ectolateral have run together to form a long” and continuous fissure and that the vertical fissure above mentioned is” an unusually well-developed minor fissure. In the sea lion, where this region is so similar to that of the walrus, the postsupersylvian is a- shorter fissure and is entirely disconnected from the ectolateral. The sylvian gyre is that arch-like portion of the cortex around the- sylvian fissure included within the boundary line formed by the super- sylvian and pre- and post-supersylvian fissures. The cephalic limb of — the gyre is narrow and completely submerged in the ventral third of ! the sylvian fissure. The caudal limb has a much greater area, being — easily four times as wide as the cephalic. A few minor fissures branch out from the sylvian into this frontal limb. The caudal limb has a greater number of these fissures, and one in particular is developed to_ er an extent as to suggest the possibility of its representing the postsupersylvian. Lateral jfissure.—This fissure is unequally developed on the two. hemicerebrums. The well-defined arch which it forms in some car-_ nivorous and seal brains is not well represented in the walrus. On~ the left hemicerebrum it is apparently an interrupted fissure; a plé de passage or told of cortex separates it a little in front of the level of the sylvian. From this point on it arches forward and downward. Caudally it does not extend beyond the level of the caudal end of the. supersylvian. On the right hemicerebrum, instead of arching in a caudal direction it extends toward and ne: irly reaches the mesal surface. — A short fissure having the direction the lateral should take is separated from the lateral proper by a narrow pli de passage. The lateral” fissure of the sea lion accords quite closely with that of the walrus, in” ee “No. 1325. CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 679 that its cephalic portion is much better developed than the caudal. ‘In Ursus, Callorhinus, Phoca, and Monachus, on the other hand, the lateral is the longest fissure of the brain. Ansate jissure.—No distinct line of separation exists in the walrus between the ansate and the lateral, and the separation into individual fissures is therefore an arbitrary one. A like condition exists in the sea lion, bear, and dog. In Phoca, Callorhinus, Monachus, and the cat some differentiation exists. Coronal fissure.—In the left hemicerebrum of the walrus there is no line of demarcation between the coronal, ansate, and lateral fissures. and the three together appear as a long, continuous fissure reaching over upon the ventral aspect. On the right hemicerebrum the coronal is an independent fissure, being separated from the ansate by a p// de passage or isthmus 6 millimeters in width. On each hemisphere the extent of the coronal upon the ventral aspect is quite remarkable. It reaches nearly to the rhinal fissure just in front of the sylvian. In the bear and sea lion the relation of the coronal, ansate, and lateral fissures is quite similar to that of the walrus. Supersylvian gyre.—This gyre surrounds the sylvian gyre and is bounded on the one side by the supersylvian and pre- and post- supersylvian fissures; on the other side by the coronal, ansate, and lateral fissures, and caudo-ventrally by a fissure which corresponds, in position, to the medilateral fissure. The frontal and dorsal portions of this gyre are well developed, averaging 30 millimeters in width. Numerous minor fissures, having a direction, in general, perpendicu- lar to the boundary fissures, break up the supersylvian gyre intoa number of secondary gyres. The caudal limb of the supersylvian tapers until it reaches a width of only about 20 millimeters, this con- dition probably being due to the extraordinary width (40 millimeters) of the sylvian gyre in this region. Lictolateral jfissure.—This fissure has already been discussed in con- nection with the postsupersylvian fissure. In the allied forms studied the ectolateral may or may not extend over to the ventral surface of the brain. It may or may not connect either with the lateral or postsupersylvian, or lie between the two fissures. The fact that the postsupersylvian does not as a rule reach to any extent upon the ventral aspect makes it seem probable that if the ectolateral is at all represented upon the walrus brain it has fused with the postsuper- sylvian. On the left hemicerebrum it reaches nearly to the post- rhinal fissure. On the right hemicerebrum it is shorter and a minor fissure intervenes. Medilateral fissure.—In some forms the name is particularly appro- priate if it has any connection with the relation of the fissure to the median and lateral aspects of the hemicerebrum. Its situation is neyer very far from the edge or margin separating these two aspects, 6380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. In some cases it lies exactly along this margin (Monachus); in other cases it lies partly upon the lateral and partly upon the mesal surface (Callorhinus), or, as in Zalophus, it may be better seen upon the mesal aspect. In the walrus it is better seen upon the lateral aspect. On the left hemicerebrum it arches forward to the vertex, but does not quite reach the mesal margin. At this point another fissure 55” millimeters in length continues forward from the mesal margin in the same direction that the medilateral would take if it were longer. The inference is that it is properly a portion of the medilateral cut off by a narrow isthmus of the cortex. Another fissure, 70 millimeters in length, separated (from the fissure just described) by an isthmus 13 millimeters, continues forward and downward upon the mesal aspect as far as the cruciate fissure, and has a slight superficial connection with it. The appearances indicate that the medilateral on the left hemicerebrum is divided into three por- “tions—the caudal portion, 90 millimeters long, located on the lateral surface; the middle portion, 55 millimeters, lying in the margin between the mesal and lateral surfaces; and the cephalic portion, 70 millimeters long, lying entirely upon the mesal aspect. On the right hemicere- brum the medilateral lies upon the dorso-lateral aspect and begins far down on the caudal portion of the hemicerebrum, arching upward and forward as far as the vertex. It lies very close to the meso-lateral margin but recedes from it gradually until the vertex is reached. It is interrupted at this point by a cortical isthmus 5 millimeters wide. The cephalic portion of the fissure begins a little mesal to the termi- nation of the caudal portion. As it arches forward and downward it recedes from the mesal margin and extends to a point a little beyond the cruciate. Turner“ figures the medilateral upon the lateral aspect of both hemicerebrums of the walrus as a long uninterrupted fissure, quite close to the mesal margin caudally but receding from it as it arches downward and forward. In my specimen the medilateral is divided into two portions onthe right hemicerebrum, both lying on the dorsolateral surface. On the left hemicerebrum it is divided into three portions and the frontal portion lies upon the mesal surface. If it were a continuous fissure it would be by far the longest fissure of the brain. Cruciate fissure. —This fissure just cuts through the mesal margin and extends only 12 millimeters upon the frontal portion of the lateral surface. On the left hemicerebrum there is a postcruciate fissure, triradiate in form, represented. The precruciate is not well repre- sented except by a short fissure lying in the mesal margin, which fuses into the cruciate. On the right hemicerebrum the postcruciate is not represented as a distinct fissure. It may have become fused “Report on the seals collected during the voyage of H. M. 8. Challenger, in the years 1873-1876, Zoology, XX VI, 1888, pp. 89-134. NO. 1325. CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS FISH. 6 8 1] with the medilateral, which at this point has a superticial connection with the cruciate. There is no distinct evidence of a precruciate upon this hemicerebrum. On this account there is no area that may be correlated in any way with the ‘* Ursine Lozenge” thought by Mivart to be of considerable importance in showing a relationship between the seals and the carnivora. In the walrus the cruciate area is quite similar to that of Phoca. In Monachus a slight or rudimentary “Ursine Lozenge” may be detected. In Ursus, Callorhinus, and Zalophus the ‘‘lozenge” is well developed. The sigmoid gyre sur- rounds the frontal portion of the cruciate fissure. Superorbital fissure.—This fissure occupies the usual position upon the ventro-lateral surface of the frontal portion of the brain. On the left hemicerebrum it is about 50 millimeters in length. It arises near the rhinal fissure not far from the base of the olfactory peduncle. It euryes laterally and then back again toward the mesal aspect so that ‘its termination is covered by the olfactory bulb. At the lower third of its course it gives off a short and very superficial lateral branch. On the right hemicerebrum the fissure is very similar to that on the left, except that the lateral branch is much smaller. Lateral gyre (Mediolateral convolution of Turner).—In the pres- ent specimen this gyre is not well represented upon the caudal portion of the brain. The short length of the lateral fissure brings about the unusual condition of having the mediolateral fissure form a portion of the boundary of the supersylvian gyre. In this case, therefore, the medilateral gyre begins well up toward the vertex in a tapering manner and gradually becomes wider as it arches toward the frontal portion of the brain, attaining a width of from 30 to 40 millimeters in its widest parts. Like the supersylvian gyre, it contains a number of minor fissures. Marginal or sagittal gyre.—On the left hemicerebrum this is a very narrow gyre and is represented only on the caudal portion. — It dis- appears at the vertex. This disappearance is due to the fact that the frontal portion of the interrupted medilateral fissure lies upon the mesal aspect. Two or three traces of minor fissures appear in the left saggittal gyre. On the right hemicerebrum the gyre has a fair width in its caudal portion, but becomes narrower, until at the vertex it almost disappears, but it gradually widens again until in the frontal portion it attains the width of 17 millimeters. On this hemicerebrum there are a number of quite well-developed minor fissures present, which in almost every instance extend over upon the mesal surface. Pre and post sylvian areas.—The post sylvian region comprises the unusually wide caudal limb of the sylvian gyre, the supersylvian gyre, and the narrow marginal (or sagittal) gyre. The presylvian region includes the very narrow frontal limb of the sylvian gyre, and the wide frontal limbs of the supersylvian and medilateral gyres. On the Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 46 682 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xx =e 2 right hemicere oe um hel mi: arginal gyre ahead he included. The pre- sylvian has a greater area than the postsylvian region. The former is - made up mostly ot the medilateral and supersylvian gyres and the latter by the sylvian and supersylvian gyres. MESAL ASPECT. A Ilippocampal fissure.—This occupies the usual position. It is Seen | arching from the splenium of the callosum around the optic thalamus ; to the tip of the pyriform or temporal lobe. Callosal fissure.—As its name indicates, it is closely related to the > ‘allosum. It separates the callosum from the adjacent cortex. It is : deepest in the region of the splenium and gradually grows shallower until as it curves around the genu it becomes flush with the surface. , On the right hemicerebrum it diverges somewhat from the genu of { the callosum. Sple nial fissure.—This fissure is well developed in the walrus and | occupies the usual position upon the tentorial surface of the brain. It | arches upward and forward, curving around the splenium on the mesal surface. On the right hemicerebrum it is a continuous fissure and extends as far as the frontal portion of the callosum; it then extends upward almost vertically nearly to the dorsal margin of the hemicere- brum. On the left hemicerebrum the fissure is interrupted. Its ten-_ torial portion stops at the level of the splenium. The mesal portion | begins as two small superficial fissures converging in a fork-like man- - ner to form the mesal splenial proper. At the level of the genu it | terminates in a fork, the lower branch passing nearly to the frontal margin of the hemicerebrum. In neither case did the splenial con-— nect with the cruciate, as described by Turner in his specimens. On), the right hemicerebrum there was a slight indication of a superficial. connection, but a submerged gyre or buttress shut off any free | communication. _- | [Tippocampal gyre.— ~is gyre lies upon the tentorial surface of Ha brain. It forms the mos; of the mesal portion of the pyriform or hip-) pocampal lobe. It takes the same general direction as the hippocampal fissure (which forms its »phalie or inner boundary), arching upward: to the level of the sple: 1am. Its caudal boundary is formed by the: tentorial portion of the.gplenial fissure. The hippocampal gyre aver-' ages 15 millimeters in width and possesses a few minor fissures, which| in the main are offshoots fror: the splenial and have a horizontal diree- tion. On the left hemicerekrum, lying in the hippocampal gyre just! caudal to the splenium, is a \j yry shallow sulcus corresponding in posi- tion to the fissura sublimicas +; Kiikenthal. It is not noticeable upon! the right hemicerebrum. aj Callosal gyre.—This, as the ame indicates, lies just dorsal to the: allosum. It is a narrow gyre and its average width is about 10 mulli- CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 6838 meters. Only one or two faint eee a minor eee are evident. It is the simplest gyre of the brain and is continuous with the hippo- campal gyre etpand the splenium of the callosum. Presplenial fissure.—TVhis fissure is not well represented on either hemicerebrum of the walrus. On the right hemicerebrum a shallow and short vertical fissure may indicate it. On the left hemicerebrum the only representative of it would be the upper branch of the frontal portion of the splenial. Neither Turner nor Ziehen figures or describes its presence. ‘The fissura sublimica anterior is not shown at all unless, as in Kiikenthal’s diagram, it is confused with the cruciate. Postsplenial fissure.—_In Phoca and Callorhinus the tentorial portion of the splenial terminates ina bifurcation, the caudal horizontal branch of which is called the post splenial. This is not the case in my speci- men of the walrus brain. Respecting this region in the walrus, Turner Says: Behind and below the end of the specimen the splenial fissure gave off a postero- horizontal fissure, which, running horizontally backward, extended almost to the posterior border of the hemisphere. * * * The post-splenial fissure of Krueg was situated behind the ascending part of the splenial fissure and ran backward and upward nearly to the posterior border of the hemisphere below the postero-horizontal fissure. It was separated from the splenial fissure by the splenial convolution, which is consequently bounded in front by the splenial and behind by the post-splenial fissure. On the left hemicerebrum of my specimen there is a small fissure 15 millimeters in length which corresponds in position to the postero- horizontal of Turner. On the right hemicerebrum a mere spur 5 millimeters long from the splenial represents it. With regard to the post splenial there is found on the right hemi- cerebrum a well-developed vertical fissure branching out of the splenial not far from its tentorial origin. This I regard as the post-splenial fissure, although its direction is vertical anc not horizontal. On the left hemicerebrum there is no connection between the splenial and what I regard as the post splenial. The fissire is’ not So well devel- oped as that described by Turner, unless in: y specimen it is an inter- rupted fissure. An unnamed but well-dev oped fissure extending dorsally is separated from what I consider the ost splenial by a cortical isthmus of only 4 millimeters’ width. Tht! thppe: ances suggest an interrupted fissure. Turner does not descr™c any connection between the post-splenial and splenial fissures, but calls the intervening space the splenial convolution (gyre). Marginal jfissure.—In Zalophus, Phees, and Callorhinus this is a well-developed fissure lying between, a: approximately parallel with, the splenial and medilateral fissures. " seems to correspond in many cases with the suprasplenial fissure of i .ueg, and in some special cases with the combined post and supra sylenial of the same author. In the walrus the marginal is not especially well developed. On both 684 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_ hemicerebrums there is a fair-sized fissure occupying the proper loca- tion. The appearances are very suggestive of those in Monachus, where the fissure is relatively short and undeveloped and sometimes appears interrupted. On the left hemicerebrum where the splenial is interrupted there is a fissure dorsal to, and running parallel with, the callosal portion of the splenial. From its position the name supra- splenial would be very appropriate, although in some respects it differs: from Krueg’s. On the right hemicerebrum it is not represented. Marginal gyre.—This, in general, refers to the cortical area lying: between the splenial and medilateral fissures, and would therefore include, in the walrus, the dorsal margin of the hemicerebrum, on: account of the extended development of the medilateral fissure. : What I have described as the marginal fissure lies within this gyre, : and the name therefore seems appropriate. Collateral fissure.—This fissure appears upon the tentorial surface, ' and is perhaps best seen on the ventral or mesal aspect. Its form is: somewhat arched, and it les ventrally to the origin of the splenial.| It begins not far from the hippocampal, and its termination caudally) is usually more or less closely associated with either the lateral or) medilateral fissure, so that in some eases, at least, it may appear upon; the ventro-lateral aspect of the hemicerebrum. Genual fissure.—This is commonly a shallow fissure, lying in front) of and is more or less closely associated with the genu of the callosum, from which fact it takes its name. It is found in both hemicerebrums) of the walrus. On the left it has a short frontal branch which con-) nects superficially with an unnamed minor fissure. On the right hem1-| cerebrum it is farther removed from the genu, and ventrally it fuses with the rostral fissure. | Rostral fissure.—This is also a shallow fissure and lies nearer to the; frontal margin of the hemicerebrum. On the left it is a straight fis-’ sure 30 millimeters long. On the right hemicerebrum it is of the: same length, and its dorsal end reaches the margin. On account of: the convergence of the rostral and genual fissures the basal or ventral, third represents a combination of these two fissures. The lateral ventricle (paracoele).—On removing the dorsal portion of the hemicerebrum just dorsal to the callosum the lateral ventricle is revealed. The cavity dips cephalo-ventrad, ending blindly, to form the precornu; it also dips caudo-latero-ventrad to form the medicornu,) The striatum (caudate nucleus) is a convex and well-defined body; forming the most of the floor and lateral side of the precornu. Paral lel with the oblique caudal margin of the striatum is the fimbrial mar- gin of the hippocamp, which, extending down into the medicornu, forms with the hippocamp the floor of this cavity. Between these two margins (striatum and fimbria)—the rima (great transverse fissure), the choroid (para) plexus—a continuation of the velum enters the floor of the medicornu. The rima is narrow and the thalamus does not No. 1325, CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 685 appear at all in the floor of the ventricle. A slight caudal projection of the cavity, at the beginning of the medicornu, extending just beyond the level of the splenial fissure, represents the postcornu. In his dissection of the walrus brain, Turner shows no indication of a |postcornu, but in the text he states: ‘‘ Where the cavity of the ven- tricle curved downward and outward into the horn, an indication of a recess was seen in its posterior horn, but it did not amount to a cornu and there was no elevation which could be called a hippocampus minor.” ‘In Ursus there is no postcornu. In Callorhinus a slight caudal spur of the cavity indicates its position. Zalophus was not examined in this region. In Monachus there is a fairly well-developed postcornu. Murie describes a well-developed postcornu in the Manatee and Otaria, and in both a well-developed hippocampus minor or calear. In Phoca vitulina the postcornu is relatively large, and the hippocampus minor is well developed, being correlated with the splenial fissure and making of it, for a portion of its course at least, a total fissure. Terminology.—A dificulty of some importance is the selection of the terms to be employed in the description of the fissures and gyres, particularly in the brain of the Pinnipedia, where the literature is not especially abundant. The literature on the carnivorous brain is more extensive, but as many authors have employed terms of their own without reference to the nomenclature used by others, some confusion has naturally resulted. It has therefore seemed best in the present case not to follow the terminology of any one author, but to use those terms which, by their special fitness, seemed most appropriate. On this account the priority of terms has not been especially considered, for in some cases later investigations have shown that some of the earlier terms were not the best to use in considering the homologies between the various forms. Some of the more common synonyms of the names of the various fissures used in this article are as follows: The supersylvian is very commonly called the suprasylvian. Turner and Gratiolet have appar- ently confused this fissure with the lateral in Phoca. I have preferred the term postsupersylvian, as used by Krueg, Turner, and others, to postsylvian, as recommended by Owen and Wilder. The term pre- supersylvian has been introduced to apply to what is commonly described as the anterior or frontal portion of the supersylvian or the ectosylvia antiea of Ziehen. The superorbital of Flower and Wilder is preferred to the intraorbital of Turner and Langley. This fissure has also been designated as the presylvian by Krueg and others. The term presylvian has also been applied by some writers to describe what commonly appears to be the coronal fissure. Cruciate is retained, as is done by most writers, although frontal fissure is the term originally suggested by Owen. I have also employed the term marginal fissure, as used by Owen and Wilder, instead of suprasplenial, as used by Krueg and Turner. 686 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. SUMMARY. ment of the fissures in the brain of carnivorous animals. As in the» eat, dog, and bear, the presylvian area is greater in length than the postsylvian. In the sea lion the two areas are about equal. In Mon. - achus, Callorhinus, and Phoca the postsylvian area is longer than the presylvian. The epiphysis is very highly developed 1 in the walrus, and in the seals i it is much better developed than in carnivora. The olfactory bulbs - and peduncles resemble those of the seals and do not attain as relatively” ereat development as in carniyora. The postrhinal resembles the con- | ditions in Zalophus, Callorhinus, dnd Monachus. The fissure postica | resembles that of Ursus, Zalophus, Callorhinus, and Phoca. The 2 supersylvian resembles that of the dog and bear. The postsupersyl- vian is correlated more closely with that of Zalophus than in any of- the other forms studied. The ectolateral, by fusing with the post- superylvian, differs from any of the-other forms. The lateral fissure | corresponds with Zalophus in that it is relatively short. The ansate fissure resembles the condition found in Zalophus, Ursus, and Canis. The coronal is quite similar to that in Ursus and Zalophus. The” medilateral differs from that of the other forms in that it is interrupted; if considered as a continuous fissure it would be the longest fissure of — the brain. The cruciate resembles the conditions found in Phoca and- Monachus. The splenial accords more closely with the conditions” found in Zalophus and Monachus. The marginal fissure resembles that of Monachus; it is not especially well developed. The develop- ment of the postcornu suggests a condition between that found in Callorhinus on the one hand and Monachus on the other. ; As a matter of convenience, a table of the more important regions — in the representatives of the different groups examined is herewith appended: d i eae Es 2. a j 4 * No.| Region. Ursus. Callorhinus, | Zalophus. Rosmarus. | Monachus. Phoea. . besh| 1 i ee? br ate 24) fees : oa } | | . 1 | Subfissure | Present..... | Presenteess: Present.---- | Present..--- Not very : Present. postica(?). | distinet. | 2 | Postrhinal..| Continua- | Connects | Connects | Connects | Mere trace, | Contin was tion of with pos- | with pos- with pos- | very. su-| tionofrhi- rhinal, tica. |. itiea: tica. perficial, nal. ex cep- connec- tionally tion with postica. postica. 3 | Presuper- | Continuous | Sometimes | Continuous.) Continuous. Continuous... Disconnect- sylvian. With su- discon- | ed. persyl- nected. | : vian. , 4) Postsuper- | Continuous | Mayormay | Continuous.) Continuous.| Mayormay | Usually con-_ sylvian. with su- not becon- notbeeon- tinuous. | persyl-|_ tinuous. tinuous. vian. * = ¢ CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 687 No.) Region. Ursus. | Callorhinus. | Zalophus. | Rosmarus. | Monachus. Phoca. = | 5 | Precruciate.| Mostly dor- | Dorsal ---- = Dorsalie.-- -: Presence | Mesal and | Not clearly “ sal. | doubtful. dorsal. shown. 6 | Cruciate....| Dorsal....-. Dorsal’; >. .-- HeDorsal sese2 2 Mesal and | Mesal and | Mesal and | dorsal. dorsal. dorsal. 7 | Posteruciate| Present..... | Present... .- Present....- | Sometimes | Rudimen- | Present. | not dis- tary. } tinct. 8 | Medilateral.| Present... .. Present ..... Present... -. | Long and | Present-..... A series of | discon- small dis- nected. connected | fissures. 9 | Marginal ...| Absent -..-.. |; Present... - Jeeresento=-.- | Present. ...- Short,inter- Present. | rupted | | fissures. 10 Collateral ..) Absent ..-.. Present..... | Rudimen- | Present...-.- Present..... Present. | tary. | ie) Manor fis- | Rare......-. Quite nu-| Not many -..| Numerous..| Quite nu- | Quite nu- sures, merous merous. merous. fe Urs in e | Present... .. Present. ..-- Present....- Not distinct.) Small.....-. Absent. Lozenge.” a3 | Postcornu -.| Absent -.-.- Rudimen- | (2) j ommalliaeaaes| Fair size....| Large. tary. 14) Calcar.| Absent ....- Absent ..-.- | (?) Absent ...:- Indistinct ... Very dis- (Hip po- tinct. campus minor. ) i> | Insula -.: .-- Slisnt).- 2-5. Shieh. +. --< Welighte cess Slishte 2. -- | Slight ...-.. | Slight. 16} Pre andj] Presylvian | Postsylvian | The two, Presylvian | Postsylvian | Postsylvian post sylvi- area lon- longer. areas ap-| area lon- longer. | longer. an areas. ger. proxi-|_ ger. mately | equal. | 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY. In the preparation of this article I have made free use of the follow- ing works: 1899. Fiso, P. A. The Brain of the Fur Seal, etc. Report of Fur Seal Investigations, 1896-97, Pt. 3, pp. 21-41; also Journal of Com- parative Neurology, VIII, 1898, pp. 57-98. 1899. Fuatau and JAcOBSOHN. tems, I. i880. Krurc, JULIUS. der zonoplacentalen Siiugethiere. Zoologie, XX XIII, pp. 595-672. 1889. KGKENTHAL, WILLY. 1888. TurNER, Sir WILLIAM. Anatomie des Centralnerven-Sys- Ueber die Furchen auf der Grosshirnrinde Zeitschrift. fiir wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an Waltieren. Brain of Elephant Seal, and Walrus. H. M. S. Challenger Report, 1873-1876, Zoology, X XVI, Pt. 3, pp. 89-134; also Journal of Anatomy, X XV, 1891, pp. 105-153. 1886. Witper, B. G., and Gags, 8. H. Anatomical Technology. 1890. ZreneN, THEODOR. Zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Hirn- windungen mit spezieller Berticksichtigung der Gehirne von Ursus maritimus und Trichecus rosmarus. Anatomischer Anzeiger, V, pp. 692-709. For a more complete bibliography of literature pertaining to the brain of the Carnivora and Pinnipedia, consult the work of Flatau and Jacobsohn or Turner’s Challenger Report. 688 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. ans. = Ansate fissure. ml. = Medilateral fissure. cal. = Callosum. per = Postcruciate fissure. c.g. =Callosal gyre. ph. = Postero-horizontal fissure. él. = Callosal fissure. prspl. = Presplenial fissure. col. = Collateral fissure. prss. | = Presupersylvian fissure. cor. = Coronal fissure. pspl. = Postsplenial fissure. cr. = Cruciate fissure. pss. = Postsupersylvian fissure. el. = Ectolateral fissure. te = Rostral fissure. q- = Genual fissure. 80. = Superorbital fissure. h. = Hippocampal fissure. spl. = Splenial fissure. h. g. = Hippocampal gyre. syl. = Sylvian fissure. l. = Lateral fissure. 88. = Supersylvian fissure. l.g. = Lateral gyre. syl. g. =Sylvian gyre. marg. = Marginal fissure. ss. g. —=Supersylvian gyre. m.g. = Marginal gyre. PLATE. XX VIII. Fig. 1. Lateral aspect of the left hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus. The vario fissures were sounded and the numbers represent the depth in millimeters of the fi sure at that point. Fig. 2. Lateral aspect of the right hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus. The num bers represent the sounding of the fissures as in fig. 1. PLATE X XTX. Fig. 3. Mesal aspect of the left hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus. Fig. 4. Mesal aspect of the right hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus. a | _U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXVIII LATERAL ASPECT OF BRAIN OF WALRUS. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 688. ‘ ied : iy t« = - ay ra =4 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXIX MESAL ASPECT OF BRAIN OF WALRUS. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 688. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SCULPIN FROM JAPAN. By Davin Srarr JorpAN and Epwin CHaptn Starks, Of the Leland Stanford Junior. University. j; In the present paper is given a description of a new species of Sculpin belonging to the genus Cottunculus, dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer A/batross in Japan. COTTUNCULUS BREPHOCEPHALUS Jordan and Starks, new species. Head 24 in length without caudal; depth 34. Dorsal VI-16; anal 12. Eye 44 in head; maxillary 23. Head considerably wider than deep, flat on top; the nape somewhat produced, the rostral region evenly rounded; jaws equal or the lower very slightly included; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye; rather sharp villiform teeth in moderate bands on jaws and yomer; the bands of equal width on premaxillaries and mandible, wider in front than at sides; vomerine patches small, narrower than those on jaws, and having a wider interval between than that between pre- maxillary bands. Interorbital space wide and flat; between iris 24 in head, the bone only half as wide. Nostrils ending in short tubes, the anterior separated from the posterior a distance equal to half the length of eye. Head without spines; a pair of very slight tubercles may be felt between eyes and one on upper part of preopercle, but the occipital, the suborbital, the preopercle, and the other spines as possessed by Cottunculus microps and C. thompsoni are entirely absent. Origin of dorsal directly above upper end of gill-opening, the length of the fourth spine 43 in head, the rays toward the posterior end the longest, 24 in head, the tips of the last rays, when fin is depressed, reach to the rudimentary caudal rays, or slightly beyond the tips of anal rays. Origin of anal midway between tip of lower jaw and anterior third of caudal rays, its posterior or longest rays a little shorter than those of dorsal. Pectoral reaching to above base of fourth PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1326. 689 690 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX anal ray, its upper 6 rays branched, its lower (14) rays simple. Lengt of ventrals 2% in head. Caudal truncate, rounded at its outer corners, — Skin entirely smooth. Color in spirits: Back and dorsal dusky, with fine blackish points surrounding light spots; under parts and lower fins without color, probably pinkish or red in life; a row of 6 or 7 large light spots along side from opercle flap to base of middle caudal rays; light clouded COTTUNCULUS BREPHOCEPHALUS. areas above and on dorsal; a dusky band extending downward and backward from eye, and some dusky, irregular spots on opercle; top of head colorless; caudal crossed by a broad band of dusky, the tip colorless. Peritoneum black; inside of gill-covers white. | This species may be known by the absence of blunt spines and by the coloration. The type was dredged by the U.S. Fish Commision steamer A/batross in Suruga Bay in 94 fathoms, Station 3704. It is 13 em. in length, and bears the number 50591, U.S.N.M. i" ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF A SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS FROM THE PHILIPPINES. -By JosEpH Henry Marpen, Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. In the Botany of the United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. 8. Navy,” there is given’ an account of a plant found near Caldera, Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands. Leaves and fruits were . available, and Asa Gray says, ‘‘I thus record the plant under the name Eucalyptus multiflora Rich, given by Mr. Rich? in the collection.” Bentham refers” to this specimen in the following words: A fifth species of Eucalyptus from a still more distant region, Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands, is described by A. Gray in the Botany of the American Explor- ing Expedition, ¢ under the name of EF. multiflora Rich, from a specimen in leaf, and witha panicle of old fruits from which the calyx limb and operculum, if any, are fallen away and the open capsules have lost all their seeds. The four-celled (not three-celled) capsule is the only character leading us to suppose that it may be a Eucalyptus rather than a Tristania or a Metrosideros. No mention of it occurs in Blanco’s Flora. It will thus be seen that the very identity of the genus of this plant was doubted by an eminent authority. A short time ago, through the kindness of the Secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D. C., I was able to examine Gray’s specimen. It is No. 25483 of the U. S. National Herbarium, and as it turns out to be identical with Aucalyptus naudiniana F. v. Miiller, FE. multifiora Rich, must fall because the name is preoccupied (£. multifora Poiret, probably a synonym of 2. pilularis Smith). @Phanerogamia by Asa Gray, I, 1854. » Page 554. © William Rich, botanist of the U. 8. ship Relief. In Captain Wilkes’ narrative Mr. Rich’s name is given as one who made an excursion from Manila, and he speaks of ‘our botanical gentlemen botanizing in the forests of Mindanao.”’ a@Journ. Linn. Soc. (Botany), X, p. 148. € Page 554. See DC. Prod., ILI, p. 217, under EF. persicifolia Lodd. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1327. 691 692 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, There are so few Fue aly pti found outside Australia that the question of the identity of one found beyond the limits of that continent is of interest. and the occurrence of the genus in the Philippines is now se at rest and doubtless its range in that group will be ascertained ry American botanists. 7 E. naudiniana ¥F. vy. Miller is so little known that the following notes in regard to 4 may be acceptable. It was described by Mill in the Australasian Journal of Pharmacy,“ under the title 0; Description of a hitherto unrecorded speciesof Kucalyptus from New Britain. New Britain is of course now a German possession undey the name of Bismarck Archipelago. 5 A correspondent in that group writes to me: | Eucalyptus naudiniana is common in~New Pommern, though not in the Ralun district, where I live. It grows especially on the rivers, from the coast to the moun tains, and is so common in the forests that two sawmills have been started especial for this timber. The timber is not so hard as the Australian Eucalyptus but still | good, useful timber. I know of no locality for the species other than that indicated in thi paper. aJuly, 1886 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON BLEEKERIA MITSUKURI, AND ON CERTAIN JAPANESE FISHES. By Davip Srarr JORDAN, President of the Leland Stanford Junior University. ! _ Inthe present paper are given a few notes supplementary to different papers on Japanese fishes recently published in these Proceedings. EMBOLICHTHYS MITSUKURII (Jordan and Evermann). In Notes on a Collection of Fishes from the island of Formosa, in these proceedings,“ Jordan and Evermann have described a new species of Ammodytoid fish from Giran, Formosa, under the name of LZech- Fig. 1.—EMBOLICHTHYS MITSUKURII. eria mitsukurit. ‘This species differs from the type of Bleekeria in having ventral fins. These are small, jugular in position, and com- posed of a short spine and three slender rays. There are 115 sc ales in a horizontal series. The presence of ventrals may define a distinct genus, Linbolichthys Jordan and Eyermann, of which Bleekeria mitsu- hurii is the type. The presence in this species of jugular v entral fins with the rays fewer than I, 5, shows that the Ammodytide have no affinity with the Percesoces, nor with the extinct family of Cobitopside. Their place must be near the Ophidiidex, as supposed by earlier and some recent writers. a Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX V, 1902, p. 333. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MusEUM VOL, XXVI—No. 1328. Proce. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 693 694 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI ZEN ITEA (Jordan and Fowler). In the review of the Chetodontide and related families of fishe found in the waters of Japan by Messrs. Jordan and Fowler,’ a ney species of Zeid is described from Suruga Bay, Japan, under the nam of Cyttopsisitea. ‘This species differs from the type of Cyttopsis (rosea Fig. 2.—ZEN ITEA. in having the ventral rays I, 9, and in having the breast flatand broad, | imperfectly shielded. This is the type of a new genus, Zen Jordan, the species standing as Zen dtea. HENIOCHUS DIPHREUTES. In the same paper? a Japanese fish from Wakanoura and Nagasaki is described under the name of Heniochus macrolepidotus. From this well-known East Indian species, the Japanese form differs in having the posterior black band from soft dorsal to anal not extending for- ward to cover the anterior part of the anal fin. It seems to be a distinct species, which may receive the name of /Zeniochus diphreutes Jordan. The type is No. 7247, Ichthyological Collections, Stanfore University. The description of Hendochus macrolepidotus Jordan a Fowler? applies to this species. The accounts given by Schlegel’ ane — @Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, p. 519. bTdem, p. 542. ¢ Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 82, pl. xiv, fig. 1. 0.1328. CERTAIN JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN. 695 | | - . . z r i by Steindachner,“ refer also to Heniochus diphreutes. Schlegel’s speci- mens, like ours, came from Nagasaki; Steindachner’s came from Kochi, in Shikoku. Hentochus macrolepidotus has not been taken in Japan. The plate here given is drawn by Kako Morita. Fic. 3.—HENIOCHUS DIPHREUTES. TEUTHIS DUSSUMIERI. The specimens of Zeuwthis recorded from Nafa, Umesawa, and Misaki,’ under the name of Zvuthis argenteus, seem to belong to Teuthis dus- sumieri (Cuvier and Valenciennes). There are seve ‘al Polynesian species closely related to this, and their synonymy is much complicated. The larval specimens from Hawaii, named Acanthurus argenteus by Quoy and Gaimard, may have belonged to any one of half a dozen species, although most resembling Zeuthis dussumier?. We have just such specimens from Hilo, and as we can not positively identify them aFische Japans, II, 1883, p. 24. b Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XV, 1902, p. 553, 696 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. with one species rather than another, it is probable that i should not be used for any species of Zeuthis. CHASMICHTHYS GULOSUS (Guichenot). misakius© was earlier named Saccostoma gulosum by Sauvage.? then made the type of the genus Saccostoma. This name, as well a the first name suggested by us, Chasmias, 1s Peer arienl and th genus must retain “the still later substitute name of Chasmichthys The known species of the genus are Chasmichthys qulosus (misakius and Chasmachith Ys dolineunae US. noe. U.S S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, Pp.) (OL: »>Guichenot MS., Bull. Soc. pipe VIL, 1882, p. 171; Japan. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXX CHASMICHTHYS GULOSUS (MISAKIUS). FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 696. THE USE OF THE NAME TORPEDO FOR THE ELECTRIC CATFISH. By THreopore GILL, Honorary Associate in Zoology. In the Proceedings of the U. 8. National Museum for 1895 (p. 161) the name Torpedo was revived for the electric vatfish, generally known as Malapterurus electricus, This view has been adopted by several authors (Jordan, Evermann, etc.) and doubtless will be generally by those who adhere strictly to rules of priority. It has alr sxady been indicated that the application of the name to the electric rays by the ancients was secondary and not primary, and that the term was as applicable to the electric catfish as to the electric rays. I was not aware, however, that it had been so applied by any other than Forskal. Recently my attention was accidentally drawn to the fact that in 1543 Heckel had indicated that the catfish was mentioned under the name Torpedo by Athenus and Purchas. L have searched in vain in the Deipnosophiste of Atheneus for any mention of the Torpedo or vapKy which could be referred to the elee- trical catfish. All the notices found (VII, c. 95; VII. c. 120; VII, c. 140) relate to a sea fish, avowedly or in all probability. In an imperfect list of ‘‘the chief fish found in the Nile” (VU, ¢. 92), only sixteen“ species are named, but it is remarked that ‘there are also a great number of others.” Unfortunately Heckel has given no reference to the chapter of Athenzeus which led him to suppose that reference to the catfish was meant; his only citation (in the Abbildungen und Beschrei- -bungen der Fische Syriens) under ‘‘Atheneus” is ma chronological summary of authors treating of Egyptian fishes, where, in a list of sixteen species (p. 218), the following reference is made: ** Torpedo. Malapterurus electricus Lacep.??” In the systematic list of species, under Malapterurus electricus (p. 230), “Torpedo Athenzxus ?” is also named. 4This list 1s exclusive of species which Athenzeus had just before mentioned in the same chapter; that is, the Latos, different Coracini, and the Motz. Incidentally, it may be added that Athenceus says that the Latos ‘‘is like the fish called the Glanis, which is found in the Danube’?! The Coracini doubtless included the celebrated Bolti (Tilapia nilotica). PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuseuM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1329. 697 i a 698 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy F he In Purchas His Pilgrimes, published in 1625, two notices of ¢ electric cathish or Raad of the Nile appear. : In the seventh booke Abyssinia, called then Abassia, is described, and a notice of Abassine animals is given (p. 1183). iF In thefe Riuers and Lakes is allo found the Torpedo, which if any man hold in hig hand, if it [tirre not, it doth produce no effect: but if it moue it felfe neuer fo little, ; it fo tormenteth the body of him which holds it, that his Arteries, Joints, Sinewes, & all his Members feele exceeding paine with a certaine numbneffe; and as foone as it | is let go out of the hand, all that paine and numbneffe is alfo gone. The Superfti- | tious Abaffines beleeue that it is good to expell Deuils out of humane bodies, as if it] did torment Spirits no leffe than men. They fay, if one of thefe aliue bee laid) amongit dead Fithes, if it there ftirre it felfe, it makes thofe which it toucheth to’ {tirre as if they were alive. There is great {tore of this kind in Nilus, in the furtheft { parts of Goyama, where there is a Meere or Fenne without bottome, welling and admirably boyling forth waters continually, whence Nilus {pringeth. In the twelfth booke, in which the present country of Mozambique is described (p. 1545), the Torpedo is named in the margin, and the; following notice of it appears: In the Riuer of Sofala is ftore of Fifh fat and sauorie, as Mullets, Needles, Dol-! phins, &e. One f{trange fifh in qualitie is common in thofe Riuers, which the Portu-: gals call Tremedor, and the Cafres, Thinta, of fuch nature that no man can take it in) his hand while it is alive, for it filleth the hand and arme with paine, as if every ioint | would go afunder; but being dead is as another fifh, and much efteemed for good meate. The Naturals fay, that the skin of this fifh is vfed to forceries. It is medic. inable againft the Cholick, rofted and ground to powder and drunke in Wine. The) biggeft of them is two [pannes and halfe long, the skin blackifh, rough and thick. It is quite likely that Forskil may have read these accounts, and | thence been influenced in appropriating the name Torpedo as the> generic designation of the fish in question. A REVIEW OF THE CEPOLIDA OR BAND-FISHES OF JAPAN. By Davip Starr Jorpan and Henry W. Fow er. Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. In this paper is given a review of the species of Band-fishes or Cepo- lide known to inhabit the shores of Japan. The material studied is in the museum of Leland Stanford Junior University and in the United States National Museum. It was chiefly collected by Messrs. Jordan and Snyder during the summer of £900. Family CEPOLID 4. BAND-FISHES. Body very elongate, compressed, band-like, covered with small cycloid scales, lateral line obscure. Head obtuse; cleft of the mouth wide and oblique; teeth moderate on jaws only; eyes large, lateral; gill-openings wide, the membranes not united, free from the isthmus; gills 4; pseudobranchie present; b ranchiostegals 6; air-bladder large; pyloric ceca few. Skull well ossified. Dorsaland anal fins each very long, composed of slender rays, which are either simple or branched and more or less distinctly articulated; both fins more or less joined to the caudal; ventral fins thoracic, their rays I, 5. Coasts of tropical Europe and Asia; shore fishes of a deep red color; a peculiar group, having something in common with the Ophidisde, but with the normal ventrals thoracic, in position of the ordinary percoid fishes. Its relations are perhaps nearer the Lati/idz than any other of the better known groups. a. Preopercle unarmed; dorsal rays more or less distinctly articulate, usually branched. Cepola, 1. aa, Preopercle with 4 to 8 blunt spinous teeth; dorsal rays indistinctly articulated, ME Wraeed. aos Sane See as ae eee etre s sr iene {canthocepola, 2. PrRoceEeEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1330. 699 700 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1. CEPOLA Linnzus. Cepola Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, 1769, p. 445 (tenia). This genus includes the Cepolide which have the preoperde| unarmed; dorsal rays rather distinctly articulate, and in typical species: also distinctly branched. i (cepola, a name unexplained, probably of Italian origin.) : | d ” > 1. CEPOLA SCHLEGELI Bleeker. AKADASHI (RED WEASEL). % Cepola krusensterni SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1845, pl. uxxt, fig. 1; Naga-! saki, not description.—Nysrrom, Svensk, Ak. Handl., 1887, p. 39; Nagasaki. Cepola schlegeli BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1854, Japan, p. 412; Kaminoseki; | Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, Japan, p. 110; Act. Soe. Sci. Ind. Neerl., Vj] 1859, p. 256.—GintHeR, Cat. Fish., II, 1861, p. 488.—Srernpacaner and D6é-" DERLEIN, Fische Japeue IV, 1887, p. 12; Tokyo, Kochi, Tango. —IsHIKAWaA, | Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 32; Bingo.—JorpaNn and Snyper, Check List, Fish, Japa 1901, p. 111. | Head 10 in length; depth 12; D. more than 70; A. more than 60;) P. 18: V. 1-5: scales more than 300; eye 3 in head; width of head 13 in) height. Pectoral 13 to 1% in head. Body elongate, strongly com-| pressed. Head obtusely convex, longer than high; snout half the) length of the eye, profile convex; maxillary Porenine below posterior part of eye, oblique; teeth in jaws uniserial, curved and conic; preo-) percle without spines; opercle a little over 3 in head. Scales very) small, present on opercles. Lateral line concurrent with back. Dor- sal, anal, and caudal continuous; pectoral rounded. 7 Color, body and fins rosy; the membrane between premaxillary andi maxillary with a black spot. 7: Leneth 212 mm. Kaminoseki, in the sea. (Bleeker.) In young; examples, the spines on the lower margin of the preoperculum are} sharp and pointed, and the body is much shorter and deeper in com-| parison with the length of the head. In most all of the specimens the dark spot hidden between the maxillary and intermaxillary is evident.) No specimens were taken by us, although the species is said to be not rare in southern Japan. Our description is condensed from that. of Dr. Bleeker, made from a specimen from Kaminoseki on the inland: sea. 2. ACANTHOCEPOLA Bleeker. Acanthocepola BureKxer, Versl. Ak. Amsterd., VIII, 1874, p. 369 (krusensternt). This genus includes those Cepolide in which the preopercle is ar med. with 4 to 8 blunt spines. The dorsal rays are simple and indistinctly articulate. Color bright red. (axavéa, spine; cepola.) 0.133. THE BAND FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 701 h. Scales small, about 150 in a longitudinal series; D. 80, A. 76; no black dorsal spot, | so far as known; preopercle with about 5 blunt spines; dorsal and anal fins | margined with blackish. -.-..--------------------------------- krusensterni, 2. i Scales minute, about 300 in a longitudinal series. Preopercle with about 7 blunt spines. D. 104; A. 105; a black spot in front of dorsal; dorsal not conspicu- ' ously margined with blackish; anal brown-edged .....------------ limbata, 3. 2, ACANTHOCEPOLA KRUSENSTERNI (Schlegel). SAKENOUWO (WINE-FISH); AKATACHIUWO (RED BLENNY) ; RINGUROTAIMATSU. | Cepola krusensterni SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1845, p. 130 (not figure) ; Nagasaki.—Buerker, Verh. Bat. Gen., Ichth. Japan, X XV (1854), “p. 39; Natursk. Tijds. Nederl. Ind., VI, 1854; p. 411; Verh. Bat. Gen., XXVI, Japan, 1854, p. 108; Act. Soe. Se. Indo. Neerl., III, Japan, 1859, pl. 11, fig. 1.—GitnrHer, Cat. Fish., III, 1861, p. 488, Japan.—SremNDACHNER and DéperLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 32; Tokyo.—Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 32 ; Wakayama, Nagasaki. | Cepola hungta Ricwarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 277; Canton. Head 113 in length; depth 132; D. 80; A. 76; P. I-17; V. 1-5; scales 164, 28 in a vertical series in front. Body very elongate, compressed, and covered with cycloid scales, which are very small on the anterior part of the body. Head longer than deep, compressed; eye larger than ‘the snout, in the front of the head above, 34 in the head and 1 in the ‘maxillary; snout very bluntly rounded, with the lower jaw produced; ‘mouth very oblique, superior, and the jaws each with a single series of strong teeth; lips moderately fleshy; maxillary extending to below the middle of the eve; interorbital space flattened, 14 inthe eye. Gill- opening large; the gill-rakers numerous, long, and slender; lowe1 margin of the preoperculum armed with five blunt and rather broad spines. Dorsal, caudal, and anal confluent, the origin of the former a little in advance of the posterior margin of the gill-opening; dorsal low, more or less equal in height; caudal produced into a filamentous point; the origin of the anal at the tips of the pectorals, and, like the dorsal, the fin low; pectorals in the lower half of the body behind the gill-opening and about 1} in the head; ventrals below, a trifle behind pectorals and nearly equal in length, but produced into a point. Color in spirits, almost uniform pale brown, the anal and caudal narrowly margined with blackish, with some spots a little deeper in color; no black spot on dorsal. In life bright cherry-red, with spots of rather deeper shade. @ According to Mr. Edgar R. Waite (in lit.), the dates of publication of the differ ent parts of the volume on Fishes of the Fauna Japonica are as follows: Decade I, pp. 1-20, 1842. Decades II-IV, pp. 21-72, 1848. Decades V-VI, pp. 73-112, 1844. Decades VII-IX, pp. 173-269, 1845. Decades X-XIV, pp. 173-269, 1846. Decade XV, pp. 270-324, 1850. 7092 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEOM. VOL. Xx¥I Length 20;'5 ence! Here described from Nagasaki specimens. This species is common through Southern Japan, being far more: abundant than Cepola schlegeli. Our specimens are from Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Nagasaki, Mogi, and Obama. (Named for the traveler, Krusenstern.) 3. ACANTHOCEPOLA LIMBATA (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Cepola limbata Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 1835, p. 402 Japan, after Krusenstern, pl. Lx, fig. 2 (dorsal and anal bordered with deey red; a small black spot on front of dorsal; sides of body with red points).— Ginrner, Cat. Fish, III, 1861, p. 489, copied. —Nysrrom, Svensk, Vet. Handl. M 1887, p. 89; Nagasaki. (D. more than 80; head 9 in body.) fi Cepola marginata Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 1835, p. 402 Japan, after Krusenstern, pl. Lx, fig. 1 (brick red, dusted ath ane points, fir bordered with brick red; dorsal spot black, smaller than in the preceding).= GiinTHER, Cat. Fish, III, 1861, p. 489. Copied. Cepola mesoprion BLEEKER, Vern Bat. Gen., XX VI, Japan, 1854, p. 109; Nag saki.—Gitnrner, Cat. Fish, III, 1861, p. 488. Acanthocepola mesoprion JORDAN peel EVERMANN, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., XX Vy 1902, p. 363; Giran, Formosa. : ACANTHOCEPOLA LIMBATA, Of this species, distinguished by the very small size of the scal and the very large number of the fin rays, we have examined one: specimen from Giran, Formosa. This specimen is certainly typical of Acanthocepola mesoprion and A. limbata is probably the same. A description and good figure (see above) of this specimen has been published Jordan and Evermann.¢ “Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, p. 363. A GENEALOGIC STUDY OF DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. By James G. NEEDHAM, Of Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois. INTRODUCTION. | This is a new study of one of the oldest subjects in entomology. It is an application of the methods of comparative morphology to the interpretation of some external characters universally employed in systematic work upon insects. The richly veined wings of dragon-flies have been carefully studied by many able entomologists; their interesting peculiarities are well known; the homologies of the various parts of the wing have been ‘determined throughout the order; and there already exists a consider- ‘able body of evidence as to the nature and extent of variation in yenational characters. There has been as yet no serious effort to use ‘these characters to determine genealogic succession within the order. 'It is the main purpose of this paper to translate the records of natural ‘selection as written in the abundant characters of these wings.. At the outset I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the follow- ing gentlemen, who have all aided me generously: To Prof. J. H. Com- “stock, of Cornell University, 1 am indebted first of all for constant advice throughout the progress of this study; to Mr. Samuel Henshaw, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, for free use of the Hagen Collection of Odonata during a stay of two months in Cambridge; to Dr. R. T. Jackson, of Harvard University, for similar privileges in the study of the fossil Odonata of the same museum; to Dr. P. P. Calvert, of the University of Pennsylvania, for the loan of valuable specimens; to Monsieur R. Martin, of Le Blane, for the gift of speci- mens; and to Dr. 5. H. Scudder, for the privilege of examining the types of fossil Odonata in his collection, and also some of his original unpublished drawings. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. XXVI—No. 1331. 703 704 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. I, THE ONTOGENY OF THE VENATION. HIsToRICAL. It is pleasant to find that the first contribution to the knowledge developing veins was made by Dr. Hagen. In 1846 he publishe a little paper, a page in length, entitled Ueber die Bildung des Geédders; der Libellen-fliigel.“ In this he wrote that by simply rubbing the: expanding wing of a transforming dragon-fly between the thumb andi finger the two membranes of the wing may be slipped apart, and it will be readily seen that the venation is double, i. e., developed alike; in both membranes, and that the double network thus formed is united: and exactly coincident along the courses of the wing trachee. At this! day one who wishes to see the relation of veins to trachez can hardly! do better than repeat this simple experiment. Thus he may at leasts see, a thing too little comprehended hitherto, that the trachez passing: out from the body cavity into the wing cavity are essentially internal) organs as compared with the cuticular (hypodermal) thickenings formed: about them constituting the veins. Oswald Heer appears to have been the first to use the wings of) dragon-fly nymphs as an aid to interpreting the homologies of the adult! venation.” He made no use of trachew, however, but only of the: veins marked upon the exterior of the wing sheath, these being essen-) tially the same as the veins in the adult only served to confirm him in) an erroneous interpretation of homologies. Roster first figured the tracheation of a nymphal wing.¢ His figure’ (of .2schna cyanea) was made to show tracheal distribution without) reference to venation. It is in several points incorrect, and a chance: remark in the text shows that Roster did not perceive the order which! exists in the arrangement of the traches.¢ In 1888 Brauer and Redtenbacher published a paper on immature: insect wings, using mainly a species of Aischna to show the fallacy of: Adolph’s theory of alternating convex and concave veins.¢ Of the: “Stettiner Ent. Zeit., VII, pp. 115-116. A similar paper by Dr. Hagen, Kurze: Bemerkung ueber das Flugelgeiider der Insecten (Wien. Ent. Zeit., V, pp. 311-312) was called out in 1886 by the theories with which Adolph and Redtenbacher had | encumbered their useful works upon the homologies of the wing veins in general. Then in 1889 he published (Spaltung eines Fligels um das dopplete Adernetz zu: zeigen, Zool. Anz., XI, pp. 377-878) a similar article with a figure, showing the main | facts set forth in all these papers. 5 » Heer, Oswald, Die Insectenfauna der Tertiargebilde von Oeningen und yon) Badoboj in Croatien, Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Ges., XI, 1850, Libellulidee, pp.) 06-89, pl. Iv. “Roster, D. A., Contributo all ’anatomia ed alla biologia degli Odonata, Bull. Soe. Ent. Ital., X VII, pp. 256-268, 2 pls. “ Mandando in questo percorso cinque o sei diramazioni che innervano intrecciandost in vario modo, la superficie dell ’ala. [The italics are mine.—J. G. N.] ¢ Kin Beitrag zur Entwickelung des Fliigelgeiiders der Insecten, Zool. Anz., XI, pp. 443-447. . 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 705 | yranches of a single main trachea, some were shown to be incorporated nto convex and some into concave veins. Thus disappeared the fun- lamental difference which had been assumed to exist between the two kinds of veins. Brauer and Redtenbacher also affirmed that the homology of veins n remotely related insects is only to be determined by the study of heir developnient—a suggestion which has until quite recently been — renerally commended in theory and more generally disregarded in practice. _ Brogniart, in his Etude sur la nervulation des ailes des insectes,“ igures both the tracheation and the venation in careful detail, and points out the close correspondence between the two. He fails to ‘ecognize the individuality of the veins and trachez, however, desig- ating mere branches as independent veins, and he confuses the identity of one branch (/¢s) by giving it a different designation in the BS stages. The foregoing papers have shown (without expressly stating) the following points: (1) The precedence of the trachez and the subse- quent development of the veins about them, through hypodermal elevations becoming paired troughs, which by fusion become hollow tubes inclosing the trachez; (2) the difference in kind, and (3) the correspondence in arrangement between the two structures: and (4) the fact that simpler conditions are found in the earlier stages. [have traced the development of the venation through a series of nymphal stages and have published recently, in collaboration with Professor Comstock, a preliminary account of it,’ but must for present purposes review the matter more af length. | ONTOGENY IN GOMPHUS DESCRIPTUS. For the present I pass by all points of histological structure, not as being uninteresting or unimportant, but as being unessential to the ‘specific problem now in hand. I shall deal in this paper with facts ‘that may be observed without the aid of sections, and, for the most part, with no special preparation whatever.° Six principal trachez traverse the wing of a dragon-fly in all stages. These arise very early in the budding wing, springing separately from a longitudinal thoracic tracheal trunk which makes a slight bend outward to meet the base of the wing. These trachew and their cor- a Recherches sur les insectes fossiles, etc., Paris, 1894. See especially pp. 204-208, and pl. vii. - b Comstock, J. H., and Needham, J. G., The Wings of Insects, Amer. Nat., XXXII and XXXIII, 1898 and 1899; Art. Odonata, XXXII, pp. 903-911, 9 figs. ¢The only preparation necessary to demonstrate the facts cited in the following pages is that of the wings of nymphs, which should be removed fresh, mounted quickly in glycerin jelly, and cooled suddenly (to retain the air in the trachez ), and are then ready for observation. ' 706 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE responding veins will be fae ssignated, beginning a the ‘anterior margin: of the wing, by the following names and abbreviations: lL. Costa ( Gi ). 4. Media (Ube 2. Subcosta (Se. ) 5. Cubitus (Cu. e 3. Radius (R.). 6. Anal veins (A.). Typical branches will be designated by added numerals (as JZ, Jf,’ M,, and _W/,, designating from front to rear the branches of the media), except the posterior division of the radius, which has received thei special name of ‘‘radial sector” (/¢s.). Accessory and secondary’ branches will be designated by small letters added in the order of the; development of the branches (as /?s,, /’s,, /¢s,, etc., for the secondary; branches of the radial sector). Fig. 1 represents the trachez in two early stages of the development of the nymphal wing of Gomphus descriptus. A is from a nymph less: than one-fourth grown, the wing 1 mm. long. The trachez so closely) resemble those in the developing wings of insects of many other orders there can be no doubt as to their homology. The radial sector is), | Fic. 1.—TRACHEATION OF THE WINGS OF TWO NYMPHS OF Gomphus descriptus BANKS, TWO BARLY | STAGES. FOR EXPLANATION OF LETTERING SEE TEXT; ALSO, 2 = NODUS AND sf = SUPERTRIANGLE. | simple—it is generally branched in other orders—and there is a single. anal vein. In other orders there are oftenest three.“ Otherwise the trachexw are entirely typical at this stage. It is worthy of note that: at this stage the wing is somewhat bilaterally symmetrical and a trachex are of almost equal size and length. Fig 1. Bis from an older nymph with wings 3 mm. long. The two marginal trachez are reduced or, rather, outstripped by their com) petitors, the wing has become quite unsymmetrical, and the radial sector has come to lie across the distal end of the media. | Fig. 2 represents the tracheation of both fore and hind wings of a) grown nymph of the same species. The costal trachea is so dwarfed as hardly to enter the costal vein. The radial sector lies back of the) two anterior branches of the media which it crosses. The other trachew, also, are assuming their definitive positions, and some of them are becoming strongly angulated at the middle and toward the base of the wing. These three stages show clearly how the Deus insect wing has. af “Probably the three terminal branches of this fae represent the typical first, second, and third anal tracheze fused together. 0.1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 707 peen modified to produce the Odonate type, in which the most anom- lous thing is the crossing of the radial sector over two branches of he media. I can not now suggest even a possible reason why this hould have taken place. It is apparently a character quite dis- inetive of the order Odonata. | A photograph of fore and hind wings of a grown nymph of the ‘ame species, showing the trachew and the veins together as they pepe during the last nymphal stage, is reproduced in Plate XXX, ig. 1. This will assist greatly in comparing the adult wings shown in ig. 3 with the preceding figures. This also shows that certain well- xnown features of the dragon-fly wing are due to strong cuticularisation Fic. 2.—FoRE AND HIND WINGS OF A GROWN NYMPH OF Gomphus descriptus, SHOWING TRACH EX. THE PERMANENT VENATION WHICH SHOWS DISTINCTLY AT THIS STAGE IS OMITTED. between the trachee. Such are the stigma (s/.), the nodus (7.), and parts of the arculus (a7.) and triangle (7.). ~ The radial sector.—In the adult wing (fig. 3) the radial sector appears to be a branch of the media. It has always been so interpreted. The only indication of its connection with the radius is the persistent obliquity of an apparent cross vein between veins J/, and Rs. This is in fact not a cross vein, but a part of the radial sector, while the longitudinal trunk (/7.) extending proximally from this point to con- nect vein Rs with vein J442% is not homologous with any principal vein, but is a secondary structure developed for mechanical advantage. There will be seen in the plate a recurrent tracheal twig preceding this structure. @The plus sign is thus used as a convention for indicating united branches or trachex, the numerals it connects designating the branches conjoined. 48 Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 708 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XxyI Arculus and triangle.—Vhe radius and the media tend from the first to unite at the base, and in the adult wing appear to form a single veir as faras the arculus. But even in the adult wing this vein may be seen, as pointed out by Brogniart, to be composed of two, whose unior he aptly compared to that of the barrels of a gun. Media suddenly, bends away from the radius and is met by a cross vein from the cub tus, and thus the arculus is formed. A similar deflection of the cubita trachew just beyond the arculus makes a place for the development of the triangle, which is completed by two cross veins approximated upor vein J/,. Thus only the upper end of the arculus and the inner side of the triangle are formed from principal veins. PITT! LO {) A 02% EY a 4 Oy SR VETERE XY? OM EE meee Sc a= ro or 8 Care ea 9 g Co, ala INTER. m\ ] to Tet Fala Lote Lae are SHH Eee Names , Oa BSS NH sad xy es 1) 2 HH ROA ES SSSR Sr y ‘ IS HX? RSL AOI A} See Oee: SELES ie | 2 Oxy ‘XK E ato eres i Cu Cu, FIG. 3.—VENATION OF THE IMAGO OF Gomphus descriptus. Trachee and cuticular thickenings thus combine to produce a unique insect wing, whose chief peculiarities arise from three transverse. unions of its veins, at stigma, nodus, and arculus, respectively. Addec to the usual thickening of veins and corrugation of membrane at the | front border, these three unions make the part of the wing whiel cuts the air and supports other parts very strong. It will be observec| that at the stigma but two or three veins are thus conjoined, at the nodus, more, and at the arculus (by means of parts accessory to ta arculus) all the principal veins are bound together across the basa: part of the wing. A line drawn from the outer end of the coal to the hind angle of the triangle divides the wing into two areas I . the anterior of which includes the strong framework of the wioail while the other is yielding membrane with weak venation, adapting the wing for that rapid seulling action in air by which forward motion i — produced. |: | No. 1381. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 709 Il. THE STUDY OF THE WING BY AREAS. | These three points of transverse bracing are also the points about which have played the forces which have evolved the dragon-fly wing. They are the points about which one can best follow the shifting of veins and trachew. Ina study of genealogy one can hardly do better, therefore, than to discuss the wing by areas with these points as centers, drawing freely upon ontogeny, comparative anatomy, and paleontology for evidence of the changes that have taken place. THE AREA OF THE STIGMA. ‘The stigma is developed upon the cutting edge of the wing at the point of greatest impact against the air. It would seem to serve the aS Th: tp > [ivanseneestsape LUT WT 7 q U Fic. 4.—PTEROSTIGMAS; p, OF Anax junius DRURY; g, OF Miathyria marcella SELYS; r, oF Neogomphus molestus SELYS; s, OF Uropetala carovei SELYS; t, OF Agrion mercuriale CHARPENTIER; u, OF Anoma- lagrion hastatum SAY; v, OF Thore gigantea SELYS; w, OF Mecistogaster Lucretia DRURY; x, Calopteryx maculata BEAUVOIS; , Microstigma sp?; 2, Microstigma rotundatum, SELYS, HIND WING. double purpose of firmly uniting the veins of the front margin and of increasing the efliciency of the wing stroke by adding weight at this ( 710 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, | str iking point. Its shape and extent vary considerably and are often) characteristic of groups; but the stigma seems not to contain in itself such characters for the critical determination of the course of speciali- zation as are furnished by surrounding parts. In the wings of the more generalized members of several families: of Odonata there is between veins 7, and J/, a series of cross veins, : several of which fall directiy under the stigma, and all of which are; nearly or quite perpendicular to the veins they connect. One of these cross veins which happens to lie at the proximal end of the stigma: waxes stronger than its feilows, and is set in an oblique position in such! way as to strongly brace the stigma against vein J/,. Three not. remotely related Gomphinz will illustrate the stages in the develop-), ment of this strong brace from an ordinary cross vein. In Epigom- phus paudosus (fig. 8) the proximal end of the stigma has no cross; vein exactly in line with it; in Cyclophylla diphylla (Plate XX XTV,j } fig. 1) it is in line, but little strengthened; but in Gomphus dilatati| (Plate XX XIII, fig. 1) it has become a strong and evident brace. A) parallel series might be pointed out among the A%schnine (compare: such genera as Stawrophlebia (Plate XXXIX, fig. 2), Basieschna | (Plate XX XVII, fig. 2), and Gynacantha (Plate XX XIX, fig. 3), and) the Agrioninz offer another parallel, with the addition of an interest-_ ing feature, which is illustrated by a series of such genera as Lestes) (Plate Tali fig. 1), Phdlogenia (Plate LIL, fig. 4), Avgza (Plate LIL, - fig. 5), and Vehallennia (Plate LIV, fig. 8). In this series there is: the same development of a brace from a cross vein; and, correlated | therewith, a progressive angulation of vein J/, at the base of this: cross vein, forming a triradiate brace at that point. An entirely different method of bracing the front of the wing at the: stigma has prevailed in a few forms (Zore, fig. 4, v, etc.). The cross: vein below vein /2, is not utilized, but the two veins bounding the: proximal and posterior sides of the stigma are deflected so as to meet) vein 2, ina strong Y-shaped brace, ie doubtless, serves a pur pose: analogous to that served by the other triradiate brace described above. Fig. 4 shows at p the normal stigma of Anaxv junius, greatly; enlarged. It shows, also, a few common forms of stigma, both! braced and unbraced (g to 4), and a few uncommon and more or less’ degenerate forms (7 to z), which will be discussed under another! ——— heading. THE REGION OF THE NODUS. i Here at once we come upon very peculiar wing features. The nodus is the stout cross vein near the madd of the costal bor-. der of the wing, joining the costa, the subcosta, and the radius. It is. traversed by a more or less evident suture, making a flexible and) elastic joint which, without loss of strength in the parts which need i . No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. M11 rigidity, would seem te tiene more effective flexion of the distal parts of the wing.“ We have already seen the trachea Rs descending at the nodus and —erossing trachez J/, and J/,. The veins formed about these tracheze bind them all solidly together. For convenience of reference we now designate that portion of the radial sector which unites the lower end of the nodus with the median vein as the suwhnodus (sn.) and the short oblique portion of the radial sector appearing as a cross vein behind vein JW, as the oblique vein (0), and the trunk secondarily developed to connect the radial sector proximally with vein /,,, as the bridge (br). In the suborder Anisoptera we may then note that the radial sector fuses with vein J/, for a little way, carrying the oblique vein a varia- ble distance beyond the subnodus. The bridge is outlined in trachez of two very different types, which are almost characteristic of the two families of the suborder. (1) In all the Aschnine of which I have had nymphs for examination the antecedent trachea is simple, and springs from the radial sector near what will be the distal end of the bridge (fig. 5) and extends in a direct line proximally toward vein M,+,. (2) In most Libellulide the trachea which precedes the bridge springs from the radial sector near the origin of the latter (fig. 6), descends to the level of the bridge that is to be, forks, and sends its branches in opposite directions to meet veins J/,,, and 7s respec- tively. In the Macromiine, however, it is formed by a modification _of the latter type, as shown for Didymops transversa in fig. TA. Fig. 7 B shows how, by a further division of the radial sector near its base, two oblique veins are formed in the Cordulegasterine and Petalurine. Compare also with fig. 28 In the suborder Pa reptera. so far as known to me, trachea /s appears as a branch of the media, the subnodus, while formed in the usual place, being destitute of a tracheal trunk. The Zygopterous nymphal wing figured herewith (Plate X XX1, fig. 2) shows that the trachea 2s has, in this (well grown) stage, at least, no direct commu- nication with the radius at all. But if we compare the adult wings of the two suborders there can be no question as to the identity of the vein /?s, or of its homology in the two groups. The explanation of this at first rather surprising state of the tra- chez I believe to be that the trachea As has been detached from the radius and attached to the media. There are every where between the principal traches ee open channels of communication, formed by the «This suture seems to have cut voH fie eee ae hea, or else to have dwarfed and diverted its tips. In the cicada the subcostal trachea crosses the nodal suture; and doubtless it once did so in Odonata, for the adult vein extends a little way beyond in three living genera of Aschninze (compare Stawrophlebia, Plate XX XIX, fig. 2), and was well developed beyond in the fossil genus schnidium. The nodus when present in other orders is nearer the wing apex than in the Odonata. ~ alee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_ universal anastomoses of the smallest tracheoles. Any one of thege: FIG 6.—TRACHEATION OF THE NODAL REGION OF THE NYMPHAL WING OF Libellula pulchella DRURY.) open air-passages might become enlarged, should necessity arise for | | | | | | | | the entrance of the air from a new quarter. vase the necessity may have arisen from the thinning of the wing cases of the slender Zygoptera, whereby the communication of the radial sector with the radius would be gradually pinched off. the decrease of the air supply from the original source an iner amount must needs come from the medial trunk through tracheoles, some of which would be attain the proportions of a tracheal branch, adial sector would atrophy.“ ko. 1881. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. Gls And I think that in this With sased enlarged and one of which might finally while the base of the Either the attachment of the radial sec ast to media was made at three > eo WAN NN D. a Scs me HY X } y f j a —— oe bey aN Sc a mene ad AC! 4 Rs ‘ : : * "4,07 A, oF Didymops transversa SAY; B, OF Fic. 7.—TRACHEATION OF THE NODAL REGION OF THE WING. Cordwegaster diastatops SELYS; THE LATTER SHOWING THE MODE OF ORIGIN OF VEINS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CORDULEGASTERINE AND PETALURIN&. ’ THE TWO OBLIQUE different places, or else, since its reattachment, it has taken a different course in each of three different series within the suborder Zy goptera. In the Lestin we find it separating from vein J/, far be yond the sub- nodus, the point of its departure mar ked by a more or less evident oblique vein, and a long bridge formed about numerous approximated tracheoles, mainly derived from neighboring branches of the media. In the Agrionine (s. st.) it separates from vein J/,,. near the nodus, and there is neither bridge nor oblique vein. In Calopteryx it sepa- a Bich Sarance ie tr: Another instance will be cited further on in the case of the bri A case of the attachment of trachea M, to the radius in Pieris has been LIII, 1892, fig. 24, and Ender- acheal prancbes in insects wings are not unprecedented. anches of the anal trachea. clearly indicated by Spuler (Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., lein (Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Anat., XVI, 1902, pl. 11, fig. 20. ) 714 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. aM. rates from vein Miss far.to the proximal side of the nodus, and about in the more usual position of the proximal end of the bridge.” In this group bridge and oblique vein are lost; but similar parts are found, as will be noted later, extending the attachment of the radial sector to the media still nearer the arculus. THE REGION OF THE ARCULUS. Across the base of the wing a strong transverse union of all thé principal veins is effected by means of arculus in the middle, triangle at the rear, and antenodal cross veins at the front. Distinct tra, cheal twigs precede the antenodals of the first (costal) series, while those of the second (subcostal) series are of independent cuticular origin.” Specialization is to be traced among these cross veins Ini! their reduction in number and matching in position in the two series,| and in the hypertrophy of some of them to form stout triangular trusses, which entirely fill, in section, the furrow between the costal and the radius. Two antenodals, some distance apart, are thus hyper- trophied in most ‘Mschnide, one at either side of the arculus; in the, Thorine, but one, and that one meeting the arculus; in Synthemis alternate antenodals are thickened, but to a less degree. Theit pednevioni in numbers will be discussed under the general subject e ‘cross veins.’ We have already seen that arculus and triangle are formed where bends in the media and the cubitus, respectively, are met by strong cross. veins. We have seen that the medial and the cubital trachez are at) first straight or slightly curved as in other insects, and that the bend-| ing takes place late in nymphal life, at the time when the veins are’ forming. The genus Ana (Plate XL, fig. 3), while highly specialized: in many ways, has preserved a rather primitive condition of the arculus. It is composed here largely of cross vein, which the media’ bends but slightly to meet, and the veins J/,; and J/, depart from it) in straight lines. Media fends to descend the arculus, and the veins) M.; and JM/,, departing from it, become arched strongly toward the radius. In the Libellulide the branches of the media become fused’ at the base while arching upward. This may be traced in the stages attained by such genera as Veocordulia (Plate XLU, fig. 1), Raphismia, (Plate XLIV, fig. 3), and Pachyduplac (Piate XLVI, fig. 1). The “Indicating that in this group at least a recurrent peeeoe ae as ete the bridge in the Eschnidee, may have developed into the basal attachment of the radial! sector to the media. “Tn other orders of insects cross veins are generally wanting from this space, and where present are very few in number. It will be observed that the tracheal twigs which precede the antenodals of the first series are derived from the subcosta; those of the postnodals of the first series, | from the radius. These tracheal branches are clearly the homoiogues of the longer’ anterior branches of the subcosta and the radius in the Neuroptera and the Orthoptera. | | | | | NO. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 715 ‘upward arching of the medial branches reaches its climax in some ‘Calopterygine, when J/,,,. after separating from J/, again rejoins the (radius; its basal part then appears as a cross vein, and when its trunk jagain frees itself it appears asa branch of the radius. Psewdophaca (Plate LII, fig. 3), Calopteryx (fig. 34), and Vestalis (fig. 41) have pre- served the steps by which such condition has been attained. In Apigomphus (fig. 8) there is a curious tendency for these medial branches to become conjoined just after their separate departure from . the arculus. | In ail these tendencies cuticularisation outruns tracheation; the "veins become sharply angulated; the trachew much less so. This will be clearly seen by comparing nymphal (Plate XXXII, figs. 2 and 3) and adult (Plate NORE: fig. 3) wings of Lanthus parvulus. See TT TRS — DERE r SSS oe Ge CaO Soe Fig. 8.—WINGS OF EPIGOMPHUS PALUDOSUS SELYS. The triangle has been called by several writers the ‘‘cardinal cell,” and worthily, for it is a feature of cardinal importance in the Odonate wing.“ We have already observed that it is ordinarily formed in Gomphus and others of the suborder Anisoptera, between an oblique deflected portion of the cubitus and two cross veins approximated upon the hindmost branch of the media. Between the proximal one of these two cross veins and the arculus is a narrow space which may conveniently be termed the ‘‘supertriangle” (s., of all the figures; also called elsewhere ‘‘ supratriangular space”). The quadrangle of the Zygoptera.—n the suborder Zygoptera tri- angle and supertriangle bear different relations to each other and to surrounding parts of the wing. Together they constitute a unit of wing structure. They are placed in line, not directed apart by an aIt is not always triangular, but the exceptions are few. The name is a very con- venient one and in general use, and I use it in a strictly technical sense without regard to shape. > 716 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, || obtruding angle of the cubitus, and are oftenest confluent through the atrophy of the middle cross vein. To the four-sided figure, which together they always present, we will apply the technical term ‘‘ quad- rangle” (g, of all the figures; also called elsewhere ‘‘ quadrilateral, and) FIG. 9.—WINGS OF A FOSSIL, UNDESCRIBED, AGRIONID GENUS, IN T HE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.) quadrangular space”). The fossil Agrionid genus illustrated in fig. 9° offers easy transition from the conditions just seen in the Anisoptera’ to those of the Zygoptera, and renders homologies plain. Com-) paring this wing with the fore wing of 7?trathem/s (fig. 10) with respect. ICAO TERRES } Fia. 10.—WInNGs oF Tetrathemis hyalina KIRBY. { . . . . . ® | to the points in question, triangle and supertriangle are recognizable readily in both (though in 7etrathems the latter is elongated and cons) tains an extra cross vein), and both may easily be derived from ordinary rectangular cells. | } ; : wo. 1381. I ee DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ( 17 | In Agrionidx (Plates LIII and LIV) the quadrangle is undivided, the middle cross vein being absent. In the Calopterygidee (Plate LI1) the middle cross vein is occasionally wanting, as in An/soplewra and /pal- lage, but in general the quadrangle is elongated and contains numerous extra cross veins, among which the identity of the typical one is lost. The quadrangle is gener- ally rectangular in this family, but in //eterina (Plate LI, fig. 4) it is wid- ened distally and convex an- ‘teriorly; in Thore (fig. 35) and its allies, exactly the reverse. These facts are illumined when one sees what has been the behavior of the cross vein which terminates the quadrangle ‘in this family. Vein Cw, separating from vein Cx, at a right angle, and as suddenly bending again distally, sets off a transverse basal portion which is in direct line with this cross vein. The two thus joined rotate together about the hind angle of the triangle as an axial point, while the two forms of quadrangle described above are developing. In //efeerina (Plate LI, fig. 4) and Zazs the medial end of the cross vein has proceeded distally, while the base of Cz, has been retracted; in Thore (fig. 35), Rhinocypha, Lestes, Fig. 11.—DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE QUADRANGLE IN THE CALOPTERYGIDH. SOLID LINES, A SOMEWHAT PRIMITIVE QUADRANGLE; LINE OF DOTS, THE QUADRANGLE OF Helxrinad; LINE OF DASHES, THAT OF RHINOCYPHA; ARROWS INDICATE THE OPPOSITE COURSE OF ROTATION. COMPARE WITH PLATES LI AND LII. “ etc., the reverse rotation has taken L392 Kk place, as illustrated in the accompany- l \ ~ sd ing diagram (fig. 11). NOES, The triangle of the Anisoptera.—Ke- Cu, Fig. 12.—DIAGRAM SETTING FORTH THE BEHAVIOR OF THE TRIANGLE IN THE SUB- ORDER ANISOPTERA. THE HEAVY LINES BOUND A SOMEWHAT PRIMITIVE TRIANGLE, 4°32 turning now to the suborder Anisop- tera, and to the triangle as an individ- ual feature of the wing, we may follow 1,2,3,4, AND 5 ARE STAGES IN THE DESCENT OF THE UPPER CROSS VEIN. 1’, 2’, 3’, AND 4’ REPRESENT SUCCESSIVE STAGES IN THE RETRACTION OF THE CUBITUS AT THE TRI- ANGLE. 1”, 2”, 3’, AND 4” REPRESENT STAGES IN THE RETRACTION OF THE BASE OF VEIN Cao. 1/’’, 2’”’, 3’, AND 4/// REPRE- SENT STAGES IN THE ASCENT OF THE VEIN Cu, UP THE OUTER SIDE OF THE TRIANGLE. and to follow the shiftings of with the aid of fig. 12 the changes that have taken place in it, bringing it from the condition of an ordinary rec- tangular cell to its present estate. It will be convenient to begin with a triangle hardly more generalized than that of the fore wing of Zetrathemis, its parts severally. 1. The angulation of the cubitus.—At the dividing cross vein of the quadrangle, the cubitus tends in all Anisoptera to form an angle, which pushes triangle and supertriangle out of line, thus destroying the unity of the quadrangle, in making of it two elements of wing 7 aS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy structure. The increasing angulation at this point may be followe in the fore wings of a series of Libelluline genera, such as Microdipla (fig. 13), Anatya (Plate XLIV, fig. 2), Mesothemis (Plate XLV, fig. 3 and Perithemis (Plate XLITI, fig. 3). It is only.a little less evidey in such Gomphine genera as Agriogomphus (tig. 27), Gomphoidy (Plate XXXII, fig. 2), and Gomphus (Plate XX XIII, fig. 1). It wil be observed that this deflection of the cubitus results in the widenini of the space between veins J/, and Qu, beyond the triangle. Th) may be seen in the aforementioned genera. . 2. The deflection of the middle cross vein of the quadrangle.—It iF this process that makes the distal half of the quadrangle triangulay Successive positions of the cross vein are shown at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 c\ figure. Such genera as Zetrathemis (fig. 10), Anatya (Plate XLIV ) fig. 2), Macrothemis (Plate XLVI, fig. 1), and Ephidatia (Plat XLVI, fig. 2) exhibit these stages. A similar but less striking serie. will be seen in such Gomphine genera as Agriogomphus (fig. 27 =~ aS cot ee EET ES [aa ly oH SO t FIG. 13.—WINGS OF MICRODIPLAX DELICATULA SELYS. } Gomphoides (Plate XXXII, fig. 2), and Hagenius (fig. 23). Thi cross vein has become greatly elongated in most Achnide, resultiny in the elongation of the whole triangle, as seen in such genera a Gomphxschna (Plate XX XVII, fig. 1), Brachytron (Plate XXXVI} fig. 2), and Vasieschna (Plate XX XIX, fig. 1). Thus this cross vei | has come to lie in such position that it appears in the adult wing ti be a continuation of the cubital trunk, and it has generally been s: interpreted. @ | _ — — ——e & @ Pentathemis membranulata Karsch (Ent. Nachr., XVI, 1890, pp. 33-35) presents» somewhat unusual condition of this cross vein, in that it is declined to the maximun and bent upward in the middle at its junction with a cross vein in the supertriangl | which has migrated outward upon it half the length of the triangle. This condition. very like that seen in the hind wing of Tetrathemis (fig. 10), only a little i) advance of that, has resulted in the triangle, after once attaining triangular form | becoming again four sided. Clearly, it is not five sided as Karsch thought. Hi alternative explanation (same reference, p. 35), rejected because the triangle woul not reach vein M, and the supratriangle would be in contact with the discoida. areolets—a condition seen in the hind wing of Necordulia and Hemicordulia (Plat XLII, figs. 1 and 3) and in many Libellulinee—is the right explanation, and th’ name Pentathemis is the result of a misinterpretation. 1 i (0. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 719 | 3. The ascent of vein Cu,.—The cubital fork is in all Odonata at the aind angle of the triangle. When the distal end of the anal vein neets the cubitus squarely at this point, a struggle ensues between she branches of the cubitus for the maintenance of this strong point »f support. In a series of genera Cu, wins, and Cv, is starved and srowded out, becomes much the weaker vein. and is forced to ascend ‘he outer side of the triangle. This has happened in both fore and aind wings of Pseudophlebia minima (Plate XLY, fig. 1). The sue- sessive positions it assumes are epitomized in the diagram; they may be verified in the hind wings of such genera as Agrionoptera (Plate XLIV, fig, 1), Mesothemis (Plate XLV, fig. 3), Diplacodes (Plate XLV, ‘ig. 2), and Microdiplax (tig. 13). | 4. The descent of vein Cu,.—A happier solution of the struggle just mentioned is found when vein (x, is left in possession of the hind angle of the triangle, vein Cv, descending at a right angle from the fork, carrying the tip of vein A, Maenetor its own support... We «—— "Qc have already seen that a very perfect adjustment of this sort a exists throughout the Caloptery- om gide, where vein ('v, appears as 4 the direct continuation of vein A,. Our diagram illustrates the manner Cu, in which this adjustment is brought Cu, about in the Libellulide. This will Fie. 14.—DraGRram SHOWING BASE OF TYPICAL be better understood by examin, ee ne ee i the fore wings of such genera as ING ALSO QUADRANGLE (q), SUBQUADRANGLE Agrionoptera (Plate eV, fig. L}2 See in (s), TRIANGLE (ft), AND Anatya (Plate XLIV, fig. 2), 2a- phismia (Plate XLIV, fig. 3), and Ephidatia (Plate XLVU, fig. 2). Differentiation between fore and hind wings at the triangle.—Primi- tively, fore and hind wings of Odonata were alike, and the arculus was a little beyond the triangle in both, with the anal vein extending to the hind angle of the triangle (conditions still preserved in Cordu- legaster (fig. 25)). The above diagram of these parts (fig. 14) will therefore stand for either wing. In the space between the cubital and anal veins before the triangle ‘are two crossveins which may fairly be considered typical, and which, because of the frequent necessity for reference to them. we will des- ignate as the first and second cubito-anal crossveins (@ and } of all the figures). The part of the cubital space beyond the first cubito-anal erossvein will be seen to lie directly beneath the quadrangle (which it much resembles). It may be conveniently designated as the ** subquad- rangle” (sg), and the part of this beyond the second cubito-anal cross- vein as the subtriangle (¢’ of all the figures; called also, elsewhere, “‘subtriangular space” and ‘‘internal triangle”). 720 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI Differentiation between fore and hind wings has been most com pletely carried out in the Libellulidee,“ and, fortunately, almost all th: steps are still to be seen in living genera. In this family two ver different processes have operated in the two wings: A. The PLOCESSLON of the triangle in the fore wing.—In all but th: more generalized Libellulides the anal vein seems to run directly t the antero-internal angle of the triangle, while retaining in the hind wing its usual course to the hind angle. This is a puzzle; but the ke: to the puzzle is found in the behavior of the second cubito-anal cross: vein and the anal vein. The accompanying diagram (fig. 15) epital mizes what has taken place. The anal vein formerly went directly to the hind angle of th: triangle in the fore wing. Then, through the simultaneous deflectio of crossvein and anal vein, the latter came to appear forked—a stag), it has reached and still maini tains in’ most til a Then the basal part of th” anal trunk was carried io m._ Ward into direct line wit | the still further deflecte second cubito-anal cross veins, so that the latter ap pears as the continuation ¢ | the vein, and not at all as i crossvein, while the disté end of the anal vein is almos Fig. 15.—DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE PROCESSION OF THE lost ee the one ca oF TRIANGLE AND THE DEFLECTION OF THE ANAL VEIN AND the proximal side of the tr _ | SRO) BEEBE CROSSVEIN IN THE FORE vance OF angle. Thus it is that th LIBELLULID®. a, THE FIRST, AND b, THE SECOND CUBITO- ANAL CROSSVEINS; 1, 2, 3, AND 4, SUCCESSIVE POSITIONS. anal vein seems to join th front angle of the triangl: With the acquisition of new responsibilities, the second cubito-ant crossvein has waxed stronger and longer, and has pushed the inne angle of the triangle toward the outer, making the triangle narrov and bringing about by this means its apparent remoteness from th arculus. Such genera are illustrated in Plates XLII], XLV, an XLIX, and show the steps in this ee SS. Simviliueceee tk em : “Their differentiation in function was area Scents by Girard (186) Note sur divers experiences relatives a la fonction des ailes chez les insectes, Am) Soc. Ent. France, (4), 11, pp. 153-162). His results that are of most interest he i were gotten by simply clipping off one pair of wingsata time. Thus he showed thi!) in Agrion, with fore and hind wings practically alike, flight is fairly well sustaine with either pair of wings alone: Libellula can fly with the fore wings only, but wi the fore wings removed the hind wings alone will not sustain it in the air. I hay) verified these results, using Hnallagma and Sympetrum. I have also made some ne! experiments to determine the utility of certain structures. Brief reference will } made to my results farther on. NM, INO. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 791 ~ deflected portion of the cubitus (the inner side of the triangle) has ibeen elongated, producing the very narrowly elongate triangle of Lnbellula (Plate XLVIII, fig. 3) and its allies. ’B. The recession of the triangle in the hind wing.—The behavior of the triangle in the hind wing has consisted simply in its retraction through the successive position shown diagramatically in fig. 16, and jillustrated in such genera as Agrionoptera (Plate XLIV, fig 1), \Raphismia (Plate XLIV, fig. 3), Uracis, (Plate L, fig. 2), and Pantala (Plate L, fig. 3). Doubtless this recession of the triangle of the hind iwing could only be advantageous in connection with the developments ‘deseribed under the next heading and discussed again farther on. - The anal area.