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,— ‘SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PROCEEDINGS
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
WV oltmase. XX VUE.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
WASHINGTON :
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
19038.
ADVERTISEMENT.
The publications of the National Museum consist of two series:
Proceedings and Bulletins.
The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are
intended primarily as a medium of publication for newly acquired
facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, descriptions of new forms
of animals and plants acquired by the National Museum, discussions of
nomenclature, ete. A volume is issued annually or oftener for distri-
bution to libraries, while in view of the importance to science of the
prompt publication of descriptions of new species, a limited edition of
each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance.
The present volume is the twenty-sixth of the series.
The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series
of more elaborate papers, issued separately and based for the most
art upon collections in the National Museum. They are mono-
zraphic in scope, and are devoted principally to the discussion of
warge zoological groups, bibliographies of eminent naturalists, reports
of expeditions, ete.
A quarto form of the Bulletin, known as the ‘* Special Bulletin,” has
been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed
indispensable.
The Annual Report of the National Museum (being the second vol-
ume of the Smithsonian Report) contains papers chiefly of an ethno-
logical character, describing collections in the National Museum.
Papers intended for publication by the National Museum are usually
referred to an advisory committee, composed as follows: Frederick
W. True (chairman), William H. Holmes, George P. Merrill, James
E. Benedict, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger, Lester F. Ward,
and Marcus Benjamin Garton), |
ie oe S. P. LANGLEY,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
Ill
AiG On CONTENTS.
Page.
Basster, Ray 8S. The Structural Features of the Bryozoan
Genus Homotrypa, with descriptions of Species from the
Cincinnatian Group.—No. 1323. March 28, 1903¢_____- 565-591
New species: Homotrypa cineinnatiensis, H. dumosa H. pulchra,
H. grandis, H. libana, H. frondosa, H. communis, H. richmondensis,
HT. nodulosa, H. austini, H. cylindrica, H. ramulosa, H. nitida, H.
nicklesi, H. splendens.
New varieties: Homotrypa curvata, var. precipta, H. flabellaris var.
spinifera, H. wortheni var. intercellata, H. w. var. prominens.
Bran, Barton A. Notice of a Collection of Fishes made by
~H. H. Brimley in Cane River and Bollings Creek, North
Carolina, with a Description of a New Species of Notropis
(N. brimleyi).—No. 1339. July 6, 1903¢_____- eee ee ISON
New species: Notropis brimleyi.
. Notice of a Small Collection of Fishes, including a
Rare Kel, recently received from H. Maxwell Lefroy,
Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies.—No. 1345. July 10,
1903“ 163-964
-_
~
Brenepicr, James E. Description of a New Genus and
Forty-six New Species of Crustaceans of the Family Gala-
theide, with a List of the Known Marine Species.—No.
Summmmeitecemmner 29, 1902% 592% ee Sl 243-334
New genus: Cervimunida.
New species: Galathea californiensis, G. integra, G. paucilineata,
Cervimunida princeps, Munida angulata, M. curvatura, M. curvipes,
M. debilis, M. decora, M. flinti, M. hispida, M. honshuensis, M. media,
M. mexicana, M. nuda, M. perlata, M. pusilla, M. quadrispina, M.
sculpta, M. simplex, M. tenella, Munidopsis acuminata, M. baha-
mensis, M. beringana, M. cylindropus, M. espinis, M. expansa, M.
gilli, M. hastifer, M. mina, M. modesta, M. opalescens, M. tenuirostris,
M. townsendi, M. verrilli, Uroptychus brevis, U. capillatus, U. granu-
latus, U. jamaicensis, U. minutus, U. scambus, U. scandens, U. spini-
ger, Plychogaster defensa.
New names: Galacantha faxoni, Munidopsis acutispina.
——. Revision of the Crustacea of the Genus Lepidopa.—
uments {19034 eee. 889-895
New species: Lepidopa websteri, L. deamex, L. mearnsi, L. richmondi.
«Date of publication.
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
CAUDELL, ANDREW Netson. Notes on Orthoptera from Colo-
rado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas, with Descriptions
of New Species.—No. 1333. July 6, 19084 ..___._-..... 13-809
New species: Heliastus guanieri, Melanoplus coloradus, M. latifercula,
New variety: Psinidia sulcifrons var. amplicornus.
. The Phasmide, or Walkingsticks, of the United
States.——No.-11885. “July 9,/1903% 25 2 So as eee 863-885
New subfamily: Timeminze.
New genera: Parabacillus, Pseudosermyle, Megaphasma.
New species: Pseudosermyle truncata, P. banksti, Diapheromera ariz-
onensis, Timema californica.
CLARKE, SAMUEL FEssENDEN. An Alaskan Corymorpha-like
Hiydroid:—_No.1343., #July “11, 1903 ¢. 2. = eee 953-958
Dati, WintiAM Heaney. Synopsis of the Family Astartide,
with a Review of the American Species.—No. 1342. July
TO), SOO Syne eile ee 925 ies 2 el ru geet es ee _. 9338-951
New species: Astarte polaris, A. alaskensis, A. bennettii, A. soror, A.
liogona, A. vernicosa.
———. Synopsis of the Family Veneride and of the North
American Recent Species.—No. 1312. December 29,1902¢. 335-412
New species: Transennella stimpsoni, Tivela abaconis, T. nasuta, T.
braziliana, Callocardia (Agriopoma) zonata, C. catharia, Cytherea
( Ventricola) strigillina, C. (V.) callimorpha, C. (V.) magdalenz,
Clementia solida, Pitaria tomeana, P. (Lamelliconcha) callicomata,
Cyclinella singleyi, Chione mazyckti, C. (Lirophora) schottii, C. (L.)
obliterata, C. (Timoclea) pertincta, Venus apodema, Paphia ( Pro-
tothaca) staminea var. sulculosa, Psephidia ovalis.
Fish, Prerre A. The Cerebral Fissures of the Atlantic
Walrus.—No. 1325. April 9, 1903 ¢
Fisner, Wattrer K. A New Procelsterna from the Leeward
Islands, Hawaiian Group.—No. 1322. January 29, 1908 ¢._ 559-563
New species: Procelsterna saxatilis.
Fow.er, Henry W. A Review of the Berycoid Fishes of
Japan.——No. 1306.\. November 25, 1902.2 ©2. 25225 1-21
(See also under JorpAN, Davip Srarr.) = |
A Review of the Cepolide or Band-fishes of Japan.—- |
NG, 1380...’ April 9;1903% ool son se hn ogee 699-702 |
(See also under JorpAN, Davip Srarr.) |
A Review of the Cobitide, or Loaches of the Rivers
of Japan.—No. 1332. April 9, 1903.7. >. 2 ees T65-TT4.
(See also under Jorpan, Davin Srarr. )
“Date of publication.
TABLE OF CONTENTS. VII
: Page.
Fowtrer, Henry W. A Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes of
eat NO lags... duly 6, 1903 =) 2292.2 use lle. 811-862
(See also under Jorpan, Davip Srarr. )
. A Review of the Elasmobranchiate Fishes of
Seon No. 1324." Mareh 30, 19034_... 22.2. 2---=------ 593-674
(See also under Jorpan, Davip Srarr. )
A Review of the Siluroid Fishes of Japan.—No.
SEP Uo Aan eky 2 oe et es eae Shhh O 897-911
(See also under Jorpan, Davin Srarr. )
Gitt, THEopoRE. Note on the Fish Genera named Macro-
mee NO, bot, duly 6, 19038% 2.0 | ie PE 2 1015-1016
On some Fish Genera of the First Edition of Cuvier’s
Réegne Animal and Oken’s Names.—No. 1346. July 11,
TE al ae On papi. ciel Rive A See ee 965-967
On some Neglected Genera of Fishes.—No. 1344.
EN ea ey eres tre naa Mar. ee eh Ge 959-962
On the Relations of the Fishes of the Family Lam-
pridide or Opahs.—No. 1340. July 7, 1903¢____-..----- 915-924
The Use of the Name Torpedo for the Electric Cat-
Sere oNGr tes). April) 19030.) 22. foes oa Se 697-698
Hay, Witi1am Perry. On a Small Collection of Crusta-
ceans from the Island of Cuba.—No. 1316. February 2,
RPI cs, ieee en CSE SF gest) t STL CNL a PUPAE AE ye TOE aoe: 429-435
New species: Cirolana cubensis, Palemonetes eigenmanni, P. cubensis.
Hinps, Warren Eimer. Contribution to a Monograph of
the Insects of the Order Thysanoptera inhabiting North
mnerica.— No. 1310: December 20, 1909¢._.-.... 2.2... T9242
New genera: Pseudothrips, Scolothrips, Malacothrips, Eurythrips.
New species: .Holothrips bicolor, Chirothrips crassus, C. obesus, Limo-
thrips avenw, Sericothrips cingulatus, Euthrips fuscus, Raphidothrips
fuscipennis, Heliothrips fasciapennis, Trichothrips ambitus, T. beachi,
Cephalothrips yucce, Phleothrips uzeli, P. pergandei, Acanthothrips
magnafemoralis, Malacothrips zonatus, Eurythrips ampliventralis,
E. osborni, Cryptothrips aspersus.
JorDAN, Davip Srarr. Supplementary Note on Bleekeria
Mitsukurii, and on certain Japanese Fishes.—No. 1328.
UNE) CIN teh regs cree ee ee TS No ee eS 693-696
«Date of publication.
Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
JORDAN, Davip Srarr, and Henry W. Fowrrer. A Review
of the Berycoid Fishes of Japan.—No. 1306. November
D5, A908 oe See ns Sek i Re ee 1-21
New species: Paratrachichthys prosthemius, Holocentrus utodai.
——. A Review of the Cepolide or Band-fishes of
Japan.—No- 1330. “April 9;1903%.- ee eee 699-T02
A Review of the Cobitide or Loaches of the
Rivers of Japan.—No. 1332. " April 9,7 1903% 2-222 %65-T74
New species: Elkis nikkonis, Orthrias oreas.
— —-—. A Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes of
Japan.—Nowl3s4e July 66,1903 % 224s eee eee 811-862
New genera: Abbottina, Zezera, Biwia.
New species: Acheilognathus cyanostigma, Abbottina psegma, Zezera
hilgendorfi, Leuciscus phalacrocorax.
A Review of the Elasmobranchiate Fishes of
Japan —No; 1324. March 30, 1903: 324-2. See eee 593-674
New genus: Zameus.
New species: Cephaloscyllium umbratile, Squalus mitsukurti, Cen-
troscyllium ritteri, Raja tengu.
A Review of the Siluroid Fishes of Japan.—
No. 13838341 iutlys fp UGO8 Ss ele te nee cee 897-911
-—— and Epwin Cuapin Starks. A Review of the Fishes
of Japan belonging to the Family of Hexagrammide.
No; 1348: ted ulyy lo, MOOR@ ee glen ek iy ee ee 1003-1013
New species: Hexragrammos aburaco.
A Review of the Hemibranchiate Fishes of
vapan—-No, 1308.2 December, 21900 8 ose Sean ee I-13
New genus: .Holiscus.
New species: Pygosteus undecimalis, Macrorhamphosus sagifue.
———. July 9190845 eee _ Je ve dee. ., 925-98
New species: Talorchestia fritzi, Hyalella faxoni. |
STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. Rediscovery of One of Holbrook’s
Salamanders.—No. 1321. January 29, 1903¢_....._----- 557-558
« Date of publication.
Piso LeU ST RATIONS.
TEXT FIGURES.
Page.
MRE a TIUUINS WOLOSHILCNIUUS > Ina Be ae Rae rele aes oon aaa cee sciasee 9
EDEN en I ON Soe wr en oe ets Sees Se ees nie oS Reet 12
EAD OCS AT 90 RE SS Re tO a ee 14
IRATE TELL OL Cemer ae Seamer ree a va nne Se cee ge Dats ue BSL ewes seis 17
Cryptolithodes expansus, outline of carapace ..-.-.-..------------------------ 32
BERiA TEpONICUS, ANLETIOr POrtion |.) 2.2 .-2.-2-5-6---.---0--+4s---+---- 35
DNC ORTamMAnIcHs, Nett ChElped ...--— sooSce eo = cos ce ee eee te tee cee 36
Eepanarius japonicus, right cheliped.................---...+--------------- 36
Clibanarius japonicus, outer face of first ambulatory leg on right side -...-.--- 36
Parapenxus mogiensis, female; a, carapace; b, sixth segment of abdomen .--- - 40
murapenzus mogiensis, petasma, ventral view .-.-..------------------------- 40
DIES OINGOICNSES, CNELY CUM = 20. c seek ooncn ce se ee ssa opens -no= == 40
Parapenzus dalei, female; a, carapace; b, sixth segment of abdomen ......--- 40
mmncieus cae, petasma, ventral view -.:.-.-.-----:-------<---2++----6-: 40
Ie etl CNCIV CUI > ee ole ers kee vin HS = eos ee eee ee secees 40
Parapenus acclivis, female; a, carapace; b, sixth segment of abdomen -.--.--- 41
REET tite hers, THELV CUM = 5... So eo ss oe koe soe eas eos Ses sce eee ae 41
marapencscus acclivis, petasma, ventral view ......-.-------:--------------<-- 41
Brangon hakodatei, a, carapace; 6, acicle; c, cheliped.--..--.---------------- 42
Bumenrocaris mororant, carapace of female _.....:...--------------=-----+--+- 43
Runmoedrisyordan, carapace of female... ...:.--...---+--2+----22----++--- 44
Bairontocaris grebnitzkii, carapace of female ......-.-...---.------------------ 45
mpirontocaris geniculata, carapace of female .....-....----------------------- 45
meandalus latirostris, carapace, side view......---.----------+----------------- 47
Pandalus latirostris, carapace and antenne, dorsal view.....---..------------ 47
Pandalopsis mitsukurii, carapace, side view .....------ Se Sees ere hee 48
Pandalopsis mitsukurii, carapace and antennze, dorsal view ---.-.------------ 48
Palemon macrodactylus, a, carapace; b, acicle; c, chela of second pair; d, foot
Seipimird pair ...:..........- PERERA FEY ee OP raat ont wee gay es 52
EM hae ion ce oe ite Ae ee Mey we Gos = 62
macrorhamphosus sagifue .....-.-......----------- el PACE aa ae ARE theese 69
rar Ba Se MS rey ey ieee om ag isc a
Meme henshann. madles:.- 2)... -4. 220-25 .02-- 22sec eee leen--dee- 75
Cyclograpsus henshawi, abdomen of male...........-.----------------------- 76
IRINELCINE CTT SS cee Se ete Fee ee ee ene 77
De ea ionsis, mnarein.or front... ...52--+-2s2.2.-.--<+.240555---5e024-2 77
NI SREP NCTA ae ne eee Oe rt Se Le he cen Sa bee ces 247
I IIMRIRSN USL UME 8 oo ee le Sa ok ee Oe kame 249
-Cervimunida Sana AAC TRE eae Se ene I cme ne 250
ENA ee Seer 2 8 Ck Sa ee a ON AE eau ee ee ee sane 253
TSAR AS eae 254
XI
®
-.