—In the Odonata there is no anal furrow or suture, jas in most other insects, sharply delimiting an anal field. The anal \vein, except in a few fossil forms (/sophlebia, fig. 31, etc.), is solidly joined to the cubitus, as already shown. We now pass to notice the ‘distribution of the anal branches in the small area back of the cubital deflec- tion. | Probably in the early Odonata the anal tracheal trunk occupied the posi- ‘tion of the anal vein, weil back of the cubitus. On- cu, togeny (see figs. 1 and 2) FIG. 16.—DIAGRAM REPRESENTING THE RECESSION OF THE and analogy with insects Bran et Ree Seah om a ee ey of other orders would both support this view. But in such recent forms as I have had for study this anal trachea is closely approximated to the cubitus beyond the base, and, midway to the triangle, descends to the level of the anal vein, and sends branches both proximally and distally, about which that vein is formed (fig. 2, and Plate XX XI, figs. 1-3). Even in the thick wings of nymphs of Anisoptera the contorted position and decreasing size of the anal trachea indicate that, like the costal trachea of the opposite wing margin, it is suffering from lack of room; or, per- haps, outstripped by the intervening trachew that are better situated in relation to air supply. At least we find, especially in thin and narrow wing cases, the anal trachea dwindles, and loses successively all its branches, which then become incorporated into the cubital air system. The best developed anal trachea we have seen is that of slncx (Plate X XX], fig. 3), in which it will be noticed that the terminal branch, A,, is continued beyond its position of fusion with the cubitus in tl recurrent position. In the hind wing of Gomphus (Plate X XX, fig. 1) it will be observed that this recurrent portion is attached to vein Cu,; A,, apparently, wanting; A,, strongly developed. In the fore wing of the same nymph A, has also been transferred to the cubitus, being + oe PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. xxv, attached to the cubital trunk at the place where the anal vein bends, strongly away from it. In all the Zygoptera I have been able to! examine. all the branches of the anal vein have been transferred to! the cubitus in both wings, the anal trunk being very greatly reduced or wanting (see Plate XX-XI, fig. 2). Such transference of the branches of the anal trachea lends the: strongest support to the assumption already made regarding the trans-, ference of the trachea 72s to the media, in which case possible reasonsi for shifting and reattachment were much more clear. | The anal loop.—Owing to such shiftings of trachea, owing also to the: expansion of this region in some wings, occasioning the development: of accessory tracheal branches and its reduction in others, causing all the branches to disappear, the homologies of those branches which are: oftenest present are followed with difficulty. Two of them, however (designated as A, and A, in the figures), must be considered here, since they together form an inclosure, which becomes one of the strongest: i "i |; J Fic. 17.—FORMS OF THE ANAL LOOP IN THE ANISOPTERA: 1, ANAL LOOP OF CYCLOPHYLLA DIPHYLLA, ” 2, oF Gomphoides stigmatus; 3, OF Gompheschna fureillata; 4, oF Gomphomacromia paradoxa; 5, Ob Syncordulia gracilis; 6, oF Agrionoptera insignis; 7, OF (?) Nannophya maculosa; 8, OF Ephidatio longipes; 9, oF Hydrobasileus extraneus. + of the supporting structures of the expanded anal area of the hing. wings of the Anisoptera. This inclosure may fitly be designated as” the anal loop (al. of all the figures). Fig. 17 will serve to show some of its more common and characteristic forms. ' In some Aeschnine genera we find a supplemental loop (a/’) devel oped between veins A, and Cu,,. Fig. 3 of Plate XX XI shows how this is brought about; it is another accompaniment of the widening 0j f the base of the wing. Since in the Libellulide the anal loop extends 7 from vein A, to vein Cv,,, it is to be considered as the equivalent 0) 7 both loops in Ana». Of the characteristic foot-shaped loop of the commonest Libellulide the ‘‘ toe” is of later development, and result from the concurrent elongation of veins A, and Cv., with the expan) sion of the hind angle of the wing. After considering these changes severally, if we again compare fore and hind wing in any of the more specialized Libellulidee we shall se No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 123 ‘that only the part of the wing which lies back of the median vein has been affected by them. But that part has been modified profoundly; in it entirely different ends have been wrought out in the two wings, and by different means. The fore wing is characterized by greater ‘modification of parts present in the primitive wing; the hind wing, by ithe greater development of new parts. Ill. SOME GENERAL FEATURES OF THE WING. VEIN SHIFTING AND VEIN DIFFERENTIATION. ' There are two kinds of specialization occurring simultaneously in insect wings, not clearly delimited, but, nevertheless, distinct enough _ to enable us to understand in a measure the reasons for the success of | both. First, there is the shifting of veins for the mechanical advan- tage of position and the development of strong cross veins to aid in | maintaining favorable positions. These developments have occupied our discussion hitherto. We have seen that the course of specializa- tion is traceable in each part, and we shall see further on that the parts, varying independently or being modified together, collectively furnish most excellent characters for interpreting the genealogy of the group. Second, there is a specialization which is not confined to any par- ticular part of the wing or to any particular structure, but which con- sists in the progressive differentiation between veins and membrane, in the concentration of strength-giving wing material within the sup- porting veins, and in the reduction of cross veins. Although less tan- gible, perhaps, and certainly less useful for tracing genealogies, this kind of specialization is none the less real. The first furnishes char- acters differing in kind; the second, only those differing in degree. The first, rather than the second, is characteristic of fossil species, some fossil forms having carried the shifting of veins already described to extremes unparalled at the present time. The second, rather than the first, is characteristic of those modern genera which belong to the cooler regions of the globe. The first is often accompanied by very abundant“ venation. The second is indicative of keener competition in recent times and in temperate climates, necessitating greater economy of wing-building substance. A comparison of the wings of Veurothens (fig. 18) and Letragone uUria (fig. 19), two genera of Libellulide that may fairly be taken as expo- nents of the two kinds of specialization, will make the difference between them clear. In Veurothemis we have venation ‘* run wild ”— the vein-building material scattered with great prodigality throughout the membrane, forming a very irregular and inconstant mesh work, aQOne might almost say luxuriant. Possibly the advantage of the new position attained by the shifting of parts is so great that over development results from it at first. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 49 nO4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. such as was common to many early fossils of other orders and such as | is still characteristic of the tegmina of the Locustide. In 7etragoneuria — Pe 1, LT SSO RUS Ss Lio o> SE TRE PRP NSS ais! Xe se eto EERO AY) ret) TB {> eye! TT RROD RS SURREY ID BRAS TORRY SRR EER 9: SE Oo Fic. 19.—WinGs oF Tetragoneuria cynosura SAY. order is wrought out of this seeming confusion in the wing membrane. The veins are strong, the membrane is thin and more transparent, DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 725 eross veins are reduced so as to leave those that remain in such position thateach seems to bear its individual share in the stress upon the wing. Instead of a dozen, more or less, of inconstant cross veins in the space between veins 72, and J/, between nodus and stigma, as in Vewrothem/s, there are but three, and these three are constant, and so for other parts. In and about the triangle of Vewrothemis are many veinlets which have been sacrificed to make the triangle itself stronger in Tetragoneuria. An actual count of the cells in a hind wing of WVewro- themis gives the number 2,695; in a hind wing of Zetragoneuria, 265, the latter wing being at the same time a little larger. Vewrothemis has far outrun Zetragoneuria in all those adjustments of parts in the region of the arculus, already described, as characteristic of the spe- cialization of the Libellulide; but Zetragoneuria, having attained a fair measure of mechanically advantageous arrangement of parts, has attained success by disposing of its strength-giving wing material where it is most effective. Zetragoneuria is vastly superior in flight — is, indeed, one of the fleetest and most agile of winged creatures. CROSS VEINS. The vein-building substance of which we speak is of course hypo- dermis. The insect wing is essentially but a flat evagination of the body wall, with a few trachea grown out into it. During early devel- opment the hypodermis of the wing does not differ in any essential respect from that of other parts of the body. As elsewhere, it con- sists of a single layer of cells which secrete a protecting external Jayer of chitine. At the time of transformation, when the hypodermis of the two walls of the wing sac is bound together by fused internal processes, blood is forced out into the wing, greatly extending it lat- erally. The hypodermis is thus spread out in a very thin layer. As soon as a definitive layer of chitine is deposited, the hypodermal cells (which, of all cells known to me, possess the greatest capacity for speedy and extensive shifting and re: adjustment) begin to be segregated into groups along the lines of the veins that are to be, and there deposit additional chitine, which differentiates veins from membrane. Doubtless in the earliest insect wings the segregation of the hypo- dermal cells was such as to give a membrane crowded with somewhat cir- cular areoles, such as we find in the expanded lateral margins of the pronotum of the Tingitide, in the tegmina of the Locustide, in almost the entire wing of the fossil dragon fly .7%chnidium, and in the wider spaces of the wing of Wewrothemis. The principal veins first would become strongly marked by the accumulation of the hypodermal cells about the trachexw. Cross veins would emerge from the meshwork, as they seem to be emerging in the wing of Vewrothemzs, in the spaces between veins 2, and J/,, between J/, and J/,, etc., by the dropping «J venture this unqualified statement without having seen Newrothemis fly. 726 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. Xxvn, out of veinlets that are longitudinally placed; or, as illustrated in the following diagram (fig. 20). A few strong cross veins for binding the longitudinal veins together would be developed first. In the wider spaces between the longitudinal] veins the cells would take on hexagonal form as soon as necessity for economy in the disposition of vein-forming substance arose, and hexa- gons would, of necessity, fall into regular series or rows. This con- dition would early be attained—has been attained or surpassed by almost all living Odonata. Meanwhile the reduction among cross veins goes on apace, and the fundamental thing in this reduction con- sists in the better marshaling of the hypodermal cells at the proper moment of transformation. This brings us to the practical point, that cross veins are constant in number and position only when they have attained individual responsi- bility—when each has its own share in the stress of the wing stroke. Utility determines survival among cross veins as.among species. No better illustration could be found than the two conecannl cross veins before the triangle in the wings of the Libellulide. The first of these is formed, as we have seen, about the eae portion of the anal SSDI es So i NOs ea ae Oe LO AIT ——— — —eOoOoo eo eo eee eee Fic. 20.—DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE EMERGENCE OF STRONG CROSS VEINS. trachea, and that is a sufficient reason why in the reduction of cross veins it never disappears. The second in the fore wing becomes braced against the front angle of the triangle and acquires new responsibility, which insures its preservation; one would as soon expect to miss those » other cross veins which bound the triangle. But in the hind wing this same cross vein acquires no such importance—rather loses through the recession of the triangle any importance it may have had to begin with, so it early disuppears In the more generalized Libellulidee it is always present; in the more specialized it is uniformly absent, but ina few, in this respect transitional genera, it is present or absent indifferently. Similarly in the more specialized Libellulide but one cross vein persists in the space which the bridge incloses, and there is avery good reason why that one never disappears—it is formed about the descending trachea which precedes the bridge. Very similar are the antenodal and postnodal cross veins, of which so much use has been made in systematic work. In the fore wing of Neuraeschna the antenodals are more than forty, the number being | inconstant; in Pachydiplax they are always six. In the hind wing of feuraeschna the antenodals are about twenty-five; in that of Zetra- ; | | se 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ToC igoneuria they are four. Those antenodals which early chance become | ‘“matched” across both costal and subcostal spaces brace the deepening } | subcostal furrow better and are more sure to be preserved. Then there is a reduction of cross veins which seems not solely directed toward strengthening those that remain, but rather toward clearing out of spaces between the points of transverse union of longi- ‘tudinal veins.“ This clearance takes place in different places in Libel- lulidee and in Gomphine, correlated with the difference in shape and position of the triangle in the two groups. In the former the cross veins disappear (see Pachydiplax, Plate XLVII, fig. 1) from the spaces adjacent to the subnodus and the oblique vein and under the stigma. In the latter (see Gomphus dilatatus, Plate XX XIII, fig. 1) from the spaces just beyond the arculus. In the A%schnine, with triangles similarly disposed, while the cross veins do not actually disappear just beyond the arculus, we find sometimes (as in Avnar, Plate XL, fig. 3) OY a a EE FEE EEE Fig. 21.—DIAGRAM SHOWING HOW HEXAGONAL CELLS BECOME RECTANGLES AND HOW CROSSVEINS BECOME MATCHED IN TRANSVERSE LINES ACROSS THE WING. all the veins on the anterior side of the base of vein J/,, between 1t and the radius, so dwindled that little more than thin membrane remains. This is much more evident in the actual wing than in the figure. ; We have already referred to the matching of nodal crossyeins. In the Agrionine this process is carried so far that all the crossveins of the body of the wing become arranged in transverse lines. A com- parison of the wings of Archilestes (Plate LI, fig. 6), Lestes (Plate EE fig. 1), Argia (Plate LILI, fig. 5), and Vehallennia (Plate LIV, fig. 8) will illustrate the progress of this tendency. @ Allowing, perhaps, for readier flexion of the portion of the wing posterior to the cleared spaces, though of this I am not sure. In Myrmeleonidie (Plate XXXVI fig. 2) subcosta and radius are strongly bound together at base and at stigma, while the long narrow space between is free from cross veins. It would seem, since the wing is easily flexed behind this space, the costal margin remaining rigid, that an imaginary axis of flexion joins the two strong yet elastic terminal points of union. 798 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI a The accompanying diagram: (fig. 21) shows fie steps by which cross- veins may be brought into line. All these steps may be seen in the) wines of Agrionine represented in the plates and better still in fig. 9, In ( None ass sina are so numerous it seems to oa tan (en citainial far rowing os ne base of dhe wing a Ge extended to the margin. SECTORS AND SUPPLEMENTS. < 4 The areole, or cells, of the wing membrane are potential hexagons, i} Where bordered on one side by a straight vein they are converted into 7 pentagons by the elimination of one angle; where Teen in a single » row between two veins they become quadnilncemie through the elim- - ination of two angles. Even in the broader areas of the wing their hexagonal regularity is early disturbed by two more or less distinet | means: (1) by the development of new tracheal branches, which pene- - trate into the broader spaces, straightening out certain broken lines of | crossveins and converting their bordering hexagons into pentagons; | (2) by the development of longitudinal veins, independently of the: tracheee—yveins which traverse the same spaces in a direction generally more or less transverse to that of the accessory trachee and complete : the havoc of the hexagons. By the first means are produced extra) branches of principal veins, which so appear in the adult wing. Some: of the most important of these are designated JZ, Fs,, Cus,, ete., im) the figures. By the second means are developed curved veins, which) are generally opposed in position to the principal veins bounding the: wider spaces anteriorly. These may be called supplements. Both are: well shown, and the difference between them is clearly demonstrated by ; Plate XXXII, fig. 1 of Anax Junius. The principal trachea shown) is the radial sector, whose branches are accessory; the strong, develop- ing vein that sets across them, bending toward the radial sector at both; its ends, is the radial supplement (R. suppl. of all the figures). It will) be seen to be a purely cuticular vein, without trachea of its own, Behind vein J/, is an exactly similar vein, the median supplement (JZ. suppl., of all the figures). Behind vein J/, and proximal to vein M/,,,, though often joined to the latter, is another, the apical supplement (@p.. suppl.), wellshown in 7ramea (Plate XLIX, fig. 3) and its allies. From) the outer side of the triangle there starts another, the trigonal supple-_ ment (¢r7g. suppl.) well shown in Hagendus (fig. 23), and in most Atsch- } nin (Plates XXX VII-XL). : Both supplements and extra branches, being relatively recent) | acquirements, are well developed only in the more specialized mem- bers of the several groups. 0. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. UNEQUALLY DEVELOPED WINGS IN THE SAME SPECIES. 1. The specialization of fore and hind wings to an unequal degree, vhen hoth (or the parts concerned of both) are following similar lines. aaa \ single illustration of this will suffice. In Chalcopterys (tig. 22) he fore wing has in several points outrun the hind. For instance, ein M, separates from vein J/, in the hind wing at the subnodus, as s usual; but in the fore wing J/, has fused with J/, for the space of everal cells’ length beyond the subnodus. Again, in the space yetween veins MW, and J/, there are a number of interpolated sectors, 1 of which are independent of the veins in the hind wing, but in the ‘ore wing the next to the longest of these has become attached to vein M, in such position that JZ, now appears forked. It will be seen at a TIT Log eee ental arse mo CLL como rik ee CLT Oe oS i eS q088e ere TTT rr ey poarch TTT TTT TET eae DLL LETTE ach ER aS SQA pele ss SSIES Peers ots 5 ae ne rreeea aes ee eR eee Sr TT TT ATT PA) |) WDE CEST TT THT TY GRE Ea LO 2 TTT] ET TSI PNR AN Re CS Cah SM AIT REH Ls Sith LK LOR IPERS LISS LX EES EIN EEY ~e S REISE glance that the anterior branch of this fork is the same thing as the independent sector occupying the same position and relations in the hind wing. First, a broken line of crossveins became straightened out longitudinally to form the sector: then, one of the crossveins lying below its proximal end in the fore wing became declined to brace the sector against vein J/,. But the bracing of the wing tip did not stop with this. The upper branch of the fork has acquired a lesser fork of its own, whose anterior branch is in like manner developed out of avstill shorter sector, which has remained independent in the hind wing. Again, the longer of the two sectors in the space between veins 2s and J/, in both wings become attached to vein J/,; a sym- metrical fork has thus been developed in the fore wing, but in the hind wing the adjustment is still imperfect. 730 ep Unequally dev loped WINGS in the two sexes.—The wing's of the. male often outrun those of the female. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. r VOL. XXYVI, | The best-known instance is. the frequent angulation of the anal area of the hind wing in the male, | the hind angle of the female always remaining rounded. ) it will be seen that the difference in conformation of the anal, 92 aw (fig. angle has slightly affected the form In that part of the Calopterygine series in which the stigma is lost) it is retained longest in the females. In Agrion (fig. 4, ¢.) it retains a much more primitive form in the; The curious stigma of the fore wing of the male of Anom-. alagrion (tig. 4, uv.) has outsttipped that of the hind wing, but even: the latter is somewhat less primitive than either stigma in the female, female. CTL Cs Ld CoS = REG ry Barry In [agenius: of the anal loop also. TNO DORSET UTR NH ORE C2 SS J ‘S Se FIG, 23,—WINGS OF Hage nius brevistylus SELYS. The reason for the greater specialization of the wings in the male is, of course, so well known as to need only passing mention. males, and not the females, seek their mates and compete for them) often amid great riv wing upon the 2, The alry. SUMMARY OF THE MORE GENERAL TENDENCIES OF VEIN EVOLUTION WITHIN THE ORDER. The facts of ontogeny and comparative anatomy hitherto presented | seem to warrant a number of conclusions as to the development of the’ several parts, which conclusions may be expressed in tabular form as: follows: Generalized condition. Subcosta long; nodus remote from wing base. Antenodal and postnodal cross veins numerous, weak, irregular (not matched ), and none of them hypertrophied. Stigma without special support. Developmental tendencies. | / Subcosta becoming shortened and the nodus retracted. Antenodal and postnodal cross veins | becoming reduced in number, stronger, | more regular, sometimes matched in position or differentiated among them- selves. Stigma becoming supported, proxi- mally by a brace vein (hypertrophied cross vein), and distally by a_ sector (M,,)- DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 731 Bridge weakly or incompletely devel- Bridge becoming strong and caecoly joped; oblique vein remote from the sub- attached to vein M,+,; oblique vein, re- nodus. tracted toward the subnodus. All principal veins straight or gently Some principal veins becoming strongly curved and evenly forking. angulate at points of special bracing. | Media at the top of the arculus. Media descending the arculus. | Veins M,-; and M, at their departure - Veins M,-; and M, becoming fused, or ‘from the arculus, separate and straight. strongly arched upward, or both. | Triangle, supertriangle, subtriangle, Triangle, ete., becoming strong and iete., ordinary quadrangular areoles (per- highly differentiated inclosures. haps traversed by weak cross veins) . Cubitus somewhat symmetrically Cubital fork becoming strongly uni- forked. lateral. [ : : , Anal angle of the wing unsupported. Anal angle becoming supported by the junction of veins Cu, and A, and, some- times, by the development of an anal loop. _ Cross venation dense, irregular, and Cross veins becoming fewer, stronger, inconstant. more definite and regular, and the mem- brane, thinner. Fore and hind wings alike. Fore and hind wings differentiating (1) by following parallel paths with unequal speed, and (2) by following different paths. IV. LINES OF SPECIALIZATION. Hitherto we have been discussing wing characters more as individual entities than as mutually dependent parts of a single organ. The illustrations of the steps in the development of each, drawn from adult wings, have been selected arbitrarily, and have not always been drawn from a single line of development. They have served the purpose of illustrating in a general way the progressive modifications of each part, confirming the ontogenetic record. In their application to this end we have necessarily overlooked the lesser individual peculiarities of each. Correlated characters varying independently preserve, some here, some there, bits of the ancestral record, but with more or less of individual alteration of it. It is probable that every one of the char- acters discussed in this paper would be found on closer study to pos- sess distinctive features in each genus—earmarks of the genus. This, of course, applies not to wing parts alone, but to every other part as well. We come now to consider these same characters in their ensemble. Their individual records, of course, do not agree. Did they agree, we should have a single lineal series, very well adapted to book making. We should have a wing exhibiting the generalized characters just mentioned with which to begin the series. But while it has been easy to show by concurrent ontogeny and comparative morphology that PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY ~J we © ~ t the characters there presented are relatively primitive for the grow and while each of these characters is exhibited in some of the mot eeneralized forms, it is quite impossible to find a single wing embody} ing them all. Let us therefore now carefully compare the sever records and discover, if we may, the history of the principal Odonate wing types. THE FIRST DICHOTOMY. The first dichotomy has been already indicated, or, at least, implied Aside from the crossing of the radial sector, respecting which ull dragon-fly wings are in essential agreement, the quadrangle has cer- tainly played the most important rdle in the evolution of these wings. Upon the quadrangle two distinct tendencies have operated, producing the suborders Zygoptera and Anisoptera. In the former the tendency | has been to preserve the quadrangle as a unit of wing structure, tO continue vein Cu, outward from it in direct line, and to set off Cu, squarely upon the distal end of vein A,. In the latter the tendeney has been to divide the quadrangle into triangle and supertriangle, and to differentiate between fore and hind wing. Supplements are devel- oped only in the latter, while the tendency toward the matching of | cross veins and the reduction of the base of the wing are characteris only of the former. SUBORDER ANISOPTERA. Again, in the two great families of this suborder two dominant tend: encies are almost equally plain. In the Auschnide these are toward: (1) the similar elongation of the triangle in both wings; (2) the develop- ment of strong supplements; (3) the hypertrophy of two antenodal - cross veins; (4) the development of a brace to the stigma, and (5) the angulation of the hind angle of the hind wing in the males. In the Libellulidx there is the single, more definite, and more exclusive tend- hind wings at the triangle. A. schnide.—The family Aischnide isa bundle of remnants. I ) it are found no less than eight fairly distinct types of venation. The types represented by //eterophlebia, Stenophlebia, and Akchnidiw are extinct. That of Peta/ura was much more abundant in past times than now. Chlorogomphus and Cordulegaster are represented by but a few isolated species. Only the groups of Gomphus and dischna are « Attention should be called here to the peculiar and altogether isolated type of vena tion found in Zschnidium. In wings, otherwise like those of the A&schnide, t shifting of the anal vein up toward the inner angle of the triangle is completely carried out in both fore and hind wings. In this, and also in the secondary developments for supporting the expanding anal angle, Zschnidium far outran all living forms. In the matter of differentiation between veins and membrane, however, and the reduction of cross veins, it remained very generalized indeed. ! | 1831. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ieee hterial to be had for tracing genealogies, and we will attempt to pint out only the more important venational features, comparing fem. with the conditions we believe to be primitive for the order. | Chlorogomphus.—This (tig. 24) is an isolated living type, specialized the extensive differentiation -between fore and hind wing by the evelopment of an expanded anal area upon the latter, generalized in js unbraced stigma and in its retention of cross veins in the space }fore the arculus. It parallels Macromia moore? in the peculiar form | its anal loop, and Hemianax ephippiger (Plate XXXVI, fig. 3) in fe circuitous course of vein Cu,. It is unique among the Odonata nown to me in that the triangle of the hind wing has been elongated ‘ansversely to the axis of the wing, while that of the fore wing is i uilateral. XQ ee ree Si Vo RRS TST TTT BoE CERO Oe eee rh vl LEO RTS | Ce moe Straaene aera rs TT tH at) TT Se 2 “Sack Lore te (RAR TS SELES SOE SS er ohh L esi) ma Ca oR TT <> J FY oe Ly eal C2 i I Els “oH ome AH eo iseis oy Su A TY a . if eee © oe eee s a (AI co y rs ee ee o s oy ] g ooze ee he RO po mu at cau Lees S HR Se HA i ry rl 5 es i K B \\ \) i Fic. 24.—Wrncs oF Chlorogomphus magnificus SELYS, FEMALE. | The Corduleqaster group.—This small group has retained some decid- »dly primitive features. Anal vein and second cubito-anal cross vein jaye retained their primitive position and relations in both wings. The triangles are alike, and only moderately elongated. No supple- ments are developed; and there is no brace to the stigma, or only a very imperfect one in /ta/ia and its allies. There is, however, a mod- rate enlargement of the base of the hind wing, and this becomes agulate in the males. Cordulegaster say? (fig. 25) and Phyllopetalia ‘ipicalis (fig. 26) represent the divergence of the group; there is uni- formity in the more important wing characters. There has been a slight development of accessory branches upon the radial sector, and in the wing of Phyllopetalia will be noticed the undulate course taken on by veins J/, and Ps, and by WV, and J/,; but the reduction of redun- | | | } } i 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy dant cross veins, and the strengthening of the principal veins and braee seem to have been the means whereby these wings have attained thej, ceoodly measure of efficiency. dischnine.—W e come now to a group that is flourishing in our ow) time the world over. It contains the largest of our common dragon. St Se GamR i ‘ eee ~ Ei eens bY aS So EL TREES P| ee ae RR Soe tS SP RS “7 a aS | PERRO TY ~ Rea reyes 90,908 LNs Ee LIS a Rt AE FIG. 25.—WINGS OF Cordulegaster sayi SELYS. flies, all strong-flying species, composing many genera. In the mori spevialized genera are many species. There is great variety in thi details of the luxuriant venation of the group. Here, then, we hays opportunity to apply the facts of development previously outlined td the unravelling of a bit of genealogic history. —T |Llidm titi San bo Sa QO Lr CASS SSI SOOO SSE SS OS CRISES AS Rose Fig. 26.—WiNGs OF Phyllopetalia apicalis SELYS. The most characteristic features of the Zischnine wing are (1) the approximation of veins J/, and JZ, brought about by the bending: forward of vein J/, at the stigma, (2) the development of strong and broadly curved supplements, and (3) the elongation of the triangles im the direction of the axis of the wing. These will be seen in their best. development in such genera as &schna and Anax (Plate XL.) i 0.1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 735 | Doubtless, the most generalized group within the Aeschnine series s composed of Cymatophlebia (fossil), and Gompheschna (Plate XXXVII, fig. 1), which have the triangle little elongated, all supple- ents but little developed, the anal loop small and compact, with no supplemental loop, and the anal angle of the hind wing, therefore, not vreatly dilated, but which always have the stigma braced against vein MW, opposite a forward bend in vein J/,. These all exhibit affinities vith the preceding and the next following groups. Even the upward vend of vein J/, at the stigma is hardly more marked in Gompheschna han in Phyllopetalia (tig. 26). _ Passing by these two genera, we next come upon a number of others which have a more pronounced A¢schnine aspect, as Boyeria Plate XX XVII, fig. 3), Basiexschna (Plate XXXVII, fig. 2), and Hoploneschna (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 1). These have vein J/, more strongly bent toward the stigma, the triangles longer, radial and nedian supplements well developed, and trigonal supplement and sup- slementary anal loop developing. In these genera the radial sector is 10t forked. In #schna and its nearest allies (Plate XL) we see the further orogress of these tendencies. There is this added feature—the radial sector has become forked. It will be observed that the anterior oranch of this fork is separated from vein J/, by a single row of cells, und that in the same place in Bastxschna (Plate XX XVII, tig. 2) there sa line of cross veins tending to straighten out. The anterior branch of the fork is developed out of this line of cross veins. In the Aus- tralian Aschna brevistyla (not figured herein) all stages of its com- pleteness and incompleteness may be found in a series of specimens. In the nymphal wing of Anaw junius, a strong trachea is seen to pre- sede only the posterior branch of the fork. Thus the anterior branch of the fork is clearly a relatively recent acquisition of such genera as Axchna, Gynacantha and Anax, the dominant genera of the subfamily. In tracing this relatively simple developmental line that leads to the highest specialization of this kind to be found, we have purposely passed by several lateral offshoots. The one of these which seems nearest ullied to Akchna is represented by Neureschna and Staurophlebia (Plate XX XIX, fig. 2), which, having retained the tip of the subcosta which extended beyond the nodus and many cross veins in important spaces, are not to be derived directly from forms in which these have been lost; lacking a brace to the stigma, can not have sprung directly from such genera as those of the Boyeria group in which this useful structure is well developed, but may well have sprung from the com- mon ancestor of LBoyerta and dischna. Furthermore, Anawx (Plate XL, fig. 3), while very highly specialized, has retained the most primitive position of the media at the arculus to be found in the group, and has the hind angle of the hind wing rounded, 736 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. and not arial tede A fe male. These characters, together others found in other organs, give cause for ars apart Anax mental line from the one in which aoe is found. Then there is the important Brachytron group of genera (Brachy tron (Plate XXXVIU, fig. 2), -Aschnophlebia (Plate XXXVIL, fig 3), Planeschna, Calizese ae Nasieschna (Plate XXXIX, ee L Epivschua, etc.), which seems at first sight so closely allied to "Excl which was set apart by Karsch“ for systematic purposes, on exceller| venational characters, the manner and the purport of whose develop ment remain to be indicated. The radial sector is forked in these, bu after the anterior branch is acquired the whole sector does not, a. in <2xschna, bend anteriorly, arching away from the radial supplement which becomes bent in the opposite direction, but both remain straigh# and the tendency seems to be toward strengthening and deepening th’ fork. As a consequence, vein J/,, is allowed in the Brachytron grow to occupy its accustomed place and to bear its share in the stress ¢ the wing stroke, not being crowded out, as in the Auschna group, b/ the encroaching distal end of vein JZ. | Boyerva seems to stand near where was the parting of the ways thé led to the development of these two groups. One may see that eithe: form of radial sector might readily have been derived from that ¢ Boyeria (Plate XX XVII, fig. 3): ; The study of the trigonal supplement adds force to such opinior In Loyeria it might be interpreted as joining the median supplemen) or as passing below it with a single row of cells between; its positio! is not decided. But in the A’schna group it distinctly joins th median supplement, and in the Brachytron group it distinetly exteatl below by one row of cells. The behavior of the distal ends of veins J/, and J/, offers. stil further corroborative testimony. Beginning with a condition lik that found in Loyeria, where there are several rows of cells include between these two veins for the distal third or fourth of their length the veins themselves being parallel, development takes place alon two distinct lines. In the Brachytron line these veins remain paralle and specialization consists in the progressive reduction of the cel between them to a single row. In the A¢schna line, vein J/, become) — bent away from vein J/, at a point opposite the proximal end of fl radial supplement, while reduction proceeds as usual on either side th! place. (See 22 californica, Plate XL, fig. 1, and 4. ingens, Plai XL, fig. 2.) It will be observed that the vein J/, finally appears to rv’ into vein /,. This is wholly due to the increasing deflection of ve: M, and to the straightening out of two cross veins which happen > lie opposite the point of deflection. These cross veins first are 1 “ Kritik des Systems der Aschniden, Ent. Nachr., XVII, pp. 273-290. a 2 } é ka DRA ee Y WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ob laced as to cause vein J/, to appear Eaeeed (Gee E oe nica, Plate KL, fig. 1), when they appear as the upper branch of that fork; finally jhey appear as the true continuation of the vein. As the anal vein is switched upon the second cubito-anal cross vein in the Libelulide, so here vein J/, is switched into an entirely new position upon two “ross Veins. _ It is worthy of passing remark that this shifting is an accompani- 4 of differentiation between longitudinal veins in very highly specialized Hschnine. This will be much more clearly seen in actual wings than in the best of figures. A glance at such wings as those of Anax junius or Axchna californica will discover that ei is strong, Uy, is weak; J/, is strong, J/, is weak; Cw, is strong, Cu, is weak. The strong vein bounds posteriorly the space in which the weaker one ies. The cross veins just discussed, which join vein J/, so solidly to vein J/,, together with several lines of cross veins descending from the strongest part of the radial sector, complete the boundary of the space in which the weakest part of vein J/, is included. But to return to our theme, we have seen that the behavior of radial sector and supplement, of trigonal supplement, and the distal ends of veins MW, and J/, furnish cumulative testimony to two divergent lines of development, which, starting with forms a little less A¢schna-like than Boyeria, have evolved the groups of Brachytron and A&chna. And we have shown that, with respect to venation at least, the groups of Neureeschna, Anax, t anol Gompheschna are successively more remote. | Gomphine.—In this group we come upon another type of schnid venation, a type which is chiefly characterized by the similar shifting of the anal vein in both wings, but only to such extent that that vein appears more or less symmetrically forked. There are few venational specialties. Neither the shifting of veins for advantage of position nor the reduction of cross veins Ee e proceeded very far. That vena- tion is at a standstill is indicated by the unusual constancy of mechan- ically unimportant cross veins, such, for instance, as the one traversing the supertriangle. Variation from the type is slight, considering the large number of genera in the group; and such as there is, it does not lend itself readily to.serial arrangement. The very moderately widened anal angle of the hind wing is supported mainly by straight and parallel anal and cubital branches, as in the more generalized Aischnine. An anal loop is developed in many genera, but has so different aspect in several of them it seems quite j ossible it may have been developed several times independently. (See Lanthus, Plate XXXYV, fig. 3; Cyclophylla, Plate XXXIV, fig. 1, and //agenius, fig. 23.) A strong trigonal supplement is developed in //agenius. The declined portion of the cubitus (inner side of the triangle) becomes elongated in the fore wing more than in the hind in Cyclophyl/a and Aphylia(Plate XXXII, fig. 3). Accessory sectors of unusual strength 738 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX) oe y* MW are developed upon the posterior side of veins ’s and JZ, in Gomphidi (Plate XXXIV, fig. 3). Possibly these features indicate the tips o numerous short developmental twigs. The brief records of the severai parts are certainly contradictory; and the parts themselves, which on might use as bases for the first divisions of the group, seem so nearly of equivalent importance that one may hardly choose between ther with assurance. Probably the records of other organs will, be mor easy of interpretation. The South American genus Agriogomphus (tig. 27) exhibits vena tional characters that are quite as generalized as are to be found in th group. Triangle and subtriangle are still four-sided, the cubital an anal veins before them being but moderately augulated, the stigma i weakly braced, there is no anal Joop and there are no supplements. FIG. 27.—WINGS OF Agriogomphus SP? We may remark, in passing, that the Gomphine, having attained fair measure of advantageous vein arrangement, and a fair (or, in tk strongest species, even a superior) degree of vein differentiation, seer to have turned toa specialization of another sort. The imagoes are o the wing less constantly than other Odonata and fly for a shorter perio¢ During this time their chief concern is with reproduction, hence W find the external genitalia highly specialized. The shortening of tk period of imaginal life is correlated, also, with extreme specializatio of the nymph. In fact, the struggle for existence has been main) transferred to nymphal life.¢ “T have discussed this mattter more at length in my paper, Preliminary studies North American Gomphinze, Can, Ent., X XIX, 164-168, 1897. | ¢ xo. 1381. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 739 | Petalurine.—The type of venation presented by this singular group parallels, rather remotely, the Libellulidx in the behavior of the anal yein, shifting as it does upon the second cubito-anal cross vein to brace che antero-internal angle of the triangle in the fore wing, retaining a more direct course to the hind angle in the hind wing. It parallels the fossil Stenophlebia in the curvature of the wing outlines, tending soward a somewhat sickle-shaped wing apex. The very peculiar, nar- cowly linear stigma is directly correlated with the wing form. It will pe observed in the genera Uropetala (fig. 4, s) and Phenes, in which the costal space is most narrowed and the stigma most curved and elon- ated, the brace vein has nigrated away from the stigma toward the nodus. {n this group the anal loop is often not well differen- ciated (fig. 28). Except- ing at the base of the wing, reduction of cross- veins has not been carried very far. Tachopteryx hageni (fig. 29) seems to be the most generalized living member of the zroup (compare with Plate XXXVI, fig. 1). Itwill be observed this one is most like the Gomphine, the subfamily which is doubt- less nearest akin. The sroup is a very small one, upparently on the wane. It is well represented Fig. 28.—BASES OF WINGS OF Petalura gigantea LEACH, AND unong the Tertiary fossils A DETAIL FROM THE REGION OF THE NODUS, SHOWING THE of Europe. Of living spe- BRIDGE WITH TWO OBLIQUE VEINS, O/ AND O. cies there is one in the eastern United States, one in Nevada, one in Japan, and there are several each in Chile and the Australian region. B. Libellulide.—This family, unlike the 7schnide, exhibits a single type of venation, whose dominant tendency is toward the differentia- tion between the wings, by means of the procession of the triangle, and the switching of the anal vein in the fore wing, and in the hind wing the recession of the triangle and the elongation of the anal loop. The stigma is never braced, and the bridge remains shorter than in the Aischnide, with fewer included cross veins. Macromiine.—Members of this group (Plate XLI, figs. 1 and 2) have followed these tendencies a little way, and have then gone off on Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 50 lines of their own, specializing highly. The shifting of the anal vei in the fore wing, the fusion of the branches of the media beyond the} arculus, the development of a strong anal loop (of almost Cordulegas- | terine form, to be sure), the retraction of the nodus in the hind wing, | and especially the general reduction of cross veins and the narrowing { of the apex of the wing, mark this as a peculiar group, more distinet. than any other within the Libellulid series, and well worthy of sub-) cy a family rank. iq Tibi Uuline, including Corduline, 8. str. —Passing JMJacromia, and | passing also a few isolated forms with triangles in the fore wing four sided and in the hind wing often little retracted and with the anal loop ; short, indistinct, or wanting“—all lateral offshoots, I believe, from: near the bottom of the Libellulid series—we come upon a series of) closely related forms, the most extensive and flourishing in the order, | It were idle to attempt to indicate all the lines of specialization to he) a Mate aee rH EEE = a —6 Sea aie ee Sse WOT ER ah LET EES IPL AA a IP MST EES Fic. 29.—WINGS OF Tachopteryx hageni SELYS, DETAILS IN PART OMITTED IN FORE WING. found in the wings of this series. We will endeavor to point out only afew of the leading tendencies that are superadded to the more gen-| eral ones already noticed. | It is most interesting to note, in this series, how the two venation-: evolving processes already discussed, vein adjustment and vein differ-’ entiation, have alternately held sway. Thus, in the first instance, vein! adjustment has been carried out to a very moderate extent, vein differ-’ “1 pass these by because I have not found the genetic thread that will bind) them into a natural series. I have seen but few of them ( Tetrathemis, fig. 1G Nannodythemis, Nannothemis (Plate XLIII, fig. 2), Nannodiplax, and Nannophyd), | and in this paper we are dealing only with lines of development. These are among} the rarest of specimens in collections, and differ so much among themselves thati there are of them almost as many genera as species. They have all the earmarks of) developmental remnants. If Karsch’s group Nannophye (Ent. Nachr., XV, pp.) 245-263) should be made to include all these forms, it should include also Cordulephya: and perhaps Jdyonyr, which have more affinity with some of these than with any of) the Cordulinze proper. : . at ie | No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. T41 entiation to a remarkable extent, and the result has been the evolution of the Corduliine, s. stv. (Plate XLII.) The branches of the media are never extensively fused at their departure from the arculus. The true course of the anal vein behind the triangle is never obscured. ‘The anal loop never becomes distinctly foot shaped. It is short in \Gomphomacromia (Plate XLII, fig. 1); longer and shaped like the conventional diagram of a simple gland in Oxygastra (Plate XLII, fig. 2), truncated on the end but not widened in Neocordulia androqgynis (Plate XLII, fig. 1); squarely truncated and slightly widened in the undescribed Veocordulia shown in fig. 30; and obliquely truncate and increasingly widened on the ‘‘ toe” side in Hemicordul/a (Plate XLIU, fig. 3), Somatochlora, etc. In short, the vein shifting of the Libellu- lide is far from reaching its maximum in this group, but a fairly Fic. 30.—WINGS OF AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF Neocordulia FROM BRAZIL. advantageous arrangement of the veins has been attained, and reduc- tion of unimportant and strengthening of important veins has pro- ceeded until the Corduline wing has become the equal in efliciency of the best of insect wings and the superior of most others in its own family. Among Libelluline proper, Agrionoptera and its nearest allies seem, ‘on the whole, about as generalized as any (Plate XLIV, figs. 1-3) in having cubitus and anal vein very moderately angulated before the triangle in the fore wing, slight recession of the triangle and a short anal loop in the hind wing, and in the form of the wing as a whole. _ Passing up the series we find the triangles progressing along lines we have already pointed out, the anal loop becoming foot shaped, and extending a support for the ever-widening anal area. When it was just becoming foot shaped, with a rudimentary ‘‘ toe” meeting the hind 742 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, margin of the wing, the hind angle only moderately enlarged, special ization by reduction seems again to have dominated, producing a group | of genera of which Macrothemis is a good exponent (Plate XLVI, fig. ; Ji): a Then there is the important group of genera allied to Lzbellula, in ; which the branches of the media at their departure from the arculus ; are hardly fused, in which the narrowing and transverse elongation of | the triangle and the deflection of the anal vein before the triangle haye ( progressed very far, but in which only a very moderate reduction of | cross veins has occurred (Plate XLVIII). The tendency of vein J, | to become undulate is also a feature of this group. | There is also the heterogeneous group of genera allied to Veurothemis. : These will at least agree in exhiieine the highest degree of vein; adjustment together with the lowest degree of vein reduction to be ( found in the series (fig. 18).’ At some point in this series not remote from Céeithemis (Plate | XLVI, fig. 2) may have set in the extensive reduction of cross veins ; characteristic of a very large number of genera allied to Sympetrum. | (See Plate XLVI, fig. 3, and Plate XLVI, fig. 1.) Another offshoot from near the same place, combining in a high! degree both kinds of specialization, culminates in Zramea and its. allies (Plate XLIX), which I regard the most specialized of Libel- luline, if not of all Odonata. In the three last-mentioned groups there is a pretty adjustment of | the second cross vein in the space between veins J/, and JZ, in oppo-) sition to the proximal end of the radial supplement. Plates XLV and) XLVI and fig. 2 of Plate XLVII will show its increasing definiteness | and obliquity of position and the perfecting of the brace of which it: is a third part, the other parts being the supplement and the oblique ( vein. A trivial character this? Indeed it is but a straw, yet it shows: the way biologic winds blow. ZYGOPTERA. In this suborder we have again two families, the more generalized: abounding, as before, in venational experiments (if I may so speak), | some of which have been abandoned in recent times, the more special-| ized, being more homogeneous, characterized by a single principal) trend in its wing development. The suborder as a whole has retained! in recent times two primitive characters, in the similarity of fore and; hind wings” and in the total lack of supplements. A. Calopterygide.—There are four fairly distinct types of venation! in this family, the most peculiar of which is represented by the fossili genus /sophlebia (tig. 31). In this type the hind wing was as much| dilated at the base as in the Ania but by very different means. | aF or this reason we figure in tint cases but one wing. No, 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 743 The support for the expanded area developed upon vein Cv,, which was set off from vein Cu, by a long posteriorly directed stalk; see- ondary branches developed upon the posterior side of vein Cv, radiating ‘to the wing margin. The anal vein did not join vein Cu,. The stigma was unbraced, and the wings were decurved at the tips, much as in the | Petalurine. Among living Calopterygide the tendency has been to match cross veins in lines parallel with the veins, thus producing a large number ‘of interpolated sectors between the principal veins. This has been earried so far that few vestiges of the primitively hexagonal form of the cells remain. This has facilitated (perhaps we should say has accompanied) the throwing of the wing membrane into longitudinal furrows, and we find the sectors, in some forms, alternately convex and concave even to the dis- tal margin of the wing. In those forms in which the furrowing of the membrane is most general we find the least tendency toward re- duction of cross veins. Per- haps the fanlike folding of the membrane enabled it to resist bending and rendered unnecessary the differentia- tion of stronger veins for that purpose. Epallagine.—This group comprises the more general- ized living members of the ENR. Fae : : : Fie. 31.—BASEm OF WINGS OF Isophlepia (FOSSIL) IN PART family, especially in the Le- AFTER DEICHMULLER. gion Euphea of de Selys, wherein the nymphs, so far as known, have paired gill filaments along the sides of the abdomen and have biramous mandibles. In this group the media tends to descend to the middle of the arculus, the nodus to recede moderately toward the base of the wing, and the quadrangle to lose the dividing cross vein. The quadrangle behaves similarly in both fore and hind wings. Pseudopheea seems, on the whole, as primitive as any genus of the group (fig. 32). RA‘nocypha and its allies (Plate LU, figs. 1, 2, and 5) constitute a short lateral series. De Selys long ago showed, from characters not drawn from the wings, that they constitute a distinct subordinate group, but he did not point out the -venational characters in which they are peculiar. These will be dis- covered by observing the behavior of the medial and cubital branches just after their separation. Just beyond the arculus veins J/4. and. M, separate by arching in opposite directions, forming a symmetrical | fork. At the end of the quadrangle vein J/, arches forward, vein | Cu, sometimes arching with it, and vein Cu, arches backward, the \ two thus becoming set in opposing positions. Vein Cu, remains ; ' simple. TT RAT L Ty PTR PIP ALR TA SO ROR Fra. 32.—WING OF Pseudophxa sp? 744 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. XXXVI | | Throughout the group the stigma is well developed. In the space between veins J/, and J/, the longest of the sectors occupies an inter- . mediate position, with shorter sectors on either side of it. The South | American Cyanochar/s (Plate LI, fig. 3) and Dicterias parallel the: next following group in the fusion ef vein J/,_, with the radius beyond | the arculus, but in general the group is wholly lacking in those; peculiar developments that characterize the two next groups. Anisopleura, Epallage (Plate LI, fig. 2), Bayadera, Cyanocharis (Plate ( FIG. 33.—BASE OF FOREWING AND A BIT OF HINDWING OF Rhinocypha sp? 0, OBLIQUE VEIN THAT’ WORKS THE POINT OF SEPARATION OF THE TRACHEA OF THE RADIAL SECTOR. LI, fig. 3), Diphlebia, and Philoganga (fig. 44) illustrate a tendency} toward the reduction of the base of the wing, and toward a consider-' able degree of vein differentiation throughout the membrane. The: general result is analogous to that arrived at in the Agrionina, discussed below. Vestaline.—In all this extensive group the media descends the: arculus and departs from it in a line that is continued directly by) vein J/,, while vein J/,,. arches strongly from its anterior side. The: | | 7 No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 745 fork is thus unilateral. In such genera as Calopterye (fig. 34) and Vestalis (fig. 41), vein J/,,. reunites with the radius—completely fuses with it—only to separate again, after which its base appears asa cross vein and its distal end as a branch of the radius.“ The longest of the ‘sectors between veins J/, and J/, closely parallels vein J/,, with all the shorter sectors before it. The stigma tends to atrophy, more rapidly in the males. The quadrangle becomes unusually elongated, and is almost always convex on its anterior side and traversed by a number of cross veins, among which the identity of the typical one is never evident. Vein Cw,, just beyond the quadrangle, sets off a recur- Senn ee Wr i NR nnnnnne an Ty i > HEE TN rH TT TTL SgpunNnn Ti Ae rT na th nin na seats Sea sa MM Mae r at u mara Sanaa casa TAL Tae cecaaT ToT TT He He a so RINE Ri a HO me ith BT He USNR TD mee rl a ES Ri ey Ted HE BE SE CPOE Be A iS SE a S ttt aaa Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. NG oo oo bdo — co bo — oo bo ~ Co t owe . Small portion of wing of a nearly grown nymph of Anax junius Drury, with . The basal part of the fore wing of a nymph of Lanthus parvulus Selys, show . Wings of Gomphus dilatatus Rambur. . Wings of Gompheschna furcillata Say. . Wings of Nasixschna pentacantha Rambur. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLrare XXXII. Nymphal wings (photomicrographs). Wings of Gomphus descriptus Banks, nymph full grown. a Wing of Lestes rectangularis Say, grown nymph, showing the radial sector attached to the median trachea. Portion of hind wing of young nymph of Anax junius Drury, previous to the development of any veins, showing the first indications of bridge, triangle and anal loop. PLiare XXXII. Nymphal wings (photomicrographs). veins developing, showing the formation of the radial supplement (2. suppl.) and of the brace vein between veins J7/, and JZ,. ing the formation of the arculus and the triangles. The nodal region of the same wing, showing the formation of the bridge and the oblique vein. Prats XXXL. Wings of Gomphoides stigmatus Say. Wings of Aphylla producta Selys. PLATE XOXORIV. Wings of Cyclophylla diphylla Selys. Wings of Progomphus obscurus Rambur. Wings of Gomphidia sp? ~Prare XXXV. Wings of Gomphus vulgatissimus Linneeus. Wings of Hemigomphus ochraceus Selys. Wings of Lanthus parvulus Selys. PLATE XOOSVEL. Wings of Tuchopteryx thoreyi Selys. Wings of Ulula sp ? (from Brazil). Hind wing of Hemianax ephippiger Burmeister. PLATE XOXXVAl: Wings of Basiwschna janata Say. Wings of Boyeria irene Fonscombe. Piate XXXVI. Wings of Hoplonxschna armata Hagen. Wings of Brachytron pratense Miller. Wings of 4’schnophlebia anisoptera Selys. PLATE ENCXOXGEXE Wings of Staurophlebia reticulata Burmeister. Wings of Gynacantha trifida Rambur. 0, 1381. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 763 PHATE XL: Fig. 1. Wings of 4schna californica Calvert. | 2. Wings of 2schna ingens Rambur. 3. Wings of Anax junius Drury. PuatTe XLI. . Wings of Synthemis brevistyla Selys. . Wings of Didymops transversa Say. . Wings of Paleophlebia superstes Selys, female. one PLATE XLIT. Fig. 1. Wings of Neocordulia androgynis Selys. | 2. Wings of Oxygastra curtisii Dale. 3. Wings of Hemicordulia tau Selys. PuaTE XLITII. Fig. 1. Wings of Gomphomacromia paradoxa Brauer. 2. Wings of Nannothemis bella Uhler. - 3. Wings of Perithemis domitia Drury. Puate XLIV. . Wings of Agrionoptera insignis Rambur. . Wings of Anatya guttata Erichson. . Wings of Raphismia bispina Hagen. oo bo Re PLATE XLV. . Wings of Pseudophlebia minima Kirby. . Wings of Diplacodes parvula Rambur. . Wings of Mesothemis simplicicollis Say. won ee Puate XLVI. . Wings of Macrothemis celeno Selys. . Wings of Celithemis eponina Drury. . Wings of Leucorhinia intacta Hagen. Prate XLVI. . Wings of Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister. . Wings of Ephidatia longipes Hagen. . Wings of Paltothemis lineatipes Karsch. Puate XLVIII. . Wings of Orthemis ferruginea Fabricius. . Wings of Belonia uniformis Kirby. . Wings of Libellula pulchella Drury. PLATE XLIX. . Wings of Schizopyga luctifera Selys. . Wings of Tauriphila iphigenia Hagen. . Wings of Tramea onusta Hagen. 764 Fig. Fig. Fig. ob OU He CoO bo “1m ie) OU He Oo bo et N~IP op ooh a oe Oo NS “ID io 8] . Wings of Trithemis sp? . Wings of Uracis sp? . Wings of Pantala flavescens Fabricius. . Wing of Lestes tricolor Erichson. . Wing of Palemna sp? (from Trinidad). ~~" PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Puate L. Puate LI. . Wings of Pseudophza ochracea Selys. . Wing of Epallage fatima Charpentier. . Wings of Cyanocharis valga Needham. . Wing of Hetzrina sp? (from Brazil). . Wing of Rhinocypha trifasciata? Selys. . Wing of Archilestes grandis Rambur. . Wing of Megalestes major Selys. . Wing of Mecistogaster lucretia Drury. Pirate LIT. . Wing of Micromerus blandus Selys. Wing of Libellago caligata Selys. Wing of Pseudophza sp? Wing of Epallage fatima Charpentier. . Wing of Rhinocypha sp? Puate LE. Wing of Platysticta maculata Selys. Wing of Philogenia sp? . Wing of Argia fumipennis Burmeister. . Wing of Heteragrion flavovittatum Selys. . Wing of Agriocnemis pulverulans Selys. . Wing of Amphipteryx agrioides Selys. PLATE LTV: Wing of Tatocnemis malgassica Kirby. . Wing of Disparoneura sp? — . Wing of Idioneura ancilla Selys. Wing of Cxnoneura carnatica Selys. Wing of Hesperagrion heterodoxum Selys. Wing of Enallagma annexum Hagen. . Wing of Erythragrion saleum Hagen. . Wing of Nehallennia irene Hagen. i | : 5 / | / U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXI DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762. r $ ) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI i ra Ft DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762. PL. XXXIil . U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXxXiIIb DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXIV ae eae ee PI DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PASE 762. |S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. xxxv DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762. } U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. XXXVI | DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762, U. S) NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXVII DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXVIII DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXIX Ropers se a ot yy Ciera) ECiseieb i Pl re DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762. ). Ss. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XL TT MCG cos eS ga a OS DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 763. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XLI ea ery Lgteet pe er alien ea ee oes oe Peer) bre a Ae 2a. Sk ee oe le eee CREE SE a wae oe a == SS ae ar a SEL as a iB CA A eee soa CY Pett ee ea WERE SLY eae Sa DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 763. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XLII DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 763. U. &. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XLIII DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 763. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI Rothe ee poe Macha Tot [sep Ps beeps — r ils La Er thrips iii lis ry yA eee Tit ry Ee Trib tl it) \ pL PTT ype i Cy tee hy LT] } rang =e ey a et os Sea | DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 764. Reel PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XxvI U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM wd +3 ua ce . i FLY WING VENATION. DRAGON FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 764. } i | PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. Lin FLY WING VENATION. DRAGON FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 764. NATIONAL MUSEUM f i See wt Peteen apace tie Ea ass me reason ye OT 'U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. xxvI_ PL. Liy DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 764, ‘A REVIEW OF THE COBITIDA, OR LOACHE Ss). OF “REE RIVERS OF JAPAN, By Davip Starr Jorpan and Henry W. Fowter, Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. In the present paper is given an account of the species of Cobitide, small fishes known in English as loach, in Japanese as Dojo, recorded from the streams and lakes of Japan. It is based on the collections made by Messrs. Jordan and Snyder in 1900, preserved in the U. 8. National Museum and in the collections of Leland Stanford Junior University. The plates are by Mrs. Chloe Lesley Starks. Family COBITID.®. Body more or less elongate, oblong, compressed, or cylindrical, but “never depressed. Head depressed or compressed; snout more or less fleshy, blunt, inferior; the lips fleshy and furnished with from 6 to 12 barbels. Pharyngeal teeth few, in one row and in moderate number: “no pseudobranchix. Scales small, rudimentary, or entirely absent: eyeloid, when present, usually immersed in mucous skin, and rarely present on the head. Lateral line single; air vessel entirely or par- tially inclosed in bone. Vertical fins spineless, the dorsal rays varying from 8 to 30, the anal with about 7 or 8, and the ventrals sometimes absent. Small fishes confined to the rivers of the Old World in Europe and Asia. They are used as food. a, No erectile spines below the eye. b. Barbels 10 or 12; 4 about the mandible; dorsal, short; caudal rounded: lateral enerapet es ee eg Visgurnus, 1. ce. Barbels 8, a pair of nasal barbels being present; dorsal short; caudal rounded; Parcemeburtananlete sy kt Elxis, 2. cc. Barbels 6, no nasal barbels being present; dorsal fin short; caudal fin trun- eee tera alvenmedian 22%) 22240220. eo ee er. Orthrias, 3. aa. An erectile spine below the eye. dd. Caudal fin deeply forked. e. Barbels 6; body rather robust; lateral line complete; dorsal rather lon oe =: oO. d. Caudal fin rounded; lateral line incomplete; dorsal short ..._-.- Cobitis, 4. | Hymenophysa, 2 PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. XXVI—No. 1332. 765 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 1. MISGURNUS Lacépéde. Misgurnus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 16 (fossilis). Body elongate, compressed. Head triangular, elongate, an snout projecting; mouth inferior, with fleshy lips; barbels 10 or 12, which 4are mandibular; eye small. Gill-openings lateral; lateral ‘| complete. No spine below the eye. Body with small scales, excep: on the head, which is naked. Origin of the dorsal about in the middk of the length of the fish, over the ventrals; anal entirely behind dot sal; pectorals more or less equal to the head; caudal nearly equal t head, and rounded. Air- bladder in a bony capsule. | . vernacular name used by Willughby for Jsg erm (misqur TU ax fossilis.) a. Barbels 12, 4 belonging to the mandible - ------------------------- polynemus, ~ 1 aa. Barbels 10, 4 belonging to the mandible. .-.--.-------------- anguillicaudatus, i 1. MISGURNUS POLYNEMUS (Bleeker). ; ae ee polynema BurEKEr, Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Neerl, VIII, 1860, p. 90, P , fig. 3; (Seddo=Tokyo). ate me Te GUNTHER, ae Fish. Brit. Mus., VII, 1868, p. 346 (ate Bleeker). ool. Japan, III, 1901, p. 45. DS10. AS TY 6: eri 54 anes to the mandible. Seale conspicuous. Origin of the ae midway between the root of th caudal and the eile -opening; pectoral fin shorter than the head. Colo! nearly uniform brownish, tail and caudal fin with scattered blackis spots. Jeddo. (Ginther.) Not seen by us. (zo\vs, many; v7a, thread.) we 2. MISGURNUS ANGUILLICAUDATUS (Cantor). DOJO. Cobitis anguillicaudata Canror, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 1842, p. 485.—Ric) ARDsON, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 300; Canton. Misqurnus anguillicaudatus GéntueEr, Cat. Fish, VI, 1868, p. 345; China, Chusai Japan, Formosa.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 45. Cobitis bifurcata McCieLLanp, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist:; TV, 1844, p: | xxi, fig. 1; India. Cobitis pectoralis MCCLELLAND, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist., IV, 1844, p. 400, 5 xxi, fig. 3; India. (Specimens with long pectorals. ) Cobitis rubripinnis SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 220, pl. cri, fig. | near Nagasaki. E: Cobitis maculata ScuuEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 221, pl. cr, fig. near Nagasaki. . Cobitis micropus CuvrER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X VIII, 1846, p.2 China. Cobitis psammismus Ricuarpson, Ichthy. China, 1846, p. 300; Canton. e Cobitis decemcirrosus BasttewsKy, Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose., 1855, p. 2395 ; ne Peking. & ‘2 * zm rr | No. 1332. LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 767 Cobitichthys enalios BurrKer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., VIII, 1860, Japan, VI p. 88, pl. u, fig. 4; Japan; specimens with long pectorals. , Cobitichthys dichachrous BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., VIII, 1860, Japan; IV, p. 89, pl. 1, fig. 2; Yeddo (Tokyo); specimens bicolor, the two shades sharply defined. Misgurnus dichachrous Gtinruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 346; Yeddo: specimens. same Head 6 “in length; depth 63; D. 9; A. 8: P. I. 9: V. 6: width of ‘head 2 in its length; eye 3 in snout, 13 in interorbital space; snout 24 ‘In head; pectoral 13; ventrals 25; scales about 150: _ Body elongate, greatly compressed. Head small, triangular, and ‘compressed; snout long, obtuse, rounded and produced; eyes small, anterior and superior; mouth inferior, with thick fleshy lips; barbels 10, of which 4 are on the lower jaw; nostrils close together and in front of the eye, the first pair in a short tube; interorbital space slightly convex, much less than the length of the snout; cheeks not swollen. Gill-openings lateral, joined below in front of the base of the pectoral. | Head naked, the trunk covered with small cycloid scales. _ Origin of the dorsal about midway in the length of the body, including caudal, and directly over the ventrals, the fin short; anal entirely behind the dorsal, and nearer the origin of the ventrals than ‘the base of the caudal; caudal oblong, broad, rounded, and about equal ‘to the head; pectorals short and low; ventrals short. Caudal peduncle long and deep, its depth about three-fourths the head. Lateral line medium along the sides to the base of caudal. Color in alcohol dark gray-brown, above spotted and marbled with darker, the spots smaller on the tail, and those on the caudal and ‘dorsal fins very small; sides of the body with many narrow more or less even longitudinal blackish stripes; lower parts of the body together with the ventrals and anal, pale; pectoral pale, except some dusky on ‘the upper part of the longer rays. Length 72 inches. | This deseription from a specimen from the Yodo River in Osaka. Of this species, which is very abundant in all the rivers and lakes of Japan we have many examples. They are from Junsai Lake in ‘Aomori, Hakodate, from the Sapporo Museum, Tsuchiura, Niigata, Aomori, Sendai, the Yodo River in Osaka, the Iwai River at Ichino- jseki, and at Morioka, Misaki, Tokyo, Nagasaki, and Formosa. ' In this large series we are unable to distinguish more than one species, subject to great variations. In some examples the lower sur- face of the body is mottled or spotted like the back. We also notice many examples, as Dr. Giinther has observed, with deep bodies and adipose layers along the rudimentary caudal rays, perhaps better fed than usual. (anguilla, eel; caudatus, tailed.) 768 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2 ELXIS Jordan and Fowler. b Elvis Jorpan and Fow.er, new genus (nikkonis). Body moderately elongate, compressed; head elongate, sometimes | depressed; eyes small; snout produced and rounded; mouth inferior, — with fleshy lips and four rostral, two maxillary, and two nasal barbels, none on the mandible; scales large and cycloid; lateral line incomplete; ; caudal rounded, sometimes longer than the head; pectorals variable; ; gill openings lateral; color variegated with blotches and mottlings, and | usually a dark spot at base of caudal. Small loaches, of the waters of [ Japan. | (€ASts, a trailing.) 3. ELXIS NIKKONIS Jordan and Fowler, new species. | Head 44 in length; depth 64; D. 8; A. 7; P. 12; V. 6; scales about} 56: width of head 14 in its length; snout 3 in head; interorbital space | 94; pectoral 13; ventral 13; eye 2 in interorbital space. Fic. 1.—ELKIS NIKKONIS. Body elongate and rather slender, the tail compressed. Head broad, depressed, and elongate; snout broad, depressed, rounded, and pro- duced; eyes small, anterior, lateral; mouth rather broad, inferior and with fleshy lips; barbels 8, of which there is a nasal pair, and the maxi lary pair is the longest, though there are no mandibulars; interorbital space very broad and depressed like the top of the head, flattened; nostrils large, in front of the eyes above. Gill openings rather large, lateral and joined below the base of the pectoral in front. Scales on the body rather large and eycloid, none on the head. Origin of the dorsal nearer the tip of the caudal than the tip of the snout, about equal to the height of the body, and its length, wher depressed, about three-fourths the length of the head; anal entirely! behind dorsal and reaching two-thirds of the space between its origit) and the base of the caudal; caudal less than head, and rounded; pees torals small, low, reaching about two-fifths in the space between thei origins and those of the ventrals; ventrals a little before the origin 0% the dorsal, nearer the gill opening than the base of the caudal, ang reaching more than half the distance between their own origins an¢ that of the anal, Caudal peduncle long, equal to head without snout) ~ NO. 1332. LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 769 ee —— - ‘and its greatest depth 23 in the leneth of the head. Lateral line absent. Color in alcohol brown, dark on the back, and top of the head, with small blotches and mottlings of deeper; alone the sides a rather irregu- larly defined longitudinal dark band, ending in a blackish spot at the base of the middle caudal rays; all the fins more or less spotted with ‘dark brown, deepest, best defined, and largest on the dorsal and caudal; lower surface of the body pale or whitish. Length 243 inches. Type No. 7848, Ichthyological Collections Leland Stanford Junior University Museum. Locality, Chitose, in Iburi, Hokkaido. Of this species we have a number of examples from the province of Shimotsuke, near Nikko, and from Chitose, in Iburi, Hokkaido, the latter received from the Sapporo Museum. 3. ORTHRIAS Jordan and Fowler. Orthrias JORDAN and FowLer, new genus (oreus). Allied to Nemacheilus Van Hasselt. Body elongate and compressed. Head sometimes depressed, and with the dorsal profile nearly horizontal; no spine below eye; mouth small, inferior, and with fleshy lips; barbels 6, none on the mandible. Dorsal fin short, and situated over the ventrals. Ventral rays 8. Air bladder more or less inclosed in a bony capsule. Caudal rounded or truncate, not forked. Lateral line complete. Fresh waters of Eastern Asia, the species apparently numerous. This genus is related to Vemachetlus, but the original type of that group (VV. fasciatus) has about 13 dorsal rays and the caudal forked. The Japanese species with a short dorsal and a truncate caudal is therefore made the type of a distinct genus, Orthrias, to which numer- ous Chinese and other Asiatic species apparently also belong. (cpOpi0s, of the dawn; hence Japanese. ) 4. ORTHRIAS OREAS Jordan and Fowler, new species. Head 43 in length; depth 9; D. 10; A. 8; P. 14; V. 8; width of head 1¢ in its length; snout 24 in head; interorbital space 4; eye 2 in snout; pectoral 14 in head; ventral 12. Body moderately elongate and compressed, the tail compressed. Head elongate, broad, depressed; snout long, blunt, obtusely rounded and produced; eyes small, a little anterior and superior; mouth small, Inferior and with thick fleshy lips; barbels 6, none on the mandible, and the maxillary pair the longest; nostrils close together and in front of the eye, and the anterior inasmall tube; interorbital space like the top of the head, broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings lateral, and the membranes joined below the base of the pectoral in front, fe t 770 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. You, 2 Scales minute, and pinboddedat in nde skin; bead. apparently naledi Oriein of the dorsal midway between the tip of the snout and th base of the caudal; the height of the dorsal is greater than the dept of the body, and when depressed its length is only a little less tha that of the head; anal entirely behind the dorsal, and reaching mo than half the space between its own origin and the base of the caudal caudal about equal to the depressed dorsal, truncate, its margin straight t, and with sharp corners; pectorals rather long, hoe fourths the length of the head, and halfway in the space between their own origins ané those of the ventrals; ventrals below and just a trifle behind the origin of the dorsal, and reaching more than halfway in the space between their own origins and that of the anal. Caudal peduncle long, com pressed, 1 its leneth about equal to the pectoral and its least depth about 24 in the head. Lateral line continuous, median along the sides. Color in alcohol pale brown above, on about 15 large blotches o deep brown; a dark streak from eye to tip of snout; head finely mote tled with dark brown above; dorsal and caudal re with broad, Fic. 2.—ORTHRIAS OREAS. deep, brownish cross bars; pectorals, anal and ventrals whitish, wit dusky blotches, indistinct on the latter fins; lower surface on Ae hea and trunk w mae Length 3,7; inches. Type, a so ‘imen in the museum at Sapparo, kindly loaned to us by Mr. S. Nozawa. Locality, Chitose, in Iburi, a province of Hokkaide This specimen, received from the Sapporo Museum, is the only example le of the species we have seen. (Opetas, of the hills.) 4. COBITIS (Artedi) Linnezeus. Cobitis Arrep1, Genera, 1738 (nonbinomial). Cobitis Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 303 (tenia). Acanthopsis AGAssiz, Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, I, p. 36 (tania, not of Va Hasselt, 1823). Body elongate, more or less compressed, and the back not archet Head elongate, compressed; eyes small; snout produced, blunt an rounded; mouth small, inferior, and with six barbels about the uppé No. 1382. LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. a jaw; below the eye, an crectile bifid spine. Dorsal fin about over the jentrals; anal behind dorsal; caudal rounded or truncate: pectorals less than the head; ventrals below dorsal. Air-bladder inclosed in a bony capsule. Lateral line incomplete. Small fresh-water fishes of Europe and Asia. Probably all the species described, will be referred to the widely distributed and variable form described below. (cobitis, a loach.) 5. COBITIS TZENIA Linnezus. TAKANOHADOJO (HAWK-WING LOACH), SHIMADOJO (STRIPED LOACH). Cobitis tenia Linnamus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 303; Kurope.—Cvuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 58.—Giinrner, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 362; Holland, Bavaria, Sweden, and of authors generally. Cobitis tenia japonica SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., p. 222, pl. cru, fig. 3, +1846; near Nagasaki (not Cobitis japonica Houttuyn). Cobitis caspia Ercuwawp, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose., 1838, p. 133; near Caspian Sea. Cobitis elongata HEcKEL and Kner, Siissenwasserfische Oester., 1858, pp. 164, 305; Austria. Cobitis larvata De Fitipr1, Mem. Accad. Torin., XTX, p. 71; Italy. Cobitis sinensis SAuvAGE and Dr Turersant, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6) 1875, I, p. 8; Setchuan, China.—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 182. Cobitis biwe JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1901, p. 748; Lake Biwa, substitute for Cobitis japonica, prec atk | Head 42 in length; depth 53; D.8; A. 7; P.10; V.8; width of head, ja little over 2 in its length; snout 24 in head; pectoral 1$; ventrals 12; eye 53; interorbital space 53. Body elongate, compressed. Head elongate, much compressed, and with the upper profile convex; snout long, produced, and bluntly rounded; eyes small, superior, lateral, and nearer the tip of the snout ‘than the gill-opening; mouth small, inferior, and with fleshy lips, the ‘lower divided and with two lobes; barbels 8, two of which are mandi- bulars; nostrils nearer the eye than the tip of the snout, close together, and the anterior pair in a short tube; interorbital space narrow, about ‘equal to the eye and convex. Gill-openings large, lateral, and the ‘gill-membrane joined below the base of the pectoral in front. Seales very small on the trunk, none on the head. Origin of the dorsal nearer the base of the caudal than the tip of the snout and a little in front of the ventrals; length of dorsal when depressed a little less than the length of the head and the height of ‘the fin much less than the greatest depth of the body; anal entirely behind dorsal and reaching two-thirds the space between its origin and the base of caudal; caudal equal to depressed dorsal, and rounded; pectoral 12 in head, and 24 in the space between its own origin and that of the ventral; ventrals 2 in the space between their own origins and that of the anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, its length equal to the pectoral, and its depth a little less than 2 in the head. Lateral line short, only running a little beyond the middle of the pectoral. le Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 5g ~J ~I © t PROCES en OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_ two rows a narrow ane marbled ne eon 6 blotehes of dar! brown between occiput and origin of dorsal, and 7 more between the latter and the base of caudal; base of caudal above with a jet-black spots | dorsal and caudal barred broadly with blackish brown; head marbled | and spotted with brown above, and a blackish Heal from eye to. snout; lower surface of the body, pectorals, ventrals, and anal, pale or) whitish. ; Leneth 31% inches. This description from an example from Kawatana, on Omura Bay,? Fresh waters of Japan; our yery numerous series from Aomori, | Kitakami River, lake near Sendai (collection Awano), Nugata in Ech- igo (collection Eitaro Tijima), Tamagawa in Tachikawa, Kinu, River,: in Utsunomiya, Iwai River in Ichinoseki, Tokyo, Tsuruga, Nagoya in) Owari (collection K. Otaki), Yodo River at Osaka, Chikugo River ati Kurume, Kawatana, and Lake Biwa. j In this series great variation occurs. The examples from Lake 3iwa are very much more elongate and have the brown blotches on) the sides merged into a continuous longitudinal band, and the space between it and the superior dorsal row of spots, which is also more or; less continuous, light and plain colored, like the lower surface of the, body. The colors are altogether more distinct and sharply defined, | and the dorsal and caudal are with only one or two blackish bars.: This form has been described from near Nagasaki under the name) of **Cobitis tenia japonica” by Schlegel. As the name japonica isi preoccupied in Cob/t’s, Jordan and Snyder have substituted for it the: name of Cobitis biwae. But there seems to be no permanent value in these differences in color and form. Examples from Kawatana and. the Chikugo River at Kurume, collected together in both localities, contain both this striped form and those at the lateral bands broken: up into spots. We can not find any difference between the Japanese species and the Loach of Europe, and hence retain for it the ancient name of Cobitis, tenia. Should the Asiatic species prove distinct, the name Cobitis sinensis may be retained for it. a> oe - caek (ratvia, ribbon.) 5. HYMENOPHYSA MeClelland. Hymenophysa MCCLELLLAND, Indian Cyprinide, 1838, p. 443 (hymenophysa). Syncrossus Buyrn, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1860, p. 166 (berdmoret). Body short, deep, and compressed. Head elongate, compre cosa and pointed, the snout long, pointed and its tip bluntly rounded; eyes small; mouth inferior and with fleshy lips; barbels 6, the max illary pair long, and the others close together at the tip of the snout LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 173 ” oO Dental barbels; a strong eel spine below the eye in front. Gill ppenings lateral. Scales very small. Dorsal inserted in adyance of the origin of the ventral; caudal deeply forked. Air-vessel ¢ onsisting of two divisions, an anterior inclosed in a partly osseus capsule and a posterior which is free-in the abdominal cay ity. This genus differs from Lotia (= Schistura= Diacuntha) in the pres- pace of but six barbels instead of eight. (vuny, membrane; ¢vd0s, sw ollen.) | 6. HYMENOPHYSA CURTA (Schlegel). AYAMADOKI; AYABATA. Corbitis curta ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 223, pl. ext, fig. 4: , near Nagasaki. Botia curta GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 368 (after Schlegel). Head 4 in length; depth 42; D. 12; A. 9; P. 14; V. 8; scales 130: width of head 23 in its length; snout 23 in the head: pectoral 12; ventral 12; eyes 24 in snout; 14 in interobital space. | Body oblong, rather deep and compressed. Head oblong, com- ipressed and pointed in front; snout long, pointed, and compressed, ithe tip bluntly rounded and slightly projecting beyond the mouth; leyes moderate, anterior, superior and with the eyelid freely circular; mouth small, inferior, and with fleshy lips; barbels 6, the maxillary ‘pair reaching the eyes, and the remaining 4 are close together at the tip of the snout; nostrils close together, a little nearer the eye than the tip of the snout, and the anterior pair in a short tube: interorbital ‘space convex. Gill-openings large, lateral. ' Body and sides of the head covered with very small cycloid scales. Origin of the dorsal about midway between the tip of snout and base of caudal, its height about equal to the length of the pectoral; anal ‘entirely behind dorsal and reaching about two-thirds in the space ‘between its own origin and the base of the caudal; caudal nearly equal to the length of the head, deeply forked and the lobes pointed; pectorals marrow, lobate, nearly two-thirds the length of the head, and equal to about half the distance between their own origins and those of the ventrals; ventrals behind the origin of the dorsal, and their tips not Yeaching as far as the tip of the depressed dorsal, or about two-thirds the space between their own origins and that of the anal. Caudal peduncle very deep, compressed, its length about equal to the ventral and its depth a trifle more but not equal to the length of the pectoral. Lateral line straight along the sides to the base of the caudal. Color in alcohol more or less uniform brown, the back slightly darker; anterior edge of dorsal blackish-brown, and the fin with an indistinctly defined broad brown cross-bar; anal with a brown cross- bar, and two on each caudal lobe. Length, 543 inches. (74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. x: our specimens all from Kibama, in Omi, presented by the Imperi University at Tokyo. . (curtus, short.) SUMMARY. Family Coxsrrip®. 1. Misgurnus Lacépede. 1. polynemus (Bleeker). | 2. anguillicaudatus (Cantor); Junsai Lake in Aomori, Hakodate, Tsuchiura, Niigata, ; “Sendai, Yodo River at Osaki, Iwai River at Ichinoseki, Morioka, Misaki, Tokyo, | Nagasaki, Formosa. d 2. Elxis Jordan and Fowler. 3. nikkonis Jordan and Fowler; Shimotsuke, near Nikko, Ohitnce in Iburi. 3. Orthrias Jordan and Fowler. 4. oreas Jordan and Fowler; Chitose in Apert j 4. Cobitis Linneeus. } 5. tania Linnzeus; Aomori, Kitakami River at Sendai, Niigata, Nagoya, Yodo River Lake Biwa, Chikugo River at Kurume. 5. Hymenophysa. McClelland. 6. curta (Schlegel); Kibama in Omi. | sat NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA FROM COLORADO, NEW MEX. |} }1CO, ARIZONA,. AND TEXAS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. By AnpRrEew NEtson CaupeE LL, Of the Department of Agriculture. The following paper deals with three separate collections: (1) a large collection from Colorado, including a few from just across the line in New Mexico, made by Dr. H. G. Dyar and myself during the months of May, June, July, and August, 1901; (2) a small collection made in Arizona, mostly at Williams and Hot Springs, by Messrs. Schwarz and Barber during the summer of 1901; and (3) a small col- lection made by the writer in Texas in June and July, 1902. This material forms part of the collection of the U. S. National Museum. The Colorado collection, which furnishes material for the greater part of this paper, but partially confirms the result reached by Dr. Dyar regarding the life zones of that State as recently described by him“—that is, that there are four faunal regions in Colorado: prairie, foothill, alpine, and western slope. The orthopterous fauna indicate the first three zones only, which are in most cases quite sharply defined, but there are a number of species that occur in two or more of the zones. The line between the prairie and the foothill faunas is exceedingly well defined at some places, while at other places the transition from one to the other is more gradual. The primary aim of the Colorado expedition was to work out the life history of Lepidoptera, and not to collect Orthoptera, and in conse- quence it was not possible to visit all parts of the State. Therefore the range worked over is not extensive and does not include places inaccessible by rail. A few specimens from Middle Park were pur- chased from E. J. Oslar, a professional collector of Denver, and are included in this paper. The various localities visited by the writer in Colorado, their alti- tude, location, and notes on the vicinity are given in the following alphabetical list: Baileys, Park: County; altitude, 7,7 14 feet.—This place is some miles up the Platte canyon. One day only was spent there and but nine species of Orthoptera were taken. @Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, p. 369. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1333. ae 776 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. Boulder, Boulder County; Glitiude ne 350) 25 feet. aes trips were made — to this place and a little collecting done in and along the base of the foothills just back of the town. Insects were not at all numerous at | the time the visits were made and but five species of Orthoptera were taken. 7 Chama, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, altitude, 7,863 feet.—Halt | an hour only was spent here, six species being taken, of which Dés- , sosteira carolina was the most common. i Chimney Gulch.—See Golden. G’ ripplecreeh, Teller County, altitude, ISIC Jeet. —Half a day was spent at this interesting locality out near the Golden King gold mine. Circotettix undulata was the common species. ( wmnbre Sie Conejos County; altitude, LOIS) Jeet.—One hour of prof- f itable collecting was put in here when it began to rain, and a wet) afternoon was utilized in riding down the western slope of the moun- tains on a freight car rather than wait in a section house for the pas- senger train next day. Five species only were taken, all alpine forms, one of them a new species. Delta, Delta County; altitude, 4,980 feet.—Several hours were spent across the river from this place, mostly in investigating garden insects. | Two species of -Zbloplus were taken. At this place some damage was | threatened by JJelanoplus differentialis. Denver, Arapahoe County, altitude, 5,198 feet.—Most of the colleet- ing in the vicinity of Denver was done in two localities, one south of | the city, on the prairie just beyond the city park, and the other on the ‘ opposite side of the city. Nearly forty species and many specimens » were taken here. Durango, La Plata County; altitude, 6,520 feet. isk few hou were spent collecting north and east of this town. The limited time prevented the discovery of the excellent collecting grounds said by Mr. Oslar to exist in that vicinity. Fort Collins, Larimer County; altitude, 4,972 jfeet.—Two visits were made to this productive locality and many desirable specimens + taken, mostly north and west of town. No opportunity presented itself to go up into the neighboring foothills, and the specimens taken were therefore all prairie forms, or ones common to two or more faunal regions. One species only, Hremopedes balli, may be consid: - ered as belonging strictly to the foothill fauna. Forty-eight species were taken at this place. Glenwood Springs, Garfild County; altitude, 5,758 Jeet.—Three | stops were made at this place, but little collecting was done. A few specimens were taken out east of town a half mile or so and also a) few in town near the station. But seven species were taken, of which | four belong to the genus J/elanoplus. Golden, Jefferson County, altitude, 5,667 feet.—This is a good col- lecting ground and very accessible from Denver, being about 13 miles + r 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 777 es w west of there near the Paounnils, The collecting Was done on the srairie between the town and the foothills, Jess than a quarter of mile in width, and up the canyon known as Chimne ‘vy. Guleh to ie _ top, about a thousand feet higher. Over fifty species were collected at this locality. The prairie and foothill faunas are here quite dis- tinctly and abruptly divided. — Grand Junction, Mesa County; altitude, 4,594 feet.—Two stops of short duration were made here. The collecting was done northeast of town and also in town just across the railroad from the station. where many fine specimens of J/elanoplus differentialis were taken. Mancos, Montezuma County; altitude, 7,008 feet.—Two species were taken near the station while the train stopped, Mdanoplus femur rubrum and Stenobothrus curtipenn’s. Montevista, Rio Grande County, altitude, 7,665 fect.—X bie -yele trip several miles out of town was taken August 13. Insect life of all kinds was very scarce and but nine species of Orthoptera were taken, the most desirable one of which was probably Vemobius utahensis. Montrose, Montrose County, altitude, 5,811 feet.—Half an hour’s col- lecting in the vicinity of the station resulted in the capture of nearly a dozen species. Morrison, Jefferson County; altitude, 5,753 feet.—Several visits were made here. Just south of the station, across the creek beyond and to the right of the schoolhouse, grasshoppers were found to abound in countless numbers. Collecting trips were made to and beyond the picturesque red sandstone formations northwest of town and up ‘the canyon into the foothills. But two species were collected in the foothills, however, Zrimerotropis similis and Gomphocerus clavatus. The bulk of the specimens taken on the prairie at this place was Melanoplus occidentalis. Palisade, Mesa County; altitude, 4,741 feet.—At this little town, 12 miles from Grand Junction, -40loplus chenopodii was taken in considerable numbers on the plants just across the railroad from the station. A few other species, including a new species, were taken the immediate vicinity. Pikes Peak, kl Paso County; altitude, 8,913 feet.—-A day was spent here and the ascent of the peak made.“ ‘The shoe e altitudes is that of the halfway house, and it is to that locality which all the Pikes Peak labels refer unless otherwise specitied. Pine Grove, Park County; altitude, 0.738 Fect.—This is a sm: all resort some miles up Platte Canyon, and there a eae of days were spent collecting along the railroad and up a side canyon for a mile or so, leading up probably a thousand feet above the town. A dozen species were taken here, mostly true foothill forms. Platte Canyon, Douglas County; altitude, 5,492 feet.—Numerous trips were Hes to eS pee e, W ae is but a station at the mouth of “See account in Pree Ent. Soc. Wash., V, 1902, pp. 74-82. 7178 ee OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. Platte Canyon. Collecting was ones up the canyon as far as a smal side gulch known as Mill Gulch, and up that gulch for more than a_ mile, as well as up other gulches for lesser distances. But most of the Orthoptera were taken near the mouth of the canyon. But ten ) species were taken here. Rico, Dolores County; altitude, 8, FOU: cet.—Insects were very scarce | here, two hours’ collecting resulting in but three species of Orthoptera } and practically nothing else. The Orthoptera were all alpine forms. . Salida, Chafice County, altitude, 7,050 feet.—Two weeks were spent here, including a couple of visits. Other duties prevented much time being devoted to collecting Orthoptera, and nearly every afternoon it rained, but still quite a number of good things were taken. By far | the most productive locality was the side of the large hill, called Tenderfoot Mountain, just across the railroad from the station. . Here ZLoloplus plagosus and Derotmema haydent occurred in num- bers. Leprus cyaneus was also taken here, though not so numerous and usually some distance farther up the hill. Sedalia, Douglas County; altitude, 5,835 feet.