XIT LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
MONTAG MGUNUIPES 8. go. mie ero erss Wad stele a estar a ees et ee
Marnidang@epilis..o 5. <= nob esdc cs cake ete eae s Jee oO eee eee oe eee
MarnidaideCora x 'sc..2 oc Ses oi bc Bae os + ee eee a eee
Muni FUNG «po cae cn ae eee ee ee eas soe ee ee eee
Mamnida hispida. oo ...3 52h 2 c2 pee Sete ae ae Ee ee eee eee
Manida honshuenss . 20) oe See ee ee eee ae
Miuniddonediae oo.) e2 ko ee Gee See eet ee eee See eee
(MUnidG MericOng 4s e BEE SSS Pe ee ee ee eee eee
Marnida Nuddics s.8 <2. n= occ oc ee eee
VRC DCR LOG esi eee ea aie ee
Mania GO OUSULLG =r. Fes Boe en ee ee eee nee eee ee ee eee
MATAR GUEDTAS DUNG. arse Se, rape was, SETS Soe ee 2 ne eee ane ie roe
MUNIAODSIS QCUNINGLO: 42> 55> gee 2 = See eae eee eee ee
Maidopsis (DONGMeNStS) 5s eee = Se = ee ee ee ee ee eerer
Maimidopsis (Deringand:. Patan ne the ge ee eee eee
IMUTICO SIS CYLUNOT OPUS Be are mote ae a oe ee ee
Minidopsis C8pUNiss LSS ooo ey cies Soo tote wie cee = ee eee
Miunidopsis e2panse 25222 25 5 ede es ss Be sone = see eee eee
Maumidopsis guar c 2.2. vaso Dose een nae Se ee ese a ee eee ae es
Mamidopsis hastifers. <3. 22 5550252 56s 252g ee eee See eee
Munidopsis ming... 23323225 Sos Se sass Fa ee ee eee se aes ee
Mamidopsis modest 02 - 2s. 152 5222255 See oe ee ee ee ee
Munidopsis opdlescens: ..22 225 abe 2a cSseie sas 2 ee ein = See oo eee
Moamidopsts: tenwirostis J..ca D2 22525 oS esos = eee ee
Minvidopsis townsendiz 2 252282 foe ne Soa le eae eee See eee
WiinidOpSISwvennellUana see ae eee eae Mie ag sie ane Ae a alone
MOM CHUB COT ABIS = = r= cere SO 2 ea, < SOS is eee Aree eee
OP CNUS COP ULGGU Sen — is ei raya hea wee eres ee
Ui OMPICHRES: GROMULALUS oe os SS ae ene area ere Roe ee meets ate
Oropiy chs JaMOneensis 2 ao ea 2k So 2 ee eee
Unoptychis mvrgvus 20052 222. 22s Sate ae eee ee
Uno DiUyCHUsPriniceps 227) f= Ss cis ae Sa ee ee ee eee ee
Uroptijchs scambus.. 0225.2 22 oa 320d og see ten aa eee
UropiyGhus SCONdENS: 22 Suc Pah) S i an eam eee
WP ODL CHUS SPU OR 235 63.0.2 8 laos 2 om ee ot
UCROUUSLET CefenSO 5522 = 25223.) So ee = ee a ee ee
INDUCE GREG OT UC. Ooh 2 a Se bi ra aye a
Mumida oreguria, YOUN® !.2o.2 2. <3 osee ccs Sane see ee Seis
Mamidopsis OOMGUW 223 (ok a2 Bo ace Be ee Se aerate eee
@rossisectionortentacle Of Sagan pagunie assess eee eee eee
Longitudinal section of column wall of Sagartia paguri, showing sphincter
HIMSGles Tose soe dec Poe ales SS ee eee
GIT OLONG: CUDETESIS 2 a alr sess Sa 2 SS ek RS ee eee eae eee es
PalemoncesCIQenManne 22. 2.250255 eee eee Bean ee
Palemonetes cubensis; a, carapace; b, second antenna; c, eye; d, first antenna;
e, mandible; f, third antenna; g, first chelate appendage; h, teeson and sixth
abuominal appendage. <2.) = ce oa aoe ae em ee eee eee
Northwestern Sumatra and adjacent islands...............-.-..----
Northwestern Sumatra and adjacent islands ....-....--.-.---------
EP POTRAMPUS UTUMNCUS 2a) 22 2 srs a coe ame e so eee eee eet
Page. 4
255
256
257
259
260
262
263
264
266
267
268
270
271
273
274
278
219
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
453
484
524
535
i LIST OF TLLUSTRATIONS.
BIN URCHTICOINOQUUS 220 Spa) oa nc\ See Se eects w Base Seda iecetscbetes
EE ti Seren. vin ka So eee Me oe SS ase Scene See se ece shee
Internal and external aspect of left quadrate of Hesperornis gracilis......-----
Superior and inferior views of right pterygoid of Hesperornis gracilis ....-.-.-
Seenecequachrymal of, Hesperormis regals -.% 0). $269. oo. oe oe bee on ee ee
Right clavicle and part of right coracoid of Hesperornis regalis, natural size - - -
Lateral, palatal, and dorsal views of the anterior portion of the cranium of a
mons cornmorant, Phalacrocorax urile... 352 ecsoss beets ooo oe kebne
Right coracoid and portion of left scapula of Baptornis advenus ......--------
Left humerus, radius, and ulna of Baptornis advenus...........---.....------
Seer epaceliaior. Baptornis advenus.o: 2s2 05 020.220 2h Seetie ne eu oke jake
Rear Cea MV ONEOUES Sa\ on es Te en a See oe aalt Rowe ya Nein uals &
RC CUM oni a” came A ts tee dae Chu a ono
SCONE 2h gS gl EPR eo Si a
Weanica eglantina: a, upper jaw; b, lower jaw; c, scale............-....-----
moperusiucifer: a, upper jaw; b; lower jaw... 222-22 022-2225 Jack
SME DNMID NI OT tert eect Meas. pia See Se Fete, ee Ge le
EERE IVECO HL TaN 8 op a RO gn
ete rch! ink ee, ee LS ee eee Le nou iL oe
CSE SCL eter See hoe en ce ere Se a Re gn PE ere k
DE poicd (rota a foetus) 2.02 oso fe a Ee ee es oe teed
BMT PROCCUNUINSS to: 8S 2 dnt Me ty OR ie RAE ge SEN ete
ER PARR ER UATUN ae Ne w Ma so Se ees ae ee Wo Go ee ea)
RR ere een eee Sita oe hs oh a lugs 2 oe eel RS
mre eran LOG: ween, Ree ee te oe, 28, Has has eka Sete Tee idee we
Tracheation of the wings of two nymphs of Gomphus descriptus Banks, two
Derek Ctae eset oa. Secon Andee! od He oe ogo hee snscecus ieee Ste
Fore and hind wings of a grown nymph of Gomphus descriptus, showing
og TERETE line Sele Se a caren
Wenation of the imago of Gomphus descriptus...........2.....---------------
Pterostigmas: p, of Anawx junius Drury; q, of Miathyria marcella Selys; 1, of
Neogomphus molestus Selys; s, of Uropetala carovei Selys; t, of Agrion mer-
curiale Charpentier; u, of Anomalagrion hastatum Say; v, of Thore gigantea
Selys; w, of Mecistogaster lucretia. Drury; x, of Caloptery« maculata Beau-
vois; y, Microstigma sp. (?); 2, Microstigma rotundatum Selys, hind wing. -
Tracheation of the nodal region of the nymphal wing of Anav junius Drury. .
Tracheation of the nodal region of the nymphal wing of Libellula pulchella
ise er cee cee NA RAN Oe Sede coc sg bodes aa iene ee
Tracheation of the nodal region of the wing: a, of Didymops transversa Say;
meee Corauicgasier diastatops Sely ss 222522324 2. ono Ss oe keen dade cn ce
memes Or Lpigompiius paludosus Selys .: 2.2.2.2. --<225-c2-seeeeceeeseae see
Wings of a fossil, undescribed, Agrionid genus, in the Museum of Compara-
PRLS GS he eee ce as a
Rmerncie rei rainemes Nyalind WATDY <4 2-8 s- bs c<0 cei oon a Sew eet ee eldoaenns:
Diagram illustrating the behavior of the quadrangle in the Calopterygide ...--
Diagram setting forth the behavior of the triangle in the suborder Anisoptera -
Bereo. Microdiplax.aencatula Selyso. 2.2. <2. soeccck 0s 2 Sco e ke cw ke cc ee.
Diagram showing base of typical dragon-fly wing .................----.-----
Diagram illustrating the procession of the triangle and the deflection of the
anal vein and second cubito-anal cross vein in the fore wings of Libellulidx - -
Diagram representing the recession of the triangle in the hind wings of the
PINRO agree ee aes mera Se ee at he me ed
666
690
693
694
695
702
706
707
708
709
712
712
716
716
V17
ay
718
719
720
XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page
Forms:of the anal loop in the Anisoptera)=. 22s oe eee ee 722
Wings of Neurothemis oculata Fabricius “2225222 on2- oes ee ee ee 724
Wings of Fetragoneuria cynosura Say 22-2 Pe eceee ene eae eee 724
Diagram illustrating the emergence of strong cross veins. ..-..--.------------ 726
Diagram showing how hexagonal cells become rectangles and how cross veins
become matched in transverse lines across the wing------.---.------------ 727
Wings of Chalcopierys rutilans Rambur >> 2205-- 22a. fee ee ere ee ee 729
Wings of Hagenius brevistylus Selysas 2s. sae ee eee eee 730 —
Wings of Chlorogomphus magnificus Selys, female.......--..----------------- 733
Wings: of Cordulegaster-sayi'Selys- 2223.0. S25 ee eee eee 734
Wings of Phyllopetalia apicalis Selys: 2 52228542 Soa tae ee ee 734 |
Wines of Agriogomphus sp.? occa S536 te ee ee ee 738 |
Bases of wings of Petaluragiganted Leach S222 syne oo 739
Wings of Tachopteryx hagent Selys 22-2. a oe ee ee eee 740
Wings of an undescribed species of Neocordulia from Brazil. --.--- dee 741
Base of wings of Isophlepia (fossil) in part after Deichmuller........--.-.---- 743
Wing of Pseudophxarsp.? 5222 so 2 aciaiale nie ae ao ete 744
Base of fore wing and a bit of hind wing of Rhinocypha sp.? .....-.---------- 744
Calopteryx maculata Beauvois, fore wing and base of hind wing -...---------- 745
Base of wings of. Thore gigantea Selys.. 222 4 See as eee = ee 746
Hind: winevot (Cora incang Hagen a2 ee ae eee ee ee eee ee 747
Wing of Megaloprepus-ceruleatus Drury — 2522 ee 2 a a ee 748
Wings of Hemiphiehia mirabihs Selys\= 232-0 - 22 a 2 - a eee 749
Diagram illustrating a typical (hypothetical) arrangement of the areoles in
one of the wider spaces/of the wing: = 22-5 sa. Sa. 2 = ee ee ee ee eee 751
Drawing of parts of wings, showing the actual ceil arrangement: a, Hpigom-
pus paludosus: .b, Agrionoptera NHGis == 2. oe 2. ae ee me oe ee 752
Wing ot) estatis- ainiwne Selys. coro ee eee eee cee eer reer 753
Diagram (hypothetical) of the evolution of a brace for a unilateral fork;
SUCCESSIVE Staves ss Sess oe Se A aes ae ce ete ote 754
Wings of Neurobasis kaupu Brauer -\..o-18: sae eee oe oe ne oe eee 754
Wing of Philoganga montana Selys'!2= = 2 0.2855 aes eee ee ee eee eee 755 —
QUIS MEROVUS 2 ool ss wise se eS eae. bas oe ae ee ee oe ee Rise eee eee 768 ©
OPETs ORCAS oe Se eae ok VO SS SES eae rn etn perets eee 770
PREUCOPCRUGINPUS ti pus. S22 DICE eo a eis oe mie ae a oe Ser oe 814
WGRCULOGRatUs CYAROSLOMIG = 2 =e S22 TUS acta a ce meee eas aera 821
LEM COGOMLOIMAYCUR. 20 Soe kok ah eae eee ee eee ee Ree eee eee ee 828
TPUCOGAO OUI ee Ss on bh 8 BUN RE Se ee ee a eee ae 830 —
TADUDIEUER PSCONUO tara Se ee eee 836
Ongar asborind os i. 222 eos See a ee ee eee eee 842 |
IB CUCISCUS, DALACT OCONOR (2 Oh ana ie i ee en ee ee eee 846 |
UBCHURMULO: CENOCKETY ios = Sd io oh ie GER ee ee eee 858 |
Palatal aspect of skull: a, Lutreola macrodon; b, Lutreola vison ingens; ¢, Lutreola
BISON UEP COCEDNALUS a2 a ora as alos a Ra See mae tt ee 887
Antennuls of Lepidopa miyops SS nte ss ee eee 850 |
DOD UAOTHE VONUIBUL 5.2 Scns eee tain eo ee Oe ee ae ne oe ee eee a eee 892
AGI COPE RECOBICTO = © 2 tno Se Sette nie Se oiace ore ee ee eee ee 892
WPCA! WUYONS 0. bara ee ee See See se ie ae Se el 893
Tenidepe deame, nabural gizeso.2 2 sb. 2. arise ene eee ee eee eee 893
GOOG pH SCULEINONG Jone 5 eee ea oe ele Re ee ee tee 894 —
WGCTRGODE MCATNSG os. at. oe enh Seen Seon ce eas ae Aa ee ee an 895 |
OGIO PN MCRMIONGD 2 28 ko gate keke Soe ee oe a oe ee ee ee 895
THUR ATACO TANSONNE 2. ee ae ee ee eee ee eee eee) peleyates 905
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Shoulder girdle of Antigonia rubescens. (From Starks) ......................
Shoulder girdle of Lampris guttata, inner view.........-...-..-.....-.......
A restoration of the better specimen [of Hydroid], enlarged...._...........-
Basal part of stem [of Hydroid], with the filament membrane partly torn and
ee eet ince aa ey ety Py te io ed
Camera outline of one of the peduncles of the gonophores [of Hydroid].-..._-
Longitudinal section [of Hydroid] through the stem wall near its base ..... Ss
Portion of last figure more highly magnified _..............................
Part of section [of Hydroid] through the basal part of a stem of ( orymorpha
Rep ous. cons Holos ae ey es
Portion of the same section, but a little higher up above the region of the basal
cert aR ey erenn ies er ees BY a
XV
Page.
910
916
919
921
954
955
955
956
957
Facing page.
OM ree ye Senn te ne SA ye
Bee Os doUrdcos new atu ee ee
MnPADUNOBS OCLOGTOMMUS 2 2-2 Se ee ee eee
mre MORINGOCEDNGNUE = 2.2 SoS seo Lee eee eels
PLATES.
Bere orth American Piysanoptera - 22200200 200.2 0 oe ee
Seeeeeest American: Venerag: 220-3 28. oo oo
Sepeeee cen american Venerde:.. 02... ec meee aol yet
i Hemales and young of Lasiurine bats................................
ieeeokull and teeth of Lenothriz canus, type -.........-.....2............
19. Part of interorbital region and palate in Ratufa pallizta and R. lanata-.
@ 20. Cincinnatian species of Homotrypa ........................-..-......
meee Misukurina owstoni Jordan .-.....--. 2.5.22. -222-- cee eee...
Ban tteral aspect of brain of walrus_:2_ 222.022.262.022 ec
Beer locn aspect-or Wkaitl Ol walrus. . os. os. se 2.5 seek on con coco...
pus Chasmichihys gulosus (misakius) ......2.....--2..--2-----2--2- 2.
Meee racon-fy wing venation | -.. 2c. 2.1.22... 222-22.