—This small town is : a few miles south of Denver, and is in a broad valley formed by the » foothills on the west and high mesas on the east. Collecting was done | across the entire valley, but only eleven species were taken. At the above localities over a hundred species of Orthoptera were | taken and the collections from Arizona and Texas bring the number — up to one hundred and fifty-four. All are here mentioned, even if — only for the value attached to record of exact locality, but many of the | species are represented by a considerable number of specimens and- thus usually furnish some notes of value on variation or distribution. Family BLATTID ®. 1. PHYLLODROMIA GERMANICA Linnzus. Blatta germanica LINN ¥us, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., II, 1767, p. 688. One nymph of this species was taken at Glenwood Springs on August 18. 2. BLATTA ORIENTALIS Linnzus. Blatta orientalis L1NN.xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 424. [wo specimens, both males, one at Denver and one at Pueblo in August, the latter by E. J. Oslar. 3. ISCHNOPTERA UHLERIANA Saussure. Ischnoptera uhleriana Saussurn, Rey. Mag. Zool., XTV, 1862, p- 169. One specimen at Victoria, Texas. in June. “I cl co NO. 1833. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELT, 4. PERIPLANETA AMERICANA Linnzus. Blatta americana Linn xs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, 1758, p. 424. This insect is very common in southern Texas, indeed amountine to avyeritable pest. It comes into the houses through the open windows and but for the ever-present canopy of netting over the beds in that part of the country would very probably establish itself as an unwel- come and very uncomfortable spiny bedfellow. Happily the netting prevents this, but unhappily the Acuntha lectularia is not so easily ‘excluded. A razor case left for a couple of weeks in a drawer in one of Victoria’s leading hotels, had the covering nearly all eaten off by this large roach. The ordinary house species, Phy/lodromia germanica and Blatia orientalis, do not appear to be common in localities where this species thrives. 5. PERIPLANETA TRUNCATA Krauss. Periplaneta truncata Krauss, Zool. Anzeiger, XV, 1892, p. 165.—Saussure and ZEHNTNER, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orth., I, 1893, p. 74. _ Two female specimens of this species were collected in the laboratory of the boll weevil investigation at Victoria, Texas, in the early part of July, 1902. This is a new insect to the United States, but there can be but little doubt of the correctness of the identification. It is the variety ‘‘a” of Saussure and Zehntner. 6. HOMGEOGAMIA APACHA Saussure. FHomeogamia apacha Saussure, Rey. Suisse de Zool., I, 1893, p. 396. The collection of the U. 8S. National Museum contains specimens of this species from Texas, Colorado, Arizona, and California. This is the first record of this species from the United States, though it seems to be not at all rare. Homaogamia subdiaphana Scudder seems some- what allied to this species, but Mr. Rehn, who has taken suhd/aphana in New Mexico, says they are distinct. Family MANTIDE. 7. YERSINIA SOLITARIA Scudder. Yersinia solitaria Scupper, Can. Ent., XX VIII, 1896, p. 209. Two immature specimens of this species were taken, one at Fort Collins and one at Golden, the former on August 9 and the latter on July 17. 3 ~ . 730 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX 8. LITANEUTRIA MINOR Scudder. Stagmatoptera minor ScuppER, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Nebr., 1871, p. 251. Females of what I take for this species were taken at Golden and: Fort Collins in August. The greedy habits of this species were recently noted.” Family PHASMID /#. 9. DIAPHEROMERA DENTRICUS Stal. Diapheromera dentricus SvAL, Ree. Orth., I11, 1875, p. 76. One male, June 21, at Victoria, Texas. This specimen was on we by the roadside. Mr. Mitchell tells me that this tine large walking stick is not uncommon at times on grape vines in the river bottoms. — Family ACRIDIIDE. Subfamily CTH TTIGIN-A. 10. TETTIX CRASSUS Morse. Tettia crassus Morsk, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., VII, 1899, p. 201. Two specimens of what Professor Morse thinks is probably this species were taken at Platte Canyon on May 10. The median carina of the insect. 11. TETTIX INCURVATUS Hancock. Tettix incurvatus Hancock, Amer. Nat., X XIX, 1895, pp. 761-762, fig. lL Five specimens, Platte Canyon May 10, in company with 7) crassu Dr. Hancock verified this determination. wy 12, PARATETTIX CUCULLATUS Burmeister. a Tetrix cucullatus BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, 1838, pp. 658-659. ¥ One female at Fort Collins August 11. Professor Morse examine é this specimen and pronounced the determination correct. Subfamily TRY XALIN A. 13. MERMIRIA TEXANA Bruner. Mermiria texana Brungr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 53-54, pl. 1, fig. One pair at Fort Collins on August 9, and one male nymph, whick is 8 prob ubly of this species, at Salida on August 2. @ Ent. Noa XI, 1902, p- 60. = NO.1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CA UDELL. Te 14. SYRBULA ADMIRABILIS Uhler. Stenobothrus admirabilis UHLER, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., IT, 1864, p. 553 0. Both mature and immature specimens of both sexes taken at Victoria ‘in June and July. 15. ACROLOPHITUS HIRTIPES Say. Gryllus hirtipes Say, Amer. Ent., ITI, 1828, p. 78, pl. xxxtv. | |The “green fool,” as Dr. Dyar and I christened this handsome insect. i is very common along the eastern foothills, more than a hundred being taken, mostly at Golden. Young nymphs were taken early in May, ‘and mature individuals began to appear about the middle of July. I 16. ERITETTIX NAVICULA Scudder. Gomphocerus navicula ScuppEr, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 506. Three males, seven females, Sedalia June 12; Denver May 7; Boul- | der May 27; Golden June 5. One of the females taken at Golden on _June 5 is placed here with some hesitation. It is remarkable in hay- ing the pronotum uniformly fuscous dorsally and without a trace of supplementary carinz on the pronotum, though they are present on the head and diverge anteriorly to meet the raised margins of the vertex. The upper half of tlhe lateral lobes of the pronotum is pice- ous, a coloration unlike any other specimen of any spec ies of this genus | that I have seen. The original description of navicula offers no dis- tinguishing features to separate it from /. tricarinatus, which was described from the female sex alone. In fact, the females of the two “Species, as I have them determined in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, are inseparable, but the males are very readily dis- tinguished, those of navicula having the antenne gradually enlarged, the club composing about one-third of the entire length, while in ¢77- carinatus the enlargement of the antennz is abrupt, the club composing no more than one-sixth of the entire length. The Museum contains specimens of naweula from Wyoming and Colorado in considerable numbers. 7Zricarinatus does not appear to occur in Colorado, all the Museum material being from Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas. 17, AMPHITORNUS BICOLOR Thomas. Stenobothrus bicolor Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr.; V, 1872, p. 465. Three males, eight females, Golden June 6 to 27; Fort Collins August 9 and 11; Denver July 7 and 16. 18. OPEIA OBSCURA Thomas. Oxycoryphus obscura Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1871, p. 466. One male, eleven females, Golden August 21; Fort Collins August 10. $ i 19. CORDILLACRIS CINEREA Bruner. Ochrilidea cinerea Bruner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 52-53. Three males, one female, Salida August 21; Morrison June 25. 20. CORDILLACRIS CRENULATA Bruner. :. Ochrilidea crenulata Bruner, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 51-52. b Five males, two females, Montevista August 13; Morrison June 29;/ Denver July 16. i 21. CORDILLACRIS OCCIPITALIS Thomas. Stenobothrus occipitalis THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1873, p. 81. Fourteen males, eleven females, Morrison June 23; Fort Collins; August 9 and 11; Denver July 17. 22. PHLIBOSTROMA QUADRIMACULATUM Thomas. Stenobothrus quadrimaculatum THomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., II, | 1871, pp. 166, 280. Thirty-seven males, forty-four females, Golden July 12 to August 21. 23. ORPHULELLA PELIDNA Burmeister. Gomphocerus pelidna BurMetsterR, Handb. Ent., II, 1838, p. 650. One male at Victoria, Texas, in June, 1902, and two males from) widely separated localities in Colorado, one from Grand Junction on} August 17 and one from Fort Collins on August 10. The specimen) from Texas is a little over the usual size, measuring as follows: Length of body, 20.5 mm.; elytra, 18 mm.; hind femora, 12 mm. The larger males of this species ane: lally resemble the dark| form of the males of Syrbula admirabilis very closely. | 24. ORPHULELLA PICTURATA Scudder. Orphulella picturata ScuppeErR, Can. Ent., XX XI, 1899, pp. 178, 182. Many specimens of both sexes collected at Victoria, Texas, in June! and July, some of them taken in cotton fields. This is a very variable) species and there are both green and brown forms. 25. ORPHULELLA SALINA Scudder. } Orphulella salina ScuppEr, Can. Ent., XX XI, 1899, pp. 179, 185-186. am | Two specimens from Colorado, one male at Montrose on August MW, and one female at Grand Junction on July 7. | No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL, 783 | 26. DICHROMORPHA VIRIDIS Scudder. Chloealtis viridis ScuppER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. 455. Chloealtis brunnea ScuppErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VII, 1875 p. 510 Both sexes of this species, together with the nymphs, were found plentiful at Victoria, Texas, in June and July. This species varies in the character of the lateral carinz of the pronotum, some having the earine parallel and others quite noticeably bowed out in the center, both forms occurring together. One specimen before me from Florida has the vertex abnormally acute. 1 have carefully studied the type of brunnea in the Museum collection and compared it with brown forms of w7idis and find no appreciable difference not covered by variation. I have therefore included it as a synonym. 27. STENOBOTHRUS CURTIPENNIS Harris. Locusta curtipennis Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 1835, p. 56. J . — One female at Montevista on August 13, one at Mancos on August ~ @ y = 16, and one male and two female specimens from Cumbres on August ‘14. The females from Cumbres have the elytra very short, but little more than half as long as the abdomen. : 1 | 28. GOMPHOCERUS CLAVATUS Thomas. Gomphocerus clavatus THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1873, p. 96. | Gomphocerus carpenterti Tuomas, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, No. 2, ser. 1874, p. 65. Gomphocerus clepsydra ScupDER, Daws., Rept. Geol., 49 Par., 1875, p. 344. Fourteen males and 17 females from the following points in Colo- -vado: Baileys June 30 and July 3; Morrison on June 20, at an eleva- tion of about 7,000 feet; Boulder June 9; Rico August 16; Pine Grove July 18; Pikes Peak July 21; and at Chimney Gulch on ‘July 21. From a study of these specimens and a long series in the United ‘States National Museum, it seems very clear that there is but one species. There is considerable variation among the different indi- viduals, especially the males, but no characters present themselves that warrant the retention of more than one name. MeNeill, in his revision of the Tryxanine, recognizes two species and gives a table for their separation, using the character of the anterior tibie being clavate and distinctly sulcate externally and size small, about 14 mm., to separate clavatus from clypsedra, which is described as having the fore tibi but slightly and regularly expanded apically and size larger, about 18 mm. With these characters in mind I carefully examined the type material in the collection of the United States National Museum, which is composed wholly of male specimens. The type of davatus is 16.5 mm. long and the anterior tibixw is moderately an ab 784 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. expanded, not aise tly cance ea is very distinctly sulcate exter. nally, but this sulcation is quite oby iously due to shrinkage as the left tibix is more conspicuously suleate than the right one. aac shrink-. age is not remarkable as the specimen was alcoholic and described. after drying. The describer gives the length as 0.56 inch in length, which is practically 14 mm, But, as above stated, the type really | measures 16.5 mm. in length. Why Thomas gave this erroneous | measurement is not clear, nor is it clear why MeNeill used it as a synoptic character when fe had the original type before him. The type of carpenter?/, which is an admitted synonym of clavatus, isi 18 mm. in length, the fore tibie strongly clavate and not at all suleate} externally. The type of c/ypsedra is not at present in the United: States National Museum as mentioned by MeNeill, nor is the original type a male from New Mexico, but females from farther north on the: Souris River. . The range of variation presented by the types of clavutus and car-) penteri/ more than covers all variation found among the specimens of) clepsydra. Therefore if clavatus and carpenteri’ are synonymous, and) I agree with McNeill in so considering them, c/ypsedra must also be a synonym. That this is a valid conclusion is pretty evident when a long series of specimens from different parts of the country and from; various altitudes is examined. The anterior tibie of the males vary considerably in the amount of apical expansion, though none examined: are quite so conspicuously clavate as in the type of carpenterii. The elytra of the males are also variable, reaching quite to the tip of the; abdomen in some specimens and in others falling noticeably short of it. The elytra of the females also vary in length, but never nearly reach the tip of the abdomen, generally only about as long as the pronotum, : | 29. BOOPEDON NUBILUM Say. Gryllus nubilus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1V, 1825; p. 308. SI This species was found quite abundant in open woodlands in the vicinity of Victoria, Texas, during the latter part of June and in July, Only mature individuals were seen. | 30. STIRAPLEURA DECUSSATA Scudder. Stirapleura decussata ScuppER, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 510. Nine males, 15 females, Golden May 29; Sedalia June 15 and 21 Denver May 10 to July 16; Baileys July 13; Boulder June 9. 5 The foveole of this species, according to MeNeill’s tables in his revision of the Tryxaline, are as long again as wide. Therefore thest specimens could be called delécatula as justifiably as they are wide decussata for the foveole are usually but little longer than wi e Decussuta and delicatula may prove to be forms of one species. ¥ => masini owe Re NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. oe | 31. AGENEOTETTIX SCUDDERI Bruner. Aulocara scudderi Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 63-64. Sixteen males, twenty-eight females, Golden June 19 to July 27: Denver July 16; Fort Collins August 10; Cripple Creek July Montrose August 17. 32. AULOCARA ELLIOTTI Thomas. _ Stauronotus elliotti THomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 82. | This large series of fresh specimens shows a remarkable range of peeiion, both sexes ao greatly oe in color and size. The ercurs in the Cae sex. The ee fee vary facie 10 to m 'millimeters i in the males and in the females the color ranges from ‘reddish yellow to fuscous and the elytra of both sexes vary from almost immaculate to quite conspicuously spotted with black. Some jof the rufous tinted females approach pord//e/win somewhat, inasmuch 33. AULOCARA FEMORATUM Scudder. Aulecara femoratum ScuppEr, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XX XV, 1899, pp. Four males and eight females referable to this species were taken at Fort Collins on August 19 and one pair at Denver on July 11; the latter were taken en copula. They all agree in having the elytra much more abbreviated than in e///ott7 and the pronotum is more generally less angulate. The tegmina of the males are immaculate but those of the females are noticeably spotted with black, sometimes however quite dimly so. | SUBFAMILY (HDIPODIN 4. 34. ARPHIA ARCTA Scudder. | Arphia Arcta Scupper, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1876, p. 263. _ Arphia teporata ScuppER, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 508. Eleven males, seven females, Golden May 23; Pine. Grove July 8 and 18; Baileys July 13; Platte Canyon May 10; Sedalia June 15; Denver May 10. Also collected at Williams, Arizona, on May 27, ae June 9. The color of the hind tibial vary in color from clear 786 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, X I feel quite sure af fae corree stiiese of ihe abou synonomy, andl a inclined to believe that A. fr/gidu is but a red- winged form of the | same species. The type of teporata has yellow wings. 35. ARPHIA LUTEOLA Scudder. Arphia liteola Scupprr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, p. 515. i Quite common in cotton fields about Victoria, Texas. | 36. ARPHIA PSEUDONIETANA Thomas. a | Tomonotus pseudonietana Tuomas, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1870, p- 82. Oedipoda tenebrosa ScuppER, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Nebr., 1871, p. 251. Tomonotus tenebrosa THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1873, p. 107. Arphia sanguinaria Svar, Rec. Orth., I, 1873, p. 119. Arphia ovaticeps SaussurE, Add. Prodr. Oedip., 1888, pp. 165-166. Sixteen males, nine females, Denver July 16; Golden June 19 tol August 21; Fort Collins August 10. From a study of this series of specimens and as many more in the) collection of the U.S. National Museum I have decided upon the) above synonomy, believing the changes warranted. That ovaticeps, is but a variety of tenehrosa is obvious to anyone who has seen this species in numbers, and that the name pseudonietana of Thomas was applied first to the species under consideration and should take prece- dence over tenchrosa, described a year later, also seems clear upon investigation of the original descriptions. When in motion this is one of our most showy locusts, the bright red wings showing very conspicuously as the insect flies before th collector. a 37- ARPHIA FRIGIDA Scudder. Arphia frigida ScuppER, Daws., Rep. geol. 49th par., 1875, p. 344. Forty-one males, five females, Golden May 29 to June 17; Sedalia June 15; Denvei - May 10 to June 17; Platte Canyon May 10 to ’ Boulder May 22; Morrison June 29. 38. CHORTOPHAGA VIRIDIFASCIATA DeGeer. mee Acrydium viridifasciatum DeGrerR, Mem., III, 1773, p. 498, pl. x11, fig. 6. Both green and brown forms of both sexes occurred quite com monly around Victoria, Texas, in June and July. From specim observed at this place it would Bie that brown individuals oce more often in the male than in the female sex. In Colorado twelve males and eighteen females were taken at Denver, Platte Canyon, anc Golden. All these specimens were taken peeved May 10 and Fun 10 and were all of the brown form, except four females, and they w pi tially brown. Some variation exists in the amount of apical swell ing of the male antenne. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 187 39. ENCOPTOLOPHUS COSTALIS Scudder. (Sdipoda costalis ScuppER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. 473. Found in cotton fields at Victoria, Texas. in June and Talc numerous. Six males and two females were taken at Fort Collins on August 9, and two males and two females at Golden on Aucust 21. The males of this species bear quite a superficial resemblance to | Camnula pellucida, but the reddish yellow tibiz of the latter will | serve to readily separate them. The smaller size, low median carina _and, especially in the male, the proportionately broader elytra separate costalis from sordidus. i 40. CAMNULA PELLUCIDA Scudder. (Edipoda pellucida ScuppeER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. Tee _ Sixty-eight males, forty-six females, Cumbres August 14; Mont- jrose August 16; Baileys July 13; Rico August 16; Pikes Peak duly 21; Cripple Creek July 26; Chama, New Mexico August 14; Pine Grove July 18. | Thisisa common insect throughout the elevated regions of Colorado. 4 41. HIPPISCUS MONTANUS Thomas. r (Hdipoda montanus Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1872, p. 462. a Three males, two females, Denver May 10. Identified by Professor Brover, Except for the obscured markings this species is very a to [7 zupotecus. 42. HIPPISCUS NEGLECTUS Thomas. (Edipoda neglectus Tuomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1870, pp. 81-82. Nineteen males, seven females, Baileys July 13; Chama, New “Mexico August i: Pine Grove July 8; Morrison June 29; Platte Canyon May 25; Chimney Gulch July 27; Pikes Peak July 21. Three of the Siiles: one from Pikes Peak and two from Baileys, have the posterior tibiz pale yellowish with scarcely a trace of red. 43. HIPPISCUS SAUSSUREI Scudder. ___-Hippiscus saussurei ScuppER, Psyche, VI, 1892, pp. 268, 302. ~ One female specimen at Victoria, Texas, in June. 5 44. HIPPISCUS TUBERCULATUS Palisot de Beauvois. Acridium tuberculatum Patisov pk Brauvors, Ins. Afr. Amer., 1817, p. 145, pl. Iv fig. i. One female at Sedalia on June 15. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—0?2 53 788 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX 45. HIPPISCUS ZAPOTECUS Saussure. Nanthippus zapotecus Saussurn, Prodr. Cidip., 1884, p. 91. Four males, three females, Denver May 10 to June 17. Professor | Bruner is the authority for this determination. 46. LEPRUS CYANEUS Cockerell. Leprus cyaneus COCKERELL, Ent. News, XIII, 1902, p. 305. Seven males, one female, Salida August 2-9. | The wings of Z. wheeler are a bright yellow, as plainly shown by the types. Therefore, the reference of blue-winged specimens te that species, as has so often been done, is erroneous. LL. cyaneus 18 a good species. 47. DISSOSTEIRA CAROLINA Linnzus. Gryllus (Locusta) carolina Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 433. Common throughout Colorado, specimens being taken on both sides of the mountains from Denver to Grand Junction. 48. DISSOSTEIRA LONGIPENNIS Thomas. and is ee to come ue ae to light at night. 49. SPHARAGEMON AXQUALE Say. Gryllus «quale Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., IV, 1825, p. 307. Four males, three females, Denver July 16; Golden August Fort Collins August 9. The specimens from Denver, two males, are not typical. They were identified by Prof. A. P. Annee The rae » scarcely at all on the metanotum, which is flat. The change from elevated prozona to the scarcely carinate metazona is very abru These specimens are also more slender than usual. 50. SPHARAGEMON ANGUSTIPENNE Morse. Spharagemon angustipenne Morsr, Psyche, VII, 1895, pp. 295, 298. One female from Denver on July 16. 51. SPHARAGEMON COLLARE Scudder. (Edipoda collare ScupprEr, Rept. U. 8S. Geol. Surv., Nebr., 1871, p. 250. Two females from Golden on June 1. 7 No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CA UDELL. T89 52. SPHARAGEMON CRISTATUM Scudder. Spharagemon cristatum ScuppeEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist:, XVII, 1875. p. 470. Several specimens at Victoria, Tex., in June and July. 53. SPHARAGEMON HUMILE Morse. Spharagemon humile Morse, Psyche, VII, 1895, p. 292. Two males, one female, Golden June 18 and Aucust 21. 54. SPHARAGEMON WYOMINGIANUM Thomas. (Edipoda wyomingianum THomas,. Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872 3 2, p. 462. Three males, Fort Collins August 10; Golden June Ls. 55. DEROTMEMA CUPIDINEUM Scudder. Derotmema cupidineum Scuvver, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 513. Five males, six females, Montrose August 17; Grand Junction August 17; Palisades July 8. Not so common as J). haydeni, from which it may be separated by the narrower fuscous bands of the wings. | . | 56. DEROTMEMA HAYDENI Thomas. (Edipoda haydeni Tuomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1871, p. 460. Thirty-three males, twenty-seven females, Salida August 2 to 6; ‘Montrose August 17; Durango August 15; Denver July 16; Fort Collins August 10; Golden June 19 to August 21; Montevista August 13. Both redand yellow winged specimens, male and female, were taken. This species is very common in most localities throughout the State. Individuals with yellow wings were the more numerous. ! 57. MESTOBREGMA BOREALE Saussure. Psinidia ( Trachyrachis) boreale Ssussur®, Prodr. (idip., 1884, p. 164. One female, Golden June 5. The conspicuous character of this species is the unusually rugose pronotum. The topof the headis marked with several tortuous carine and the frontal costa is traversed by a carina just below the ocellus. ‘The wings are yellow at the base and the tip is hyaline; transverse black band a fourth as wide as the length of the wing with the costal shoot extending three-fourths of the way to the base; elytra regularly moitled with quite large fuscous spots. The posterior tibie are yellow. 58. MESTOBREGMA FUSCIFRONS Stal. Psinidia fuscifrons StAL, Ree. Orth., I, 1873, p. 154. Specimens of this species were collected in cotton fields at Victoria, les ° Texas, in “une. 4 1 59. MESTOBREGMA KIOWA Thomas. e i (Edipoda kiowa Taomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 461. Specimens, both mature and immature, were taken on the summit | of Pikes Peak on snow fields, and a number of mature individuals of - both sexes were taken at the following places in Colorado and New | Mexico: Montevista August 13; Chama, New Mexico August 14; Fort | Collins August 9; Denver July 16; Golden June 19; Morrison June 23, | But one specimen, a female, was taken at Montevista, and its wings : are pale citron basally. The same is true of four males from Channa, New Mexico, but all the others have the base of the wings hyaline, ; This appears to be quite constantly the case with specimens from| opposite sides of the divide. 60. MESTOBREGMA PLATTEI Thomas. 4 . i | (Edipoda plattei THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1873, p. 123. Seven males, seventeen females, Denver July 26; Chimney Guleh: July 27; Pine Grove July 23; Golden June 6 and ie 21. The distinguishing feature of this species seems to be the pallid! coloring of the inferior posterior part of the lateral lobes of the thorax: and the bands of the tegmina extending only across the costal half, The elytral markings resemble those of 77imerotropis pseudo fasciatus. 61. MESTOBREGMA PULCHELLA Bruner. Mestobregima pulchellum BrunEr, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, p. 64-65. — One male at Fort Collins August 9. This specimen agrees in every! particular with Bruner’s type in the U. S. National Museum. This species was omitted from Scudder’s catalogue. It is a true Jesto- bregma, and is very closely allied to JZ kiowa in markings, and may; prove to be a synonym of that species. The color is its most distin- guishing feature, and that may be due to environment. The food plant from which it was described, Hwrotia lunata, is recorded as occurs ring from the ‘* Northwest Territories to western Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, and California.” . 62. METATOR PARDALINUM Saussure. (BE idipoda pardalinum SAUSSU RE, Rev. Mag. Zool., oR 1861, p- 324. Nineteen males, twelve ara Fort Collins August 11; Morrigin June 29; Golden June 19 and 3 Nine males and six females — aving the base of the wings yellow, but in every other particular like the red-winged specimens, were taker i at the same localities and on the same dates. Very probably the yellow-winged forms are the Mestobregma maculosum of Saussure. No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 791 63. PSINIDIA SULCIFRONS var.-AMPLICORNUS, new variety. (Plate LV, fig. 2.) | Superficially resembling P. sw/e/frons, but differing from typical “specimens in several particulars. Color grayish mottled with fuscous: ihead as in swlczfrons,; the antenne are fuscous and greatly depressed la both sexes, and nearly twice as broad as those of typical sulci trons: /pronotum and elytra about as in swle/frons, except that the posterior ‘margin of the pronotum of the female is apparently more sharply jangulate. Wings with the black band usually somewhat wider than in sulcifrons, leaving slightly less of the tip free, the tip infuscated, more so in the male. Posterior femora slender and more flattened. the ‘dorsal carina much more elevated and thinner than in typical si/e7- Jrons; the posterior tibie are quite uniformly blue, paling somewhat basally, those of the female much lighter colored than those of the male. The color of the tibia may be expected to vary considerably in coloration when a number of specimens are examined. The size ‘is about the same as that of su/eifrons, the measurements of the type ‘specimens being as follows: Length of body, male, 21 mm., female, 28; antennie, male, 12 mm., ‘female, 13 mm.; elytra, male, 19 mm., female, 24 mm.; posterior femora, male, 13_mm., female 16 mm. One male, one female, Victoria, Texas, June, 1902. Type No. 6602, U.S.N.M. 64. CONOZOA WALLULA Scudder. Psinidia wallula ScuppEr, Rept. U. 8. Ent. Comm., II, app., 1881, pp. 27-28, pl. xvul, figs. 13, 14. Thirteen males, four females, Grand Junction July 7 and August 17; Montrose August 17. 65. TRIMEROTROPIS BRUNERI McNeill. Hadrotettix gracilis ScuppER, Psyche, IX, 1900, pp. 67-68. Trimerotropis bruneri McNeixt, Psyche, IX, 1900, p. 31.—Scupper, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Nat. Se., IX, 1902, p. 37. Two females, Sedalia July 11. 66. TRIMEROTROPIS CITRINA Scudder. Trimerotropis citrina ScuDDER, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1876, p. 265. This species has been taken at various places in Colorado. One male specimen taken at Golden has the black band on the wing some- what broader than usual. ; T99 PROCEE DINGS ( OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV 67. TRIMEROTROPIS GRACILIS Thomas. Oedipoda gracilis Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1871, p. 461. Derotmema lichenosum ScuppER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XX XV, 1900, pp, 394-395. E Kight males, four females, Durango August 15. The color of this insect makes it almost invisible when at rest on the naked ground. 68. TRIMEROTROPIS LATICINCTA Saussure. \ Trimerotropis laticincta SaussurE, Prodr. Cfdip., 1884, pp. 169, 170. Two males, three females, Fort Collins August 19; one male, two females, Montrose August 13; one male, Grand Junction August 17; two females, Denver July 16; one female, Baileys July 30; two males, Golden August 21. The males are somewhat variable in size, the measurements of the elytra ranging from 24 to 29 mm. It was quite unexpected to find this species so common and widely distributed. By the table given by MeNeill these specimens run very persistently to this species. 69. TRIMEROTROPIS MODESTA Bruner. Trimerotropis modesta BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, p- 72 Six males, two females, Durango August 13; and Golden July 27. The type of this species has the elytral bands quite distinct, decid- edly more so than the greater number of specimens. At Golden it occurred up in the gulch in the foothill fauna. This is the first rec- ord of its occurrence east of the Rocky Mountains. 7o. TRIMEROTROPIS MONTICOLA Saussure. Trimerotropis monticola SavssureE, Prodr. Cfdip., 1884, p. 170. Seven males, five females, Cripple Creek July 26; Baileys July 13; Golden June 17 and July 27; Pikes Peak July 21; Denver July 22. One of the females from Baileys has the black transverse band of the wing scarcely one-sixth as broad as the length of the wing and interrupted along the first anal vein. This specimen is also smaller — than usual, the elytra measuring 25 mm. and the posterior femora 12_ mm. All the specimens are from the foothill fauna except those from r Denver. These Denver specimens, however, agree perfectly with specimens from Pikes Peak and other high altitudes. 71. TRIMEROTROPIS PSEUDOFASCIATA Scudder. Trimerotropis pseudofasciata ScuppER, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 514. , Kight males, four females, Chimney Gulch July 27; Pine Grove — July 23; Salida August 1; Durango August 15. ‘tal . 2 ; 3° * NOTES ON pe ORTE jRA—CA UDELL. 7938 The posterior tibiee of this species vary in color from yellow to dis- tinctly blue. The type, according to McNeill, should be in the collec- tion of the National Museum but can not now be found. 72. TRIMEROTROPIS SIMILIS Scudder. Trimerotropis similis ScuppER, Rept. Us S. Ent. Comm., IT, app., 1881, p. 27 “wd. Ten males, three females, Platte Canyon May 23; Pine Grove July 8; Palisades July 8; Salida August 6; Golden July 11; Chimney Gulch ‘July 27; Morrison June 27. ; All hess specimens were taken in the foothill fauna, and they do |not seem to occur on the prairie. There is some variation in the elytral bands, some specimens having them much more contrasted than others. | 73. TRIMEROTROPIS VINCULATA Scudder. Trimerotropis vinculata ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VIII, 1876, p. 270. Twenty males, fifteen females, Platte Canyon May 25 and July 10; ‘Sedalia July 11; Montrose August 17; Monteyvista August 13; Salida August 6; Palisades July 8; Delta July 9; Fort Collins August 9; Denver June 21; and Grand Junction July 7. fr 74. CIRCOTETTIX AZURESCENS Bruner. Trimerotropis azurescens BRuNER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 69-70. Trimerotropis perpleca Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 74-75. One male, Montrose August 17; one female, Fort Collins August 10. This is a true circotittix, the radials of the wings being distinctly swollen. The above synonymy is based upon a study of type speci- mens. 75. CIRCOTETTIX CARLINIANUS Thomas. (Hdipoda carlinianus THomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 81. Six males, eight females, Fort Collins August 10; one male, Morri- son June 29. One of the male specimens has the hyaline portion of the wings extending quite to the base in the anterior and middle fields, 76. CIRCOTETTIX SUFFUSUS Scudder. Trimerotripis suffusus ScuppER, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., II, 1876, p. 260. Trimerotropis columbia Scupper, Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., XXIII, 1893, p. 77. Three males, one female, Chama, New Mexico August 14. 77. CIRCOTETTIX UNDULATUS Thomas. (Edipoda undulatus Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1871, p. 460. Twenty-six males, twenty females, Chimney Gulch June 19; Baileys July 13; Pine Grove July 18 and 27; Golden, in foothills, July 27; sat - » T94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. This common species is one of the noisiest insects that inhabit t canyons. 78. CIRCOTETTIX VERRUCULATUS Kirby. Locusta verruculatus Kirsy, Faun. Bor. Amer., IV, 1837, p. 250. Eight males, one female, Pine Grove July 16 and 23; Platte Canyon May 25. This is even a more noisy species than C. wadulatus. They fly du ine the hottest part of the day and the sharp crackling noise made b their wings may be heard for long distances. On quiet days I have distinctly heard them for almost or quite half amile. Often they will remain suspended almost stationary in the air, making the welkin ring with their shrill crackling. 79. HADROTETTIX TRIFASCIATUS Say. Gryllus trifasciatus Say, Amer. Ent., III, 1828, p. 78, pl. xxxtv. One female at Victoria, Texas on July 10, and many specimens of — both sexes, both mature and immature, in Colorado at Denver, Goldeai and Fort Collins from June 7 to August 10. z This is apparently not 2 common imsect in southern Texas, though — farther north it is very common, as indicated by the above records. — At Victoria I saw but the one specimen and no nymphs. at ag 80. HELIASTUS GUANIERI, new species. e| t (Plate LV, fig. 3.) t Of small size, pale testaceous, scarcely paler below. Head promi-— nent, nearly smooth, face almost perpendicular; eyes small, subglobu- lar, about half as lone as the infraocular part of the gene; antenne long, about four-fifths as long as the posterior femora, fine and filiform in the female, coarser and slightly flattened apically in the male. { Pronotum constricted mesially, flaring both in front and behind, — anterior margin slightly rounded, mesially subimmarginate, posterior — margin obtuse-angularly rounded; median carine almost obsolete except on the metanotum where it is present as a fine raised line; lateral carine present only posterior of the typical suleus and there very rounded; descending lobes of the pronotum apically subtruncate, in’ no wise descending below the free pleural lobes anterior to them. The tegmina extend to or slightly beyond the tips of the hind femora and ure quite broad, about one-fifth as broad as long, the tips well rounded: and the anterior and posterior margins about equally rounded, uni formly pale testaceous or with more or less maculation, along the posterior margin generally with separate and distinct fuscous spots. Intercalary vein absent. Wings hyaline, veins greenish. Fore and D NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. middle legs more or less distinctly banded with black, posterior femora pale testaceous, paler below and on the inner side, dorsally and on the upper part of the outer face marked by two oblique dark bands, one median and one subapical; hind tibize red, paling somewhat on the basal fourth; spines red at the base, the apical half black. Length of body, male, 14 mm.; fem: 19-20 mm.; antenne, male. 7.5 mm.; female, 8 mm.; elytra, male, 11 mm.; female, 15-16 mm.: hind Peon. male, 9 mm. ; female, 0 mm. Type.—No. 6600, U.S Sun, M. Described from specimens from Colo- rado collected by G. Guanier at Pueblo many years ago. I collected one specimen, a female, at Fort Collins, on August 11, and the U. S. National Museum contains specimens from Douglas County, Kansas, and others labeled Colorado.” This species is probably the nearest allied to Hel/astus minimus, but the long antenne and the red hind tibie, together with the habitat, will serve to separate them. Regarding the posterior tibie of 7. mindmus, Professor Morse writes me as follows: ‘* Hind tibize of Heliastus minimus are luteous— pale yellowish buff—probably almost ivory white in life.” 81. BRACHYSTOLA MAGNA Girard. Brachypeplus magnus GrRARD, Marcy, Expl. Red River, 1853, p. ,260, pl. xv, figs. 1-4. Several specimens, mature and immature, at Golden, on poppy plants in July. Brachypeplus virescens Charpenter is very probably a synonym of this species. If such should prove the case, the name virescens would have preference, being established several years previous to magna. Subfamily ACRIDIIN 4. 82. TZENIOPODA PECTICORNIS Walker. Yes Rhomalea pecticornis WALKER, Cat. Derm. Salt., III, 1870, p. 538. _ Texniopoda picticornis Sra, Rec. Orth., I, 1873, p. 51.—THomas, Rept. U. 5. Geol. Surv. west 100 merid., V, 1875, p. 898.—ScuppEr and CocKERELL, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., IX, 1902, p. 39. - Specimens of this fine insect were sent to the Division of Entomology by Mr. E. Meyenberg, of Pecos, Texas, with the statement that they were taken at the base of the foothills of the Guadalupe Mountains. _ This species does not appear in Scudder’s catalogue. o . a 83. DICTYOPHORUS RETICULATUS Thunberg. Dictyophorus reticulatus THUNBERG, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., V, 1815, p. 259. _ This handsome insect is quite common in some cotton fields about Victoria, Texas, where it matures about the end of June. The con- spicuously marked nymphs are no less striking in appearance than the mature individuals, in fact being easier seen at a distance than the imagoes. the field. Both sexes, but especially the males, when disturbed make a distinct simmering or bubbling sound, high-noted, but of small vol-— ume. Upon investigation, this sound was found to proceed from a eland, probably a modified spiracle, opening from the side of the body above and slightly behind the middle coxe. ‘The sound is produced by the insects forcing out very minute bubbles of a clear liquid, cause ing a sound sufticiently loud to be heard for some distance. Whether » this liquid has repelling properties and the resulting sound purely ~ mechanical, or whether the production of sound is the main object of ” the mechanism, was not determined. er 84. SCHISTOCERCA ALUTACEA Harris. —= Acridium alutacea Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 1841, p. 139. One female specimen at Grand Junction August 17, and one male by Oslar, labeled ** Colorado.” 85. SCHISTOCERCA AMERICANA Drury. Gryllus americana Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist. TiO} sp 28 Sip lexan ome This species is quite common at times in the cotton fields of Texas, Several specimens were taken at Victoria in June and July. 86. SCHISTOCERCA OBSCURA Fabricius. a th Dee Bg: om eo ee Paes Gryllus obscura Fasricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 194. “meee One large female from Quero, Texas July 11. 87. SCHISTOCERCA SHOSHONE Thomas. Acridium shoshone Tuomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1873, p. 165. Two large females from Yuma, Arizona, and one male from Phoe- ae Ar izona. EES On in ulconaly seems to cucu ee insects tay of hind ea Bon; be to oe 88. PARAIDEMONA MIMICA Scudder. Paraidemona mimica Scupper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX, 1897, pp. 42, 43 44. pl. 11, fig. 10. Many specimens of both sexes in cotton fields in the vicinity of Vie toria, Texas, in Juneand july. This seems to be the common specie in that section of the State, no other species being represented amo the many specimens examined. It is quite variable, both in size and coloration. | No, 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELT, 797 89. HYPOCHLORA ALBA Dodge. Pezotettix alba Dopar, Can. Ent., VIII, 1876 p. 10. _ Two males and three females at Fort Collins | August 9, and one female at Boulder on August 13. 90. HESPEROTETTIX PRATENSIS Scudder, Hesperotettix pratensis Scupper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX, 1897, p piv, fig. 3. p. 57, 64-66, Four males, two females, Pine Grove July 18, and Grand Junction July 7. gt. HESPEROTETTIX SPECIOSUS Scudder. Pézotettix speciosus ScuppEr, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Nebr., 1871, p. 250. Found quite common in long grass in southern Texas in June and daly. It apparently matures in that section about the end of June. A number of specimens were taken in cotton fields. 92. HESPEROTETTIX VIRIDIS Thomas. Caloptenus viridis Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Surv. ern. Vi, 1872, pane; pie, fig. 3. _ Ten males, nineteen females, Pikes Peak July 21; Golden June 19 to August 21; Fort Collins August 11; Denver July 16. _ Males of this species are quite variable in size. 92. ZHOLOPLUS CHENOPODII Bruner. Pezotettix chenopodii Bruner, Ins. Life, VII, 1894, pp. 41-42. _ Numerous specimens of. this interesting species were taken at Pali- sade July 8 in a patch of low prickly shrubs just across the railroad from the station, which I suppose is the Chenipodaceous plant on which the species was originally recorded as feeding. Specimens were also taken at Grand Junction and Delta. They were seen mating at the latter place on August 17, and on the latter date some apparently full grown nymphs were taken. These nymphs were uniformly light yellowish in color and the thorax more tectiform than in mature indi- viduals. Among the mature specimens taken were some individuals Umost unicolorous, without fuscous markings. 94. AZOLOPLUS PLAGOSUS Scudder. _-Pezotettix plagosus ScuppEr, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 504. | Numerous specimens from the side of Tenderfoot Mountain, just veross the railroad from the station at Salida from August 1 to 7. They were very common and frequently found mating. One female specimen was also taken at Sedalia and the color of that specimen is of : 798 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. a decidedly yellowish cast, radically different from the dark-bro eolor that characterized all the Salida specimens except one which was: colored similar to the Sedalia specimen. ; 95. AAOLOPLUS REGALIS Dodge. | ‘Caloptenus regalis Dopar, Can. Ent., VIII, 18765 pps iy ai2: 9 Four males, four females, Fort Collins August 10. Some specimens have the elytra greenish, but generally they are brownish. One pair was taken mated. 96. A OLOPLUS TURNBULLI Thomas. Caloptenus turnbulli Toomas, Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Sury. Terr., V., 1872, p. 452, pl. 1, fig. 10. One male, one female, Delta July 13. These specimens are unusually brachypterous, the elytra covering | but little more than half of the abdomen. The female is also smaller: than usual, but otherwise both specimens are typical. The posterior); tibix: are variable in color, those of the female greenish yellow with a pallid subbasal annulus, while those of the male are testaceous) merging into pale reddish on the basal third. The measurements of) these two specimens are as follows: a | Length of body, male and female, 16 mm.; antenne, male, 5 mm.; | female, 4 mm.; pronotum, male and female, 3.5 mm.; elytra, male and; female, 7 mm.; posterior femora, male, 7.5 mm.; female, 8 mm. 97- MELANOPLUS ALTITUDINUM Scudder. Pezotettix altitudinum ScuppeEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 86. Melanoplus huroni Buarcauuey, Psyche, VIII, 1898, pp. 195, 196. Seven males, eight females, Pine Grove July 18, at the head of a side gulch nearly a thousand feet above the town. Also one pair from) Pikes Peak July 21, one female above Boulder June 9, and one male above Golden June 17. The elytra of these specimens are somewhat variable in length, in the male sex varying from 4.75 to 6 mm. There are several speei- mens of this species in the United States National Museum named z Dr. Scudder, and the male tegmina vary from 5.5 to 9.5 mm. and female tegmina vary from 7.5 to 11 mm. in length. But these highe measurements seem exceptional, the usual length of elytra being baa 6mm. in the males and 7 mm. in the females. Types of Melanoplus huront Blatchley are in the National Museum and seem to be identical with specimens of a/#/tud/num from various localities in the West. It is not clear why Dr. Scudder placed this species in the Borchii se es of the genus, as it surely does not belong there. + ; NO. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELI, 799 98. MELANOPLUS ATLANIS Riley. Calopienus atlanis Rirey, Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., VII, 1875, p. 169. This species was taken at various points in Colorado on both sides ‘of the divide. Specimens were also taken on the summit of Pikes / Peak on snow fields on July 20. The color of the posterior tibiw y: wy from bright red to yellow and blue. 99. MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS Say. Gryllus bivittatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., IV, 1825, p. 308. | Six males, twelve females, Denver July 16; Golden June 19 and | August 21; Fort Collins Aucust 10. | A pair from Fort Collins is brachypterous, the wings covering but little more than half of the abdomen. The male is quite small, meas- uring as follows: Length, 22 mm.; elytra, 9 mm.; hind femora, 12 mm. 100. MELANOPLUS BOWDITCHI Scudder. Melanoplus bowditehi ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 72. Two males, six females, Fort Collins August 9; Salida August 6; also one male from Williams, Arizona. The Colorado specimens have the male furcula shaped considerably like those of JZ pictus as illus- trated on Plate XI of Scudder’s Revision of the Melanopli. The speci- men from Arizona has these organs more rounded out on the inner ‘side than usual. Some specimens from Salida are in the collection of the Colorado Agricultural College labeled ‘‘bowditchi or n. sp.” or. MELANOPLUS COCCINEIPES Scudder. Melanoplus coccineipes ScuppEr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXXVI, 1897, pp. 26, 34, ' Thirteen males and eleven females from Golden, Denver, and Fort Collins from July 11 to August 23. 102. MELANOPLUS COLLINUS Scudder. | Melanoplus collinus ScuppErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1878, p. 285. | ; 2 : eet ; One male specimen taken at Fort Collins August 10. This speci- men is indistinguishable from specimens from Virginia and Canada. ‘It has not, I believe, been recorded from Colorado before. 103. MELANOPLUS COLORADUS, new species. (Plate LV, Figs. 1, 1¢.) _ One male specimen from Palisade July 8. Of medium size, testaceous, very closely related to J/. propinguus e general appearance. Head quite prominent, flavo-testaceous, darker ri t 800 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXYI, © above with a se: arcely discernible trace of a postocular band, though - with more specimens there would probably be some variation in this respect. The vertex is tumid and slightly elevated above the thorax; | interspace between the eyes about as broad as the basal segment of the antenne; frontal costa subequal, flat, biseriately punctate above - the ocellus, below shallowly sulcate, just failing to reach the clypeus;; eyes moderately prominent, a little longer than the infracular part of | the genx; antenn flavo-testaceous, about three-fourths as long as the: posterior femora. Pronotum very slightly enlarging from in front) backward, the carine as in JZ. propinquus, color testaceous with a black postocular band on the prozona, not extending onto the meta-} zona; front margin truncate, scarcely at all flaring, hind margin’ obtusangulate. Prosternal spine and mesosternal foramine as in propinquus. Tegmina considerably passing the posterior femora, | very slender in form and uniformly testaceous, immaculate. Fore and middle femora considerably swollen, hind femora very pale testaceous | above, paler below, without bands, but with black genicular ares, : Posterior tibie uniformly red, spines wholly black, eleven in number: in the outer series. Extremity of abdomen quite noticeably clavate, | moderately recurved, the supraanal plate strongly depressed apically, almost hidden by the more than usual developed pallium, lateral mar-) gins moderately elevated, median sulcus moderately deep with narrow, elevated margins; furcula two-thirds as long as the supraanal plate, | broad and touching at the base fora third of their length and quite thin, narrowing abruptly to half their basal width and continuing as) cylindrical oval terminating fingers, slightly curving inward; cerei: relatively broader than those of propingquus, tapering more on the) upper side than on the lower and obliquely truncate apically, the upper) edge of the apex bluntly acute; subgenital plate as in propinquus. Length of body from head to tip of the abdomen, 21 mm., antenna, ’ 8 mm., elytra, 18 mm., hind femora, 12 mm. Type.—No. 6599, U.S.N.M. The broader cerci, pallid lower surface of the posterior femora, and) the habitat will serve to separate this species from its nearest ally, M. propinquus. It belongs to the femur rubrum series. i 104. MELANOPLUS DIFFERENTIALIS Thomas. Pi Acridium differentialis Tomas, Trans. Ill. St. Agric. Soc., V, 1865, p. 450. Many. specimens at Victoria, Texas in June and July and on both! sides of the divide in Colorado. At Grand Junction I took a number: of fine large specimens of both sexes on August 17 that were unk! formly brownish in color and very large. In Texas they were very) numerous along roadsides in rank weeds, flying up in swarms at t approach of the buggy. In the streets of Denver black individuals! were taken on several occasions. NO. 1333, NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 80] ¥ 105. MELANOPLUS FASCIATUS Walker. Caloptenus faciatus WALKER, Cat. Derm. Salt., [V, 1870, p. 680. Two males at Pine Grove on July 18. 106. MELANOPLUS FEMUR-RUBRUM De Geer. Acridium femur-rubrum Dr GEER, Mem., III, 1773, p. 498, pl. xin, fig 5. Two males, twenty-seven females, Montevista August 13; Golden August 23; Fort Collins August 10; Denver July 16; Montrose August 13; Glenwood Springs August 18; Grand Junction August 17; Palisade July 8; Mancos August 16. ‘ 107. MELANOPLUS FLABELLATUS Scudder. Melanoplus flabellatus ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, pp. 82-83. This species was found mating in considerable numbers in the edge of an open piece of woods near Victoria, Texas on June 28. 108. MELANOPLUS FLAVIDUS Scudder. Melanoplus flavidus ScuppErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 74. Nine males, thirteen females, Golden June 19 and August 21; Fort Collins August 11. Some of these specimens are quite brightly yellowish and others are quite uniformly brown, except the posterior tibix. Some specimens have the lateral lobes of the pronotum with a black postocular band and some are unicolorous. All have the hind femora bifasciate with fuscous above. 109. MELANOPLUS GLADSTONI Scudder. Melanoplus gladstoni ScuppER, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XX XVI, 1897, pp. 23, 33. Eleven males, ten females, Golden August 21; Fort Collins August 9. The specimens from Colorado and Nebraska mentioned by Scudder on page 230 of his revision of the Melanopli agree exactly with this lot from Colorado, otherwise these would have been treated of here as conspersus, for gladstoni and that species must be very similar, in fact, Colorado specimens in the collection of the Colorado Agricul- tural College are labeled as conspersus. The cerci of some of the ‘specimens, both of the present lot from Colorado and those mentioned ‘above from Nebraska, are apically bent inward at almost a right ‘angle. It may be that they are the true conspersus, and gladstoni occurs only further north. Or, still more likely, g/adston? and con- “spersus are forms of one variable species. To settle this the type of | eonspersus, OF typical examples, must be seen. a & & a; S802 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 110. MELANOPLUS INFANTILIS Scudder. Melanoplus infantilis ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, pp. 65-67. Fort Collins August 10; Morrison June 27; Denver July 16. rrr. MELANOPLUS INTERMEDIUS Scudder. Twenty males, nineteen females, Montrose August 17; Glenwood Springs August 18. 112. MELANOPLUS LAKINUS Scudder. Pezotettix lakinus ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, pp. 79-80. Six males, four females, Fort Collins, August 9. One pair matin r, 113. MELANOPLUS LATIFERCULA, new species. (Plate LV, fig. 4, 4a.) One male from Cumbres, Colorado, August 14. A brachypterous species of small size and very dark fuscous in color; head moderately prominent, dark fuscous above and on the upper portion of the gen, elsewhere dark ashen except for a broad piceous postocular band; vertex elevated considerably above the pro- notum, somewhat tumid; interspace between the eyes noticably broader than the basal segment of the antenne; frontal costa but slightly ocellus, just failing to reach the clypeus; eyes neither large nor pro inent, a little longer than the infraocular part of the gene. Antenn fuscous, two-thirds as long as the posterior femora. Pronotum sub- extend on to the metanotum; the disk passes into the perpendicular lateral lobes with an abrupt turn, making the lateral carine wel spine short, erect, subquadrate, and bluntly rounded at the apex: interspace between the mesosternal lobes quadrate, metasternal lo approximate. Tegminaabbreyviate, but little longer than the pronotun overlapping and apically pointed, immaculately fuscous; fore and m dle femora quite strongly tumid, the anterior ones the more so; hind to the base, ten in number in the outer series. Tip of the abdome scarcely clavate, considerably upturned, the supraanal plate apically, = EvOrES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. S03 ’ the ample pallium and with the sides partially hidden neath the sie broad infracercal pk: utes which overlie the borders of the supraanal plate in this species; the median suleus narrow with “moderately elevated margins; furcula well deve loped, half as lone as ‘the supraanal plate and very broad, nearly half as broad as pa touching at the base and narrowed distally to a broadly rounded apex, the narrowing more on the inner side; cerci very broad, about twice as long as the basal width, tapering but little and that on the under side of the apical third, the tip broadly rounded, the whole ge ntly upeurved but scarcely inclined inwards; subgenital plate black, the ‘tip elevated a little above the lateral margins and narrowly and shal- lowly but distinctly notched. : _ Length of body, 16 mm.; antenne, 6.5 mm.; pronotum, 4+ mm.; elytra, 5 mm.; hind femora, 9.5 mm. Type.—No. 6601 U.S.N.M. This species appears to belong to the mancus series. | i } 114. MELANOPLUS MINOR Scudder. | Caloptenus minor ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VII, 1875, p. 478: | Sixteen males, sixteen females, Glenwood Springs July 5; Sedalia dune 15 and 21; Denver July 16. 115. MELANOPLUS. OCCIDENTALIS Thomas. Caloptenus occidentalis Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 453, pl. u, fig. 2. Seventy-four males, forty-nine females, Cripple Creek July 26; Mor- rison June 29; Golden June 19 and July 11; Boulder June 9; Durango June 12; Denver July 16; Pikes Peak July 21; Fort Collins August 10; Baileys July 30; Sedalia June 21; Glenwood Springs July 5 Though the type of both this species and J/. cuneatus are in the Museum collection I can find no stable character for separating them. The latter is the larger species, considering only the types, but with a series, such as the one now before me, that is seen to be inadequate for their separation. As for the tubercled subgenital plate of occ/- dentalis, as given by Scudder for the separation of that species from euncatus, I must confess an inability to make anything out of it. The eerci of cuncatus seem however to be shorter and inferiorly more lobed than in oce¢dental’s. The males of this species, as represented by this series, vary in measurements as follows: Length of body, 19 to 23 mm.; elytra, 8.5 to 16 mm.; hind femora, 10 toil mm. The specimen from which the minimum measurement of the elytra was taken was collected at Glenwood Springs on July 5, and is an unique specimen of its kind so far as recorded, no other known individual having elytra less than 12 mm. in length. a Proc.-N. M. vol. xxvi—02 5A 804 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, 116. MELANOPLUS PACKARDII Scudder. Melanoplus packardii ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1878, p. 287. One female specimen in cotton field at Victoria, Texas, in late June; apparently not very common. In Colorado specimens of both sexes were taken at the following places: Denver July 16; Golden August 21 and Morrison June 28. 117. MELANOPLUS PLUMBEUS Dodge Caloptenus plumbeus Doper, Can. Ent., IX, 1877, p. 12. Seventeen males, nine females, Denver July 16. The elytra of some specimens are almost fuscous and distinetly maculate, and the general color varies from fuscous to flavous. But the” flavous stripe on a darker background is constant, and specimens of this species can be separated from femur-rubrum with considerable certainty by that character and the general appearance. But those two species are very close and may prove to be forms of the same thing. 118. PHOETALIOTES NEBRASCENSIS Thomas. Pezotettix nebrascensis THomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 455. Seven males, six females, Fort Collins August 10. One pair is macropterous, but all the rest are brachypterous. 119. PAROXYA FLORIDANA Thomas. Caloptenus floridana Tuomas, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1874, pp. 2, 68. Two females, Victoria, Texas, in June, 1902. These specimens are typical in having the fuscous stripe of the lateral lobes of the pronotum: abruptly terminated at the posterior sulcus. Specimens of this species taken in numbers at Rosslyn, Virginia, usually have this stripe per- current, though behind the posterior sulcus it is not generally so wel defined. 120. DACTYLOTUM PICTUM Thomas. Pezotettix pictum Tuomas, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 78. A few specimens of both sexes, also nymphs, at Denver, July 265 Golden, July 27; and Fort Collins, August 10. Family LOCUSTID. 121. ARETHA®A PHALANGIUM Scudder. Agipan phalangium Scupper, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1877, p. 40. Three females were taken in the vicinity of Victoria, Texas, in the latter part of June, 1902. They were all flying in open prairies, and other specimens were seen but not taken. They do not usually take long flights, generally no more than 50 or 100 yards. There is some variation in the radial branches of the elytra, the multiramosa of Brunner representing such variation. i No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CA UDELL. SsO45 122. SCUDDERIA CURVICAUDA De Geer. Locusta curvicauda De Grrr, Mem., III, 1773, p. 446, pl. xxxvit, fig. 3. | One pair at Victoria, Texas, in June. 123. SCUDDERIA FURCATA Brunner. Scudderia furcata BRUNNER, Monogr. Phaner., 1878, p. 239, pl. v, fig. 72a. One mature female by E. J. Oslar, marked ‘‘ Colorado.” and one immature specimen which probably belongs to this species was taken at Golden on July 18. | 124. SCUDDERIA TEXENSIS Saussure and Pictet. | Scudderia texensis SAussuRE and Picrer, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., 1897, 1, pp. 328, i. 329; 3380; pl. xv, figs. 18, 19. One female at Victoria in June, 1902. 125. AMBLYCORYPHA HUASTECA Saussure. Phylloptera huasteca SAussurE, Rey. Mag. Zool., XI, 1859, p. 205. Quite common in lowlands in southern Texas. A number of speci- mens were taken near Victoria, and in early July I saw hundreds of them taking short flights over a piece of low prairie. 126. AMBLYCORYPHA UHLERI Stal. Amblycorypha uhleri Svst, Bih. Sv. Vet.-akad. handl., IV, 1876, No. 5, p. 57. Several specimens at Victoria in June. 127, MICROCENTRUM LAURIFOLIUM Linneus. Gryllus ( Tettigonia) lawrifolium Linx xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 429. ~ One male at Durango, by E. J. Oslar. 128. CONOCEPHALUS ENSIGER Harris. Conocephalus ensiger Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 1841, p. 151. _ Three males and two females, by E. J. Oslar, marked ** Colorado.” One of the specimens, a male, is brown, all the others green. 129. CONOCEPHALUS TRIOPS Linnzus. Gryllus ( Tettigonia) triops LiNN&us, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 480. At Victoria, Texas, a mature male and an apparently half-grown | cd ee nymph were taken on July 10 in grass near an old irrigating reservoir, | 130. ORCHELIMUM HERBACEUM Serville. | Orchelimum herbaceum SERVILLE, Orth., 1859, p. 524. . _ Specimens of this species were taken in Texas, where it is not as ‘common as the next species, with which it was found associated. Specimens were also taken in Colorado, by EK. J. Oslar, but are with- out locality or date. * . iz S06 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 131. ORCHELIMUM LONGIPENNE Scudder. Orchelimum longipenne ScupvER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. 453. Quite common in the vicinity of lakes or water courses in southern Texas. The species differ from herbaceum in having a slightly longe ovipositor, and the form is not nearly so slender, especially in the males. The presence or absence of a dorsal stripe on the pronotum is not ai very stable character for the separation of species in this genus, as there | is considerable variation in this respect. i 132. XIPHIDIUM FASCIATUM De Geer. ki ae i Niphidium fasciatum Dr GEER, Mem., LI) W733 pe 408) ols oxy ose N A common and widely spread species. It often comes to light, sometimes in considerable numbers. Many specimens of both sex were taken at Victoria, Texas, in June and July, and one male speci-- men was taken at Montevista, Colorado, on August 13. 133. XIPHIDIUM SALTANS Scudder. Niphidium saltans SCUDDER, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Nebr., 1871, p. 249. One male and six females at Fort Collins, August 10, in rank grass, . 134. XIPHIDIUM STRICTUM Scudder. Xiphidium strictum ScupprEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VII, 1875, p. 460. 1 es ] ae EE eae et et EES, Several females were taken near Victoria, Texas in June, 1902. They were in reeds near a swamp and both mature and immature I # specimens were taken. No males were seen, 135. XIPHIDIUM VICINUM Morse. Syed Ss ERED Meret eee. ee Niphidium vicinum Morse, Can. Ent., XX XIII, 1901, p. 203. Three males and two females of this species were taken at Fort Cok lins on August 10, in rank grass. The females and one of the males. are of the form called productum by Professor Morse. st ah egy Sle ay ll 136. CAPNOBATES FULIGINOSUS Thomas. a Locusta fuliginosus Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1872, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 9: ry . . . 5 Two males at Bright angel; Arizona on July 13, in the Colorado Canyon at an altitude of 3,000 feet. The spines on the outer inferior; side of the fore femora of some specimens of this species are whol wanting, their location being indicated by piceous spots. 137, ANABRUS COLORADUS Thomas. ; Anabrus coloradus Triomas, Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 440. : Six males, five females, Cumbres, August 14; Pikes Peak, July 21 and South Park, by Oslar, “No. 1333. _ NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 807 = At Cumbres the males were eatilet ating about 10 o’clock in the morning, and that led to their capture. They were in the erass and would never have been discovered but for their sone. But evenwhen once discovered their capture was not at all assured, for they blended ip color with the grass so perfectly and were so active in e ‘luding the “grasp that many would escape when almost in the bottle. 138. ANABRUS PURPURASCENS Uhler. Anabrus purpurascens UHLER, Proc. Ent. Soe. Philad., IT, 1864, p. 950, One pair, Fort Collins, August 10, on the prairie out half a mile from the foothills. The males were stridulating. 139. EREMOPEDES BALLI Caudell. Eremopedes balli CaupE.1, Can. Ent., XX XIV, 1902, p. 100. _ Six males, three females, Fort Collins, August 19; five males and three females, Williams, Arizona, from June 6 to July 30, and one male at Flagstaff, Arizona, on July 4. The specimens from Wil- diams were found under bark, quite a surprising fact considering the habitat of the type specimens. In the more immature specimens the lateral lobes are persistently striped with a longitudinal blackish stripe which extends across the thorax and nearly to the end of the abdomen. On the thorax the stripe is sharply defined above and fades out gradu- ally below. At Williams they appear to mature about a month earlier than at Fort Collins, the mature specimens being taken at the former place on July 1. The mature individuals from Arizona have the pos- terior femora marked externally by two black stripes, as mentioned under the next species. ‘ 140. EREMOPEDES UNICOLOR Scudder. Hremopedes unicolor ScuppER, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII, 1899, p. 97. — One female from Hot Springs, Arizona June 12. This specimen is somewhat larger than the type and the pronotum is somewhat infus- -eated, the infuscation confined to a little more than the anterior half and not reaching to the inferior margins of the lateral lobes, though there is a dash of black next the margin just above the sinus. The posterior femora have two longitudinal black streaks, converging “somewhat als hae The measurements are as follows: Length of thorax, 8.5 mm.; fore femora, mm.; hind femora, 26 ‘mm.; ovipositor, 19 mm. 41. PLAGIOSTIRA ALBONOTATA Scudder. Plagiostira albonotata ScuppEr, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 901. _ One pair of this handsome insect was taken at Williams, Arizona, on July 24. They were found on sagebrush. = . 808 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI 142. ATELOPLUS NOTATUS Scudder. Ateloplus notatus ScuppeEr, Proc. Davenp.-Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII, 1899, p. 98. One mature female and three nymphs at Hot Springs, Arizona July | 13 to 22. Thesmallest nymphs were collected on the earlier date. The — mature specimen agrees with the type specimen in the collection of | the National Museum except that there is no dorsal stripe present. . 143. CEUTHOPHILUS DEVIUS Scudder. Ceuthophilus devius Scupper, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XXX, 1894, pp. 30) 99-100. A mature individual was taken at Durango by Oslar. 144. CEUTHOPHILUS VALGUS Scudder. Ceuthophilus valgus ScuppEr, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XXX, 1894, pp. 27a 74-75. Several specimens of both sexes in South Park, by Oslar. 145. CEUTHOPHILUS VINCULATUS Scudder. Ceuthophilus vinculatus ScuppER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XXX, 1894, pp. 29, 91-92. Specimens of what I take to be the young of this species were taken | at the head of Chimney Gulch, above Golden, May 13. They were found in an old decaying stump. 146. UDEOPSYLLA ROBUSTA Haldeman. Phalangopsis robusta FALDEMAN, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., II, 1850, p. 346. One female by E. J. Oslar, marked ‘‘ Colorado.” Family GRYLLIDZ. 147- MYRMECOPHILA NEBRASCENSIS Scudder. Myrmecophila nebrascensis ScuppErR, Psyche, VIII, 1899, pp. 425, 427-428. Several specimens of this species were taken at Williams, Arizona » on May 26 and June 3. 148. CYCLOPTILUS SQUAMOSUS Scudder. Cycloptilus squamosus ScuppEr, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1868, p. 142. One female specimen on cotton at Victoria, Texas in late June. 149. NEMOBIUS FASCIATUS De Geer. Gryllus fasciatus Dk GrEer, Mem., III, 1773, p. 522, pl. xxiu, fig. 5. r . Raise . Phe macropterous form of this species occurred in large numbers at light in Victoria, Texas during the latter part of June, many hun dreds being easily gathered in one evening from the various lights < 1333. _ NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELLI. 809 ‘scattered around through the fon. But few brachypterous forms were seen at light. In Colorado but a single specimen of the mac rop- terous form was seen, one by Oslar without date or locality. Brac hyp- 7 terous specimens of bet sexes were taken at Fort Collins on Aucust 10. 150. NEMOBIUS UTAHENSIS Scudder. Nemobius utahensis ScuppEr, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., TV. 1896. pp. 99, 103-104. ; ; : : : — One male of what is evidently this species was taken at Sedalia June 15, and a freshly matured one at Montevista Aucust 13. 151. GRYLLUS ABBREVIATUS Serville. Gryllus abbreviatus SERVILLE, Orth., 1839, p. 336. One male referable to this species was taken at Fort Collins August a, and one at Sedalia June 15. The one from Fort Collins was freshly Me ctured when found. An immature female was also taken at Fort Collins August 10. ' | 152. GRYLLUS PENNSYLVANICUS Burmeister. ; i Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister, Handb. Ent., I], 1838, p. 734. _ The nymphs of what is evidently this species occurred in the cotton fields about Victoria, Texas in late June. Mature macropterous females were taken in woods under logs in early July. Brachypterous males and females were collected in Colorado at Golden, June 5: Den- yer, June 17; Platte Canyon, June 10, and Grand Junction, July 7. M:. Oslar ee a macropterous female at Canyon City. A. pair of —Gryllus neglectus, which may be considered a variety of this species, was taken at Canyon City in July by Oslar. 153. GRYLLUS PERSONATUS Uhler. Gryllus personatus Unter, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., II, 1864, p. 547. Two males, three females, Grand Junction, by Oslar, all macrop- terous; one brachypterous male was taken at Winslow, Arizona, by Messrs. Schwarz and Barber. 154. 2ECANTHUS QUADRIPUNCTATUS Beutenmiller. (Ecanthus quadripunctatus BevreENMULLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, pp. 250-251, 271, fig. 5. This species is quite common in the cotton fields of southern Texas. Specimens were also collected in Colorado at Fort Collins. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LV Fig. 1. Melanoplus coloradus, new species, male. Melanoplus coloradus, new species, male, end of abdomen. 2. Psinidia sulcifrous var.-amplicornus, new variety, female. 3. Heliastus guanieri, new species, female. 4. Melanoplus latifercula, new species, male. Melanoplus latifercula, new species, male, end of abdomen. ae ONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LV SOME AMERICAN ORTHOPTERA. ’ FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 809. A REVIEW OF THe CYPRINOID FISHES OF JAPAN. By Davin Starr Jordan and Henry W. Fowier, Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. In the present paper is given an account of the Cyprinids, or carp- like fishes, known to inhabit the rivers and lakes of Japan. In Japan, as in most other regions outside of Polynesia, Australia, and South America, the Cyprinide far outnumber all other fresh-water fishes, and probably numerous species yet remain undescribed, especially in the rivers of Kiusin. This paper is based on material belonging to the United States National Museum and to the museum of Leland Stan- ford Junior University. Most of it was collected in 1900 by Pro- fessors Jordan and Snyder. The illustrative plates are drawn by Mrs. Chloe Lesley Starks and Mr. Charles Bradley Hudson. Family CY PRINID. CARPS. é EP Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries alone; lower Pharyngeal bones well developod, falciform, nearly parallel with the gill arches, each provided with 1 to 3 series of teeth in small number, 4to 7 in the main row, and a less number in the others, if more are present. Head naked; body usually scaly. Barbels 2 or 4, often absent. Belly usually rounded, rarely compressed, never serrated. Gill openings moderate, the membranes broadly joined to the isthmus. Branchiostegals always 8. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudo- ‘branchiz usually present. No adipose fin. Dorsal fin short or elon- gate. Ventral fins abdominal. Air bladder usually large, commonly divided into an anterior and a posterior lobe, not inclosed in a bony ‘capsule, rarely wanting. Stomach without appendages, appearing as a simple enlargement of the intestines. Fishes:mostly of moderate or small size, inhabiting the fresh waters of the Old World and of North America, ae abundant where found, both in individuals and species. The spring, or breeding dress, of the males is often peculiar. iB oP of the head, and often the fins or various portions of the body, ered with small tubercles, outgrowths from the epidermis. = == >|: PROCEEDINGS U. S. Ta eNe RSeUNE VOL. XXVI-No. 1334 a 812 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X The fins and ion er parts of the body in the spring males are of charged with bright pigment, the prevailing color of which is red although in some genera it is satin-white, yellowish, or black. a Dorsal fin short, of 8 to 15 rays, usually without serrated spine; no anal spine; aii bladder normally placed. bh Ruoprr». Intestinal canal elongate, usually more than twice length of body teeth one-rowed, with grinding surface; lips thin; body compressed; perite neum black; species herbivorous. ¢ Barbels none; body deep, compressed; scales rather small, closely imbricated about 55 in lateral line; teeth 5—5, with serrate edges; anal fin rather long. soon e8e di oe os Ee ee ee ee Pseudoperilampus, 1, cc Barbels present, at the end of each maxillary; scales large, 36 to 40. d Body rather deep, rhomboid, compressed. e Teeth serrate; dorsal long, of about 15 rays..--...--.- Paracheilognathus, Teeth with entire edges; dorsal moderate, of about 12 rays. Acheilognathus, 3 dd Body rather elongate, lanceolate in outline; dorsal short, of about 10 rays teeth.entire. . 202 22h. 4 eee eee es Gnathopogon, bb Intestinal canal short, less than twice length of body; teeth one, two, or thre rowed; peritoneum usually pale. Species more or less carnivorous. J Teeth hooked, slender, none of them molar, the grinding surface, present, very narrow. Q g Barbels present, well developed, one of them terminal on the maxil-— lary. h Barwin. Dorsal fin with its first developed ray thickened or spine- like. t i Barbels two on each side; teeth three-rowed; lips thick; head with h mucous cavities [uo SP ees ee ee Hemibarbus, 5. hh Gosiontn&. Dorsal fin without spine-like ray; scales large. ) Teeth 1, 2 or 3, 5—6 or 5, 3, 2 or 1, two-rowed. k Lips thin; mouth, terminal, oblique; dorsal nearly over ve trals ~ 2s S55. hcie eg See ee eee Leucogobio, kk Lips broad and papillose; mouth small, protracted down- Ward< 2.2230. lo os See ee Pseudogobio, jj Teeth one-rowed, 5—5. ] / Mouth inferior; lips rather thick, ventrals behind front ol dorsal. m Dorsal fin low, its median rays not produced; head rounded above <2 a2 === eee Sarcocheilichthys, mm Dorsal fin high, its median rays produced in males - head flattened: aboyeloss==eeee sae eee Abbottina, // Mouth terminal, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; hea depressed: and pointed =--2 2 =se— eee ae Zezera, 10 gg Levciscixe. Barbels wanting. n Teeth one-rowed, 5—5; a notch on shoulder gird below, inside gill opening; scales large. o Snout very blunt, rounded; mouth inferior. Biwia, 11 oo Snout long; mouth small, terminal, nearly verti- Cal ono ye ee ee Pseudorasbora, 12 nn ‘Teeth two-rowed; 2, 5—4, 5, or 6, 2 or 1. p Lateral line straight; teeth 2, 5—5, 2; mouth ter minal, very oblique; scales large, about 4 Otakia, 1 pp Lateral line curved downward. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 813 q Dorsal fin inserted in adyance of ventrals: scales small, about 75; dorsal fin short; teeth 2, DO ee Vee ee re ee ean 14. qq Dorsal inserted behind ventrals; teeth 2, 4 or d—9, 2 or I. r Lateral line complete_......._._. Leuciseus, 15 rr Lateral line incomplete; teeth 2, 5—4 or. 5 ieee SE Rey | Meio Fen oe Phoxinus, 16 2 : nnn Teeth three-rowed. s Abdomen behind ventrals, its edge rounded, as usual; anal in male elevated. t Upper jaw normal, without deep notch; teethrdsiory 264) -4%or <5—5: | 4Ror 1: Gales AOE i00 sae ee ne oe eee Zacco, AT tt Upper jaw produced, with a deep notch; teeth 2,4,5—5,4,2. Scales about 50_-. Opsartichthys, 18 ss Abdomen behind ventrals, compressed to an edge; before ventrals rounded; anal elongate of 15 rays; first dorsal ray more or less enlarged and spine-like; teeth 2, 4, 5—5, 4, 2; scales small, about 70..__.- ; Ischikawia, 19 1 CypRININe. Dorsal fin many-rayed, preceded by a strong, serrated spine; anal ‘spine present; teeth molar. uw Barbels none; teeth 4—4, one-rowed_.- Carassius, 20 uu Barbels two on each side; teeth three- rowed, 1, 1, 3—3, 1, 1_-- Cyprinus, 21 i SO Om Le AV PU sS Bleeker: Pseudoperilampus BLEEKER, Versl. Med. Ak. Vet. Amst., XV, 1863, p. 235, (typus). - Body short, deep, and rhomboid. Head small, and the upper profile cave over the eyes; eye large; snout bluntly pointed; mouth small, ique; no barbels; teeth 5—5, the sides serrate: interorbital space ad. Intestine long. Peritoneum black. Scales small, and very owly imbricated, about 55 in lateral line. Origin of dorsal nearer e of caudal than tip of snout, its base rather long, with 10 deyeloped ‘s; anal with 10 developed rays; caudal emarginate; ventrals inserted ore dorsal. Lateral line nearly straight and continuous. Herbivorous fishes of the Japanese streams and lakes, resembling he bream (Abrams). - (hevdns, false; perilampus, a related genus. ) 1. PSEUDOPERILAMPUS TYPUS Bleeker. ZENITANAGO (COIN-MINNOW); NIGABUNA (BITTER CARP). _ Pseudoperilampus typus Burexer, Versl. Ak. Vet. Amst., XV, p. 235; Tokyo; Ned. Tyds. Dierk, I, p. 382.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. O81: from Japan, same type. _ Pseudoperilampus sp. Isurmawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 12; Tokyo, Tegauma. ead, 32; depth, 24; D. ILI, 10; A. III, 10; P. 12; V. 8; scales, 55 ) the fagaced line; 12 scales between origin of dorsal and ie ral line, S14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X and 10 between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5), width of head, 1$ in its length; snout, 42 in head; eye, 33; interorbital space, 24; pectoral, 13; ventral, 13. | Body rather short, deep, rhomboid, and compressed. Head small, compressed and bluntly pointed; upper profile of head concave oye the eyes; snout less than eye, rounded above and bluntly pointed; eye rather large, anterior; mouth small, oblique, the maxillary protractile and reaching below the nostrils, but not to the anterior edge of eye; lips rather thin; pharyngeal teeth compressed, with a narrow grindi surface; the sides serrate, and the tips slightly hooked; nostrils cle together on the snout in front of eye; interorbital space and top head broad and slighly convex. Gill openings rather large; gill-rake small and weak; pseudobranchial present. Intestine long, with ma conyolutions. Peritoneum black. Fig. 1.—PSEUDOPERILAMPUS TYPUS. Seales rather small, and all more or less very narrowly imbricated, so that they are much deeper than long; no pectoral flap; ventral flay present. Origin of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, the ante rays the highest, the base of the fin about equal to the head, and the thi rudimentary ray stronger than the others; anal beginning about mid: way between origin of pectoral and base of caudal, or a little before the middle of base of dorsal, and its base a trifle more than head withow snout; caudal emarginate, the lobes pointed; pectoral reaches to witl ashort distance of ventral; origin of ventral well before that of fi dorsal, or nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, and reaching with a short distance of origin of anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, a its least depth a little over 2 in head. Lateral line slightly decury and continuous. 0, 1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 81h Color in alcohol, dark brown above, pale or silvery below, and each of the scales above and on the sides with a narrow brown m: irgin, form- ing a reticulated appearance; top of head and snout dark brown: dor- sal and anal grayish, with 2 longitudinal pale or whitish bands: can- dal and pectoral grayish; ventrals pale; sides with a pale lateral streak, becoming more distinct and darker along the sides of caudal peduncle; a dark blotch above and behind gill-opening. _ Length 2% inches. This description from a specimen from Tsuruga. _ This species is represented in our collection by many examples from ‘Tsuruga in Echizen, Tsuchiura near Tokyo, Matsushima in Rikuzen, and the Tokyo market. It is generally common in the streams of morthern Japan. From the species of Acheilognathus it is readily dis- tinguished by its small scales. (ru70s, type.) 2. PARACHEILOGNATHUS Bleeker. Paracheilognathus BuErKxer, Atlas Ichth., [1], 1863, p. 33 (rhombeus). _ Body short, deep and rhomboid. Head small; eye moderate; snout pointed and slightly projecting; mouth small, inferior, the maxillary not reaching eye; a small maxillary barbel, generally less than half the eye; teeth 5—5, the edges serrate; interorbital space broad. Intes- tine long. Peritoneum dark or blackish. Scales large, some of those on the sides strongly imbricated, 37. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, base of fin long, with 14 developed rays; anal with 10 developed rays; caudal deeply emarginate; ventrals inserted a little before origin of dorsal. Lateral line slightly decurved, and continuous. Short, deep-bodied fishes of the rivers of Japan. x (napa, near; acheilognathus.) 2. PARACHEILOGNATHUS RHOMBEA (Schlegel). ' TABIRA (SHINER); AKABABIRA (RED-SHINER); BOTE TANAGO¢ ; (POTBELLY). Capoeta rhombea ScuieGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 205, pl. c, fig. 6; & streams near Nagasaki. _ Acheilognathus rhombeus BLrrKer, Prodr. Cypr., 1860, p. 299 Paracheilognathus rhombeus Buerxer, Atl. Ichthyol. Cypr., 1863, Deco: Achilognathus rhombeus Giinruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 279; Nagasaki, from one of Schlegel’s types.—Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 12; Tokyo, Lake Biwa, Yamashiro. _ Achilognathus steenackeri Sauvace,? Bull. Soc. Philom, Paris, 1885, p. 9; Lake 3 Biwa. & “The name Tanago is used alike for the deep-bodied shiners shes for the surf-fish, Ditrema temmincki. >The following is the description given by Dr. Sauvage: > “D. 14-15: A. 11-12; L. lat. 38. auteur du corps contenue prés de trois fois et demie dans Ja longueur totale; longueur de la téte cing fois et un tiers dans la meme S16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM. . VOU. xx Head, 44; dapthes 24 ie ile ia es Als 10;P., 143) V., 8-see 37 in lateral line; 6 se lee between origin of dorsal and later al line and 7 scales between latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth, 5—5 width of head, 12 in its length; snout, 4 in head; eye, 4; interorbital _ space, 24; pectoral, 14; ventral, 14. A Body deen rhomboid, and greatly compressed. Head short ang compressed; snout pointed, convex above, and slightly projecting | beyond the jaws; eye moderate, anterior about equal to snout; mouth | small, inferior, and protractile, the maxillary not reaching as far | posteriorly as the front margin of eye; lips somewhat fleshy; a small maxillary barbel generally less than half the eye; pharyngeal teeth | serrated, and hooked over at tips; nostrils together, nearer eye than } tip of snout; interorbital space broad, elevated a little, and flattened in the middle. Gill openings large; gill rakers short, weak, and rather - few in number; pseudobranchiz well developed. Intestine very ne and with numerous convolutions. Peritoneum dark or blackish. Seales large, cycloid, and some on the middle of the sides strongly imbricated; no pectoral flap; ventral flap rather short. Origin of dorsal about midway in the length of the body without) caudal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin a little over ~ 3 in body without caudal, the third rudimentary ray as long as first — developed ray, thick and strong, and the margin of the fin convex; | origin of anal about midway in the base of dorsal, or the space ~ between the origin of ventral and base of last anal ray, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin equal to head without snout, and — the margin of the fin nearly straight; caudal deeply emarginate, the — lobes pointed; pectorals rather small, low, and reaching two- ed: the | distance to origin of ventrals; ventr als inserted a little before the origin of dorsal and reaching almost to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle — moderately long, and its least depth 2 in head. Lateral line continu-— ous and nearly straight along the sides to base of caudal. ' Color in alcohol, dark brown above, the scale edged with darker; ) below pale, washed with silvery; sides more or less brassy; a dark, blackish streak, narrow at first and becoming wider posteriorly along the sides, continued along eG raudal peduncle, but not to a base of | dimension. Museau aussi long que l’eeil, dont le dame ee est compris trois fois i demie dans la longueur de la téte; espace interorbitaire plus large que le diamétre de F l'oeil; barbillons trés courts; dents pharyngiennes non dentelées; de gros pores autour de la partie supé rieure de lceil et sur le museau chez les males, anleeter les femelles. | Dorsale insérée a égale distance du museau et de la base de la caudale chez les femel-_ les, un peu plus prés de la base de la caudale chez les males; pectorales s’étendant A l’origine des ventrales chez les femelles, un peu plus courtes chez les males. Corps! de couleur argenté; chez les femelles une bande cérulescente sur le pédicule caudal; chez les males des lignes cérulescentes !cngitudinales dans la partie posterieure d corps. Un long tube externe urogéniia. chez les femelles. Longueur, 0, 100. Nom vulgaire, Puna; Akababira. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 817 the caudal ; a dark spot above the ell opening; dorsal and caudal dark or Botackish with indistinct narrow bands, the other fins paler, but all jof them more or less tinted with brownish. | er in Be steel blues ies eet ees with silver luster; Me encth, 4 inches. This description from a specimen from Lake Biwa at Matsubara. Of this species we have very many specimens from Matsubara on Lake ‘Biwa, from the Yodo River at Osaka, from the Chikugo River at Kurume, from the anes of popey® ido in rare eo Yoeo near jtion of K. one oka near fc on ae Bia It is the iarenet of the minnows of its tribe, and is almost everywhere common south of Tokyo, in me larger streams and ponds. In life it is brightly 38. ACHEILOGNATHUS Bleeker. Acheilognathus Burexer, Ichth. Archipel. Indic. Prodr., II (melanogaster ). 1860, p. 228 ’ Body more or less deep and compressed; head short; eye more or less large; snout rather short and blunt; mouth small, the maxillary not reaching the eye; maxillaries each with a barbel; teeth 5—5, smooth, with a narrow grinding surface; interorbital space rather broad. Intestine long. Peritoneum black. Scales large, some of those on the sides imbricated, 36 to 39. Origin of dorsal about midway in the length of body without caudal, base of fin moderate, with 8 to 10 developed rays; anal with 8 to 10 developed rays; caudal deeply emarginate; ventrals generally inserted a little before origin of dorsal. Lateral line slightly decurved, and continuous. | Small fishes of the streams and lakes of Japan, Formosa, and China, tering from Paracheilognathus in the shorter dorsal and smooth edged teeth. | (a, without; ye7Aos, lip; yvadgos, jaw.) @ Shoulder with a more or less distinct, dark shoulder spot above gill-opening; sides _ with a more or less distinct longitudinal band posteriorly; belly black in adults, the color of the peritoneum showing through. b Barbels short, seldom more than half the eye; shoulder spot and lateral band Sara N (a EERE Ty Slag ee on AA cod on wa eiee venice limbata, 5. bb Barbels long, somewhat less than the eye; shoulder spot and lateral band very Manni nGheT SENG So oe eee ew eee ence en ee lanceolata, 4. ‘aa Shoulder without dark spot above gill opening; a longitudinal dark band hegin- ning abruptly in-a dark blue spot over pectoral on the sixth scale from head Pndecontimuedstorbase ot caudal. 22.2. ..25..50.0--se00ccts eee ese cyanostigma, 6. 818 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY 3. ACHEILOGNATHUS LIMBATA (Schlegel). ZAKO; TANAGC. Capotta limbata ScuiEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss, 1846, p. 203, pl. c, fig. Streams near Nagasaki. Achilognathus limbatus Génruer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1868, p. 277; Nagasaki, fro one of Schlegel’s types. ; Acheilognathus intermedium JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXII 1901, p. 344; Lake Biwa (not of Schlegel). eo Head 4; depth 3; D. III, 10; A. III, 10; P. 15; V.8; scales 36 in lateral | line; 6 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 6 scales bee tween the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width of | head 1? in its length; snout + in head; eye 3; interorbital space ee pectoral 14; ventral 13. e Body rather elongate, moderately deep, and compressed. Head | short, and compressed; snout short, rather blunt and not produced; ; eye rather large, anterior; mouth small, oblique, and reaching below } the nostril; maxillary protractile, and furnished with a small barbel | which is seldom more than half the eye in length; pharyngeal teeth | with a narrow grinding surface, smooth, and without serrations; nos- trils close together, and near the upper part of the eye; interorbital | space rather broad, slightly elevated and flattened medianly. Gill — openings rather large; gill rakers short, weak, and few in number; pseudobranchial present. Intestine with numerous convolutions. . Peritoneum black. ae Scales large, cycloid, and narrowly imbricated in the costal region; | no pectoral flap; a short, scaly, ventral flap. f Origin of dorsal about midway, or a trifle in advance, in the length | of the body without caudal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin about 44 in body without caudal, the third rudimentary ray as long as first developed ray and rather strong, and the margin of the fin straight; origin of anal below the middle, or a trifle posterior, base similar to dorsal in shape, with the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin less than head without snout, and the margin of the fin nearly straight; caudal very deeply emarginate, the lobes well devel-— oped and pointed; pectorals equal the head from anterior nostril to reaching beyond the origin of the anal. Caudal peduncle rather long, its least depth 24 in head. Lateral lines nearly straight, and contin b ous along the sides to the base of caudal. ~ Color in alcohol, dark brown above, tinged with olivaceous, and) 0.1341. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 819 ‘ing much wider upon the sides of the caudal peduncle; a dark spot labove gill-opening; dorsal grayish, with 3 darker longitudinal bands: jcaudal grayish, with several darker cross bands; pectorals orayish: -yentrals and anal black, with white edges; lower surface of the head pale or whitish. Length, 3 inches. | This description from a specimen from Lake Yoeo in Mino, above Lake Biwa. | Fresh waters of central and southern Japan, very abundant. We have a very numerous series from Lake Biwa at Matsubara and Kara- \saki, from the river at Tsuchiura, the Iwai River at Ichinoseki. from ‘near Nagoya, and the Kitakami River at Morioka. It is the only species of the group common in northern Japan. It ‘is known by its more elongate form, as contrasted with Paracheilo- \gnathus rhombea, though with a similar color pattern, with the addition ‘of a black abdomen, and dark pectorals, and ventrals, in some adults. | Thedorsal radii are fewer than those of 7. rhombea and the pharyn- geal teeth are smooth. (imbatus, bordered.) 4. ACHEILOGANTHUS LANCEOLATA (Schlegel). ZAKO. Capoéta lanceolata SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1846, p. 202, pl. c, fig. 3; streams about Nagaski. Acheilognathus lanceolatum JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, p. 344; Lake Biwa. Acheilognathus melanogaster BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo. Nedrl. Japan, VI, p- 92, pl. u, fig. 1; Tokyo.—Savuvaae, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 3; Lake Biwa.—GinrueEr, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 278; Tokyo, from one of Bleeker’s types.—IsHIKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 12; Lake Biwa, Owari.—Gtnruer, Shore Fishes, Challenger, 1880, p. 72; Lake Biwa. Capoéta intermedia SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, p. 208, pl. c, fig. 4; streams about Nagasaki. Acheiloganthus intermedius GiinrHER, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 278, copied.— SauvaGe, Bull. Sci. Philom., 1883, p. 3; Lake Biwa.—Isnixawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 12; Tokyo; Yodo R. at Kyoto; Maebara and Matsubara on Lake Biwa. . mead tt depth 3; 1. Il, 9; A. III, 9; P. 15; V. 8; scales 38 in the lateral line; 6 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line; and 6 scales between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width of head 1} in its length; snout 44 in head; eye 34; inter- orbital space 23; pectoral about 13; ventral 15. _ Body rather elongate, moderately deep and compressed. Head short, compressed; snout short and bluntly rounded; eye moderately large, anterior; mouth small, oblique, the maxillary reaching to the mostril, and protractile; maxillary barbel long, but little shorter than t e eye; pharyngeal teeth smooth, and with a narrow erinding sur- face; nostrils close together in front of the eye above; interorbital ~ Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—0zZ oo S90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSE UM. VOL, XX space broad, slightly ele rated, and flattened in the middle. Gill-open-. ines rather large; gill-rakers short, weak and few in number; pseudo- branchiw well developed. Intestine with numerous convolutions, Peritoneum black. Seales large, cycloid, and some narrowly imbricated on the side no pectoral flap; ventral flap small. of the body, without caudal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin 44 in body without caudal, the third rudimentary ray more or) less stiff and strong, and the margin of the fin nearly straight; orig of anal below the posterior dorsal rays, and about midway betwee the origin of ventrals and base of last anal ray, similar in shape to t dorsal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of fin less than hea ventrals inserted a little before origin of dorsal and reaching to wi a short distance of origin of anal. Caudal peduncle rather long an its least depth about 24+ in head. Lateral line slightly decurved, a id continued to base of caudal. 