Seeeeme Amencan Orthopiera -2. 1202. a oes
go-09. Walkingsticks of the United States _.................-...-...2-.....
fume lalorchestia friet, Mew species. 2. o.oo en ok eo ek
SepetUdlen a yarony, NEW EPECIeS.= <2. - 2. uote 8. - 2 eee
eee tmicnlicamt, Resecypod@. 222522. ee ave Geb eee noe ae ke,
eee rcmicsmay nertcarda. << eS a
64. Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species..............-........-2--.....
69. Herpetocypris reptans and Potamocypris SRONOGO IOs = Bat css ae ae
66. Spirocypris passaica and Cypris virens...:.-...-..-....-..-.--........
RO upenie cee ee. eC Ue ae So
68. Cypris pellucida and Cypria exsculpta ........-.--..-.--.-.------.....
Beem CHeEMY COUEOM, AZICCO, ... ee Eos. 8 Pe ee oh eels
242
412
412
426
484
484
592
620
688
688
696
764
810
886
932
932
952
952
3 #:
Ne mae at
A REVIEW OF THE BERYCOID FISHES OF JAPAN.
By Davin Starr Jorpan and Henry W. Fow er,
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
The present paper contains a review of the species of Berycide and
related families, found in the waters of Japan. It is based on material
collected by Jordan and Snyder in the summer of 1900, and on material
in the United States National Museum, largely collected by the United
States Fish Commission steamer A/batross in 1900.
The Berycoid fishes, as a whole, may be characterized by the presence
of thoracic ventral fins, each with one spine and usually seven soft
rays; head usually with conspicuous mucous cavities; air bladder in
some species (Beryx, [Holocentrus) retaining its duct through life,
in others (Zrachichthys, Polymixia) losing it with age; vertebre in
species examined 24 to 30; shoulder girdle and pharyngeals normal,
the post-temporal not fused with the cranium; no suborbital stay.
The Beryces, as thus characterized, form a natural group among the
Percomorphi, allied to Percoidei and Scombroidei, but marked as a
whole by the occasional retention of the archaic characters of the per-
sistent air duct and the increased number of ventral rays, both char-
acters derived from the Haplomi, their immediate ancestors and pred-
ecessors in the rocks as fossils. The group is a very old one in
geologic time, older than any of the other Acanthopteri, the allies of
Beryx, being among the earliest spiny-rayed fishes known. In the
deep-sea forms the spinous dorsal is searcely developed, and the scales
are usually either cycloid or wanting. In the species of tropical
shores the spinous armature of fins and scales is better developed than
in most of the percomorphous fishes. All, except Ap/hredoderus, are
marine fishes, inhabiting the tropical shores or the abysses of the
ocean. The pertinence of Polymixiide to this group has been ques-
tioned, but according to Boulenger its skeleton is essentially Berycoid,
although its curious barbels are almost exactly like those of J/u//us
and U/pencus. }
We remove the Zeid from the Berycoids, although having similar
ventrals, because no other distinct likeness appears, and the post-temp-
oral is attached to the skull asin the Chetodonts. The Monocentride
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1306.
Proc... M. vol. xxvi—02——-1 I
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. |
are doubtless modified Berycoids, and we leave them in association,
although recognizing no very close affinities. According to Boulenger,
the Pempberidx, with the Bathyclupeid, are near allies of the Bery-
coids, although having the ventral rays I, 5. Boulenger also places
Aphredoderus among the Berycoid fishes with apparent justice. He
further relegates Stephunoberyx and Malacosarcus to the Haplomi, an-
arrangement which may be open to question.
FAMILIES OF BERYCOIDEI.
a. Ventral rays I, 6 to 1, 10, usually I, 7.
b. Chin without barbels; branchiostegals mostly 8.
c. Dorsal fin single, with 2 to 8 spines; anal spines | to 4.
d. Anal fin, with 4 spines its base, much long r than the dorsal base; sub-—
orbitals narrow; scales firm; ventral rays mostly I, 10_._-- Brrycips, I.
dd. Anal fin relatively short, shorter than the dorsal; anal spines | or 2; ven-
tral rays mostly I, 6, scales various; suborbitals usually broad,
TRACHICHTHYIDA, II.
cc. Dorsal fin deeply notched, with 10 to 13 strong spines; anal spines 4; scales
4 TUPI VEY ROU G ee e Seoet eyee yk e yews ne eee Hoxocentrip», IIT.
bb. Chin with 2 long barbels attached just behind symphysis of lower jaw;
branchiostegals 4; dorsal fin continuous, with 5 spines; anal spines 3 or 4;
scales moderate ctenoid; body deep, compressed; vertebrze 29,
Potywixiup”, LV.
aa. Ventral rays I, 3, the spine very large; dorsal spines isolated, the anterior very
strong; body covered with a coat of mail formed of rough scales,
Monocenrrip®, V.
Family I. BERYCIDU.
Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with ctenoid, or cycloid,
foliate, or granular scales. Head with large muciferous cavities, cov-
ered by thin skin. Eyes lateral, usually large. Nostrils, two on
either side. Mouth wide, oblique. Premaxillaries protractile; max-
illary rather large, usually with a supplemental bone. Suborbitals
narrow, not sheathing the cheeks. Bands of villiform teeth on jaws,
and usually on vomer and palatines; no canines; no suborbital stay.
Opercular bones usually spinous. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Gill-mem-
branes separate, free from the isthmus. Gulls 4, a slit behind the
fourth. Pseudobranchize present; lower pharyngeals separate. Gill-
rakers moderate. Cheeks and opercles scaly. No barbels. Dorsal!
fin continuous, with 2 to S$ weak spines; anal with + spines and many
soft rays, much longer than the dorsal; ventral fins thoracic, mostly
I, 7, the number of rays usually I, 10, always greater than I, 5; caudal
fin usually forked. Pyloric cceca numerous. Vertebrie 24. Fishes
mostly of the deep seas; the general color red or black. ‘This group
is an ancient type, a great number of extinct species being now known,
from the Upper Cretaceous and later rocks. The following skeletal
characters are added by Boulenger, these applying also to the Trachich-
“yo. 130. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISH ES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 3
thyide and Holoc entuidee. Onex or more of suborbital Pons: with
an internal lamina supporting the globe of the eye. Anterior vertebra
without transverse processes; all or most of the ribs inserted on the
transverse processes, where these are developed.
a. Seales ctenoid; teeth villiform on jaws, palatines, and vomer; vertebrie 24; muzzle
short; chin projecting; preopercle spineless; opercles serrated; dorsal spines 4
to 7, graduated; anal rays IV, 26 to 30; ventrals I, 10.....-..--.------ Beryzx, 1:
(eB ReReEYExae Cuvier:
Beryx Cuvier, Regne Anim., 2d ed., I, 1829, p. 151 (decadactylus).
Body deep, compressed, covered with rather large, ctenoid scales,
which are regularly “arranged. Abdomen trenchant, but without
enlarged scutes. Head large, with thin bones and high ridges with
deep muciferous cavities. Snout short, the mouth oblique, the chin
prominent; eye large; both Jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform
teeth. Opercles serrated, the opercle usually with spine; preopercle
‘unarmed. Caudal forked; anal spines 4, soft rays 26 to 30; dorsal
continuous, with 4 to 6 spines; ventrals with about 10 soft rays. Air
bladder simple. Pyloric ceeca numerous. Deep-sea fishes, beautifully
colored, chiefly scarlet.
(Bépvé, Beryx, a Greek name of some fish, taken by Gesner from
Varinus. )
fmescalecin lateral line 64 to 65; D. ITV, 16 to 19:2... 22. 22252. =5. 2 decadactylus, 1.
mae ocales in lateral line 71 to 76;.D. IV, 13 to 15 -.-.-..-...---.--.-.-.-.splendens, 2.
1. BERYX DECADACTYLUS Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Beryx decadactylus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IIT, 1829; p. 222;
Madeira or Portugal.—Pory, Synopsis, p. 297.—GoopE and Bran, Oceanic
Iehth., 1895, p. 175.—Srempacuner and D6DERLEIN, Fische Japans, I, 1883,
p. 12; Tokyo.—Isurkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Tokyo.—Jorpan and
EverMANN, Fish N. and M. Amer., I, 1896, p. 844.—SreinpacHNeErR, Ichth.
Bericht., IV, p. 1, pl. 1; Canary Islands.
Head, 24; depth, 23; D. IV, 16 to 20; A. III or IV, 27 to 30; P. HU,
14 to 15: V.I,9to10. Lateral line 10 to 11, 70 to 73 (60 to 6: 2 Wiel
out caudal scales 21 to 22. Body oblong, considerably compressed,
its height greatest at the origin of the dorcale's scales sharply ctenoid,
with a strong middle keel. The maxillary reaches almost to the oe
eye very large, its upper limb impinging upon the upper profile of
the head, and 24 in the length of the latter; operculum with an indis-
tinct spine; the preorbital ppine about one-third the eye; snout about
“According to Dr. Bc einen the genus Pe es is Should ae placed w an the
Berycide. ‘‘Beryx and Pempheris agree so completely in structure, both external and
internal, with the sole exception of the rays in the ventral fins (1, 5 in Pempheris)
that I am inclined to doubt whether the difference between them should be regarded
as greater than that between the former and Trachichthys.””
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
two-fifths, and the inter orbitals space somewhat more than half the
eye. The base of the dorsal exceeds its height, the latter two-thirds
the head; the insertion of the anal is approximately in the vertical
from the teeth to the twelfth dorsal ray, and its middle is slightly
behind the ultimate ray of the dorsal; the distance of the insertion of
the pectoral to the snout ts equal to the length of the base of the anal;
the ventral is inserted under the axil of the pectoral, reaching the
anal; caudal sirongly forked. Length, 37 em. (about 143 inches).
(Dese eee after Giinther, Steindachner, Goode, Bean, Déderlein.)
Deep seas; recorded from Portugal, Madeusr Japan, aad Cuba. No
Japanese specimens veen by us.
(déxa, ten; daxrvdos, finger.)
2. BERYX SPLENDENS Lowe.
KIMMEDAI (GOLDEN-EYE PERCH).
Beryx splendens Lows, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, p. 142; Madeira.—GoopE
and Bran, Oceanic Ichth., 1895, p. 176.—SreiInDACHNER and D6DERLEIN,
Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 12; Tokyo.—Jorpan and EverMAny, Fish N. and
M. Amer., I, 1896, p. 844.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 62;
Yokohama.
Head, 3; depth, 22: D. 1V 513; ALA. 2710 29: P16 tom Gave
10 to 11. Scales 10-74-18, counted in the lateral line. Body elon-
gate, compressed, and the deepest part forward; covered with mod-
erate-sized scales, which are furnished with fine prickles, giving a
somewhat rough touch. Head large, compressed, and many of the
ridges or edges of the bones roughened or finely serrate; eye very
large in front of the head above, 14 in the maxillary and 22? in the
head; upper profile of the head slightly convex from the a of the
snout; snout very blunt; lower jaw produced; mouth very oblique, so
that the tip of the snout is level with the middle of the eye; the nos-
trils close together on the snout in front of the eye; the posterior
larger; the maxillary is expanded distally for a little more than half
an eye diameter and does not reach to the margin of the eye behind;
teeth of the jaws very fine and in bands; a short spine in front of che
eye directed backward; symphysis with a slight knob below in front;
snout a little less than half the eye and 14 in the interorbital space;
interorbital space flat; gill-opening very large, the membrane free
from the isthmus; gill-rakers long and slender, 6-16, the longest
equal to half the eye. Dorsal spines weak, graduated to the fourth,
which is the longest, though falling short of the first ray, which is the
highest of the dorsal fin; the origin of the anal falls below the base of
the posterior dorsal ray, the spines graduated to the third, which is
the longest; soft anal highest at the first ray, then sloping down till
about half as high, so that the posterior part of the fin is of uniform
height; pectorals very long, equal to the base of the soft anal and
No. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 5
| reaching the base of the third soft ray; ventrals a little in advance of
the dorsal but behind the pectorals and a little shorter than the latter
in length; caudal forked, the lobes pointed; caudal peduncle com-
pressed, two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the eye; lateral line
high, inclined concurrent with the back, and running out on the base
of the caudal; the rudimentary caudal rays, 3 or 4 sharp graduated
spines above and below.
Color in alcohol uniform pale; in life bright scarlet, silvery white
below. This description from two specimens, length 10 inches,
obtained by Mr. Otaki from outside the entrance to Tokyo Bay, where
it is said to be not rare. Other specimens were obtained by Jouy near
Yokohama. Form a little more slender than Atlantic specimens but
otherwise similar. The species is known from Madeira and from the
Gulf stream.
(splendens, shining. )
Family Ul. TRACHICHTHYID®.
This family is composed of deep-sea Berycoids differing from the
- Berycidve in the short anal, shorter than the dorsal and usually with 1
or 2 species. The dorsal is single, the ventral rays usually I, 6; the
scales various, usually roughand deciduous; the belly compressed, with
a serrated edge; suborbitals usually broad; vertebra, 26 to 28; color
blackish; size, rather small.
a. Trachichthyine.—Scales large, normally formed; teeth small.
b. Vent normally placed, well behind the ventrals, the abdominal serree before it.
c. Dorsal spines 7 or 8, strong, the median ones highest-...---- Gephyroberyx, 2.
cc. Dorsal spines 6, slender, graduated. Yomer toothless; opercle entire; scales
Texas genet er os Me a AEN eS ca gl age Ui Gyo, Se ape Rt eh Hoplostethus, 3.
bb. Vent inserted well forward close behind the ventrals; the abdominal serrze
DeninG=ttsvOmer LOOUMESS: :4 8 otect tt aseee eee eee ete oe Paratrachichthys, 4.
2. GEPHYROBERYX Boulenger:
Gephyroberyx BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1902, p. 203 (darw‘ni).
Body rather short, covered with large rough, irregular scales; ven-
tral ridge serrated; snout short, rounded; mouth oblique; eye large;
very fine teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Vent far behind ven.
trals. Branchiostegals 8; a strong spine on the shoulder girdle; one
on angle of preopercle; a small one on the opercle; suborbital with
radiating ridges; dorsal single, with 7 or 8 spines, strong and wide
apart, the middle ones highest; ventral rays I, 6; caudal forked.
Fishes inhabiting considerable depths, known from Madeira, India,
and Japan. The genus is allied to Zyachichthys, differing in the
stronger and more numerous dorsal species.
(yedvpos, bridge: Beryx.)
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
3. GEPHYROBERYX JAPONICUS (Déderlein).
Trachichthys japonicus DépERLEIN, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 10; Tokyo.
Head 24; depth 24... D. VII, 15; A-III, 12; PoE 14; Voi, 6; pores
in the lateral line 30; abdominal serre 14.