5 along the sides above the lateral line, and posteriorily; dorsal and: anal grayish, with several longitudinal dark bands across the former, and the latter broadly edged with whitish; caudal and pectorals grayish, Length, 3,°; inches. 4 Here described from an example from Tsuchiura. i The species is very abundant in central and southern Japan. O ir many examples from Tsuchiura, the Chikugo River at Kurume, the Yodo River at Osaka, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, Katata in Omi, Lake Yogo in Mino, Funayado in Kiusin, Wakanoura, in Owari near Nagoya This species is distinguished chiefly by its long barbel and plain cok oration. The young are marked with a more or less distinct lateral stripe, but are without a dark spot above the gill opening. b (Janceolata, lanceolate.) i 5. ACHEILOGNATHUS CYANOSTIGMA Jordan and Fowler, new species. Head, 4; depth, 3;4;; D. IIL, 8; A. IID. 6:)P 216: 0Ve3--dealess in lateral line; 6 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 6 scales between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—dj) width of head, 2 in its length; snout, 33 in head; eye, 4; interorbi al space, 2%; pectoral, 14; ventral, 12. Body moderately deep, and compressed. Head rather small, com pressed; snout rather bluntly pointed and a trifle produced; eye small 1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 821 anterior; mouth small, inferior; maxillary short, reaching to the nos- ‘tril and protractile; maxillary barbel very short: pharyngeal teeth smooth, and with a narrow grinding surface: nostrils close jand near the upper part of the eye; interorbital space rathe ‘i slightly elevated and flattened medianly. together r broad, | Gill-openings rather large; |gill-rakers short, few, and weak; pseudobranchix present. | Intestine with numerous convolutions. Peritoneum black. "Scales moderately large, cycloid, and some of them imbricated on ‘the sides; no pectoral flap; ventral flap small. - Origin of dorsal about midway in the body without caudal, the ante- ‘Tior rays the highest, the base of the fin about 5 in body without caudal. and the upper edge of the fin nearly straight; origin of anal below the {posterior dorsal rays or about midway between origin of ventral and 1 * . . F . . ibase of last anal ray, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin ‘about 5 in body without caudal, and the upper edge of the fin nearl y | Fig. 2.—ACHEILOGNATHUS CYANOSTIGMA. straight; origin of anal below the posterior dorsal rays or about mid- way between origin of ventral and base of last anal ray, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin 12 in head, and the margin of the fin nearly straight; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes pointed; pectorals reaching about two-thirds of the distance to origin of ven- trals; ventrals inserted below the origin of the dorsal, and reaching the origin of the anal. Candal peduncle rather long, a trifle shorter than head, and its least depth about 24 in head. Lateral line slightly decurved and continued to the base of caudal. _ Color in alcohol, brownish above, pale beneath; dorsal and caudal grayish black, the former with several darker longitudinal cross bars; anal grayish, with a broad marginal, whitish band; pectorals grayish; ventrals grayish black; snout dark brown; sides with a longitudinal, blackish band beginning abruptly in a black spot on the upper part of the sides about over the middle of the pectoral, and on the sixth scale from the head; no dark spot aboye gill opening. _ Length, 2? inches. 822 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE Type No., 779A, Ichthyologie: al Collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum. Cotypes are in the United States National Museum. Locality, Lake Biwa at Matsubara in Omi. : We have many specimens of this species from Lake Biwa at Matsus bara and its tributary, Lake Yogo in Mino. — It is distinguished chiefly by the dark, distinet, and nearly uniform lateral stripe beginning on— the sixth scale from the head in a dusky bluish spot. In young speci - mens. the character is readily seen, and they are easily separated from i the young of other species. | (Kva veos, blue; OTivpa, spot.) 4. GNATHOPOGON Bleeker. Gnathopogon BureKker, Ichth. Archipel. Indic. Prodr., II. 1860, p. 454 (elongata). Body elongate and compressed. Snout depressed and without bony | prominence in front; eyes superior, not covered with eyelids; jaws - with thin and simple lips; maxillary oblique, ending before the eye; | two maxillary barbels. Abdomen not keeled. Dorsal with few rays before ventrals and ending in front of anal; anal with few rays. Lateral line slightly decurved. (Bleeker.) . No species of Gnathopogon was obtained by Jordan and Snyder, - The genus isa doubtful one, perhaps not distinct from Acheclognathus, An East Indian species, javanicus, is referred by Dr. Bleeker to_ Gnathopogon. (vvados jaws TOY GV, beard.) a Scales Bese ce as ctorals not reaching root of ventrals ....-.-----=-- elongatus, 6. : pectorals reaching ventral eae) =e eee gracilis, T. aa Scales 6. GNATHOPOGON ELONGATUS (Schlegel). MUGITSUKI. Capotta elongata ScutEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 200, pl. c, fig. Ty streams about Nagasaki. . Gnathopogon elongatus JORDAN and Snyper, Check List Fish. Japan, 1901, p. ATs Lake Biwa. Barbus homogenes GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 136 (after Schlegel, the name | clongatus being preoccupied in Barbus). Head 4 in length of body, between tip of snout and emargination of caudal, and somewhat more than depth of body; D. III, 7; A. I, 63) P. 15; V. 1, 7; about 38 scales on the lateral line; 5 scales between the back and the lateral line; diameter of the eye equal to the length! of snout, which is + in head. Mouth somewhat spacious, its cleft very oblique, and extending nearly to the tip of the snout; maxillary} prolonged posteriorly for three-fourths the length of the snout; diam- eter of the suborbitals equal a third of the eye, but the length of th posterior nearly twice that of the others; length of maxillary barbe ere % of (Sno. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 898 scarcely exceeding half the diameter of the eye; nostrils only sepa- rated by a thin lobe which covers the posterior orifice, opening upon the lower sides of the snout midway between the intermaxillary and the eye; interorbital space considerably more than the diameter of the eye. The edge of the opercle forms a somewhat obtuse and rounded angle. Upper part of the head rounded upon the sides; its upper profile straight until the snout, which is somewhat convex. Line of demar- cation between head and neck nearly straight; the skin of head and opercles smooth. Scales with their surfaces marked with fine strive, very compact and somewhat divergent. Insertion of dorsals slightly before the ventrals and nearer the head, the second and third rudimentary rays like the first and second of the anal, but the size of the fins a third larger than the latter; margin of anal straight, equals, or somewhat more than ventrals, and preceded by a weak spine less than half the length of the slender and flexible ray which follows, and which is also longer than the first divided ray of the fin; caudal emarginate, lobes pointed, and their length about half the fin; pectorals equal to head without snout and not reaching to base of ventrals by a space equal to half their own length; ventrals a fifth shorter than pectorals and almost reach the anus. Anus entirely after the origin of the anal and about two-thirds of the distance between tip of snout and base of caudal. Color in spirits brown above with silvery reflections, below pale; opercles pure silvery white and the fins uniform yellowish; scales sprinkled with numerous minute black dots; a broad and ill-defined band of bluish-silvery extending along the sides of the body. Two specimens, one 3 inches and the other 33 inches in length, taken ‘in some stream near Nagasaki. (Schlegel.) The specimen taken by Otaki at Karasaki on Lake Biwa has been sent away. (elongatus, elongate.) 7. GNATHOPOGON GRACILIS (Schlegel). Capoéta gracilis ScuHiEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 201, pl. ¢, fig. 2; streams near Nagasaki. Barbus homozonus Ginruer, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 137, after Schlegel, the name gracilis preoccupied in Barbus. Form elongate; depth 54 in the length of the body between tip of snout and emargination of caudal. Body posterior to dorsal slender. Head longer; eyes much larger; snout bulky and convex aboye; mouth cleft horizontal. Suborbitals narrower; barbels somewhat longer; pectorals very long and reaching nearly to the base of the ventrals; lateral line slightly decurved; anus remote from the anal fin; the scales much larger, only 25 in the lateral line; 4 rows of scales between lateral line and back and 5 rows between the former and the $24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. abdomen. The form of the fins and the number of their rays, the color, and all the other characters, are common with Gnathopogon ¢ longatus. Length 24 inches. (Schlegel.) From a stream near Nagasaki; perhaps identical with Gnathopogon é longatus. (yracilis, slender.) 5. HEMIBARBUS Bleeker. Hemibarbus Burrxer, Prodr. Cyprin., 1861, p. 281 (barbus). Body elongate, rather slender, and compressed. Head elongate, ~ somewhat pointed, and with many mucous cavities about the eyes and — along the edge of the preoperculum; snout long, blunt at the tip; eye rather large, high; mouth inferior, the maxillary not reaching eye; — lips fleshy; each maxillary with a barbel as long as the eye; teeth 5, — 3, 1—1, 3,5. Gill-rakers short; intestine short. Peritoneum silvery; J scales cycloid, about 49. Dorsal inserted nearer tip of snout than — base of caudal, and armed with a slender, sharp, strong, and smooth spine; anal inserted far behind tip of depressed dorsal; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed; ventrals inserted behind origin of the dorsal. Lateral line slightly decurved and continuous. Large fishes of the streams of Japan and Formosa, allied to the ; European Barbel (Barbus barbus). a (42, half; barbus.) ip 8. HEMIBARBUS BARBUS (Schlegel). ve “h SOI, NIGOI. ; Gobio barbus TemMIncK and SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 198, pl. 4 xcix, fig. 1; near Nagasaki. ; : Hemibarbus barbus BuerKer, Prodr. Cypr., 1861, p. 281.—Jorpan and SNYDER, Check List Fish. Japan, 1901, p. 46; Yokohama.—Jorpan and EVERMANN, | Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1902; Formosa. i Barbus schlegeli Géxrurr, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 134; Formosa.-—IsHikawa, Prel. Cat. 1897, p. 15; Tokyo, Ise. am re! Head 3%; depth 44; D. III, 7: A. III, 6; P. 20; V. 9; scales 49 in if} ; Gok é 3 3 Cee , “ the lateral line; 7 scales in an oblique series between origin of dorsal _ and lateral line, and 7 scales between the latter and middle of belly; { pharyngeal teeth 5, 3, 1—1, 3, 5: width of head 2+ in its length; snout :! 27 in head; eye 5; interorbital space 37; pectoral 14; ventral 14; eye : 2 in snout. Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, greatly _ compressed, with many mucous cavities around the eyes, and below ; and behind the edge of the preoperculum; snout long, pointed, and produced; eyes moderately large, anterior and superior; mouth small, inferior, and with the upper jaw produced; lips fleshy and not broad; a slender maxillary barbel equal to the diameter of the eye; pharyn- bo a s i844. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 8: geal teeth in 3 rows, several with grinding surface, and compressed, and those in the inner row small; nostrils together, in front of the eye and about over the base of the maxillary barbel so that they are much nearer the eye than the tip of the snout; interorbital space broad and flattened like the rest of the top of the head. Gill-open- ings large; gill-rakers 7—12, some of the lower ones rudimentary; those which are well developed short and fleshy. Intestine short, Peritoneum silvery. Seales large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; no scaly pectoral flap; ventral flap moderate. _ Dorsal fin inserted nearer the tip of the snout than the base of the caudal, armed with a long, straight, smooth spine, the anterior dorsal rays the longest, so that when the fin is depressed the first reaches ‘beyond the others; anal entirely behind dorsal and midway between the origin of the ventrals and the base of the caudal; caudal deeply forked, the lobes pointed; pectorals reach three-fourths the distance to the ventrals; origin of ventrals behind that of dorsal, about mid- “way between tip of snout and base of caudal, and reaching a little ‘more than half the space to anal; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth a little over 3 in head. Lateral line continuous and slightly -decurved in front. Color in alcohol, brassy-brown above, the sides and lower surface | silvery. Length, 9% inches. This description from an example from the Yodo River, in Osaka. Fresh waters of Japan. Of this species we have examples from Lake Jinsaburogata at Nishitsugaru, Aomori (collection Sotaro Saito), the Yodo River at Osaku, the Chikugo River at Kurume, and from near Tokyo (Albatross collection). a (barbus, the European barbel.) 6. LEUCOGOBIO Gunther. Leucogobio Ginruer, Ann. Ac. Sci. Pétersburg, 1896, p. 212 (herzensteini). Body oblong, slightly compressed. Head elongate; eye moderate; ‘snout not projecting; mouth oblique, the jaws about equal, and the lips “narrow and simple; the maxillary barbel sometimes as long as the eye; teeth 6 or 5 and 3, 2 or 1—6 or 5—5—3, 2 or 1; interorbital space broad; nostrils close together. Intestine short. Peritoneum generally ‘silvery. Scales large, cycloid, and not imbricated. Dorsal inserted ‘midway or in advance of space between tip of snout and base of caudal; caudalemarginate. Lateral line nearly straight or only slightly decurved and continuous. This genus is related to Gobio, differing in its mouth, which is like that of Zewc/scus. It embraces two Chinese “species, Leucogobio herzensteini and Le ucogobio teniatus, and four _ Japanese species. # (AevKos, white; gobio.) > 826 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIa| a Dorsal generally inserted midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the — caudal; young with a black spot at base of caudal. - Lb Body deep; caudal emarginate; sides with longitudinal brown bands. z giintheri, 9. bb Body more elongate; caudal very deeply emarginate; a bluish-black lateral” | panda 2. <2 ok a et See jordani, 10, aa Dorsal always inserted much nearer the tip of the snout than the base of caudal; | young without black caudal spot; coloration more or less silvery. c Body deep; eye 4 in head; color silvery: ---- = 2222225) Sees ae mayede, 11, — cc Body elongate, rather slender; eye a little over 3 in head, above with a few PLOW SPOUS) 2 se See crete ae ea a biwe, 12 9. LEUCOGOBIO GUNTHERI Ishikawa. Leucogobio giintheri IsH1tkKAwa, Annot. Zool. Japon., III, Pt. 4, April 30, 1901; p. 161; Maibara, Matsubara, ete., on Lake Biwa. Head 33; depth 32; D. TI, 7; A. IM, 6; P5155°V. 8: scales" 3S aime the lateral line; 6 scales in an oblique series between origin of dorsal — and lateral line, and 6 scales between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5, 8—8, 5; width of head 14 in its length; snout 3} in head; eye 44; interorbital space 2£; pectoral 13; ventral 1%. Body moderately elongate, compressed, and rather deep. Head elongate, and pointed bluntly; snout bluntly rounded, a little longer than the eye and not projecting beyond the mandible; eyes anterior, moderately large, and 1} in snout; mouth rather large, oblique, so that the jaws meet in front on a level with the middle of the eyes and the maxillary reaches behind nearly to the front margin of the eye; lips somewhat broad and fleshy; a slender maxillary barbel about equal to the eye; pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows, several of the larger ones with grinding surface and those in the inner row small; nostrils ~ together, in front and nearer the eye than tip of snout; interorbital — space broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings large; gill-rakers — short, and weak; pseudobranchie large; gill-filaments long. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Seales large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; no pectoral flap; ventral flap present. Origin of the dorsal in most cases midway between the tip of the ~ snout and the base of the caudal, though when depressed not reaching — over the origin of the anal; origin of the anal nearer that of the ven- ~ tral than base of caudal, and when depressed reaching more than half — way to the latter; caudal emarginate; pectoral about three-fifths of space to ventral; origin of ventral about under that of dorsal, and the — fin reaching three-fifths the distance to anal. Caudal peduncle com- pressed, deep, and in its least depth 2 in head. Lateral line contin- uous, nearly straight, only very slightly decurved in front. Color in aleohol dark brassy olivaceous brown above, and below pale — or whitish with silvery reflections; along the sides are a series of pale — ‘ - 0.1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. go” longitudinal stripes following in the series of scales, and that along the lateral line very much darker than the others; at the base of the eaudal _a blackish spot; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral brownish, the other fins pale; lips brownish. Length, 3,°; inches. This description from an example from Matsubara on Lake Biwa in Omi. Fresh waters of central Japan. Our very numerous series of speci- mens are from Matsubara on Lake Biwa in Omi, Nagoya in Owari. Katata in Omi, and the Chikugo River at Kurume. From Ishikawa’s description of Leucogobio jordan we see little to distinguish it from the present species, although we hesitate to unite the two without further material. We have also not seen any speci- “mens with 6 teeth in the larger row. (Named for Dr. Albert Giinther.) | 10. LEUCOGOBIO JORDANI Ishikawa. Leucogobio jordani Isurkawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., II, Pt. 4, April 80, 1901, p- 163; Lake Biwa at Shiwotsu and Matsubara. | | Head 3 (in total); depth 6 (in total); D. 10; A. 7; V. 8; seales in Jateral line 39—40; scales transversely 54-44; pharyngeal 6 or 5, 3—3, 5 or 6; eye 14 in interorbital space. Head relatively long with the snout a little longer than the eye, which is a little less than the length of the head; mouth anterior, deeper than wide, its corner being halfway between the end of the snout and the anterior border of the eye; barbels minute, about two- thirds the diameter of the pupil. Pharyngeal teeth hooked at the end. Intestinal tract with only a single convolution. Peritoneum with a few pigments of brownish color. Number of vertebrae 33, of which 14 enter into the tail. There are about 3 series of scales between the lateral line and the ventral fin. Origin of the dorsal slightly in advance of the root of the ventral, and just in midway between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal; caudal fin very deeply emarginate; pectoral fin about half the length of the head, without snout and terminating a long way from the root of the ventral; ventral shorter than the pectoral and terminating in front of the vent. Color silvery; back dark brownish, and a bluish-black band on the side of the body; a small triangular spot of a deeper color at the root of the caudal is very distinct in small individuals. Length 78 mm. (about 3;/; inches). Shiwotsu and Matsubara on Lake Biwa. (Ishikawa.) This species, not seen by us, is said to differ in a marked way from Leucogobio giintheri by its slender form, its longer head, and its longer 828 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE and deeper emarginated caudal. According to the figure the pectoral” the posterior margin of the gill-opening. (Named for Dr. David Starr Jordan.) 11. LEUCOGOBIO MAYED# (Jordan and Snyder). Gobio mayedx JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 3429 pl. 1x, fig. 2; Lake Biwa, near Karasaki.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check-List | Fish. Japan, I11, April 3, 1901, p. 46; Lake Biwa. Head 44; depth 44; D: I, 7; A’ TM Gs PF. 16-V38-) sealen in | teeth 5, 3—3, 5: width of head a little less than 2 in its length; snoug | 32 in head; eye 4; interorbital space 33; pectoral 12; ventral 13. 7 ar Fic. 3.—LEUCOGOBIO MAYED#. Body elongate, oblong and compressed. Head elongate, com-_ pressed; snout rather bluntly rounded, and a trifle longer than the eye; eyes moderate, anterior; mouth oblique, protractile, the jaws about equal and the maxillary not reaching to the front of the eye; _ lips somewhat fleshy; a small maxillary barbel; pharyngeal teeth in: the larger row with narrow grinding surface, and some of them slightly hooked; nostrils close together, in front of the eye above and_ also a little before the end of the maxillary; interorbital space broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings large and the membrane rather broadly joined to the isthmus; gillrakers short, few, and weak; pseudo branchize large; gill-filaments rather long. Intestine short. Perito- neum silvery. Seales rather large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; head naked; no pectoral flap and the ventrals with a well developed flap. Origin of dorsal much in advance of the middle of the body without caudal, and the tip of the first developed ray reaching as far poste- riorly as the tip of the last when the fin is depressed; origin of anal entirely behind dorsal and when the fin is depressed it does not reach quite half the distance to base of caudal; caudal deeply emarginate, JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 899 d the lobes pointed; pectoral falling rather in front of the or igin of irsall, and about three-fifths of the space to ventrals; origin of yen- als a trifle behind the origin of the dorsal, and reac ‘hing about three- ths in the space to the origin of anal. Caudal peduncle ¢ ompressed, ther long, and its least eae 2; in head. Lateral line continuous png the sides, and almost straight. Color in alcohol brown, pale or whitish below, and the body more iless silvery on the sides and lower parts; a pale longitudinal band. icoming darker along the caudal peduncle, alone the sides: fins tinted th brown, except the ventrals and anal, which are pale like the lower rface. ength 42 inches. This description from a specimen from Lake Biwa at Matsubara. Fresh waters of southern Japan, very abundant in Lake Biwa. Our many specimens are from near Karasaki, Lake Biwa ( (cotypes), 0. 6272, Ichthyological collections Leland Stanford Junior Uni- rsity Museum (collection K. Otaki)) Lake Biwa at Matsubara and ze, the Yodo River at Osaka in Settsu, the Chikugo River at irume, and from near Nagoya in Owari. In young examples the fins are longer, and the lateral band more tinct posteriorly but without a dark spot at the base of the caudal. (Named for Kinichiro Mayeda, a Japanese student in Leland Stan- rd Junior University.) 12. LEUCOGOBIO BIW (Jordan and Snyder). | Gobio biwe Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 1900, p. 340, pl. | rx, fig. 1; Lake Biwa near Matsubara.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List Fish. Japan, III, April 8, 1901, p. 46; Lake Biwa. Head 2 scepun about 6; 1D. Ill, 7; A. ILI, 6; P. 17; V. 83, scales in the lateral line; 4 Ele between the origin of dorsal and Jateral ie, and 6 scales between the latter and middle of pres pharyngeal ath 5, 83—3, 5; width of head 2 in its length; eye a little over 3; , Pr bital space 44; pectoral 14; ventral 13. Body elongate, rather slender and compressed. Head elongate, com- essed, and somewhat pointed in front; snout rather long, bluntly unded, and a little shorter than the eye; eyes large lateral and ante- x; mouth oblique, inferior, protractile, the jaws equal, and the max- ary reaching almost to the front of the eye; the jaws meet about level th the lower margin of the eye; lips somewhat fleshy; a maxillary rbel equal to about two-thirds the orbit; several pharyngeal teeth in 2 larger row with narrow grinding surfaces; nostrils together and ar the front of the eye; interorbital space broad and flattened. — Gill- enings large; gillrakers short, few, and weak; pseudobranchie well veloped; gill-filaments rather long. Intestine short. Peritoneum th a little dusty coloring. 8380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X “Scales rather large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; hea naked; no pectoral flap; ventral flap small. Origin of dorsal much in advance of the middle of the body withou caudal, and the tip of the first developed ray reaching as far poster orly as the tip of the last when the fin is depressed; origin of ana behind tip of depressed dorsal a trifle nearer the origin of the ventre than base of caudal, and the fin reaching about halfway in the spae between; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes pointed; pectoral reaching almost to the origin of dorsal and about three-fourths in the space to origin of ventral; ventral behind origin of dorsal, and about three-fifths in the space to anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, rather: long, and its least depth about equal to the eye. Lateral line continu ous along the sides, very shghtly decurved in front. Color, in alcohol, brown, pale or whitish washed with silvery below; above the lateral line and upon the upper surface of the head with fine Fic. 4.—LEUCOGORIO BIW. black dots grouped together on the edges of the scales in small spots and distributed irregularly; lateral line with a row of dark spots; a median lateral pale brown longitudinal band; all fins except ventrals with some dark color. | Length, 312 inches. Described from No. 6273, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum, cotype, from Lake Biwa, near Matsubara, from collection of C. Ishikawa. This species is only known to us from Lake Biwa, near Matsubara. With the exception of the two specimens before us and the type, know of no other specimens. (Broa, the samisen, also the loquat tree, the name of the largest lake in Japan.) %. PSEUDOGOBIO Bleeker. Pseudogobio BurrKker, Atlas Ichthyol., Cyprin., 1863, p. 29, (esocinus). Body elongate, rather slender and tapering behind. Head elongate pointed; snout long, concave above, and slightly produced, with it ¥ 7 . tip bluntly rounded; eye small, nearer posterior edge of opercle thai ”) 11334 JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 55] p of snout; mouth small, protractile downwards, inferior, the max- Jary not reaching nostrils; lips broad, fleshy, and covered with well- eveloped papille; a rather short, thick, maxillary barbel; teeth mall, G6 or 5, 2—2, 5 or 6; interorbital space broad and concave. ntestine short. Peritoneumsilvery. Scales moderate, cycloid, about 2. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; origin of anal far behind tip of depressed ventral; caudal emarginate; ven- vals inserted well behind origin of dorsal. Lateral line almost straight yr very slightly decurved and continuous. Dorsal and caudal with istinct narrow blackish cross-bands. Streams of Japan and Formosa. | (yevys false; gobio.) | KAMASUKA (SCYTHE FISH): KAWASAKT (RIVER-POINT). | 13. PSEUDOGOBIO ESOCINUS (Schlegel). | | Gobio esocinus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 196, pl. xcrx, fig. 2, near Nagasaki. Pseudogobio esocinus GinTuHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 175: from one of Schlegel’s | types.—Sauvaae, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1883, p.3 reprint; Lake Biwa.— | IsHtKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 15; Yeshigo, Tama, Chichibu, Suwa, Shinshin, Owari, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, Katsuwa R., Yamashiro, Kyoto, Kuruma.— JorpAN and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 46; Lake Biwa. Head 32; depth 6: D. 1], 8; A. Ll, 7; P. 16; V. 8; scales 42 in the lateral line; 5 scales in an oblique series between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 5 scales between the latter and middle of belly; phar- yngeal teeth 6 or 5, 2—2, 5 or 6; width of head 2 in its length; snout 2 in head; eye 5; interorbital space 44; pectoral 13; ventral 13. Body elongate, rather slender, tapering behind, and somewhat com- pressed. Head elongate, pointed, and compressed; snout long, com- pressed, concave above, and slightly produced beyond the mandible, the tip bluntly rounded; eye rather small, 25 in snout, high, and nearer the posterior edge of opercle than the tip of the snout; mouth small, protractile downwards, and inferior, the maxillary not reaching posteriorly as far as the nostrils; lips very broad and fleshy, and cov- sred with well-developed papille, a rather short thick maxillary parbel equal to two-thirds the eye; pharyngeal teeth small, slender, compressed, hooked, and those in the lesser row very small and feeble; aostrils together and nearer the eye by two-thirds the length of the snout; interorbital space broad and concave, and the top of the head also coneave. Gill-openings large and the membranes broadly united to the isthmus, forming a rather fleshy flap on cach side below: gill- vakers developed as. numerous soft stumpy excrescences; oill-filaments long and very numerous. Intestine with a single convolution. Pert- coneum silvery. Scales large and cycloid, none on the breast; no pectoral flap; ventral flap present. : R29 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI OZ eee a the cae of ae snout; the aiteriae developed dora r extending beyond the tips of the last when the fin is depressed, and the upper edge of the fin straight or emarginate; origin of the anal, about midway between the tip of the depressed dorsal and the base of the caudal, and the fin reaching two-thirds the distance to base. of caudal; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes pointed; pectoral, broad, rounded, and reaching beyond the origin of the dorsal, and almost to the origin of the venta origin of ventral well behind the origin of the dorsal, and when one extending for half the space, to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle rather short and compressed, its’ least depth about 4in head. Lateral line nearly straight and conta ous to the base of the caudal. Color in alcohol dark brown above, pale or whitish below and ws ashil with silvery; upper surface of the body speckled with darker brown, spots, the sides with a series of about 12 large brownish spots along the lateral line; dorsal and caudal with 5 or 6 narrow blackish cross lines; pectoral with a few brown spots, the ventrals and anal pale; barbels and lips pale. Length 714 inches. This description from an example from Lake Biwa at Matsubara. Of this species we have numerous specimens from Lake Biwa at Matsubara, the Kitakami River at Morioka, Matsushima, the Kinu River at Utsunomiya, the Chikugo River at Kurume, Tsuruga in Echizen, the Yodo River in Osaka, Kawatana in Hien, the Iwai River at Ichinoseki, Kaminutani River in Omi, and an example from the collection from Karasaki, Lake Biwa, from K. Otaki. It is one of the commonest of Japanese fishes, lying on the bottom among the rocks or weeds, in the fashion of the American species of [ybopsis. (esocin US, pike-like.) 8. SAARCOCHEILICHTHYS Bleeker. Sarcocheilichthys Burrker, Cyprin. Prodr., 1860, p. 426 (rariegatus). q Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head elongate, bluntly pointed, and compressed; snout blunt and obtusely rounded; eye small; mouth small, inferior; lips rather thick and fleshy; a very small and short maxillary barbel; teeth, 5—5; interorbital space, convex. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales rather small, 42. Ori- gin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; anal inserted below tip of depressed dorsal; caudal emarginate; ventrils inserted a little behind origin of dorsal. Lateral line almost straight and con tinuous. Breeding males with horny tubercles on snout and sides of head. Japanese species, resembling those of the American genus Semotilus. 3 (caps, flesh: yeidos. lip; ius, fish.) vo eno. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 8833 . 14. SARCOCHEILICHTHYS VARIEGATUS (Schlegel). HIGOI (SCARLET CARP), ABURAHAE (FAT MINNOW). Leuciscus variegatus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 213, pl. cr, fig. 2; Nagasaki. Pseudogobio variegatus Gintuer, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 175; after notes of Bleeker on Schlegel’s type.—Isuikawa, Zool. Mag. Tokyo, VII, August, 1895, p. 125; Otsu, Matsubara, and Maebara on Lake Biwa; Prel. Cat., 1897, p- 15; Lake Biwa, Maebara; Matsubara, Zensho, Tsuyama, Minasuka R., Kii.—SauvaGe, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 2, Lake Biwa. Sarcocheilichthys variegatus JORDAN and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 46; Lake Biwa. Head-32; depth 4; D. Ill, 8; A. II, 7; P. 15; V. 8; scales 42 in the lateral line; 5 scales between origin of dorsai and lateral line, and ' 6 scales between the latter and middle of beily; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; _ width of head 14 in its length; snout 27 in head; eye 53; interorbital | space 34; pectoral +4; ventral 15. m Body elongate, oblong, moderately deep and compressed. Head elongate, bluntly pointed and compressed; snout moderately long, compressed, very blunt, obtusely rounded and not protruding beyond _ the jaws; eye small, rather high, 2 in snout, and anterior in the head, - mouth small, inferior and protractile, the maxiliary reaching as far | posteriorly as the posterior nostril; lips thick, rather broad and fleshy, - and the lower broadly separated by the hard, rounded, horny symphy- _ sis; a very small and short maxillary barbel; pharyngeal teeth hardly i hooked, and with broad grinding surfaces: nostrils rather Jarge, close ~ together, and much nearer the eye than tip of snout; interorbital space _ broad and convex, and the top of the head also convex. Gill-openings large, and the membranes broadly joined to the isthmus; gill-rakers _ few, short, and weak; pseudobranchice well developed. Intestine with a single convolution. Peritoneum silvery. Seales large, cycloid, and imbricated along the sides; no pectoral flap; ventrals with a scaly flap at base. Origin of the dorsal nearer the tip of snout than the base of the caudal hy a space a little less than snout, the upper edge of the fin straight on, only very slightly concave, so that when depressed the tip of the first developed ray reaches posteriorly as far as the tip of the last; anal beginning much nearer the origin of ventrals than base of caudal, and the fin reaches more than half way to the latter; caudal forked and the lobes pointed; pectoral rounded and extending two- thirds the distance to base of ventral; ventrals entirely behind origin of dorsal, and extending posteriorly two-thirds the distance to anal. Caudal peduncle rather long, compressed, and its least depth 24 in head. Lateral line continuous and nearly straight along the sides. | Color in aleohol, dark brown above, below pale, or whitish washed with silvery, the sides more or less brassy; edges of most of the scales above and on the sides marked with brown; the sides along the lateral $34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. ae ce a Sather oe brassy-brown longitudinal band, becoming most distinct along the aude peduncle; a black spot behind edge of opercle; fins all more less tinged with brown, the dorsal with a trace of a dark cross bar. Male deep steel blue in life, a dark lateral shade interrupted on tail to form a caudal spot. Dorsal rosy tinted above. — Caudal and anal bright yellow; pectoral and ventral with a se: arlet— 3 . area, head pink below. Leneth, 7,°; inches. This description from an adult male taken at Matsubara on Lake © Biwa. Fresh waters of southern Japan, very abundant, our many speck | mens from Matsubara on Lake Biwa, the Yodo River at Osaka in | Settsu, the Chikugo River at Kurume in Chikugo, Lake Yogo near Nagoya, Funayado in Kiusiu, Tsuchiura, and Tero ; The young of this species differs in color from the adult, as the | markings are much more distinct. The dorsal fin is pale, like the ven-_ trals or anal. and is crossed by a jet black bar. The lateral band is- also very distinct and generally results in a black blotch at the base of — the caudal. As they grow older these markings become more indis- tinct. During the breeding season the snout of the male becomes— covered with horny tubercles like those found in certain species of Hybopsis, Notropis, ete. - The following notes are given in a ‘* Preliminary Note on the Fishes — of Lake Biwa:” “ Young with yellowish ocher above, the dorsum bluish tinted; scales of sky-blue in front of dorsal; irregular sepia-brown markings, forming a straight line along lateral ~ line, below which the ground color of the body fades away into a pale blue; sepia-_ brown blotches along the back; head with sepia-brown markings on upper jaw, inter- orbital space, and neck. Pupil, indigo-black, surrounded by sky-blue; fins yellowish ocher, the ends of dorsal, ventral, anal, and middle of caudal lighter; a row of elon- gated black streaks on upper third of dorsal between fin-rays. Larger specimens brown above and on caudal; sides of head bluish, passing gradu- ally to light crimson toward the ventral side; lips pale blue; pupil black witha crimson ring; dorsal third of body darker brown with traces of indigo; dorsal two- thirds of body covered with sepia-colored scales; dorsal, pectoral, ventral, and anal light brown with indigo on anterior parts of dorsal and ventral; ventrals and anal edged with light indigo; basal third of caudal with longitudinal streaks of brown. Upper half of body deep indigo-blue, with scattered, darker-colored scales; below yellowish, quite light on ventrum, and with scattered golden yellow scales; ground color of head reddish yellow, the dorsal portion dirty green; eye deep indigo with crimson and indigo streaks around; dorsal and caudal greenish ocher; ventrals and anal white, with yellow stripes. (variegatus, varied. ) “Zool. Mag., VII (Tokyo), Aug., 1895, pp. 125- 197, by Dr. Ishikawa. 4 a Ino. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 8835 9. ABBOTTINA Jordan and Fowler. Abbottina JorpAN and FowteEr, new genus (psegm«). | Body elongate, oblong and compressed. Head elongate, pointed; snout elongate, compressed, concave above, and slightly produced, with ithe tip bluntly rounded; eye small, high, and midway in head; mouth small, inferior, protractile downward, and the maxillary not reaching eye; lips fleshy, not papillose; barbels moderate, one ont Chechen lary; teeth 5—5; interorbital space flat. Intestine short. Peritoneum lsilvery. Scales large, about 388, none on breast. Origin of dorsal ‘nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, and inserted far behind base of last dorsal ray; caudal emarginate; ventral inserted a little behind ‘the middle of the base of the dorsal. Lateral line slightly decurved on the first 3 or + scales, after which itis straight and continuous. Dorsal and caudal with several dark, well-defined crossbars, as in Pseudogobio, which it resembles, but is easily distinguished by its smooth lips. Breeding males have the ; median dorsal rays enlarged, so that the fin is very large. (Named for James Francis Abbott, late of Stanford University, since professor in the Japanese Military Academy at Etajima, who assisted Professors Jordan and Snyder in their work on Lake Biwa, Lake Yogo, Yodo River, and at Tsuruga and Misaki.) 15. ABBOTTINA PSEGMA Jordan and Fowler, new species. ifead. 3%; depth, 44, D. Il, 8; A. I], 8; P. I, 11; V. 8; scales 38 in the lateral line; 5 scales in an oblique series between the origin of the dorsal and about 6 between the latter and the middle of the belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width of head 1% in its length; snout 24 in head; eye 5; interorbital space 34; pectoral a little shorter than the _ head; ventral 1. Body elongate, oblong, moderately deep, and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, and compressed; snout elongate, compressed, con- cave above and shghtly produced beyond the mandibles, the tip bluntly rounded; eye small, 24 in snout, high, and about midway in the length of the head; mouth small, inferior, and protractile downward, the maxillary reaching posteriorly beyond the nostrils, but not to the anterior margin of the eye; lips moderately broad, thick, and fleshy, but not covered with distinct papille, as they are perfectly smooth; barbel short, thick, and about equal to two-thirds the diameter of the eye; pharyngeal teeth small, weak, with a narrow grinding surface and slightly hooked; nostrils together, rather large, and nearer the eye than the tip of snout; interorbital space broad and flat, the top of the head also rather flat. Gill openings large, the gill membranes forming a rather fleshy flap on each side below; gill rakers short, Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 56 836 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX} weak, fleshy, end in moderate number; gill filaments long; pseud¢ branchiz well developed. Intestine with a single convolution. Peri toneum silvery. Scales large and cycloid, none on the breast; no pectoral flap; ven tral flap short. Origin of the dorsal nearer the tip of the snout than the base of the caudal by the length of the snout, and the upper edge of the fin greath convex on account of the great length of the median rays, so that) when it is depressed it reaches posteriorly nearly to the base of thei penultimate anal ray, and its length is equal to 2? in the body with out caudal; origin of anal at about the last two-fifths of the space between origin of dorsal and base of caudal, and when depressed) reaching about to the latter; caudal rather deeply emarginate, and) the lobes pointed; pectoral long, the first rudimentary ray stout and) strong, and the tip of the fin reaching beyond the origin of the dorsal, Fic. 5.—ABBOTTINA PSEGMA. but not quite to the base of ventral; ventrals inserted a little nearer origin of anal than that of pectoral, and reaching for two-thirds the space to the former. Caudal peduncle rather short and compressed, its least depth 2% in head. Lateral line slightly decurved on the first 3 or 4 scales, after which it is straight and continuous. 1 Color inalcohol, dark, rich brown above, below whitish and silvery, and the sides and upper surface specked and spotted with dark brown, very distinct on the latter; dorsal and caudal with narrow, blackish crossbars, the pectoral also with blackish spots above, and the ven- trals and anal pale; axil of pectoral with a black spot; lips and barbels pale; length 42 inches. | Type No. 7721, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum. Locality, Yodo River at Osaka in Settsu. Cotype No. 50765, United States National Museum and Nos. 7721, 7148, Leland Stanford Junior University. 7 xo. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 837 of We have many specimens from the Yodo River at Osaka in Settsu. the Chikugo River at Kurume, and the Iwai River in Ichinoseki in Rikuchu. In nonbreeding males, females, and young, the middle dorsal rays are not elongated, the upper edge of the fin being straight, and ‘ya sides are marked with rather large and distinct dark blotches. (péy wa, dust.) 10. ZEZERA Jordan and Fowler. Zezera JORDAN and FowLeEr, hew genus (hilgendorfi). Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather small, depressed, and pointed, the upper and lower profiles straight; snout long; eye rather small; mouth small, terminal, oblique; upper lips rather broad; barbels 2; rather long, but shorter than eye; teeth small, 5—5; interorbital space broad and flattened. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales small, cycloid, and not imbricated; 42 in the lateral line. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; anal inserted behind tip of depressed dorsal; caudal emarginate; ventral inserted slightly before origin of dorsal. Caudal peduncle rather deep and compressed. Lateral line straight and continuous. | (Zezera, Japanese name of a small minnow, from Zeze, a village at the head of the Yodo River on Lake Biwa, remarkable for its very long bridge, one of the “seven wonders of Omi.”) 16. ZEZERA HILGENDORFI (Ishikawa). Sarcocheilichthys hilgendorfi IsHikAWA, New species of Japanese fishes Ms. 1902. Head 44; depth 32; D. I, Wee El. 6; RP: 16: V-.85-scales; 42 in the lateral line; 6 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 6 between latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width of head 14 in its length; snout 3 in head; eye 41: interorbital space 24; pectoral 13; ventral 14. Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather small, depressed, elongated, pointed, and the upper and lower profiles straight; snout long, pointed; eye rather small, anterior, and about 1} in snout; mouth small, terminal, very oblique, the mandible slightly produced in front, the maxillary protractile and not reaching the nostril; upper lips rather fleshy and dilated, the edge of the mandible more or less horny in the middle; maxillaries each with a barbel that is less than the eye; teeth small, weak, and hooked; nostrils close together on the sides of the snout and nearer the posterior extremity of the maxil- lary than the anterior margin of the eye; interorbital space broad and flattened, or only very slightly convex. Gill- opening rather restricted; gill-rakers small, few and weak; pseudobranchize present. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. 838 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Scales moderate, cycloid, and not imbricated; no pectoral flap; ven- tral flap present. Origin of the dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, the anterior rays the longest, and when depressed, the tip of the fin does not reach the origin of the anal; anal inserted a little nearer base of caudal than tip of pectoral, the fin short and reaching half way to base of caudal; caudal rather deep, emarginate; pectorals reaching about two-thirds the distance to origin of anal; ventral inserted slightly — before the origin of the dorsal, or a little nearer the origin of the anal than that of the pectoral, and reaching two-thirds the distance to former. Caudal peduncle deep and compressed, its least depth about 1% in the head. Lateral line straight and continuous. Color, in alcohol, dark brown, tinted with dull olivaceous above, below pale or whitish; the lateral line is within a broad, deep brown, lateral band, which really begins on the snout, passing through the eye and backwards, even upon the middle caudal rays: lips pale; some of the scales on the lower portions of the sides tinted with pale brown; dorsal, caudal, and pectorals grayish, the other fins pale like the belly. Length 42 inches. We have but two examples of this species, the specimen described (No. 7722 L. 8. Jr. Univ.) above from Funayado, in Kiusiu, the other in the U. S. National Museum, from the Kamo River, in Yamashiro, from the collection of the Imperial University. Dr. Ishikawa’s speci- — mens, the types of the species, came from the Ahasi River, in Mimisaku. (Named for Dr. Franz Hilgendorf.) 11. BIWIA Jordan and Fowler. Biwia JORDAN and Fow er, new genus (zezera.). Body elongate, compressed, rather thick, and somewhat broad for- ward. Head small, and below, together with the interorbital region, broad and flattened; snout bluntly rounded and produced; eye rather large; mouth small, inferior, the broad suborbitals overlapping on each side; no barbels; teeth, 5—5; interorbital space more or less flattened. Inside of gill-opening with a deep notch below. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales large, imbricated, cycloid and about 33; no scales on the breast. Origin of dorsal midway between — tip of snout and base of last anal ray, the radii 7; anal short, the ~ radii 6, and its origin behind tip of depressed dorsal; caudal emar- ginate; ventrals inserted about opposite the middle of the base of dorsal. Lateral line straight after the ‘first 3 or 4 scales, and con- tinuous. This genus is close to Pseudorasbora, the latter differing principally in the deep notch inside the gill-opening below. iiwia differs also in the form of the mouth, which is small, inferior, and ensheathed on each side by the broad suborbitals. (Named for Lake Biwa.) wt) 5. a Ee no. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. &39 17. BIWIA ZEZERA (Ishikawa). ZEZERA. Pseudogobio zezera IsutKAwa, Zool. Mag., VII, 1895, p. 127, with plate; Lake Biwa at Otsu, Maebara and Matsubara; Prel. Cat., 1897 ties; also Zensho and Tsuyama River. Head 43; depth 42; D. III, 7; A. II], 6; scales 33 in the lateral line; 4 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line, and 5 between the latter and the middle of the belly; pharyngeal teeth not examined, but probably 5—5; width of head 14 in its leneth; snout 4 ‘in head; eye 33; interorbital space 3; pectoral a little less than head; ventral 14. Body elongate, compressed, and somewhat broad forward. Head rather small, thick, and below, together with the inter-pectoral region, broad and flattened; snout very bluntly rounded and produced; eye moderate, high, anterior, and a little longer than snout; mouth small, inferior, the broad suborbitals overlapping on each side; lips very thin; no barbels; nostrils large, close together, on each side of the snout, and the internasal space much less than the interorbital space; top of head and interorbital space flattened, the latter much broader than the eye. Gill-openings moderate, inside and below with a deep notch, gill-rakers very small and weak; pseudobranchiz small. Intes- tine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales large, cycloid, of more or less even size, and those on the sides imbricated; no scales on breast; no pectoral flap; no ventral flap. Origin of dorsal about midway between tip of snout and base of last anal ray; the anterior rays the highest; the base of the fin about 14 in the head; the length of the fin, when depressed, 34 in body with- out caudal, and the margin of the fin convex; anal beginning well behind tip of depressed dorsal, or about midway between the origin of the ventral and the base of caudal, the anterior rays the longest, the base of the fin short, and when depressed, the tip of the fin reaches two-thirds the distance to base of caudal; caudal emarginate; pectorals with the outer rudimentary ray enlarged and stiffened and reaching three-fourths of the distance to ventrals; ventrals inserted about opposite the middle of base’of dorsal, or a little nearer the base of caudal than tip of snout, and reaching three-fourths of the distance to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2 in head. Lateral line almost straight, only slightly decurved upon the first three or four scales of 1ts course. Color in alcohol, brown, darker above, the lower surface pale or silvery; top of head and snout brownish; edge of each scale dark brown, so that a well-defined reticulated color pattern is present; fins all more or less grayish, the dorsal and caudal with some dark brown mottlings or blotches; a series of round dark blotches along the sides. Length, 2;%; inches. , p- 16; same locali- 840 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVr, = = = — This description from an example from the Yodo River at Osaka, the only locality where the species was obtained by us. We do not hesitate to identify these specimens with Ishikawa’s Pseudogobio ZEZET Ag as the characters in the main agree. However, he does not mention a notch inside the gill opening, a character also shared with Pseudorasbora. The original description is as follows: Head a little less than 5; depth 5; D. I, 8; A. I, 7; scales 38 ing the lateral line, transversely 43 above and 3 below; pharyngeal teeth — 5—5d; eye 3% in head; snout with the front end abruptly turned down, forming a rounded angle with the upper side; eye large; mouth infe-— rior, horseshoe shaped, very small; barbels none; lower jaw with — pendant, lateral lips; pharyngeal teeth arranged in two groups of ‘ 3and2. Origin of dorsal fin much nearer to end of snout than base of caudal. General color, shining, yellowish ocher, below silvery; a f series of round, blackish blotches along lateral line; a similar blotch — sometimes present on the occiput, and also along the dorsum; 3 to 4_ series of small black spots on the dorsal and the ventrals. Otsu, Mae- bara, and Matsubara, Lake Biwa (Ishikawa). Rein het 12. PSEUDORASBORA Bleeker. * . : Pseudorasbora Burrker, Act. Soc. Indo-Neerl. Japan, VI, 1860, p. 97 (parva). — iw as qi Body elongate. Head pointed, compressed; snout bluntly pointed; eye rather large; mouth terminal above, oblique, the mandible pro- jecting, and the maxillary not reaching nostril; no barbels; teeth 5—5; interorbital space broad and flat. Inside of gill opening with a notch helow. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Seales large, cycloid, and about 38; breast scaled. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; origin of anal begins below tip of depressed dor- sal; caudal emarginate; ventrals inserted below origin of dorsal. Lateral line slightly decurved and continuous. Breeding males with the snout and sides of the head with horny tubercles. Small fishes of Japan and China. 4 (ipevons, false; rasbora, a related genus.) 18. PSEUDORASBORA PARVA (Schlegel). MOROKO: HAYA. 2 . ~ Lewciscus parvus Scuiecer, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 215, pl. cr, fig. 3; streams about Nagasaki. , * Pseudorasbora parva K NER, Novara Fische, 1867, p. 359, pl. XVI, fig. 2: Shanghai y (called Opsarus parvus on plate).—GinrHEr, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 186; x Japan, Chi Kiang, China.—Isnixawa, Zool. Mag., VII, 1875, p. 128; Otsu, @ Maebara, Matsubara; Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 14; same localities, also Yodo — River, Yoga Lake, Shima and Zensho.—JorpDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 344; Karasaki, Lake Biwa; Annot. Zool. Jap., IIT, 1901, p. 48; Lake Biwa. Leuciscus pusillus SCHLEGEL Nagasaki. , Fauna Japonica, Poiss., p. 216, pl. cu, fig. 4; near : 3 0.1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 541 Head 44; depth 4; D. III, 7; A. II, 6; P. 1, 18; V. 8; scales 38 in the lateral line; 5 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 5 between the latter and the middle of the belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width of head 13 in its length; snout 3: in head; eve 38: 9 yA 7) interorbital space a little less than half the head; pectoral 14; ven- tral 15. Body elongate and compressed. Head pointed (compressed), the upper and the lower surface and the sides more or less flattened; snout bluntly pointed; eye rather large, anterior; mouth obliquely vertical and projecting in front the maxillary protractile, and not reaching front of nostril; no barbels; pharyngeal teeth rather small and hooked; nostrils close together in front of the eye above; interorbital space -proad, nearly flat. Gill-openings moderate, lateral; gill-rakers merely fleshy rudiments; pseudobranchiz developed. Intestine short and with few turns. Peritoneum silvery. Seales rather large, of more or less even size, and cycloid; pectorals with a narrow, fleshy flap; ventral flap moderate, pointed. _ Origin of dorsal anterior, nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin 14 in head, and the margin of the fin slightly convex; origin of anal much nearer tip of ‘pectoral than base of ‘audal, small and similar to dorsal in shape; eaudal emarginate, the lobes roundly pointed; pectorals reach about two-thirds the distance to ventrals; ventrals inserted below the origin of the dorsal and reaching two-thirds the distance to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle rather long; compressed, and a trifle more than the space between origins of pectoral and ventral. Lateral line almost straight, or only very slightly decurved, and continuous. Color in alcohol, very dark grayish brown or black above, the sides and lower surface more or less silvery, each scale with a brown spot; sides with a pale, slaty gray lateral band, most distinct posteriorly; all the fins grayish brown or black, and more or less indistinctly spotted or speckled with darker. In life the adult is golden yellow, the male with nuptial tubercles. Length, 3,4; inches. Here described from an example from Tsuchiura, near Tokyo. This very abundant minnow is represented in our collections by very many series of specimens from Tsuchiura, near Nagoya in Owari, Lake Yogo near Nakanogo in Mino, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, the Iwai River at Ichinoseki, the Chikugo River at Kurume, the Yodo River at Osaka, and several examples from the collection of K. Otaki, from Karasaki on Lake Biwa. (parvus, small). PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 13. OTAKIA Jordan and Snyder. Otakia JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 345 (rasborina). Body elongate; head elongate, eye large, anterior; mouth ver oblique, lower jaw included, the maxillary protractile, and not reach- ing eye; no barbels; teeth 5, 2—2, 5, slender, hooked, and with scarcely discernable grinding surface in two rows. Gill-rakers on first arch slender, pointed; pseudobranchie present. Air-bladder large, with a median constriction. Alimentary canal short. Perito- neum silvery. Dorsal inserted a little in advance of ventrals, of 8 developed rays, the anterior rays weak, and the edge of the fin cons cave; anal of similar shape, with 7 rays; caudal deeply notched, the tips pointed. Lateral line straight after the first 4 or 5 seales, where it is slightly decurved, and then continuous. ‘ Color, light, with a silvery, lateral band. Species of small size. | (Named for Keinosuke Otaki, a former student of the senior author; now professor in the Imperial Military Academy at Tokyo.) 19. OTAKIA RASBORINA Jordan and Snyder, Otakia rasborina JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 345, pl. 1x79 fig. 3; Lake Biwa. Head 4; depth 44; D. 8; A. 7; scales 40 in a lateral series, 10 ina transverse series above ventral, and 17 between insertion of dorsal — and occiput; eye 4 in head; snout 84; interorbital space 34; height of — D. 5} in body; anal 73; caudal 33; pectoral 6; ventral 63. | FIG. 6.—OTAKIA RASBORINA. Body elongate, its depth about twice that of caudal peduncle. Head elongate; eye large, nearer tip of snout than posterior edge of operele, a distance equal to half its diameter; mouth very oblique, the lower - jaw included, the maxillary protractile, and not extending posteriorly — to the edge of the orbit: no barbels, teeth slender, hooked and with a $ scarcely discernible grinding surface in two rows. Gill-rakers on first _ arch slender, long, pointed, and about 16 in number; pseudobranchie — present. Air-bladder large, with a median constriction. Alimentary canal short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales large. yee ho. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 848 Dorsal inserted a little anterior to the ventrals, the anterior rays weak; 8 developed rays, the first the longest and preceded by a shorter slender, closely-adnate, simple ray, the other rays oradually shorter and the edge of the fin concave, giving a somewhat falcate appearance when depressed; anal similar in shape to dorsal, the first developed ray preceded by a weaker, simpler, adnate ray, the second ray the longest and the others shorter; caudal deeply notched, the tips pointed; pectorals obtusely pointed; ventrals not reaching vent. Depth of caudal peduncle about 2 in depth of body. Lateral line extending along middle of body and caudal peduncle and straight, with the excep- tion of a slight upper curve of the anterior 4 or 5 scales. Color light; a silver lateral band, and a faint dark spot at base of caudal: a narrow, dark, medium dorsal band extending from head to base of caudal; upper parts with minute dots, especially upon the edges of the scales; dorsal fin a little dusky, the others without color. Our specimen, probably young, 73 mm. (about 24 inches) long. Karasaki, Lake Biwa (Coll. K. Otaki) No. 49401 U.S.N.M. The above description is from Jordan and Snyder. No specimens were taken by Jordan and Snyder in 1900. (Name, a diminutive of Rasbora, a related genus. Rasbora is the Hindu name of [ashora rasbora.) 14. TRIBOLODON Sauvage. Tribolodon SAuvaGE, Bull. Soc, Philom. Paris, 1883, p. 16 (punctatus). Barbels none; mouth small; suborbitals not dilated; pharyngeal teeth 5—2, recurved and hooked. Pseudobranchie present. Peri- toneum sprinkled with black points. Scales small. Dorsal with at least 9 divided rays, short and opposite the ventrals; anal short. Scales small; lateral line decurved and low, but terminating at middle of caudal. Of the group Danionina. (Sauvage. ) (rpiBora, harrow: 0d0vs, tooth.) 20. TRIBOLODON PUNCTATUS Sauvage. Tribolodon punctatum SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883, p. 6; Lake Biwa. Head 54 in total; depth 63 in total; D. 9; A. 10; scales 75 in the lateral line. Body elongate; snout much longer than the eye, whose diameter is 34 in head; interorbital space very much larger than eye. Dorsal midway between tip of snout and origin of caudal and a little in advance of the ventrals; caudal emarginate. Top of head black; small black points upon the scales; a bluish band along the back; extremity of dorsal black; ventrals yellow. Length 95 mm. (about 32 inches). Lake Biwa (Sauvage). This species was not taken by Jordan and Snyder. (punctatus, spotted. ) 844 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. - 15: Lb UCIsGUssGimaer Leuciscus (Klein) Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed. 1817, p. 194 (dobula, rutilus, leuciscus, alburnus, and phoxinus), leuciscus, the natural type. Dobula Rarinesquk, Ich. Oh., 1820, p. 45. (No type mentioned; dobu understood. ) Leuciscus RAFINESQUR, Ich. Oh., 1820, p. 45. (No type mentioned; Jeucis understood. ) { Leuciscus AGAssiz, Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Neufchaétel, 1835, p. 38 (leuciseus), (no Leuciscus Heckel, and of Giinther, which is Rutilus of Rafinesque, the type being’ rutilus). Squalius Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1837, p. 6 (tyberinus). Leuciscus BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, 1837, p. 6 (argenteus-leuciscus). Telestes BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, 1837, p. 6 (muticellus). Cephalus BONAPARTE, Catol. Metod., 1846, p. 39 (cephalus; no diagnosis). Microlepis BONAPARTE, Catol. Metod., 1846, p. 39 (turskyi; no diagnosis). Richardsonius Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 201 (balteatus). Tigoma GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 205 (pulchella). Cheonda Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 207 (cooperi). Siboma GrraRD, Proc. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 208 (crassicauda). Clinostomus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 211 (elongatus). Protoporus Corr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Montana for 1871, 1872, p. 473 (domninus). Body oblong, compressed or robust. Head moderate; mouth usually large and terminal; lips normal; no barbels; teeth 5, 2—2, 4, usually 5, 2—2, 5 in the European types, hooked and with rather narrow grind- ing surface or none. Intestine short. Scales moderate or small. Dorsal posterior, usually behind ventrals; anal basis short or more or less elongate; caudal emarginate. Lateral line decurved, complete or variously imperfect. Size generally large, some species very small. A very large group, one of the largest current genera in ichthyology, represented by numerous species in the rivers of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Japanese species belong to the typical subgenus, Zeuwe/scus. (AevKos, white.) a Caudal peduncle not very stout, its least depth not two-thirds the head; scales not closely imbricated; dorsal usually inserted behind: ventrals. b Seales large, 35 to 45. e Scales.about 38 ....2. 22.02.22. 2 ee japonicus, 21. ec Seales 45 2.2.2.2. 20.2 eee ee ceerulescens, 22. bb Seales small, 60 to 100. d Seales 60 to 66. e Snout 33 in head. Sides nearly plain silvery........... phalacrocorax, 23. } dd Scales 70 to 78 ..--......--=--) scene hakuensis, 24. fee cece ee tos be ee taczanowskti, 25. - aa Caudal peduncle very deep and compressed, its least depth nearly equal to the depth of head. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals, much nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; scales loosely imbricated, 63 to 72; sides of body mottled with darker scales. f Snout 34 in head: teeth 2, 5—4, 9°72 re ee jouyi, 26. ae i 0, 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 845 21. LEUCISCUS JAPONICUS (Sauvage). “j iy a 17, > —! Ty An Ve . . ° ; Squalius japonicus SAUV AGE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris., 1883, p. 4; Lake Biwa, | Head 42 in total; depth 54 in total, D. 9; A. 8; V. 8; scales 38 in the lateral line; pharyngeal teeth 5—3. Snout slightly more than eye, which is 34 in head; no pores on snout; suborbitals narrow; interor- bital space flat, more than eye. Dorsal inserted nearer tip of snout than caudal peduncle, and somewhat behind ventrals; caudal emargin- ate. Lateral line straight. Color silvery; black points upon back and upon each scale of lateral line. Length 85 mm. (about 3,°; inches). Lake Biwa. (Sauvage.) _ This species has been observed only in the collection sent from Lake Biwa to Dr. Sauvage by Dr. Steenacker. It was not seen by Jordan and Snyder. 22. LEUCISCUS CAZRULESCENS (Sauvage). Squalius czrulescens SauvaGs, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1883, p. 3; Lake Biwa. Head 54 in total; depth 54 in total; D.9; A. 8; scales 45 in the lateral line; pharyngeal teeth 5—2. Snout somewhat shorter than the eye, which is 4 in head; a few pores upon the snout; suborbitals narrow; interorbital space convex, and somewhat more than the diameter of the eye. Dorsal inserted somewhat nearer the extremity of snout than base of caudal, and somewhat behind the ventrals; caudal emarginate. Lateral line straight. Color silvery, clouded upon the back, and upo: the top of the head; a bluish band along the lateral line. Length 120 ‘mm. (about 4 44 inches). Lake Biwa. (Sauvage. ) ~ This species is known only from the description of Dr. Sauvage. (cxrulescens, bluish). 23. LEUCISCUS PHALACROCORAX Jordan and Fowler, new species. Head 33; depth 42; D. III, 7; A. Il, 8; P. 17; V. 9; scales about 62 in the lateral line; 12 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 12 between latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 2, 5—4, 3; width of head 2 in its length; snout 3} in head; eye 43; inter- orbital space 3; pectoral about Ly; ventral 1%. Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, com- pressed, the sides somewhat flattened, and the upper profile slightly convex; snout rather long; pointed and slightly convex and produced; eye small, anterior, and 14 in snout; mouth nearly horizontal, only slightly inclined, the maxillary protractile, and reaching posteriorly to the anterior margin of the eye; lips fleshy, not dilated; pharyngeal teeth with narrow grinding surface, scarcely hooked; nostrils close together on the snout above and nearer the eye than tip of snout; interorbital space and top of head convex. Gill-openings large; gill- rakers short, and firm; pseudobranchie present. Intestine short. Peritoneum black. 846 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, X Scales, cycloid, rather large, more or less even, and not imbricate no pectoral flap; a small ventral flap. 1 Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caud the first developed ray the highest, reaching beyond the others to th origin of the anal when depressed, the base of fin 12 in its height, ; its upper edge nearly straight; origin of anal a little nearer tip o pectoral than base of caudal, the first developed ray the highest, reach ing beyond the others when the fin is depressed, and its base 1} i its height, and its margin nearly straight; caudal deeply emargina pectoral reaching a trifle over two-thirds the distance to origin of tral; ventral seven-ninths the distance to origin of anal. Ca peduncle rather long, compressed, and its least depth 25 in head. eral line slightly decurved, and continuous. C\ FIG. 7.—LEUCISCUS PHALACROCORAX. Color in alcohol dark slaty brown, whitish or silvery beneath; dor and caudal brownish, pectorals also tinted with brown, all the other fins pale; a dark blotch along gill-opening above base of pectoral, Length, 5% inches. : Type No. 7723, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford J unio: University Museum. Locality Tana River at Tachikawa. ; Cotypes 50784, United States National Museum. Of this species we have a number of specimens from the Tana Rive: at Tachikawa, Koshyu (Imperial Museum), and the Kinu River in Utsunomiya. The specimens from the Tana River were obtained by us, through the efforts of trained cormorants, procured by Dr. Mit- sukuri, Dr. Watase, and Dr. Tijima. (phalacrocorax, ‘bald raven.” the cormorant. ) 24. LEUCISCUS HAKUENSIS Giinther. UGUI; AKAHARA (RED BELLY). Leuciscus hakuensis GtnrHer, Shore Fishes Challenger, 1880, p. 72, pl sax B; Lake Hakone (misprinted ‘‘ Hakow’’ ).—SreInpacHNER, Ichth. Beitr. 1881, p. 15; Japan.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 48; Yokoham Squalius hakuensis Sauvace, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 4; Lake Biwa. Leuciscus hakonensis Isuikawa, Zool. Mag., Tokyo, 1895, p. 129; Otsu on Lak Biwa. = aye 113. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 847 Sede: depth 4; D. Ill, 7; A. Ill, 7; P. 12; V. 8: scales 74 in teral line; 14 scales between the origin of dorsal and lateral line, and between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth, 4, 2—2, 5; idth of head about 14, or a little less than 2 in its length; snout 34 in ead; eye 54; interorbital space 3; pectoral 13; ventral 14. Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, and com- ressed, the sides flattened, and the upper profile almost straight to ip of snout; snout rather pointed, somewhat broad and very slightly produced; eye small, anterior, 14 in snout; mouth moderate, the max- Hary protractile, reaching posteriorly almost to the anterior margin of he eye, and not very oblique; lips fleshy, not dilated; pharyngeal teeth vith grinding surface, not hooked; nostrils close together on the sides xf the snout, and about half an eye diameter distant from the eye; nterorbital space and the top of the head slightly convex. Gill-open- ngs rather large; gill-rakers rather short and pointed, 4+-9; pseudo- pranchie present. Intestine short. Peritoneum pale gray. _ Seales cycloid, moderately small and of rather even size; no pectoral ap; ventral with a small fleshy flap. | Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, pointed, the first developed ray the highest, r saching beyond the others to origin of anal, when depressed, its base 14 in its height, and its pper edge nearly straight; anal inserted midway between tip of pec- toral and base of caudal, the first developed ray the highest reaching beyond the others when the fin is depressed, the hase of the fin is 14 in its height and its margin straight; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed. Pectoral two-thirds the distance to ventrals; ventrals inserted + little nearer the origin of the anal than that of the pectoral, and a trifle over three-fifths the distance to the former. Caudal peduncle rather long, its least depth 24 in the head. Lateral line slightly de- curved and continuous. Color in alcohol dark brown, slightly olivaceous above and pale below: inside of gill-openings above dark: ventrals and anal pale or whitish; dorsal and caudal brown, the edges of the fin darker; pectoral grayish-brown. ~ Length, 134 inches. This description from an adult female from Take Jusan in Omori. This is the most abundant species of Cyprinide in Japan, reaching a large size and often entering the sea. It ranges far to the north- ward, farther than any other of the Cyprinide except Leuciseus tac- zanowskii. Our many specimens are from Lake Jusan in Omori (collection Sotaro Saito), Kawajiri in Rikuchu (collection Mitonobu Irako), Kitakami R., Katase River near Enoshima, Matsushima Bay in Rikuzen, Same in Rikuoku (in salt water), Aomori in Rikuoku, Kita- kami River in Morioka, Sendai, Niigata in Echigo, Iwai River in Ichi- ‘noseki, Tsuruga in Echizen, Kinu River at Utsonomiya, Hakodate, 4 a 848 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVis) Otaru, Lake Biwa at Karasaki, Noyshiro (collection K. Otaki), Hie. oshima. a lake near Oide (collection Jouy), and Yokohama (collection Jouy). The species freely enters salt water. (Name from Lake Hakone on the mountain between Izu and Sagami.) 25. LEUCISCUS TACZANOWSKII Steindachner. KUKI. Leuciscus taczanowskii Srr1NDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., X, 1881, p. 16; Sea of Japan. | (Pectoral 14 in head, misprinted ‘‘33.’’) Head 4; depth 4%; D. III, 7; A. IIL, 8; P.17; V. 10; scales 93 in thigy lateral line (17 scales between the origin of dorsal and lateral pa and: 14 between the latter and middle of belly; phate teeth 5, 2—2, 4%. width of head 24 in its length; snout 34 in head; eye 53 in head: inter- orbital space a little over 3; pectoral 13; ventral 2 Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, com- pressed, and the sides flattened; upper profile of head almost straight to tip of snout; snout long, rather blunt and scarcely projecting beyond: the mandible; eye small, anterior, 1? in snout; mouth moderate, the maxillary protractile, not reaching posteriorly as far as the eye, and not very oblique; lips fleshy, not dilated; pharyngeal teeth with grind- ing surface, slightly hooked; nostrils close together on the upper sides: of the snout, and much nearer the anterior edge of eye than tip of the: latter; interorbital space and top of the head rather broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings large; gill-rakers short, 4+ 10; pseudobran- chi present. Intestine witha single convolution; peritoneum silvery. | Scales very small, cycloid, and of more or less even size; no pectoral | flap; a small ventral flap. Origin of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, the first! developed ray the highest reaching beyond the others to the origin of | the anal when depressed, the base of the fin 13 in its height and its- margin nearly straight; anal inserted midway between tip. of pectoral | and tae of caudal, the first developed ray the highest reaching beyond | the others when depressed, the base of the fin 14 in its height, and its. margin nearly straight; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed. | Pectoral reaches about two-thirds the distance to ventral; ventral | inserted slightly before the origin of the dorsal, and reaches two-thirds - the distance to anal. Caudal peduncle long, its least depth 23 in head. . Lateral line slightly decurved, and continuous. Color in alcohol dark brown, slightly olivaceous above, the lowell surface of the body pale or whitish; dorsal, caudal, ona pectorals - grayish or brownish black, the other fins pale. Length, 102 inches. Fresh waters of Japan. We have a number of examples of this species from Lake Jusan, in Aomori, Noyshiro (collection, K. Otaki), . and Junsaburogata (Nishitsu River), in Aomori (collection, S. Saito). Its distribution is probably mainly northern. (Named for Professor Tae ‘zanowsky, its discoverer.) = i - | No. 18. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 849 26. LEUCISCUS JOUYI Jordan and Snyder. Leuciscus jouyt JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1901; Sasuna, island of Tsushima, Straits of Korea. Head, 4; depth, 33; D. IJ, 7; A. II, 7; P., 16; V., 9; scales, 68 | in the lateral line; about 18 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and about 16 between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth, 2, 5—4, 2; width of head, about 1{ in its length; snout. 32 in head; eye,a little over 4; interorbital space, 24; pectoral, nearly 14; | ventral, 13. Body elongate, rather deep, and compressed. Head small, pointed, depressed, and its width equal to its depth; snout pointed, rounded, | and slightly produced; eye moderate, anterior, about 14 in snout: mouth slightly oblique, the maxillary protractile, and reaching poste- riorly to anterior edge of eye; lips somewhat fleshy, not dilated; several pharyngeal teeth of the outer row with narrow grinding sur- face, and others slightly curved; nostrils close together on sides of snout, nearer front of eye than tip of snout; interorbital space and top of head broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings large; gill-rakers | short and pointed, 2+6; pseudobranchiz present. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Seales large, cycloid, and of rather even size; no pectoral or ventral flap. Origin of dorsal much nearer the base of the caudal than tip of snout, and when depressed it reaches within a short distance of the base of the last anal ray; origin of anal about midway between tip of _ pectoral and base of caudal; caudal broad and deep, emarginate and the lobes rounded; pectoral about three-fifths to ventral; ventral inserted well before the dorsal, and much nearer the tip of pectoral than origin of anal. Caudal peduncle very deep and compressed, the least depth about equal to the depth of the head. Lateral line slightly decurved and continuous. Color in alcohol brown, a little darker above and somewhat paler _ beneath, the sides mottled with scales darker than the others. Leneth, 5,1; inches. This description from one of the cotypes, No. 6376, Ichthyological Collections Leland Stanford Junior University Museum. Locality, Sasuna, island of Tsushima. Of this species we have a number of specimens from Sasuna, island of Tsushima (cotypes), and we refer to it others from Kaminutani River near Lake Biwa, province of Omi. Most of our examples have a dark median band running along the back from the occiput to dorsal and then continued behind the fin to ‘caudal. Some are also more or less finely mottled with brown and _ have pores about the head. _ (Named for its discoverer, Pierre Louis Jouy.) é ; 850 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 16. PHOXINUS (Rafinesque) Agassiz. Phoxinus RAFINESQUE, Ich. Ohiensis, 1820, p. 15 (no species mentioned; phowinus understood). Phowinus AGAssiz, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neufchatel, 1835, p. 37 (phowxinus). Hemitremia Corr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1870, p. 462 (vittata). lotichthys JoRDAN and EvERMANN, Fish. N. M. Amer., I, 1898, p. 243 (phlegethontis), Europe, and Asia, differing from Leucisews only in the incomplete lat- eral line. The scales are usually small, and the fins of the breeding” males bright red in the spring. (fo&0s, tapering). This genus contains small, brightly colored minnows of s 27. PHOXINUS STEINDACHNERI Sauvage. ABURAMUTSU (FAT CHUB). Phoxinus steindachneri SAvuvaGe, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa, — Head 5% in total; depth 63 in total; D. 9; A. 9; scales 80 in the Jateral line. Snout longer than eye, which is 4% in head; interorbital space greater than eye. Dorsal beginning at an equal distance from — caudal peduncle and center of eye; caudal emarginate, yellowish, with numerous clouded black points; a blackish band from eye to caudal; dorsal and caudal dark; top of head and tip of snout black. Length 170 mm. (about 644 inches). Lake Biwa. (Sauvage.) This species is known solely from the account given by Dr. Sauvage. (Named for Dr. Franz Steindachner.) ea el 7a we 17. ZACCO Jordan and Evermann. Zacco JORDAN and EvERMANN, Fishes of Formosa, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., X XV, 1902, p. 322 (platypus). Body moderately elongate and compressed; head compressed; snout — conical, pointed; eyes moderate; mouth oblique, not notched; no— barbels; teeth 5 or 4,4, and 2 or 1—1, or 2, 4 and 4 or 5; interorbital space convex. Intestine short. Peritoneum black. Scales cycloid, narrowly imbricated, and 40 to 60 in the lateral line. Dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, or midway between, and its developed — rays 7; anal inserted below, or a trifle before tip of depressed dorsal; its basis long, and composed of 9 or 10 developed rays; caudal emargi- nate; pectorals sometimes reaching ventrals; ventrals inserted a little before or below the origin of dorsal. Lateral line continuous and decurved. Breeding males have the head, the lower surface of the caudal peduncle, and the anal fin furnished with horny tubercles, not as numerous as those in Opsardichthys, and larger in proportion, a e 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 851 The anal fin also has the developed rays fcloneats d aad with adipose expansions. (Zako, a Japanese name for river minnows, notably for Ach, logna- thus lanceolata.) (@ Scales about 43; teeth in inner row 2—2; sides with broad, dark cross bars. 5 latypus, 28 I . . U YI Ae aa Scales about 52, teeth in inner row mostly 1—1; a dark lateral band most distinct SESE (lene ete ee ee temminchki, 29, aaa Scales about 60; a dark longitudinal stripe most distinct posteriorly. b Maxillary not extending to opposite pupil, teeth 4, 4, 1—1, 4, 4 s sieboldi, 30. 28. ZACCO PLATYPUS (Schlegel). i ‘ HAE (MINNOW); OIKAWA. Leuciscus platypus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1840, p. 207, pl. cr, fig. 1; streams of Nagasaki. Opsariichthys platypus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 296; Japan and For- mosa.—SauvaGE, Bull. Soc. Phil., 1883, p. 8; Lake Biwa.—Isurkawa, Zool. Mag., 1895, p. 121; Hikone, Matsubara on Lake Biwa; Prel. Cat., 1897, p-11; Tega Lake in Shimosa, Fukiage, Tokyo, Chi R. in Musashi, Chichibu, Suwa Lake, Ise, Kishin, Lake Biwa, Zensho, Kyoto, Tsuyama R. Barilius platypus JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 344, Lake Biwa; Coll. K. Otaki; Check List Fishes of Japan, III, 1901, p. 47; Lake Biwa. Leuciscus macropus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japanica, Poiss., p. 209, pl. cr, fig. 2; Nagasaki. ; Leuciscus nunor SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japanica, Poiss, p. 210, pl. ct, fig. 83; Nagasaki. Head 4; depth 34; D. II, 7; A. III, 9; P. 13; V. 10; scales 43 in the lateral line; 8 scales between the origin of the dorsal and lateral line, and 5 scales between the latter ee middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 4; width of head 13 in length; snout a little over 3 in head; eye 43; interorbital space 27; pectoral 1; ventral 14. - Body elongate, compressed. Head moderate, compressed; snout slightly conical, pointed and not projecting; eye rather small, anterior and superior; mouth very oblique; the jaws rather thin and about equal; maxillary protractile, and not extending to the anterior margin of eye, but a trifle beyond the nostrils; no Barbells: pharyngeal teeth without grinding surface, and slightly hooked; nostrils close together on the sides of the snout and nearer the eye than the tip of the former; interorbital space and top of head rather broad and convex. Gill- rakers short and pointed; pseudobranchie present. Intestine short and with few turns. Peritoneum black. Scales rather large. and somewhat narrowly imbricated upon the sides; pectorals with a small, fleshy flap; ventrals with a small, scaly flap. Origin of the dorsal much nearer the tip of the snout than the base of eh dal: when depressed reaching beyond the origin of anal, and the base er the fin a little more than half the head; anal inserted Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 57 852 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. a little nearer base of caudal than the origin of pectoral, and the base of the fin equal to three-fourths the length of the head; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes sharply pointed; pectorals long, reaching the origin of the ventrals; ventrals inserted below the origin of the dorsal &nd reach to the origin of the anal. Caudal peduncle about ag_ long as the ventrals, and its least depth about half their length. . eral line strongly decurved and continuous to base of caudal. ; Color in alcohol, dark bluish black above, the lower surface of the ~ the other fins whitish with the anal tinged with grayish; sides of the head more or less grayish black. In life steel blue, the male with crimson fins. Length, 54% inches. where we found it abundant and highly colored. ‘ One of the most abundant of Japanese Cyprinide. It is represented — in our collections by very numerous specimens from Tsuchiura, the _ Kinu River at Utsonomiya, the Yodo River at Osaka, the Chikugo— River at Kurume, the Yabe River at Funayado; abundant in the clear water and very brilliant, Nagoya in Owari, Tana River at Tachikawa _ (caught by tame cormorants), Kawatana near Nagasaki, and Lake Biwa at Matsubara. j Breeding males are proyided with numerous large and hard, horny tubercles. They have the anal fin enormously developed, so that it extends beyond the base of the caudal, and it is also sometimes fur- nished with tubercles like those found upon the head. The colors of these males are also much brighter than others in which the coloration is more silvery. Young specimens are silvery and with distinct gray-— ish or pale brownish lateral bands posteriorly. . (zhatVs, broad; zovs, foot.) tyne a ae i te “~ j : rt % 29. ZACCO TEMMINCKII (Schlegel). KAWAMUTSU (RIVER CHUB). Leuciscus temminckii SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 210, pl. ct, fig., 45m Nagasaki. é Opsariichthys temminckii Gixruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 295, from ene of | Schlegel’s types.—Sauvacr, Bull. Soc. Philom, 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa.— ; Isnrkawa, Zool. Mag., 1895, p. 121; Hikone, Matsubara, Otsu; Zool. Mag., 5 VII, 1895, p. 121; Hikone, Matsubara on Lake Biwa. ; Barilius temmincki JorvAN and Snyper, Check-list Fishes Japan, 1901, p. 47;_ Lake Biwa.—IsuiKawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p- 11; Ise, Zensho, Kishin, Mat-_ subara on Lake Biwa. Head 33; depth 33; D. III, 7; A. III, 10; P. 1, 15; V. 9; scales 52° in the lateral line; 11 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the =— Ovo INO. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 853 ‘lateral line, and 6 scales between the latter and the middle of the belly. pharyngeal teeth 5, 4, 1—1, 4, 4; width of head 2 in its leneth: snout 4 in head; eyes 4; interorbital space 3; pectoral 14; ventral 1%. Body moderately elongate and compressed. Head moderate and compressed; snout slightly conical, pointed and not projecting; eye | moderate, anterior and superior; mouth oblique, the jaws moderately _thick-and about equal; maxillary protractile and reaching beyond the | anterior margin of the orbit; no barbels; pharyngeal teeth without grinding surface and slightly hooked; nostrils close together on the sides of the snout and nearer the eye than the tip of the former; inter- orbital space and top of head rather broad and convex. Gill-rakers short and pointed; pseudobranchie present. Intestine with few turns. Peritoneum black. - Scales moderate and somewhat narrowly imbricated along the sides; pectorals with a small, fleshy flap; ventrals with a pointed, scaly flap. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; when depressed reaching slightly beyond the origin of the anal, and the base of the fin 24 in head; origin of anal inserted a little nearer tip of pectoral than base of caudal and its base 2 in head; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes pointed; pectorals long and terminating near the origin of the yventrals; ventrals reaching for three-quarters the distance to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle 1% in head and its least depth 22 in head. Lateral line strongly decurved and continuous to base of caudal along lower. . Color in alcohol dark brown above, pale or silvery below; sides with a distinct deep brown, lateral band, broader and darker posteriorly; dorsal and caudal grayish, the former with dark streaks between the fin rays, and the other fins more or less pale. Length, 44 inches. This description from a male taken at Kawatana. This locality, together with the Mogi River, near Nagasaki, are the only places where the species was obtained by Jordan and Snyder. We have numerous specimens from Mogi. This species is close to Zacco séeboldi, and is distinguished chiefly by its larger scales and having the maxillary reaching to or slightly beyond the anterior margin of the eye. Breeding males have horny tubercles on the sides of the head and about the snout. (Named for Prof. C. J. Temminck of Leyden, the associate of Schlegel.) 854 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 30. ZACCO SIEBOLDI (Schlegel). Leuciscus sieboldii ScuteGe., Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 211, pl. ct, fig. 5; Nagasaki. Opsariichthys sieboldii GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 295 (copied ).—SauvaGg, — Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa. Head 4; depth 32; D. Hl, 7; A: III, 10; P. 1, 11; V. 9; scales Glam in the lateral line; 13 seales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line, and 5 between the latter and the middle of the belly; Z pharyngeal teeth 4, 4, 1—1, 4, 4; width of head 14 in its length; snout — 34 in head; eye 43; interorbital space 23; pectoral 14; ventral 13. Body moderately elongate and compressed. Head pointed and com-_ pressed; snout somewhat conical, pointed, but not projecting; eye — rather small, anterior and superior; mouth very oblique, the jaws — moderately thin and about equal, the maxillary protractile and reach-— ing posteriorly almost to the anterior margin of the eye; no barbels; — pharyngeal teeth without grinding surface and slightly hooked; nos- — trils close together, on the sides of the snout, and nearer the eye than — the tip of former; interorbital space broad and very slightly convex. Gill-rakers short and pointed; pseudobranchie present. Intestine — short and with few turns. Peritoneum black. Seales small, cycloid and somewhat imbricated upon the sides; pec- — torals with a short, fleshy flap; ventrals with a small, scaly flap. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, when depressed reaching beyond the origin of the anal, and its base 2 in head; anal inserted a little nearer the tip of the pectoral than the base of caudal, and the base of the fin 14 in head; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed; pectorals moderate, reaching about two-thirds the distance to origin of ventrals; ventrals inserted before origin of dorsal, broad and bluntly rounded, and reaching three- fourths the space to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle about equal to ventrals, and its least depth about two-thirds their length. Lateral line strongly decurved, continuous, and running along the lower part of caudal peduncle. — Color in alcohol, dark brown above, pale or whitish below; a dis- tinct median, longitudinal, dark, brownish-black band, becoming broad posteriorly, and continuing to the base of the caudal; dorsal grayish with a blackish streak between each pair of rays, forming a broad band across the fin, the upper edge whitish; caudal grayish, the edges dark; anal pale, with grayish black markings between the rays; pectorals and ventrals pale, tinged with grayish. Length, 5% inches. This description from an adult breeding male from Lake Biwa at Matsubara. Of this species we have many specimens from Lake Biwa at Matsu- bara, the Chikugo River at Kurume, near Nagoya in Owari, Kibami TRE re a ee nt eR ae eT Le ee et a o> i RY OS take hie er aime oh + NO. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN ADD FOWLER. 855 ‘in Omi (collection in Imperial Museum), Funayado in Kiusiu. and Odd * -Karasaki on Lake Biwa (collection K. Otaki). Breeding males, like those of Zacco platypus, have the sides of the head furnished with many large, horny tubercles, also the lower sur- face of the caudal peduncle and the anal fin. The rays of the anal are expanded and elongated. The color cf the head is deep blackish- brown. Young specimens always have a blackish lateral band. (Named for Philip Fredrik Siebold, of Leyden, who collected about _ Nagasaki and Omura, and under whose direction the Fauna Japonica was prepared.) 18. OPSARIICHTHYS Bleeker. Opsariichthys BLEEKER, Atl. Ichthyol. Cyprin., 1860, p. 28 (awncirostris). Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather pointed, _ greatly compressed, and the sides flattened; snout long; eye small, =?) a high; mouth large, very oblique, the maxillary reaching anterior mar- gin of eye, and with a deep notch into which each ramus of the mand- ible fits; no barbels; teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 5, on long, thin, pharyngeal bones; interorbital space broad and flat. Gill-rakers short, 3+-9. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales moderate, about 50, and more or less narrowly imbricated; a short pectoral flap. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; anal basis long, with 9 developed rays, and its origin falling a little anterior to the tip of the depressed dorsal; caudal deeply emarginate; ventrals inserted below the origin of the dorsal. Lateral line continuous, and decurved. Breeding males have the head, lower surface of the caudal peduncle, and the anal fin furnished with numerous small horny tuber- cles. The anal fin has its rays elongate and more or less adipose. Species of large size, inhabiting the Japanese lakes, especially deli- cate as food. (opapior, a little fish; 2VOUC, fish.) 31. OPSARIICHTHYS UNCIROSTRIS (Schlegel.) HASU. Leuciscus uncirostris ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 211, pl. cu, fig. 2; near Nagasaki. Opsariichthys uncirostris GintHer, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 295 (copied ).— Sauvace, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa—IsHikawa, Zool. Mag., VIL, (Tokyo) 1895, p. 121, figs. 1, 2, 3; Lake Biwa in Omi—Isuikawa, Prel. Cat. 1897, p. 12; Nagahama and Matsubara on Lake Biwa—Jorpan and SnypeEr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 1900, p. 344; Lake Biwa; Coll. Kk. Otaki—Jorpan and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, III, (Tokyo) 1901, p. 47; Lake Biwa. Head 33; depth 32; D. II, 7; A. Il, 9; P. I, 16; V. 9; scales 50 in the lateral line; 10 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line, and 5 between the latter and the middle of belly; 856 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, pharyngeal teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 5; width of head 2} in its length; snout 34 in head; eye 7; interorbital space 34; pectoral 14, ventral 14; eye 2 in snout, . Be dy elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather pointed, ereatly compressed, the sides flattened, and the upper profile almost straight; sides of snout rounded, and the tip blunt and truncated; eye small, anterior and superior; mouth large, very oblique, maxillary reaching the anterior margin of the eye, protractile, ensheathed above, | and with a deep notch along the sides, into which the rami of the mandible fit; lower jaw projecting, and the symphysis fitted into a notch in the upper jaw; pharyngeal teeth on thin and long bones, more or less conical, several in the larger row with narrow grinding surface, and all rather small; nostrils close together on the sides of the snout, — and about a half an eye diameter distant from the upper front of the— eye; interorbital space and top of the head broad and flattened, the — former very slightly elevated. Gill-openings moderately large. Gill-_ rakers 3-+9, short and firm; pseudobranchix present. Intestine with — few turns, short. Peritoneum pale or silvery. | Seales large, cycloid, and more or less narrowly imbricated; a short, — fleshy pectoral flap; ventrals with a scaly flap at base. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal. when depressed, reaching beyond the origin of the anal, the base of the fin 24 in head, and its upper edge straight; origin of anal a little nearer the base of caudal than middle of pectoral, and the base of the fin 13 in head; caudal deeply emarginate, and the lobes pointed; pec torals long, reaching four-fifths the distance to origin of ventrals: origin of ventral below that of dorsal and reaching to within a short — distance of the origin of the anal. Caudal peduncle 12 in head, and its least depth 3 in head. Lateral line continuous, inferior, and running — along the lower part of the caudal pedu cle. Color in alcohol, dark brown above, the lower portions of the body pale; dorsal with the membranes between the rays and the tips of the — posterior rays, grayish black, the rest of the fin paler; anal and caudal more or less grayish; pectorals and ventrals pale. Male with rosy | shades in life. , Se ae eel i . Length, 124 inches. This description from an adult male from Lake Biwa. Of this species we have numerous specimens from Lake Biwa, at the little fishing hamlet of Matsubara, near Hikone, Lake Yogo, im Mino, the Yodo River at Osaka, and a few examples from the collec- tion of K. Otaki, from Karasaki, on Lake Biwa. ‘ This and numerous other species were collected also at Otsu, the — chief town on Lake Biwa, by Prot. James F. Abbott. Breeding males have the sides of the head, snout, mandible, lower surface of caudal peduncle, and anal fin provided with horny tubereles. o wt we ee Se no. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 857 “The anterior anal rays are elongate and extend to the base of the caudal. The species, known locally as Hasu, reaches a larger size than any ‘other Japanese minnow, except Jshikauia steenacker’. \t 1s vere delicate and finely flavored when boiled, and is much appreciated by _ Japanese epicures. It is also eaten raw. (uncus, hook; rostrum, snout.) 19. ISCHIKAUIA Jordan and Snyder. Ischikawia Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 346 (steenackeri). Body elongate, compressed and deep. Head small, compressed, the upper profile nearly straight; snout and eye about equal, the latter about in the middle of the depth of the head; mouth very oblique, the maxillary protractile and reaching nostril; no barbel; teeth 5, 4, 2— 2, 4, 5; interorbital space convex. Gill-rakers short and weak, about 4+9. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales small, cycloid, about 70. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; first developed ray of dorsal stiffened, spine-like; anal inserted behind tip of depressed dorsal, its base long, of 15 developed rays; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed; ventral inserted below origin of dorsal. Lateral line greatly decurved and concurrent with the lower profile of the body to the caudal. Size large, color dusky. This genus seems to be allied to the Chinese genus Xenocypris, dif- ’ fering in the smaller numbers of the teeth. (Named for Chiyomatsu Ishikawa, director of the Imperial Museum at Tokyo, who first sent us the species from Lake Biwa.) 32. ISCHIKAUIA STEENACKERI (Sauvage). WADAKA; WATAKO (COTTON-THING); UMANO. Opsariichthys steenackert SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Poiss., 1883, p. 3; Lake Biwa. Ischikauia steenackeri JorpAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 346, pl. x; Lake Biwa. ‘Genus? species? Wadaka”’ Isurxawa, Zool. Mag., 1895, p. 129; Otsu, Hikone, Nagahama. Head 5; depth 38; D. III, 7; A. Ill, 15; P. 17; V. 9; scales 70 in the lateral line; 12 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lat- eral line, and 7 between the latter and the middle of the belly; pharyn- geal teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 5; width of head 12 in its length; snout 4 in head; eye 4; interorbital space 23; pectoral about 1s; ventral 14. Body elongate, compressed and deep. Head small, compressed, and the upper profile nearly straight; snout about equal to eye, bluntly pointed; eye large, anterior, and nearly in the middle of the depth of the head; mouth very oblique, the jaws nearly equal, the maxillary Fig. 8.—ISCHIKAUIA STEENACK ERI, 2 as 2 0.18%. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 859 oo nue reaching below . the nostril; lips fleshy; pharyngeal teeth compressed, and those in the outer rows with a narrow grinding surface; nostrils close together on the sides of the snout and near the eye; interorbital space broad and convex. Opercles striated. Gill- openings large; gill-rakers short, pointed, 4+ 9%; pseudopranchive present. Intestine rather short; peritoneum gray. Scales large, cycloid and of even size; a small pectoral flap; ventral flap present. _ Origin of dorsal midway between the tip of snout and base of caudal; when depressed reaching almost to origin of anal, the base of the fin 12 in its height, and its upper margin straight; anal inserted nearer origin of ventral than base of caudal; the base of the fin long, about equal to the length of the ventral, and its edge straight; caudal deeply emarginate, and the lower lobe the longer; pectoral a little more than two-thirds to origin of ventral; ventral three-fifths to anal. Caudal peduncle deep, compressed, and its least depth 2 in head. Lateral line decurved, and concurrent with the lower profile of the body to the caudal. Color in alcohol, dark brown above, below silvery or whitish; dorsal and caudal brownish; pectorals tinted with brown, the other fins pale; posterior edge of each scale upon the sides and upper surface with a dark spot. Length, 12 inches. Described from No. 6247 Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum (collection K. Otaki). Of this species we have many specimens from the collection of K. Otaki from Karasaki on Lake Biwa, Maebara on Lake Biwa, and the neighboring village of fisheries, called Matsubara; the Yodo River at Osaka, Noyshiro (collection K. Otaki), and Matsubara on Lake Biwa (collection C. Ishikawa). This fish is known only from Lake Biwa and its outlet, Yodo River, being locally very abundant, and known commonly as Wadaka. It grows to a large size, and is sold in the markets of Maebara, Otsu, and Osaka, but it is little valued as food. (Named for its discoverer, Francisque Steenacker.) 20. CARASSIUS Nilsson. Carassius Nitsson, Prodromus, Ichthy. Scand., 1832 (carassius). Body oblong, compressed and elevated. Mouth terminal, without barbels. Teeth 4—4, molar, but compressed. Scales large. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal fins very long, with the third ray developed into a stout spine, which is serrated behind; anal short with a similar spine. Ventrals well forward. Large species of the fresh waters of Europe and Asia; often domesticated. (carassius, a Latinization of the vernacular names Karass or Karausche, applied to the European Crucian carp, C: CUPUSSLUS. ) 860) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV1 33. CARASSIUS AURATUS (Linnzus). FUNA, HIWARA, GENGOROBUNA (JOHNNY CARP). Cyprinus auratus Lrnnaxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 323. Carassius auratus Gonruer, Cat. Fish., VII, p. 32, and of all recent authors. | D. II, 18; A. II, 7; Scales, 26; teeth 4—4. Body stout, covered with | large scales. Dorsal and anal ince eee spines strong, coarsely serrated. Coloration olivaceous, usually orange, or variegated in ) domestication. t Length, 12 inches. Common everywhere in the streams of Japan and China. Our very numerous specimens of the common goldfish are from Chikugo River» at Kurume, Tsuchiura, Same, Matsushima, Lake Biwa at Matsubaras, Yodo River in Osaka, Wakanoura, Rome Nagasaki, Owari near. Nagoya, Lake Yogo at Mino, Aomori, Migata, Monge Sendai, Tokyo Kawatana, Tsuruga, and Tokyo. In its native condition the species) is plain dark olivaceous. ‘i (auratus, gilded.) , 21: CY PRINUS) GArteG?) Pimms us: 5 Cyprinus (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 320 (carpio). Body robust, compressed. Mouth moderate, anterior, with + long’ barbels. Snout blunt, rounded. Teeth molar, broad and truncate, 1, 1,3—3,1,1. Scales large. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin very long, with a stout spine, serrated behind; anal fin short, also with a_ ; spine. Large fishes of the fresh waters of Asia; introduced into~ Europe and America as food-fishes. (cumpiyo€, the ancient name of the carp.) 34. CYPRINUS CARPIO Linnezus. KOT. Cyprinus carpio Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 320.—GiinrHER, Cat., VII, p. 25, and of all authors. Dorsal ITI, 20; A. TH, 5; scales 5==38 "Se teeth 1) eno see 30dy stout, more or less compressd, heavy anteriorly. L. 18 inches or more. Fresh waters of central Asia; introduced as a food-fish into Europe and America. In domestication, it has run into many varie- ties, distinguished by differences in form, squamation, and develop- ment of fins. The carp, or koi, is common throughout southern Japan, having doubtless been introduced from China. although much less common than the goldfish, or Funa. (carpio, carp.) ee JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. — 8 ~~ ;i_ SUMMARY. Family Cyprinip». 1. Pseudoperilampus Bleeker. 1. typus Bleeker; Tsuruga, Tsuchiura, Matsushima, Tokyo. 2. Paracheilognathus Bleeker. 2. rhombea (Schlegel) ; Matsubara and Karasaki on Lake Biwa, Yodo River, Chikugo River, Funayado, Lake Yogo. 3. Acheilognathus Bleeker. limbata (Schlegel); Lake Yogo, Iwai River at Ichinoseki, Nagoya, Kitakami River at Morioka. . lanceolata (Schlegel); Tsuchiura, Chikugo River, Yodo River, Lake Biwa at - Matsubara and Katata, Lake Yogo, Funayado, Wakanoura, Nagoya. 5. cyanostigma Jordan and Fowler; Lake Biwa at Matsubara, Lake Yogo. 4. Gnathopogon Bleeker. | 5. elongatus (Schlegel); Lake Biwa. . gracilis (Schlegel). 5. Hemibarbus Bleeker. 8. barbus (Schlegel); Yodo River, Lake Jensaburogata in Aomori, Chikugo River, Tokyo, Formosa. 6. Leucogobio Gunther. 9. giintheri Ishikawa; Matsubara, Lake Biwa, Nagoya, Katata, Kurume. 10. jordani Ishikawa. 11. mayede (Jordan and Snyder); Karasaki, Zeze, and Matsubara on Lake Biwa, . Yodo River, Nagoya. 12. biwe (Jordan and Snyder); Matsubara on Lake Biwa. 7. Pseudogobio Bleeker. . esocinus (Schlegel); Karasaki and Matsubara on Lake Biwa, Kitakami River at Morioka, Matsushima, Kinu River, Tsuruga, Yodo River, Kawatana, Iwai River at Ichinoseki, Kaminutani River. 8. Sarcocheilichthys Bleeker. . variegatus (Schlegel); Matsubara on Lake Biwa, Yodo River, Chikugo River, Lake Yogo, Nagoya, Tsuchiura, Funayado, Tokyo. 9, Abbottina Jordan and Fowler. . psegma Jordan and Fowler; Yodo River, Osaka, Chikugo River, Iwai River. . 10. Zezera Jordan and Fowler. . hilgendorfi Gala); riverat Funayado in Kiusiu, Kamo River in Yamashiro. 11. Biwia Jordan and Fowler. . zezera (Ishikawa); Yodo River at Osaka. 862 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY¥ 12. Pseudorasbora Bleeker. 18. parva (Schlegel); Tsuchiura, Nagoya, Lake Yogo, Lake Biwa at Matsubara an Karasaki, Iwai River, Chikugo River, Yodo River. 13. Otakia Jordan and Snyder, 19. rasborina Jordan and Snyder; Karasaki on Lake Biwa. 14. Tribolodon Sauvage. ZO: punctatus Sauvage. 15. Leuciseus Cuvier. 21. japonicus (Sauvage). 22. cerulescens (Sauvage). 23. phalacrocorax Jordan and Fowler; Tana River at Tachikawa, Koshyu, Kinuw) River at Utsonomiya. 24. hakuensis Gunther; Lake Jusan, Kawajiri, Kitakami River near Morioka, Ka tase River near Enoshima, Matsushima, Same, Sendai, Niigata, Iwai River a Ichinoseki, Tsuruga, Kinu River at Utsonomiya, Hakodate, Otaru, Noyshingl Hiroshima, Oide, Lake Biwa at Karasaki. ; 25. taczanowskii Steindachner; Lake Jusan in Aomori, Nishitzu River, Aomori, Noy- shiro. | 26. jouyi Jordan and Snyder; Sasuna, Tsushima, Kaminutani River. : 16. Phoxinus (Rafinesque) Agassiz. 27. steindachneri Sauvage. a 17. Zacco Jordan and Eyermann. | 28. platypus (Schlegel); Tsuchiura, Kinu River at Utsonomiya, Yodo River at Osaka, Chikugo River at Kurume, Yobe River at Funayado, Nagoya, Tana River at Tachikawa, Kawatana, Lake Biwa at Matsubara 29. temmincki (Schlegel) ; Kawatana, Mogi. 30. sieboldi (Schlegel); Lake Biwa at Matsubara and Karasaki, Chikugo River at Kurume, Nagoya, Kitami, Funayado. 18. Opsariichthys Bleeker. 31. uncirostris (Schlegel); Lake Biwa at Matsubara and Karasaki, Lake Yogo, Yodo River. 19. Ischikauia Jordan and Snyder. 32. steenackeri (Sauvage); Lake Biwa at Maebara, Matsubara and Karasaki, Noyshiro, Yodo River at Osaka. 20.. Carassius Nilsson. . auratus (Linneeus); everywhere in central and southern Japan. 21. Cyprinus Linneeus. carpio (Linnzeus); throughout southern and central Japan, probably introduced. w RHE PHASMIDA, OR WALKINGSTICKS, OF THE UNITED | STATES. By ANDREW NELSON CAUDELL, Of the Departinent of Agriculture. The Phasmide is one of the most interesting families of the order Orthoptera. It is poorly represented in the United States, and the species, being mimetic in nature, are not commonly met with. Our forms are all apterous and are confined in their distribution to the southern half of the country, with the exception of the species of the genus Diapheromera, one otf which extends into Canada. The name * walkingstick ” is commonly applied to these insects, and the common northern species, Diapheromera femorata Say, is the best known rep- resentative of the family. There is a popular belief extant in some parts of the country that these insects are very poisonous to stock when eaten by them. For this reason they have been called the ‘mule killer,” though this name is more often applied to species of the family Mantide, which are said to be especially fatal to that useful animal. Among other popular names given to the walkingsticks are Devil's riding horse, Prairie alligator, Stick bug, Witch’s horse, Devil’s darn- ing needle, Scorpion, and Musk mare, the latter applied only, I believe, to the species of the genus An/somorphu. ~ Nowhere do we find more striking instances of protective resem- plance than those afforded by members of this family of curious insects. Tn the tropics, where these insects abound, such amazing adaptations as the wonderful Walkingleaf, Phy//ium scythe, and other large, winged forms are found. In the United States the species are all wingless ‘and mimic different kinds of twigs, especially so the more slender ‘species of the genera Diapheromera, Bacunculus, and Parabacilus. The Phasmide are insects of very deliberate motion, especially the females. They do not depend upon locomotion for protection from ‘their enemies, but to their deceptive resemblance and, in some cases, to the power of emitting an offensive spray from special glands situated on the prothorax. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1335. 863 ean S64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI The species are exec celusively hevuimonene none being known to take animal food. One exception is recorded where some partially starve leaf insects nibbled at the foliaceous expansions of their fellows, but. not enough to injure them in any way. The female of one of ow species has been recorded as eating off the head of the male while. under the influence of sexual excitement, but the insect in question was most surely not a Phasmid but a Mantid, as this habit is not at all uncommon among some members of that family. * Regeneration of limbs is quite common among the Ph: asmides, Such limbs are much smaller and may always be distinguished by the absence of one tarsal joint, all regenerated limbs being tetramerous. . According to Seudder, if the leg be removed nearer to the body than) the trochantero-femoral articulation the limb will not be replaced. The eggs of our species are dropped at random on the ground, . Oviposition takes place in the fall of the year with our common north- ern species and the eggs lie over winter, and sometimes even through a second, before the nymphs issue. When the young walkingstick j is in the egg, ready to emerge, the meso- and metathorax are not! remarkably elongate, but before the little creature is fairly out of its narrow prison the thoracic segments. assume their usual proportions. It is said to be a most curious sight by those who have observed this. almost instantaneous development. . In my studies of these insects specimens of all of our species have: been examined, except Diapheromera mesdlana and carolina and) Psendosermyle stramineus. The material of the U.S. National Museum) forms the basis of this paper. Specimens were loaned for study by the + Colorado and Oklahoma experiment stations. For various kindnesses : I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professors Scudder and Bruner | and Mr. J. A. G. Rehn. The family Phasmidze may be defined as follows: Body elongate, subcylindrical; abdomen with ten segments, the» basal one usually coalesced to the posterior part of the metathorax, . sometimes entirely invisible;“ all of the legs equally ambulatory;, wings wholly absent in the United States species, the location of the: metathoracic pair, and sometimes the mesothoracic pair also, gener- ally indicated by a stationary wing-liké pad, bearing a gland, presum- ably a scent gland; tarsi five jointed, except in Z/meonc, terminated | by two claws, between which is a large arolium; ovipositor concealed | by the subgenital plate; cerci inarticulate. “In deseriptive work the first abdominal segment is spoken of as the intone segment and the abdomen is considered as consisting of nine segments. Thus the basal or first abdominal segment as used in the following pages is really the true second one. Likewise the seventh, eighth, and ninth segments are, respectively, the eighth, ninth, and tenth ones. The generally inconspicuous nature of the true basal segment, which is sometimes even wholly invisible, makes this nomenclature seem advisable. iiss. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 865 —_* — - The species occurring in the United States fall into four er oimilice separated as follows. a. Antennze not more than one-half as long as the anterior femora. -_---CLrruM NIN» aa. Antenne distinctly longer than the anterior femora. i . = e = = : b. Mesothorax never less than four times as long as the prothorax, generally more; tibize not furnished at the apex beneath witha sunken areola. -BacuNncuLin © | bb. Mesothorax never more than three times as long as the prothorax, generally less; tibiae furnished at apex beneath with a sunken areola. c. Coxze visible from above; tarsi five jointed...-.-..--.------1 \ NISOMORPHINE ec. Coxze invisible from above; tarsi three jointed.............-.-.--- TIMEMINE Subfamily CLIULTUMNIN 44. . The insects representing this subfamily in the United States are very slender wingless walkingsticks with antenne much shorter than the anterior femora in both sexes. The legs are slender and unarmed and the tibiz are carinate beneath to the apex. The median segment is short and inconspicuous. Pronotum short as in Lacunculine. Cerci moderate, incurved in the male and straight in the female. We have but one genus, which is here characterized as new. | PARABACILLUS, new genus. 12. | Bacillus ScuppER (not Latreille), Psyche, VI, 1893, p. 3 Antenne less than one-half as long as the anterior femora, composed of six or seven segments in the male and probably about that number in the female, but there, as also sometimes in the male, the segments are so closely connate as to be inseparable, except the first and second, which are very distinct.“ Head subpyriform, horizontal. Eyes small, -yound. Thorax with the pronotum about one-fifth as long as the -mesonotum. Legs, smooth, unarmed, long and slender. Cerci as in — Diapheromera. _ Dr. Scudder considered the species of this genus to belong to the subfamily Bacillinee and placed them in the old world genus Laci//us. - But the absence of an areola at the apex of the tibiv below refers them to the subfamily Clitumnine. In many particulars the genus seems closely allied to the genus Puraclitunmus of Brunner von Wattenwye. We have a single species of the genus. PARABACILLUS COLORADUS Scudder. Plate LVII, fig. 1; Plate LVIII, fig. 1. Bacillus coloradus ScuppEr, Psyche, VI, 1893, p. 372; Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., IX, 1902, p. 21, pl.1, fig. 4. Bacillus carinatus ScuppER, Psyche, VI, 1893, p. 372. ar, belongs to this genus, but the antenne are composed The Bacillus palmeri of the author, recently described « Bacillus hispanicus Boliv of sixteen distinct segments. 3 _ from Mexico, is also a member of this genus. - ; S66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX The following description is that of the author.“ which is quoted i full: Bacillus coloradus Scudder (pl. 1, fig. 4), Baker’s ranch, Beulah, Sapello Canyo 8000’ on Monarda stricta (Willmatte P. Cockerell); La Trementina (Alice Blake), The following description was taken from the first specimen, which is that figured: Testaceous, more or less clouded with fuscous dorsally. Head striped feebly with fuscous, especially above and with five subequidistant delicate longitudinal caring whole thorax and abdomen similarly carinate, but otherwise smooth except for very minute rather sparsely scattered ferruginous granules between the dorsal and sub- dorsal carinve; second joint of antennze small and globular, the remainder consistin: of a hardly articulate, slightly depressed, lanceolate, bluntly pointed mass. Length of body, 48 mm.; antennze, 4.5 mm.; mesothorax, 10.5 mm.; metathorax, — 8.5 mm.; abdomen, 25 mm.; hind femora, 12 mm.; width of metathorax in middle, — 1.5 mm. The above description is from a female specimen. The males : are more slender, with longer antenne and legs. From a study of a series of specimens, both male and female, from | Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California I conclude 7 that there is but one species. They show a certain amount of varia- tion in color and size, but afford no specific characters. The antenn of a mature pair from California measure 5 mm. in the female and a mm. in the male. One male from Arizona has antenne measuring 12 mm. in length. The color varies from almost wholly infuscated to alight brown. One female from California has an extreme length of very nearly 70 mm. But there are all stages of gradation between these extremes of color and size and no characters present themsely es to warrant the recognition of more than the one species. Subfamily BACUNCT LIN. i ggg en gale he The members of this subfamily are long, slender, stick-like insects | with the mesothorax at least five times as long as the prothorax; antenne, except in Sermyle, more than twice as long as the anterior | femora; tibiz without a sunken areola at apex beneath. i The slender body at once distinguishes this subfamily from the others of our fauna except Clitumnine. The long antenne, however, ; readily separates it from that group. We ee four genera of Bacunculinee occurring in the United States. The collie table | will serve to separate them: : a. Head subquadrate or subcylindrical, usually distinctly longer than broad, attached obliquely or horizontally. (Plate LVII, fig. 4.) Male cerei subequal through- | out or apically trifid. b. Middle femora of the male not much swollen, not thicker than the posterior — ones; posterior femora unarmed in both sexes. ‘ f z ’ 5 ce. Male cerci apically trifid, head carinate or longitudinally rugose between the eyes; antennie rarely twice as long as the anterior femora. « Pseudosermyle, new genus. — cc. Male cerci simple; head smooth; antennze more than twice as long as the” anterior femora --......2......2.42 Bacunculus Burmeister, “Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1902, p. 21. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 867 bb. Middle femora of the male much swollen, distinctly thicker than the px Sate } i“ ones; posterior femora armed beneath on the median line near the apex with a single spine, in the male very prominent, in the female often very - small and sometimes wholly absent ---.--------------- Diapheromera Gray ad. Head ovate, short, scarcely longer than broad, attached vertically (Plate LVII fig. 27); male cerci spatulate, much broader apically than at the base (Plate WR Deep) ee an = ne nme eee end Vegaphasma, new genus. PSEUDOSERMYLE, new genus. Head subcylindrical, distinctly longer than broad, horizontally attached to the thorax and in front between and behind the eyes either carinate or longitudinally rugose; antenns no more, or but little more, than twice as long as the anterior femora; legs unarmed; basal seg- ment of the abdomen generally subquadrate in the female, twice a more than twice as long in the male. Cerci of the female simple, of the male apically trifid. This genus, of which 7. banks: may be considered the type, 1s most nearly allied to Sermyle Stal, but differs in the character of the male cerci, which are simple in the latter genus.” The head of the only species of Sermyle examined, a female from Guatemala, is very much shorter in proportion than found in the species of Pseudosermyle. It is also somewhat closely allied to Bacunculus, and the most stable character for its separation from that genus, exclusive of the male ~ genital characters, seems to be the dorsally carinate or rugose head. The males of Pseudosermyle strigata and arbuscula are unknown and it may be that these species will eventually prove to belong to Sermy/e, but until the male sex is made known it is deemed safest to include them here. Pseudosermyle is represented in the United States by five species, which may be separated by the following tables. The first table is based wholly upon the characters of the female: a. Body multicarinate or longitudinally rugose. b. Cerci short, no more than three times as long as the greatest width; supraanal plate subtruncate or obtusangulate at the apex. ¢. Femora short and stout (Plate LVIII, fig. 4), the posterior ones about nine TEE nee oe = 2 arbuscula Rehn. cc. Femora longer and more slender (Plate LVIJI, fig. 34), the posterior ones about twenty mm. in length--.----------------77"7" truncata, new species. bb. Cerci long, six times as long as the greatest width; supraanal plate acutely pee eaten apex. 9--<---- === --= 2222 n renee strigata Scudder. stramineus Scudder. Pseudosermyle banksiit does not appear in the above table for the reason that the female is unknown. The species of which the males aThe male of Sermyle mexicanus Saussure, the type of Sermyle, is not positively known, but a male specimen that Stal thought quite surely belonged to that genus had simple cerci, as in Bacunculus. Besides this, other Mexican species referret to this genus haye simple cerci. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——958 868 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX are known may be separated by the following table, which is based wholly upon the characters of that sex: a. Seventh abdominal segment distinctly inflated on the posterior half. b. Long and slender, length about 60 mm .........--.--.--.- banksii, new species. bb. Shorter and less slender, length about 40 mm-_.......__- truncata, new species. aa. Seventh abdominal segment not inflated --..............-.- stramineus Scudder. PSEUDOSERMYLE ARBUSCULA Rehn. Sermyle arbuscula Rerun, Can. Ent., XX XIV, 1902, p. 273. The following description of this species is taken in full from the author’s article referred to above: Type, female, San Diego, California, May 7, 1901. This species does not seem to be very closely related to any of the previously — known species of the genus. From azteca Saussure, it is differentiated by having the femora carinate and striate; from saussurit Stal, by the nonampliate sixth abdominal — segment; and from strigata Scudder, by the more robust limbs and the less strongly striate body. With mexicana and linearis Saussure, no affinity exists. General form slender, the thoracic portion rather robust. Head rather elongate, bearing two central longitudinal rugee, which become obscure caudad, the whole surface of the head rather tuberculate, the tubercles being longitudinally disposed; eyes subspherical, slightly exerted; antennze longer than cephalic femora; the prox- imal segment large and broad, with the distal section contracted, this segment over twice as large in bulk as the next. Pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum tuber- culate, the tubercles resolving into longitudinal series, this being more apparent on the metanotum, the mesonotum and metanotum being centrally carinate; pronotum rather narrow, not quite equaling the head in length; mesonotum long (with pro- notum equaling the cephalic femora), the lateral margins slightly tuberculate; meta- notum very considerable shorter than the mesonotum, comparatively robust, expanding in the caudal portion. Abdomen rather slender, multistrigate, none of the segments exhibiting any special ampliation; ventral surface between the sixth and seventh segments exhibiting a pair of flattened longitudinal processes. Cephalic femora heavy, with the proximal diastema (found in many representatives of this family) rather well marked, the remaining section of the segment being inflated and with three prominent angles; tibiae as long as the femora, quadrate slightly taper- ing; first tarsal joint about as long as the succeeding ones. Intermediate femora short, triangular in section, equaling the metanotum (and median segment) in length; tibize depressed, about equaling the femora in length; first tarsal joint con- siderably less than the succeeding joints in length. Caudal femora short, reaching the middle of the third abdominal segment, roughly triangular in section; tibice rather longer, reaching to the apex of the first segment. General color, reddish brown, washed with ashy gray on the cephalic limbs. Measurements. mm. Length of body .-..-..... 2... 2.9.05 24. 12 ee 54 Length of pronotum...... 2. 22.22.2002 ee 3 Length of mesonotum ..../2....--.-1.0.2 ee 12 Length of metanotum (with median segment) |. oi22 2 S85 8.7 Length of abdomen .... 20.2... .2.<-0002.-- 2 ee 28 Length of cephalic femora .............-.:.... eee 14 Length of intermediate femora ........:....-... ea 7.5 Length of caudal femora............-..:2.....4). 2 8.7 a a a a 0.1885. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 869 » The supranaal plate of this species is shown at Plate LVII, fig. 3. ae for this drawing I am indebted to the describer. This species seems remarkable for the extreme brevity of the posterior femora. PSEUDOSERMYLE TRUNCATA, new species. Plate LVIII, figs. 3, 3a, 30. Color grayish brown. Head above with two pairs of prominent arine, the carine of each pair subparallel at base, flaring somewhat ust beyond the middle and then rapidly converging slightly beyond ‘the eyes by the incurving of the outer carina. Just anterior of the ‘termination of these carine is an elevated, posteriorly bifurcated tubercle and between the two pairs of carine isa minute mesial carina extending halfway along the length of the head. Antenne basally thicker than in strigata. Pronotum above with a slight mesial longi- “tudinal incision and with a shallow transverse furrow just behind the middle which does not extend to the borders, which are strongly cari- “nate; disk with two subdorsal carine, less distinct behind the transverse furrow, and with a couple of indistinct, less elevated carine between “them and the border of the pronotum; mesonotum, and metanotum, ‘together with the intermediary segment and the abdomen carinated as in strigata, but the whole body is much less covered with tubercles, “the abdomen being almost entirely destitute of them and the thorax supplied more sparingly than in that species. Legs much more robust _ than in strigata and showing traces of fuscous bands more noticeable onthe middle femora. Sup ‘aanal plate broader than in s¢r7gata and ~subtruncate apically. Cerci short and compa ‘atively broad, about three _ times as long as broad. Length of body, 73 mm.; mesothorax, 16.5 mm.; metathorax, 10.5 ~mm.; middle femora, 15 mm.; hind femora, 20 mm. ° : One female, Dos Cabezos, Arizona, June, 1891. B Type.—No. 6618, U.S.N.M. : One immature female specimen, in poor condition, from Bright Angel, Arizona, is referred to this species. It has the posterior femora extending only to the middle of the fourth abdominal segment and the pasal five segments of the abdomen are furnished posteriorly above with two prominently elevated tubercles, one on vach side. The U. S. National Museum also contains one female and six male specimens from Los Angeles County, California, that evidently belong here. The female is apparently immature, probably being in the last stage. It is 54 mm. long, and the posterior femora are 16 mm. in length. The males differ from the females in being entirely smooth except for the two main carine on the anterior part of the head between the eyes, and in being smaller and quite slender. The cerci project obliquely downward, are trifid apically, the center branch forming the terminus of the main body of the cerci, and engage sach # 870 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. other at their tips. Plate LVIII, fig. 3, represents the cerci of the male of this species. In immature specimens the cerci are simple, being merely flattened and slightly concave. The measurements of these male specimens are as follows: Length of - body, 40 mm.; antenne, 27 mm.; mesothorax, 9.5 mm.; metathorax, including the intermediary segment, 7.5 mm.; fore femora, 13.5 mm.; middle femora, 12 mm.; hind femora, 15 mm.; width of middle of mesothorax, 1.5 mm. These Californian specimens are much lighter colored than those from Arizona, and may represent a new species, but without additional material it is not deemed advisable to describe them as suck. The type specimen was received at the Department of Agriculture on June 17, 1891. The following note regarding it is quoted from the notebook of the Division of Entomology: Rec. from F. W. Anderson, Asst. Ed. Am. Agr., N. Y., 1 specimen, female, of a Diapheromera, new to the collection, received from Los Cabezos, Arizona, with the statement that it is more deadly to stock than loco-weed if eaten by them. It is called in that section ‘‘ Campo mucho.”’ This species, while in general resembling strigata, is really very distinct. The broader supraanal plate with its subtruncate apex, short broad cerci, larger legs and smoother body, will at once distinguish it from that species. . PSEUDOSERMYLE STRIGATA Scudder. Plate LVI, fig. 3; Plate LVIII, fig. 8. Sermyle strigata ScuppErR, Cat. Orth. U. 8., 1900, pp. 14, 94-95, pl. 1, fig. 3. The author’s description is as follows: Whole body dull ashy gray. Head furnished above with four longitudinal rows of small tubercles. Whole thorax mesially carinate and also furnished above on either side with a pair of carina, all the carinze equidistant and furnished, as well as the intermediate spaces, with small sparsely scattered tubercles. Abdomen and interme- diary segment similarly marked, but with an additional pair of subdorsal carinze and with fewer and much more obscure granulations, mostly confined to the carine. Hind femora reaching to the end of the fifth abdominal segment. Abdomen nowhere expanded. Length of body, 72 mm.; antenne, 30 mm.; mesothorax, 18.5 mm.; metathorax, 10.5mm.; abdomen, 35.5mm.; hind femora, 22.5 mm.; width of middle of mesotho- rax, 3 mm. Three males. Texas, Boll, Lincecum. This species appears to fall near S. azteca Sauss., but differs by the carinate thorax with its dull coloring. The cerci, as shown in the table of species, are very long, being six times longer than broad. a Te. ee yo.1385. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 871 PSEUDOSERMYLE STRAMINEUS Scudder. Plate LVIII, fig. 2. Bacunculus stramineus ScuppEr, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Se., EX, 1902, p. 20, pl. 1 fig. 1. Described by the author as follows: Bacunculus stramineus Scudder, sp. noy. (pl. I, fig. 1). Body very slender, flavo- testaceous, the sides of the thorax, the undersurface of the metathorax, and most of the undersurface of the middle femora white or hoary, at least in the male, the tibize more or less tinged with green in the female; the terminal abdominal seg- ments are more or less hoary (male) or green (female). Head a little longer than the pronotum, somewhat tumid in the female, laterally striped with white in the male, in the latter with a pair of longitudinal rugze following behind the inner mar- gin of the antennal scrobes; antenne pale green (female) or testaceous, becoming apically infuscated (male), very slender and shorter than the body. Body smooth, the thorax with a feeble median carina. Seventh abdominal segment of male nearly as long as the eighth and ninth together, the ninth slightly longer than the eighth, the seventh segment not inflated, bearing beneath a bulbous body not reaching the extremity of the eighth segment with a cap which a little surpasses it; ninth seg- ment cylindrical, equal, truncate, bearing a pair of cerci, straight, rather stout, but compressed, equal and apically very briefly and bluntly bifid plates, nearly as long as the segment. Length of body, male, 50 mm., female, 42 mm. ; antennze, male, 22 mm., female, 26 mm.; head, male, 2.5 mm., female, 2.5 mm.; thorax, male, 23 mm., female, 18.5 mm.; mesothorax, male, 12.5 mm., female, 9 mm.; abdomen, male, 23.5 mm., female, 22 mm.; fore femora, male, 14 mm., female, 10.5 mm.; middle femora, male, 11.5 mm., female, 8 mm.; hind femora, male, 14 mm., female, 10.5 mm.; width of metathorax in middle, male, 1 mm., female, 1.5 mm. 1 male, 1 female. Between Mesilla Park and Little Mountain, July 1. (A. P. Morse. ) The female is probably not quite mature. PSEUDOSERMYLE BANKSII, new species. Body very slender, testaceous, paler below. Head pale, slightly longer than the pronotum and distinctly swollen anteriorly, the sides marked with a longitudinal black stripe and with the usual longitudi- nal carine on top between and behind the eyes. Body smooth, with scarcely a trace of a median carina; mesothorax much longer than the metathorax. Seventh segment of the abdomen slightly shorter than the eighth and ninth together and considerably swollen on the posterior half, and here furnished with the usual yentral appendage, which is slightly longer than the eighth segment; eighth and ninth segments subequal in length, the latter the larger and equal. The cerei are as long as the last abdominal segment, moderately slender, slightly com- pressed, curving very slightly downward and inward, and are apically trifid, the center branch curving inward quite abruptly and forming the terminus of the main body of the cerci. Length of body, 64 mm.; antenne, 50 mm. ; mesothorax, 16.5 mm. ; metathorax, including the intermediary segment, 12 mm.; fore femora, 872 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. 25 mm.: middle femora, 22 mm.; hind femora, 25 mm.; width at the middle of the mesothorax, 1.25 mm. One male from Brazos County, Texas, collected in September by Mr. Nathan Banks, in whose honor the species is named. Also a male from Buna, Jasper County, Texas, on November 15, 1902, by Dr. A. D. Hopkins. The latter specimen was taken on pine. Type ._—No. 6616, U.S.N.M. This insect may prove to be the male of Sermyle strigata Scudder, — but more material is needed before it can be proven. ‘The very slender form, however, seems to militate against this. BACUNCULUS Burmeister. Bacunculus Burmeister, Handb. Ent., II, 1838, p. 566. Burmeister established Bacunculus as a subgenus of Bacteria. As represented in the United States, the genus is defined as follows: Very closely allied to Diapheromera. ead smooth in both sexes, subcylindrical, anteriorly swollen, elongate, more than twice as long as broad, and horizontally attached to the thorax. Antenne much more than twice as long as the anterior femora. Prothorax about one-sixth as long as the mesothorax; mesothorax slightly longer than metathorax. Legs of male unarmed, slender, filiform; middle femora of male not at all swollen as they are in Diapheromera; legs — of female usually unarmed, but the middle and posterior femora are sometimes armed below on the median line next the apex with a dis- tinct, though usually minute, spine. Body of male more slender than in Diapheromera and the cerci of similar shape and relative proportion as in that genus. The unswollen middle femora of the males make it easy to distin- guish this genus from Diapheromera, but from female specimens alone it is more difficult. The more elongate and anteriorly swollen head together with the more generally unarmed legs will usually serve, however, to distinguish the females with considerable certainty. In the United States we have a single species. BACUNCULUS TENUESCENS Scudder. Plate LYI, figs. 1, 2. Bacunculus tenuescens Scupper, Cat. Orth. U.8., app., 1899, p. 95. This species is figured on Plate I, figs. 1 and 2 of the above work, and described in the following words: Body exceedingly slender, flavous beneath, brown (male) or green (female) above, becoming infuscated on the lower portion of the sides, forming a postocular stripe. Head greatly elongated, much longer than the pronotum; antennze much shorter than the body. Entire body quite smooth with a very delicate mesial carination. Seventh and ninth abdominal segments of male subequal in length, slightly longer than the eighth and about half as lone as the sixth, the seventh segment scarcely a Oe ee ee oe L nal > hn ats ll el a tt et i a i i i i a el its : ¥ * 0.1835. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 873 i inflated, bearing beneath a deflexed subspatulate convex plate, reaching the tip of the eighth segment and no broader than it; ninth segment cylindrical, equal, trun- cate, bearing a pair of decurved and incurved, cylindrical but slightly clavate, blunt tipped cerci, about as long as the segment. Length of body, male, 64.5 mm., female, 53 mm.; antennze, male, 41 mm., female, 35 mm.; head, male, 3.25 mm., female, 3.5 mm.; thorax, male, 31.5 mm., female, 25 mm.; mesothorax, male, 16 mm., female, 13 mm.; abdomen, male, 30 mm., female, 25 mm.; fore femora, male, 18 mm., female, 15.5 mm.; middle femora, male, 14.5 mm.; female, 13.5 mm.; hind femora, male, 20 mm., female, 16 mm.; width of me- sothorax at middle, male, female, 1 mm. One male, one female. Cedar Keys, Fla., June 6; Capron, Florida. The tip of the abdomen of the female is lost. The female from which the above description was made is evidently immature, as the measurements do not at all agree with those of mature - individuals in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. The fol- lowing notes are made froma mature female collected by Hubbard and Schwarz at Cedar Keys, Florida, in the month of June: i 5 Oe en to aed Ki eed Bee e+ Color uniformly light greenish-brown, probably green in life. Ninth abdominal segment slightly longer than the seventh. Supraanal plate subtriangular, mesially keeled. Cerci long and slender, about as long as the last abdominal segment. Extreme length of body from front of head to tip of cerci, 85 mm., head 4.5 mm., mesothorax 19 mm., metathorax 14.5 mm., fore femora 19 mm., middle femora 16.5 mm., hind femora 20.5 mm., cerei 4 mm, ; width of mesothorax at middle 2 mm. A female specimen from Biscayne, Florida, from the Riley collec- tion, which is referred to this species, is apparently much above the ordinary size, giving the following measurements: Extreme length of body 110 mm., head 5.5 mm., mesothorax 24 mm., metathorax 19.5 mm., fore femora 27.5 mm., middle femora 21 mm., hind femora 26 mm., cerci mm. This specimen is but little thicker than moderate- sized individuals and shows no peculiarities indicative of a new species. The brown color of the males of this species varies from light to quite dark, and the legs, probably alsov the body in some specimens, are greenish-brown. DIAPHEROMERA Gray. Diapheromera GRAY, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18. This genus has the following characters: Head smooth in both sexes, subquadrate or subcylindrical, usually less than twice as long as broad and obliquely attached to the thorax; antenne much more than twice as long as the anterior femora; protho- rax usually less than one-fourth as long as the mesothorax; meso- and metathorax subequal in length. Body linear, especially in the male; basal segment of abdomen oblong, in male twice as long as broad. Middle femora much swollen in the male, distinctly thicker than the hind ones, those of the female searcely swollen and not distinctly larger than the hind ones. Posterior femora armed ben ath on median line near the apex with a single spine, in the male large and distinct, in the 87 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._ female sometimes large and distinct but usually much smaller than in — the male and sometimes minute or even wholly absent. Cerci of male © cylindrical, longer than the last abdominal segment and, except in — D. mesillana, strongly incurved. . Our common northern walkingstick belongs to this genus, the species — of which are distributed more widely over our country than those of — any other of our genera. None of the species have been found west — of the Rocky Mountains. Five species occur in the United States. — They may be separated by the following table, which is for the greater part taken from a paper on this genus by Dr. Scudder: “ a. Male cerci strongly incurved. q b. Ninth abdominal segment of male subequal, scarcely larger at apex than at base, — the seventh segment much longer than the eighth; male cerci with a basal tooth. 3 c. Inner ventro lateral carina of the posterior femora with minute serrations; 4 meso- and metathorax unicolorous. q d. Male cerci with a blunt tooth at inner inferior base (Plate LVIII, fig. 6); female cerci relatively stout, about half as long as the last dorsal segment. Ffemorata Say. dd. Male cerci with a sharp thorn at inner inferior_base (Plate LVIII, fig. 5); female cerci relatively slender, almost or quite as long as the last dorsal segment’... 2. 5205222 3 oh Se eet eee ae eer veliei Walsh. cc. Inner yentro-lateral carina of the posterior femora smooth; meso- and metathorax longitudinally marked with black beneath. arizonensis, new species. bb. Ninth abdominal segment of male apically inflated, and here nearly half as broad again as at base, the seventh and eighth segments of subequal length; male cer¢i without a basaletoothe ssn eos ieee ee ee carolina Scudder. aa. Male cerci rigidly straight. (3.222 eee oe eee aera oe mesillana Scudder. DIAPHEROMERA FEMORATA Say. Plate LVH, fig. 4; Plate LVIII, fig. 6. Spectrum femoratum Say, Exp. Long., I, 1824, p. 297; Amer. Ent., III, 1828, p. 37, pl. xxvir.—Lerpy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., I1I, 1846, pp. 80-84. Diapheromera femorata Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., 1840, p. 119.—ScuppeEr, Psyche, IX, 1901, p. 188. . Phasma (Bacteria) fenorata HAAN, Bijdr. kenn. Orth., 1842, pp. 101, 134. Bacunculus femoratus UnLER, Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., 3d ed., 1862, p. 146. Diapheromera sayi Gray, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18. Bacteria sayi CHARPENTER, Orth. deser., 1841-1845, pl. 1v. Bacteria (Bacunculus) sayi Burmeister, Handb. Ent., IT, 1888, p. 566. Bacunculus sayi Tuomas, Trans. Ill. St. Agric. Soe., V, 1865, p. 441. Bacteria linearis Goss, Lett. Alab., 1859, p. 275. Color fuscous or green, the males more often exhibiting the latter color, Mature individuals, especially the females, are almost always fuscous during the autumn months. The middle femora of the dark colored males are distinctly banded with lighter color. Head smooth in both sexes, subquadrate, scarcely elongate, obliquely « Psyche, IX, 1901, pp. 187-189. vo mis. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 875 ttached to the thorax; eyes round, slightly more prominent in the male than in the female. Antenne long and slender, about as long as the body; prothorax short, about one-fifth as long as the mesothorax, the dorsal cruciform impression distinct, especially the transverse inci- sion; meso- and metathorax subequal in length, without median carina. Legs of male long and slender, except the middle femora, which are much swollen and distinctly thicker than the others; of the female, shorter in proportion, and the middle femora are not swollen, no thicker than the others. Fore legs unarmed, undulate and smaller at the base; hind and middle femora of the male armed beneath on the median line near the apex with a large, prominent spine; of female, similarly armed, but the spine is much smaller, often quite minute. Abdomen smooth; intermediary segment visible only from above and firmly united to the metathorax; basal segment elongate, nearly or quite twice as long as broad in the female and three times as long as broad in the male; seventh segment in the male distinctly longer than the ninth and three times as long as the eighth. Cerci of male some- what longer than the terminal segment of the abdomen, cylindrical, oval at apex, bluntly tubercled interiorly at base, clothed with micro- scopic stiff hairs and strongly curved horizontally inwards, usually crossing each other at about the middle; female cerei straight, stout, acuminate, less than half as long as the terminal segment of the abdo- men, and partially concealed from above by the exposed tip of the triangular supraanal plate, which, as well as the cerci, is sparsely coy- ered with very short hairs of microscopic size. Length of body, male, 72 mm., female, 70 mm.; mesothorax, male, 17 mm., female, 16 mm.; metathorax, male, 16 mm., female, 13.5 mm.; middle femora, male, 15.5 mm., female, 11.5 mm. ; hind femora, “male, 19.5 mm., female, 15 mm.; hind tibia, male, 25 mm., female, 16 mm. The above description was drawn up from a male and female col- lected in copulation at Rosslyn, Virginia, on September 12, 1900. The males are quite uniform in size, but the females are quite variable, the one from which the above measurements were taken being a small specimen. A large female from Massachusetts before me gives the following measurements: Length of body, 92 mm.; mesothorax, 19 mm.; metathorax, 17 mm.; middle femora, 14.5 mm.,; hind femora, 18.5 mm.; hind tibia, 20 mm. This species is our most common phasmid and occurs throughout the northern part of the country from the Rocky Mountains eastward. It is said to also occur as far south as Mexico, but is more rare in the South, being quite generally replaced there by the next species, velze?. Many of the southern records pertain to allied species mistaken for Jemorata. These insects mate in the autumn and pairs are often seen in the act &76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI of copulation. The female drops the eggs at random in the woods, where they lie till the following spring before hatching. Eggs depos ited on November 9 and kept indoors gave forth the young during the last week of the following March. Some eggs are slow in giving forth the nymphs and so the insect may be found in various stages of } development all through the season. Some of the eggs lie through” even the second winter before hatching. The young are said to pass: through but two stages in the course of growth, which averages less: than two months. The newly hatched nymphs are of a uniform pale | young are said to live on low herbage and drop to the ground when — disturbed. There is but one generation annually. , This is the only one of our phasmids that is of economic impor-_ tance. It has been recorded as occurring in injurious numbers on for- est trees. In such cases burning over the ground in winter to kill the” eggs is recommended. 4 > DIAPHEROMERA VELIEI Walsh. Plate LVIIL.-fig. 5. Diapheromera velii Watsn, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., ITI, 1864, pp. 409-10.—§ ScuppgEr, Psyche, IX, 1901, p. 189. This species may be defined as follows: Of the same size and form as 2). femorata, and also agreeing with it | in being dimorphic in color, both brown and green forms occurring. | It differs from that species in the following particulars: Head slightly more elongate; middle femora of male not usually banded with gray; | seventh abdominal segment of the male no longer than the ninth, while in femorota it is one-fourth longer. Male cerci with a sharp spine or tooth at the base on the inner side instead of a blunt tubercle; female cerci nearly or quite as long as the apical segment of the abdomen instead of less than half as long, and they are usually more slender than in femorata. In general, the color of the dark form of vee seems to be somewhat lighter than that of the corresponding form of Jemorata, but in this respect both species are variable. | This species is more southern in its distribution than femorata. It occurs east of the Rocky Mountains from Nebraska to Maryland, south to Georgia and Texas. It occurs also in Mexico. It was described from Nebraska, and Scudder reports it from a number of - States within the region specified above. I have seen specimens from Virginia, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Colorado. Some of the females from Oklahoma have the spine beneath the posterior and inter- mediate femora entirely aborted, causing them to be separable from Biss. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 877 she females of Bacunculus only with great difficulty. The shape of he head and the association of the males with the females, however nade the identification quite certain. DIAPHEROMERA ARIZONENSIS, new species. Slenderer than ). femorata, uniformally light yellowish brown, with the meso- and metathorax longitudinally marked beneath with shiny black. Antenne nearly as long as the body and concolorous with it. Thorax smooth, with a very slight median carina; mesothorax slightly longer than the metathorax; seventh seoment of the abdomen dis- Ie 5 ; tinctly longer than the ninth, somewhat constricted on the anterior t third; ninth segment with the posterior margin concave, exposing the tip of the triangular supraanal plate. Cerci shaped as in femorata and pelict, with the basal tooth intermediate between those species. Legs long and slender, the middle femora relatived; less swollen than re n allied species. Ee Length of body, 76 mm.; antenne, about 65 mm.; mesothorax, 18 mm. ; metathorax, 16.5 mm.; middle femora, 18 mm.; hind femora, 22.5 mm. ~ Onemale, Hot Springs, Arizona, June 28, 1901. Collected by Messrs. Schwarz and Barber. Type.—No. 6612, U.S.N.M. _ This species is closely allied to femorata and velie’, but can be dis- tinguished from them by the characters given in the table and by the ‘more slender form. The elongate seventh abdominal segment will ‘readily separate it from velée/. It is quite a characteristic-looking “species, though the differences that separate it from its allies are diffi- ult to define. ~~: SS eR Tt ‘S + DIAPHEROMERA CAROLINA Scudder. + Diapheromera carolina ScuDDER, Psyche, IX, 1901, p. 188. _ The following is the description as given by the author: _ Stouter than D. femorata, testaceo-castaneous, glistening, the thorax with a rather broad median bronze-fuscous stripe, not reaching the median segment, and inter- ; rupted at the posterior end of the mesonotum, the fore legs greenish, the antennze _testaceous; thorax with excessively fine transverse striation. Mesothorax and meta- thorax (including median segment ) of similar length. Seventh and eighth abdom- inal segments of subequal length, each faintly enlarging from base, the ninth a little shorter, apically inflated and subglobose, nearly half as broad again at apex as at base, the cerci much as in D. femorata, but stouter, _ basal tooth. _ Length of body, 67 mm.; head, 3 mm.; ~mm.; hind femora,.19.5 mm. One male. North Carolina. (Morrison. ) more compressed, and without mesothorax, 13.5 mm.; fore femora, 20.5 aa: 878 PROCEEDINGS ¢ OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX DIAPHEROMERA MESILLANA Scudder. Diapheromera mesillana Scupper, Psyche, LX, 1901, p. 189. The original description is here given in full. Slenderer than D. femorata, uniform greenish flavous, the antennz infuscated | beyond the basal third, the thorax smooth, with an obscure median carina; subapi- cal inferior spine of middle and hind femora rather slight. Mesothorax and metatho- | rax (including median segment) of equal length. Seventh and ninth abdominal segments subequal in length and distinctly longer than the eighth, all equal in w intl and nowhere enlarged, the ninth rather feebly and angularly emarginate, exposing a small, transverse, apically arcuate, supraanal plate; cerci about as long as the ninth abdominal segment, rigidly straight, directed backward and not at all downward, slender tapering, blunt tipped, externally convex, and internally concave. | Length of body, 55 mm.; head, 3 mm.; antenne, circa 37 mm.; mesothorax, 12.5_ mm.; fore femora, 14.5 mm.; middle femora, 11 mm.; hind femora, 13.5 mm. Two males. Between Mesilla and Las Cruces, New Mexico, June 30. (A. PL Morse. ) MEGAPHASMA, new genus. Head smooth, rounded, subvertical; antenne: more than twice as_ long as the anterior femora; prothorax one-fifth as long as the meso- thorax and transversely incised; meso- and metathorax subequal in _ length and with a distinct, though slight, median carina. Middle and hind femora swollen in both sexes, the middle ones somewhat larger than the posterior ones in the male, and both the middle and posterior pairs in both sexes armed beneath on the median line next the apex. with a prominent spine and sometimes, at least in the female, with a row of equally large ones extending along the entire length of the femora below. This genus is erected for that large Southern walkingstick described by Stal as Diapheromera dentricus. This insect exhibits characters that are certainly of generic value. The rounded, subvertical head, broad, spatulate cerci end unusually large size will readily separate it from all other of our genera. Diapheromera is the most nearly allied genus, but the characters given in the table will at once separate it from that genus of much smaller insects. In the United States we have a single species. sia pilates Nk a eka amma MEGAPHASMA DENTRICUS Stal. Plate LVII, fig. 2, 2a, 2b. Diapheromera dentricus Sra, Rec. Orth., III, 1875, p. 76.—Scupper, Psyche, IX, 1901, p. 187; Harpers Mag., LX XXVIII, 1894, p. 456, fig. 1. This species was originally described from Opelousas, Louisiana. The following description is made from specimens, male and female, in the U. S. National Museum collection: Yellowish brown or fuscous. Head rounded, subvertically attached - 0.133. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. +879 othe thorax. Antenne multiarticulate,“ more than twice as long as e anterior femora. Cruciform impression on the pronotum distinct, eso- and metathorax subequal in length and furnished above with a carcely perceptible delicate median carina. Ninth abdominal segment slightly longer than the seventh. Legs stout, anterior ones unarmed po but half as thick as the others; posterior and middle tibize deeply denticulate below on the median carina, which is considerably elevated and terminated at the apex in a blunt spine, as is also the posterior ventro-lateral carine. The posterior and intermediate femora are large and regularly trapezoidal in form, each border below denticulate and spined on the median line with small apinules, except the terminal one, which is very large in the male. In the female all the spines are often large, but not so large as the terminal one of the male; the femora are broadest on the lower side and slightly swollen toward the base. The male femora are somewhat more rounded than those of the female. Posterior femora extending to the apex of the third abdominal segment in the female and almost to the middle of the fourth in the male; margins above coxal cavities slightly expanded and dentate. Cerci stout, in female less than one-half as long as the Jast abdominal segment; in male expanded apically, somewhat. spat- ulate and directed strongly downward. The original description, which was made from the female sex alone, gives the following measurements: Length of body 123 mm.; thorax 53 mm.; mesothorax 24 mm.; metathorax 24 mm. ; abdomen 70 mm.; fore femora 27 mm.; middle femora 20 mm.; posterior femora 23 mm.; width of middle of mesothorax 5 mm. Often the general color is reddish brown, legs lighter. A specimen in the U.S. National Museum collection has the middle and hind femora and the posterior two-thirds of the prothorax green, varie- gated with light gray and brown; on the femora the gray is grouped together in the form of broad, illy defined bands. Other specimens have the anterior portion of the prothorax and mesothorax, both above and below, greenish black. This insect has been recorded from Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, and, with doubt, from Alabama. One female specimen in the U.S. National Museum is from East Joplin, Missouri, the most northern locality yet recorded for this species. This is the largest walkingstick that occurs in the United States, a female before me measuring 145 mm., which is 5 mm. less than one in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. This species suggests tropical forms: more than anything else in our «The antennal segments of a male specimen from Texas were counted and were found to number just seventy-eight. The antenn of the specimen figured is drawn nearly twice too thick, except basally. 880 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy fauna, and the large size commands attenoee wherever seen. Mr Mitchell, of Victoria, Texas, informs me that they are not uncommot the wooded bottoms in that vicinity, where they occur on grapi vines. Subfamily ANISOMORPHIN 42“. In this subfamily the antenne are more than twice as long as the anterior femora. Tibi furnished with a sunken areola below next the apex; cox visible from above; tarsi distinctly pentamerous Mesothorax not more than three times as long as the prothorax, Intermediary segment invisible. . | We have a single genus of this subfamily in the United States. ANISOMORPHA Gray. Anisomorpha Gray, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18. This genus, as represented in the United States, has the following characters: Head not more than one and one-half as long as broad, horizontally attached to the thorax. Body broad and stout, pecan in the female; prothorax furnished with distinct odoriferous glands; meso and meta-thorax subequal in length. Legs stout and thick, unequal the middle pair the shortest; abdominal segments subquadrate or transverse, especially in the female, the seventh and ninth subequal in length, intermediary segment invisible. Cerci short, rounded, similar in both sexes. We have two closely allied species, one occurring more commonly in the extreme Southern States and the other ranging farther north, Their differences are comparative and may be tabulated as follows: a. Female, color generally yellowish brown with conspicuous broad black dorsal and. lateral stripes. Head noticeably longer than broad; body more elongate, seve to nine times as long as broad. Male, color and head as in female. — Body still more elongate, about twelve times as long as broad, averaging about 45 mm. in length .....:2.20.0 021 AU eee buprestoides Stoll. aa. Female, color uniformly ferruginous of various shades or inconspicuously striped with very narrow dusky dorsal and lateral stripes. Head less noticeably longer than broad. Body proportionately shorter and broader, six to six and one-half times longer than broad. Male, color same as female. Head and proportions about the same as in buprestoides but smaller, averaging no more than 35 mm . ..225. ss2c.- 22 oe ee ferruginea Palisot. ANISOMORPHA BUPRESTOIDES Stoll. Plate LIX, fig. 1. Phasma buprestoides Stott, Repr. Spectr., 1787-1813, p. 68, pl. xxi, fig. 87. Anisomorpha buprestoides Gray, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 19.—ScuppEr, Can. Ent., XXVII, 1895, p. 30. Phasma (Anisomorpha) buprestoides Haan, Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 1842, p. 101. Spectrum bivittatum Say, Amer. Ent., [II, 1828, pl. xxxvuit. Spectrum vittata JaArcer, Life N. Amer. Ins., 1854, p. 123. 0. 1335. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 88] |The following description of this common Southern walkingstick 8 made froma series of both sexes in the collection of the United states National Museum. Color varying shades of yellowish brown, often almost fuscous, ith conspicuous broad, black stripes extending from the front of the read to the tip of the abdomen, one dorsal and one on each side. these stripes, in dark-colored individuals, are often more or less con- ised, but in light-colored specimens they are very conspicuous and yell defined. Some specimens, apparently killed soon after trans- Ormation, are paler in color and with the stripes narrow and indis- inct. Legs short and stout, unequal, the middle pair the shortest, in pale more slender than in the female, dark colored, except in light- olored individuals, where they are colored the same as the body; the : { bie and femora of each pair of legs are subequal in length. Head toticeably longer than broad, horizontally attached to the thorax and ubquadrate in shape, somewhat swollen anteriorly. Antennz about hree times as long as the anterior femora, the fourth segment the hortest. Prothorax mesially incised and transversely sulcate in the niddle, about twice as long as broad, usually more than one-third as ong as the mesothorax, furnished above on each well-elevated border n front with a prominent gland, opening laterally from which is jected a pungent spray aa the insect is excited. Meso- and meta- horax subequal in length, the former usually slightly the longer and on the disk sometimes perched: especially toward the sides, with everal granules, often quite acute; there is no median carina. Abdo- nen smooth, without carina, segments, especially the basal ones of the Bmale, subquadrate or transverse, in the male usually semewhat onger than broad, intermediary segment invisible. In the female the seventh segment eee forms a Aare scoop-shaped process, at the base of which are situated the genital organs. Cerci short, in the female no more than one-half as long as the last abdominal segment, in the male almost as long as the apical segment, straight and subcylin- drical in both sexes, projecting Eabliorizontallly backward in the female and eBperpendicalarly downward: in the male. The male poly has the tip of the abdomen curved under. - Measurements made from a mated pair from Key West, Florida, are 4 follows: Length of body, male 45 mm., female 61 mm. ; head, male 3.5 mm., female 6 mm.; antenne, female 40 mm.; prothorax, male 8.5 mm., female 6 mm.; mesothorax, male 7 mm., female 12 mm.; metathorax, male 6 mm., female 10 mm.; fore femora, male 9.5 mm., emale 13 mm.; middle fomaed male 7 mm., female 10.5 mm.; hind 3 male 9.5 mm., female 14 mm.; w idth of head, male 2.5 mm., oe 4 mm. This species, which is sometimes called the musk mare, seems to occur most commonly in the extreme Southern States. The U.S. 889 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV National Museum contains over twenty specimens, all from Florid except some without labels, which are probably from Mississippi. has been recorded from various localities in the southeastern part the United States, but the more northern records doubtlessly belong to the next species. Several young specimens referable to this specie are uniformly brownish gray in color, but otherwise resemble th adults. ANISOMORPHA FERRUGINEA Palisot de Beauvois. Plate LIX, fig. 2. } Phasma ferruginea Pautsor DE Brauvors, Ins. Afr. Amer., 1805-1821, p. 167, ph ellos Omni Anisomorpha ferruginea GRAY, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18. Phasma (Anisomorpha) ferruginea Haan, Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 1842, p. 101. This species is very closely allied to the preceding one. The color is in general lighter than in buprestocdes and usually uniform, and not! conspicuously marked by black stripes as in that species, sometimes. with narrow stripes, more often noticeable in the males. The head is: usually less noticeably longer than broad, and the body is proportion- ately shorter and broader as tabulated above. The males average less in size and the habitat seems to extend farther north than that of buprestoides. The measurements from a pair from Tallulah, Georgia, are as follows: j Length of head, male 3mm., female 5.5 mm.; body, male 31 mm., female 50 mm.; fore femora, male 8 mm., female 10 mm.; middle femora, male 5.5 mm., female 8.5 mm.; hind femora, male 8 mm.,. female 11 mm.; prothorax, male 2.5 mm., female 5 mm.; mesothorax, male 5 mm., female 9.5 mm.; metathorax, male 4 mm., female 8.5 mm.; width of head, male 2 mm., female 4.5 mm. This species appears to extend farther north than buprestoides, but’ it also occurs in Florida. The specimens in the collection of the United States National Museum are from Florida, Louisiana, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. This species, as well as the preceding one, is said to be able to throw a colored fluid to a considerable distance from the well-developed scent: glands, situated on the thorax. TIMEMIN 4, new subfamily. This subfamily presents the following characters: Antenne longer than the anterior femora; tibize furnished beneath at the apex w ith a sunken areola; cox invisible from above; tarsi three jointed. Intermediary segment as distinct as the rest of the abdominal segments, freely articulated to the thorax and not at all connate with it as in all other of our groups. | This well-defined subfamily is proposed for the genus Zimema of Wo. 1335. 0, TALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 888 ie dder. The structure of the insects here included is different from beneath the body in such a manner as to conceal the cox from above. ‘he three-jointed tarsi are also peculiar to this subfamily. The three- ointed tarsi are obviously the result of a unition of the first three seg- n ents of the normal pentamerous phasmid tarus. This is indicated by the lower surface of the first segment showing obscure seomentation where the original segments have united. e We have but one genus of this interesting subfamily in the United States. ; | ’ TIMEMA Scudder. Timema ScuppER, Can. Ent., XX VI, 1895, p. 30. _ The characters limiting this genus are: I General form short and broad, not linear, head subquadrate, no Jonger than broad, as broad as the thorax. Antenne much longer than the anterior femora, basal segment very large, three times as Jong as broad, enlarged apically. Prothorax quadrate, not narrowed anteriorly, noshorter than the metathorax and without distinct odorif- erous glands; meso- and metathorax subequal inlength. Legs short and stout; cerci of male forcipulate, irregular in shape and curving inwards, of female stout, vertically flattened and straight, in both sexes longer than the last abdominal segment. _ We have a single species. teed TIMEMA CALIFORNICA Scudder, nev species. s Plate LVII, fig. 5; Plate LVIII, figs. 7, 74. _ This species, the type of the genus, has never been described. Dr. Scudder has very kindly furnished the following description, which is here published for the first time: a Head large, thorax depressed, abdomen depr _ what posteriorily, the whole body smooth, glistening a little, nearly _testaceous with a faint greenish tinge, the abdomen slightly lighter in tint than the and narrowly with brownish fuscous, most essed cylindrical, expanding some- uniform luteo- thorax, the latter striped longitudinally - distinctly in a submarginal stripe, in which are ft about as long as head and thorax together. 4 about as long as the first three abdominal segments. Last abdominal segment of male somewhat expanded and tumid, the hind margin sinuato-truncate, the cerci about as the last segment, asymetrical, tortuous, abruptly incurved, basally depressed, - apically tapering to a point. | Length of body, male 14.25 mm.; female 22.5 mm.; antenne, male 5.25 mm.; hind femora, male ' | | iscous impressed puncta. Antenne All the legs short, the hind femora Se female 7 mm.; mesonotum, male 1.5 mm.; female 2.5 mm.; 3.25mm.; female 4.5mm. One male, one female, Santa Cruz Mountains, California. _ (L. Bruner. ) The U. S. National Museum contains species, two males and one female, from 5 A Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 59 three typical specimens of this anta Cruz Mountains, Cali- 884 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVi fornia, collected by Albert Keobele. The antennz of the males ar broken, but those of the female are intact and measure 14 mm. i length and are 22 jointed. It would therefore appear that the antenn of Dr. Secudder’s specimens, at least those of the female, were broken, The trochanters of these insects are large and distinct, more so than in any other of our Phasmide. The head is marked by a narrow post- ocular stripe, which extends more or less distinctly across the entire length of the pronotum. Besides these specimens from the Santa Cruz Mountains, the U. S. National Museum containsa male anda female from Los Angeles County, California, that may represent a new species, but their condition is too poor to warrant their description as such without additional and ai ter preserved material. They differ from the typical specimens in being proportionately shorter, head more flattened vertically, without the postoculate black line, and, together with the pronotum in the male, rugose above. The female cerci are more slender, and the meso- andi metathorax of both sexes seem less developed than in the specimens from Santa Cruz Mountains. The male cerci also differ in being more foliaceous. Plate LVIII, fig. 77, shows the male cerci of the specimen from Los Angeles County, and Plate LVIII, fig. 7, the same of the Santa Cruz Mountain specimens. This species apparently represents a step in the transition from the Phasmidee to the Forficulide. The forcipal cerci of the males, ven-— trally attached legs, short, broad head, and especially the short, stout legs with the three jointed tarsi, indicate a relation to the ear-wigs. As Phasmids these creatures are certainly anomalies, and at a casual glance are not always readily recognized, having, in one instance at least, been mistaken for a species of Perlid larvee. NOTE. Since this paper has been made up into pages, Mr. E. A. Schwarz collected a specimen of Phasmide representing a species new to our fauna. It was taken at Key West, Florida, on April 6, and, except — for the discordant factor of the median segment being slightly shorter — than the metathorax, seems to fall quite naturally into the Bacterid genus //aplopus of Gray. As the specimen is an immature female, any attempt at specific determination would be unsatisfactory. It may — eventually prove to be the /Zaplopus cubensis of Saussure, but it does not seem to agree very well with the description of that species. | . Fig. Fig. . 1335. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES— CAUDELL. 885 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE LVI. (After Scudder. ) 1. Bacunculus tenuescens Scudder, male. 2. Bacunculus tenuescens Scudder, male, side view of the tip of the abdomen. 3. Pseudosermyle strigata Scudder, female. Pruate LVIL. . 1. Parabacillus coloradus Scudder, male. 2. Megaphasma dentricus Stal, male. 2a, Megaphasma dentricus Stal, male, side view of head and pronotum. 20, Megaphasma dentricus Stal, male, side view of the tip of the abdomen. 3. Pseudosermyle arbuscula Rehn, female, end of the abdomen. 4. Diapheromera femorata Say, male, side view of head and pronotum. 5. Timema californica Scudder, female. Prare LVILI. 1. Parabacillus coloradus Scudder, female (after Scudder). 2. Pseudosermyle stramineus Scudder, male (after Scudder). 3. Pseudosermyle truncata, new species, male, side view of the tip of the abdomen. 34, Pseudosermyle truncata, new species, female, right middle leg. 35, Pseudosermyle truncata, new species, female, tip of abdomen. 4. Pseudosermyle arbuscula Rehn, female, right middle leg. 5. Diapheromera veliei Walsh, male, end of abdomen. -6. Diapheromera femorata Say, male, end of abdomen. 7. Timema californica Scudder, male, end of abdomen. 7%, Timema californica Scudder, variety, male, end of abdomen. 8. Pseudosermyle strigata Scudder, female, end of abdomen. Prate LIX. - Fig. 1. Anisomorpha buprestoides Stal, female. 2. Anisomorpha ferruginea Palisot de Beauvois,. female. PL. LVI PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI IATIONAL MUSEUM ROIS eT Sabie Se Sgt tanta eee CANT alter RT naan age n Ww ke t EF nN . 7 Ww E Zz =) WwW Bis = Le O° no x o) E a oO 2 Ee 4 3 FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 884. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LVII _ WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 884. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LVIII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM aaa ine rt ac tl i i i cle Ey aS ee linet tel is te WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES. For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 885. = > ww o 5) = a < = 9 be websteri, p. 892 @. Eye-stalks subrectangular. _ b’. Cornea on the frontal margin of the eye-stalk very smal eee myops, p. 892 2. Cornea on the outer margin. “. Antero-lateral angle of eye-stalk produced much beyond the side, anterior Pepa mmided «2592-2222 2-2 arene deamx, p. 893 ©. Antero-lateral angle not produced much, if any, beyond the line of the side, anterior margin straight or very slightly concave. d’. Inner distal angle of the eye-stalk more rounded than the outer. scutellata, p. 894 @. Outer distal angle of the eye-stalk more rounded than the inner. e’. Margin between the central and lateral teeth of the front is occupied by a sinus divided by a lobe into nearly equal parts. . ----- mearnsi, p. 899 é. Margin between the central and lateral points occupied by the usual ocular sinus, the lobe not forming a second sinus between it and the lateral teeth of the front--------- OE seh oe ke richmondi, p. 895 892 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV. LEPIDOPA VENUSTA Stimpson. : Lepidopa venusta Strmpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 230 (withow description); Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. of New York, VII, p. 79. Lepidops venusta Mirrs, Jour. of Linn. Soe. of London, XIV, p. 3382. Eyes oblong, broadest about the posterior third, narrowing toward the cornea, which is terminal and very small, barely visible from above. From below, under a lens, it is shown as a black speck with a little dark streak running to the bottom of the peduncle. The ocular sinus is separated from the spine behind the antenna by a slight lobe in all speci- mens. Between the spine and the antero-lateral angle the outline is slightly concave. The front and lateral projections are equally advanced. Length of carapace of largest specimen, 11 mm.; breadth, 14 mm_ Savanilla, U. S. Colom- bia; collected by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross; three specimens. Fig. 2.—LEPIDOPA VENUSTA, x 2 LEPIDOPA WEBSTERI, new species. Lepidopa venusta, Kinastry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1879 (Part pub. March 9, 1880), p. 410. In comparing the single specimen referred to by Mr. Kingsley with Lepidopa venusta, it is found to be very closely related, but yet dis- tinct. It differs in having the lateral teeth of the front closer to the rostral tooth, while in Z. venusta they are closer to the spines of the antero-lateral angles; the lateral teeth of Z. websteri are also more produced, and the lobe between the base of the rostral tooth and the lateral teeth has almost dis- appeared from this species, while prominent in Z. ven- usta. The eye stalks are in a general way only like those of L. venusta; they are not so long in proportion and are not contracted as much near the apex. The !'¢.3.—Lepmopa . . WEBSTER], X 2. specimen can hardly be said to have an eye speck; a dark line on the lower surface may serve to distinguish light from darkness. The color of this species, as Z. venusta, also is iridescent. The carapace is'7 mm. in length and 9 mm. in breadth. Named for the collector, Prof. H. E. Webster. The type belongs to Union University, Schenectady, New York, and was taken on the beach near Fort Macon, North Carolina. LEPIDOPA MYOPS Stimpson. Lepidops myops Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VII, 1862, p. 241.— Miers, Jour. of the Linn. Soc. of London, Zool., XIV, 1879, p. 333, pl. v, fig. 16. The eyes are broad and very broadly rounded at both angles, the inner distal angle is, however, more evenly rounded than the outer, x0. 1337. REVISION OF THE GENUS LEPIDOPA—BENEDIC7T. 893 which is slightly produced beyond the inner. The eye speck is on the distal margin near the outer angle and the sinus occupied by it could hardly be distinguished with a lens, were it not for the slight colora- tion remaining. The front is tridentate. The lateral teeth are acute, while the median tooth is blunt and evenly rounded, situated posterior to the line of the lateral points just 1 mm., in the specimen de- scribed. Between the deepest part of the ocular 200 es sinus is a broad lobe. Between the lateral point and the antero-lateral angle the margin is deeply P16: 4—~beribors avons, concave. e The carapace of this species, like that of scutellata, has abroad, rather depressed ridge running along the median line. The post-branchial area has a group of from 8 to 10 large punctures. The specimen from which the foregoing description was drawn was obtained by Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S. A., off San Diego, California. Type.—No. 28661, U.S.N.M. LEPIDOPA DEAMAZ:, new species. The eye-stalks of this species are broadest near the anterior end. The inner and distal margins are about equally arcuate and form a slightly obtuse angle where they meet. The anterior exterior angle of the stalk is well rounded;*behind this angle the eye spot is well indented. From this place the stalk narrows rapidly to its base. The median tooth of the front is advanced to a point nearly in line with the lateral teeth. From the rostral tooth the margin runs back- ward, making an ocular sinus evenly concave at its inner half; from this point it is straight and almost transverse to the notch where it meets the sigmoid margin and the lateral tooth of the front. From the lateral tooth to the spine at the antero-lateral angle the margin is sigmoid, an exact copy of the sig- foe mold outline of the margin between the point and the eye sinus, but very much larger. The carapace is convex transversely, straight longitudinally. As in scutellata, the median line is raised into a broad carina, trian- cular in cross section; this is by far the largest Lepidopa in the collec- tion. It is 35 mm. broad in front, is 82 mm. long measured on the middle line from the apex of the rostrum to the posterior margin of the carapace. Named for the collector, Mrs. Clarence C. Deam, of Bluffton, Indiana, who obtained the specimen from Salina Cruz, Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Type.—No. 26170 U.S.N.M. 894 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX LEPIDOPA SCUTELLATA Stimpson, “a ?Hippa scutellata Fawricius, Ent. Syst., II, 1793, p. 474. $ ? Albunea scutellata Desmarest, Consid. sur le Crust., 1825, p. 173.—M. Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des Crust., IJ, 1837, p. 204, pl. xx1, figs. 9-13.—GiBBEs, Prog, American Assoc., 1850, p. 187.—Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp., XIII, 1852, p- 406, Lepidopa scutellata Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 230; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., New York, VII, Mar., 1859, p. 79. Lepidops scutellata Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIV, Oct., 1878, p. 332. The eye-stalks are nearly rectangular, a little longer than wide. . The anterior margin is slightly concave and under a lens is seen to be: armed with denticles. The eye-specks are situated on the outer margin just posterior to the rounded por-- tion of the distal angle. These specks are: much more prominent in this and other: species with rectangular eye-stalks than in. species with ovoid stalks. The lateral teeth. of the anterior margin are a little more ad-. vanced than the middle or rostral tooth, and are placed nearer to the spine of the antero- lateral angle than to this tooth. The margin of the front is sigmoid between the apex of : the lateral teeth and the bottom of the ocu- GG Vene mors SCUTELLATA, = (lar eines tease tine point it meets the concave ef line which forms the margin of the rostral tooth; at the point where the lines meet there is a very small notch. The carapace is broader than long, straight on the median line, and strongly curved laterally. The carapace of a female from Pensacola, Florida, measures 16.5 mm. long and 19.5 mm. wide. The eye-stalks are 4 mm. long and 3.4 mm. wide. An examination of the stomach of a specimen taken near Morris Cut, opposite Miami, Florida, disclosed the setee of Annelids, the skin. of a very small Synapta with some anchor plates still present, and parts of the flagellee of some small crustacea. The type locality of the species called Albunea scutellata by the | earlier authors will probably never be known. When Stimpson | erected the genus Lepidopa by separating Albunea, he placed in it two. species from the island of St. Thomas, West Indies. The species with the more rectangular eye-stalks he very properly identified with — Albunea scutellata of Desmarest, Edwards, and others. This identifi- cation he could not have verified nor can we at this time unless the types are extant. As the matter stands the island of St. Thomas can be recognized as the type locality of the species. The specimens in the National Museum do not come from localities nearer St. Thomas than Florida, and it follows that the species here described and figured for L. scutellata may prove to be new. | | | j ~ no. 1337. REVISION OF THE GENUS LEPIDOPA—BENEDICT. 895 LEPIDOPA MEARNSI, new species. The eye-stalks are almost rectangular. The inner distal angle of the talk is much less rounded than the outer. The anterior margin is very lightly concave. The eye-speck or cornea is situated on the side ‘ust behind the rounded portion of the angle. . he three teeth of the front extend forward to nearly the same line, the rostral tooth is, however, a trifle shorter. The sinus behind the eye is divided by a lobe into two nearly equal parts. : - FiG. 7.—LEPIDOPA MEARNSI, x 4. _ This species is more nearly related to Z. pichmondi than to any other. It is represented by one specimen in very bad condition, the front and eye stalks are, however, intact. The unique type-specimen is labeled ** West coast of Central merica.” Type.—No. 26171, U.S.N.M. ES a mAG ete: = ~—_— . , —~— F LEPIDOPA RICHMONDI, new species. The character of the eyes is almost identical with Z. mearns?, except ‘that the eyes of this species are proportionally slightly smaller, the “distal margin is more nearly straight and the inner margin is slightly more arcuate. The median projection of the front is a little posterior to the line of the projection of the teeth; this alters the character of the sinus behind the eye and eliminates the slight sinus found behind the antennula in Z. mearnsi. ‘The mar- gin between the ocular sinus and the lateral tooth of the front is transverse. At first sight the effect of the lateral tooth rising beyond the margin is to give it the appearance of a double sinus as in L. mearnsi, but a careful examination shows that this is erroneous, “Fic. 8—Leprpora. except in the manner thata sinus always exists at the RICHMONDI, X 23. i ; ; : : ‘ i side of a spine or tooth-like projection. The carapace is arcuate but slightly flattened on the sides, forming a low ridge on the median line. Longitudinally the carapace is straight. The flagellum of the richmond? has 8 joints. Distance between lateral points of the front is 5 mm. scales is 1.5 mm. by 1.5 mm. | Locality.—A single specimen from by Dr. C. W. Richmond, for whom it is named. Type.—No. 25828, We. M: Size of eye Greytown, Nicaragua, collected REVIEW OF THE -SILUROID FISHES OR CATFISHES OF JAPAN. By Davin Starr JorpAN and Henry W. Fowter, Of the Leland Stanford Junior Uni versity. ) In the present paper is given a review of the catfishes or Vema- _ tognathi known to inhabit the waters of Japan. The paper is based _ on the collections made by Messrs. Jordan and Snyder in 1900,'a “series of these specimens being placed in the U. S. National Museum. Order NEMATOGNATHI. CATFISHES. Parietals and supraoccipital confluent. Four anterior vertebree -coossified, and with ossicula auditus or weberian apparatus. No -mnesopterygium. Basis cranii and pterotic bone simple; no coronoid bone. Third superior pharyngeal bone wanting, or small and resting on the fourth; second directed backward. One or 2 pairs of basal _branchihyals; 2 pairs of branchihyals. Suboperculum wanting, or modified into the uppermost branchiostegal. Mesocoracoid present. Premaxillary forming border of mouth above, except in one family (Diplomystide), in which the maxillaries also bear teeth. Inter- clavicles present. No scales. Skin naked or with bony plates. This group comprises 2 families, /V/otoside and Si/uride among Japanese fishes. (via, thread; yvaSos, jaw; from the maxillary barbels which are always present.) a. Air bladder well developed, usually simple or with transverse constructions, lying free in the abdominal cavity. Mouth terminal, teeth villiform, conical, incisor or molarlike; intestines short, arranged in longitudinal folds; body naked, or with 1 series of lateral plates; diaphragm membranous; tip of scapular process reaching basioccipital. b. Dorsal and anal nearly coextensive with the caudal portion of the vertebral col- umn; the first dorsal short, the second not adipose, united to the caudal; opercle present. c. Gill membranes not confluent with the isthmus, or united only by a very narrow strip; gill-openings broad; 2 dorsals, the first short and with spine in front; second dorsal long and joined to caudal; anal united with caudal; no adipose dorsal; ventrals many-rayed; air-bladder not inclosed in bone. PLorosIpD&, 1. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1338. 897 898 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. bb. Dorsal short or wanting; confined to the abdominal portion of the vertebral ; column. ’ d. Opercle well developed and movable; adipose fin normally present; gill- — openings usually wide; caudal vertebrae not compressed, the neural spines simple, spine-like. dd. Maxillary reduced to a rudiment, the intermaxillaries only forming mar- gin of upper Jaw. -2-=5 2202c2- 3265s oe ee eee Sees SILURID, 2. Family I. PLOTOSID 2. | Body more or less elongate and naked. Front of head with at least 8 barbels. Gill-openings wide and the gill-membranes not con- fluent with the isthmus, or only narrowly united. Dorsals 2, the first short and with a spine in front, the second long and joined to the ‘audal; anal long and confluent with caudal. No adipose dorsal. Opercle present. A dentritic post-anal organ. Air-bladder not inclosed in bone. Sea catfishes, often reaching a large size, and confined to the warm and tropical coasts of the Indian Ocean, the seas about the East Indies, and Australia, one species extending its range eastward to Samoa. 1. PLOTOSUS Lacépéde. Plotosus LAckrEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 180 (anguillaris). Body elongate, thick in front, and the tail tapering. Head depressed and covered with thin skin; snout rounded in front; eyes small; mouth transverse; jaws with 8 barbels; conical teeth in upper jaw, those on the mandible mixed, and vomer with molar-like teeth; nostrils far apart, the anterior tubular; 9 to 12 branchiostegals. Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes not joined to the isthmus. Dorsals 2, the first short, few-rayed, and with a spine in front, and the second very long, many-rayed and like the anal, confluent with caudal; pectoral spines developed; ventrals with as many as 12 rays. Air vessel mod- erate in size and not inclosed in bone. A dendritic post-anal organ. East Indian Seas, from Africa and India to Japan. (zAwrOds, floating.) 1. PLOTOSUS ANGUILLARIS (Lacépéde). GIGI (CATFISH), SHIMAGIN (STRIPED CATFISH), UMIGIGI (SEA CAT- FISH. ) Plotosus anguillaris LacsrEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 180, pl. m1, fig. 2; ‘“Les Grandes Indes.’’—Riiprett, Fische, Neue Wirbelthiere, 1837, p. 76; Red Sea.—Canvor, Catal. Malay. Fish., 1850, p. 264; Malayan Peninsula.— Bierxker, Ichthy. Archipel. Ind. Prodrom. Siluroid, 1858, p. 314.—GiinTHER, Cat. Fish., V, 1864, p. 24; Pinang, Sumatra, Borneo, Amoy, Philippines, Fiji, Marston Bay.—Srernpacuner and DépERLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 287; Tokyo, Enoshima, Inland Sea, and Kagoshima.—IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 24; Tokyo, Izu, No. 1358. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 899 Plotosus lineatus Cuvinr and VaALENcIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 412: Ked Sea, Seychelles, Malabar, Ile de France, Trinquemalo, Pondic Amboina, Celebes, Friendly Islands, Tahiti, Macao, Philippines.—Ricnarp- son, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 286; Canton.—Scniecer, Fauna Japonica Poiss., @ 1846, p. 228, pl. crv, fig. 3; Nagasaki.—Bierxer, Verhand. Batay. ( renoot ; XXI, 1858, pp. 4, 17, 57. Plotosus arab ® Burexer, Atlas Ichth., II, 1862, p. 98, pl. xcy, fig. 2 (several fig- sherry, sch., ures), founded on ‘36 (Silurus) (d) Arab Boa vel Buja’”’ of Forskal Descript. Animal., 1775, p. XVI.—Day, Fishes India, I, 1878-88, p. 483, pl. exu, fig. 4—Day, Fauna Brit. Ind., I, 1889, p. (XI) 113.—Kwer, Novara, Fische, 1865-67, p. 300.—Day, Fishes, Malabar, 1865, p. 195.—K Lunzincer, Verhand. Zool. Botan. Gesellsch., 1871, p. 588.—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 1900, p. 340; Tokyo.—Jorpan and SNYDER, Annot. Zool. Japan, III, April 3, 1901, p. 44; Yokohama. Head 3% in length; depth 5%; D. I, 5-80; A. 68; P. I, 10; V. 12: width of head about 14 in its length; eye 24 in interorbital space, 3 in snout, 7} in head; pectoral 2 in head; ventral 24. _ Body elongate, the trunk thickest in front, compressed laterally, and the tail rather long and tapering. Head large, broad, depressed; when seen from above, the snout is broadly rounded and flattened; eyes small, anterior and superior; mouth very broad; upper jaw produced; teeth in the jaws rather few, large, coarse, with blunt ends, and simi- larly formed on the vomer and palatines; lips rather thick, fleshy and with small laminated folds or papille; 8 barbels, more or less equal, and distributed as 2 nasals, 2 maxillaries, and 4 mentals, the longest not equal to half the head; interorbital space concave and broad. Gill- openings large, and forming a fold over the broad isthmus. Gill-rakers numerous and slender; no pseudobranchie. Body perfectly smooth and naked. First dorsal high, its base less than the interorbital space, the spine strong, a little more than half the height of the fin, and the anterior edge serrate above; second dorsal long, of uniform height, and begin- ning between the origin of the ventrals and that of the anal; anal sim- ilar to second dorsal, and both joined to the caudal, which is rounded behind; pectorals equal to tirst dorsal, the spine similar to that of the first dorsal, more than half the length of the fin, and with its outer edge serrate; when depressed the pectorals do not reach quite to the ventrals, though these reach past the anal. The lateral line is well developed. A well-developed dendritic post-anal organ. a We are indebted to Mr. Edgar R. Waite, of the Australian Museum, for the dates of publication of the different parts of the Fauna Japonica. These are as follows: Decade I, pp. 1-20, 1842; Decades II, III, IV, pp. 21-72, 1843; Decades V, VI, pp. 73-112, 1844; Decades VII, VIII, IX, pp. 113-172, 1845; Decades X to XIV, pp. 175- 269, 1846; Decade XV, pp. 270-524, 1850. ’The specific name arab adopted by Bleeker from Forshal was an abbreviated form of the word Arabic or its Latin equivalent, and should in no wise be construed as a scientific term. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 60 900 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Color in aleohol brown, pale on the abdomen and lower surface of the head; along the upper portion of the sides, a narrow pale line from snout above eye to near base of caudal above, and from below — eye another similar narrow stripe below lateral line and persisting to the posterior portion of tail; edges of second dorsal, caudal and anal blackish. Length 8+ inches. This description is taken from a specimen from Misaki. The species is found through the shore waters of east Africa, Red Sea, southern Asia, the East Indies to Polynesia and Japan. Our many specimens from Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Mogi, and Nagasaki. This species is very abundant along the shores of shallow sandy bays — throughout southern Japan. It rarely exceeds a foot in length. It is not much value as food, and its sharp spines cause it to be detested by the fishermen. Great numbers are taken in the shallow bay of Mogi near Nagasaki. (anguillaris, eel-like.) Family HW. SILURID. Body more or less elongate, naked or covered with bony plates. No true scales. Anterior part of head with 2 or more barbels, the base of the longest pair formed by the small or rudimentary maxillary Margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries only. Suboperculum absent; operculum present. Dorsal fin usually present, short, above, or in front of the ventrals. An adipose fin usually present. Anterior rays or dorsal and pectorals usually spinous. Air bladder usually present, large, and connected with the organ of hearing by means of the auditory ossicles. Lower pharyngeals separate. Species numer- ous, mostly in fresh waters, the large subfamily of Arzinz confined to the sea. None of these occur in Japan proper. a. Gill membranes free or forming a free fold across the isthmus, rarely joined to it; anal fin shorter than caudal portion of vertebral column. b. Artna. Nostrils close together, neither with a barbel, the posterior with a valve; teeth on the palate; caudal forked (species chiefly marine). c. Lower jaw with 4 barbels; palatine teeth fixed; both jaws with teeth above; gill-rakers few, 5 to 25; eyes above level of the mouth....... Tachysurus, 2. bb. Nostrils remote from each other. d. StbuRiNx%. Dorsal and adipose fins very short, if present; anal very long; ventrals below or placed behind dorsals; gill membranes entirely separate. e. Kye situated above the level of the angle of the mouth; caudal rounded; adipose fin none; barbels four; spinous dorsal small.... Parasilurus, 3. dd. BaGrinx. Dorsal fin short, placed anteriorly on the trunk, in advance of ventrals; adipose fin well developed, sometimes short; anal short, or of moderate length; gill membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus, with free posterior margin. —_— No. 1338, JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 901 f. Adipose fin not adnate, free ponseal as in Spies iurus: usual, the median pair not notably distant. g. Anal rays 20 to 25. h. Caudal fin deeply forked; upper surface of head bony and granu- lated, the skin covering the bones being ve ry thin. . Fluvidraco, 4. hh. Caudal fin subtruncate; upper surface of head covered with thick smooth skin, concealing the bones ......___.. Pseudobagrus, 5. gg. Anal rays 14 to 17; eyes very small; head covered with soft skin; EumeemmreDly forked: 2 o202.022_.. oo e. Leiocassis, 6. jf. Adipose fin adnate to the back and connected with the caudal: caudal rounded; median mental barbals far apart; body elongate; head small, smooth above; dorsal well forward.._.....__... Liobagrus, 7. mental barbala is 2. TACHYSURUS Lacépéde. Tachysurus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1803, p. 151, pl. v, fig. 2 (Sinensis). Arius @ CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 52, in part, not the ‘‘chef de file’’ or type (grandicassis, arius, etc.; restricted to Pime- lodus arius by Bleeker in 1858 = Tachysurus). Ariodes MULLER and TroscueL, Hor Ichthyol., III, 1849, p. 9 (arenarius, ete. ) (= Tachysurus). Pseudarius BuerKxer, Ichth. Archipel. Indi. Prodrom. Siluroid., 1858, p. 91 (Pimelodus arius; grandicassis being regarded as type of Arius. ) Body more or less elongate, subterete. Head armed with a bony shield above, behind which projects an occipital shield, another smaller crescent-shaped shield at the base of the dorsal spine, these processes and bones exposed or covered with very thin skin, and the bones on top of the head together with the occipital process granular; skull with a fontanelle; eyes with a more or less free orbital margin; mouth not large, the upper jaw the longer; teeth in jaws villiform, more or less granular, in a band in each jaw; palatine patches of teeth granu- Jar, without a backward projecting angle on the inner margin, and never movable; barbels 6 (no nasal barbels), close together, the poste- rior with a valve; maxillary barbels usually short and terete or some- what compressed. Gill membranes not forming a free margin across the isthmus. Skin smooth, naked, except on the head above. Dorsal fin short, in front of ventrals with a pungent spine; adipose fin well ‘developed, posteriorly free; caudal fin deeply forked; anal fin short: pectorals each with a spine; ventral rays six. General color brown with blue reflections. Marine catfishes. The species abundant on sandy shores in the tropical seas, never about coral reefs. None of them occur in Japan proper. (rayvs, swift; oupa, tail.) pieeereeded name / aa iny, however, properly be retained for Arius grandicassis, Valenciennes’s ‘‘chef de file’’ or type, thus replacing Netwma, although the name Arius is feared from an Indian name Ari « 902 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 2. TACHYSURUS MACULATUS (Thunberg). Silurus maculatus TxrunBeRG, Vet. Acad. Nya. Handl., XIII, 1792, p. 31, pl. 1, fig. 1; Japan. Arius maculatus Ginrner, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 166. Tachysurus maculatus Jorpan and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, II, April 3, 1901, p. 45; no locality. Silurus ocellatus Buocw and Scunemprer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 379 (after Thunberg). Arius ocellatus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 104 (after Bloch and Schneider). Arius ocellatus BLEEKER, Verhandl. Batavia, Genootsch. Kunst. Wetensch., XV, 1853, pp. 30 and 51. Pimelodus arius Hamitton-BucHanan, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 170, 376; Bengal. Arius arius Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 102; Pondicherry. Arius gagorides BurrKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XI, Silur., p. 42; Kast Indies. Arius chondropterygioides BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XI, Silur., p. 44; East Indies. Arius angulatus BueEKeER, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XJ, Silur., p. 44; East Indies. Arius heckeli Bureker, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XI, Silur., p. 44; East Indies. Pseudarius borneensis BLEEKER, Atl. Ichthy. Silur., p. 36, pl. xrx; Borneo. Head 32 to 34 in length; depth 42 to 5; D. I, 7; A., 20 to 22; P. I, 10. Head rather broader than high, its greatest width 3 to # its length; band of intermaxillary teeth is six times as long as broad; teeth on the palate granular, in two separate semiovate patches; max- illary barbels considerably shorter than the head; occipital process granulated, subtriangular, scarcely longer than broad. Dorsal fin higher than body; its spine strong, serrated along both edges, and it is contained 1} to 13 in the head; adipose fin rather shorter than dor- sal; pectoral % to ? the length of the head, and its spine nearly as long as that of the dorsal fin. Adipose fin with a large black spot. (Giinther.) East Indies and China, only known from Japan in the record of Thunberg, which was probably made at Miyako Island in the Riukiu archipelago. The synonymy above given is compiled from authors and needs verification. (maculatus, spotted.) iit Cn oe otek 3. PARASILURUS Bleeker. Glanis AGAssiz, Proc. Amer. Acad., 1856, p. 333 (aristotelis). (Name preoccupied by Glanis Gronow, 1854.) Parasilurus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk., 1863, p. 114 (asotus). Body elongate, the profile of the back almost horizontal. Head depressed and covered with soft skin; eyes anterior and subcutaneous; mouth broad, transverse; barbels 4, two very long maxillaries and 2 short mentals; teeth cardiform or villiform, in broad bands in the No. 1338. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FO WLER: 903 jaws and on vomer; no teeth on palatines. Gill opening wide, not confluent with the isthmus, and narrowly joined together. Dorsal small, without spine, and anterior; adipose fin absent: anal more or less united with the caudal, very long; pectorals with spine; ventrals behind dorsal. Air bladder not inclosed in bone. Fresh-water Silu- roids found in India, East Indies, China, and Japan. This genus is very close to S//urus and distinguished chiefly by the number of barbels, which are 6 in that genus. The preoccupied name Glanis, based on the species of this genus found in Greece (Glanis aristotelis), is, as Garman has shown, a synonym of the later Parv- silurus. (rapa, near; Silurus.) 3- PARASILURUS ASOTUS (Linnzus). ' NAMAZU (MUD-FISH). Silurus asotus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 501; Asia.—Buocn and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 378.—Basitewsky, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mos., X, 1855, p. 240,. pl. 1, fig. 4; Pechili, China.—Ginrner, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 33; Japan, China.—Isurkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 23; Tokyo, Suwa, Mino, Hikone. Silurus japonicus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Pisc., 1846, p. 226, pl. cry, fig. 1; Higo, Satsuma, Nagasaki.—Brrexer, Verhandel. Batavia Genootsch. Kunst. Wetensch., X XV, 1853, pp. 30 and 51. Silurus asotus STEINDACHNER and Dopervern, Denk. Akad. Wissensch., LITT, 1887, p. 287; Tokyo.—Savvaae, Bull. Soc. Philomat. (Paris) 1883, p. 2; Lake Biwa. Parasilurus asotus JORDAN and Snyper, Check List, p. 45; Yokohama, Lake Biwa. Head 4% in length; depth 5$; D. 6; A. 78; P. 1,13; V. 12; width of head two-thirds its length; eye about 9 in head; 24 in snout; 5 in inter- orbital space; pectoral 1$ in head; ventral 24. Body elongate, the trunk deepest in front, compressed laterally, and the tail long and tapering. Head moderate, broadly depressed; when viewed from above the snout is broadly rounded and flattened; eyes small, lateral, and anterior; mouth very broad and superior, the man- dible projecting; teeth sharp, in broad yilliform bands in the jaws and ‘on vomer and palatines; lips rather thin and smooth; nostrils rather far apart, the anterior in a small tube; barbels 4, 2 very long max- illaries and 2 short mentals; interorbital space very broad, elevated, and flattened in the middle. Gill-openings large, very narrowly jointed, and separate from the very broad isthmus. Gill-rakers few and rather short; no pseudobranchie. Body perfectly smooth and naked. Dorsal a little shorter than the ventral and inserted just before the tip of the pectoral; anal very long, united with the caudal behind, of uniform height, and its origin much before the middle of the length; vectoral spine stout, both edges with strong denticulations, and about 904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XXVq. ehire e-fifths the le meth of che fin; “pectorals rate reaching the ventrals, z which are shorter and reach beyond the origin of the anal; tail slightly emarginate, the lobes distinctly rounded and the upper projecting a little. Lateral line present. Anal papilla present. Color, in alcohol, brown, the middle of the back darker; lower sur- face of the head and the abdomen whitish. Length 103 inches. This description from a specimen from Tokyo, collected by K. Otaki. China and Japan, our specimens from ‘Tokyo, collected by K. Otaki, Niigata, Morioka, Tana River, Kawatana, Sendai, Ichinoseki, Chi- kugo River at Kurume, Tsuchiura, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, and Formosa. This large catfish is very common in all the streams of middle and southern Japan, reaching a length of 2 or 3 feet. It is largely used as food. The Japanese species (2%urasilurus japonicus) is considered by authors, doubtless correctly, as identical with Parasi/urus asotus, a species widely distributed in eastern Asia. (asotus, a sot.) 4. FLUVIDRACO Jordan and Fowler. Fluvidraco JorpANn and Fow er, new genus (ransonnetit) . This genus is close to P’seudobagrus, differing in the deeply forked ‘audal and in having the top of the head rough and granulated, the covering skin being very thin. Rivers of Japan and China. The “Yellow Dragon” of Canton, /Vueidraco fulvidraco (Richardson), seems to belong to this genus. (fluvius, river; draco, dragon.) a. Outer edge of pectoral spine without serrations; bony occipital bridge and hume- ral processes granulate and covered with thin skin; anal rays 20. -ransonneti, 4. aa. Pectoral spine strongly serrated (along both edges?); head granulated above; anal rays! 23 2.2). 22. sic cee noses Bae eee ee nudiceps, 5. 4. FLUVIDRACO RANSONNETII (Steindachner). Pseudobagius ransonnetti StEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 287; Osaka.— JoRDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, III, 1901, p. 44. Pseudobagrus fulvidraco IsuHrKaAwa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 23 (not of Richardson); Lake Biwa, Hikone, Yamashiro, Tosa; Karan R. Head 44 in length; depth 6; D. I, 7; A. 20; P. 1,7; V. 6; width of head 14 in its le oie eye 5 in head; 1$ in snout; 2+ in interorbital space; pectoral 1}; ventral a little more than half the head. Body elongate, compressed. Head broad, depressed; snout broad, obtuse, depressed, and flattened above; eye moderate, anterior lateral, and more or less covered with the skin of the head; mouth very broad, transverse, and its width about 2% in the head; teeth in broad villiform bands in the jaws, and the roof of the mouth also with a broad trans- NO. 1338. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOW LER. 905 verse band; 8 barbels, the nasals and median ment: tals about equal, shorter en the outer mentals; which are not as long as the maxil- laries, the latter reaching beyond the gill-openings, and all of the Pentala rather evenly caput d; lips moderately thick: interorbital space broad, flattened, and very slightly elevated; anterior nostrils tubular and in a shallow depression. Gill-openings large, the mem- brane deeply notched and forming a free fold across the isthmus; the isthmus broad. Gill-rakers narrow, 3-9. Body smooth, top of the head smooth, the occipital process and the plate in front of the spinous dorsal finely striate or granular; humeral process finely granular. Origin of dorsal in advance of tip of pectoral spine, its spine long, sharp, smooth, and shorter than the longest rays; base of anal lone, and its origin nearer the posterior margin of eye ee tip of caudal; caudal shorter than head, deeply forked, the lobes somewhat pointed, and the Fig, 1.—FLUVIDRACO RANSONNETII. upper the longer; pectoral equal to head without snout, the spine smooth, except along its posterior edge, which is armed with strong recurved teeth; ventrals broad and reaching origin of anal; adipose fin long, though less than the base of the anal, and its posterior edge not adnate and not extending beyond posterior tip of anal, its form much asin Ameiurus. Anal papilla developed. Lateral line present. Color brown, darker above, the abdomen and lower surface of the head pale or whitish; the edges of the dorsal, anal, caudal, pectorals, and ventrals broadly blackish. Length 53 inches. Rivers of Japan, common southward. Our specimens are from Waka River, near Wakanoura, Tsuruga, Matsubara on Lake Biwa, Lake Yogo in Mino, the Yodo River in Osaka, and Nagoya in Owari, the last from the collection of K. Otaki. (Named for Baron Ransonnet, who obtained the species at Osaka. ) - 906 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 5. FLUVIDRACO NUDICEPS (Sauvage). Pseudobagrus nudiceps SascvaGE, Bull. Soc. Philomat., 1883, p. 2; Lake Biwa. The original description is as follows: D. I, 6; A. 23; P. I, 7. Longueur de la téte contenue cing fois dans la longueur totale: dessus de la téte osseux, granuleux; processus occipital plus long que large, étroit; os basilaire triangulaire, aussi long que le processus occipital, partagé par une suture transverse. Dorsale plus haute que le corps; épine dentelée, aussi longue que ~ la téte, sans le museau. Epine pectorale la méme longueur que l’épine dorsale, de méme longueur que celle-ci, trés fortement dentelée. Adipeuse de méme longueur que l’anale. Dents du palais suivant une bande rétrécie au milieu; barbillons maxil- laires s’étendant jusqu’aux pectorales. Longueur, 0,090. This species is near /Vuvidraco fulvidraco (Richardson), of the streams of Canton. It is also near /Uuwidraco ransonneti7, and may even be the same. There is no evidence that /Vuwidraco fulvidraco occurs in Japan. (nudus, naked; ceps, head.) 5. PSEUDOBAGEH Us Bleeker: Pseudobagrus BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Nederl., VII, 1860, p. 87 (awrantiacus). Body moderately elongate. Head broad and depressed, covered above by moderately thick, smooth skin; eyes moderate or rather small; snout broad, obtuse; mouth broad, transverse, and with bands of villiform teeth in the jaws; a continuous transverse band of teeth on the roof of the mouth; nostrils remote, the anterior usually in a small tube; 8 barbels, the maxillaries the longest, and the mentals more or less evenly distributed. Dorsal fin short, with 5 to 7 rays, and like the pectoral with a stout spine; caudal rounded or subtruncate; anal with 20 or more radii; ventrals broad, with 6 rays. (pevdns false; Bagrus). 6. PSEUDOBAGRUS AURANTIACUS (Schlegel). GIGI: GIBACHT Bagrus aurantiacus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1846, p. 227, pl. crv, fig. 2; Sat- suma, Kuruma, Higo. Pseudobagrus aurantiacus BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Nederl., VII, p. 85.— GtnNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 85.—SauvaaeE, Bull. Soe. Philo- mat., 1883, p. 2; Lake Biwa.—JorpDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXITI, 1900, p. 340; Tokyo; Annot. Zool. Japan, III, April 3, 1901, p. 44.— Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 22; Tokyo, Chichibu, Suwa, Tega Lake. Pseudobagrustokiensis DoDERLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 288; Tokyo.—JorDAN and Sxyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, II, April 3, 1901, p. 45. Head, 54 in length; depth, 7; D: 1,°7; Av/20; Bak 1 yeo-ne ve 4} in interorbital space; width of mouth, 2 in head; pectoral, 14 in head; ventral, 2. Body elongate, with rather uniform depth, the tail strongly com- pressed. Head broad, depressed; snout short, bluntly rounded when viewed from above and projecting beyond the mandible; the width of the head is less than its length; eyes small, laterally superior, and cov- ered with thin skin; jaws with broad hands of villiform tee _half the length of the maxillary pair, which latter are much than the outer mentals, though considerably shorter than the lenoth "0.1338, JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 907 th, also on the palate in a broad transverse band; lips moderately thick and slightly papillose; nasal and median mental barbels about equal, about longer of the head; the mental barbels are all rather evenly distributed, the median pair slightly farther apart than either is from the outer, the interorbital space is broad, elevated, and flattened; anterior nostrils tubular and in a shallow pit. Gill openings large, the gill membrane deeply notched and -forming a free fold across the isthmus: isthmus broad. Gill rakers narrow, 3-++7. Body smooth; top of the head smooth; humeral process finely gran- ular. Origin of dorsal, above the tip of pectoral, its spine sharp and half the length of the dorsal; anal base rather long; caudal truncate, its edge rounded, very slightly emarginate, and with the two lobes rounded, the upper slightly the longer; adipose dorsal much shorter than anal and ending before tip of anal; pectoral with robust roughened spine, the inner edge with large teeth, falling short of the end of the fin; ventral broad, behind dorsal and reaching almost to the origin of the anal. Anal papilla well developed. Lateral line well developed and superior in front; head with a number of pores. Color brown, dark above, clouded with deep brown, the abdomen and lower surface of the head pale or whitish. Total length 93 inches. This description from our largest specimen taken in the Kitakami River. This species is abundant in the streams throughout most of the islands of Japan, our specimens from Tokyo, Kinu River at Utsunomiya, Tana Kiver at Tachikawa, Tsuchiura, and Kitakami River at Morioka. It is often spitted on sticks, roasted, and sold cold in the shops and eating houses. It rarely exceeds a foot in length. The Pseudobagrus tokiensis of Déderlein seems to be identical with this species, as the main characters in which it was supposed to differ do not seem to be tangible. A (aurantiacus, orange-colored. ) 6. LEIOCASSIS Bleeker. Leiocassis BureKer, Ichthy. Archipel. Indi. Prodrom..Siluroid, 1858, p. 159 (poecilopterus). The upper jaw the longer; eyes below the skin; no free circular fold round the orbit; no movable labial teeth; teeth on the palate in a con- tinuous band; barbels 8. Dorsal short, with 7 rays, with denticulated pungent spine, the teeth not projecting upward; anal short, with less than 20 rays; caudal forked; ventral with six rays. East Indies and Japan. (Agios, smooth; Kaoois, casque.) 908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 7. LEIOCASSIS LONGIROSTRIS (Giinther). Liocassis longirostris GéNruER, Cat. Fish, V, 1864, p.87; Japan. Leiocassis longirostris JORDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, III, April 3, 1901, p. 44; Japan. Head 8% in length; depth’ 5; Di 1,15 AG Wiest des Nie Oe interorbital space 2 in snout; more than 3 in head, least depth of tail a little more than 3. Trunk slightly compressed, the tail elongate, tapering. Head as high as broad, with the crown compressed, the sides obliquely sloping outward; snout much produced and conical, so that the mouth is. about midway between the eye and end of the snout; eyes very small, without free circular eyelid, and much nearer the extremity of the snout than the end of the operculum; cleft of the mouth transverse, entirely at the lower side of the snout; teeth villiform, in broad bands, the intermaxillary band 4 times as broad as long, and the vomerine band, which is immediately behind, nearly as broad and long as the former; the posterior nostril nearer to the eye than to the extremity of the snout, and its barbel is slender, not much longer than the eye; the anterior nostril is in the upper lip in front of the maxillary barbel; maxillary and mandibular barbels small; upper side of the head only slightly granulated, the median fonticulus does not extend to the base of the occipital process, the latter finely granu- lated, arrow-shaped, twice as long as broad, and below the skin it extends on to the basal bone of the dorsal spine, which is elongate, triangular, and finely granulated; a skinny space between the basal bone and the granulated part of the occipital process; opercles cov- ered with skin. The gill-membranes are separate nearly to the front of the isthmus. Dorsal spine strong, not much shorter than the head; its serrature behind does not point either downward or upward, but is vertical to the spine, and as long as and terminates in the same vertical with the adipose fin; caudal deeply forked; pectoral spine somewhat stronger and shorter than that of the dorsal fin; the ventrals extend somewhat beyond the origin of the anal. The free portion of the tail between adipose and caudal fin equals the base of the adipose fin, and is a little less than } the total (without caudal). Humeral process of moderate size, pointed behind; mucous cavity in the axil with 2 foramina. Length 23 inches. Japan; collection of Mr. Jamrach. (Giinther.) This species was not seen by us, and may possibly not be really Japanese. (longus, long; rostrum, snout). No. 1338. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 909 7. LIOBAGRUS Hilgendorf. ,, pape Cl aN » Qte + 1 AG if ‘ Rea 7 . Liobagrus HILGENnor®, Sitzungs. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freund., Berlin, 1878, p- 1 (reinii). Body elongate with compressed tail and rounded caudal. Head broad and depressed; top of head smooth, and the humeral] process smooth; eyes small and covered with thin skin. anterior in position: snout broad, obtuse, and projecting; teeth only in jaws, in broad villiform bands, and those on the mandible divided: no teeth on pala tines and vomer; barbels 8, the median mentals widely separated, _ Dorsal fin placed anteriorly; dorsal and pectoral spines smooth, sharp, and imbedded in the skin; adipose fin long and low, joined to the caudal as in Woturus,; ventral fins small, not reaching the anal. which has 15 rays. i (Aezos, smooth, Bagrus.) 8. LIOBAGRUS REINI Hilgendorf. Lnobagrus reinii HitGENDor®, Sitzungs. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freund., Berlin, 1878, p. 1; Southern Japan.—Savvaaee, Bull. Soc. Philomat., 1883, p. 2; Lake ; Biwa.—JorDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool., Japan, III, 1901, p. 44. Gn.? Sp.? IsHixawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 23, Nos. 414, 415, 416; Toshima, Iwa- shiro, Kii. Head 44 in length; depth 8; D. I, 6; A. 15; P. I, 7; V. 6; width of head, 14 in its length; interorbital space 3 in head; eye 2 in inter- orbital space; caudal equal to head. Body elongate, of rather uniform depth, and the tail strongly com- pressed. Head broad, depressed, with a more or less swollen appear- ance above; snout short, much less than the interorbital space, very broad and obtuse; eyes small, superiorly lateral, and covered with thin skin; mouth very broad, transverse, and about equal to half the length of the head; lips moderate, the upper jaw projecting; teeth in a single broad villiform band in the upper jaw, and in 2 narrowly 4The diagnosis of this genus and species is as follows: ‘‘Liobagrus noy. gen., Familie Siluridx, Gruppe Bagrina. Fettflosse lang, niedrig; Dorsalis kurz, mit I stechenden, ungesiigten und 6 weichen Strahlen; Analis kurz; Caudalis abgerundet; Ventralis mit 6 Strahlen. Eight Bartfiiden. Zihne nur im Zwischen—und Unter- kiefer, als Flecken von Hechelziihnen auftretend, keine Vomer—und Gaumenziihne (darauf soll der Name hindeuten). Augen unter der Haut, ohne Falte darum. Kiemenhaut bis ganz nach vorn hin frei.—Unter den durch Fehlen der Gaunmen- zibne verwandten asiatischen Bagrinengattungen ist Acrochordonichthys durch enge Kiemenoffnung, Akysis durch ausgeschnittene Schwanzflosse, Olyra durch mehr als 20 Analstrahlen, Branchiosteus durch heryvorragenden Unterkiefer zu unterscheiden. Die amerikanischen Gattungen haben $ strahlige Bauchflossen. Liobagrus Reinii gp. n., Br. 15, D. 3, A. 15, P. +, V. 6.—1 Exemplar, 9 cm. lang, von Prof. Rein im sidlichen Japan aufgefunden. Mit den bisher bekannten japanischen Bagrinen, Pseudobagrus aurantiacus Schl. und Liocassis longi rostris Giinth., nach Obigem sicher nicht identisch.”’ 910 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVL divided similar patches on the mandible; palatines and vomer tooth- less: 2 nasal barbels, 2 longer maxillaries, and 2 still longer outer mentals which are about equal to the length of the head; inner mental — barbels far apart and much shorter than the maxillaries; interorbital space broad and more or less flattened. Gill openings large, rather inferior, and the membrane with a deep notch; isthmus broad; bran- chiostegals large. Body naked and smooth; top of head smooth. Dorsal beginning before the tip of the pectoral spine, a little nearer tip of snout than base of ventrals, its spine smooth, without serrations, and more than half the height of the fin; the adipose fin is long, low, ascending gradually till above and beyond the tip of the anal, and adnate to the caudal by means of the rudimentary rays of the latter; origin of anal a little nearer the tip of caudal than the tip of snout, Fic, 2.—LIOBAGRUS REINI. and well separated from the caudal; caudal truncately rounded; pec- toral spine smooth, sharply pointed, slightly curved, and more than half the length of the fin, which is equal to the width of the head, ven- trals small, beginning beyond tip of dorsal, a little longer than the pectoral spine, and not reaching the anal. Length 34 inches. This description from a specimen from Tsuyama. Southern Japan, our specimens from Niigata in Echigo (collected by Eitaro Iijima); from Tsuyama and from Nagoya in Owari (collected by K. Otaki). (Named for Dr. Rein, an eminent student of Japanese history.) To the Liobagrus reini probably belongs a species described in manuscript by Dr. Ishikawa, under the vernacular name of g a- @Several names I have prey an used have el at fone d in thi es S otem- tion post-temporal giving place to the prev iously named Suprascapula, posteroten z ~ poral to Interscapula, and proscapula to Canosteon. eee ties Ceenosteon is named in the Synonymy of the Fish Skeleton, by Mr. : fe oO 2 ny Cc ces Starks, but without any data. In the Preceedings, Washington Academ e ? he hed 999 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. interscapula has a convex inferior margin and reminds one of the lower mandible of some cuttlefishes. The postscapula is more decurved. The ccenosteon and hypercoracoid are connected toward the front at the symphysis by the intervention of cartilage. The hypercoracoid has a foramen which appears as a notch from the outer side as the result of the overlapping of the ccenosteon by squamous suture, but internally the bone extends forward and is sepa- rated from the ccenosteon by a long unguiform gap and intervening cartilage or membrane. The fourth actinost is much broader in front than in the British Museum skeleton and its posterior portion much more deflected and wedged in between the hypocoracoid and styliform extension of the postscapula, which is suturally connected with it as well as with the hypocoracoid; there is little cartilage between its anterior portion and the hypocoracoid as well as third actinost. The third actinost intervenes between the hypercoracoid and fourth actinost, quite widely separating them, and has the same kind of union with the fourth as with the third; the second is longer, and has an oblong con- vex articular surface; its sutures, though close, are well defined; the first actinost has a still larger, more oblong, and more convex articular surface, and is so intimately connected with the hypercoracoid that the sutures are obliterated; it is, in fact, completely ‘*fused with” the hypercoracoid. The pelvic bones are connected with the postflected lowermost or sym- physial angles of the ccenosteons through the intervention of cartilage and have lamellar extensions, separated by fissures from the body of the bone, which are connected by cartilage with a slightly defined ridge of the hypocoracoid parallel with its anterior margin. The ventrals are subabdominal and inserted in the pelvic bones some distance in advance of the hinder ends of those bones. VIL. The pectoral fins of the Opah are represented inclined downward in Smitt’s Scandinavian Fishes (I, p. 123, 1892), as they are in the old article by Giinner. Boulenger remarks, ‘‘On examining the shoulder bones on a skeleton of Lampris luna, I was struck by two things—first, (III, p. 521, 1901) the word is quoted under ‘55, Clavicle, Parker,’’ and in a foot- note the following remark is made: ‘‘I get this reference from“Owen’s Comp. Anat. Lectures (Vertebrates), p. 118. By some ichthyotomists the bone in question has received the special name of Coenosteon.’? The name was given by Bakker in his “Osteographia Piscium’’ (1822). Bakker thought that the so-called clayicle of fishes was more than the clayicle of other vertebrates, corresponding to the clavicle and humerus together (Nec tamen claviculam solam facere, sed e clavicula et osse humeri componi mihi yisum est, p. 111), and consequently gave the name ccenosteon (evi- dently from «ozv6s, common or shared in common, and 66réorv, bone). The impli- cation is certainly false, but the name itself may be retained. a a Te ~~ e ss S of a much greater downward than upward movement of the No. 1340. ON THE LAMPRIDIDZE OR OPAHS—GILLI. 993 that the disposition of the articulating facets of the pterygials allows ; rays of the pectoral, by which the fin can be pressed down close against the sides of the body, and precludes the opposite vertical position—a fact which I have been able to verify on a specimen in the flesh. This mode of articulation seems so contrary to our ideas that most tieures and stuffed specimens represent the pectoral fin directed upward, as in Brama, to which the Opah was believed to be related.” It is noteworthy that representatives of the genus Pempheris ave also able to deflect their pectorals against the sides of the body. but they are not limited to that movement and can fold the fins backward. VII. The Opah appears to be not rare in certain regions, and the paucity in collections is probably due to the want of sufficient motive to hunt for them rather than absolute rarity or difficulty in obtaining them. In the Twentieth Annual Report of the Fishery Board of Scotland (1902), kindly sent to me recently, there is an interesting record (p. 541) of individuals ‘‘landed at Aberdeen market during 1891,” with a ““note of the place where they were stated to have been caught.” In June, “‘three specimens;” in July, ten; in August, one, and in Sep- tember two were received. All ‘‘ were taken by line” and the one was caught at a depth of 125 fathoms. The only previous notice of the capture of the Opah off the coast of Aberdeenshire I am acquainted with is one published in the Zoologist for 1896. It appears from an anonymous note in that mag August® on The Opah or Kingfish off Aberdeen that ‘‘there was lately on view at Messrs. J. and T. Sawers’s fish market, Belfast, a fine specimen of the Opah or Kingfish caught off the coast of Aberdeen- shire. It weighed 70 pounds, was about 4 feet long, and measured 94 feet at the broadest part.” azine for IX. The etymology of the curious name Opah is stated to be unknown by the various English dictionaries, as the Century Dictionary (“*¢ Ypah (o’pa) m. [Origin unknown]”). Further research would have revealed it. The first appearance of the name with explanation is in 1750, in the Philosophical Transac- tions (vol. 46). Therein is published ‘* The Defcription of a Fith fhewed to the Royal Society by Mr. Raiph Bigland, on March 22, 1749-00: Drawn up by C. Mortimer, M. D., Secret. R. S.” (pp. 518-520.) This seemed to the author “to be a new Species of Fith not yet defcribed by any author.” It was a Lamprvs, and immediately after the dec- SS ee a3. S., XX, p. 306. 924 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI laration just quoted the author appended the following two para- graphs. The italics, capitals, antique s({), orthography, and brackets are reproduced from the original: ‘The black Prince, and his Coufin, from Anamaboe on the Coatt of Guinea, and Mr. Creighton, formerly Governor of Capo Corfo Caftle, upon feeing this Fifh immediately knew it, and faid it was common on that Coast, and is very good to eat. The Natives call it Opah, and the Eneglifh there call it the Avng 7i/h. I fhall therefore retain the Guinea Name, with thefe Characteriftics; Opan Guinien/ium eft pifcis of feus, non fyuammofus, edentulus, habens unicam in dorfo pinnam anteritis aculeatam, pone branchias par pinnarum, in medio ventre par pin- narum, ad pofticamventris partemunicam pinnam, caudam forcipatam. “Mr. Bigland fays, that, upon opening of it, all its Bowels would have gone into a Quart-Mug; that the Flefh of the fore Part was firm, and look’d like Beef, and the hinder Part like fine Veal; that the Bones were like thofe of Quadrupeds; particulary the Shoulder-blades, which refembled thofe of Sheep. [See an Article in the Scots Magazine for October 1748, printed at Ldinburgh in 8vo.| Ina Letter to me, he adds, that probably this was a [Pelagian or] Ocean Fish, wandring by chance into the Frith of /orth; and, by the Tide ebbing, being left upon a confiderable Shoal, or flat Sand, near Ze7th, was difcover’d from Land in a State of Distrefs; whereupon fome Fifhermen plunged into the Sea, and with a Net furrounded it, and brought it to Shore.” It is not at all probable that ‘‘the black prince” or the ‘‘ former governor of Capo Corso” ever saw a specimen of Lampris. The fish has never been recorded from the western coast of tropical Africa, and it certainly is not and never ‘‘ was common on that coast.” Inas- much, however, as it is a wide-ranging pelagic form, it 1s no more impossible that an individual may have been caught near the coast of Africa than that one was actually caught near Cuba. Probably, how- ever, the origin of the name is due either to the fancy of a negro chieftain and the subserviency of a white man, or to a misunderstand- ing or misrepresentation of what was said. It was a ‘‘ ghost-word,” at least so far as the Lampr/s is involved. a A | AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA. By Rev. Toomas R. R. Sreprina, Fellow of the Royal Society. The specimens here described were sent to me for determination by the United States National Museum, and represent. two new species. They were collected by Prof. P. Biolley, of the National Museum of Costa Rica. Family TALITRID. 1900. Taltride StEBBING, Fauna hawatiiensis, II, p. 527. TALORCHESTIA FRITZI, new species. Plate LX. The largest of the male specimens have the perzon transversely corrugated, each of the segments showing two folds, except the first segment, which has a single fold. All the specimens, however, 15 in number, have the integument brittle and most of the muscular parts shrunken. The exceptional corrugation, therefore, in the large male examples may not be a natural feature, but merely due to conditions experienced since their capture. In the synoptic table published four years ago“ for discriminating the genera of the Talitride, at that time called Orchestiide, the leading distinction between Orchestia and Talor- _ chestia rests on the fact that in the former the first gnathopods of the - female are subchelate, whereas in the latter they are simple. So far _as this distinction is concerned, the present species clearly belongs to Talorchestia. The sixth joint of the limb in question has no distal widening to furnish a “‘palm” upon which the finger can close. In Orchestia the widening is seldom or never very great, but how far it may be reduced without effecting generic change has not yet been determined. The eyes may be described as rotundo-quadrate, with a diameter much larger than the interval between them. First antenne of male have the middle joint of the peduncle slightly the longest, the five-jointed flagellum about half as long as the pedun- cle, the whole appendage being subequal in length to the last joint in the peduncle of the second pair. In the female the flagellum has three Te ee eee @Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 2d ser., VII, Pt. 3, 1899, p. 397. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1341. x vz 996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. EES EE joints, and the whole appendage is nearly as long as the last two joints — of the peduncle in the following pair. | In the adult male the second antennz have the peduncle massive, its last joint a little longer than the penultimate, the flagellum consisting of 14-17 joints, many of which widen distally, with minute spines thrust into prominence. In the female, already carrying marsupial plates, the antenn, as shown in the figure, are of insignificant size compared with those of the male. The ten-jointed flagellum equals in length the last two joints of the peduncle. The mouth organs exhibit no distinctive peculiarity. The palp of the first maxille is minute. No trace of a fourth joint could be per- ceived on the palp of the maxillipeds. The first gnathopods of the male have the long wrist or fifth joint distally widened, and on the inner side of the spinulose prominence is a pellucid bubble-like tubercle. The sixth joint is shorter, but simi- larly widened, its prominence beset with spinules and capped with a pellucid portion like the bubble on the preceding joint. The small, conical finger closes over a shallowly excavate palm, its point reaching but by no means overlapping the clear prominence. In the female the wrist is distally widened, but without special prominence or tuber- cle, while the sixth joint is for some distance parallel-sided, and then, instead of widening, tapers slightly to the insertion of the finger. Like the preceding joint, it has spines on both margins, those on the hinder or inner margin being the more important. The second gnathopods of the full-grown male have large oval hands, with the palm very oblique, beset on both sides with spines, and in the middle slightly flattened, so as to leave a shallow interval when the massive, strongly curved finger closes, bringing its apex into the pocket at the end of the palm. Near the hinge of hand and finger the palm has a short but rather deep excavation, into which a corresponding prominence of the finger’s inner margin neatly fits. This notable feature occurs elsewhere in the Talitride, as in Orchestoidea tubercu- lata Nicolet, Orchestia tucurauna Fritz Miller, and Orchestia sulenson Stebbing. These stand, it is true, in different genera, but the generic position of the third is obscure, because the female is not yet known. It is, however, clearly fice from the species now under dis- cussion by the different fe ‘ter of its first gnathopods. With Fritz Miiller’s species there are other difficulties, as will appear by the following quotation from his celebrated treatise.“ Miiller is calling attention to the fact that the development of the sexual peculiarities does not stand still on the attainment of sexual maturity, and proceeds to give instances: For example, the younger sexually mature males of Orchestia Tucurauna, n. sp., have slender inferior antennee, with the joints of the flagellum not fused together, « Fur Darwin, 1864, p. me Becuere ieee by Dallas under the title, Facts and arguments for ie in, 1869, pp. 79, 80. “No. 1341. AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA—STEBBING. 997 the clasping margin (‘‘palm,’’ Sp. Bate) of the hand in the second pe uniformly convex, the last pair of feet is slender and similar to the preceding. Sub- ' sequently the antennze become thickened, two, three, or four of the first joints Of the flagellum are fused together, the palm of the hand acquires a deep emargination near its inferior angle, and the intermediate joints of the last I ur of feet is | swelled into a considerable incrassation. No museum-zoologist Rae | fabricating two distinct species, if the oldest and youngest sexually mature males were sent to him without the existing intermediate forms. In the younger males of Orchestia Tucuratinga, although the microscopic examination of their testes showed that they were already sexually mature, the emargination of the clasping margin of _ the hand (represented in fig. 50) and the corresponding process of the finger, are _ still entirely wanting. The same may be observed in Cerapus and Caprella, and probably in all cases where hereditary sexual differences occur. A footnote says that fig. 50 represents the second gnathopod of the male, and fig. 51 that of the female, of Orchestia tucuratinga. The original German edition adds the letters ‘‘n. sp.” after the men- tion of O. tucuratinga. For the translation Miiller himself supplied corrections of printer’s errors in the original. Yet we find O. fucu- rauna and O. tucuratinga left side by side both in the text and index of the English edition. If they are one and the same species, the remarks on the differences between the young and old males are need- lessly repeated. If they are distinct species, not the smallest character is assigned by which they can be distinguished. No museum zoologist could have made a worse muddle. Nothing is said about the first enath- opods of either sex. If these were left unexamined, the species might belong to Orchestoidea or Talorchestia just as well as to Orchestia. A general resemblance in the second gnathopods of the Costa Rican species to those figured by Fritz Miller excited a hope that his descrip- tion might be supplemented from the specimens now in hand. The hope was dissipated by more exact comparison. Though the young males showed the uniformly convex palm and smoothly concave finger- margin of the second gnathopods, combining with these the common youthful characters of slender second antennx and slender hind pero- pods, the older males and the females did not fall into line with the species represented by Miiller. The length, compared with the breadth of the large hands, is much greater in the present species than in his, and the palm is less convex. Also in the delicate second gnathopod of the female there are several differences, most easily seen by a com- parison of the figures. In the species here described the second joint, instead of being oval, has a straight hind margin and sinuous front one, the fifth and sixth joints are narrower than in Miiller’s species, and the rounded apex of the sixth is much more produced beyond the minute chela-forming finger. It may be added that, though the pedun- cles of the second antenne. are greatly thickened in the large males, the initial joints of the flagella show no additional fusion, nor is the thickening of the middle joints in the hind pereopods especially conspicuous. 998 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, The first pereeopods are rather longer than the second. The latter have, as usual, the small finger notched on the inner margin near the apex. The fourth and fifth pereopods are much longer than the third. — The second joint in the fifth pair is much broader than that in the — fourth, being about as broad as it is long. The hind corners of the second and third pleon segments are quad- rate. The first uropods have equal rami, nearly as long as the pedun- cle. The second pair are shorter, with the rami equal and as long as_ the peduncle, the inner ramus so placed as not to reach quite so far back as the outer. The slender ramus of the third pair carries a row of four little spines. It is shorter than the stout peduncle. The sixth pleon segment is dorsally incomplete, having the gap in its armour cloaked by the telson. The telson has a dividing line down the center, the apex being bilobed, carrying two or three spinules on each lobe, and a pair of sublateral spines is placed higher up. The male specimen, of which the parts are figured in the accompany- ing plate, measured from front of head to end of uropods seven- twentieths of an inch, while a male with notch in palm of second enathopods still undeveloped was only four-twentieths of an inch long, or 5mm. as contrasted with about 9 mm. in the larger example. ; The specimens were forwarded to me as having been taken in Jan- uary, 1902, by Mr. P. Biolley, at Isla del Coco, off Costa Rica. The specific name is chosen to direct attention to the points of com- parison between this form and that which for the present should be known as Orchestia tucurauna Fritz Miller. y : HYALELLA FAXONI, new species. Plate LXI. The back is well rounded, devoid of teeth. The first three segments of the pleon have the postero-lateral angles acute, those of the first pair being scarcely, but those of the third conspicuously, produced. The eyes are round, very small, and wide apart. The first antenne have the peduncle well developed, but with the third joint a little shorter than the second, and the second than the first. The flagellum is elongate, its joints attaining to fourteen in number in the male. A specimen in which the flagellum was eleven- jointed had the eleventh joint about level with the eighth joint of the flagellum of the lower antennze. The second antenne have both peduncle and flagellum longer than those of the preceding pair, the terminal joint of the peduncle consid- erably longer than the penultimate in the male, but very little longer in the female, an unbroken flagellum in the male having as many as seventeen joints. Ina female specimen a flagellum of thirteen joints answers to one of ten in the first pair. AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA—STEBBING. 999 _ The first maxille have three setw~ on the apex of the inner plate ‘instead of the two which appear to be the usual number in this pores The first gnathopods have a spiniferous boss, more develenet: a male than in the female, on the hind margin of the fourth and fifth joints, and the palm of the subparallel-sided hand nearly transverse not overlapped by the small finger. . , _ In the male the large second gnathopods are very similar to those of Hyalella dentata Smith, and Hyalella longistilus (Faxon), but the _ hand is rather longer in proportion to the breadth. The palm ends in a slight bulging beyond the pocket into which the apex of the strongly curved finger closes. Near the hinge of hand and finger the palm has a somewhat tooth-like indent, just like the ‘‘notch” of JZ dentata as figured and described by Prof. S. I. Smith, the slope of the palm being nearly straight and beset on each side with spines. In the female the hand is as long as the wrist, considerably wider distally than in the proximal half, the small, closely shutting finger not reach- ing the end of the palm. So far as can be judged from Professor Smith’s complete lateral view of the female of his //. 7nerinzs, both gnathopods in the female of that species are in close agreement with | those of the present species. _ The third pereopods are much shorter than the fourth or fifth pairs. In all three the second joint may be described as large and _ broadly oval, but in the fifth pair it is considerably broader and more _ rounded than in the, other two pairs, with a length not much greater than the breadth. No ‘‘accessory branchiwe” were observed in con- nection with any of the limbs. The third uropods are quite small, with the ramus tapering, nearly as long as the peduncle, but much narrower. _ The telson is almost square, the distal margin carrying a pair of setules, its corners rounded. A male specimen measured from front of head to the extremity of the slightly bent pleon three-tenths of an inch (7.5 mm.). The specimens, 20 in number, were labeled as coming from a height of 2,400 meters, or 8,000 feet, on Volean Reventado, and collected by Mr. P. Biolley. The specific name is given in compliment to Dr. Walter Faxon, who in 1876 described several species of this genus and directed ‘attention to some of the difficulties attending the delimitation of spe- cies within it. Dr. Faxon at that date” writes: ‘After an examina- tion of a large number of Hyalella dentata and I. inerinis from Utah, I am satisfied that they are but varieties of one species. The form with dorsal teeth on the first and second abdominal segments is very probably synonymous with Amphitoe aztecus Saussure? and @Bull. Mus. Harvard, ITI, p. 574. b Mémoire sur divers Crustacés nouveaux du Mexique et des Antilles, pl. v, fig. 33. 1858, p. 58, 930 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. Allorchestes knickerbockeri Bate,“ as pointed out by Professor Smith himself.” It may be convenient to accept Saussure’s name for the — dentate form, although his description is vague and his figures rough. In the large second gnathopod, of which he gives a detailed figure, ~ the wrist or fifth joint is entirely devoid of the characteristic project-— ing process. In my opinion the same motive of convenience is sufli-— ciently strong to justify the retention of the specific name ¢nermis for the form that is not dentate. This I have applied to specimens obtained by Mr. Edward Whymper at great heights in Ecuador.? None of these had dentate body segments. On first examining the specimens from Costa Rica, I was disposed to identify them with the species submitted to me by Mr. Whymper. About the close general resemblance there can be no question, but in detail I find the follow- ing differences: The new species here described has the antenne of both pairs more elongate, the first joint in the third, fourth, and fifth pereopods larger and more broadly oval, and the postero-lateral angles of the third pleon segment much more decidedly produced. None of these characters, it must be confessed, are easy to appreciate except by comparison of actual specimens or of accurate figures drawn to the same scale. But the mouth organs show a curious fea- ture, in that the first maxille, as above stated, have three sete on the apex of the inner plate, alike in male and female, while //. cnermés has only two. In the male of //. fawoni the first gnathopods have the hand not, or very little, broader at the palm than in the middle, whereas the //. ¢nermis from Ecuador has a strong bulging of the palm beyond the point which the finger reaches, making the hand as broad as it is long. Also in the large second gnathopods there is a stronger bulge at the corresponding point, making the breadth of the hand in the Ee uador species greater in proportion to its length, and the ‘‘notch” at the other end of the palm is rounded off. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Puate LX. Talorchestia fritzi, new species. n. 8. Length of male specimen examined, not including the antenne. a. s., a. 7. The upper and lower antenne, respectively, of the two sexes, with further enlargement of two joints of the flagellum in lower antennz of male. gn. 1, gn. 2. First and second gnathopods, respectively, of the two sexes, with further enlargement of some of the distal joints. . Second perzeopod of the female, with enlargement of finger. ‘ifth perzeopod of the male. aC Pacloeae of the ee of Amphipodous Crustacea i in the Collection of the 3ritish Museum, 1862, p. 36, pl. v1, fig. 1. » Travels among the Cheat Andes of the Equator, Appendix, 1891, p. 125. 3 ~ oS or bo ee TO ee eo eee No. 1341. AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA—STEBBING. ur. 1. Lateral view of first uropods of male, together with the second 931 and third uropods and telson, in attachment to the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments of the pleon. ur. 3.9. Third uropod of female. T. Telson of female. PuaTEe LXI. Hyalella faxoni, new species. n. s. Length of male specimen examined, not including the antennze. a. s., a. i. Upper and lower antennie of the two sexes. mz. 1. First maxilla (from a separate specimen). gn. 1, gn. 2. First and second gnathopods of both sexes, with further enlarzement of distal portion. prp. 5. Fifth pereeopod of male. Pl. s. 3.9. Third pleon segment of female. ur. 3. Third uropod, respectively, of male and female. T. Telson of each sex, that of the male from the specimen of which the first maxilla is figured. The figures are from male specimens, unless accompanied by the symbol of the female (?). _ Only two scales of magnification are employed, all the figures except one being drawn to the lower scale, while some are wholly or partially duplicated on the higher scale. The first maxilla of Hyalella faxoni is represented only on the higher magnification. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 62 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. Lx TALORCHESTIA FRITZI, NEW SPECIES. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 930. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXI * =, = { i. A. Sore Ragen EO re i PL. s.4 Oo Tq + > HYALELLA FAXONI, NEW SPECIES. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 931. SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY ASTARTIDA. WITH A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES By Witu1am Hearry Datu, Honorary Curator, Division of Mollusks. The group of bivalve shells which composes this family is of ancient origin, the Crassatellitide having diverged from it in the later Meso- zoic and taken definite form in the Eocene. The chief characteristic by which the two families are discriminated is found in the ligament, which in Astartedx is external as well as the resilium, while in the Crassatellitide this organ is separated from the resilium, the latter, except in Hriphyla, being deeply immersed. In Lriphy/u the process has only begun, but the other characteristics of the shell are so close to Crassinella that the two must obviously be associated in the same family. In Lirodiscus of the Astartide the resilium is separated from the ligament, but still remains external, while the other characters link it to Astarte in a way analogous to those which bind Er/phyla to the Crassinellas; so each family has an exceptional and peripheral group. Concentric sculpture, dense periostracum, absence of bright color pattern, and a hinge formula of, in its fullest development, the fol- : — (L9.101010.1 VE ey ee ee aT ee lowing elements Ri.010101.0 ) 2"¢ characteristic of this family, as is | | its preference for cold waters, the tropical species keeping chiefly in the cold abysses or being dwarfed in size. The Crassatellitide, on the other hand, are prevalent in the Tropics and unknown in the cold seas. I have not found more than three cardinals in either valve, and there are usually several nearly obsolete. The laterals are formed by an extension of the valve margin, which fits into a groove or socket in the opposite valve. These are usually alternated, one lateral and one socket to each valve. The middle cardinals are usually well developed and sometimes bifid, the anterior right and posterior left cardinals always (and the posterior right cardinal often) more or less obsolete. The sides of the cardinal teeth are frequently vertically striated, as in - Crassatellites, especially in the fossil species. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1342. 935 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI. No Astarte has radial ribbing, but many develop in the adult state crenulations on the inner margin of the valves. Some species are crenulate only when fully adult, others develop crenation at resting stages, others are always without them. The teeth of the hinge are frequently reversed as regards the valves. The laterals vary extremely in the fullness of their development, and the outline of the valves is also often very variable, most of the trigonal species having also elongated or oblique varieties. The conditions in the boreal seas, where these animals chiefly abound, seem to make for profusion in individuals and paucity of species, a state of things obviously favor- able to individual variation. The dullness of color characterizing the shells of this group is to some extent made up for by the bright colors of the soft parts which are usually yellow, orange, or vermilion. The anal siphon is short, complete, plain-edged and valvular. The branchial siphon is formed by apposition of the ciliate border of the free mantle edges. The foot is subquadrate, the gills small, reticulate, and free. The eges are ripe in April in the latitude of Long Island Sound, and are dis- charged into the water for fertilization. The animals live partly immersed in mud or sand and form a large part of the food supply of the walrus and many fishes. The variability previously alluded to has made the identification of species difficult and their synonymy almost hopeless. : Dr. Jeffreys, who published much about the northern fauna, unfor- tunately was disposed to lump together rather than discriminate, not having the large series necessary for elucidating our American spe- cies. Sowerby’s monographs of this group are very unsatisfactory and imperfect, covering less than half the known forms. The most suc- cessful attempt at a review of the species is that of Mr. Edgar A. Smith, of the British Museum, in 1881, in the Journal of Conchology. I have found in reviewing our American species that a more narrow specific limitation removes some of the difficulties surrounding the subject. While assenting to many of the views heretofore expressed by naturalists, and disavowing any claim of finality for the decisions arrived at, I have endeavored to discriminate the recognizable Amer- ican forms whether these be regarded as species or not. By adopting names for them we at least have the satisfaction of knowing what we mean when we employ a name, which is impossible under the system, or want of system, of Dr. Jeffreys. For the same reason I have been unable to avail myself of much work, systematic and distributional, which is in print, since it is impossible to know which of several forms is intended in a given case where a name covering a number of types has been used. The distribution mentioned in my list herewith is taken from actual specimens and only exceptionally from the litera- ture. The collection of Astartes from the boreal regions of the New “No. 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTIDA—DALL. 9 Benen rer : B85 World in the National Museum is exceptionally large, a fact upon which the possibility of a review of the species is dependent. Ina general way the species common to both hemispheres belong to the circumpolar fauna; extremely few if any of the more southern species : are common to Europe and America. Ina general way each fauna _ has a set of species in which a given type is represented, but the repre- sentatives of the type when compared are found to be similar rather than specifically identical. Thus, the European A. su/euta, COMPTESSA, and ¢ncrassata do not in my opinion occur at all in America. though the Atlantic and Pacific faunas have analogues which are probably due _ to filling a particular similar niche in the environment rather than to any close connection with the types of Europe referred to. _ The distinctions upon which the subordinate groups of Astartide . are founded are chiefly the greater or less development of the hinge- teeth and modifications of external sculpture. As the type of the _ hinge formula does not change but merely submits to certain dedue- tions from its possible total, it will be inferred that the subgenera or sections are not very widely separated. The genus (oodalliopsis Munier-Chalmas and De Raincourt, 1863, is a synonym of Ad/ia. Plesiastarte Fischer, 1887, which has also been referred to this family, may perhaps be more suitably placed in the Cyrenide, if not a nepionic shell. Preconia Stoliczka, 1871, and — Pachytypus Munier-Chalmas, 1887, I have not been able to examine; both are fossils. Paristella Cossmann, 1887, from the figures, may be amember of this family and related to Mcrostagon. It is from the French Eocene. Paleozoic forms referred to Astarte are dubiously pertinent. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE FAMILY. Genus LIRODISCUS Conrad, 1869. Shell solid, inequilateral, equivalve, the nepionic valves flat, usually concentrically ridged, the later portion of the disk more convex; liga- ment normal, external; residium separate, situated between the beaks, external, but with its base encroaching on the umbonal ends of the cardinals; dental formula eR the left anterior lateral often indistinct; inner margins crenate; adductor scars rounded with elevated margins. Type Astarte tellinoides Conrad, Claibornian Eocene. This genus appears in the lowest Eocene and continues to be represented until the Jacksonian. Genus ASTARTE Sowerby, 1816. Synonyms: Zridonta Schumacher, 1817; Crassina Lamarck, 1818; Triodonta Agassiz, 1847; Nicania Leach, 1819; Gonilia Stoliczka, 1871; Crassinella Bayle, 1879, not Guppy, 1874; Weocrassina Fischer, 936 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, _ 1887: Grotriania Speyer, 1860; Davee . V. Wood, 1853; Woodia Deshayes, 1860; Ptctocyma Dall, 1872; Pie aN on Malena 1874; Goodallia Turton, 1822; Mactrina Brown, 1827; Mierostagon Coast mann, 1896; Crentmargo Crossmann, 1903. Ligament enfolding the resilium, both external, on narrow nymphs. Section Asfarte s.s. Dental formula ee the middle right and two left anterior cardinals strong, the others obsolete; valves with convex umbones, subequilateral, the inner margins crenate when fully developed. Type, Astarte sulcata (Da Costa). Section 7ridonta Schumacher. Like Astarte, but the inner margins always smooth. Type, 7: borealis Schumacher, 1817. ¢ Section Weocrassina Fischer. Like r 5 . Canada and New England; variety svror, from 82° north latitude through the Arctic waters southward to the Gulf of St. 5 to 90- fathoms. The recent shell is more trigonal, larger, and the concentric sculp- ture coarser than that of the typical Pleistocene fossil. I adopt the above varietal name for the recent form until more is known. but I suspect the species are distinct. Lawrence in LIST OF THE SPECIES OF THE WESTERN COAST. ASTARTE POLARIS Dall, 1903. Kyska Harbor, Aleutians; Constantine Harbor, Amcehitka: and near the Shumagin Islands, in 10 to 58 fathoms, mud or sand, bottom temperature 41° to 45° F. Also in Baftin’s Bay, on the Greenland coast. This is the only typical Asturte so far identified on the northwest coast. ASTARTE LONGIROSTRA D’Orbigny, 1847. Falkland Islands, D’Orbigny; Straits of Magellan, in 20 to 61 fath- oms, bottom temperature 48° F. The A. magellanica Smith, 1881, judging from the specimens dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer ») 2997 Yoldia abyssicola Torell; U.S.N.M., Nos. 85220-So227. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——63 948 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. ——— ASTARTE SUBAQUILATERA var. WHITEAVESII Dall. Plate LXII, figs. 7, 12. Shell rounded quadrate, plump, inequilateral, the anterior end shorter; concentrically sculptured with 20 to 25 sharply defined rounded ribs with wider channeled interspaces, the ribs continuous over the whole shell; periostracum thin and papery, of a pale yellowish brown; lunule and escutcheon smooth, lanceolate, moderately impressed; inner mar- eins, When adult and at resting stages, crenate, hinge strong, the cardi- nals entire. Height 12, length 14.5, diameter 6.5 mm. Type locality, Gaspé, Whiteaves, in 200 fathoms. U.S.N.M., No. 95748. The continuous ribs behind, more convex valves, and smaller size distinguish this variety from the typical swhequilatera of Sowerby or the /ens of Stimpson. ASTARTE LIOGONA, new species. Plate LXII, fig. 9. Shell small, compressed, rounded trigonal, beaks erect, somewhat eroded in the type, umbonal region (outside of the eroded tract) smooth or marked only with incremental lines, but near the base there are indications of five narrow rounded concentric ribs, with wider inter- spaces; periostracum olivaceous, rather dark; lunule lanceolate, moder- ately impressed, smooth; escutcheon narrower and longer; ligament short; hinge moderately strong, the teeth entire, inner margins strongly crenulate. Height 7.0, length 7.5, diameter 4.0 mm. Dredged in 118 fathoms, near the delta of the Mississippi, on a muddy bottom. U.S.N.M., No. 64484. If this specimen is characteristic it differs from any other known to me in having the umbonal region smooth, while the peripheral portion exhibits raised ribbing. ASTARTE VERNICOSA, new species. Plate LXIMI, fig. 1. Astarle warhami (Hancock) Lrcur, Vega exped., III, 1883, pl. xxxmr, figs. 7-8 (only) 1883. Shell small, subcompressed, subtrigonal, subequilateral, covered with a brilliantly polished olivaceous brown periostracum; beaks rather high, slightly prosogyrate, the lunule narrow, lanceolate, impressed, the escutcheon similar but longer; base arcuate, anterior end rounded, posterior end slightly more produced; hinge delicate, inner margins smooth, hinge teeth much as in A. bennetti7. Length 17.0, height 15.0, diameter 6.7 mm. Pa No, 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTID.E&—DALI. 949 Type locality, off Iey Cape in 15 fathoms sand, W. H. Dall. U.S.N.M. No. 109276. : _ Our specimens are somewhat more trigonal and attenuated behind than in Leche’s figures. The sculpture is of quite even and reeular sul- cations which usually are somewhat less pronounced on the ventral third of the disk, but never present the striking contrast between the suleate . and unsuleate portions which may be usually noted in A. fubula. In many cases, however, the sculpture is continued to the base without _ obsolescence, almost as evenly as in Hancock’s warhaii, put the shape of the valves is different and the present species is much less inflated. Leche’s figures 9 and 10 appear to represent A. fibula, of which occasional specimens are sulcate clear to the base, but which can usually be recognized by the squarish and slightly wavy appearance of the concentric umbonal sculpture. ASTARTE (RICTOCYMA) ESQUIMALTI Baird. Plate LXIII, figs. 11, 12. This species having been figured only imperfectly, better figures are now supplied from an adult specimen (U.S.N.M., No. 106862), dredeed near the Shumagin islands in 58 fathoms. VENERICARDIA CRASSIDENS Broderip and Sowerby. Plate LXIII, fig. 9. Astarte crassidens BropErte and Sowersy, Zool. Jour., [V, 1829, p. 365. Iey Cape, Belcher, in Bland’s collection (Broderip and Sowerby.) This species is described as *‘ obsoletely radially sulcate,” much eroded at the umbones, with a large striated cardinal in either valve and with the margins coarsely crenulate, the crenulations haying ‘falmost the appearance of low embrasures.” It is represented as reaching a length of 40, a height of 41, and a diameter of about 21 mm., with a tinge of dull reddish purple in the center of the valves inside and the umbones nearly terminal and anteriorly directed. Now, these characteristics are not those of an Asfarte. All our Arctic Astartes are white within; none is radiately suleate: none has embrasure-like crenations. Moreover, the vicinity of Iey Cape has been pretty well dredged at various times, and Asfurte is a gregarious genus. If a species with such striking characteristics appeared there somebody would have been almost certain tg recoyerit. But no spee- imen is known, nor what became of that one which served as the type from ‘*‘ Mr. Bland’s” collection. There is a shell which has been more than once obtained at ley Cape which fulfills the requirements, and that is the species of Venericardia identified by Gray with “Arcturus rudis” (Humphrey Ms.) in 1839. The radial sulcation, except on the umbones (which our authors state ae 950 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~~ %ou-xxv1. were much eroded), is often obsolete, its beaks nearly anterior, its hinge broad, its margin with embrasure-like flutings, and it frequently has the disk tinged inside with a flush of livid purple-brown. I have in my Synopsis of the Carditacea called this Venericardia rudis, but I am now almost convinced that it is the present shell and should take the name of V. crass/dens. It has the very markedly broad hinge and large, more or less sulcate cardinals called for by the description, and one of the specimens in the National Museum comes within 2 millime- ters of the required dimensions. Mr. Smith has referred this to Astarte castanea, but A. castanea does not occur in that region, and has quite small though very distinct crenations, which have not the square form recalling embrasures like those of Venericardia. Nor does A. castanea, as far as known, reach a size comparable with that mentioned for A. crasstdens. All the other Astartes known from the region where Icy Cape is situated which are large enough to fill the requirements of the diagnosis of Broderip and Sowerby have very white shells and perfectly smooth margins. There is only one crenate species there, and it is quite small in comparison and has quite minute crenulations. The European species which do not appear in the Western Hemis- phere are Astarte sulcata Da Costa, A. incrassata Brocchi (frequently called A. fusca Poli), A. crebricostata Forbes, A. compressa Montagu, A. pusilla Forbes, A. parva Searles Wood, A. (Gonzlia) calligona Dall (A. b/partita Philippi non Sowerby), A. (Digitaria) digetaria Linneeus, Goodallia triangularis Montagu, and G. macandrewi Smith. Astarte triquetra Conrad is a Parastarte and belongs in the Veneride, A. fla- balla Conrad, is a Venericardia, and A. fluctuata Carpenter, is the nepionic young of Crassatellites sp. Since the figures of the new species do not wholly fill the plates, the figures of some recently described but yet unfigured species are included with those of the Astartide, with references to the place of publication. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Puate LXII. Fig. 1. Crania patagonica Dall, upper valve, diameter 8.5 mm.; Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, XXIV, 1902, p. 562; Straits of Magellan, U.S. N. M., No. 96913. 2. Crassatellites brasiliensis Dall, from off Rio de Janeiro in 59 fathoms; lon. 37 mm.; U. 8. N. M., No. 96104; The Nautilas, X VI, p. 101, 1903. 3. Crania patagonica Dall, inner face of upper valve showing muscular Impressions. 4. Crenella megas Dall, height 25 mm.; Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, p. 599; Panama Bay, in 33 fathoms; U. 8S. N. M., No. 96256. 5. Eehinochama californica Dall, new species, from off Cerros Island, Lower Cal- ifornia, in 25 fathoms; length exclusive of the spines, 40mm.; U.S. N. M., No, 96452, The coloration is yellowish white. ~ ‘Fig. 6. Venericardia armilla Dall, length, 8 mm.; from the Gulf of Me ae, a No. 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTIDE—DALL. 951 xico; U.S. N. M.. No. 93374; Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia for 1902, p. 713. 7. Astarte subequilatera Sowerby, var. whiteavesii Dall, umbonal view; length 15 mm.; Gaspé, Gulf of St. Lawrence in 200 fathoms; U.S. N. fi Na. 95748; p. 948. 8. Limopsis panamensis Dall, length, 6 mm.; Gulf of Panama in 1,030 fathoms; U.S. N. M., No. 109028; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, p. 559. 9. Astarte liogona Dall, length 7.75 mm.: Gulf of Mexico; U. S. N. M.. No. 64439; p. 948. 10. Venericardia moniliata Dall, length, 6.5 mm.; off Rio de Janeiro in 59 fathoms: U.S. N. M., No. 96132; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, for 1902; p. 713. 11. Astarte soror Dall; length, 19 mm.; Greenland; U. 8. N. M., No. 109278: p. 947. 12. Astarte subequilatera Sowerby, var. whiteavesii, Dall; lateral view, length, 15 mm.; U.S. N. M., No. 95748; p. 948. 13. Cetoconcha scapha Dall, length, 13 mm.; Gulf of Panama in 100 fathoms; U.S. N. M., No. 109026; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, p. 561, 1902. Prare LX. Fig. 1. Astarte vernicosa Dall, length 17.5 mm.; Iey Cape, Polar Sea; U.S.N.M., No. 109276; p. 948. 2. Astarte alaskensis Dall, length 29 mm.; Bering Sea; U.S.N.M., No. 107274; p. 946. 3. Venericardia gouldii Dall, length 17 mm.; off San Diego in 823 fathoms; U.S.N.M., No. 109270; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1902, p. 714. 4. Venericardia incisa Dall, length 9.5 mm.; Unalaska; U.S.N.M., No. 109267; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia for 1902, p. 714. 5. Astarte polaris Dall, length 28 mm.; Bering Sea; U.S.N.M., No. 106859; p. 945. 6. Astarte bennettii Dall, length 15 mm.; Bering Sea; U.S.N.M., No. 109279; p- 946. 7. Venericardia alaskana Dall, length 36 mm.; Nunivak Island, Bering Sea. U.S.N.M., No. 109271; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1902, p. 710; 8. Astarte compacta Carpenter, length 13.5 mm.; Puget Sound; U.S.N.M., No. 129118; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1865, p. 57. 9. Venericardia crassidens Broderip and Sowerby (JV. rudis Gray), length 31 mm.; Kyska Island, Aleutian chain; U.S.N.M., No. 109273; p. 949. 10. Venericardia ventricosa Gould, interior of right valve; length 18.5 mm.; California; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1902, p. 709. 11. Astarte (Rictocyma) esquimalti Baird, length 15 mm., showing peculiar sculpture; from off Alaska Peninsula; U.S.N.M., No. 106862; p. 949. 12. Another valve of the same species; p. 949. Norr.—In the synopsis of the Carditacea, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadel- phia for 1902, p. 700, the name Miodon Carpenter, 1864, was adopted for a subgenus of Veneri cardia. It appears that this name was used by Dumeril for a fish before it was proposed by Carpenter for the mollusk, and I have therefore proposed for Car- penter’s Miodon the new name Miodontiscus. For the section of Ferebra, commonly called Acus, also a preoccupied name, I now suggest the designation of Oxymeris. j by PAA NR, a fr Tennent s Ps rey yAveN AN HRRY © = ) TEI VNINE x { )-#F5 ayo Tem ( \ , iyo \ jy NN “decent! a me - NPN INS wo oO Z a rr ul Ww ATE SE : AMERICAN PELECYPODA. ees S VA = “ ‘ F = SN s \\\ \ (enn -u. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM FoR EXPLANATION OF PL PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXIII ASTARTE AND VENERICARDIA. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 953. AN ALASKAN CORYMORPHA-LIKE HYDROID. By SamMvueL FrEssenDEN CLARKE, Professor of Natural History, Williams College, Massachusetts. In a report on the hydroids of Alaska, published by the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia in 1876, the material of which was collected by parties under the charge of William H. Dall, and is now deposited in the United States National Museum, I created the family Rhizonemide, provisionally, and the genus Rizzonema for two some- what mutilated specimens. Upon further examination, and with opportunity to consult a wider range of hydroid literature, I find that I wasinerror. The specimens belong either to the genus Corymorpha or to the genus Lampra, but they are not sufliciently well preserved to determine whether the gonophores are of the medusoid type char- acteristic of Corymorpha, or of the pseudomedusoid type of Lampra. The hydrocaulus is smallest just below the hydranth, enlarging grad- ually to near the base, where the basal filaments begin, and then tapers rapidly to a small rounded end; a small section of the stem immediately above the filaments is roughened with transverse wrinkles. The mem- brane which bears the filaments has something of a mammillated sur- face and is easily freed from the cone-shaped base, see figs. 1, 2. The hydranth is large; the proximal tentacles are in a single verticil; the distal tentacles are short, very numerous, matted together, and I can discover in them no regular arrangement. The proboscis is very large, being but slightly smaller at the distal than at the proximal end; the mouth is correspondingly large, the full width of the distal end of the proboscis. Immediately above the proximal tentacles are the peduncles of the gonophores; they are about thirty in number, and besides those forming the circle there are a few which originate a little higher up on the proboscis. The peduncles vary much in length in this imper- fect, alcoholic specimen; they bear irregular clusters of processes, the gonophores, figs. 1, 3. These specimens were collected in Norton Sound, near St. NGehsel. Alaska, October 17, 1875, by L. M. Turner of the U.S. Signal Service, who writes that ** these encom ns were of PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1343. 954 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI. Ayes) i SI y y ) W\ FIG. 1.—A RESTORATION OF THE BETTER SPECIMEN; ENLARGED TWO DIAMETERS. Jj. Filaments. t. Distal tentacles. g. Gonophores. #@, Proximal tentacles. h. Stem. u. Canals in the ecenosare. w. Wrinkled area. No. 1348. A CORYMORPHA-LIKE HYDROID—CLARKE Or . aes 4 A de ‘ » Or . : | ES BH) PASS | tif) MOVE =| WAY NG7 HN 7 / { (OM } ys es MES NG Wy Oo Ka | UGA CS We CASS , Diy ? ify 2 ) Chast MON. yy Fic. 2.—THE BASAL PART OF THE STEM, WITH THE FILAMENT MEMBRANE PARTLY TORN AND PULLED ASIDE. e Fig. 3.—A CAMERA OUTLINE OF ONE OF THE PEDUNCLES OF THE GONOPHORES. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 4 = JUGH THE STEM WALL NEAR ITS BASE. @, ENDODERM: @, , FILAMENT; s, SUPPORT-LAMELLA. TRO J ECTODERM; FOR OTHER LETTERING SEE GNIFIED; f, NEMATOCYSTS, Fic. 4 MORE HIGHLY MA ; Fie. 4. _5.—A PORTION OF & 958 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MU ISEUM. VOL. XXVI. FIG. 6.—PART OF SECTION THROUGH THE BASAL PART OF A STEM OF CORYMORPHA PENDULA FROM Woops HOLE; d, ENDODERM. FOR OTHER LETTERING SEE FiGs. 4, 5, a deep coral red when found; they are not common.” One of the specimens is complete, though it is somewhat mutilated, the tentacles and the sexual peduncles having suffered espe- cially. The second specimen has no hydranth. An interesting structural feature is discovered in sections of the stem in the form of an unusually thick support-lamella, the Stiitzlamella of Reich- ert; it stains readily, and is found between the ectoderm and endoderm, well marked, in all parts of the stem. Sections through the basal part of the stem show many thread cells in the ectoderm, also the relation of the filaments to that layer. The filaments show no signs of cellular structure and are evidently developed from the ectoderm, fig. 5. There is but little left of the endoderm; a remnant of it is seen in fig. 4, a Sections of the hydrocaulus of Corymorpha pendula, figs. 6, , show a simular thick support-lamella between mG. 7—A Portion or.txz the ectoderm and the endoderm. In the filament- Pia eee ieee a bearing part there are many thread cells as in BARA eos ortue the Alaskan form, and farther up the hydrocaulus agen es all three layers decrease in thickness. While this is probably a species of ( orymorpha, 1 do not believe in rechristening it until we know definitely as to its genetic relations. | | ON SOME NEGLECTED GENERA OF FISHES. By Turopore Git, Honorary Associate in Zoology. Dr. Charles W. Richmond recently purchased a serial in twelve vol- umes entitled Magazin fiir das Neueste aus der Physik und Natur- geschichte, published in Gotha from 1781 to 1799, and kindly called my attention to it. In the sixth volume (3. Stiick, pp. 28-38) for 1790 is an outline of a division of fishes according to their teeth (Versuch einer Kintheilung der Fische nach den Zihnen) by Heinrfich] Fr{ied- rich] Linck, in which several generic names are proposed which take precedence of some in general use, but happily do not otherwise seri- ously disturb the nomenclature. Linck is only known by the article in question, which is duly recorded in the Bibliotheca Zoologica of Carus and Engelmann (p. 971), and by a prize writing: De analysi urine et origine calculi, referred to by the editor of the Magazin. As the magazine is very rare, an outline of the classification seems to be desirable, although there is nothing of value in it and charac- ters are often erroneously given and misapplied. CLASSIFICATION. 1. OrpnunG. ZAHNE IN BEIDEN KINLADEN [sic!] ALLEIN, OHNE Un- TERSCHIED DER VORDER- UND BACKENZAHNE. a. OHNE KIEMENDECKEL. Squalus, Mustelus (p. 31), Pristis (p. 31), Raja, Rhinobatos (p. 32). 6. Mir KreMENDECKELN. Blennius, Cobitis, Callichthys (Silurus Linn.), Caepala [=Cepola], Teuthys [=Teuthis], Zeus, Pleuronectes, Chaet- odon, Acanthurus, Gasterosteus, Exocoetus, Sternoptyx. 9. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN UND IM GAUMEN, VorDER- UND Back- ENZAHNE SIND NICHT VERSCHIEDEN (p. 33). Muraena, Gymnotus, Silurus, Trachinus, Cottus, Amia, Poly- nemus, etc., etc. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1344. 959 960 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 3. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN, AUF DER ZUNGE UND IM GAUMEN. VoRDER- UND BACKENZAHNE SIND NICHT VERSCHIEDEN (p. 34). Lophius, Uranoscopus, Salmo, Esox, etc., ete. 4. ZKHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN UND IM GAUMEN. Dir VORDERZAHNE SIND VON DEN BACKENZAHNEN VERSCHIEDEN (p. 35). Anarrchichas | Anarrhichas], Sparus, Labrus, Perea. 5. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN ALLEIN. Di&E VORDERZAHNE SIND VON DEN BACKENZAHNEN VERSCHIEDEN. Chimaera, Balistes, Ostracion, Mormyrus, Trichiurus? 6. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN UND DEN LIPPEN (p. 36). Atherina. 7. ZAHNE IN DEN LIPPEN UND AUF DER ZUNGE. Petromyzon. 8. ZXHNE IN DER OBERKINNLADE ALLEIN. Pegasus. 9. KEINE ZAHNE. A. Das Mav IST IN EINEN LANGEN RUSSEL VERGEZOGEN. Xiphias, Acipenses [Acipenser], Syngnatus [Syngnathus], Centriscus, Fistularia, Loricaria (p. 37). B. VORSTEHENDE KNOCHERNE KINNLADEN. KEINE ODER DOCH UNMERKBARE SCHUPPEN. Diodon, Tetradon [Tetraodon], Mola. ©. VorsteHENDE KINNLADE. SCHUPPEN (p. 38). Soarus. Gehoért zur 4ten Abtheilung. D. KrINE VORSTEHENDE KINNLADEN. UNMERKBARE SCHUPPEN. Ammadytes [Ammodytes]. EK. NIcHT HERVORSTEHENDE KINNLADEN. DEUTLICHE SCHUPPEN. ‘** Muraena (Salmo Linn.) Cyprinus.” [Sic!] Enough has been given to show the erroneous and worthless char- acter of the author’s views. The new genera, however, demand fur- ther attention. The punctuation, or want of it, is reproduced from the original. a NEW GENERA. 1. Musrexus. ‘*Stumpfe Ziihne ein rundlicher Koérper M. levis (Squalus Mustelus Linn.) Unterscheiden sich von dem vorigen Geschlecht [| Sgualus} doch sehr dadurch, dass sie weniger gefriissig sind, sich mehr yon vegetabilien niihren, und eine mehr glatte Haut haben.” The name is thus accompanied by a good diagnosis and typonym and consequently is well entitled to place instead of Muste/us of Cuvier or Galeus of Rafinesque. The genus J/ustelus, as understood by Jordan and typitied by ‘* d/ustelus canis,” is thus bereft of a name and may take that of Cynras. No. 1344. SOME NEGLECTED GENERA OF FISH—GILI, 96] 9. Pristis. ‘* Das Maul eet in eine Siioe vergezogen,” ete 2 ‘ i Squalus pri istis is specitied as the representative of the genus. The “genus is thus well defined, has a typonym, and the name. anterior to Shaw’s, must be accredited to Linck. 3. RHINOBATOS. ‘‘ Stumpte Ziihne, Platter Kérper.” This name is long prior to Rhinobatus of Bloch and Schneider (1801). but is not peeapauied by a full definition or a ty ponym. Happily “this is not of much consequence, the names being essenti: Uly similar, “and different authors may exercise their preference of authorities without difference of result. 4, CALLIcHTHYS (Silurus Linn.). The meaning of this association of names is not evident, although the natural inference would be that Callichthys was proposed at the expense of S//urus of Linneus. At any rate, it does not militate against the restriction of Callichthys to the genus generally known by that name, and was, indeed, probably intended for that genus. 5. Coprtis. This name stands out without any qualification as that of a fish with uniform teeth in both jaws. Linck, consequently, must have intended to restrict the name to Anahbleps, and did remove the Cobitis barbatula and tenia from the Linnean genus to constitute a “new one (Barbatula) on a later page (88). He referred to the ‘* Cab/tis [| Cobitis| heteroctita” of Linneus as a fish of uncertain relationship. (‘‘ Ungewisse Stellen haben Blennius Cornutus Cabitis heteroclita, -Chaetodon Ciliaris, Gasterosteus ovatus” (p. 33). 6. ALOSA. 7. THYMALLUS. Linck, in a paragraph under section 3, remarks that A/osa has no lingual teeth, and that Zhymallus differs somewhat from Sa/imo, but does not say, in so many words, that they are distinct generically. The paragraph is reproduced from p. 35 to enable anyone to judge for himself. . being long —— a A, oo ae ee Das Geschlecht Clupea ist noch nicht genau bestimmt, die meisten haben im Gaumen kleine Ziihne. Alosa hat keine Ziihne auf der Zunge. Sie sind keine Raubthiere. Thymallus weicht etwas yon Salmo ab. Sie hat nur wenig Zihne im Gaumen, und zuweilen ein paar auf der Zunge. Auch ist sie kein Raubfisch. This seems scarcely sufficient. to entitle Linck to recognition as the responsible authority for the generic names. 8. Mora. ‘Mola est zu sehr durch die kérperform verschieden, als dass das Geschlecht kénnte unter Tetradon [Tetraodon] stehen.’ Mola is thus sufficiently named and differentiated from Tetraodon, but fortunately there need only be a change of authority for the genus— Linck (1790), instead of Cuvier (1798). 9. Soarus. This name, already referred to (p. 960), is not presented in a form sufficiently precise to require attention or to entitle it to 962 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. precedence over any other name. Indeed, it is very uncertain what was intended by the name. It was probably a misprint for Saurus. Now there are four well-known fishes with which the name of sawrus has been associated— Hlops saurus, Synodus saurus, Scomberesox sau- pus, and Trachurus trachurus. None of these is destitute of teeth, though the Scomberesox saurus has extremely small ones, the Jaws are much produced, and the lower one is considerably longer than the upper. It is probable, therefore, that Linck had that species in view when he named the genus Soarus, but, of course, the name has no right of way over Scomberesow. 10. Barpatuna. ‘‘Hieher gehdren Cobitis Barbatula Taenia. Sie niihern sich Cobitis sehr.” This, a synonym of Codz¢is in a wide sense, is left after the elimina- tion of Cobitis anableps and C. heteroclitus from the ill-defined Linnzean genus, Of the nine new generic names proposed by Linck, three are well entitled to adoption from him, Mustelus, Pristis, and Mola. The others do not seem to be presented in such form as to demand recog- nition; they are Rhinobatos, Callichthys, Alosa, Thymallus, Soarus, and Barbatula. NOTICE OF A SMALL COLLECTION OF FISHES, INCLUD. ING A RARE EEL, RECENTLY RECEIVED FROM UH. MAXWELL LEFROY, BRIDGETOWN, BARBADOS, WEST INDIES. By Barton A. Bran, Assistant Curator, Division of Fishes. On December 12, 1902, the United States National Museum received from Mr. Lefroy a few fishes, including a small eel, which proves to be the rare Ahlia egmontis, heretofore known only from the type described by Dr. David Starr Jordan from a specimen 15 inches long 1 = re . 5? obtained by him at Egmont Key, Florida.“ The example here noticed, No. 50594, U.S.N.M., is 5% inches long; its proportions are essentially the same as those given for the type. The color is olive, tinged with yellow, thickly punctulated with darker APLIA EGMONTIS. everywhere except a narrow space, from tip of lower jaw to vent, which is silvery. “ Eye, black. Mr. Lefroy’s label for the specimen is ‘‘ No. 57. White Sand Eel, Barbados.” Since examining the above Dr. H. M. Smith, of the U. 5. Fish Commission, has called my attention to one of these eels just received from Dr. J. C. Thompson, U.S. Navy, Dry Tortugas, Florida. It measures 84 inches. Dr. Thompson gives the following life colors: ‘‘ Uniform yellowish olive; on head an oblong dull red blotch, and a similar colored streak on opercle, probably the blood showing through -at these points; abdomen silvery.” a@Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Phila., 1884, p. 44. PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1345. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 64 963 964 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Other specimens received from Mr. Lefroy are: No. 50593. Striped sand eel (Achidna catenata), Barbados, in shal- low water. No. 6 of the collector. No. 50595. Yellow fish (Chetodon striatus), Carlisle Bay, Barbados. No. 80. No. 50596. White fish (Cheetodon ocellatus), Carlisle Bay, Barbados. No. 83, Oct., 1902. No. 50597. Black fish (Pomacanthus zonipectus, young), Carlisle Bay, Barbados. No. 81. No. 50598. Coffer or kofter fish (Lactophrys triqueter), Carlisle Bay, Barbados. No. 84. ON SOME FISH GENERA OF THE FIRST EDITION OF CUVIER’S REGNE ANIMAL AND OKEN’S N AMES. By THropore Grit. Honorary Associate in Zoology. In the first edition of the Régne Animal (1817) Cuvier introduced many new genera or subgenera, but most of them were named only in French guise. Consequently many naturalists have refused to accept them, but adopted the first Latin names given subsequently, whether they were simply Latin equivalents for Cuvier’s or substi- tutes for them. My desire to retain the excellent name Lucioperca for the pike-perches led me to search for earlier commentators on Cuvier and latin equivalents of his names than I had previously found. Several years ago I concluded to look through the volumes of the Isis and ascertain if Oken had anything to say about the subject. The volume for that year in the library of the Smithsonian Institution was without an index, but finally, at page 1145, I came upon an elaborate commentary by Oken” on the classification proposed by Cuvier, and that classification and Oken’s arranged in parallel columns. I com- municated this discovery to several naturalists, and among them to President Jordan, who has consequently been able to ** get to bottom” in the case of several of the Cuverian genera. In order that others may have equal facilities, I hereinbelow give the names of Cuvier which were prefixed by a French article and without formal Latin names. Cuvier was quite inconsistent in the latinization of the names, sometimes giving them with all formality, within parentheses, after the French names, but generally neglecting to do so. The names here treated are those respecting which the neglect was manifested. The volumes of Isis are often quite difficult to consult. In the present case, Oken’s commentary extends through the whole of five numbers entitled and numbered as follows: No. 144, columns 1145-1152; no. 145, columns 1153-1160; no. 146, columns 1161-1168; no. 147, columns 1169-1176. There are two col- umns to each page and the columns (not pages) are numbered. @Cuviers und Okens Pate ase n eaies ge mille in Isis, 1817, pp. and col. 1145-1179 + 1779-1782 + 1182-1184 (irregularly numbered: see explanation above). PROCEEDINGS U S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1346. 965 966 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 5 “Zu 147,” two leaves [1177-1178] = four pages. VOL. XXVI. The only leaf numbered is 1178; there are two columns to each page, as in case of previous numbers. No. 148, pages [1779-1782]. On these pages there are also two columns, and the matter is con- tinued without interruption from the last page of the previous number. The numbers 1779, 1780, 1781, and 1782 are merely slips for 1179- 1182. ‘*Zu 148,” leaves [1183-1184] = four pages. All these parts are constituents of a number ** VIII,” which embraces parts 131 to 151. or other date than 661817.” a All are without indication of the month or week The section relative to the fishes is in the last three columns of pages numbered ‘* 1781” and ** 1782” and the first three columns of leaf 1183. Without this explanation the reader would be naturally perplexed. GENERIC NAMES. No. 129 152 153 165 166 184 185 204 Cuvier. Oken. | Pier Les Cestracions Cuv .....--=--.--- CestraGion's =. 2522 5see. heen eee tL. eS ¥ ° : ¢ = : iy REPORT ON THE FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, INCLUDING A REVISION OF THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF THE FAMILY CYPRIDIDZ. By Ricnarp W. Suarpr, Instructor in Biology, Wilmette, Tllinois. INTRODUCTION. The following report presents in part the results of a study of the fresh-water Ostracoda belonging to the United States National Museum. The greater portion of the material was collected from quite widely separated regions. Places as remote from one another as New Jersey and California on the one hand, and Oregon and Mexico on the other, are represented. The material has been collected by friends of the U. S. National Museum, somewhat cursorily and in small quantities. Dr. E. Palmer, Dr. Alfredo Dugés, Mr. E. W. Berry, and Prof. H. I. Smith, are among: those who have contributed. So much confusion and error has arisen on account of the genus name Cyprinotus, that I shall here use it as a subgeneric name under the genus Cypris. The attempt has been made to distinguish the genus Cyprinotus from the genus Cypris by means of the method of propagation and the presence or absence of tubercles on the right shell margin. Cyprinotus was distinguished from Cypris by being sexual—while Cypris parthenogenetic—also by possessing a row of tubercles on the right shell margin, which Cypr¢s lacked. As regards the method of propagation, it is undeniably the case that it is not alwaysa genus character among the Ostracoda. For instance, Tlyocypris gibba Rahmdohr is not represented by males, while Tlyoey- pris lacustris Kaufmann is propagated sexually. Indeed, European forms of Cypris clavata Baird are parthenoge- netic, while African forms of the same species are sexual. Further- more, Cypris testudinaria Sharpe is sexual, a character which might have allied it with Cyprinotus, but it is entirely without tubercles on the shell margins. In fact, it seems that this species breaks down any possible barrier between Cypris and Cyprinotus, indicating that PRocEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1347. - US 970 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Viera ee ya at most Cyprinotus should have but the rank of a division of the genus Cypris. Furthermore, I entirely agree with the observations of Kaufmann where he says: Ebenso ist das vorhandsein einer Tuberkel-reihe auf dem Shalenrand ein Gattungs- merkmal von sehr fraglichen Wert, da es eben ein rein iiusserliches ist, und was fiir bedenkliche Folgen eine Beriicksichtigung solcher rein diusserlicher Merkmale in der Systematik herbeifiihrt, haben uns de Diagnosen ilterer Autoren zur Gentge gelehrt. The tubercles also seem to be quite variously present on both right and left valves, and regardless of the method of propagation. I shall therefore regard the genus Cyprinotus as a subgenus of the genus Cypris, the genera //eterocypris Claus and Amphicypris Sars being similarly used and for similar reasons (see key, genus Cypris). All species of Cypris that are evidently sexual and have a row of tubercles on the right shell margin should fall in the Cyprinotus group. Those seemingly sexual and armed with tubercles on the left valve margin and with ‘* pore canals” should fall under the //eterocy- pris group. Provisionally it seems necessary to establish another subgenus, with Cypris grandis Chambers as the type. Insufficient data, however, makes this division a doubtful one, All other forms of Cypris not included in the above four subgenera will here be classed in Cypris proper. : Of the nine species described in this report, I have been enabled to identify seven with forms already recorded. The remaining two species, as also the genus Sp7rocypris, | regard as new to science. As a whole, the museum collection so far affords an addition of three genera and five species as new to the United States, and of these all but Chlamydotheca as new to America, this genus being’ originally described from Mexico. T owe thanks to Dr. 8. A. Forbes, of the University of Illinois, for loan of literature; to Dr. Richard Rathbun and Mr. Charles T. Simp- son, of the U. S. National Museum, for loan of material, and to Dr. A. C. Eyclesheimer and Mr. C. C. Adams, of the University of Chicago, for many courtesies extended. SYSTEMATIC SUMMARY. The fresh-water Ostracoda of the U.S. National Museum are distrib- uted as indicated in the following summaries. The species comprise nine names, distributed in six genera and four subfamilies, as follows: } Family. | Subfamily. | Genus. Subgenus. | Species. Oyprididse ss: 2 s=-2ee- sane eee | Gypridines ies. 5 ssee ee eee ea 2 1 4 \UHlerpetocypridince sean ene ee eee Dine eee 3 } Cypridopsinsel: ccton ecee ote Lh ilincsmceste eee 1 Cyclocypridin 820305 eee | Lace eeet coer 1 piel < eR 5s Se dlink be ob 17) 1k a. ie ee | 6 1 | 9 ale FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SITARPRE. 