Body deep and compressed, and covered with small, rough ctenoid
scales; the scales containing the pores of the lateral line a trifle |
enlarged, and the scales on the front of the back very small. Head
very deep and compressed, the ridges of the bones somewhat elevated
and forming mucous cavities, over which are thin covering mem-
branes; upper profile slightly convex, or nearly straight with the
snout very obtusely rounded; eye small, its posterior margin a little
nearer the gill-opening than the tip of the snout 83 in the ee ad, a little
over 2 in the maxillary, and equal to the interorbital space; mouth
very oblique, the maxillary extending to below the posterior part of
the eye; nostrils large, the posterior the larger, directly in front of
the anterior margin of the eye above, and the anterior about half an
eye diameter distant; Jaws rough, and with a single series of small
firm teeth along the edges; the lower Jaw projects and the symphysis
is somewhat knobbed, so that it protrudes a little in front; vomerine
teeth small; at the origin of the lateral line at the back part of the
head above a sharp spine, another on the posterior margin of the
opercle above, still another in front of the base of the pectoral, and
one at the lower part of the preoperculum, the latter strong, long, and
sharp; two small, short spines at the front of the snout; operculum
strongly striate; interorbital space convex; gill-opening large; a
rakers long, slender, pointed, seven-sixteenths; branchiosteg: ee
gill-membrane free over the isthmus. The dorsal fin begins a short
distance behind the gill-opening, the spinous part highest in the
middle, then descending to the soft dorsal, which is also higher in
front; first anal spines short, the third the longest; soft anal high in
front, sloping behind; pectoral long, 12 in the head; ventrals short,
not reaching the origin of the anal by half their length; caudal deeply
emarginate, the lobes pointed; rudimentary caudal rays developed as
6 spines above and below. Lateral line inclined from the upper part
of the head to the base of the caudal; caudal peduncle three-fourths |
of the eye; vent far behind ventrals, space from between the ventrals
to the anus with a single series of bony scutes or serre.
Color in alcohol, brown, the fins pale, the inside of the mouth
blackish, and the peritoneum black. Length 4,°; inches. Here
described from an example dredged by the United States Fish Com-
mission steamer sl/batross in Suruga Bay at Station 3716. The species
is otherwise known only from the description given by Dr. Déderlein
of specimens from Tokyo, probably taken in Sagan Bay. Dr. Boulen-
8;
no. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 7
gers speaks of the occurrence of Cap lnyrabicr rye iain Lowe (from
Madeira) in Japan. He has doubtless reference to Gephyroberyx
japonicus a species which needs comparison with G@. darwin, from
which it differs, perhaps, in the presence of 7 instead of 8 dorsal spines.
38. HOPLOSTETHUS Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Hoplostethus Cuvirr AND VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 469
(mediterraneus ).
Body short and deep, much compressed. Head short, compressed,
very blunt anteriorly, deeper than long, with very conspicuous
mucous cavities. Eye very large. Mouth very oblique, the jaws
equal when the mouth is closed. Maxillary long, broad behind, with
a distinct supplemental bone, which reaches the posterior border of
the eye. Teeth very fine, villiform, on jaws and palatines, none on
the vomer. Suborbital with radiating ridges and a few spines; a ver-
tical ridge on the front of the opercle. Opercle little developed, its
spine small or obsolete; a strong spine at the angle of the preopercle;
the long vertical limb of the preopercle finely serrated. Gill-mem-
branes separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 8. Scales
moderate or small, ctenoid; lateral line present, its scales enlarged;
abdomen with a series of bony plates, each ending in a retrose spine.
Dorsal fin continuous, sbort, the spines graduated, 6 in number; anal
with 3 graduated spines; caudal forked, its rudimentary rays spinous;
pectorals low, rather long; ventrals I, 6, rather short. Air bladder
simple. Pyloric¢ ececa numerous. Vertebre 11+ 15. Deep-sea fishes,
red in color.
Boulenger, following Lowe, unites //oplostethus with Trachichthys.
The difference is certainly sheht, //oplostethus lacking vomerine teeth
and having 6 dorsal spines instead of 3.
(Ozhov, armor: o7740s, breast.)
4. HOPLOSTETHUS MEDITERRANEUS Cuvier and Valenciennes.
HINCHIDAI (FLINT-PERCH).
Hoplostethus mediterraneus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV,
1829, p. 469; Mediterranean Sea.—Gitnruer, Cat., 1, 1859, p. 9 —JorDAN and
GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 458.—GoopE and Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology,
1895, p. 181.—IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Kai.
Trachichthys pretiosus Lown, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 77; Madeira.
Hoplostethus japonicus H1LGENDORF, Sitz. Ges. Naturforschende Freunde, Berlin,
1879, p. 78; Japan.
Hoplostethus mediterraneus (var. ?) STEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 10,
pl. 1; Tokyo.
Head, 23 to 22; depth, 2 to 24; D., VI, 18 to 14; A., ILI, 9 to 10;
Pe, le 14 ‘to te V., I, 6; ventral scutes, 9 to 15; scales, 28 to 29.
Body ovate, deep, compressed, and covered with small ctenoid scales,
except those of the lateral line, which are enlarged; above and on the
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
back in front the scales are exceedingly small. Head very large and
deep, the ridges of the bones elevated and forming large mucous cay1-
ties between covered with thin transparent membranes; upper profile
roundly convex from the snout; eye very large, in the upper half of
the head, its posterior margin nearer the gill-opening than the tip of
the snout, 3 in the head, 2 in the maxillary, and a little more than the
width of the interorbital space; mouth oblique, the maxillary extend-
ing till a short distance from the posterior margin of the eye; nostrils
large and directly in front of the upper part of the eye, like most of
the exposed ridges of the head roughened; the lower jaw projecting
and with a small protruding process at the symphysis; above the
operculum, at the origin of the lateral line a strong spine, and another
at the end of the preoperculum below, the latter very broad; 3 bony
ridges cross over from the eye to the preoperculum; teeth small, fine,
and in broad bands in the jaws, forming a series slightly enlarged
inside; no vomerine teeth; interorbital space high and convexly
rounded; opercles with many strive; gill-openings very large; gill-
rakers 6+16, very long and slender, much larger than the gill-filaments;
branchiostegals 8; gill-membrane free from the isthmus; dorsal a short
distance behind the gill-opening; the spinous fin graduated to the last
spine, which is as long as the eye, but not as high as the anterior soft
dorsal rays, which are the highest part of that fin, and rounded; anal
spines with the first 2 very short, and the third very long, though
not equal to the longest anal rays; pectoral very long, shorter than the
head, and reaching the origin of the soft anal; ventrals short, about
1? in the head, and not reaching the anus; caudal deeply emarginate
and with the lobes somewhat pointed; rudimentary caudal ravs devel-
oped as 6 graduated spines above and below. The lateral line a series
of large pores obliquely from the upper part of the head to the base
of the caudal. Space from between the ventrals to the anus armed
with a single series of backwardly directed serree. Caudal peduncle
compressed and about equal to the eye.
Color in alcohol brown, the fins pale, the inside of the mouth and
the peritoneum black. Total length, 9 inches. Here described from
specimens dredged in Sagami Bay by the U. 8. Fish Commission
steamer Albatross.
In young examples the ventrals reach the anus, the pectorals are
longer, the preopercular spine is longer, and in the smallest examples,
from Kishyu, the sides are scaly like the rest of the body. All the
specimens have the single bony bridge across the preoperculum from
one margin to the other at about one-fourth its height.
Coasts of Japan in deep water; our specimens dredged in deep water
by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Sides of head
scaly. Lateral line ‘present. Dorsal fin very long, deeply divided,
with about 11 strong spines depressible in a scaly groove; anal with 4
spines, the third longest and strongest; ventrals thoracic, with 1 spine
and 7 rays; caudal deeply forked, with sharp rudimentary rays or
“yo. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. iB
fulera at base. Vertebr: ee about 27. ae y lori ic coeca 8 to 25. Air blad-
der large, sometimes connected with the organ of hearing. General
color red. Young with the snout sharp and produced (constituting
the nominal genera Rhynchichthys, Rhamphoberyx, and Rhinoberyx,
based on peculiarities of immature examples). Skeletal characters
essentially in Leryr, the fin spines much stronger. Gaily colored
inhabitants of the tropical seas, abounding about coral reefs.
a. Preopercle without conspicuous spine at its angle; scales very large (about 28)
BS MCV UO tly nee ae intel ye Gt oe wae Sn Say ores a wee Ostichthys, 5.
aa. Preopercle with a conspicuous spine; suborbital arch simply serrated; scales
moderate, 38 tobomouth moderate .22 Sees ek ee Holocentrus, 6.