07 1 It is yet too soon to hazard any rem: fore regarding geographic ai dis. tribution in America, as too little is known of the r forms. The following table will, however, show the relative abundance of the museum forms at the time and place of collection: ange of individual SUMMARY OF SPECIES OF FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA NATIONAL MUSEUM. OF THE 1. Family CYPRIDID. (a) Subfamily Cyrripry x. 1. Genus Cypris. ; (a) Subgenus Cypris. 1. C. virens, Guanajuato, Mexico, April (few). 2. C. pubera Jurine, Oregon (abundant). 3. C. pellucida Sharpe, Guanajuato, Mexico, April (abundant). Big Butte, Idaho, September (abundant). 2. Genus Spirocypris, new genus. 4. S. passaica, new species (few). (6) Subfamily Herprrocypripin.». . 3. Genus Herpetocypris. 5. H. reptans Baird, California, September (abundant). | 4. Genus Chlamydotheca. 6. C. mexicana, new species, Mexico, September (abundant y: 7. C. azteca Saussure, Texas, October (common). (ce) Subfamily Cypripopsin ®. 5. Genus Potamocypris. 8. P. smaragdina (Vavra), Mexico, April (few). (d) Subfamily Cycitocypripin ®. 6. Genus Cypria. 9. C. exsculpta Fischer, Michigan, November (coinmmon). SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES, GENERA, AND SUBGENERA OF THE FRESH-WATER “OSTRACODA, INCLUDED IN THE FAMILY CYPRIDID®. Family Cypripip®. a Natatory setee commonly reaching beyond end claws. Second feet usually with three terminal] setze of different lengths, two backwardly directed and the mid- dle one sometimes claw-like. First maxillary process usually armed with 6 RaLOU Oss Ul Cs meen inane Skee! occ aes Subfamily NoroproMapin», I. b Second antennz 6-segmented in both sexes. ce Second feet normal. Terminal seta of caudal ramus missing. Branchial plate on second maxilla of 2 setz .-.....--..------------- Votodromas, 1. ce Second feet with a claw on end segment. Furca normal, but terminal seta small or missing in female. No branchial plate--.-.--.-..---2 Newhamia, 2. bb Second antennze 5-segmented in both sexes. Branchial plate present. c Two terminal claws of ramus, seta-like. Second foot with a claw-like seta. Cyprois, 3. aa Natatory sete shortened; no swimmers. Second foot with a beak-shaped end segment and a short claw -.-..-.---------- Subfamily Herrerocypripin®, I. b Furca ending in 3 claws; dorsal seta replaced by a short spine. Males TTL) Ua ee Tenn he eth ag Oey ER TTD alate coun wae Ilyodromus, 4. bb Furea normal. é ce Second segment of first foot with 2 setse on anterior margin. Three spines on first maxillary process, the first one commonly toothed. Chlamydotheca, 5. “ry “I bD PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. cc Second segment of first foot normal, but 1 seta. Two spines on first maxillary process. d Spines of maxillary process plainly toothed. e Length, 1.8 mm. or more. Two sete on first segment of first foot. Herpetocypris, 6. ee Length, 1.0 mm. or less. One seta on first segment of first foot. . Microcypris, 7. dd Spines of maxillary process not toothed -..........-----. Prionocypris, 8. aaa Natatory setee reaching beyond end claws, or approximately to tips of end claws. Second foot with a beak-like end-segment and a claw. Subfamily Cypripina, ITT. b Two eyes. Natatory sete reaching beyond end claws. Shell thick and StYONGE «22022 be ko RE eee he eee eee ee ee eee Centrocypris, 9. bb No eyes, unless rudimentary. c Testes, if present, originating in anterior part of shell, and anteriorly in form of concentric circles or half-circles. d Testes in form of concentric half-circles, anteriorly. Shell small, not more than 0.6 mm or 0.8 mm. in length.-.--.._-..-_-.. Cypridella, 10. dd Testes in form of concentric circles, anteriorly. Shell more than 0.8 mm. in length. e Shell tumid and excessively hairy. Furca normal, slender, no more than one-half lengthiot shelley eee re eee Spirocypris, 11. ee Shell, as seen from side, narrow, oblong, andsmooth. Furea excessively developed, more than one-half length of shell -..~--- Cypricercus, 17. ddd Males unknown. Furca with 2 long terminal setee in place of the usual claws; also usually a short dorsal one. Ovary spirally wound. 4 Cypretta, 12. Testes, if present, not originating in the anterior part of shell, and usually not in circles or half-cireles. d Right shell prominently armed with a dorsal, longitudinal, ridge-like process. é Dorsal process, with thorn-like projections at both extremities. Testes appearing as 8 concentric half-circles in posterior part of shell. Strandesia, 13. ee Dorsal process, with a thorn-like projection at posterior part only. Wurea excessively large’ = 2-2 ee soe se eee teanthocypris, 14. dd Shell comparatively smooth, at least no dorsal ridge-like process present. e Furcal dorsal seta rudimentary or absent. Males present. Stenocypris, 15. ee = ee Furcal dorsal seta plainly present. J First foot 4-segmented, third and fourth segments united. Shell unusually broad. Furea and its claws smooth ------ Hurycypris, 16. Jf First foot not 4-segmented, usually five. Furca usually normal. eae yor Kee (slen.ueNl coyepiserqueNl oak ee ae tne Oypris, 18. g Furea normal. h Length, 3.00 mm. to 3.50mm. Sexual..Subgenus Amphicypris, 5. hh Length less than 3 mm. i Parthenogenetic. Valves with or without tubercles. Subgenus Cypris, 1. vi Sexual. Right valve with marginal tubercles. Subgenus Cyprinotus, 2. iw Sexual. Left valve with marginal tubercles. Subgenus Helerocypris, 3. No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SIL | RPR. = 71. “~~ gg Furca abnormal, ‘terminal seta missing.”’ (? f) h Sexual. Length, 3.00 mm. or more..-....Subgenus unnamed. 4 aaaa Natatory sete usually long. Second foot usually beak-shaped at tip with 5 claw. Furea rudimentary, with « lash-like end bristle. Subfamily Cyprrpopsin.x, [VY & Furea with no dorsal seta, lamellar and ending in a lone bristle, e Shell irregularly sculptured and roughly tubercled. First foot 4-sec- mented. End segment of second foot not beak-shaped, but small] ; conical. ...-...... atresia lelale eleieleieielnta/ Sera eee niche Oncocypris, 19. bb Furea usually with dorsal seta, or at least with 2 end setee. c Natatory setz normal, or at least reaching to middle d Shell covered with prominent concentric lines. SME TIC nee home a Se PN Gate Zonocypris, 20. dd Shell plain, at least no concentric lines or bands. e Shell broad from above, tumid. Branchial plate of from 2 to 5 plumose Bete mel ArhNeMOPenetic .2._ 2225-20 es cece cl es. soll. Cypridopsis, 21. ee Shell rather narrow from above. Second antennze usually 4-sec- mented. Branchial plate of not more than 2 sete. Sexual be asexual_._...- SE es eee aa eee eee Potamocypris, 22. cc Natatory sete very rudimentary, not adapted for swimming. and of terminal claws. Second antennie of sexes > =v. aaaaa Natatory sets very long, usually twice as long as distance from their origin . to tips of end claws. Second feet with 3 sete, 1 long, the other 2 rather short and backwardly directed. Furca usually normal. Subfamily Cyctocypripin», V. Paracypridopsis 28 b Natatory sete reaching well beyond end-claws. e Terminal segment of second foot small. Ductus of circlets of spine-like setze, and a distinct central axis. Fourth segment of second antenna of Pea eo BETISE OLANS. oo oom = carnal S 322 enoecson sn eweoee Cypria, 24. d Valves of shell of about same size. Right valve margin not usually CRO MUALC mer Mer Ire ee es ce Sen ios Seen eet NS Subgenus Cypria, 1. dd Valves of shell of decidedly different sizes. Terminal margins of right Sheligerenulates ease se sco ease eee Subgenus Physocypria, 2. ce Terminal segment of second foot long and narrow, three times as long as broad. Ductus of numerous long filaments; no distinct central axis. Fourth segment of second antenna of male with no sense organ on distal C1iG PRP ae fee ee ot ene oe ese ou Nese ee SoieS Cyclocypris, 25. bb Natatory setze reaching but to tips of end-claws or slightly beyond. ¢ Furca with 2 small dorsal setze. Shell smooth -..-...----.-- Pontoparta, 26. ce Furea normal. Shell tubercled or furrowed in region of eyes, resembling MIAMTEM OMNIS OR siNCHinele2 <== sem soa een ee T-yocypris, 27. aaaaaa Natatory sete entire lacking, or little developed. Second antennwe of female 5-segmented; of male mostly 6-segmented, and with 2 sense clubs. Terminal segment of second foot with 8 unlike sete, 2 of which are back- WnGUMmOUMeCted:..¥R = ji. 222) -ctesass- seo === Subfamily Canponin.x, VI. b Shell not reticulated or honeycombed. e Natatory sete of first antenna longer than entire antenna. Penultimate segment of second foot of 2 fused segments; foot therefore 4-segmented. Woreammonm alee ye eee ees sae ne nsec rete nne Cryptocandona, 28. ce Natatory sete of first antenna shorter than antenna. Second antenna 6-segmented in male and 5-segmented in female. d Furea normal. Branchial plate of 2 setee. Eye present, small. Candona, 29. t 974 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. dd Furea abnormal. ¢ Anterior or terminal seta of furca missing. Kye rudimentary, disap- pearing with age... 222.2 52 2e Se eee eee Typhlocypris, 30. ce Posterior or dorsal seta missing. Branchial plate of 3 setee. Candonopsis, 31. bh Shell reticulated, tumid. Small, not more than 0.8 mm. in length. Paracandona, 32. The following text contains a few revised generic descriptions— notably that of the genus Cypris—as also short keys to the known North American species. A few other forms are included for pur- poses of comparison; these, however, being marked with an asterisk (*). I. Subfamily NOTODROMADIN 2%. 1. NOTODROMAS Lilljeborg, 1858. Monoculus JurtNk, Histoire des Monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de Genéve, 1820.—Linusesora, De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, 1853, p. 94. Cyprois ZENKER, Monographie der Ostracoden, 1854, p. 80. Notodromas Brapy and Norman, A Monograph of the marine and fresh water Ostracoda, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 95. Shell high, smooth. Natatory sete reach to tips of terminal claws. Second antenne six-segmented in both sexes. First maxillary process with six toothed spines. Second foot four-segmented, terminating in three sete, of which two are directed backward. Branchial plate of two sete. Furea with the two terminal claws seta-like, terminal seta missing, so that furca seems to end in three sete. Two eyes, separate. Sexual. a Female with spine-like projection at lower posterior extremity of shell. Shell smooth) noticeably quadrangular soe ssa eee! N. monacha O. F. Miller. 2. NEWHAMIA King, 1883. Newhamia Kine, On Australian Entomos., Proc. Royal Soc. Van Diemans Land, III, 1855.—Vavra, Die Ostracoden vom Bismarck-Archipel, 1901, p. 179. Shell roughly granulate or tubereulate on outside. Natatory sete reaching tips of terminal claws. Second antenne six-segmented in both sexes, that of female terminating with a simple terminal seta, while that of male terminates with a coarsely toothed spine. Bran- chial plate missing. ‘Terminal seta of furca is usually present in male, but lacking in female. Two separate eyes. Second foot with three sete of different lengths, one almost claw-like. Ductus of numerous, thickly arranged, chitinous whorls. Furea normal, but terminal seta occasionally missing in female. This genus includes but two species at present, V. patagonica Vavra (1898) from Patagonia, and 1. fenestra King, Vavra (1901), from Bis- marck Archipelago, it oo ell Al NO. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE. i Chlamydotheca V Avra, Siisswasser-Ostracoden der Hamb. Magal. Samml., =F 1 ~~ 3. CYPROIS Zenker, 1854 Cyprois ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden. Wieg. Archiv. f. Naturg.. XX 1854 Pt. 1, p. 80.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine ani Ostrac., Trans. Royal Dublin Soe. , 1889, p. 96.—Danay, Die Veultiltnisse von Cyprois dispar, emia Fus., XVIII, 1895.—KaurmMaxn Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool.. VIII 191 10, p- 258. Z 2 Shell somewhat high, compressed, smooth. Second antenne five- segmented in both sexes. First maxillary process with six strone toothed spines. Branchial plate of six set. Second foot endine with a claw and a reflexed seta. Furca with two terminal claws seta-like therefore an appearance as though four set on tip of ramus. No American forms known. | fresh water » anatomischen II. Subfamily HERPHTOCYPRIDIN 4. 4. ILYODROMUS Sars, 1894. Erpetocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monograph of the marine and fresh water Ostracoda, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 84. Herpetocypris Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer. Christ., Vid. Selsk. Forhd., No. 1, 1890, p. 60. Cypris VAvra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. \ Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 82. Erpetocypris CRONENBERG, Beitriig zur Ostracoden-Fauna der Umgegend yon Moscou, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Moscou, 1894, p. 14. Ilyodromus Sars, Cont. to knowledge of the f. w. Entomos. of New Zealand, Vid. Selsk. Skr. Math. Natur. Klasse, 1894, p. 41.—Kaurmann, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 298. Natatory sete much shortened. Spines of first maxillary process toothed. Caudal ramus ending in three claws, dorsal seta replaced by a short spine. Terminal seta present. Males unknown. No Amer- ican species known. 5. CHLAMYDOTHECA Saussure, 1858. Cypris Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped. (Com. Ch. Wilkes), XIII, Crustacea, Pt. 1, 1852. : Chlamydotheca SaussurE, Mémoire sur divers crustacés nouveaux des Antilles, et du Mexique, Mém. Soc. Phys. et Nat. Genéve, 1858, p. 487.—Brapy, Notes on Entomos. coll. by Mr. A. Haley in Ceylon, Jour. Linn. Soc., XIX, 1885; Notes on f. w. Entomos. from S. Australia, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1886, Pachycypris Cuavs, co zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, X, 1892, p. 55. Cypris WIERZEISKT, Se eearandor Crustaceen und nee es gesammelt in Argen- tinien, Anz. der Akad. der Wiss. in Krakau, Pt. 5, 1892.—Turner, Notes on the Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Rotifera . Cincinnati, Bull. Sci Lab. Denison Univ., VI, 1892.—Sars, Cont. to the knowl. of the f. w. Entomos. ‘of New Zealand, Vid. Selsk. Skr. Math. Natur. Klasse, No. 5, 1894. 1898, p- 16; Hamburg. Herpetocypris Dapay, Micros. Siisswasserthiere aus Patagonien, Termes. Fis., XXV, 1902, p. 296. 476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATION: AL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVL Shell with flange-like projections, both ceo and posteriori. Swimming setx moderately long. Maxillary process with three strong spines. Second segment of first foot with two sete on anterior margin. Furca commonly normal, toothed on ventral margin. This genus is at once distinguished by the presence of two sete on anterior mar- gin of second segment of first foot, instead of one, as in other fresh- water Ostracoda. Genus established by Saussure in 1858, with the peculiar flange-like projections on the shell as the basis of distinction a Furea about 24 times as long as wide, its dorsal margin faintly toothed for one- half its length; shell broadly oval from above ..........---.- mexicana Sharpe. aa Furea about 18 times as long as wide, its dorsal margin faintly ciliate its entire length. Shell wedge shaped anteriorly from aboye.-..-..----- azteca Saussure. 1. CHLAMYDOTHECA MEXICANA, new species. Plate LXIV, figs. 1-6. Length, 2.75 mm.; breadth, 1.60 mm.; height, 1.55 mm. Color noticeably ‘Granein yellow, two narrow, greenish stripes running from the lower posterior margin diagonally toward the ante- rior upper margin, passing on either side of the muscle impressions and terminating a short distance beyond them (fig. 1). Surface of shell comparatively smooth, but with a few very short, sparsely scattered papillee. Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest at the middle and posterior third, sloping abruptly to the posterior lower angle, which is provided with a very noticeable hyaline flange. Seen from above (fig. 2) the shell is widest in the middle, rather broadly oval, evenly teen posteriorly, and rather acutely pointed anteriorly. The ante- rior extremity has a very broad, strikingly noticeable flange, fringed with rather long hairs. Ventral margin nearly straight, except for a sinus at its union with the anterior flange (fig. 1). Natatory sete of the second antenne are very plumose, reaching about to tips of terminal claws. Terminal claws slightly curved, the longest about six times as long as the terminal segment, or seven- fifths as long as the last two segments, the shorter claw two-thirds the length of the longer. The ‘*sense club” is quite near the base of the segment on which it is located. The second segment of the first pair of feet is provided with two setw, a feature characteristic of the genus (fig. 3). Terminal claw stout, nearly smooth, and about seven-ninths as long as the last four segments taken together. The second foot ends ina beak-shaped segment; the terminal claw very much bent and nearly smooth (fig. 4). The longer seta is about three-fifths the length of the penultimate segment, or twice as long as the terminal claw. Cut Lis y, TE FPRESH-WATER OSTRACODA-—SH, Ay ee O17 Furea alinost Siight. about twenty-three times as long as wide and very faintly toothed on dorsal margin for about one-half its length (fig. 5). 5 Terminal claw straight, rather stout, nearly smooth, and one-half as long as furca. Subterminal claw four-sevenths length of terminal one and straight. Terminal seta very slender, two-thirds length of dorsal one, which is slightly more than one-half as long as subterminal claw. No males seen by me. Described from several specimens which were sent to the United States National Museum by Dr. E. Palmer from Durango, Mexico. Received by the Museum September 11, 1897. (Reaession No. 32559. But one other species has been reported from America, (. azteca (Saussure), which differs from the above in the form of the shell, furca, and other minor details. In C. azteca the ratio of length to breadth of furca is as 17 to 1, while in C. mexicana this ratio is about as 24 to 1; moreover, its entire dorsal margin is faintly ciliate in C. azteca, while but about one-half this edge is faintly toothed in C MextCcand. 2. CHLAMYDOTHECA AZTECA Saussure. Plate LXIX, figs. 1-4. Cypris (Chlamydotheca) azteca SAussurrn, Mémoire sur divers crustacés nouveaux des Antilles et du Mexique, Mém. Soc. Phys. et Nat. Genéve, 1858, p. 487, pl. v1, figs. 45-54. Length, 3.30 mm.; height, 2 mm.; width, 1.80 mm. One of the largest forms of this genus known, uniformly yellowish gray in color, with occasionally a dark patch posteriorly. Shell smooth and glistening to the naked eye, but shown to be quite thickly covered with small papillar elevations by using a one-fourth-inch objective. Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest at the posterior one- third, sloping rather abruptly to the posterior lower angle, which is provided with a small hyaline flange. Seen from above (fig. 3), as in C. mex/cana, the shell is widest at the posterior one-third, bluntly rounded posteriorly, and wedge-shaped anteriorly. There is a very noticeable hyaline flange, fringed with hair, on the anterior margin. Ventral margin nearly straight, except fora sinus at its union with the anterior flange. Natatory seti of the second antenne plumose, reaching to tips of terminal claws. Terminal claws stout, slightly curved, the longest about six times as long as the terminal segment, or five- fourths that of the last two segments. As in (. meaicana, the second segment of the first pair of feet is provided with two sete at its distal angle—a most prominent generic character. i Second foot not especially different from that of C. merand. Furea almost straight, from 18 to 20 times as long as wide, and faintly -pectinate on almost entire dorsal margin (fig. 4). 978 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV¥. Terminal claw nearly straight, rather stout, nearly smooth, and one- half length of furea. Subterminal claw two-thirds length of terminal one and straight. Terminal seta slender, six-fifths length of dorsal one, which is two-thirds as long as subterminal claw. No males found in the material at hand. Described from eighteen specimens sent to the United States Na- tional Museum by Mr. J. D. Mitchell, -Victoria, Texas. Collected by Mr. Mitchell from a ditch on a rice farm on the west side of the Guadalupe River, Victoria County, Texas, October, 1902; also pools in the neighborhood of Vera Cruz. @ This species differs from C. mexicana in size, markings, form of shell as seen from above, and ratio of length of furca to its breadth. C. azteca is larger, much more wedge-shaped anteriorly as seen from above, lacks the greenish stripes on shell, and furea stouter and shorter as compared with width. 6: HERPETOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1se2: Erpetocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 84. Herpetocypris Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer, Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forhd., No. 1, 1890, p. 62.—CroNnENBERG, Beitrag zur Ostracoden—Fauna der Umge- gend Moscou, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Moscou, No. 3, 1894.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostracoda, Pt. 2, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1896, p. 722.—KaurMann, Zur Systematik der Cypriden, Mitteil. der Naturf. Gesell. in Bern, 1900, p. 105. Natatory sete rudimentary; noswimmers. Spines of first maxillary process plainly toothed. Length, 1.80 mm. or more. First segment of first foot with two sete. Dorsal seta of furca very small. Sexual orasexual. Three of the following species are reported from America: a Length about 4.00 mm. Furea about twenty times as long as wide. barbatus (Forbes). aa Length between 2.00 mm. and 3.00 mm. »/ Terminal claw of second foot at least three times as long as terminal segment. c Natatory setee of second antennz nearly reaching tips of terminal claws. intermedia* Kaufmann. ce Natatory sete: of second antenne not longer than the fourth segment. d Dorsal edge of furea with five combs of coarse teeth. Terminal claw of furca long and'slendeér... s.chocceescke See ee eee reptans Baird. dd Dorsal edge of furca with seven combs of weak sete. Terminal claw of furca shorhandistoutse= =e ae ee brevicaudata* Kaufmann. bb Terminal claw of second foot about as long as last segment. ¢ Caudal ramus about ten times as long as wide. ..--...-.--strigata* O. F. Miiller. ce Caudal ramus about seventeen times as long as wide. ..peregrina* Kaufmann. aaa Length between 1.00 mm. and 2.00 mm. ; . ecas pectinate, dorsal seta rudimentary or absent. Propagation s¢ xual, This genus was originally described as being parthenogenetic, but . . . > xy Li Qx < av LQs) ‘ 1eZ% LSY1 the investigations of Vavra (1895), Daday (1892), and Moniez ( ) disprove this. 984 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Vayra retains Acocypris as a group of this genus as being nonse xual and a group Stenocypris as being sexual. Kaufmann discards this genus and revises under a new name, Dolerocypris, on the ground that Cypris fasciata O. F. Miller, of Sars 1890, is deemed Stenocypris by him, even though furca has an evident dorsal seta. This seems to me to be an insufficient reason for establishing a new genus. As the shell of this species is long and narrow, it might well be regarded as a ‘transition form between Cypris and Stendcypris, but still as a Cypris, possibly as the type of anew group. The Cypris fusciata of Brady and Norman, 1889 (pl. xu, fig. 1) is without the furcal dorsal seta; so evidently a Stenocypris. No American forms known. 16. BURY CMPIRISEG: We Muller 1e9o8: Eurycypris G. W. M@uuER, Ostrac. aus Madagas. and Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck. Naturf. Ges., X XI, 1898, p. 263. Shell extraordinarily broad. Natatory sete reach tips of end claws. First foot four-segmented from union of third and fourth segments. Furca normal, slender, smooth; claws smooth. Sexual. This genus has been established by Miller (1898), to include those forms of the subfamily Cypridine having the third and fourth segments of the first foot united; foot therefore four-segmented, and with excessively broad shells. No American forms known. 17. CYPRICERCUS Sars, 1895. Cypricercus Sars, On some 8. African Entomos. raised from dried mud, Christ. Vid. Selsk. Skr. Math. Naturw. Klasse, No. 8, 1895, p. 37. Shell as in Cypr’s, smooth, narrow, oblong, as seen from the side. Natatory sete reaching tips of end claws. Feet as in Cypris. Furea excessively developed, toothed on dorsal margin, and longer than half-length of shell. - Sexual, the spermatic ducts of male forming a dense coil in the anterior part of each valve. This genus was established by Sars, to receive those forms resembling Cypr7s in most respects, except that the furca is unusually well developed and spermatic ducts as above. No American forms known. 1IS.“CY-PRIS4O. ky Miillerwiwoo. Cypris O. F. Mtiirr, Entomos. seu Insecta testacea, etc., 1792.—Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomostraca, Trans. Linn. Soc., XX VI, 1868, Pt. 2, p. 360. Cyprinotus Brapy, Notes on Entomos. coll. by Mr. Haley in Ceylon, Jour. Linn. Soc., XTX, 1885, p. 301. Heterocypris Cuacs, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, X, 1892, p. 7. _ No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE. ) Stenocypris G. W. Miuuer, Zool. Anz., No. 653, 1901. Amphicypris Sars, Fresh-water Entomos. of South America, Archiv. for Math og Naturvid., XXIV, No. 1, 1901, p. 16. ; Neocypris SArs, Fresh-water Entomos. of South America, Archiy. for M: tl . or Naturvid., XXIV, No. 1, 1901, p. 29. see - Natatory sete reaching to tips of terminal claws or somewhat _ beyond. . Second antenne five-segmented in both male and female. Branchial _ plate of six plumose sete. Terminal segment of second foot beak- shaped, with a toothed hook-shaped claw. Furca normal, with two claws and two sete. Propagation sexual or asexual. Ductus, when present, of numerous _chitinous spines thickly crowded over entire surface of cylinder and usually not in wreaths. I have tentatively divided this genus into the five following groups, for reasons given in the introduction (p. 969; see Key, p. 971). 1. Subgenus CYPRIS. a Length between 1 mm. and 2 mm. 6 Both spines on first process of first maxilla smooth. ¢ Terminal claw of second foot as long as terminal segment. ? d Caudal ramus straight; subterminal claw two-thirds as long as the terminal. F Duelltour-nimths as) hich as long. -22- 22 5o..222----- 22 clavata * Baird. dd Caudal ramus weakly S-shaped. ; e Subterminal claw of furca half as long as the terminal. Shell two-thirds / SLES INCASE L OTN ENS A marron Natt Sen SS ee roe PS eo virens Jurine. ee Subterminal claw of furca nearly as long as terminal. Shell one-half as Pee OM ie at I ae FN) a See shes altissinuus Chambers. ce Terminal claw of second foot twice as long as terminal segment. Terminal claw of furca nearly as long as entire furca ........-------- ornata* O. F. Miller. _bb Both spines on first process of first maxilla toothed. ¢ Shell not reticulated with broken lines. d Shell less than twice as longas high. Terminal claw of furca half as long as furea. e Subterminal claw of furca three-fourths as long as terminal, both smooth, pellucida Sharpe. ee Subterminal claw two-thirds as long as the terminal -.-..fuscata (Jurine). dd Shell more than twice as long as high. Terminal claw of furca one-third as long as furca. Subterminal claw two-thirds as long as terminal. Jischeri * Lilljeborg. ce Shell reticulated. Terminal claw of furca about three-fifths as long as ramus. ‘Terminal seta not more than one-fourth as long as terminal claw. reticulata Zaddach. aa Length between 2mm. and 3mm. Third and fourth segments of first foot fused. Shellcpimoug .2-.:.-.--.-----------+---=---=--------- pubera O, F. Miller. aaa Length 3 mm. or more. b Both spines of maxillary process smooth. Dorsal margin of shell strongly con- vex, marked with dark bands. .--.--.----------------------- herricki Turner. bb Both spines of maxillary process toothed. Dorsal margin of shell nea rly straight, marked with dark bands--.-.-------------------- perelegans Herrick. 986 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 5. CYPRIS VIRENS (Jurine). Plate LX VI, figs. 4-6. Monoculus virens JuRINE, Histoire des Monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de Geneve, 1820, p. 174, pl. xvin, figs. 15-16. Cypris pilosa ZAppAcH, Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844, p. 36. Cypris tristriata Bairp, The Nat. Hist. of the British Kntomos., Ray Society, 1850, p. 152, pl. xvii, figs. 1-3. Cypris ornata Fiscurr, Abhand. ber das Genus Cypris und dessen, bei Peters- burg vorkommende Arten, Mém. des savants étrangers des sciences de St. Pétersbourg, VII, 1851, p. 157, pl. 1x, figs. 7-10. Cypris pubera Fric and Nexut, Korysi zemé ceské, Prag. Zeits. Ziva, v. J., 1868, p. 46, fig. 26. Cypris ventricosa Brapy and Rogserrson, The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of Tidal Rivers, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 1870, p. 12, pl. 1v, figs. 1-3. Cypris helena Moniwz, Liste des Copépodes, Ostracodes, ete., recueillis 4 Lille en 1886, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1887, p. 2. Cypris virens ZADDACH, Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844, p. 35.—LitisesorG, De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, 1853, p. 117, pl. vin, fig. 16; pl. 1x, figs. 4-5; pls. x, xm, and x1x.—Brapy, A Monog. of the recent 3ritish Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc., XX VI, Pt. 2, 1868, p. 364, pls. xxi, xxxvi, fig. 1.—Ropertson, Fauna of Scotland, with special reference to Clydesdale and the western districts, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, IV, 1880, p. 14.—Herrick, Cont. to the Fauna of the Gulf of Mexico and the South, Mem. of Denison Sci. Asse., I, 1887, p. 22.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh water Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dub- lin Society, 1889, p. 75.—Vavra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. v. Béhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 102, figs. 3-5; fig. 36.— Turner, Fresh-water Ostracoda of the U. 8., Report State Zoologist of Min- nesota, 1895, p. 321, pl. Lxxrv, figs. 3-3e.—Sars, On a new Ostracoda, Steno- cypris chevreuxi Sars, with notes on other Entomos. raised from dried mud, Archiy. f. Math. Natur. Christiana, 1896, p. 24. Length, 1.69 mm.; height, 0.95 mm.; breadth, 0.90 mm. Seen from the side (fig. 4) the shell is highest just back of the eye- spot, the height being much more than one-half the length. The upper edge is ‘Shumped” just back of the eyespot. Anterior and posterior extremities nearly similar, rounded, the posterior dorsal margin sloping more gradually than the anterior. Shell covered with short hairs. Seen from above (fig. 5) the shell is rather broadly egg-shaped, nar- rowed anteriorly, the greater breadth being less than the height of the shell. The anterior extremity is tipped with bluish-black, the entire dorsal side is the same color, while in the region of the eyes are two decidedly yellowish areas which extend diagonally downward and anteriorly for about one-half width of shell. Margins of shell with | ** pore-canals.” The natatory setee of the second antenne reach to the end of the terminal claws. The spines on the first maxillary process are toothed, ee ee ae ae NO. 1347. FPRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SH. {RPR. QS87 a peculiarity which may constitute this forma variety, as Vavra speaks of the European forms as haying plain spines on this process. The terminal claw of the second foot is about one length of terminal segment. Furea very weakly S-shaped (fig. 6), about twe: and one-half times ity times as long as wide, dorsal margin smooth. Terminal claw weak, smooth. nearly straight, four-sevenths as long as ramus. Terminal seta weak. about twice as long as width of ramus. Subterminal claw about one-half length of terminal one, straight, smooth. Dorsal seta about leneth of terminal one, weak. The specimens studied by me seem to be somewhat smaller than the European form of this species as described by Vavra, but agree in most other respects. The furca are of somewhat different propor- tions; the European form with width to length about as 1 td 12, while the American form exhibits a proportion of about 1 to 18. The anterior diagonal light patches are very well marked in this species—so much so that even when examined with a hand lens they attract immediate attention. The specimens examined by me were collected by Dr. Alfredo Dugés (French Consular Agent) at Guanajuato, Mexico, April, 1901, and sent to the U. S. National Museum. Distribution world-wide. 6. CYPRIS PUBERA O. F. Miiller. Plate LX VII, figs. 1-6. Monoculus ovatus JuRtNE, Histoire des Monocles, ete., 1820, p. 170, pl. xv, figs. 5-6; Genéve. Cypris stricta ZaAppAcu, Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844, p- 32. Cypris cuneata Batrp, The Nat. Hist. of the British Entomos., Ray Soc., 1890, p: 256, pl. xvi, figs. 22-24. Cypris punctillata Brapy, A Monog. of the Recent British Entomos., Ray Society, 1850, p: 365, pl. xxv1, figs. 1-7; pl. xxxx1, fig. 11. Cypris pubera O. F. Mtuver, Entomostraca, 1785, p. 56, pl. v, figs. 1-5.— ZApDACH, Synopseos Crustacecrum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844, p. 34.— Fiscuer, Abhand. tiber das Genus Cypris, etc., Mém. des Savants €¢trangers des sciences de St. Pétersbourg, VII, 1851, p. 154, pl. vm, figs. 1-8.—ZENKER, Monographie der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiy. f. Naturg., XX Jahrg., I, 1854, p. 70.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostra- coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 74.—VaAvRa, Monog. der Ostrac. BOhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. y. Bohmen, VITT, 1891, p. 90, pestis 2, 4.730: Length, 2.10 mm.; height, 1.25 mm.; breadth, 1.20 mm. tater This species is of a greenish color, witha darker patch at its highest and central part, as seen from the side. A light yellowish band extends diagonally backward from about the center of the shell. Shell very sparsely hairy. 988 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest in its anterior one- third, the highest point being decidedly of a hump-like appearance. The anterior end is more evenly rounded than the posterior, wider, and is armed on the outer lip of both valves with a row of from 9 to 11 semitransparent tubercles. The posterior outer margin of the right shell (fig. 2) is armed with two spine-like tubercles, both being at the lower angle near one another and of approximately the same size. The European form of this species seems to be larger, and the two posterior spine-like tubercles vary in size. Seen-from above the shell is broadly egg-shaped, widest just back of the middle, narrowed anteriorly and bluntly rounded posteriorly. The spines of the first maxillary process are toothed. The natatory sete of the second antenne (fig. 3) reach about to the tips of the ter- minal claws and are plumose. The terminal segment of the first foot is armed with a long, strong claw and two setze, the outer one of which is not more than one-half the length of the inner, which is about one-third the length of the claw. Third and fourth segments of the first foot fused, so that the foot is four-segmented (fig. 4). The claw on the terminal segment of the second foot (fig. 5) is very yeak, about as long as the segment, the accompanying seta very slender and about three times as long as the claw. Furea nearly straight, twenty-four times as long as wide, dorsal margin smooth (fig. 6). Terminal claw nearly straight, faintly toothed near tip, and three-fifths as long as furea; subterminal claws three-fifths as long as terminal one, smooth. ‘Terminal seta weak, twice as long as width of furca. Dorsal seta twice as long as the terminal one, and situated one and one-half times width of furca from subterminal claw. This species may be at once distinguished by the presence of the tubercles and spines on the shell and the fusion of the third and fourth segments of the first foot (fig. 4). This description is from specimens sent to the U. S. National Museum by Mr. Bailey, from Oregon. (Date unknown to me.) It has not heretofore been reported from America. Distribution world-wide. 7. CYPRIS PELLUCIDA Sharpe. Plate LX VIII, figs. 1-5. Cyprinotus pellucida SHARPE, Cont. to a knowl. of the N. Amer. f. w. ostrac. incl. in the Fam. Cytheridze and Cypridide, Bull. Ill. State Lab. N. Hist., IV, 1897, p. 434, pl. xu, figs. 1-6. Average length; 1.20 mm.; height, 0.75 mm.; breadth, 0.60 mm. Color a pclean, uniform yellowish brown, ie no pee ial marking. a This name monte seem to aie presented oe & enue Kae h. However, this proves to be a synonym for Candona lucens Baird. eee! FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SIHA RPE 989 ; Shell almost smooth, with the exception of a few small scattered papillar elevations and anterior and posterior margins with a fringe of sparsely -seattered long hairs. j Seen from above (fig. 2) the shell is quite a uniform elongate oval. anterior end narrowed somewhat, posterior end rounded, bromninuteee the middle. Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest about the middle, ven- tral margin nearly straight, with a slight sinuosity at the middle. The right valve of shell is slightly smaller that the left, its anterior mar- gins armed with a row of about twenty-five tuberculiform teeth (tig. 3). The margin of the left valve has a rather wide hyaline flange and a row of scattered tubercles along the inner margin (fig. 4). Spines of the first maxillary process are toothed. Natatory sete of the first antenne are plumose and reach well beyond the terminal claws. Terminal claws three and one-half times as long as the terminal seg- ment. Sense club large, about five-sixths as long as width of segment at its point of attachment. Furea rather stout, slightly bent, about twice as long as terminal claw. Shorter claw about three-fourths as long as the longer. Dor- sal seta width of furca from subterminal claw, bent, somewhat plu- mose, and as long as subterminal claw; terminal seta three-fifths as long as dorsal one. Collected by Dr. E. Palmer from a trough fed by a spring flowing from a butte near Big Butte Station, Idaho, in September, 1595, and now in the collection of the U. S. National Museum (Accession No. 27409); also collected at Guanajuato, Mexico, by Dr. Alfredo Dugés, April, 1901, and sent to the U. 5. National Museum. Quiney, Illinois, 1882, Havana, Illinois. 1895, and Urbana, Illinois, 1895. This species was originally described as Cyprinotus pellucida, based largely on the marginal rows of tubercles on the valves, the manner of propagation being uncertain, although the material on hand contained no males. The additional material now on hand contains no males, and it is therefore listed under the subgenus Cypris, in accordance with the preceding synopsis. 2. Subgenus CYPRINOTUS. r eS ee ee ae a ee eT a Dorsal seta of furea more than one-half length of subterminal claw. b Dorsal seta at least twice width of furca from subterminal claw. Terminal claw of second foot strongly curved. -------------------77777" aa Dorsal seta of furca not more than one-half length of subterminal claw. b Dorsal seta width of furca from subterminal claw. ¢ Shell yellowish-brown, marked with bluish-black longitudinal stripes on dor- sumrammesides hairy -.--..------'-----------7--75°5" burlingtonensis Turner, incongruens Ramdohr. ce Shell dirty brown, leathery in consistency, no markings. -l studinaria Sharpe. F a 5 ce ee Tees ‘olor sllowish- bb Dorsal seta twice width of furca trom subterminal claw. Color yellow sh green, shell marked with contorted lines, most noticeably on cephahe portion na Turner. Bee ee 8. Sees eee sence stern scene ( 990 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 3. Subgenus HETEROCYPRIS. No American forms known. 4. Subgenus, unnamed. a Length, 3.69 mm; height, 2.09 mm. Color, livid white -...... grandis Chambers. 5. Subgenus AMPHICYPRIS. No American forms known. IV. Subfamily CY PRIDOPSIN-A. 19, ONCOCYPRIS GW. MoullerwlSesos: Oncocypris G. W. M@LuER, Ostrac. aus Madagas. und Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck. Naturf. Ges., X XI, 1898, p. 286. Shell irregularly roughened, with numerous prominent tubercles. Second antennze four-segmented in both sexes. First foot four-seg- mented. Ductus of about eighteen rows of chitinous spines, in sack. Terminal segment of second foot not beak-shaped, but small and con- ical. Furea with no dorsal seta, lamellar and ending in a long bristle. This genus was established by Miller to receive a form collected near Majunga, Madagascar. No American forms known. 20. ZONOCY PRIS, GW. -WMruller. 13898: Zonocypris G. W. MULuER, Ostrac. aus Madagas. und Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck. Naturf. Ges., X XI, 1898, p. 284. Shell covered with a prominent series of concentric zones. Second antenne of sexes different. Furca usually with no dorsal seta, lam- ellar and ending in a long bristle. This genus was established to receive two forms from Madagascar. Cypridopsis costata, aform from East Africa, evidently belongs here. Vavra describes it as having a fureal dorsal seta, a feature not men- tioned by Miller. This might, then, constitute the type of a group of the genus. No American forms reported. 21. CY PRIDOPSISBrady,1S6s: Monoculus JuRINE, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Genéye, 1820. Pionocypris Brapy and Norman, A. Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostra- coda, Sec. II, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1896, p. 725. Cypridopsis Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soe. XXVI, Pt. 2.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostracoda, Sec. I. Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889.—Vavra, Monog. der Ostrac. BOhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. v. Bbhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 8.—Kaurmann, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, p. 304. No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHIARPE. QQ] — Shell very plump. Natatory setee e xtending much be nal claws. BPecal plate of two to five plumose setz. Second foot five-segmented, with a strong claw at its extre mity. F urca flagelli- form, with a small dorsal Fi, or at least two terminal sete. Males unknown. _ Those Cypridopsis-like forms with a compressed dorsal branchial plate of not more than two sete, and sexual or ase _agation, I shall include under the genus Potamocypris. yond the termi- aspect, xual prop- a Three transverse dark bands on dorsal and lateral aspect of shell; very plump; TOA tetetnteiere i ielaiem = lo(~im)ain's'= o\nm oo ssl So Scots sce cece vidua (O. F. Miller). 22. POTAMOCYPRIS Brady, 1870. Monoculus Jurtne, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de ¢ 1820. Cypridopsis Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc. ; ROCV EL Pt. 2. 3 Candonella Cuaus, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb. Zool. ; reneve, Inst. Wien, X, 1892.—Vavra, Siisswasser-Ostrac. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas. Tier- welt Ost-Afrika, IV, Berlin, 1897, p. 12. E Cypridopsis V AVRA, Moog: der Ostracoden B6hmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. / v. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 73.—SHarps, Cont. to a Knowl. of the N. Ameri- , can freshwater Ostracoda, incl. in the Fam. Cytheride and Cyprididse, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., IV, 1897, p. 468. Cypridopsella KAUFMANN, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse ; de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 131. | Potamocypris Brapy, Notes on Entomos. from Northumberland and Durham : District, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, III, 1870.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Society, 1889, p. 92.—Dapay, Mikros. Siisswasserthiere aus Patagonia gesammelt von Dr. Filippo Sylvestri im Jahre, 1899 und 1900, Termesz. Fiis., X XV, 1902, p. 291. Natatory setz about as long or somewhat longer than end claws. Second antennz usually four-segmented, armature of male coarser than that of female. Shell narrow from above, rather smooth. Branchial plate of not more than two sete. Furea rudimentary, with a small dorsal cilium and ending in a long slender bristle. Propagation, sexual or asexual. Ductus of male of about fourteen spiral rows of chitinous spines. This genus was first established by Brady to include those Cypri- -dopsis-like forms having rather short natatory sete, four-segmented antenn, compressed shell, and sexual propagation. To prevent con- fusion, it seems necessary to add the additional characters, as above. IT consider Candonella and therefore Cypridopsella as synonymous with the above. a Furea cylindrical, turgid at base, suddenly narrowing to a bristle, which is little longer than the basal part. -....---------------- newtonr (Brady and Robertson). aa Furca broad, gradually narrowing to a bristle. Shell much compressed. 999 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. bh Natatory setze of second antennze reaching to tips of terminal claws. Shell pale PTEON oo ee se ee eee a ee eee villosa * (Jurine). bb Natatory setze of second antennze reaching beyond tips of terminal claws. Shell grass-green, at least dorsally .....---------------------smaragdina (Vavra). 8. POTAMOCYPRIS SMARAGDINA (Vavra). Plate LXV, figs. 5-7. Cypridopsis smaragdina VAvRA, Monog. der Ostrac. BoOhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. v. Bbhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 80, fig. 26, 1-3.—SnHarpr, Cont. to a Knowl. of the N. American freshwater Ostracoda incl. in the fam. Cytheridee and Cypridid, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., [V, 1897, p. 470, pl. xivm, figs. 11-12. Candonella smaragdina V AvRA, Siisswasser-Ostracoden der Hamb. Magal. Sammel, 1898, p. 12; Hamburg. Length, 0.65 mm.; height, 0.45 mm.; breadth, 0.34 mm. I here give the description as given in my paper of 1897: This striking and interesting form appears at first glance, if seen from the side (fig. 6), to be in the shape of a half moon, except that the ventral margin is nearly straight. The shell is light to grass green, especially on its dorsal aspect; alcoholic specimens, however, commonly show but a trace of this coloration. Surface thickly coyered with long hairs, which are all parallel to one another, backwardly directed and closely appressed to the shell (fig. 6). The eye-spot, instead of being at the highest part of the shell, as in the typical forms described by Vavra, is slightly below and anterior to this location. Natatory setze of the second antenne, long, reaching beyond the tips of the terminal claws by the length of the claws, thus differing from C. villosa (Jurine), its nearest relative, the natatory setze of which reach but to the end of the terminal claws. Furca rudimentary (fig. 7), the basal part cylindrical, more than three times as long as wide, then suddenly narrowing into a long flagellum, which is fully twice as long as the basal part. The furca also has a dorsal seta at the termination of the basal part, which is slightly longer than the width of the ramus. At the time the above description was written, I was not sufticiently familiar with the genus Potamocypris to rank this form as belonging to it. Further study causes me to believe that this genus is a logical one, and that this form belongs here. The specimens in the U. 8. National Museum were collected in April, 1901, by Dr. Alfredo Dugés, French consular agent at Guanajuato, Mexico. This form occurs in Bohemia (Vavra); South Chicago (Sharpe), and Guanajuato, Mexico. 23. PARACYPRIDOPSIS Kaufmann, 1900. Cypridopsis BRApY and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostra- coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 90. Paracypridopsis KAUEMANN, Cypriden and Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIIT, 1900, p. 131. Shell rather narrow from above. Natatory sete rudimentary, not adapted for swimming. Furea rudimentary, lamellar, with a lash-like end bristle and a small dorsal seta. Branchial plate of two sete. ‘No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA —SHARPE. 993 * ———$_$_ _ This genus has been established by Kaufmann to _Potamocypris-like forms which have rudimentary No American forms known. receive those natatory sete. Wi. Subfamily CYCL ICY PRIDIN AD 24. CYPRIA Zenker, 1854. Cypris Aucrorum, 1785-1854. ~Monoculus Jurint, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouyent Genéve, 1820. Cypria ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiv. f. Naturg., XX Jahrg., I, 1854.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine aud fresh-water Ostra- coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1889, p. 68.—Vavra, Monog. dei Ostrac. BGhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforseh. vy. 30hmen, VIII, 1891, p. 62.—CRONENBERG, Beitrag zur Ostraooden-Fauna der Umgegend yon Moscou, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Moscou, No. 3, 1894, p. 13. —KaurMann Cypriden ANN, und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 191 10, p. 329. aux environs de Shell rather compressed. Second antennx of male six-seemented, of female five-segmented, two sense organs on end of fourth segment. Natatory sete excessively long, reaching far beyond tips of terminal claws. Branchial plate-of six sete. Terminal segment of second foot small. Ductus of male of circlets of spine-like sete, with a distinct central axis and not inclosed in a sack. Furea normal, stout. Dorsal furcal seta situated about middle of dorsal margin. Vavra has described a species of this genus as sufficiently character- istic to justify a subgenus Physocypria. 1 here use it in the group sense, as the characters given seem to be of somewhat doubtful worth, if our experience with the old genus Cyprinotus is any criterion. The subgenus Physocypria is distinguished by the following charac- ters, one shell higher or larger than the other, and the anterior and posterior margins of the right shefl crenulate. Otherwise as Genus Cypria. The subgenus Cyprva includes the remaining Cyprva forms. Seven species have been reported from America. : ; ww 1. Subgenus CYPRIA. a Terminal short setze of the second foot approximately equal. b Terminal short setze of second foot about as long as terminal segment. e Terminal claw of furca half as long as furca. d Shell covered with a close reticulum of longitudinally subparallel lines. Abdomen wathout processes... .--.---22--------2-+5-<-- exsculpta Fischer. dd Shell plain, but with small puncta. Abdomen with two cylindrical proe- (BSS BIE Sit ee SU ae fe Se on ee eae ke opthalmica Jurine. ce Terminal claw of furca three-fifths its length or longer. d Subterminal claw with well developed comb of teeth near tip. dentifera Sharpe. ‘ aa Terminal short setze of second foot evidently unequal. b Shell clear to brownish yellow, with a few scattered puncta. three times width of furca from subterminal claw. -------------- bb Shell white, shining, smooth, with numerous almost comfluent puncta. Oxia. = 22 Peet en Se ciaceace se cciecen as an mons Chambers. Dorsal seta of furca obesa Sharpe. Length = T com PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. 9. CYPRIA EXSCULPTA (Fischer). Plate LX VIII, figs. 6-9. Cypris elegantula LILLJEBORG, De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, 1853, p. 206. Cypris punctata var. striata ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiv. f. Naturg., XX Jahrg., I, 1854, p. 77, pl. m1. Cypris striolata Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc., XX VI, Pt. 2, 1868, p. 372, pl. xxiv, figs. 6-10. Cypris exsculpta Fiscuer, Beitrag zur kenntniss der Ostracoden, Abhdlg. der math. phys. Klasse der k. bayr. Akad. d. Wiss., VII, 1855, p. 18, pl. x1x, figs. 36-38. Cypria exsculpta Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 68, pl. x1, figs. 14.— Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer med, ete., Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forhd., No. 1, 1890, pp. 24-25.—Kaufmann, Die Ostracoden der Umgebung Berns, Mittle. d. naturf. Ges., 1892, p. 2; Bern.—Turner, Freshwater Ostracoda of the United States, Report State Zool. of Minn., 1895, p. 305, pl. Lxx, figs. 1-8; pl. uxxu, fig. 3.—Hartwic, Die Krebstiere der Provinz Brandenburg, Naturw. Wochenschrift, XI, 1896, p. 321.—SHarpr, Cont. to a Knowl. of the N. American f. w. Ostrac. incl. in the Fam. Cytheride and Cypridide, Bull. Ill. State Lab. N. H., 1V, 1897, p. 465, pl. xivu, fig. 4.—LreNENKLAUS, Erster Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ostracodenfauna des Regierungs-bezirks Osnabriick, 12 Jahresber. d. naturw. Vereins zu Osnabriick f. d. Jahr 1897, p. 109.—Srenroos, Das Tierleben im Nurmiirvi-See, Helsingfors, 1898, p. 226.—KAUFMANN, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 330, pl. xx, figs. 4-6; pl. xxuu, figs. 17-27; pl. xxx1, fig. 24. Length, 0.60 mm.; height, 0.38 mm.; width, 0.26 mm. This species is seemingly as widely distributed as the ubiquitous Cypridopsis vidua. Tt may be readily distinguished by means of the mesh work of longitudinally parallel and anastomosing lines, which extend over the entire surface of the shell (fig. 8). Those in possession of the U.S. National Museum were collected April 12, 1892, at First Sister Lake, Ann Arbor, Michigan, by Prof. H. I. Smith. Received by the Museum, December 13, 1892. Dis- tribution, world wide. 2. Subgenus PHYSOUVYPRIA. a Left shell higher than right. Terminal short setee of second foot about twice a long as*terminal;seoment: so ae ee Eee eee eee eae pustulosa Sharpes aa Leit shell longer than right. Terminal short setze of second foot only about as lone as terminal-seoment=-— onc aso e ee ee eee inequivalva Turner 25. CYCLOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1889 Cypris AucroruM, 1785-1820. Monoculus Jorixe, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Genéye, 1820. Cypria ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiv. f. Naturg., XX Jahrg., I, 1854. Cyclocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra- coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1889, p. 70.—Vavra, Monog. der Ostrac. BOhmen, Arch. Naturw, Durchforsch. vy. Bbhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 67. in male, five-segmented in female, no sense organ on distal -and narrow, three times as long as broad. filaments, not on a distinct central axis, but all inclosed in a sack. 995 _ 0. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE. Shells approximately same height. Second antennie six-seemented end of fourth segment. ad o T aL . Natatory sete very long. Terminal seoment of second foot. lone , > Ductus of numerous long Penultimate segment of second foot with a coarse seta on dorsal distal angle. Furcea as in Cypria. Kaufmann speaks of one of the smaller terminal sete of the seeond feet as being bent S-shaped, and uses it as of generic value. Since this is not true of C. globosa, at any rate, I have omitted this as a _ genus character. Three species have been reported from America. a Anterior edge of furca about twice as long as its terminal claw--/evis O. F. Miiller. aa Anterior edge or furca clearly more than twice as long as its terminal claw. b Anterior edge of furca about two and one-half times length of terminal claw. ¢ The terminal claws of furea strongand much bent...........-- forbesi Sharpe. ce Terminal claws of furea slender and not bent...__.....--- modesta (Herrick). bb Anterior edge of furca about three times length of terminal claws. Terminal claws strong, nearly straight, weakly bent nearend. Furca toothed on poste- rior edge, also with comb of teeth on its side_.-.....--..-.-..-- globosa* Sars. 26: PONTOPARTA Vavra, 1901. Portoparta Vavra, Die Ostracoden vom Bismarck-Archipel. Prag., 1901, p. 184. Shell white, smooth. Natatory sete reaching approximately to tips of terminal claws. Terminal segment of second foot cylindrical, not bill shaped, with two terminal bristles and a long reflexed one. Males unknown. Furca strong, with two end claws, a terminal seta, and two dorsal ones. This genus has been established by Vavra with ?. rara as the type, a peculiar form from Bismarck Archipelago. No American forms known. 27. ILYOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1889. Monoculus June, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Geneve, 1820. Tlyocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra- coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 106.—KaurMann, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIIT, 1900, p. 343. Shell hard, entire surface usually pitted or tubercled, and furrowed in region of eyes, thus resembling marine forms or Limnicythere. Natatory sete reaching approximately to tips of terminal claws. Ductus composed of eighteen or twenty spirally wound chitinous sete, in sack. Second foot five-segmented, its terminal segment cylindrical and with three long sete of different lengths, all pointing in same gen- eral direction as foot. Penultimate segment of second foot with from two to threesete. Furca strong, usually with combs of cilia on dorsal margin or sides. Proce. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——— 66 996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI, | This genus, first established by Brady and Norman with 7. gidba as_ the type, has been further defined by Vavra (1891) and Kaufmann (1900) until it now numbers about eight species and two varieties, all found in Europe. VI. Subfamily CANDONIN 45. 28. CRYPTOCANDONA Kaufmann, 1900. Cryptocandona KaurMANnn, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 361. Shell smooth, somewhat translucent. First antenna weak, its nata- tory sete longer than the entire antenna. Branchial plate of three sete. Penultimate segment of second foot unsegmented, therefore foot four segmented. Terminal segment of second foot with three sete of different lengths. Furca normal. This genus has been established by Kaufmann to include Candona- like forms, but having very long natatory sete on the first antenne and a branchial plate of three sete. I believe it will ultimately rank as a group of the genus Candona, but consider it best here to use it as given by Kaufmann.“ No American forms known. 29. CANDONA Baird, 1880. Cypris O. F. MtLuer, Entomos. seu Insecta testacea, ete., 1792. Candona Barro, The natural history of the British Entomos., Ray Society, 1850.—Vavra, Monog. der Ostrac. B6hmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. vy. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 41. ; Shell white, translucent. Natatory sete of first antennz shorter than entire antenna. No natatory sete on second antenne. Second antennze of male six-segmented with two special sense organs, of female five-segmented. Branchial plate of two sete. Palp of second maxilla of female two- segmented, of male not segmented, and different in shape. Second foot five- or six-segmented, with two unequally long backwardly directed setze and one forwardly directed seta. Furca normal, strong. Ductus of about seven rows of chitinous spines. Shell of male ordinarily larger and of another form than that of the female. Can not swim, but creep along the bottom, or burrow. Eight forms are reported for America. a One of shorter setze at tip of second foot sharply reflexed ...-..-.--- refleca Sharpe. aa Sete at tip of second foot not reflexed. 6b Length of shell about 1.50 mm. Shell inequivalve, second foot six-segmented. crogmani Turner. bb Length of shell about 1.25 mm, or less. ec Furea curved. d Second foot six-segmented. e Claws of furea stout, terminal one one-third length of ramus. Jabexformis Fischer. ro —— “Kaufmann, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 361. wo. 1347. FRESH- WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE. 997 ee Claws of furca slender, maxillary spines not toothed f Color uniform, white to brownish ‘i fas et ana, Ce ee acuminata Fischer. iieiar ad wel de laware nsis Turner. dd Second foot five-segmented. Length 0.73 mm ce Furea not curved. aebornelawsioriturca S-shaped ............................ sigmoides Sharpe dd Both claws of furca not S-shaped, both gently curved. ‘dia half as long as furca ot, to, at sais! wo Tero simpsoni Sharpe. Terminal claw SO I eS ee recticauda Sharpe. 30. TYPHLOCYPRIS Vejdovsky, 1882. Cypris (Typhlocypris) VespovsKy, Thierische Organismen der Brunnenwiisser von Prag, 1882, p. 64. Typhlocypris V Avra, Monog. der Ostrac. BOhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. v. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 51. Candona ‘Turner, Freshwater Ostrac. of the U. S., Rept. State Zool. Minn., 1895, p. 301. Shell asin Candona. Natatory sete of first antenne shorter than entire antenna. Natatory setv of second antenne lacking, similar to Candona. Eyesrudimentary, disappearing withage. Furca abnormal, anterior or terminal seta missing. This genus was established by Vejdovsky to include forms generally resembling Candona, but lacking terminal seta of furea. Candona peircet Turner evidently belongs here, judging from his figures. a Terminal claws of furca of male about same size; with female one claw is about two-thirds length of other. Color greenish yellow with blotches of brown. (Candona) peircei (Turner). 31. CANDONOPSIS Vavra, 1891. Candonopsis V Avra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. vy. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 54; Siisswasser-Ostrac. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas, Tier- welt Ost-Afrika, IV, 1897, p. 4; Berlin.—Sars, Freshwater Entomos. of Sydney, 1896, p. 62.—Vavra, Siisswasser-Ostrac. der Hamb. Magal. Sammel., 1898, p. 9; Hamburg.—Kaurmann, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 397. Shell and second antenne similar to Candona. Mandible with an excessively long palp. Branchial plate of three plumose sete. Furea slender, usual dorsal seta absent. This genus was established by Vavra to receive those Candona-like forms which lack the usual furcal dorsal seta. No American forms known. 32. PARACANDONA Hartwig, 1900. Paracandona Harrwic, Candona euplectella bildet eine selbstiindige Gattung, Zool. Anz., X XII, 1900. Shell tumid, reticulated, pitted as a honeycomb, Appendages as in Candona, but small and slender. Small. beautiful forms, not more than 0.80 mm. long. This genus has been established by Hartwig to include forms, the type of which is Paracandona (Candona) euplectella Robertson. No American forms known. ; 993 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Family CYTHERID. 33. LIMNICYTHERE Brady, 1868. Cythere Batrp, The Nat. Hist. of the British Entomos., Ray Society, 1850, p. 163. Acanthopus Verner, Acanthopus, un nouveau genre d’Ostracodes, Forel’s Maté- riaux pour servir a l’étude de la faune profonde du Lac Leman, Ser. 4. 1878, p. 506. Limnocythere Dani, Die Cytheriden der westlichen Ostsee, Zool. Jahrbucher, III, Abth. f. Systematik, 1888, p. 597. Limnicythere Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc., XXVI, Pt. 2, 1868, p. 419.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1889, p. 170.—Vavra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. vy. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 107. Shell strong, irregularly tuberculate or spinous, rather thin. First pair of antenne five-segmented, with short bristles on their outer edge; second pair four-segmented, the ** spinning claw ” being either two-segmented or unsegmented. Branchial plate of the mandible strongly developed (commonly rudimentary in other members of this group). Furea rudimentary, commonly but two short bristles. Males uncommon. a Terminal segment of first antenne seven times as long as wide. Furca cylindrical, about three times as long as wide. Terminal claw of second antenna of male snidoth 2.2.4 0) Sera eee ER a ee reticulata Sharpe. aa Terminal segment of first antennze four or five times as long as wide. Furca lamellar, six to seven times as long as broad, ending in a bristle. Terminal claw of second antenna of male armed with three or four strong teeth. illinoisensis Sharpe. Family DARWINULIDZ. 34. DARWINULA Brady and Robertson, 1872. Polycheles Brapy and Roperrtson, The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of Tidal Rivers, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., VI, 1870. Darwinula Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra- coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 121.—KaurMmann, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 393. Shell, smooth and fragile. Right shell larger than the left. First antenne shorter than in the Cypridide, and armed with stout sete. Second antenne four-segmented, with four or five terminal claws, and without ‘‘spinning seta” or ‘‘sense seta.” First maxilla with a large branchial plate. First pair of feet five-segmented, and shorter than the second pair. Furea subconical, small. a First antennze six-segmented, the second four-segmented. Antepenultimate seg- ment of second antenna without a conspicuous one-jointed appendage. stevenson’ Brady and Robertson. aa First and second antennze five-segmented. Antepenultimate segment of second antenna with a conspicuous one-jointed appendage, which terminates in one long and. one short filament. .0 2: - 222-5525 6ee oe eee improvisa Turner. PRESH-WATER OSTR A( '‘ODA—SHA RPE. 999 BIBLIOGRAPHY, Bairp, W., 1850.—The natural history of the British Entomostrac Brapy, G. 8., 1868.—A Monograph of the recent Britis ; : SoG. Xe Vil, Pt. 2. _— 1870.—Notes on Entomostraca from Northumberland Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham. III. a." ieee Entomos. coll. by Mr. A. Haley in Ceylon, Jour. Linn. Saal eas 1886.—Notes on Freshwater Entomos. from S. Australia, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond ‘Brapy, G. S.,and Norman, A. M., 1889.—A Monograph of the Marine and water Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc. — 1896.—A Monograph of the Marine and Fresh-water Ostr Royal Dublin Soe., V. Brapy, G. S., and Roserrson, D., 1870.—The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of Tidal Rivers, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI. Ciaus, C., 1892.—Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb, Zool. Inst. Wien, X. Cronenbera, A., 1894.—Beitriig zur Ostracoden-Fauna der Umgegend von Mosc Nu, Bull. Soe. Imp. d. Moseou, No. 3. Dapay, E., 1895.—Die anatomischen Verhiiltnisse yon Cyprois dispar, Termesz. Fus:, X VIII. ——-— 1897.—Fauna Regni Hungarive, Enumeratio systematica, III. Arthropoda. Budapest. —— 1902.—Mikros. Siisswasserthiere aus Patagonia gesammelt yon Dr. Filippo Syl- vestri im Jahre 1899 und 1900, Termesz Fiis., X XV. Dana, J. D., 1852.—U. S. Explor. Exped. (Com. Ch. Wilkes.), XIII, Crust., Phila., Pts. Fiscuer, 8., 1851.—Abhand. tiber das Genus Cypris und dessen bei Petersburg vor- é kommende Arten. Mém. des savants étrangers des sciences de St. Petersbourg, VII. — 1855.—Beitrig zur kenntnis der Ostracoden, Abhdlg. der math. phys. Klasse der k. bayr. Akad. d Wiss., VII. Fric, A., 1872.—Die Krustenthiere Bbhmens, Archiv. fur Landes. yon BOhmen, IV. Fric, A., and Nekut, F., 1868.—Korysi zeme ceské, Prag. Zeits. Ziva, v. J. Harrwic, W., 1893.—Verzeichniss der lebenden Krebsthiere der Provinz Branden- berg, Statt. handsch. MittTg., Berlin. — 1896.—Die Krebstiere der Provinz Brandenburg, Naturw. Wochenschrift, XT. —— 1900.—Candona euplectella bildet eine selbstiindige Gattung, Zool. Anz. XXII. Herrick, C. L., 1887.—Cont. to the Fauna of the Gulf of Mexico and the South, Mem. of Denison Sci. Asso., I. Jurine, L., 1820.—Histoire des Monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de Geneve. Kavrmann, A., 1892.—Ueber die Gattung Acanthopus Vernet und eine neue Siiss- wassercytheride, Zool. Anz., p. 393. — 1892.—Die Ostracoden der Umgebung Berns, Mittlg. d. naturf. Ges. Berns. — 1900.—Neue Ostracoden aus der Schweiz, Zool. Anz., XXIII. — 1900.—Zur Systematik der Cypriden, Mitteil. der Naturf. Gesell. in Bern. —— 1900.—Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Z ol., VILL. Krvg, R. L., 1855.—On Australian Entomos., Proc. Roy. Soc. Van Dieman’s Land, III. Ligenenkxaus, E., 1898.—Erster Beitriig zur Kenntniss der Ostracodenfauna des Regierungsbezirks Osnabriick, 12. Jahresber. d. naturw. Vereins zu Osnabruck f. d. Jahr 1897. Litusesora, W., 1853.—De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus: Cladocera, Ostracoda et Copepoda in Scania occurentibus. a, Ray Society. h Entomostraca. Trans. Linn and Durham District, Nat. Ire “sh- acoda, Pt. 2, Trans. . 1000 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. eee + Montz, R., 1887.—Liste des Copépodes, Ostracodes, Cladoceres et de quelques autres Crustaces recueillis 4 Lille en 1886, Bull. Soe. Zool. de France. Miituer, G. W., 1894.—Ostrac. des Golfes yon Neapel, Fauna and Flora des Golfes yon Neapel. —— 1898.—Ostrac. aus Madagas. und Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck. Naturf. Ges., X XI. Miter, O. F., 1785.—Entomostraca. E — — 1792.—FEntomos. seu Insecta testacea, ete. Oruey, L., 1886.—Uber die Entomostraken-Fauna von Budapest, Termesz. Fiiset., X. RicHarp, J., 1896.—Sur la faune des eaux douces des Acores, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, X XI. Rogerson, D., 1880.—Fauna of Scotland, with special reference to Clydesdale and the western districts, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, IV. Sars, G. O., 1865.—Oversigt af Norges Marine Ostracoder. Christiania. —— 1887.—Nye Bidrag til kundskaben om Middelhavets Invertebratfauna, Arch. f. Math. og. Naturg., XII. : —— 1889.—On some fresh-water Ostracoda raised from dried Australian mud, Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh., No. 8. —— 1890.— Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer med forelobige Bemaerkninger over de nye eller mindre bekjendte Arter., Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forhd., No. 1. —— 1894.—Cont. to knowl. of the Freshwater Entomostraca of New Zealand, Vid. Selsk. Skr. Math. naturw. Klasse, No. 5. — 1895.—On some8. African Entomos. raised from dried mud, Christ. vid. Selsk. Skr. Math. naturw. Klasse, No. 8. — 1896.—On a new Ostrac. Stenocypris chevreuxi Sars, with notes on other Ento- mos. raised from dried mud, Archiy. f. Math. Natur. Christ. —— 1901.—Fresh-water Entomos. of South America, Archiv. for Math. og Naturvid., NEXG VE INGOs ee GOIE Saussurg, H., 1858.—Mémoire sur divers crustacés nouveaux des Antilles et du Mexique, Mém. Soc. phys. et nat. Genéve. SCHNEIDER, Osk., 1898.—Die Tierwelt der Nordseeinsel Borkum, Ostracoda, Abhand. Naturw. Verein. Bremen, X VI. SHarpe, R. W., 1897.—Cont. to a Knowl. of the N. American f. w. Ostracoda, incl. in the Fam. Cytheridze and Cypridid, Bull. Il. State Lab. N. H., TV. SrenRoos, K. E., 1898.—Das Tierleben in Nurmiiirvi-See. Helsingfors, 1898. STUHLMANN, F., 1889.—Vorl. Bericht tiber eine Reise nach Ost-Afrika, Sitz. K. Akad. der Wiss. Berlin, XX XII. Turner, C. H., 1892.—Notes on-the Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Rotifera of Cincinnati, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Uniy., VI. —— 1894.—Notes on American Ostracoda, etc., Bull. Sci. Lab. Denis. Univ., VIII. 1895.—Fresh-water Ostracoda of the U. 8., Report State Zool. of Minn. Vavra, V., 1895.—Siisswasser-Ostracoden Zanzibars, Beiheft d. Hamb. Wiss. Ans- talten, XII. —— 1897.—Susswasser-Ostrac. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas. Tierwelt Ost-Afrikas, Berlin, TV Vavra, W., 1891.—Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. v. 36hmen, VIII. —— 1898.—Siisswasser-Ostracoden der Hamb. Magal. Samml., Hamburg. 1901.—Die Ostracoden yom Bismarck-Archipel, Prag. Vespoysky, F., 1882.—Thierische Organismen der Brunnenwiisser von Prag. Wrerzeiski, A., 1892.—Siisswasser-Crustaceen und Rotatorien, gesammelt in Argen- tinien. Anz. der Akad. der Wiss. in Krakau, Pt. 5. ZACHARIAS, O., 1894.—Faunistische Mitteilungen, Fauna des gr. Ploner-Sees. Forsch. d. biol. Station zu Plén, Pt. 2., VI. Zavpacu, EK. G., 1844.—Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus. ZENKER, W., 1854.—Monographie der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiy f. Naturg., XX. Jahrg., I. | NO. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRAC( IDA—SHARPR. LOO] EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE LXIV. Chiamydotheca mexicana, new species, lateral view. Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, dorsal view. Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, first foot. Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, terminal segments of second foot Chlamydotheca mexicana, New species, furca. Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, spines of first maxillary process, Prats LXV. Herpetocypris reptans Baird, lateral view. . Herpetocypris reptans Baird, dorsal view. Herpetocypris reptans Baird, terminal segment of second foot. Herpetocypris reptans Baird, furea. Potamocypris (Cypridopsis) smaragdina (Vayra), dorsal view. Potamocypris (Cypridopsis) smaragdina (Vavra), lateral view. Potamocypris (Cypridopsis) smaragdina (Vayra), furca. PLATE LX VI. Spirocypris passaica, new species, lateral view. Spirocypris passaica, new species, dorsal view. Spirocypris passaica, new species, furca, Cypris virens (Jurine), lateral view. Cypris virens (Jurine), dorsal view. Cypris virens (Jurine), furea. Prate LX VII. 1. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, lateral view. 2. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, lower posterior part of right shell. 3. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, third, fourth, and fifth segments of second antenna. 4. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, first foot. 5. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, terminal segments of second foot. 6. Cypris pubera O. F. Miiller, turea. Fig. all 2. 3 4 5. 6 i 8. Prate LX VIII. Cypris pellucida Sharpe, lateral view. Cypris pellucida Sharpe, dorsal view. Cypris pellucida Sharpe, lower outer anterior margin of right shell. Cypris pellucida Sharpe, inner anterior margin of left shell. Cypris pellucida Sharpe, furca. Cypria exsculpta Fischer, lateral view. Cypria exsculpta Fischer, dorsal view. Cypria exsculpta Fischer, portion of shell showing parallel and anastomosing lines. Cypria exsculpta Fischer, furca. eS Puate LXIX. Fig. 1. Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, lateral view. 2. Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, first foot, showing two setse on Its second segment. Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, dorsal view. 4. Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, furca. Se oe ou ihe. be : i a a ro Heal ‘ 2 , Ae 7 d 1. r Ry ' — f z 7 j + PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXIV CHLAMYDOTHECA MEXICANA, NEW SPECIES. For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001. PL. LXV PROCEEDINGS VOL. XXVI U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM aie ticle OE aii eee le i _ SMARAGDINA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE pace 1001. . ce i eT is ——————o———— U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL, LXVI 6 SPIROCYPRIS FASSAICA AND CYPRIS VIRENS. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001 LO a t ee ee —)h hel S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI CYPRIS PUBERA. F PLATE SEE PAGE 1001. FoR EXPLANATION O PL. LXVII PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXVIII Cypris PELLUCIDA AND CYPRIA EXSCULPTA. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——67 ’ ee i ‘ - i ! aks PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXIX | | | : | CHLAMYDOTHECA AZTECA. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001. pA REVIEW OF THE FISHES OF JAPAN BELONGING TO THE FAMILY OF HEXAGRAMMIDA. Y ‘ By Davin Starr Jorpan and Epwiyn Capi STARKS, Of the Leland Stanford Junior University. In this, paper is given a review of the fishes of the family of Hexa- grammide, Rock Trout or Greenlings, in Japanese Ainame, known to inhabit the waters of the Japanese Empire. It is based on material in the museum of Leland Stanford Junior University and in the United States National Museum. Family HEXAGRAMMID. Body elongate, covered with small scales, which are ctenoid or eycloid; head conical, scaly, the cranium without spinous ridges above; preopercle usually more or less armed, sometimes with entire edges; third suborbital developed as a bony stay articulating with the pre- opercle; acute teeth in the jaws, and usually on vomer or palatines; nostril single on each side, the posterior opening reduced to a minute pore; gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth; gill membranes separate or united, usually free from the isthmus; branchiostegals 6 or 7; pseudobranchix well developed. Dorsal fin continuous or divided, the anterior half of many slender spines; anal fin long, with or with- out spines: ventrals 1 to 5, inserted more or less behind the pectorals; pectorals broad, usually with procurrent base, the lower rays simple, more or less thickened; lateral line present, sometimes several series of pores developed; vertebree numerous; pyloric cxea, Carnivorous fishes, mostly of large size, living in kelp and about rocks in the North Pacific; some of them highly valued as food, a Dorsal fins contiguous or connected. b Anal fin very long, its rays 20 or more. c Anal fin without spines. d HexaGRamMinm: Gill membranes broadly united; mouth jaws with an outer series of stronger teeth, but no canines. e Lateral line single on each side. ..---.---------------++--++*/ ee Lateral lines 4 or more on each side. f Dorsal fin with the spines separated from the soit ra moderate, the {grammus, i vs by a deep notch. 9 Hi VAQTaAMLULOS, + PPoceepinas U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1348. L003 1004 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. | 1. AGRAMMUS Gunther. Agrammus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, 1860, I, p. 94 (agrammus = schlegeli). Head and body compressed, rather elongate. Scales small, ctenoid. Lateral line single. Bones of head not armed. Edge of preopercle entire. Dorsal continuous, elongate, with 17 or 18 spines and 21 or 22 soft rays; a shallow notch between spinous and rayed portions. Ventral with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. Teeth small, on jaws and vomer, the outer row of teeth on jaws enlarged; palatines toothless. ) p50 IPN 2 Fas TPIS) hy Sy s) ) y ee V1) PDS So = 5): - ? Z DOIN —— \N SY SS S Wie 5543333 BAAN AHURA (MS? 3993333 33334;40 068+ Fig. 2.— HEX AGRAMMOS OCTOGRAMMUS, extending past‘the median point between their base and front of anal. Caudal short and broad and very bluntly rounded. Scales on top of head and on body, except on breast and in front of pectorals, ctenoid; scales on sides of head smooth, slightly imbedded, and not imbricated; scales present at base of soft dorsal, on membrane between rays; and on base of caudal and pectoral, covering the basal half of the former, the basal third of the latter. Snout, maxillar ie preorbital, suborbitals, including suborbital stay, mandible, inter- opercle and branchiostegal regions without scales. A series of scales from front of anal running obliquely upward and forward to dorsal number 47, distributed as follows: 4 from front of anal to fifth lateral line, 28 to third lateral line, 7 to second lateral line, 4 to first lateral line, and 4 to dorsal. First lateral line united to its fellow of the Op- posite side at posterior end of cranium and running to under middle of soft dorsal; second line beginning a little behind origin of first and running to upper edge of caudal; the third line as usual from upper part of gill opening to middle of caudal; the fourth forked in front of a ere | ~ ' no.1348. JAPANESE HEXAGRAMMID FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 1011 ventrals, the lower part running to base of ventrals, the wpper not reaching to tips of ventrals; the median line on breast forked in front of anterior half of ventrals, and running to lower edge of caudal, or - sometimes stopping over posterior ead of anal. Uniform dark brown color on back, lighter below; a dark streak along upper edge of suborbital stay, one from eye to tip of snout, dite from eye to end of maxillary, one from eye to nape; these only eyi- dent in the small examples; a dark, humeral spot; anal uniformly dusky, the tips of the rays white, or in the young crossed by 7 or 8 black bars. Three large specimens from Hakodate, and numerous small ones from Hakodate and Mororan. This species is abundant from Hok- kaido, through the Kurile Islands (Robben Island, Iturup Island) and the Aleutian Islands to Petropaulski and Unalaska. (OKTO, eight; y pap, line. ) 5. HEXAGRAMMOS LAGOCEPHALUS (Pallas). Labrax lagocephalus Pauuas, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb., II, 1810, p. 384; Kuril Islands. Yrammotopleurus lagocephalus JORDAN and EvrerMANN, Check-List Fishes, 1896, p- 435. Hexagrammus decagrammus BEAN and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, p. 385, specimens from Petropaulski; not of Pallas. ‘Hexagrammos lagocephalus JORDAN and Grpert, Fishes of Bering Sea, in Rept. U.S. Fur Seal Investigations, 1898, p. 450.—JorDAN and EverMann, Fish BN” MeAna., 10; 1898, p. 1873; Robben I., Bering I., Iturup I. Head 32 to 4 in length; depth 3% to 35; eye small, about 54 in head. D. XX to XXIII, 22 to 24; A. 22 to 24; P. 20 to 21. Outer row of teeth enlarged in both upper and lower jaws. Teeth on vomer and front of palatines. Maxillary extending to below middle of eye in adults, 24 in head (24 in young). A small flap above eye, fringed along the margin; no tentacles on nape. Fins high, the spinous dor- sal deeply notched, the last spine somewhat longer than the one pre- ceding; in the adult the fifth spine is the longest, nearly + length of head, the third and fourth spines nearly equal to the fifth: from the fifth the spines gradually diminish in height to near the end of the fin, when they become rapidly shortened to form the notch. Caudal very broad at base, convex at its posterior margin, even when the fin is closed; pectorals broadly rounded, rather short, the longest rays 1} to 14 in head, not nearly reaching vertical from vent; ventral fins 1} to 2 in head, short and rounded in the young, becoming longer and more pointed in adults; pectoral and ventral rays very broad, especially toward their tips, and much branched; soft rays of dorsal and anal fins cleft on terminal fifth, as in other species, the two halves not diverging; 5 lateral lines on each side as usual, 2 dorsal, a median, and 9 ventral; upper dorsal line continued to b dorsal fin, usually ending under the fourteenth or sixteenth ray; lower eyond middle of second 1012 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV. dorsal line and the median line extended to ‘base of caudal; uppe ventral line originating below and in front of the pectoral fin, passing immediately above base of ventral, to which it does not fom a sepa- rate branch, and terminating opposite middle of anal fin; lower ventral. line single on breast, forking in advance of middle of Sentral fins, the > branches passing to base of caudal. In the young the scales are all | ctenoid, except those in mid-ventral region, breast, prepectoral area, and sides of head all becoming smooth in adult; snout, subocular ring, suborbital stay, interopercle, and usually the lowermost portion of subopercle, scaleless; basal half or more of caudal and basal third of soft dorsal with the membranes densely scaled; pectoral basis also densely scaled; scales on breast not greatly reduced, more than half as large as those on middle of sides; median lateral line with 110 pores; S or 9 scales in an oblique series between median line and the one above it. Color in most of our specimens a nearly uniform warm brown, lighter on under parts, marked only with irregular small black e 4 Pies 45334 5 ve Cy Sh hy aa {Wi v ); 3 a Mena eh Use 3 Sa os 0) ae — a me a ae os a ee t tik) :. 39 Dy rh a oS BY ae ee ay 5 ae Fic, 3.—HEXAGRAMMOS LAGOCEPHALUS, spots and lines, wnich may extend on the dorsal and pectoral fins; anal and ventrals black, the thickened tips of the rays in these and the pectoral fins often white; a large blackish humeral spot in young specimens, often disappearing in adults. One specimen (Iturup Island) has the upper parts, including dorsal and caudal fins, bright reddish, with some dusky blotches and cloudings, the humeral spot conspicuous. West shore of Bering Sea; not known from Hokkaido nor from Alaska. We have numerous specimens from Robben Island, one spec- imen each from Bering and Iturup, islands. Young specimens up to 20 cm. in length have the scales all rough ctenoid as in ZZ. stellerd and /1. octogrammus. Specimens 30 em. fone have most of the scales smooth, a few along middle of sides still etenoid. In an adult 54 em. long all the scales are smooth, those on head and nape partially imbed- ded. In shape and general appearance this species very much resem- bles 7. octogrammus. It has a deep caudal peduncle, a convexly rounded caudal fin, and a rather bluntly rounded snout. (Aay os, hare; Kédakn, head. ) ee : he “s oi a iE MEN GRAMMID FISHES— JORDAN AND STARKS. 1013 SUMMARY. Family HexaGRAMMiIp%. aes 1. Agrammus Ginther. cblegel) ‘Tokyo, Aomori, Hakodate. 2. ie ( Cee Tilesius. ) Paaition to the species here enumerated, Dr. Peter J. Schmidt records a mer du Japon, ete., 1903, p. 15) Plewrogrammus monoplerygius (Pallas), - Vladivostok. This ehouid be added to the known fauna of the Japan NOTE ON THE FISH GENERA NAMED MACRODON. By THEoporE GILL, Honorary Associate in Zoology. Having had occasion recently to consider a question relative to the Scieenids, I found that Drs. Jordan and Evermann had adopted the name Sagenichthys of Berg (1895) for the genus called Ancylodon by Cuvier (1817). No new name was necessary, however, as one had been given long before as a substitute. The facts should be made known now in order to avoid the continuance of improper usage. 1G Ancylodon was used by Cuvier (1817) for a genus of Scienoid fishes and was generally adopted for that genus till 1595. It had, however, been used previously (1811) by Illiger for a genus of Ziphioid ceta- ceans. This was known to Dr. H. R. Schinz, the translator of the first edition of Cuvier’s Régne Animal, and in his work (Das Thier- reich) published in 1822 he substituted (II, 482) the name ** Die Gross- zihne, Macrodon,” for ** Ancyclodon, Cuv.” or ‘Aneylodon,” and in a footnote (II, 483) indicated ** Das Wort Ancylodon, Hackenzahn, kann deswegen nicht gebraucht werden, weil eine Wallfischart so genannt wird. Es gehort dahin: Lonchurus ancylodon, Schneid.” This is in every respect perfectly regular, but the fact has been universally overlooked. LI: Macrodon was used by Johannes Miiller in 1842, in the Archiv fiir Anatomie, Physiologie [ete.], p- 308, for a genus of the family of Erythrinids (by him associated with his family of Characins) and has been universally retained for it ever since. The previous use of the name by Schinz (in 1822), however, renders it untenable for a later genus, and the one designated by Miller may receive the new name PRocEEDINGS U.S NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1349. 1015 Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi-—02——68 1016 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. Hoptias, with the Macrodon taretra or trahira of Miiller as its type. The species will therefore be called /oplias tareira by those who object to erroneous names and //oplias malabaricus by those who insist on retaining the first given name, however erroneous it may be- The name //op/ias is derived from the Greek Ozhov, Oza, armor, with the suffix -zas and allusion is made to the defensive armature in the way of the cranial shield-like surface as well as the offensive teeth. An analogous classical name is A7Zphias. This name //oplias is given with full knowledge of the name L/oplia of Illiger. The two names are quite distinct. al TEND OX Page. Abbott, on the Coastand Islands of north- west Sumatra, Birds collected by Dr. W. L., by Charles W. Richmond ....--- 485 Abbott, on the Coast and Islands of north- west Sumatra, Mammals collected by Dr. W. L., by Gerrit S. Miller, jr..--.--- 437 Aipbottimea s---->-------------------------- 812, 835 psegma, new species .....----- 835, 861 NCS Pee eeesee aaa == = nies = 208 Aipramnise = ses ---=----------=------------"- 813 Acantha lectularia .....--------------+---- 779 Acanthias acanthias ....----------------- 629 plaimvillei..........----------- 626 uyatuSs......------------------ 630 WIPaTIS .-.--0---------. --=---- 630 Acanthidium pusillum....-.---.---------- 633 Acanthocepola ....-----------------+-+---- 699, 700 krusensterni......-------- 700,701 | ina Hb sen ae = 701, 702 mesoprion.....----------- 702 Acanthoeypris .---------------------- 972, 983, 990 Acantholebius nebulosus. ..-------------- 1005 Acanthopore ..-----------------+++------> 569 Acanthoptergii-... .-----------+--------- 57 Acanthopteri.-...---------------++++------ 1 Acanthopus. ..---------------++----++------ 998 Acanthorhinus acanthias. ..---.---------- 629 americanus.--.-.=-------- 637 Acanthothrips.-.--------------------- 188, 196, 198 magnafemoralis, new spe- CleSee eee aesase a= 22 - = 199, 240 Acanthropsis teenia...--- ie ob lnoeteeceroa 770 Acanthurus...-------- ers Mee eens te se iaicie tin 959 argenteus ...----------------- 695 Accipiter virgatus ...--------------------- 491 Acentrachme.....------+--------+------"" PNCOriNidesee ese sss sea2-2-2-- ees s- ===" 967 Acervularia ineequalis. ..----------------- 417 | Acheilognathus ....-------------- 812, 815, 817, 822 eyanostigma, new species 817, 820, 861 intermedium ...--.------ 818 intermedius ...---------- 819 lanceolata ..--------- 817, 819, 861 Janeeolatum...---------- 819 jamabatgesser sseee == 817, 818, 861 jimbatus:-.-------------= $18 melanogaster. ----------- 817,819 rhombeus ..-.----------- $15 Achillea millefolium ....---------------*- 189 Achilognathus rhombeus ..-------------- S15 steenackeri ...0---------- 815 PcIVGHSCUsseee ta see === --------= 2-222 o- 960 | - Acipemses..-.-- Ge HouRnee be deacee's - Saeieaiats 960 | Page. A COC YPLISH ae Sosevesa nae ee enna weet ese 984 ACTIGTI Gy: Se Soe eee oe ae cain eee ie 780 ACTIGTN Si soos ced ese cen boa es ieee 795 Acridium alutacead .-2.-- 5+ sancet eon me 796 Gifferentiglige. - 127 bicolor, new species ..------- 127, 130, 132, 236, 237, 242 fasciata .....-- --<0-------=«- 127,128 fasciatus.-..----- 127, 132, 236, 241, 242 PROTA. ocoe ee ee ee ein awe ee anne 346 cretacead ....---=------5sss cere stn” 346 Mischna «....----------=-9---"" 732, 734, 735, 736, 737 brevistyla ...-------------+++*+-- 735 californica. -....-------------- 736, 737, 763 CYANCR .-.-----~2-=-- = 228 = omen aoe 704 flindersiensis. ------------------- 761 hageni ..----------------29+7-**" 761 iNGeMS. -.---+---+-=--2502 207-777 736, 763 ME6tiS. fo pees oa a eee 761 perampla...-------------+--2777" 761 separata...------------es220850o 761 SOLIGS = iow wee clove nsiewe oneseenn= 761 MEschnids®.-=-+---=--<=-95- = 20s ose se 732, 750 Fischnidiine...-.-----2-+--2220050°752>" 750 #Eschnidium .....------+-+-2+-+207577" 711, 725, 782 Mschnine. ++. ---22--2- 252-22 750 Zschnophlebia ..-----------+-27777777777 736 anisoptera ...------------ 762 JEthopyga siparaja....---------+2-+-77>>- 520 Ageneotettix scudderi . ...----------+***" 785 AgrammUus ...---<--.--2-s=A2rsseen tnt 1008, L004 agrammus...---+-+---+7-7"* 1004, 1018 schlegeli....-------++++-++7°*" LOO Agriocnemis pulverulans ..------++++***> La Agriogomphus -.-----+-+-++=7775777 718, 738 1017 1018 INDEX. Page. Page. Agprion 2. ..icccssecttoecm ene wemeee esteem 720;/730):| Am phitoe\aztecsi..--sacease seen eee 929 Agprionide 2 = 22 ccc -sccnesssceeseeeeseeeee 748,750) ||| Amphitornus*bicolorss-u--- sees eceae eee 781 APTIONING: -<-cenccsceeeeesoeet ee enieas 7495/50) | “Amphitrite gladiator sscssee sss ones aee 26 Agrionopteral ce. -oncs-e serene 719, 721, 741 MCC aes ance siete (aye eae ee 26 iNSiONIS: -oe-eeeeceedere eee 768;)| “Amyantise:ccscer cece eee ee ae eee 352 AgTiQpOMAs--o2-+ ese ones eee eee sae 337,338,000") Amy ed ala oasscesneen essere ean eae 364 AGTODSaIIS CLIN eee eee eee eee eee 518))|| Amyedalum) 22) eass-ee eee eee eee 364 Agropyrum caninum ..-.-.2-.----------<- 162.) ‘Anableps'20-oesmcecwea seat aee see 961 ARTOSUS SDB yeaa se eee eee eeeeeeee 162%) Anabrus\coloradus 22 s2ee-ss-2—4 =e 806 CANING: 3. -f ascetic ee renee stae 162 DUT DUTASCelsieee- esos eee ase 807 stolonifera. Aphrodima ..-----.-----------..-.--.----- 35) Aphylla ....-.---------------------------- 737 MO nce lester erie n/c Ss = 762 > Apterurus edentulus ................----- 669 PAROOIMEE ae saeco eee cee 665 Aptinothrips --..------.---.---------- 90, 133, 166 UC aio )- x's =e Seccces 166 MANOS esis se = =) 111, 124, 166, 167, 239 var. connatticornis... 90,166, 167, 239 . Bivabolet), eS boceeeeeseneeroee 166 Arachnechthra brasiliana.......------.-- 520 Arachnothera chrysogenys. -.------------ 519 Fi ethyl SUS UNA yas aye am tm elas =- = 519 HOMPAROSUEIS|= => -\-)-/2 2)-1== ~~ 519 TWO OCS Lae ta taiai ois = alan l~ n= 519 Ptr ele fees a nies ln a ninies ees 173 Areania septemspinosa -....-.------------ 30 undecimspinosa ....--..--------- 30 PARES TO Siee esas aoe ee wcicinieisi-e's sie asin = 727 MANN Siete ele l=l= <== imi nim \-)m == 764 TAOS erie ee ace == tin inininie nis cto wie oe 346 Ae CMe eames es = eiecno ose sene === = 346 AT CHIMMUIS RUGS see Sere or -mimn-i-im-ne = s 949 WArded PacGMuUsi ose. c----s2----7--+-----=- 488 PALA EMA ep eee en relsreinsis i= = i=in =o 488 GAVEL Ce = = mio wraim = eee ee 939, 950 CTEM Ease he eke a noe teas 37, 939 eyprinoides 941 depressa...-..--.----------------- 941 digitaria........-.-.-------------- 950 elliptica......-.-------------- 941, 944, 946 esquimalti .......---- 936, 944, 945, 949, 951 fAbUlNS ese selene dees 942, 945, 947, 949 flabelistis:: seccececets=-peee=n aan 950 AUCHUIAMth eae osarewe eee cee aR eee 950 TUSCR Ah eens sents eee ee 950 marensis .....--------+----++++++--- 941 globosa.....-.---+-=-++--+-----+"* 942 globula.....-.-------------+-+--*- 937, 940 IDCYASSATH). <= <.\n---- 22 eee ees ee= 935, 950 intermedia .:.....------------<<=- O41 islandica .....-.------+--<«+-------- 941 lactea 2-52 cac- eet ee= aoe = = ee 41 latisulCaeesccesecuecet osperen=te—e 938 laurentiana ...---.--------+---+-- 947 var. soror, new spe- Cles Aer. Savees ceee es 943, 947 TOUS fo cewejcenes cca eecsensnene=ees 939, 948 liogona, new species - -.-- 937, 940, 948, 951 longirostra ....-.---------++-77"7> 937, M3 1OKIDs: ee eee ae coe one ee 9438 WWtS cccccvesssacecenneese~se=os 938 magellanica..-------++--++++0077 N38 mortoni ....----<0sseenese222"** 938 NADG «C2 so cawe sae wlesse mene menses 937, 940 ODOUR =. sas sn sninn a= ae Sk= era 936 oblonga ..----++--++ee22222000777 939 OVALRcccccvasccesccassncsase=nesae M1 pu TVBiscn cccvacascees 950 1020 INDEX. Page. Page. Astarte picea ./.......-. BETIS TE ee RS 938 | Aulocara femoratum ..................... 785 placentas= ss sassaesoneeee ee eee 941, 944 parallelum: 2-2) 22eseeee eee 785 polaris, new species.. 937, 939, 943, 945, 951 Scudderis 55 esse eee 785 portlanGicays-Ss.ee e eeeee 940) CATT Op Ores see eee em eee a ere ee 419 PrOCeTas ses ee ane ane 9337) AmlOri yin Chicas essen ees a eee 58, 62, 73 PLOUUCLA SIS Sasa eee 92L) |" Aulorhym chug see. eee ee ee 918 pulchella. setae eo eee saiseels 942 Heyl Gus sso yeas 63 pusilla. wei ee ee Se eee 950 JAPONICUS. =e eres eae 63 Ura nse es hee ae See O41. || -Aulostomlaesabicene ne tem eee ee ne 64 RAOMPOLM RCo ce eee eee 941, 944 CHIMENS (> ee ree eee 64 FiChardsonil 3 eae ee 941 SINCHSIS7 Sa ae eee 64 roland ses eee oe 938;,943;,044™ || CAnllostomi des os aee as ee 58, 64, 73 SCOUMGRS 225 ee hee ee 944°) Autlostormuss 22 sneak mca eee ne 64, 73 Semilinataiepee sae oe eee 942, 945 chinensis@=e-e. sas- see eee eee 64 SCMNISUI CHUA sss 2s ehe eas cae 941 Coloratusieeceees sae eee 64 SINITDL esses esses eee ee ee 937, 940 Valenbinivseen. = eeeae ee 64, 73 ROTOR. See esc sea ee ee odd; 9470511 5] CANT A tA 2325 nsne ae ee oe eee 967 Sirintas3t52 5-625 ot eee es 9425)| ATIStTod OSimiay 2-2 an sae 347 subzequilatera........ 937, 938, 939, 940,948 | Avena flavescens-vera................... 162 var. whiteavesii .. 939; «| Bacillus. 7208: Sue aes Seg oe ee 865 940, 948, 951 Garinabasss5: sotto a ee eee 865 SUbtrigOnasstae. ssn we eee 941 Coloradusise-2o- senses eee 865, 866 Sulcatasee ereees 935, 936, 938, 989, 944, 950 hi SPAT CUSt=s ene a eee 865 var. multicostata......... 946 palmer. s5s25 shee eee 865 MDS son oe ae 939") Bacteria ts sei Zic8 = Sek a2 8 eae 872 tellinoidesisss) sa eee 935 linearis: sos) ieee oie ame 874 Grigong: stats 352553 hee ieee 940 SAY (ioe ane Son eae 874 LRG ME Tra As = So Oh ae en eae 369,950 | Bacuncullimsass-s95-sssses = seen 865, 866, 867 WTC alist a- 5 ta eet ee 93/7988) || -BaCUNCUIISs=ssse asses sae 863, 866, 872, 877 und ulataeees: asatasi eon ee 936 LEM OMAILUISS = as eee eee 874 VeEDETIfOMMIS 3222 94 eee 941 SAY Sess pentane oe eae ene 874 vernicosa, new species. ...._. 945, 948, 951 rr SULAMIN USS -oe eee eee 871 warhami......... ---- 942,945, 946, 948, 949 LENUESCENS sass e eee 872, 885 WWAGH STO Soe nee Seed ee SR 941) | Bagrer sree saeng tse sos g1 ee eee 967 ASTATTIGES 52 ts enews ta: niles sole PTE Een 933; 985" .| Bagrings?* eto Seaiors sb ea oks ie aeaen a gees 900 ANTATCHG Balinese. eee eee 937, 5) (PeBaeruslarire ats ccs eee eee ee Nee eee 906 Arctic American Fauna ...._.. 937.) BAISTGS tM a3 ace taeere eee fee eee ea 960 Bast American. .....0205..2°.5 937 | Band-fishes of Japan, A Review of the list of species of the Eastern Cepolide or, by David Starr Jordanand CORSE eras he ces Se on ee eae 938 Henry: Wi ROWLer Sasa. eae ee ee 699 list of species of the Western Baptornis advenus\:-2-2:--.----22-.2-2. 02 545, 553 CO8Sbe seme csescce Secine se eee 943 | Baptornis and Diatryma, Notes on the West American: 225-)...0205-. 937 Osteology and Relationship of the fossil with a Review of the American Birds of the genera Hesperornis, Har- Species, Synopsis of the Fam- geria, by Frederic A. Lucas............ 545 ily, by William Healey Dall... 933..)| “BarbatulasssS2ssccace casos eee oem 961, 962 ZAASTEROSPON Cy lisa == see ee 5931597; G7 | Beir ince seers seas ee ee 812 FANMUNTESOheae eee ee 698" | BarbudOs@esces see cnc Atos eee ee 17 ASUTR DOS come este ee anne ad 655,606.71], Barb usseea tae eevee ee ee ee 822 CUDENSIS Jess sans mee Seema nee 655 barbus!) 7. ee seta= se seo ee 824 dipterypiaisen ssc ee ae eee ee 656 homopenes 2... st ee eee 822 JAPONICA Se Sere eh ae ee 656, 674 HOMOZONMS Es s2-= see eee 23 ASUUTBOLOGTISIg mu cause on et fee Le meng 491 schilegelice eee. ee 824 Ateloplus notatus)s-ce--4.52-0.- ee 808) || Barilius temminelay sess eee 852 Atergatis floridus..:........-..........._. 25 | Baroda sc. 25s oo ee ee 362 OCYROR EE sce anne ee Secon ssoebe 29) | (Basieschnai ese eee e sa eee ee ee 710, 735 AUCEIIA Geese sees kee eee ee 533, 960 jamatac) Lee ee eee 762 Atlantic Walrus, The cerebral Fissures of Bassler, Ray 8.,on Thestructural Features ihe; by Pierre A. Wish =<. .5.5..../290) 8 675 of the Bryozoan Genus Homotrypa, with LOD OGOULA WR Hence ee 2 eran eee 353 Descriptions of Species from the Cincin- ALLL DATEL UlaTiS o1s2= 25 hs eae 415, 423 natian Groupeseises-s eee eee = 565 AUS UY CRS eater eee L eter en aie vue ty) 50 | Bathyankyristes levis .............---.... 322 ASUVIG SS Ses Sea ee tee tiny clei eee ha OE g 49 SDINOSUS. se ne eee 328 UT CCAR Sete: Steyn Satay pe ey lined 62, 73 TED &X: setae eee 328 PED OUIGIE Esc vs Ae une 62, 63,73 | Batisradula................. Sd tee ens 648 mUlocarA BlObtie ace. Ales ee SVN. 185, | "Batoideis sae. 2 lee ----- 098, 642, 673 rl INDEX. Page. Batostomella ....--------------+++-222+--- 418 | Blattida..... Bats, Observations on the Number of Young of the Lasiurine, by Marcus Bleekeria mitsukurii | Bleekeria mitsukurii, and on certain Jap- . ; a Mee. ao oe | anese Fishes, Supplementary Note on, wee eeee sets sette 744} by David Starr Jordan Beachia suessana immatura...-..-------- BOR aire Oyo eee eee ane Bean, Barton A., on Notice of a Collection | Blepharipc yaa: see eels dk aE of Fishes made by H. H. Brimleyin Cane Blythipicus porphyre eaBinat ea River and Bollings Creek, North Caro- Bolla 6a tig an aed lina, witha Description of anew Species clarkei.. ; 2 1 rt oe ae of Notropis (N. brimleyi) .-------------- 913 | Boopedon nubilum oe Tf ea Bean, Barton A.,on Notice of a small Col- Res ot ee eee Jection of Fishes, including a rare Eel, re- pie e ealeudtabaiiodes9 eet ee cently received from H. Maxwell Lefroy, ania pene ares os Onan Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies -.-- 963 Curia: sec : i nia Lee ESC ees i-i-tei=i=\si-iniere i= ='0//m “I= SF 947 Ryn oe ee eee Testes 735 Rese menees a=) neater 527 nak eens eae anastomella ....------------------ 531,532 | Brachypeplus magnus.....-.---------- a SANUS eee eli minim 529 WITCSCOUBscuse- ee ee eee eran brachyrhynchus. -.--------------- 529 | Brachypodius crimiger...-.--------------- ICOM a ees eee = --e=-==-- == 531,532 | Brachypteryx malaccensis .-.------------ coromandelicus ...-------------*- 530 | Brachypus eutilosus....--------------+--- cylindrica -.---------------------- 529 | Brachystola magna.......------------+--- gigantea -..----------------7070-7° 529 | Brachytron........---------------->-- 718 Pare HIS ema elon 528 pratense ...----------+++--++- TRAGIC ope eee a= n= nen 529 | Brachyura...-..------------p---2-77--=°"" melanotus ..----------------7°777> BOQ) | wBramWessscesss- sea oer <= oma ae melamurus...----------------7---- 599 | Brimley in Cane River and Bollings shismalorhynchus...------------- 528 Creek, North Carolina, with a Deserip- timucoides. -.---------------77°°7" 530 tion of a new Species of Notropis (N. Belonia uniformis .....-----------+---7777 763 primleyi), Notice of a Collection of Belonide --..--------- Rare tte =I 525, 526, 543 Fishes made by H. H., by Barton A. Bean Benedict, James E., on Descriptions of a Brocade perch...--------+-----7500577077" new Genus and forty-six new Species of Bromus erectus. ..-------------0- 00007007" Crustaceans of the Family Galatheide, jmermis...-------------*-°°72°°"" witha List of the known marine Species OMS) EIBTOSING§ o 2 aoe eee ne mmm noe oe cei Benedict, James E., on Revision of the Brunella vulgaris...----+-----2+++0057777" Crustacea of the Genus Lepidopa. .----- ss9 | Bryozoan Genus Homotrypa, with Descrip- Berycide .-.----- Beet 5 oe waes ae 1, 2:3, 5,19; 21 tions of Species from the Cincinnatian Beryeoid Fishes of Japan Group, The structural Features of, by the, by David Starr Jordan and Henry Ray S. Bassler ------------+-20777777 777" NMRH WAI eee namin eae sca Ty ji | Bubonidse =-2<-.-------~-—- =e oo tea Berycoidei, families of -.--------=------7- 9 | Bucco chrysopogon .-----------=-777977~" penyseeeeeeen = 2s a 1,3, 11, 18, 21 duvancelii ....---------+-----7°777" decadactylus ..------------------7- 3,21 hendelinns meet se sect es sepe eeee e@plendens.-----------------7-77°""" 3,4, 21 mystacophanes .---------+----7"7* Peegriehiine: seeee oe cae 493 | Buceros bicornis. -------------7577 7-77" mPancehiite sesso en ee 69 CONVEXUS - --------2----"9-" "257 Birds collected by Dr. Ww. L. Abbott on galeritus...-------------7-7777""" the Coast and Jslands of north- undulatus =--------=--=--72=="-"= west Sumatra, by Charles W. BuceLotides = en dec = =< == === sora BiGhmond es s-----s----5 7-357 485 | Buchanga atra ...--2----202 005 of northwest Sumatra, List of Spe- cineracen..-------2s222 299777 cies by Localities .----------- 521, 522, 523 Budytanthus’.-------------=-h=*s05 a Bithynis acanthurus ------+-<--5-5077777" 430,434 | Budytes flavus leucostriatus. ------++-+**° jamaicensis..-.--------+-777777" 430, 434 Jeucostriatus ..------+++2-7777°"" Rane peSe-===s=2----a3r 927s 3 53, 54 Butorides javanica -..------25re7 7777" nipponensis ----------+50777077" 53,54 | Butreron capellei....---------s007 7007" Bltersiinestee-/<- cr ----5 "=" 430,434 | Bythopora MeCKi acc -beee- ses = ore sees Er Pe nace ase- ese RTS e g33 | Cacomantis sepulcralis ..---++-+-+75777°77 ETL nee cin ee $38, 839, 861 Ceenoneura carnatica..----------27°°°*77" laine eee = aac e- =o TTS Gig | CCenpaliiis<<-pe"eeot=" or Sere ee Blasenfuss, der rothe...-.---------777777" 166 | Calappa philargius .-.------+ss07777°7"" Bilatta americanee-------------2---9 70°77" 779 | Calappidae.--v---<--=---07 70070 permanica..------------77007777°7" 778 | Calieeschne -..»----=-sonss tennessee Pe etnliseeee se sae neo 778, 779 Caligilictncsssacneceese ee ee 1021 Page. 778 693 693 959 S90 501 423 423 7s 798 612 773 773 737 762 795 795 505 507 505 795 736, 737 762 430 923 913 ll 162 162 967 152 565 494 501 501 501 501 500 500 DOL 500 600 516 516 SM Ho 504 488 489 581 496 7A 959 30 736 1022 INDEX. Page. | Page. | Callichthys 2 22se22 osc ose eee eee ee 959; 961, 962 | -Candona simpsomi_=_5---.222)----22- one 997 Callicistroniaiee==s--- esses eee ee eee 365) ‘Candonellan ee. ee sneer = a ene eee 991 Callinectes sapidus acutidens .........-.. 480, 435 SMATaS Citi diese ee see eee 992 Callista,.—. 0226 ace eee 302,'900) |; CANGOMINGE ce. ae ae ne ee ee 973, 996 @XSPINAtA- =e eee ae Lec sere 383" |) Cam COMOpSISS= 24) - aes =e ee tee ae 974, 997 Piganteasae sh. cee ee eee 301/369)" Canis: carchaniag: -a-ssee) eee oe ae eres 614 longispina ses c,.ee ease eee 389) |, Cannorhyn¢hus)-ss2 = 9 eee eee 66 Gallistotapes:.:. 22 .ece eee eee 362 | tabacarigiaes. Sas 5 ee 66 Callithnes, 22. ake eee eee 338; 357; 3644|: (Capitonidcey ste see ee ae eee ee 5OL Callocardias:.4:2432 est eee 338, 353 | Capnobates fuliginosus................... S06 aresta st 22 eee ae 370, 387 | Capocta elongata] ea) eae ene ee 822 catharia, new species.... 387,402,411 | Pracilis\. 32:44 C5852 ee eee $23 STUUR ae eee ee ea 353) | intenmediusmessn == 42 = eee 819 ALO ETHIE eee eae 370 | lanceolntar. cesses sete ee 819 TERASIANG 23 23 5o eee. oe eee 370 Him barter ce eee ee ce eee 818 V.ESI CHa scenes ee ees eee 370 THOM DCs ea eo eee eee ee 815 zonata, new species. ..--- 3/0, 381, 4105 | Caprelia 2. 5525 are ee ee enn 927 Callorhynchidw@eae= soso eee ee ee eee 667) || (Carassitis 25:so5: see sce seer ae eee eee 818, 859 Caloenasmicobanicd=s 552s oc eee eee 491 PUAHUS. ose ores neeaet eee 860, 862 Caloptentis)atlamisseenans sos eeee eee oe 799. | CALASSIUS 1-2-5 os Pee ee ee 859 faSCigtus-i-2 see sece too eee S00 Carchanbimus 5-year 614 AOTIG ATA ee eee S04 | Plaucus ee. eee 613 MIN OMG as eee ee ee 803: | Canchamias’= = -5s. spe eens 607, 610, 614, 616 occidentalistas).---.oss2 ee 803 | ACUtUS Sas satan seen ee eee 616 jlhbbeal oe peee a ms aco se Ne Sa 804 alwOOdic 2 522500 2 eS eee 624 TOP AIIS fe tah aka ee neg eee 798 | bleekert 425: N-sa' ees 615 burn bub ean seasons 798 Gan Chamlas aa. ss seee eee 614 VCS cco oe abe etree aes 797 | Panrencustscee --— =e 615 Calopteryeide eas fee eee 742,750 | PICS tate se eee ee 613 Calopteryxias. tenes eee eee Lee 715, 745, 746 JAPONICUS Ssee ae eee 614, 615, 672 Caloris aitinosimsee ae ee ee ee 518 | Vea aye ee tee ee 614, 625 CalymenesirsArscc 4 sot sees s aoe ee 415 r leiicand US 425,95 45—- see eee 616 Cameratar= 2.2542 tbe 418, 423 | MelaAnoOpterus; -4- hese eee 615 Camarocrimusee see eee 418, 423 | ANU US ex" P= Shce ce eee 614 Cumibarus | CUDENSIS os 2-2 sean eee ae 430, 434 VELUSi Lao pe ie eres 624 Cammulaypellucidas seep ee ener seat o nee 787 NUDES er 2 ee ee 619 Jampephaga compta, new species.... 486,514,515 walbeehmii 2225. te ee eae 617 NEPlecta: eee saere coh oe 515 | Carchariide ...-_._-... oe Ae 598, 607, 617, 671 Campephamid ta hea ene eee O13) \Carchaninee aren seat aati ane 607 Campostoma anomalum.................. 914) |S Carcharodont asec ss ee eee eee 622, 624 Cancericrangoniseeeeere eee eens aeeeee 42 CRDENSIS| cn) Je eee eee 624 GCLeEMQLUS fo. Aas neice cee eet ee 23 GHTC HATTA 2) ear ae ere 624, 672 GOTMIB ees ot eee ee ne 32 rondeletiie a0) 202 s-e eee 24 JONG IMIS secs. e ee ae eee 23 SMUG ee ey 624 Iu ATIS Ee a eeete ten st hp oer 30s). Carchanodontine ss pes seas 622 OCVROC ERS en e oe rence eee 25) | Carcinophills paeiini. =e eee ee 427 DElAPICUS= Ses sei aet eee tee 26 | Carcinoplax longimanus....--..--..____. 23 phillvra sons os eo say ee ee 29 VeStba 2. Sian ace es 24 PETTUS ses nee eee es eee ee 31 VeSbiGHS i227 Bene ee ee 24 TobrOMaAcul ats se. = eee ee 24° |) \Carditae enn’. ) (Caridina denticulatame: 65-26 45-ee eee 49 ViCLODe = nap aaa eee Pe me Aa ae 30 LeU COSHC TALE: a5. ae eee 50 Can Grid cess freee see cls er gen 28 PaLeparensise- a eee ee ee 50 Can dona 2255-2: eee ene ees 973, 996, 997 WY Clie ince) = aes a ee 50 BEUMNN Abeer eae 997 | Carpophaga consobrina ...............--- 489 CLORINANI sens sa see ae 996;|) Caryalisises 20/2 sehen nese ee 358, 354 GEA WANCTISIS eos = 55) eee eee 997 ||. \Caryoeriniis's.5: see aee see eee 415 eUpleCte lla, C-swes.ne ts ees ne 997 >| ‘Cassis\ japonica) ess s== 5 ee os ane enna 36, 37 Pe DSL ORIG =) see eee ee eee 996° | \Cateliysiaic crs Se cosy ee ee ee ee ee 360 Gens eee cea see nn. ve yee 988 | Catfish, The use of the Name Torpedo for ~ EMBED n Seatr pee 8 es ae 997 the electric, by Theodore Gill.......... 697 PECUICANG AR > = oo foc. whoa 997 | Catfishes of Japan, A Review of the Silu- POM Ex psec ass ON ate care 996 roid Fishes, or, by Dayid Starr Jordan SISTHOIGCR 2b are: Aare neo ore es 997 and Henry, WeHowlen- sae. sess 897 ; | Page. eis etetsietetcislale lee laleie o1as n//Cirolaias 36 U ee oe oe ee oe 431 ATI reese sere Soe os pee eoeenee 395 cubensis, new species ......-.... 430, 431 Un Gate ame 222 Boo Sees hee ee eae 392, 393 MAVANS sasno oes emawee nome 431 OHIO Cass trae eens SS oe eae eee 358 ‘| Cirolanides texensis.-.-.222------2- Seeks 431 Chionells See se= sasees (880; 300, S005 SDM Soa yoo so Til me LISTS ELLE UL See Se 967 Chioniss sess seen eae eae ee eaters 3bo) | PCIShHICOlAyCistiGolamaasss ens a ee eee eee 512 Chiropsisiconstellatus sos .2-4-44--5 ssceeee L005: | (Citheres.=3.. oases 2 ace tess ce eee 352 Chirothwipst=seeecasc sce eee 90; 95, 98, 125,126,183 | Cittocincla melamura-----..-:..-.....-:.. 512 AMCEMMAtlismeeeee eee = Ace 134,186 | Cladopora rectilineata.........-.......... 417, 423 erassus, New species ..... 133, 136,287 | Clarke, Samuel Fessenden, on An Alaskan longipeniise esses. seen 134 Corymorpha-like Hydroid.............. 953 Manicatarscesasceesccessae 134: 5 (i Clausimg 2 cst oe: eee ee eee eee eee 355, 358 MAMI GHEE eee 1058 133 5134523 7p ale Cla USI el] ales: cere ease ete sere eee ee 358 obesus, new species.......--- 108; “iClementia. <2 classes eee 336, 338, 348, 397 112, 133, 137, 237 eracillimeassssss sens eaes a. eae 408 synopsis of species ...-.....-- 133 solida, new species......--. 384, 401, 411 Chirus\hexaprammnisssossasee ees ccesecee 1006 | Clibanarius japonicus, new species....--- 35, 36 OCLOPTAMMUS hoe eeeeeee eee 1009 | Clinostomus elongatus --.-..:....-2.-.--. 844 OLdiIn Vhs) Se. see eee aes 1009; |" Clitum mamas! S25 5 see cietee Ries ere rte eeier 865 SUPErcillosusassaassneee ne eee 1005 | Cobitichthys dichachrous ................ 767 Chiamydoselache?. 52=5--2- 0200-22 eee 596 CN BOS cose cceee ee eee 767 Chiamydoselachidte. -.----. 22. 2sssse- 594, 596, 671 polynemsa: 5-522 766 Chlamydoselachus anguineus..........-- 596,671 ||, *\Cobitidees 22 ...s2 nee oe eee eeeeree eects 765, 774 Chipmydothecayessscssonnsses eee 970,971,975 | Cobitidee, or Loaches, of the Rivers of azbeca..<2-5- 971, 976, 977, 978, 1001 Japan, a Review of the, by David Starr MeOXICRNR Ss vscaseeasetes 971, Jordan and Henry W. Fowler.........-. 765 976;977; 978: 1001 || Cobitisss-ceeceee eee eee 765, 770, 772, 959, 961, 962 Chioealtisibrunmea). 225252525 eee eee 783 anablepsi... sacccc sees eee 962 WlTTOUSias acacia seis rane eee 783 anguillicaudata sss... aoe eee 766 Chiloridell gies sisteccsssesees toe et ose 54 bartbatulay s:.sace0rasccene nosecemee 961 MINIS! As 2 oscc ns As ccc sees ate 55 bifurcatasc..55 st ashes ee eeeeeoee 766 Costataacsscesaccccciccscesece 55 DIWD sc ccedeeetc nes Rese ee eee 771, 772 — ; / INDEX. 1025 Bh . Page - Cobitis eae Sela ieieiniwlelwiaiai= wis es eviews a w= == a 771 Corystes punctata ...... eae decemcirrosus ............22...... 766 | Costa Riea, Amphipoda from, by Ree. - PLONE MU deem e cl sce Sede c ek 771 Thomas R. R. Stebbing . 95 She COCR Rae == ser = ae 961.) Mettnnenius.> cbs eee ee a IMetenoglitusess=)- 295s. .< 764 Corymorpha pendula.........------------ 958 VUIQA ~. 22 .0--eesen ae eenee é 1026 INDEX. Page. Page. Cyanoderma erythroptera...--..--------- 507,508 | Cypridopsis vidual - 2225: --<-csccceceeace 991, 991 fulviventris, new species... 486,507 | Cyprimeria ~. 2525-22 -- 9-. oscere ee sone 397 Gyanops envi cite 2 see sees seeee aaa 501 excavata ......-.--.---..----- 357 Cy clinays iss: sassde = se oe eee 348).| -Cyprina <5. /4a.5%e- wees ceatie stent ee eee 345 SA CCAS ane aero eee seiner 891! || Cy primidee a eee ae cence seer 811, 847, 861 Gyclinellaraasasce= lees se eae $36; 388,357 ‘| (Cyprimine tees eee eee eee 813 Pap lis' Se ass eee eee eee 373 | Cyprinoid Fishes of Japan, A Reyiew of ROWED sess cease eee eee ee 373, 391 the, by David Starr Jordan and Henry producta = -<-s-cs--a= ses vac 391 Wi. RO WlGre as ceere ena Sees 811 singleyi, new species...... 391,404,411 | Cyprinotus ........-...... 969, 970, 972, 984, 989, 983 subnuatinaltan saseqcee sere eeeee 391 burlingtonensis™~-cseses sees 989 tenuis, Asso e eer 373, 383 Crenaeosecse {Saale saceenee eee 989 Gyclinuss=-: fccete sent a ces eee eee 348 INCONETUCNSss.-6- hese aes 989 Cycelocypridincers 295) ee seen eee 970, 971, 978, 993 pellucida #22. S222 cee ceeeee 988, 989 Cyclocyprnistaes sess a= seee eee aes 973, 994 Lestudinan tae eee eee eee 989 fOrDeSie. Bee oee eee ee 995. | «Cyprinus. 23 jh2.aee ack ne seen ae eee 813, 860 SIOWOSO cone eee eee eee eee 995 QUTAUUS ssa S eee ee ereeeeneeS 860 lee ViSs5- 2 eee ee eee 995 Carpio 22s 53-2 eas -eeeee eeee e 860, 862 MOGSStal es ere ee eee 995 | Cypris...... vdee SS NSS Os eee 969, 970, Oycloprapsus:s42 502 ao ee eee eee a 971, 972, 975, 981, 984, 985, 993, 994, 996, 997 Cimereus)-)- 4. == eter 76 altissimuss! S25 cease sae eee 985 PTAMU Aplsescaee ee cose eee 76 azteca, J: os05- 2 ts ea ee 977 henshawi, new species -...- 7a clavate: <2 See ee ele cee eeceee 969, 985 DALVUNUSS ose ase see eee 76 CUM Callan 2 erase ee eee 987 Gyclophyllays ce egies os teen ene eenee 737 elegamtilany. ft. oaer se oeeee cere - 994 Giphyllas: s+ 22222 2ss eso 710, 762 exsculpta iit 4242 ee eepeeeeee 994, 1001 Cycloptilus squamosus ......--..--------- 808 TaSCla ba) Ss joss sis ee see eee eee 984 Cyclorhynehus planirostris ........------ 46 fiSChEr lind ee ee os ace eee 985 Cy clorisms 2225. fasten ce eke eee wasn 355, 397 TUSCALAR ees c eee eee Ee eeeeeees 985 Oyclospongyiliasneeoncewes ccees testes 628 SUANGISS eee ens peso eee es 970 Gy clothyrist.5. esse ee eres 357 = Nerricki.s jets shee oe eee 985 Cymatophlebiaesssac..-see> csc eeseeeeeee 735, 756 OM alas 5S ase eae eee ae eS 985, 986 Cymbirhynehus lemniscatus .......------ 503 pellucidazyjse- see seeeeee 971, 985, 988, 1001 Oyanies = = tee es ese ee ee hee 960 perelevanis) 2585. esos ecm 985 Cynocephalus glaucus...--.....--.------- 613 PilOSS), “sak. acces seeker eeeneeeeee 986 CyNOpPterus) MOntANO! =sssess eee ees eeee ee 474 pubera ees ee ese 971, 985, 986, 987, 1001 titthsecheilus:=.c-4eeee se 474, 479, 482 punctata var. striata. 5- sss. cee 994 measurements punctillatacss tse cstcc sees cee eee 987 Ofes 2 occ ban cede pelo cerca 475 TE PLANS eet kisi esis ace ae 979 CY PELUsrst sess s cen etsec cee soe ea ees - 185 TetiGulatarc. 2.28 ses eee 985 Cy pnounypa cece eats ke wa. ee eee ss eee 423 stiicta ...s.t sees ec se Se eee 987 @ypretitatcees tel ee oon tact ee ee eee 972, 982 stridlatan.s.- Siac. 252 0 eee eee 994 Gostapa eos sain Sone seen eee 983 hestidinariaccs-4 a ences 969 teminicandars ese ececee eee oe 983 ‘tristrigtays. cee. uoce ee eee 986 Gyiprias. ities coho eee 971, 973, 993, 994, 995 VEMtTICOSA. 5 34242 brates eee eer 986 demtifern: 225 5h eee ae eee eee 993 WATERS? Seok Oetmaecemeeee 971, 985, 986, 1001 exsculiptacc a. seaeeee eee 971,998,994. |\u@yproisiese-<. sacs. Sask esos esses 971, 974, 975 mMons'i:.22: dpa Medea oeele eon eee eee 993) | Cy pselurus AlOO% 225m soso ne eemeee sae 541 ODeSas 6c 2 ei salons eee 993 doéderleini 2932. 2 yasese ame 541 opthalmicasi us 2225. s eee meee 993: |aCypselus'eomaibusye --scnasee eee e- 503 @ypricercus: JS. -0 wees fee eee eee 972, 981,984 | Cypsilurus.......... eee eee eee 539, 540, 544 Cypridellaiec aos a ees see eae 972, 981 ASOOs Blea sees ae 540, 541, 542, 544 Gyprididiey 5. cous nace ee tee eee eee 970, 971 hirun@dosesss cesce sees ee 540, 542, 544 Cyprididsx, Report on the fresh-water Os- nuttallis 2 sceS se eee 540 tracoda of the United States National poclopteruss:.-- sseesess 540, 542, 544 Museum, including a Revision of the CYTES MM arIGUMN Ae ee ee eee eee 391 Subfamilies and Genera of the Family, - Gyrénidee. i325. cba toe cee 935 by, Richard W. Sharpe-.-.2.--2-- eee 969) |i Gyntinalrostratay=ss2scs-esee eee eee eee 422 OyMri dine: Sees. os ee le Se 970) 971,972. 981) |ACystiphrap misses eee ae 567 Cyprdopsellas-c..scacsee pct eee ees eee 991 |) Cytherea 4352 Sacemen soe ee eee 352 Cy pridopsinss oo. ao ene eee ee 970; 971,.973, 990" || Gytherezcoc. os) ease see eee eee 998 CYPTIGOPSISs 3-22 525. alec ee eee cee 973, 990;:991;:992.*||«Cytihtereasss6. coke sens See ee eee 336, 338, COStALA Ls =S sees Scissace ec aseeee 990 346, 351, 354, 355, 356, 358, 374, 382, 390, 404 SIBATAS GING Soe sas= oe seeee 992 eequilatera -<-cebans- sins someseee 385, 386 INDEX. Page. RUUD eheciae SAMUS Eee ae a2 wise eS nies ss 383, 389 GOEUING SS a a as 347 SURO tet sttaletetara l= 0/=)-)i- 2 /\aisieSiche «=< < 347 emer eye 383 IDROWANPINYOSA 82. es ohne 388 eallimorpha, new species... 372,382,411 GHG Neer ae Sake 352, 392 EROS C Ue ere eye tes non c 304 Cardiilay. 82. See aclecisee ce = 374 PLUNGER 2 4 So Se ee 386 ING IY Arrant ite ert ce: 354 OWT Aree aac c nt Sok see 379 ROUT PUR Taree alalolo eta icia soos. wie 2 are c 370 Un OTC ets Ace Sete ac 368, 385 Cemmssatelloides= ss... oc os bccn 386 RET Albee eee rte shee le fjerin < Ss,0%s 374 CUROMe Meets naa) bas close ace 388 PlGR AMIS Eat eee cds ecees a 386 PLOVeia ese ccc coca sais eccle 383 ORCS NaN err 390, 403, 411 LONELY Sh 0 eo ee 404 Hal AMUN A etieveesets cose eiatets oses eth ese o- cca a cones 506 | Doclea canalifera ............- €:32 eae oe 29 PIPANTCA aaswise nce= eee eacieeers 556 JAPON Cd 22555. se ses ese nee 29 Diatryma, Notes on the Osteology and DodecseramMmMoshss. ss asqete se eee 1005 Relationship of the fossil Birds of the Dolerocyprisi2e2e3- f= ee 2 ees 984 Genera Hesperornis, Hargeria, Baptor- Dolinumefimbriavumr: css. sosesseereeneeees 34, 37 nis and, by Frederic A. Lucas. .--...-.- 545 Varler atime 2 --55 osc cceeeeee 34, 37 DIGIC. Sst het ec ont c/ seine oe = Seto 620 4/Dolliitisiaias state ie os. eee sac cane 349 Dicewmmsineonostipniasss--soseeeee eee 6205) Donaxairmerwlanisi -. a2 sssese see Spates 328 of the Family Cyprididz, Report on the, WItiENSISiasskee costes aac ee 304 iby Richardiw,, Sharpe:-.----...--.----- GBOs | Gala theistic: ecees sete lo =e nein 244 FRRISTISHMNCOUStANS:. oc coco cc.t oc sewaceelee 34, 37 list of Known marine species MG AREER NUTINI a) = nice oele wie. wlerec ee 336, 338, 390 Of ....------- SSR TG aa 300 WEEMNUTGENISIS <2 22 -2o-c5------ 269 | Galatheide, Descriptions of a new Genus ORIN se nieee ica cle es since 369 and forty-six new Species of Crustaceans MSA Se eee sete isos T= 369 of the Family, with a List of the known Galucanthdecascccce. << -s2--2---+-~-- 240, 246, 304 marine Species, by James E. Benedict... 243 ICCA: fie oS PRT Timesheet el ols oe 317 abbIevintuS xe auseen <2 sens aoe eis eae = ese eke aa 304. AOULUS ee eee eee ma MERIT O IIS eee eye case 304 antonii Bin in wheter ae oo aie ae ee a diomedes ....--------------- ay Se eR a? eee 320 faxoni, new name ......-.--- 304 aaa aa ea nae aaa 991 investigatoris Ree ici ea enna 304 latifrons Se ie net he ee a 398 OSHC oan os slob sous 304, 305 marionis ae <9 eae = eee ate var. investigatoris --. 304. reynoldsi......------+------** sae i 305 robustus. ....----------+--*+-> o SPIMOSH .---2---------eeeee=- u sg var. trachynotus .-..-- 305 TE eo ake ae an ae Prarie te os s2nt ess 204 serratifrons Simei nscssvecrenss Me unaionus estes. c228:ocs~- 305 sigsbel ...---------+---r++"+*" Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 69 10382 INDEX. Page. Page. Galathodes simplex ...........-..-------- 326: |: Glanisianistotelise-pssss-02-e- eee eee 902, 903 til ood coe ba 328 | Glaucopis leucopterus...............-.--- 518 Lids =o eee eee 328 | Glaueostegus rhinobatus............--.-- 645 triclentaiusese=saeeee eee $28''); Guathopogonae tee. econ eee eee eee 812, 822 trifidts. 2+ oko eke eee eee are 329 Clon patattcuteateeeee eee 822 Galathopsis Gebilis) 220 -5--=-ss-eeeeeee old elongatuss. aocsestneees 822, 824, 861 Seva OULU S eee ease eerie 321 Pracilis cee eee eee 822, 823, 861 Gal@iic a pa secece sc ncesueos4 ae eee 598) |; GODLO .ccasciseccacaecaaseeaas eee eee eenee 825 GaleOCerdO = saene eee ee ee ee alan 607, 612 DALDUS ce eek ee ee $24 mMacuilatsi 25 oaceenereece =e 618 DWE. Se Zan seek ek eeaseniceee ee 829 tigrinis)c2ec soceiee see eee 612,671 @SOCINMUS: 2.3. sk enceeine SoSee a eee 831 Galeopithecid sess Ser =n eenee eee eee 471 MAaY.EO se: 2. sos nee eee Oe 828 Galeopithecusiicssccss-ee tees ABI; |S GODLOMIN Saas ees eee eee 812 VOlATS os ace eee eee £715,480) | “Goldenceye perchica..-2ehass eee eeneeeeee 4 measurements of... 471. | Golden: perch=-2 ap eee en a eeeeeeees 11 Galeorhinus .........------+--------------- 610))| sGomphrschnasecsse-ee eee eee 718, 735, 737, 756 POlECUSe Sona spose teen 611 furcillata sess. s ee eee 762 Galeusssccoeeeeeeeeaeecaacei 607,/608;610) 6145960") |S Gomphidianes = sseee sees see a eee 738, 762 PPM ose os scadseonas sesoSsbonsc¢ 6106115 | tGomphingtessss serosa eee 336, 356, 358, 359 HAPODICUSEseee ease es sees eae GLU G7 | SGomip hin eee a aeeec a eee 737, 750 Gallinagojstemura a2 22 < cer lee elena ee 487 | Gomphocerus carpenterii .....-.........- 783, 784 @ard emia o2cscee ooo eee eee 173 clavaitlisss.. eeeeeees 777, 783, 784 Gasteracanthus.......-.------------------ 59 Clepsydiaiee= a eee 783, 784 Cataphractuse-sseesseeees 59 MaviCulas. oad. cesssene sees 781 Gasterosteaineseeee- eee eee eee 61 pelidna:=.2.-4..s eee eres 782 DUETS eee eeieaneeen eetents Gilly MG OMpHOIG CS Rane aeeenete eae eee eee 718 Gastenosterdce cae eeecseesiaee ere earee fee Oui StipmatuSicss- coe se ceeee reece 761, 762 GasterostelS. 2... cs. ---++- cer cesnc 09 01,72) 959" | Gomphomacromisss- ese. ase eee eee 741 Geulestus esc aseecoeeeeetee 59 paradoxes: aseepeeeere 763 cataphractus ..... 99 | Gomphuss--22sascsce cis sees omece 715, 718, 721, 732 Caiaphractis!ssssse-eeeee eee 59, 72 GeSCripiUS) ope ee eee 705, 706, 762 IMOPIN ALUMS. see 60 - dilatatisheoss se ahae eres 710, 727, 762 insculptus jac .- ose 59 VHISASSins =e eee 762 intermedius) sei iasso- eee 59: | Goniliats cee see eee eee eee 935, 936 JUPONICUS Mace ee eee eee eee 195,61 |, Goniohellenus'ornata 2: seesn- sees 27 microcephaluss-s= sees = 60 | Gonioneptunus subornatus..........-..-- 28 ObpOlaniUSss-eeee eee ae eee 59 UUM Celtel ae. se eee ae 27, 28 plebeius ..... Leite eee 60) | GOnIOpSis CLuUcmitete seater ease 430, 435 PUP et Wee ae aoe eee eee 60 | Goniosoma japonicum...........-.--....- 27 PUNPILUS S222. sees 61 Miles: Ss 22 Res ee eeeeee ee 27 SCLratUSi...2:3% ose eeoeee eee 59 OTNSGUNYS 5 2f-- see eeeeee 27 Wallismsoni. 7% 22.2 teeeee 59, 60 SPbEW CAMs ceo. oa nae 27, 28 Gemma tise. cade oaetaneseeesoase 336, 338, 365, 379 Warilegata. cuss) noeee see ema 27 CONCENUNICH: ene a seen eee eae 878 (Good allig.s. 2 2 ss as 54522 eee 936 SEMIN A. ee eee eee ee 378, 401 herouvalensissesesse=se sees 937 PULPULCM ss2c ea see eee eee eer 378, 401 macandre wile. --s<-ae-seseeeeee 950 TOULEDY Senic~aciemnese eee eee as 378 permifidwum = se Hel Eee ees 937 Gemmi ino et Se sho gass eens ater ee 365 Rian Sul anise. see eee 950 Genealogic Study of Dragon-fly Wing Ve- Goodalliopsis<.2 ses. eee nese ees 935 nation, A, by James G. Needham ...... 7031 |. GOSSypIGeees =e eee ee ee aaa 173 Gephyroberyxsecsccdecseaistecsoeack sees 59520, "Goulds sae a seeseece eee 336, 338, 350, 367, 408 GarwaAnle c= sccenscese cee bs?) | Gracula tobustaless-cs- oeee-esaeeeees Keates 519 jaPONLCUS see eee See eee 6, 7,21 saularis: . fcc scan ee eee 512 Gill, Theodore, on Note on the fish Genera StUPRING =~ sce earn seeeesee eee 518 MaAMed MMaACroGONs.s.nae soceseenae es eee 1015 | Grammatopleurus lagocephalus .....-. 1005, 1011 Gill, Theodore, on Some fish Genera of Grapsides' 2. cles Sea eteoee secre eee 24 the first Edition of Cuvier’s Régne Ani- GIrapsus @epressusiza--e-- n> eee eee eee 24 mal and Oken’s Names................. 965 hematocheir 2s. secu -eeeeene 24 Gill, Theodore, on Some neglected Genera JaDONICUSy2-- cseeee eee eeeeee 24 OLMISHES os (seis vies woe ene etee ees 959 SAN SUINEUS << ss sees eeeee 24 Gill, Theodore, on The Relations of the Grass thrips? .: 2822255 2528 Steen 161 Fishes of the Family Lampridide or Grateloupian: «4360 5 eco saree eeeeesae 348 Opahs)asee- stews eset. soe ete cee 915 | Grateloupingio. seseeeece ee eee 348 Gill, Theodore, on The Use of the Name Graucalus babiensis, new species..... 486, 513, 514 Torpedo for the electric Catfish ........ 697 PUNSUTrensisesseeeeeeeseeeeeee 514 Gitime sate a- ce cece ce scacneee ose ton oeneease 18,19 crissalis: 50.225 222cnecaeeeemnee 514 GUAMIS Foo oases see see oe iebonen bac 697, 902, 903 enganensis ........-.---.+ conte 514 hale INDEX. Graucalus kannegieteri simalurensis, new species.. 486,513, R : AITMALRETISIS ser avaclceiccctn Sete ce 514, (GUT OE, Se a GMT DGR. eases ese Gee ee ee eee . ee G Mi peemete Seor eee nce == = . novee zelandiz...............-. ROUT 52. gee ee Gmyllide ~~ =~ =<... -. 222-222-2222 222-2 ery US AOOLEVILUUS) «255-223... s ee sece-- FEC ONE eo ot Sane eee PM EMLCAE suerte. Ao a es tae too Lok Gun mDS seeees Seeeee eee eee COUNT Ae le eee als Sais ce Spas NCTM UNIS Ware a iaeia aes cls ec.c een EUS SRE esl ern niclaisic = tetete Ne ROMMMN as asta isa acco e e's EP MC CHISN Sr )2t a. sclcite sarees PMP See eie es... Sees Seki ste dees RPRGUI ase eect ea senc ese eclc- pennsylvanicus personatus GRAS CMU Sieiaisccin ss Sas Sae ese ce = ILO PS essere an) -(Skcm riche oic's a0 Se Gygis alba kittlitzi Gymnotus Gymnura and Tupaia, measurements of - gymnura Gynacantha Gypidula 418, galeata Gyrophaenamanca.---.-.---------------- Gyropleurodus francisci Hadrotettix gracilis ; trifasciatus le EMS a= oe anime ~~ = 718, Haleelurus 728, 730, biirgeri - Haleyon armstrongi chloris coromanda pileata Halizetus leucogaster Haliastur indus intermedius -..-...------- Halimus incisa quadridens,---2-....0-.----<---- Halysites Mannmoveraaurata...---------++-=-------- CHLDENISISN=e ee aee cise eecie< == <== Hargeria, Baptornis, and Diatryma, Notes on the Osteology and Relationship of the fossil Birds of the Genera Hesperornis, by Frederic A. Lucas -Hargeria, new genus ....----------------- Harriotta ee ene Aaclciwiowieie'== aise 667, pacifica ...2.....----:---------- raleighana Hawaiian crabs, Descriptions of new Spe- cies of, by Mary J. Rathbun ~ Hawaiian Group, A new Procelsterna from the Leeward Islands, by Walter K. Fisher 514 | 515 308 244 308 308 936 | 808 808 788 796 799 | 788 | 808 781 805 809 784 | 796 809 809 794 | 805 | 562 959 | 472 482 735 762 423 | 422 119 599 791 794. 737 601 671 500 500 500 a00 491 494 494 29 29 28 28 417 625 1 854. 884 | 545 552 668 668 668 ~I ou 1033 Page Hay, William Perry, on A small Collection ‘ of Crustaceans from the Island of Cuba. 129 Heliastus guanieri, new species .......... 794, 809 THING SS oe 705 Hehothinitpss see ae 87, 91, 97, 113, 133, 168, 169 SOONG Ses eee _ 168,169 CORLL. peek eae eee 172 dra crentes 2.3. eh ee 82.176 fasciapennis, new species. 168,171, 239 TASCIAER Fosse udooke oa euees 174 FASCIAGUS =. 245s eee 168,174 femoralis:;.=.6 sosacee 168, 172, 239, 24: heemorrhoidalis.......... 111, 168, 169 synopsis of species ........--. 168 Hellenusihastacides paver sence tee ee ee 27 Hemeroboides giganteus ..............--- 761 Memian axes... see eee eee ae 736 ephippiger . 2.5.0 22-5245 oe eee 733, 762 Hemi anbus na] see ce ee ce ane eas 812, 824 Darpuses-ons-oe2-. Sesesees 824, 861 Hemibranchiate Fishes of Japan, A Re- view of the, by Dayid Starr Jordan and LawaniChapin’Starks' ---.-..2c2---ss-5~ 57 1S syounoye HW ob Was 5A tae Ae eee 57, 72, 915 emi cord ullisiyeecacs ces ceeenencee oeeeee 718, 741 TE paeee ates eee ear 763 Hemitisus tOMmatinuUs s-s- os - eee 34 Hemigale hard wickii.......-----.-.--.-.-. {71 Hemigomphus ochraceus.....--...------- 762 Hemigrapsus sanguineus .....-.----.----- 24 Hemiphilebighae sae. se Seen ee 749 Hemiraimphidseys nesses enews 526, 532, 543 HMemnramphius sce a. -s 2222 s-- os aeee eee DEO One POL CUS sec ape eaten 535 occipitalis............-.--- 588,534 BRON ese e Se eee 583 Hemiscylliide........-..--------- 598, 608, 670, 671 Hemiscyllinte ....-----...--------------.- 603 Hemitapess:--. 4-225 -n=--5--e === =n= 359, 3€0, 361 Hemitremia vittata ..............-------- 850 Hemitrygon bennetti ......-.------------ 658 Hemixus malaccensis ......-.------------ 505 Heniochus diphreutes. ...-.-------------- 694, 695 macrolepidotus....--.-------- 694, 695 Heptanchus .....-.------------+--+-++-++: 5M Heptranchias. .......------------+---+--+-- 594 cinereus: ©. -=-5+----- 1016 | RECT naa one int ='n cin’s a's '=5 = === 1016 Hoploneschna .-..-----------+----++----- 735, 761 UTAVI GUUS serie se -iis as Sei isl genoaeeeseee 533, 534, 536, 543 tricuspidatus .----------- 533 unifasciatus .------------ 533 Hypoteenidia striata --...-----------++7-7° 488 Hypothymis abbotti, new species -------- 486, 509 @ZMILeR = .----s------------- =" 509,510 consobrina, new species - --- 486, 510 vii eniss-e seco =~ a= 510 Hypsipetes malaccensis .----------------- 505 Hysteroconcha -....--------------- 336, 337, 388, 304 Payeurieities .------\---=----------- 75-777" 469 RIN LIeREe eee eee ce =e == 362 Tethyophaga..-....-------------7007000 7 492 icthyetus.....-------------- 492 492 javana...--------------72°°" INDEX. rye LO35 Ce noes Page dentification of a Species of Eucalyptus from the Philippines, On the, by Joseph Henry; Maiden. -osic.ccnw sens 691 agiotienra: 5.5 eens nae oe 749 ee eae SNOUT eras Pd owen ae 764 Tdolothrips!s2c-=-wa- =< 188, 206 ee es » avy cConeraruy 2202s. eee on 5 aa eee 206, 241 TAO X eee e moss ae "740 Se ‘ Ilyoeypris:-..2 2-2. see 973, 995 wor eee eee eeesesere & 10, FPO PIDG s-.e oee ee ase 969, 996 Se 98 Jacustrisa: 3. 7h. coaseeeekote 969 HiyodromuUse.Goseceancs aeons 971,975 Insects of the Order Thysanoptera inhab- iting North America, Contribution to a Monograph of the, by Warren Elmer MInds-< = 5en s2 sane hecioein Samana 6373638), | UCIO DES ees se ae 5 ee ee eee ee ee 657 microcephalusseee-sscaseseeee 637° |“dhbelobatus.. 02.2222. 9-222 eee eeeeee ae ee 645 ee Vr a S OVE DVN CUS sense setae eee 648 Crucigtus):2e.. lessee 657 Tinis Sete ee eae sce b eee ae 717, 745, 754 panduratus:s)4-5--eeeeeeereeee 645 IBaIMibrusilacinigtae-=-seesse-eee nena 29: |MILGIOCaSSIS A226: ee aot eee eee 901, 907 LACIMIAWIS! =. <-Pat eee aeeeene eee 29 JongirostnisS-ces--peeeeeree 908, 909, 911 Wali ave wee hems ectecan eee 29 poeciloptenuse..-- eee seeeee ee 907 WeIGUS She Ree. ame ee eee 29) |:iLeiodomlechinatum 22 -ees eens eee 637, 688 usmellconchare > sees seek ens een 338, 354 microcephalus..-2s-ps-sesen- ee 637 Inia Bee etre se sons a oecacrnaiie acme 624. | Mheitruss. 25 5.\52 dee acne Ree eee eee eee 59 ComiuUbicus- 252.5 25s seee seat eee 623 EYVMMNULUS cc. . oc peeeeoeeseeese 59 amMIOpsistermmin Ck sass =" peeeer josee 614.) | kemur voles 252-5 Sera ee eee 471 aN RAS se see eee ee ence eee 622;623; 624. |: EeENOMIY Sas =. dec ene ce ee Ole eee 466 CORNUDICH ac seses sec ocinae teers ce 623 MeCYECM: .caca somes eRe eee 466 —— INDEX, 1037 Page. Lenothrix, new genus......-------------- 466 | Leucosides .........-- Te canus, new species 466, 480, 483 longifrons re ene tee itmes 739, 750 yichmondi, new species. -.-.--- SOIeS9b 4) uibellwmlinee: 22 asec 2- es «cee ee ee 7 740, 7”) seutellata -. 891,894 | Libellulium agrias ......-...-..---------- 761 ETHIST Metals elee cate ne = i= i= 891, 892 | SOUTH UIN Sete. tawaees ean 761 websteri, new species .-.------- 891, 892 KaIpLe oscace chap ene eae 761 WepidOps ------------------+---------=-->- SO ie elcid Cyber eres ane erent 995, 998 MYOPS .-----------------+--2-+--- 892 IMM OISENEIS\=-.----44= ees 99s RCM Weiter ee cos -lelterene oe = 894 | Te CUOlAtN. seco ee 998 OMS bese ints = = sere seo “ine g92 | Limmocythere ....--...------------------- 998 Lepidorhinus...-.-------------------+---- 629,630 | Limonidromus ....-----------+--++++++--- We FOUAGEUSia>- 53-2 ------=<>~--- 631,673 | Limopsis panamemnsis.....---------------- 951 squamosus .---------------- 630 | Limothrips ..-.-..--.---------- 90, 133, 138, 179, 183 Lepisacanthus ee ees rose a meine = 19 aven, new species -.---- 39, 237, 242 japonicus Bae tase aaielon = == 19, 20 COLEAIUM sn oee- owe sa ee 138, 208 Leprus cyaneus..---.----------------+777- 778, 788 poaphagus ....-.------------- 80, 161 waheeletiioe 2-5 -2-: ---=----==-=-- 788 inti Clete see. eB e 79,179, 183, 208 - Leptaena rhomboidalis ------------------- 415,493 | Toiobagrus .....-------.------24-----"="- 901, 909 Leptodius exaratus....-------------+++--- 25 Teinienesasse hace -Sss-eeen ss 909, 910, 911 WepiopoOGiass:<-2-5---+7--2> 2-2-5272 oe 967 .| Liocarcinus corrugatus.....-------------- 25 Leptostrophia arectimuscula ....---------- 422 strigilis .....-.-.---------++-- 25 ESTE Speen snes =~ 710,717,727 | Liocassis longirostris ......--------++--+-- 908 rectangularis ....------------------ 60) || MOGI A jase eas een ae 418 PriGOlOlseneesss= 122-2 I-22 = +2 == Eel MOCON CHW a -.e5-2=- >= = oe ele 336, 351 Wmeshiniees S222. --==-------------------7---"* 748, 750. || LaOCyMB.--<---=-- en 336, 338, 304 Mewciseime.-2-)--------=+------------"- "> 812 DECK 4225 snes eee 399, 407, 412 WeUeiscUS=4--22-- ---25-as---*--->- 813, 825, 844, 850 | HLUNNEAS sos bass sey se == ee 378 AL TWWUS = seen eels sss = S44 | fluctuosa -=...---=-------<==" 378, 400, 947 argenteus-leuciscus. ..--------- 844 | scammoni...-.-.-------------- 400, 407, 412 everulescens..-.--------- _.. 844, 845, 862 WiTiGiSe ocak one steno =a 399, 407, 411 GobUlaeees ees. se-e- = s2= = g44.| Wirodiseus...----------~-----2==--="=-72>*= 933, 935 hakonensis ..------------------ BAGH) pluinop Olas ae ee 338, 358 Wakwensis’ ----------------- 844, 846, 862 Litaneutria minor. ..-------------++---">- 780 japonicus - ---- Spode sapEceee $44, 845, 862 | Tithadothrips ------------------+-=--7°"=" 210 NOU essays $44, 849, 862 | vetusta ..--------+---+--*+-** 211 leue@isGUSeessea---222--- =~ =~ Sudenl e[nibhOULd ee. s6 seen oe =e ieee $2 DALVUS ee esc = 840 | Litorina sitchana....----------+-2277777*" 35 phalacrocorax, new species. $44, 845, 862 Loaches, of the Riv ers of Japan, A Review phoxinus -..--------- pees Sere 844 | of the Cobitidee, or, by David Starr om PUSilslee= eee == 840 | Jordan and Henry W. Fowler..-------- 765 \ TILT eee ee ne se~e =~ = 44 | Locusta curtipenmis ...------+----s27057>" 783 Seiboldil ...-------------=------ 854 curvicauda.....-+----++++-+5077" 805 taczanowskii ....------ 844, 847, 848, 862 fuliginosus -...----+----7+5050577 806 temminckil.--..--------------- 852 verruculatus ...<---+-++++=-5577" 74 AIROSETIS een | <2 o-4jes seen 855 | TOCUBEK SE hea cdackne neers ese Bod variegatus ....------------*---- 833 | olin PCLEONC s--- 2-2 tame roe 162 Leucogobio _.. $12,825 | Lonchurus ancylodon ....----++++++95777" 1015 826, 829, 561 Tephind hsv enee= =~ =p eee re yaaa ae 960 giintheri --. 826, 827,861 | Lophobrane Whivetegcs es - ocak ene v7 : : herzensteini .....------------ g25 Lopholatilus chame leonticeps .---------- es Pordamies/ctscct.- 2-2 826, 827,861 | Lophoxanthus s¢ raberrimus -------++****" saa mayede ..--------------- $26, 828, 861 WoriCATihadte cs --baee eaten eo te = teniatus Re Eee seee esr 995 Loriculus galgulus ----------+--"-"*7""" reed peecinin eeere sw ease eHee SRGe PALIOUA cane ee a ee Rook wr Leucorhinia Bereta ote cea 8. 222625256 763 Lower Dev onic and a ae 2, . } , es PR nace ee eeeesee eee 30 of Maryland, On the, Py im aa a jongifrons ....-----------770°777 $9 | Schuchert ...-------<---"79°75 10388 INDEX. Page. Page. Lower devonie and ontaric of Maryland, Macropnathuists-ce.neee ee cane ee 69 Composite section.of -25- 2 4--s+—- es 422 | Scolopaxc. 2 322s ese ee 69 Lower devonic of Maryland,Coeymans IMaSCromia; 2235. secenee se eres ser eee 740 limestone 418 MOOrelcstss. core cae eee 733 Cumberland Macromiinss. 2 oss2> eee es eee 739, 750 Basin...-- 414-{Maeropteryridas == oe eres ee eee 502 Ja ta Macropteryx comata see -saene eee 503 Tuscarora, lOnPIpenni gate aeeeeeaee ee 502, 503 and Niaga- perlonga, new species.. 486, 502, 503 ran depos- Macropygia TUunGepssas-o- eee ee eee 490 its of Cum- simalurensis, new species ... 486, 490 berland Macrorhamphosid se = ssssss2-) eee eee 58, 68, 73 IBasineeerrs 415: ||SMacrorhamphosuse-se-eeeeseeeeeaeeee 68, 69, 71, 73 Manlius CORMUiIS 2 aeee=eeme aia 69 formation “417 gracilisn -s-ssee ease 70 New Scot- JUPOUACUS pees eee 69, 70, 73 land and sagifue, new species.. 69,73 Becraft scolopax 3 Sse Saecses 69, 70 limestone. 419°) Macrosponiumso=s2 2a eee ee 119 Oriskany |. Maicrothemis'-sss5sn0. ee eee eee 718, 742 formation 420 | celenO:2:..6 eae eee 763 Salina for- Mia Gruen sss sence ac ose eee One eee 37, 430 mation... 415) Mactrastrianenilanss.. = eee eee 936 Toxd8, M9) ai. cee ohn ae lee ee epee 520 Mactrinanyt ct cen eek ee eee en nee 936 Lueas, Frederic A., on Notes on the Oste- Mieotee: tetas 53 35 eae eae 697 ology and Relationship of the fossil Maiden, Joseph Henry, On the Identifi- Birds of the genera Hesperornis, Har- cation of a Species of Eucalyptus from geria, Baptornis, and Diatryma ........ 545 the Philippinesses-2 sees eree eee 691 uein a bipartitaaseeeee4-see- ae eee eee eee 9386.4 i Miadidesr: Ste £0: -Ssee eo ae ee ee 28 TRUICING PSiSeeee eee ee eee 357 | Maine coast, Description of an extinet SuNnGdlachisess-/ es eee 373 Mink from the Shell-heaps of the, by KTOVeriG Ss feces Fee 391 Dapiel Webster Prentiss.........-...--: 887 Ltt ClO Perea sense cess eee ee ee 965}; Maja elongata, t=.2— 0 s22-22 see reer 28 Ipuitta.cim Creates te. See. ccec a ane eee 471 heraldica’....s52:es..25 sateaste eee 28 Lutreola macrodon, new species ....--.-- 888 PLOLENS Seca Ssees eS ee eee 28 ViSOMUIN eens soo ee eeee eee 883 5 {Malsicopterontcanitorive ce. see eee eee 508 lutreocephalus —--2-s25-2- 888 GIMICTEUS. “eases See sere see 508 Lyon, jr., Marcus Ward, on Observations MAPNITOSULE seer esas-e eee 508 on the Number of Young of the Lasiurine notatum, new species ..-.-- 486, 508 Balts 2 Fe steno toec cet eee 425 | Malacorhimus) plutomigi <2 32 --ss-ee-e 4-205 648 ysiosquillavlatitronss=-— 2-2 s-e eee of] ‘“Malacosarens 22s4sseae eee eee eee 2 ysmata planinostris! sess. secespee ee aoe 46 | Malacothrips, new genus...........-.--.. 188, 200 ° MeMurrich, J. Playfair, on Note on the Sea zonatus, new species... 200, 240, 241 Anemone, Sagartia paguri Verrill.....-. 427 | Malapterurus electricus --...:.----..2t2.- 697 IMACa CUSIE tease koe ee eee 483 | Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott CyMOMOlS US see ee eee 476, 477, 480, 482 on the Coast and Islands of fuscus, new species.......... 476, 477, 479 northwest Sumatra, by Ger- MEASUTEMENS Of ce sees eee 477 rit, S:; Millers jnvesess-osee == 437 MeMEStriNUSs «522 a eee eee 475, 482 of northwest Sumatra, sys- HINDFOSUS eS seeds eee ee ee 476,477 tematic List of Species....... 439 Machephilusidumerilic---2--2e-eeeeeee 630) | - Mianhattanensisis-402-. 32 Se ee eee eee 378 Ma CriGiscus seat mana tase eee eee 386,009) | Mamils)j avaliicass2se= =e 5—-5> eee eeeee ee 470 Macrocallistar2tees2< oos3- se ees 388; 351,353), |) Miantidsse. 228 = oss cessn eee eee 77 MUTANT agate ee See 386: |, SMareiancs. - 222 es ae See 338, 359, 360, 408 BUTAMtIACa ss. esses 386 kennerleyils.. 9 22sseetene 396, 398, 406, 411 CHIONG! Sneath ase eee ee 386 PULa oe eek ee ee eee 397 INAC WA oo es eee eee 369, 386 subdiaphanans. 22. 4s-ee ees 397 mimMibOSas: --=-- 799 | Micippa philyra........-.-..-.----------- 29 Howeeliiee =... == ==--- === 799 | thie Gisecae se oe on eo 29 ecoccineipes ...--------------- 799 | Micristodus punctatus.........---.-.----- 626, 627 ORM Hee ta eleair mie === 799 | Mierocentrum laurifolium ...-.-.-...---- 805 coloradus, new species ------ 799,809 | Microcypris ...-.-.-.---------------+-+--- 972, 980 conspersus ....--------------- 801 | Microdiplax...:...-.......-----+-<.«-0-= 718,719 QUINOA. soos Se eReeoee eee 803 | Microhierax fringillarius .........------- i94 differéntialis.......------ 776,777,800 | Mierolepis turskyi -..-------------------- S44 HASCIMHUSI Ss cece = 2-9 === =" 801 | Micromerus blandus ...-.--.------------- 764 femur-rubrum .....------ 777, 801,804 | Micropodide .......---------------------- 503 Mabellatus +. .--.--------2-2-- 801 | Micropternus phaioceps brachyurus -..-- 2 Hewidsesoo--cce-3-----2----e- 801 | Microstagon .........--------- --+-------- 935, 936 gladstoni ....--.------------- 801 | Microstigma.......-.----------+----++"+-> 748 TOME see sees 2 ae -1- = 798 | Microtarsus melanocephalos .-.---------- wd REA Seeee Slee ni= == = = 802 Olivaceus:..-.--e45--62=>-=—==— 507 intermedius .-.-..------------- g02 | Miller, jr., Gerrit S., on Mammals col- Ne kaMWS ie se cei ole === g02 | lected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the Coast latifercula, new species. ----- 802, 809 and Islands of northwest Sumatra. ..--- 437 RTI Ge setae aa =r == 803 | Mina lobata ....--.----------------+-2°"7° 173 occidentalis..-..---.------=--- 777,803 | Mink from the Shell Heaps of the Maine packardii ...---.------------- 804 Coast, Description of an extinct, by pictus ...--------------- ieee 799 Daniel Webster Prentiss. ..------------- 887 plumbeus....---------------- 804.)| Mi od Once sees aoe => se sere eee 951 propinquus -.---------------- 799,800 | Miodontiscus -...--------+--++-257777707>" 951 Melanothrips ....---------------------777" 910 | Misgurnus....------------2--=---"7527-"" 765, 766 @xtIMCta a s2o=----------==--- 210 anguillicaudatus....---------- 766, 774 Melias diardi ....---.-----------------*+"° 497 dichachrous...----------+++--- 767 Melittophagus swinhoii ..---------------- 498 fossilis...------------+--"**°°°° 766 ARI GH eee ee eee - = 498 polynema ...-------+-++---+"7° 766 Menethius incisa...-.-------------------" 28 | polynemus ..-.-----++-5+2+577 766, vA quadridens ..---------------+- 58) || WitsukUrina..-.-0)-—=—e =n one ees 620 Mencethius incisus --..-.--------+-------7- 28 owstoni ...-----<------=- 620, 621, 672 quadridens....--------------- 9g | Mitsukurinide .....--------------"""" 59S, 620, 672 Mercenaria ...--.--------- ee ae eae 360,361 | Mixornis everetti ..-----<-----222-0°°°°7" 507 antiqua...-.------------------ 376 BUlATIS ~===>> a at earolinensis ------------------ S7i7' |p Manas sees sccm o> ee a NT 7 i6 opal ee eo Sri aliIMo DU aia5-ce eee eos 2 ee aan neon 4 Repent ee 4 Achia2 3. - 377 auriculata..----------+-22277 7777 tn eee epee ate =-: 376 edentula .:.=..-----<-42-+-0+-*5=" ¥ a Rega) ee 2e= <2 se Fee <= 361 japonica ~~~ <=<-2-=<"="5<=97e == 666, 679 Mies niconielse-o-4-.--52-2---22-=---->-- 348 ATODUIAE occas ee oe sane aera ee = vec ee-s 336, 337, 352, 354 | -Mobulidie ...-.----+-----rreeene7r77 G12, OOo, A Paengliniuess2-22.c+---=--=+--"~ 979 | Modiolaria nigra .-----------=7777777° 7" re fippana-.~.----.<-<-------7"-"-- 355 | Modiolopsis -----------==:--77" 77777" ree a ee Merista Camura. 5--------------=--77°-7"° 417 | Mola..------ SSR RRR PnP Matsa dows eee a aide Bee ee faeces cen--- 22-279 r- 417,418 | Monarda stricta .--------+-<--9"" 79797 “6 Peete. 8---cee-te teen enn 416, 423 MonOcCaIthUS=.-=<---->—arsPet , 1040 INDEX. Page. Page. Monocéntridse ss. ct. oie eee ees 1,2,19,21 | Munida media, new species ........-- 252, 262, 310 MOnNOCeNtriS:=2-260-0- Nee ee eee 19, 21 mexicana, new species ...... 251, 264, 310 CALINAtA <2 ce see eee ee eee 20 microphthalma.......... 251, 267, 310, 311 CaTiINatus: ote tee eRe 19 MmiGrops cece. coe eee 311 cataphractsé ~--- sssse-see ss 20 var. lasiocheles......... 31 JAPOMICUSS...cen cee ee renee 19, 20, 21 miles. ao ae natn eer eee ee ae 311,314 MOnOCHITUS). fe: +n. see eee eee 967 Miliparis; sc. A ee ee eee 262, 311 Monoculuss2-2 fees eee = 974, 990, 991, 993, 994, 995 var. andamanica......- 306 OVatUS. 5.4250. ee ee 987 curvirostris.-...... 307 VILENSSo2 0 cacao ase eee 986 NOLMANI Sere eee eee See Darel! Monograph of the Inseets of the Order nuda, new species. ........... 251, 265, 311 Thysanoptera inhabiting North Amer- OWCSE: Ave GE ie aes Bese se aL elit ica, Contribution to a, by Warren Elmer PCraArmMa tae 2 Loose ee eee eee 252, 311 Hm) 22. seek eee eee 2 ee oon Soe 79 perlata, new species ......... 251, 266, 312 Monotry pa worthemi se: 555 5-e5- eee O88 prolixa =2= 222 eee Stone Sees 252 Monticulipora dawsoni..............----- d81 DPLOPINO UA eee eee ee 251, 267, 312 1rONGOSA) =.n6-e eee a79 PYOKAMG, - 319 “ RIS esas se oe aon 319 depressa -...---------++-+-->- 319 edwardsii....---------------- 320 erinacea ...--.--------------- 277, 320 espinis, new species...--- 276, 282, 320 expansa, New species.... 276, 282, 320 gilli, new species .------- 276, 283, 320 goodridgii ....--------------- 320 @TANOSa .-----------22----2->- 320 Ihamata -.2-2-----=---------*- 277, 320 hastifer, new species- ---- 277, 284, 320 WeminMeis sees -2---- ===" == - 320 hendersoniana --------------- 321 IVS GSee sleiatme imei 275, 321 imermis'...------------=---=-- 321 AICS eeiese eee a cis icierine = 321 key to the species of --------- 275 loevigata ...----------------7- 321 VatitnOnSs .-:---:-------------- 276, 321 Jatirosttis -.----------------"- 277, 320 OMinGeeee eee ea aes naa 322 tiniest ee ae ou longimana..-.--------------- 977, 322 longirostris ------------------ 277,322 margarita ...---------------7- 22 marginata ...---------------- 322 PT OMiS Heseer a= 2 = 323 ALEC tiene aS sateen 323 TELS eee ara 323 milleri -- --- Beee eo aers 323 mina, new species ------- 276, 285, 323 modesta, new species ---- 276, 286, 823 moresbyi----------------7°""" 323 Mibids. -2a-+—-+--=--—- 276, 291, 318, 328 opalescens, new species. - 277, 287, 324 OMNalnssaeee oe =n es 324 OBLIG kee == oe 324 PGR eerie ae 324 RtOse ses cele eee cen FT 324 platirostris ---.--------+--7-"" 276, 324 polite cco -g2s-2 eet ===>" 276, 324 poseidonia -.---------------"" 325 quadrata. --------------5---7° 277, 325 quadratus...--------- eee 290 Me pr eect he ces 325 reynoldsi....-------2--*--7""" 325 TOPUSteet ee eee toe 277, 325 TOSHCEN See ene eames = 328 RGRtU aie saee ees ae ay 305 Reabraceescesssee-sen ss 275, 825 REODIL see seo eee =o is 277, 325 PeniGeaseeeeeess ==" == 277,326 serratifroms .------------7"77° 277, 326 SHanreriiess-o----'=--22""-577 326 sigsbei ee eerie nent 276, 326 Pisce eos oer os 276, 326 simplex -.------=-7200°777 77 277, 326 var. aculeata... pallida ...- talismani ......-----.-------: tanneri ......-------++2s0+--- : tAUTULUS. 2. coo ccs seen ennnee 328 LODO Sp oo ns Sora ones 328 tenuirostris, new species. . 276, 289, 525 tomentosa. .....---------+-+-- 829 townsendi, new species .. 277,290, trachypus ....------+-+-++---- 328 {rive Al. .occsesteses es oace'sn ene 328 tTiG ONS'. Jocwsiwe ewe aries = a= 285, 328 tridentata.......----5--- ATO ONS socin wa ane oe wee . 276,329 unguifera ...-.------------+-- 329 VELL co sept cto te = et 329 verrilli, new species. ..--- 276, 291, 329 ViCiINA....-- eee ee eee een tees 329 WillOSS: c20a= = weeee- 460,479 measurements ee 461 SUrifelees eenee ee er aan wee. AGA, 467 e OLIeraDE si sero=esr ea oe aoe 463 Muscicapa atra ..-<-----s7279797"" adeane 516 AZUPCAS ese seers Sao ence 510 javanica. -.---+=---20*07°7""" % 510 mmalabetica...<.-----=:-"— "= 512 Muscicnpidte.-n-+--2"3s5s01 + ia a, oe Muscitrea grisola ..---------7757 77 a Mune heen ae ee te ae ws Mustelidia=v-kese eer ee a Mi A Miastelinese us cne=te or Sneak 60% Mustelus..----<----***7°7° 607, 608, 610, 959, 960, 962 1042 INDEX. Page, Page. Mustelus Canis=.of2csce ee nee eee eee 960: |: Nettrobasisqa esac ate eee ee 746, 755 WMaANazOt ocr oO eee 608,671) || Neurothemis ee oes eee eee 723, 725, 742 Mustelusies.. 22 As Seas 608 | New genus and forty-six new Species of Vulgaris): A: 222235 se cerrceeete 608 Crustaceans of the Family Galatheide, Myliobatidse -<2 ee eeeeaceaeeeeeeee 642, 663, 674 Descriptions of a, with a List of the Myliobatis:-.2 s20 oe. ache Se mee wleciseeeiecers 663 known marine Species, by James E. AQUI ay 3. Sea Sous eee eee ee 663 Benegictres ase Gee en ene ae ie 243 comutar. Soase.ts eee eee 663,664 | New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas, with nieuhofinn <<. cece eeee see 663, 664, 674 Descriptions of four new Species, Notes MIGUN ONG sence sees eee eee 664 on Orthoptera from Colorado, by tobijel.c2eeisee peer 663, 674 Andrew,.Nelson Caudell..--.--...1..2-- 775 My otisimiuricolatee. eer ee eee eee 478,479 | New Procelsterna from the Leeward measurements of ........ 473 | Islands, Hawaiian Group, A, by Walter MYT: so Sos eie dee eels aero eae eee 30 Re MUSTO T 68:50 caches re oe eee eee 559 PUP AS ek ee cece See es eeeia eee 30 | New Species, Notes on Orthoptera from Myripristis.< 205. scessecdscacesn tasters 11 | Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and JapONiCus!.2 = -.cbeecisssae eee 11 Texas, with Descriptions of four, by Myristicivora bicolor: sese-- eee eeee 490 Andrew Nelson Caudell..-......-...... 775 Myrmecophila nebrascensis ......-....--- 808 | New Speciesof Crustaceans of the Family MyxsOpsis)permanumt. = -eseee eteseeeeeeeeee 363 Galatheide, Descriptions of a new Genus IMI PSUS: oi: :-..008,. Asie tac e ie eee cee ee 363 and forty-six, with a List of the known Miysiey oi ut ae ee ere Cte se ee oe 336, 357 marine Species, by James E. Benedict. - 243 Nannodip axe sae ace one ee ee Seer 740 | New Species of Hawaiian Crabs, Descrip- Nennodythemistessseeeenaaen ase enn 740 tions of, by Mary J. Rathbun........... 75 Nannophyaosese asses sccaesen ee onaee 740 | New Species of Notropis (N. brimleyi), Namnothemiss se sss-sascec sere eee eee 740 Notice ofa Collection of Fishes made by Dell Bess 5. 487 pheopus. ...-------------+-+--- 487 Nycteridee .-.----.--2222----2=-- 775 2sos80% 474 Nycticebidee -..----.------------207277-77" 475 Nycticebus coucang malaianus....-.----- 475 malaianus....-.---------+---- 475, 482 tardigradus var. malaiana..- 475 Wympha ...-20se-se0-- wn enor ere ae 352 Observations on the Number of Young of the Lasiurine Bats, by Marcus Ward RiyOU; Jonette osteo new sn once aoa 425 Ochrilidea cinerea .------------++- 0777777" 782 crenulata .....---------++7777* 782 Ochthodromus geoffroyi. -----------**--"> 486 pyrrhothorax -.----------- 486 Oectogrammus octogrammuls .--------+++*> 1005 pallasi...------¢--==--"=*"" 1009 Qetonalines: -2-s82- sesso ao ae Oeypodids .---+-2----+=+ = ooo 34 var. laciniata........... constans .....------------------- 35 Var: Orpellaecct 2 cco depressus ....-.-------------+---- 33 War: Peitheess wees Gaye Silesia islet lel =i ine! =i~ 36 var: ruderata .........-: impressuS ...--------+----------- 34 var. sulculosa, new spe- eenmMeglyl oe. = 2=..e0---2-=-- === 35 Ribee + Ore er 8 eas 399, 406, 411 middendorffii ...-...------------ 35 var, hUMida/ sess eee 399 punctulatus...-...-------------- 34 tenienrinnials. <5 soe ie eee 399 sculptipes -.-..-.---.-------- Sodac 34 HDS. CAS nee eee Ce 398, 399 RAGIT CI yee oleae ete cian nee 34 | Parabacillus; new. genus ...............-% 863, 865 RING ON ee as seein = == om 37 Coloradusstecst Secon 865, 885 aleeaspisese-os-----------------=--====--- Attia RR ATACaM CON st Sete: 55 se 815, 819, 861 URNS rare is seers totals eieleisiscsa einem = 53 THOMPCUS S225 seen 815 JOREANROS CIS) S55 Oeepcooseoseaoce AS Pare Mie UUs yee = aes rears ieee 865 Camailiculatus: -so+022seas5=4- 22 37 | Paracypridopsis.....-.------------+------ 973, 992 Gol nivelsil So ocneeesomeEoseoereae 51 | Paradoxurus -..---.------------------+--- 481 japonicus .......--------------- 50,51 | Paradoxus hermaphroditus .......--- 171, 479, 482 NOMPIPesaeeseie- se \se ee == zi 53 | measurements VONPINOStIS.---\--.-+----------- 50, 51 ofs:t.+-~s---"-""" oa eerdalidircces ck sic ~~ PGs eee eis 46 | Parthenope laciniate sosan anon nENeS Ee ae re: Pandalopsis mitsukurii, new species. ---- 48 Z ER GL Del Toa iamieiaeel 99 Pandalus hypsinotus ...-------------+-- ee Se Be oe oy 90,91, 102, 188, 175, 217 latirostris, new species. -.------ Eee eae ee ae Te iy av. n MAL PUA ae PPE soe oe acinar etmale oeene ee 173 | dracen..-------- , lio, 1046 INDEX. Page. Page. Parvivenus co. ops esse eee sae eee 359)" |: Phaleoides 24.2520 saec nace ee eee 347 Pasiphad ). os2ses2 eae eee 358." Phacopsiloganilics. 422 ess-22235 2 422 Pastinaca, olivaces ---222----=see-m === 658 | Pheenicophzeus erythrognathus ..-------. 497 pastinaicay-2-s.- ee eee 658 | Phalacrocorax dilopus ---22=)-----==----= 552 Pectuuculus aculeatus .........---------- 372 WITH G 3, Seer = oe es A52 Nimbosusy-cecescoe see eae 369 | Phalangopsis robusta.=.......---..---.--- 808 Pigidts:<.22¢ senses eee 372'.|) Phaon: :<&).028 ee eee 746 wetula: eo ccc ee eee 375 | Phasma buprestoides............--------- 880 PORASUS 220 2ec lees ose ee ee eee eee 960 | femoraten.-ssooeseee ase aes 874 Péelamis) ie. See ee eee 920 | ferrugineas ease 25 ee 882 Pelareopsis iraserl -sss5----52---es-= eee 4985499) 9) Bde Gl oe ee ase 780 java Danraseniee.s=-e—--s-ee= 498 | Phasmide, or Walkingsticks of the United simalurensis, new species. .-- 486, States, The, by Andrew Nelson Caudell. 863 498,499: |, Bhilentomanvelatiumis: ss 2 sss -2e2 eee 511 sodalis, new species.....----- 486,499 | Philippines, On the Identification of a Pelecyora ee senses onset eee ee eee eeeeeane 346 Species of Eucalyptus from the, by Jo- Peliéshastatecucesacecce ace et en ee eeeees 170 seph Henry, Maidenis2:oesseneeeeeeeees 691 Pempheris-csee se ese seen soe ee ete 3,923" |) Bhilosangal 722. -ssees ae eee eee 744 Pen weide. se) eho eee tee 37 MOM GAN aes a= ae eee aie 75 Pen celis HS lee ee ee eae aes loa einen letersi 38 Bhi] Og Cian eee eee eee eae eee 710, 764 ashiaikae ects acne eee eee 38" | Phileumi pratense s--- 5 sserce eee eee 162 Drasiliensises see eee eee eee 430,434 | Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum ......... 732 Canaliculatuslesessce-ee a= eeeee 37) Bhleothripidee 2222-32. - eee eee 186, 187 var. japonicus..... 37 SYMOpSiSiOl4-e=cee eee ee 187 Guryirostisd. bese ee 38) | -Plnlceothusipssse 2.27 scecuspeseas 118, 188, 195, 196, 199 GisuinehUsee esses: ees aee eae e eee 41 DOUG ase atee ee eee 82,110 iN CiSip CS) eaeeeee ee see ee 38 CaN 2 eee eee 79, 209 joyneri....--- Se ecient sae eeee eee 38 MAli Lessee see ene ees 79, 209 lamellatis-ecessn-5-soeeee eee ene 38 Digrais-0- 3s soe eee eee 188 latisnlcabusies--s-ceeceae sees eee 37 pergandei, new species - 196, 197, 240 Monod ONES sesee ee eee eee eee 38 poaphagus). ose. 2. sseneeeteel= 161 Semiswleatus-o-eo eee eae eae 38 - uzeli; Mew SPCCiGS2==—. =e 196, 240 VelutinuUseecee sees ashe osaseee ee 39 WerpasGle. esoss= =e ee ee 189 Pentamerus/oblongus 2.25.2. --- => =e 41.5'>) Phlox 252 .8ite awe see cae cee anaes teers 170 Pentathemis membranulata ....-----.--- 718 | Phcoenicophaus erythrognathus......-.... 497 POrea fo es eee eet ee eee aaa 960 | MAicGrorhinus=-s-e-serer eee 497 DLASLUMN ese eee eee ee 15/5) SP Oa nS eee ae eee ee eeeerercte 173 WUDIS2 oa aoeoeee eee eee 15 | Phoetaliotes nebrascensis...........----.- ~ 804 PEL GCSOGES == esse ee isee ee eae eee eee 57 | Pholidops multilamellosa .......-..--.--- 422 ercinaicHprodesicesseecs sence eee eee 914°.) “PhOxXinus=<-.ccccassesn eae ee aoe eee 813, 850 Perc0i@el case 2ni-cessticsicee see eeee eee 1 PHOXiIMUS a2 asoses tee eee eee 850 PErcCOMOLp HUE eeee esse eee eee 1 steindachnerin- 1-5-0 oesseseee 850, 862 Perierocotus flammifterssss-e eee -ee eee 515 =}, Phy cis wisceaceeo seta snoeee Socom eee 920 IPMOCUS!2.c2 seewsereeeee eee ee BID HIG u | Phylum ts Cybhe pees aaa eee eaters 863 Periplaneta americana........-..--...--- 779 | Phyllodromia germanica:. 2222 ---2----0-6 778,779 tun Cate 2S. 2225 ec ce eee eee eee 779)5|" Phyllopetalig ste ese te eee eters 735, 756 Perithemist tse saet se eee nee eee 718 Api Calissse = ee eee eee 733 Gomitign- 20-2 222 oe eae 763 |) Phyllopterahuasteca. = 2522.22 —2s- seer eee 805 Persephone ose ee- sees sees ee eee 30 | Phyllornis cyanopogon. -.2.-.-5..2---..2. 505 TU PAK Stee ce eee ese eeeees 30 | Phylloxera carye-foliz ...........-...--. 118 Pesotettix altitudinum. --<--25- 2-22-21. 798 | PRYSa DUS he soe e eas eee ore ee eee eee met 147 Chenopodite.jc2s2-- + see ete 197) | PhiysOCyPUlaa-c- o-oo see ee ee ae 973, 993, 994 lakinuis) 23555 eee seve eee 802 inéquivalvaess-ssceceee eee 7 994 NebrasCensis!!2-o.- -2= oeee cee 804 pustulossdss see see eee ee 994 DICH peso oouscascoedoscesc 804" PMY sOpUSt a cet classe er mee eee 81, 147 DIALOSUSH. access eee ace nea 797 NleTVOSS - 2-2 seek eee ee 155 SPCCLOSUS 22 sso jcc oee eee eee 797 MUS Ty CNIGRISe == eee 154 Pe talinteerseeeesenssee asec a= eee eons 738,750) || PigibUcus coeas ees eee = oe eee 967 Petalurajcee cemisioseicleeiclenie ae eeeeeeae 732): |\ Picidse. Jen ccc eee ee ee Ce eee eee 501 Retalumiticeeceesset as seereeee ieee mee 7395750). iCUSi rach yl use sse= seme eee eeeeem ete 502 Petricolaysesncasensscscen-se-s <= 366, 400, 401, 408 JUVANEDSIS-. f-emeeeeese eeceeeer 502 (Corgi besa ooo sSseeenscocsabocic 400 eV CDSS eer en He eee tea ee eee 502 Petriforaiccsccctes sence =e essen eee 365 ma laGCensis=se-eea see ee aes 501 Retrocolidoeeeeeesere ere anes erento 265 porphyromelas........------.---=-- 501 Petromiy zon i252. sees oo se cese csc cchewes 960 tubulin e2e 222 ee eee 501 Pezotetti=: albarracesse recess cee sone. 797 | Piltimmnid ce: ceceec meee te eee 24 INDEX. Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——10 1047 xs i. Page. ’ Pimelodus arius ....-.....--.-+-2+-...0004 901,902 | Plotosus anguillaris . Page. Pine-cone fishes Ise en 19 POR ee ee S98, ILI scUlpin...........0..000.0eeeeeeeeee 19 lineatugs: 6.50 oe ae oa aoe aabs: OS a a at ie ea ada Dis" '|-spoalacuatigdis +... hea ues tos eee ae Pionocypris eee a isi=“(=!-[-=\=\~10)= ine ome. 0\e(6'n'e 990 Gindhnilerass aot ee ae If z eeieiacaathiae c=. .--2. 25%... .2-.... 200 99 ae ine tae Oot ae = incisa wees eee ee ee eee ee eee eee eee 28 compressa......... we ; tec ce SSeS Seater eee ints =e oim2 cin to -- 28 ficiclieni:. 5 <3 6 eee 2 PAH CTR eee Noe Se ooo ces oo cele 28 VienTORR RNY Goce ee a a pivonhinAaralinedt = -.2-- 2... 2.0 css -vee es 495 pretenkis.. io eee 120. 138, 1462 oa $ umbra, new species...........- 486, 494 SerGtnin : 6-2-2 eee 27 Plagiostira albonotata..........------.--- 807 pladiator:s-<-5- 42 aeseeee ee 26 PPT TES ES Seb pegocs aces ese e ee eaaeeeee 736 hastatoides).=-—. 2 sie tcena eee 27 IS LOBUCCUS UNS) 5-2-5552. ----- cies" -==-- 649 miles ae ooo Nar ew erate 27 Platybema planirostre.......-.-.--------- 46 PElBPICUS ec se scee ee =e eee ea 26 LAMITOSEEIS = ogee -2s2c2----- - 46 SURPLUS; 83 ht veer en ws aatene 25 pIAtyCeras SpITAle ..22----=--2--2--r=-->-- 422 | trituberculatus .....-. gate aS 26 Platygrapsus depressus ....-...--.-------- 24 | frunicetus cth.ne eee eee ee 27,28 Platylophus coronatus........-.---------- 517 Varietas’:..-. "" me planipes ...:..------------+ 305 | Prickly-fish......-------+++-+--2-7*+*- : a RIP ErOMCcLestees ee oc sc cc assacesedse O50), Primiacc..:.sssse cen -t= deem snemnsh soso a ee ee ccece 520 | flaviventris. ...-----------++++*" bu 8... 2.2. 897,898,911 | pileata .....----+---+-2e00r002 0° ee Plotosus eh es 898 POH ACOtaecas va cans.esaes sex 5 647 nigrescens, new species -- 448, 449, 450, 481 Column S=-504 ==. 5 eee 646, 647 pallintwsci:---:------- 449, 450, 480, 481, 483 Lavine. 3. Soe eee 644 pyrsonota ..--------------++-++2577- 447 polyophthalmus .....---- 645, 646, 673 Rediscovery of one of Holbrook’s Sala- ThinObatUs ++=<-2esss2sce~~ ee 645 manders, by Leonhard Stejneger ------ 557 schlegeli...--..-------------- 645, 673 Relations of the Fishes of the Family Lam- RhinoberyX ..-------------++---2+000*2"" 11,13 prididee or Opahs, On the, by Theodore brachyrhynebus.....-------- 13 Galt eee eet eterctel=intein = e=i-= ir == = 915 | Rhinochimeera ....----------------+++-*°- 667, 668 Reniceps tiburo ....------------+---+7777- 618 pacifica.....------------+- 668, 674 Rensseleria equiradiata ..-..------------ 422 | Rhinochimeride......------------++--++- 667, 674 Report on the fresh-water Ostracoda of Rhinocypha....------------------ 717, 743, 755, 764 the United States National Museum, trifasciata....-..------------ 764 including a Reyision of the Subfamilies Rhinodon pentalineatis ...--------------- 626, 627 and Genera of the Family Cyprididz, by typics .....-------- 222222 626 Richard W. Sharpe-.-.---------------7- 969 | Rhinomyias pectoralis --.----------+-+---- All Retepora colummnifera .....----------+++-- 571,588 | Rhinosciurus laticaudatus.-..------------ 158, 480 Review of the Berycoid Fishes of Japan, Rhinoscymnus rostratus...--.------+-+->- 637 A, by David Starr J ordan and Henry W. Rhipidomella assimilis - ------------------ 422 Haul enero eeecceee- <=" --o = 1 Oblate -. cesses ene ese == 422 Review of the Cepolide or Band-fishes of Rhipidura javanica ...----------+--+---* 510 Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and Rhizonema. .---------ee-ssee sere 953 Henry W. Fowler...---------------77777 699 | Rhodeine .....-----------+---077 70 812 Review of the Cobitide, or Loaches, of Rhomalea pecticornis ...---------+++*-->> 795 the Rivers of Japan, A, by David Starr Rhopodytes diardi-..---------:------*77* 197 Jordan and Henry W. Kowler..:------- 765 | Rhynchichthys-..------------++777777077" 11, iB Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes of Japan, pelamidis ...------------- i 18 A, by David Starr J ordan and Henry W. Rhynchobatus....------------5070077 7" 643, 7 : 4 eens Bernas ae meen Review of the Elasmobranchiate Fishes djiddensis - - - - a of Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and Rhynchoeyclus mucronatus ORE eno a tnae a Henry W. Fowler. ..+-20+0-0- 000+ BRU i ee iiel oaaee een Review of the Fishes of Japan belonging Rhynchonella --.------+---"- 7 48 to the Family of Hexagrammide, A, by campbellana Saw d seen ens aht, ri David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin eminems.-------+-+++7°7"" 6a es ee .- eet -en een 1003 fOTMOSA.------+- == 2057777" nh pos Review of the Hemibranchiate Fishes of lamellata ..------ : ied 9 a 4 Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and Rhynchospira ---------=*--""" pao ceed “6 Edwin Chapin Starks...--- heh Goce 57 globosa...--------*5777°°"" 1050 INDEX. Page. Page. Rhynchotrema formosa ......--.---.----- 418 | Sciuruserebus, new species ........-- 456, 457, 481 Rhyncobatus duhameli .......----..----- 644 measurements of........- 457 VO VAS slash ajsjo ce Speicteeinaee ae 644 laticaudatus:: sos. seeeeeaaeseeee 458 Rhytidoceros undulatus. ......-.-........ 500 mansalaris, new species....-.. 451, 452, 481 Richardia sethiopies. 325s 2 -eccecicsicee ein ele 173 MINMIATUS se os ce ee ee eee 453 Richardsoiiius balteatis .................- 844 NOTGUS:. 5. Aeoasces sooner eee 454 Richmond, Charles W., on Birds collected albescens:a se 222: 4555-8" 452 by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the Coast and group, measurements of. . 456 Islands of northwest Sumatra.........-. 485 DIO oak. eo ceee oe cccaeeaeee 456, 457 RictocyMa...;. /sccscesseneseeeee eee 936, 937, 945 pretiosus, new species.... 454, 455, 456, 480 esquimaltis=-2e-cae eee 937, 949, 951 saturatus, new species............ 453, mirabilisice teases os ono 945 454, 455, 456, 481 Rubus 26.22. ececeineceasum aeacasieeccemtresr 181 LENUIS §5 8S 3 seein tee eeeee 451, 452, 482 Ruditapess.<2-22.e-see-e5-= os adbee aber 363, 364 ubericolor, new species ...... 455, 456, 480 Rupellaria lamellifera .....--.--...2..-.. 400 Wittatuststesesseeees sees 453, 454, 456, 481 RuSel. < S23. ce Sas ose oe eee eee eee 48), | Scoliodonices: Hoteeeecseeee+ esses 607, 614, 616 Rurtilusitilus seas eee eee ee eee 844 SHON, Goes os ss sap oesbordestocs 616, 672 Saccostoma sc. 22 shececn ence ae ee repee eee 696 laticaudus(s: 2. osecn eee 616, 672 gulosumisccces-ce cere aoe 696 Wal beebmMi= jce-25 see see ace 616, 617, 672 Sagartia cic, ccoscasereee eee ee acess 427,428 || Scolopa: ide 1. ssese-nasceeee ee cates 487 paguri Verrill, Note on the, by Scolopaxjarquates-e-+o-ceeeee ee eee eee 487 J. Playfair MeMurrich .......- 427 PRO PUS Sn seis eee 487 Sagenichthys<.s235-8 sesso te aee eee 1015 Stenlra 0. oSt eee ecco seer ee 487 Sagifue ...... Shaw sae sad awe cess eo ose 695) Scolothrips; me wa semseacs-aaneeaee eee 133, 157 Salamanders, Rediscovery of one of Hol- G-macnlatiseess peer eee eee 157, 238 brook’s, by Leonhard Stejneger.......- 557 || SCOMbDEresO kes S=ecee a eee ene eee eee ee 962 Salamandra quadrimaculata..........-.-- 557 SAUNUSE 80 saci ae cee 962 Salangana tranciae-eoo.-2- 2 oe eee eee 503; |sScombresocidse.-ase-seseseeee eee 526, 536, 544 fuciphaga'--2-2 --s-sasseeee ease 5039 /SCOMbIeSOX Sosa ehenietesae eee eee 537 inex pectatan.<..stee-p eee 503 SChhd: aaemoreeceencaepocsataas ; 537 Salm0, s2 theses cesarean ce oten eeeeeceee 960, 961 “SAQUITUS cose. occa see eae eee 587, 5388 Samarangiay 2.85.6. se-ne ee eee 36L. ||) Scompridee 25. sec sce eiense ee eens 536, 920 Sam@er sssis05. 6 325s ccened- ooh eene ee cee 967, | (Scombroid cigs: -seeaeseer eee eee een eeeeae 1 Sarcocheilichthysiess- neces esse eee eee 8125832) |) SSeudderiaicunyvicaud ai-seesss aeeeeeee eee 805 hil end orties see seeee 837 FULCATA Whe). ce See ceeea eee 805 variegatus.......... 832, 833, 861 texensisih= ec sso eee eee 805 GAT CUlSi aces os ose Seca Eee ce oe 642 | Seulpin from Japan, Description of a new SAULTUS! 2a: S 2..desctetesen shales eee eee 962 Species of, by David Starr Jordan and SAI CAVA o-4ee eee ee oe ee eee 365 Edwin’ Chapin’ Starks =2.----sss0 s-eeee 689 Saxidomus... 336, 337, 338, 356, 364, 391, 397, 398,408 | Scyliorhinide ............-.--. 598, 600, 603, 665, 671 SIAUS So: S35 eee eee 391, | Scyliorhinin hese seen eee eee 601 brevisiphonatuss-e--) ses eeee 408)", Seyliorhinus:2sc5--cee eee eeee 601 SITANTCUS Heise nee ee 3845391, 408) scydlium burs enisec seen ee eeee nese 601 Mtitialiliijecs. ee Solas eee DOO TOON hasselitiiscs sis. St sae cose eee eee 604 OVatUse sso See eee 391 laticepseca:.3 2. 55.0csseeee sere 602 SQUALIGUSSe eo = eee eee 391, 397, 408 OMM AUTUMN so hs-/eactw coe eeeeeee 604 SAY ANG is sacviqshene abso coe sea reser oemmeee 370 phymatodes!-- 5-2 cesses 604 Scapavorbynchuse.-- eee eeaeeee 620 plagiosum 5.222 422-e eee eee 604 Sehistocerca alutaceaie: ss4-55-- seers 796. || (Seymmodon) 22 se.esceee esos 796 previpinna) 2s ---2-- ee ee eee eee 638 Schisturas tease ose eo ee eee 773 WChid)s\-3.¢ Scans See oe 636, 637 Schizopygailuctiferas=.-- asec se eet cee 164 +!) Seynorhinus lichiai=.- sss) 5 ssseeeos sees 636, 637 Schuchert, Charles, On the lower Devonic Sea Anemone, Sagartia paguri Verrill, and Ontaric Formations of Maryland -. 413 Note on the, by J. Playfair MeMurrich. 427 Scizena japonica (cataphracta)..........- 19°) "Sea wold-fishe. += 222 sscecseboeeee eee 1 PUDLas, S255 Ace eeccee eco eee ees 15 ||, Selache maximus) sos5 2 42-0 eee eee 625 Sceliuridae esc 5p sssckccwe none sso ees 447 +\\ Selachill 3262s. eee oe eee 593, 671 Seclurus (abbott. =. ee oases sos sees 453 || Selachusimaximis)-2--- o--- eee eeeeeeeee 625 BlbesCens. 522. sean sas ee 452, 453, 456,478 | Selanonius cornubicus .....-...--.----.-- 623 aurelventeny jcc acjeasoeeessene « 448 walkeris. 22 22sec ans soemeeene 623 banearus, mansalis, and tenuis, Selenichthhy ess .2)2c b= saeccaemeeeeneemes 915 MEASUFEMENtS OL. <5 5225s o tees 452 | Semnopithecus sumatranus .......-...--- 477 bancarus, new species .....-. 451, 452480) ||| ‘Semotilus..22<2c-ces cee seeee ae 832 DLOOKeD swe cmcccen notes cero emere 451._|| 'Septamodifersi...-..c-a.-csese neers 34 INDEX. 5 Page. Semcounuips ena--\-\--s-+------------ 88, 102,133, 141 | cingulatus, new species . 141, 237, 238 | eu Externe cao ica hss cc 184 . synopsis of species. ..----.-.-- 141 variabilis........ Se enen 141, 143, 237 Sermiyle .------.-------------------------- 866, 867 | MNpreculseeseeses il gccs occas. - 868 | ERP ES ROMCHIUUTIN eras ejeieejaleie'= cietcisis\s's = a/ere 867 ‘Sstrigata.......---2.--.----------- 870, 872 Sesarma hematocheir.........--.-------- 24 Sharpe, Richard W., on Report on the fresh-water Ostracoda of the United States National Museum, including a Revision of the Subfamilies and Genera of the Family Cypridide...........---- 969 Shell-heaps of the Maine Coast, Descrip- tion of an extinct Mink from the, by Daniel Webster Prentiss. ..-...--------- 887 Siboma crassicauda .......-.------------- 844 Sicyonia cristata -......------------------ 41 Paltari lees Bonet a sceb dos = 897, 898, 900, 911 Raltrinsceeeeee cee a anc ce sein oni= esis ee 900 Siluroid Fishes or Catfishes of Japan, A Review of the, by Dayid Starr Jordan and Henry W. Fowler....-------------- 897 Gunmnuseessesees-2oes2=-2----- ===> == 903, 959, 961 MAGLI Seem en eco = ane == onan = - 903 japonicus ..-...------------------- 903 MinCUlaAbISHesees -os----5---=----- 902 GCE MENNeeeee sess Seca === 902 Silver ye -----------------2---+--------- 18,19 Gimmishece ccc eee a ai Me Se SS a 5-2 483 RUIniA Reece cec a. ce 2-2-2 477 cynomolgus. ..--.------------------ 476 mnemestrina ....----------.--------- 475, 477 syndactyla....:-------------+------ 478 Sinnhi scene none een as eeser =~ 2 = 478 Siphonalia signum ...-------------------- 36, 37 STEINER EE eeee eae == 2-2-2 = 22 920 Gnipe-fishes.-.-------------=----------+--- 68 SQATUN Soeeecees---=-----------2=7+- 7" 960, 961, 962 Golandering ...----------------=---"--->>* 350 eq) MinGlal 3456 soaepencooseanos 350 Soldier-fishes ....------------------+----°- 10 Solenocera distineta...--.---------------- 41 Solenostomus....--------------------2777- 64, 66 eauda rotundata ...-------- 64 : GhiNeDSISefe sees seis! 64 Solidago bicolor ...-----------+------++777- 150 Somatochlora..-.----------------------77"° 741 taMmMOSIMeebe ss. 2---- <--\--==---- = 636 EATIMMIGSUNte neces soso = 6-22-92 636, 637 brevipinna....-..------------- 637, 638 microcephalus..-.-.-------- 637, 688, 673 ERIS ean =~ <= - 2 - a 960, 967 Species of Hawaiian Crabs, Descriptions of new, by Mary J. Rathbun ....------- 75 reedierig: = 22-------+------2-2-+-07--"- 181 Spectrum bivittatum -.-----------------*- 880 femoratum....----------------- 874 nia ace see seis == > = 880 Spherocystites ...-..----------++070007 "7 416 multifasciatus. -.----- 417, 418, 423 Spharagemon gequale ....---------------- 788 ; angustipenne....---------- 788 Golisress:..--+2-22-----""=" 788 | 1051 , Page. Spharagemon cristatum.................. =29 humile caters ; 7 wyomingiannum . 789 Sphenocercus oxyurus.......... 188 Sphyinia cocci ose eee Cee 618 BlOchiis sso os Se ee 618 fDULO tS et ee ee 618 TYCO ene de dvcw odes eNene 618, 672 Sphymmid®-2..22 4 ec eee 598, 617, 672 Spilormmisss-2- - sesso eee eee ees 193 abbotti, new species............ 186, 492 beaches. 3: che2h a ee ee 192 GS VISONI eh -9. cee, eae eee 493 Spinax:acapthias:. t+. sren cme 633 SPIDAX Ceased tee shane eens 633 Spiranthes:simplex. 2-5. 0cnen- sess = oeaes 150 Spirifer concinnoides.................-..- 422 CONCINNUS. osc Jace ebe ene 22 CTUSP Ose oe saciwv ees ee Sane eee 415 eumberlandis .....2. <2. -s-sen0- 120, 422 CYCIOPteIUS 2... = 5h oe 422 MACrOpleura.----=—--50-- =e eaee 419, 422 MOC ESUUS) soe sen == cee mes 117,418, 423 MIASATENSIS)| = =~. sso eas eee 415 octocostatus: --..22 55-02 .sesenens 417, 423 paucicostata .2..--..--+.-.------- 422 perlainellosus.......-.----------- 422 THCIOtUN! -22 2 oe dagneain een ele 415 SUICALUSS « — tokete ee halen 415 tribals... 2. = -seceeae== ae =F es 420, 422 VATIUEK CM oo ee ns asinine ere aawes 418 Spirocypris, new genus......----- 970, 971, 972, 981 passaica, new species.....--- 971, 981, 982, 1001 Spirontocaris dalli......------------------ 43, 44 geniculata ......----------- 45 grebnitzkii, new species --. 44, 45 jordani, new species. ..----- 44 mororani, new species -.--. 43 rectirostris ....-.----------- 44 stylus .......---------+---- 44 Spiropagurus spiriger.....---------------- 37 Spizaétus alboniger....--------------+--- 491 Squale dentelé.....-.-------------7777-77- 604 Squaleus licha.......-----+--------+7777* 637 malleus.< .<2ccs 845 tyberinus ....-----------++++-7"° S44 Suusilus?ss.sab-S2naee- 2 4-e gs atser ese: 604, 629, 959 acanthias -.-----------+--+---*°"" 629 alopeciaS....-------+---*-777777" 619 americanus ..-.-----------7-*7""" 637 appendiculatus .-..--------=---*" 606 barbatus ...---- .----=----29"*777" 606 porealis ...--------------9700077"" 638 espruleuS.-<---2--2------=*9-5-"= 613 carcharias ..------------*7*"*7""" 614, 624 caudatus.....------+--22997777° 7" 64 cetaceUs <.--<-6+-------2--088"""" 620 cormubicus...----------7-7777"""" os eleplias/sscs-.22-==--"*8 "== an 626 paleUs wisccacsosetwsn scar ser arene 610 1052 INDEX. Page. Page. Squalusiglacialis!<.... 2.0 ccc ceesasewacesee 638 5) Stenocypristessss--e eet esee ee eteee 972, 983, 984, 985 PIAUCUS cee. oocickce emoe eeu eseote 613 Cheyreuixiterc: tas cee re ee 986 STONOVIANUS =-- ee eeseee esse e eee 604 | Stenogomphus carletoni ................. 761 GUND en anus eee eee eee eee 625 |. Stenophlebia.--c-2-22.- ee 732, 739, 755, 756 HiTUNdINaACeUS te. waemaseneseceese 618. | Stenophiepins._.-. 5. ene eee 750 Nomisnus)-ca-cac cee eeeee eee 625 Stephanoberyx....0 eh eee ee 2 indicus a oie ieee oe Sterns certless-2ce.e- ea eee ee 559 ISOS... 2-2. 2+ 2e eee eee ee ee eee e ee i Zs fuliginosae = '.-3e ee eee 562 maculatus Soe a atalcloteretee iota eles eee oe Stermoptye:.... cee ee 959 maximus See eiae Meceeeuee enieeeeee soe Sticklebacka:.!../)u. serelehee eee 58 microcephalusseasssesse saeeeeee 638 Buietononien 418 mitsukurii, new species ......... 629, 672 ae letine Aoaae Oo ee picmepsias - whee oo eetas 637 | Stirapleura decussata ais idicfa.a. jateiate isloeieeeee 784 HOMViCLIAN See sce ee eee ee eee 638 delicatula............-2-....- 784 pelegrinuse sts ccoetec eee 625 | Stizostedion .........-.-........eceeneeeee 967 PIstigd sehen kk ee eee 961) || /Stomatopodais-..ceeeeseee eee eee ae 54 rashleighanus) = 5 oec.eeeet see eee 626 |) ‘Strandesias- 9.22 esseasees aca ene 972, 983 tuberewlatis! at scene ee teen 604. || ‘Stromatoporasee.2-s5-- sees 418, 419, 422, 493 WY2tOs Feces aoe eee eae 629 || Stropheodonta becki:--- 22.22. -2sseessee. 429 Vl pes. sceee eee ee eee eee 619 | Strophonella geniculata..........5....... 417, 418° VUlpIMUss sceeeceereees sete eeoeeee 619 | Structural Features of the Bryozoan Genus TIPO. a eacee eae ae eee Tee ee 618 Homotrypa, with Descriptions of Species SqMatinaive- ho esecs eo eee eee ee 640, 643 from the Cincinnatian Group, by Ray aeuleata ste. 4-5 see 642 So Basslers2a0 ss Sesee joss eee 565 angelus: 425-22 0e ce ice ce eeneeee 640) || /Sturnd desea ee eee essen ee eee eee 518 jAPONICAa eek ake ese eee 641,673.) Suidtere Jaen asceeee ase sae eee eee 446 SUS Ae Fee eee 640,642 | Sumatra, Birds collected by Dr. W. L. WALI SATIS: mana a. sac eee 641 Abbott on the Coast and Islands of north- SQua tind esse ae ae ee eee 628, 640, 673 west, by Charles W. Richmond......... 485 Squilllavececeeyaseenee ee cee oe ere aeeee 54 | Sumatra, Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. aflinis! oss ese sic ee eee 5d Abbott on the Coast and Islands of COSTAE ors cots Se Se 55 northwest, by Gerrit S. Miller, jr....... 437 FASCIA A228 5s eS! A 54- | JSumlettasCeces se casee cee ee ee ee 336, 349 SPA Pe eececciwiec 2oatne Seen dO? | ‘Subettinas s5-tscs.c- een eee 350 OLALOTIA) saisee sec eeiwoe oe te SER 55 mrensthua@lis<-- eee eee sees 350 Tap hid 68). Aote ee Sete ee ee 55 Sunettinass-ee ee eee 350 Stachyris banjakensis, new species....... 486,505 | Supplementary Note on Bleekeria mitsu- MACuUlatseeme ae. Lee ee ees 508 kurii, and on certain Japanese Fishes, Stagmatoptera minor. --./.-2522<.ce -2cce- 730 by, DavidiStarrJordani=ss--sss.5 eae 693 Starks, Edwin Chapin, and David Starr SUS Jes setcicus eee eee eee eae eee 481 Jordan, on A Review of the Fishes of Vilttatusec ass eee ae oe 446, 478, 479, 480 Japan belonging to the Family of Hexa- measurements of -.......<..- 446 PTAMM Ide ee seece oeetes eee LOO38i Syiliviaieisti colavssesssssseseee Beene eee 512 Starks, Edwin Chapin, and David Starr SVN pPewruMy 2 ssh sn) see 720, 742 Jordan, on A Review of the Hemi- Symphalangus syndactylus .............. 478, 482 branchiate Fishes of Japan............. 57) | (SYMBETISi. J Js2 sessed ose te eee 920 Starks, Edwin Chapin, and David Starr Synchismus tuberculatus ............2... 603, 604 Jordan, on A Review of the Synentog- Symerossus berdmoreii< =... .-. 5222.2. s. - = Talorchestia fritzi, new species. ..--..---- Tanacetum vulgare ....------------------ 356, 362, eorrugatus deshayesii ....-..-------+---------- GIES cies es =\cl- vis ors Ais laine aia = > HMC UMOSA eee -e- 5. - = 2--9-=-- <= PTACIIS 2522-2 = ----- 2-2-2262 - 7507" op 2 Sises pistrOMiGder--.--2-----------2----=- occidentalis.....-----------+--+----- squamosa ....------------++202--->° fenerrima..------------------------ mUidawereeene a= = ~~ = yirgineus Tarsophlebia Tatoenemis malgassica Tauriphila iphigenia Taurotapes craveri Tehitrea affinis.....-.------------+-+-07°° floris incii jnsularis ....-------------------° nicobarica procera, new species ...----- sumbaénsis 486, ellina digitaria.....--------------777777" Telmessus acutidens Men tACilLeS secser == ims ss gyracanthus ...--------- 416, Tephrodornis grisola Terebrantia ebalsigpais=2.--.=-2-----------"--""7- 2" "7 MragdOs o2scase-==-+22 2922223527 Tetragoneuria..---------------77- 723, 724, MetraodOn .=--=-<-------97-7-" 950" Tetrathemis...-.-------------"7"" Tetroras angiova petinednce eee es 22 >-- 22" So Tettix crassus mueullatus.sse-----=--"------=" 2 jneurvatus .------------227-00 2007" Perit S seen se = === 695, 696, argenteus....----------0777777777 dussumieri Ree eea eee aaa 2===---3s6o Texas, with Descriptions of four new Species, Notes on Orthoptera from Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and, by Andrew Nelson Caudell 716, 717, INDEX. ne 1 0) oe Page. ‘ Textivenus ....... ; ane aie | extrac seege aeee ee ree ee _— 739 | Thalamita arcuatus ....-. " : c 4 pe Ao poo ew sats eee eee es on 900, 901 ieninGnintal hie eee ee 27 98 GODAai| THaumatGuBinda Sadi eeae eee eae ” P 785 | he tiple cece seh eee aoa 795 | Abeniatia’ Sosa nee 967 19 | Thetironia.............-----... 357 925 | Thetis Oe lpi ee oe ae 350 $87 925, 927 | een St” sete ae $50, 200 925, 930 | POY << steko te ea "957 POM PNOLE 2 sauee tes aan oem ocean se se ameter 710, 717, 746 363,964.) Thorine... 5. .\.---- 2-2 -2-=-evcoesseses-neee 746, 750 ‘ »f 978) || Mhripidea sss se ee-sae> ses oop o= - eon ae eee ne $1,179, 180 383 OTACHENE - ok noe oa cre eee nsa ea 176 400 TASCiatO joes - aoe oe eee ee 127, 128 364 heemorrhoidalis .......-.---------- 168, 169 399 inequalis.......----------++++++--- 146 363 longipennis ....----------------+-- 134 747 Gama culatain]. ccs koe ee =ne c= ae=es 157 764 6-maculatus ....--..-----------++-° 118 763 MAICiIS . - oaks ace sele = Sees = = 155, 156 362 manicata......---------+--++2-0007> 134 510, 511 pallida <-.--...2-------c--9--ss=-s= 157, 158 510 perplexus ....----- 108, 112, 179, 184, 239, 242 510 phylloxers....-..-----++----+-">*> 79,118 510, 511 TOIL costes oe eme = ea eee 166 510, 511 secticornis ...----------+-----9*""7* 209 510, 511 striata..--.----------=-=------>*= 81, 161,179 510 striatus.....----------+++-*- 81, 161, 179, 180 628, 672 WE DACL cee oe noes eee rene 81, 844 111, 116, 117, 119, 120, 179, 180, 183, 239, 241 936 trifasciatus.....---------------+7*" 118, 209 28 tritici .....----+---2-"+°°"" 148, 149, 152,188 494 ‘variabilis.-.---------<----<""=""7== 143, 145 499 | Thymallus .-.----------*2<-2277--99557-"" 961, 962 418, 423 Thysanoptera, abdomen ...-------------- 105 509 appendages of the thorax: 124 Jeg 9). -4sss-nseo eee 98 124 artificial checks ---------- 119 307 beneficial forms -.-------- 117 960 bibliography ...----------- 221 725, 726 characters Of. ..----------+ 121 960, 961 collection of ..-.---------- R44 718, 740 deformities ..------------- 110 625 development -.--------->- 112 780 dissemination ..---------- 111 730 economic considerations. - 116 780 explanation of plates...-- 236 780 external anatomy .------- 87 920, 959 fossil Set ae eee 210 695° general considerations. --- 213 695 en cs ares senessonea=h 89 959 history Of ...----+---7*""" 81 index to families, genera, and species ----- 238 food plants. ----- 234 775 generalsubjects. 22 Page. 1054 INDEX. Thysanoptera individual variations ..... 123 | Totanus totanus eurhinus................ 487 inhabiting North America, TOWenias: 2-2 502 minutus, new species....-.-- 296, 331 SRM LGN ae oe alae nie wine - ciel se 119 NEW UAMC 3... = sce enceeeeeeeee 330 Tropidodus pantherinus......---..------- 599 MipTicapillis:s...ck-asceeweees 331 Trygon akajei ....-...--.---------------=- 659 NtidUsos oe eae ee ee eee 332 PREC e a= iaiaia\ ise - === 661 occidentalis ......-.-- 332 cain Re eee iere sitesi iraininrm'= <= === 659 yar. coneolor .....--- 332 ATPLONIIGUS sarees aiete-= == «'s1<= lei = sie 661 occidentalis: --.-<..ccccess-m= 332 PastibaGaa-.--------------s--2-0*- 658 parvulus .........------- ae ee ; Ape ese a ciao isieiee'= =) (sinl0 660 politus .:-..-.2..-+--s--2----- 332 Sea ee aicollis Pe NS Se 487 bee new species...---.. 296, “eo ATE eet ete eh a SS ac otl-'e's's ois 780 pu ESCENS. ... 2-2-2 ee ee errr ove aoe ve Ss ee 3 (Phleeothripide), characters TUgOSUS .- -- ey eee a So ime ee ae ral osc sscasees 186 BeaTU Des ne * eee. via Sha. i Tupaia ferruginea.........----------- 472, 478, 482 scandens, new species -...--- aad malaccana......---------++-----+- 472 spiniger, new species .....--- =) re perenne eee oe esos. tee 472 spinimarginatus -.-..-------- ne eae et 472, 480 spinosus .....----------++-+-- = oe ‘in dent sn 8 : Ae 511 uncifer...--..---------+2-+=- S38 Be ianeuicws Pee tb 34, 36 u ceaeoe mundus.....------++++-+07577" ee PN ale sedis SS Ve 506 TOXiS UjUS.. 2-2. = 29 --senceeree sen snn ees aa sro | Use of the Name Torpedo for the electric moluccensis -..------------------- 504 Catfish, The, by T saci er ate a ochrocephalus....--.------+------ 506 | Venation, A genealogic study of Drag is 466, 467 fly Wing, by James G. Needham ...-.-- ' Tylomys...-..----<-+-2-2-+---2+0r0e0r 07 , Oe neyo e © eee eno e 338, $61 itt oe 527,543 | Venerella ...---++---0------00reer 1056 INDEX. Page. Page. IWENLELETUDES fer ac ee ine es cini= «lela tetera 365 | Venus campechiensis var, tetrica .......- 378 Venericardia | osc. cacscec. cee semen 949, 950, 951 var. texana........ 378 alaskenacoe a4 esaeeteateeree 951 Cancellata cs) aca sec eee ee 357 armillact Soic.scoeeeeceenes 951 CS PES 525 joss soe eee 377 Crassidens--=. -ooeeee eee 949, 950, 951 Gardigides 32252-4528 oe eee 374 (-20)01 (bb eee REAR Rn eA ae 951 CASING? a. oe sake meee ocee eee 372 INCISH sccm eseeee aes eee 951 Castrensis. .-/4..5-eriss see seeeeeeee 351 MOM Aba receo ee eee eee 951 Chilensis(4s.fe-4 eee. 2 ee 399 radiata. ..sscns-ceee ce eheeere 374 CiNCta 5 Sees see oo eee 372 TUGIS 2h S23 cbece emer ee 950 eingenda:=-=-- eee 21S Sean eae 373 VeNiIGOSa ses cccecce wees 951 cingilatan. eks ee eee ee ee 393 Wenend se: o-see see eee eee 345, 950 columpiensis .952.-en see eee ee 399 and of the North American COMPressal s [46 eae ee ee 941 recent Species, Synopsis of concentricasas shen eae eee eee 347, 366 the Family, by William COrbicula xc S52. tae sasseeeeee ee 349, 368 Healey Dall. so22n.2cs2seseeee 335 COLtEZIC 54. ose ese see 392 East American species.....-...- 366 Costata, «352225 Sanectaer eee aaseeee 364 explanation of the plates ....-. 410 CI ASSY) Sere cern ara eee eee 393 index tonames of subdivisions. 409 Cren alas. ccs oe cce= seeder eens eee 383 notes on and descriptions of crenifiers).385 52) 5sscss nee eeneee ee 3738, 393 East American species....--- 379 crenulatay 32325222 sea 374, 393 notes on and descriptions of erispates, 225525. pace eee eee 372 West Coast American species. 401 cubanianas 32225322 secadeeee seer 379 table of distribution of North Cycloides 20 ss ss eee eee ee 384 Asmeeri cams sof si.ciaein seer 338 CYPMWES seco neers eee one 595 West American species ......-.- 384 cy prinoidesy: esas eey er ee 376 IViETLERISLOSSaIN ts ane curerins ann ok eiee ene ae 358 decorate. -.c Asdeog eee ete 383 Viel Orie sc n= ee aeaee cod ea eee ee 357 decussatars 652. see eee 363 VENeRIRUpIS! 5S oe'sccas ease sae eee 365 Gilatatayc -So a6 ec donee seen ee oes 366 MEN EID IS Se aeie coon Socata 336, 338, 365, 398 GiONC 3.225 shee apnoea 304 ellipticarscess5-c3e5 coho eeees 400 GisCOrs! Assos iste oe ee 397 HM pPrisasecace ss oes eRe 400 gliscrepatisc: 3-4 een: eee 395 Folia. cea a2 2202522-5 eee 400 Mispar! ie. os Seas ates noc Reais 398 gigantesy =.) wes eee 391 Gombelite: =. sisecs osea sees 395, 399 Jamelliferay 5-05 fet ey eee 400 Gombeyits Fee Sse ee eee 364, 395 ODlONTaL 5 tee See eee 400 GOUMELL. 32222 e sae eee 374 pauperculasocss-h eee oS 400 GY SOLA wsc ymca cee eee esos 356, 373 SOL ae oe ooh ee Seo ele 400 SLES ATS Fly See a ee ae 374 MENtrICOlAE. -OSe: skeen neetccnes ee 336, 338, 355, 356 CleVeta nob a asaerc sence were 373 MENUS a saeco aes 336, 337, 338, 354, 355, 360, 384, 399 CNCHUSta osteo so clece ae ome 394 equilatera, ..-scsescnseeese peste 359 entobapta cee 22 ees o-.cecen sees 392 BTriCanar cose cee esaceecom eee eae 356 exalbidatccsce.co.cs ieee eee 360 A DOTA TA cweciaciiece-eeeeeeeree nee 377 OXCHVAla is sacmece aasceeeeee minmeiriars 392 allvesitajckss accesses eetee-ccmeceene 375 e@ximila: 22-2 e cn Seas sae ee eee renee 374 amipligita-- nosso eee ‘373 var. cuneata....... 378 insequival vis. -sce eee eee e eee 375 var. quadrata ..... 377 Intersect :c.s2checeene see ee 395 INDEX. 1057 Page. | punctifera..-..- a Se Ra. Seton's 376 * Venus irus.... eee 365 | Venus ee 390 Spunctulata ....... Page. oe ee 391 PMG ME Aik. ae eee ee 374, 383 eee si. 274 pieced. 2 ool ek ea 370, 374 et ie 374 quadrangularis. aE ae ere tar 375 eee one Teun eNOS A Weeks Weed 36 eee Paice SEAR coe 1 a Oe ae ato 361 lS 973 ago sek Scnslhp uekas ce it 372 eee {00 rtd gt Row siey 6h Ls 3 Mahe ree 400 3 Sennen ane . 34 epee 383 a 2 Re he ge ae 390, 398, 399 a 361 SOStett, cae rane etn 360 eee 399 ighiundaia. 2c ae ee ee 376 eee 360 Sasha, 0 dCs ae 12 Meee ho cee, 878 397 PriBORA asco, ssn sea ee 72 ee ee She es. sallei sania Ste eo OO Oe, — re 373, 375, 393 ee Pee sete eae oo4, S00, 872 “UR a 375, 376 : RIT ie bocce keen a 383 Pee Pea a NEY ak seripta ttt essence weeeee - eee eS 349 i ee en 360 BRENT g ne pt A similli ttt tee twee eee © We 373 ee 5 aa ON er ee : sar eee = s onsis.... Je-seasace SOD, Sf arica .....----..------ ee Ure MPM dos re ne 374 prigenain an (y soe eee = Wee Sass ieee Sat stamine St aieh er Renee ereene 885 mercenari PER, ons 3 ; Bis «vs iran ed ed Maria.... 352,360, 376, 377, 378, 392 oe Stina hor tPaasch sy erected 356 Warvalbalceteceens cess "977 ate ee Sek 4 ata 396 eeapelintaieencwts ate cai Gate aie aoa lane 397 nGtateeee WA Savina bees hues coe a 377 & o-e- 37 eh OE ee meretrix ae 377 dugilinte).2 2. incite SN, cpt ered Pe to shes ‘ sl Cede fone chan 392. 395 ee ae 352, 376 Ne ee ae rag _ eta Pitre EU A : a Sriperhay Seta seg: Seee ee 391 Te ete yee iereie ; fantaitantelinte ci, exis as ee 375 ME 2 ps 377 ; ata con eee : IWS. ------+--------- 2 GAtaicae a aeel . S:aanee ane soe 77 en ant 398 ceie ay Se eee 877 eee eeeee-- xté sateen eee oa eer oe i ee ee See eee se 3 = aoe Me se Ae Hie a ee 361 ee ene) = ose a Senha css. hak eee 362 a eepaiet 5 se cc settee eee Aan Ree : thouarsi oe ae ee as 5 nuttallii.. Bron ce 392 tc TSL..--2+-+---++----+2- = MEER : ro keg Ue Sia ee 390 eee tis ih) oars 392 t Benn ee nee sc ees eeene ee eee A cae piGniisleees aan ea 390 EB nena eee en nen es Sino1os pita a. 375 Repke yee tes 397 aa . a pal "ih ge a 2 ee a 397 orl Tae gos eee . a vide ie ie ae : | are Rea tes one ee feeleaatests/ Me sk ae Pai eamaritt PRT. cence aa = oe 383 SATs eee poy oe Pe Be reeiiers ihc ce eee ey = aocecseess 374 eallosum nee ee : oa el al Ganier eee 684 oes 1058 INDEX. Page. | Page. Walrus, coronal fissure ....----.--.-------- 6795688e |) Wikteab Uhr psec neces eeeee eee eae ae 148 eruciatedtissule cece eee eee eee 680,688 | Wing venation, A genealogic Study of ectolateral fissure .......-------- 679, 688 Dragon-fly, by James G. Needham ..... 703 fissures and gyres .....--.------- 676" ||| Weodia:is.5 454 -c5s cease eee 936 PeNUal HSsurey- eee see eee 684,688 | Xanthippus zapotecus.............-..---- 788 hippocampal fissure -....-------- 682,688 | Xantho exaratus.............-.......-..- 25 BYTC. Socnse eeeoeeine 682, 688 ScCaberrimus'< 222 )sSeceeeeeeees 25 lateral aspects... --seders eee eee 676 |) Xenocypris8? j-..5-s2=-1ss=5 eee cee tees 857 fiSSULE =<. cshsececeee eee 678, 688, | XMiphiases..S: iss.2: ae ssee seen eee coe 960 PYLE. ic season desea ease 681,688 | Xiphidium fasciatum .....:.....+......-- 806 marina fissure seecenesase eee 683, 688 PLroductumi.-2--- pee eee esses 806 PYTEY Lacaceee sweets 684, 688 saltans:..2sccseeeccese ween 806 or sagittal gyre.... 681, 684, 688 strictum..25-2 22 =se-see ees 806 medilateral fissure........--.---- 679, 688 Vicinum: 2 25 o--eeeaee 806 mesalwaispeCtasce tees ceesce eee 682 | Xiphocaris:comipressay oes sees 49 MORACHUS soe ee sete soe 686, 687 elongata. -.-/5.222ciscaeeseeeas 430, 434 Paracoele\s.Sssecescecne see eee 684.-| Wagara; 52-25 ssc2n nesses eee eee 66, 67 PHOCH bce Sseence see ceeseeeeaeees 686;.687)| Yersinia ‘solitariann----sececee=s eee meeeeee 779 postcruciateé fissure .......-.--.-- 688°) Yoldia:abyssicolaiacessess- cera eee ee eae 947 postero-horizontal fissure. ....-..- 688 | Young of the Lasiurine Bats, Observations postsplenial fissure .....-..---.-- 683, 688 on the Number of, by Marcus Ward postsupersylvian fissure ......-.-- 688 Lyon IE sos eee eee ees se eee - 425 pre and post sylvian areas.....-. 681, | Yuees filamentosacseesseeoseeeaeceoecees 195, 213 presplenial fissure ..........----- 683;,688 | 8 Za CCOn. seceeese eee ear an eee eee eases 818, 850 TOSMALUS! Sse eel esc sss 686, 687 platypus ic 22etssesee--eece 850, 851, 855, 862 TOSMATUS Spins ori see oe 688 sieboldit.):-2 see2--se ween 851, 853, 854, 862 TOStralifisgute ==. --s-e eee eee 684, 688 temminckils=: 5-25 ee eee 851, 852, 862 spleniall fissures. 3. -)--a2e-seeee 682688: | -Zameus,; new genus =... ---snceeseceeeeeee 629, 632 superorbital fissure .........-.--- 681, 688 SquamUlosus= sere se-eeeee=e 632, 633, 673 supersylvian fissure -.....-....-- G773688" || sZeidse os ce scenes twee senate ce aeeeeeee 1, 694 PYTCs iss 2echeceae 6795688 f° Bein. . ose w sess see eecm aceraistes ele eieeeete 694 SVlviamfissure: = scence eies 688 Steps sane os eee ee eeeee 694 PYTO Ss - Sciciesasemsiaceeeeeee 678,688. |) Zenarchopterus --o.escoeree eesti sacs 532 terminology of fissures and gyres 680) IP ACES ae fas emeee noe seam eee eine teeters 959 the cerebral Fissures of the Atlan- ZOZCLG: «5 5f2 052 eee ce soe eee ee ee eee ee 812, 837 tic) by; Pierre 7A Bish seeeeeeee 675 hilgendorfivs a225. 2.2222 ee ee eee 837, 861 the lateral ventricle: -..2.-220.2- 684. :Zimneel 25-3. 22 eae ee ee ee ee 967 PSUS oe toe ae shoe see aeetieets 686,687 |): ZONOCY PYIS)- 3. o2ss cece soe eee eee eee 973, 990 ZAIOPHUS see eisin -lcatccekicns eee 686,687" |; Zucleica)jnctccqdes oasc oes macsmissaeeeeeeaee 358 West Indies, Notice of a small Collection Zygeene lewinils-cs-=5-cncsne- ees cse sees 618 of Fishes, including a rare Eel, recently malleus yo <- tees. 5s2 45 eee 618 received from H. Maxwell Lefroy, subarcuataao2 5.2 2.22. eeseeeeee 618 Bridgetown, Barbados, by Barton A. TYSON. SOM coc ese ees 618 BGA) sna deieeiinieeaieea eee meictelatateieiets S6SG| ZV GO DLCES cc eneeee ream er alse eee 742, 750 i