5 OSPTICH EY S Jordan and Evermann.
Ostichthys (Langsdorff Ms.) Cuvier and VaLencrennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ITT,
1829, p. 174 (japonicus; name only, passing reference).
Ostichthys JORDAN and EvERMANN, Fishes N. and M. Am.,1, 1896, p. 846 (japonicus). —
This genus is closely related to //olocentrus, differing externally, in
the absence of the large spine at the angle of the preopercle and espe-
cially in the very rough surface of the large scales. In this regard it
differs from Myripristis, which, while lacking also the preopercular
spine, has the scales of //olocentrus. Holotrachys (lima), another
genus with similarly rough scales, differs from Ostichthys in having
the scales very much smaller, about 45 in the lateral line instead of 28,
as in Ostichthys.
y / ara ee >
(ooTéov, bone; iyAus, fish.)
6. OSTICHTHYS JAPONICUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
KINDAI (GOLDEN PERCH); NISHIKIDAI (BROCADE PERCH); UMIKI-
NUWO (SEA GOLD-FISH).
Myripristis japonicus Cuvipr and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III, 1829,
p. 173, pl. tvur; Japan Coll. Langsdorff.—Scu.ece., Fauna Japonica, Poiss.,
1847, p. 23, pl. 1x a; Nagasaki.—GtnrueEr, Cat. Fish., I, 1859, p. 25; Japan,
China, Ile de France.—STEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, I, 1883, p. 14; Tokyo.
Ostichthys japonicus JORDAN and EvErRMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XV, 1902,
p. 334; Formosa.
Head, 23; depth, 24; D. X1I,13; A. 1V,11; P. 1,16; V. 1,7. Scales,
4-28-7. Body deep and compressed, covered with fare scales which are
provided with parallel striz forming a prickly edge behind, and some
of the middle ones sharp and strong. Head, large, the ridges of the
hones large and striate; upper profile convex; eye, large, above and
in front, 34 in the head, about 15 in the maxillary, and 24 in the height
of the preoperculum; the mouth is very large, inclined, the maxillary
expanded distally, so as to fall very little short of an eye diameter,
and reaching posteriorly beyond the eye; jaws large and powerful,
the upper scooped out in front so that the symphysis of the mandible
a
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
fits in; the lower jaw projects; teeth in small rough patches or bands
in the jaws; nostrils close together, directly in front of the eye, and
{
4
ehh
the posterior very large, + in the eye; lips thick, fleshy, and papillose;_
interorbital space 1% in the eye; very slightly elevated; opercle above
with a strong, backwardly produced spine; 9 scales along the posterior —
edge of the preoperculum on the operculum cheeks scaled; gill-—
opening, very large, the membrane free from the isthmus; gill-rakers, —
6, 11, very long, slender, pointed, and 13 in the eye. Dorsal inserted
before the posterior edge of the gill-opening, third and fourth species
longest and strongest, about 23 in the depth of the body; soft dorsal
highest in front, nearly equal to the highest dorsal spines; the third —
anal spine the longest to the eye, the soft part of the spine nearly as_
FIG. 2.—OSTICHTHYS JAPONICUS.
high as the soft dorsal; pectorals low, a little in front of the dorsal, —
not reaching the vent, and 1} in the head; ventrals below pectorals |
shorter, and the spines a trifle shorter than the fourth dorsal spine.
Lateral line inclined to the hase of the caudal from the upper part of —
the head. Caudal peduncle rather thick, compressed, and 1% in the
ventral spine.
Color, in alcohol, pale; in life, bright crimson. Length, 134 inches.
Here described from a specimen from Giran, Formosa.
Of this fine large fish we have examined a living specimen in the —
Asakusa Aquarium from Misaki, and another from Giran, Formosa.
It is oceasionally taken off the rocky headlands of Southern Japan,
but it is nowhere common. Our figure is taken from the Giran
specimen.
yo. 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 13
6. HOLOCENTRUS (Artedi) Seopoli.
reo
Holocentrum Arvrept, Seba, II], about 1738, nonbinomial (rubrum).
Holocentrus Gronow, Zoophyl, 1763, p. 65 (rostratus, nonbinomial) .
, pay}, >I \
Holocenthrus (Gronow) Scopout, Int. Hist. Nat., 1777, p. 449 (misprint).
Holocentrus Buocw, Ichthyol., IV, 1790, p. 61 (sogo).
Rhynchichthys Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 1831, p. 503
(pelamidis; young).
Rhinoberyx Giiu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 237 (brachyrhynchus;
young; scales said to be 25; may represent a distinct ey
Holocentrum of authors Saat
Body oblong, moderately compressed, the ventral outline nearly
straight, the back a little elevated, the tail very slender. Head com-
pressed, narrowed forward. Operculum with a strong spine above,
below which the edge is sharply serrated; a strong spine at the angle
of preopercle. Orbital ring, preorbital, preopercle, interopercle, sub-
opercle, occiput, and shoulder girdle with their edges sharply serrate.
Month small, terminal, the maxillary not extending to the middle of
eye: the lower jaw projecting in the adult; in the young (which con-
stitute the supposed genera Rhynchichthys and Rhinoberyx) the snout
is much produced. Maxillary broad, striate, with a supplemental
bone. Eye excessively large. Scales moderate, closely imbricated,
the posterior margin strongly spinous. Lateral line continuous.
Dorsal deeply emarginate, the spines usually 11, depressible in a
groove; soft dorsal short and high; anal with 4 spines, the first and
second quite small, the third very long and strong, the fourth smaller;
caudal widely oe’ both lobes in the rudimentary rays spine-
like; ventrals large, I, 7, the spine very strong. Species numerous,
remarkable for the development of sharp spines almost everywhere on
the surface of the body.
(Ohos, whole; «évtpor, spine; spinous all over.)
a. Scales 36 to 37.
b. Color red, striped with white; spinous dorsal plain..........-.: spinosissimus, 7.
bb. Color red, striped with black; spinous dorsal with black blotches. -alboruber, 8.
aa. Scales 48; color red, striped with darker; base of pectoral and tips of caudal
RRNA eee epee enn Sees ree eS SS Le Lena ed ee ee ittodai, 9.
7; HOLOCENTRUS SPINOSISSIMUS Schlegel.
ITTODAI (NUMBER ONE PERCH).
Holocentrus spinosissimus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1847, p. 22, pl. vu, A; Naga-
saki.—GUtnruHer, Cat. Fish., I, 1859, p. 41 (copied).
Head, 23; ce Fes 1 Ale yee P tr Lcd es Ms a
Seales 3-37 or 38-6. Body rather long, compressed, iad covered with
large, striated scales, rather rough to the touch. Head compressed,
and the upper protile somewhat convex; eye large, its posterior margin
nearer the gill-opening than the tip of the snout, 2% in the head and equal
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI.
to the maxillary; snout bluntly pointed, 2 in the eye; nostrils directly
in front of the eye, and the posterior very large; mouth inclined, the
maxillary expanded distally till it is 23 in the eye, and reaching below
the first two-thirds of the eye; teeth in fine, roughened bands in the
jaws; the lips rather thick and fleshy; the lower jaw projects but little;
interorbital space concave above and equal to about three-fifths the:
eye; bones on the head rough, striated, and with the edges serrated;;
two opercular spines; preoperculum with its lower angle with a strong;
backward spine; five rows of scales on the cheeks; preorbital spine»
strong; gill-opening large; gill-rakers 7+-10, rather short and most of |
them poorly developed. Dorsal before the edge of the gill-opening:
and the pectoral, the third and fourth spines the highest; soft dorsal!
highest in front and nearly as high as the spinous dorsal; third anal)
WY
Fic. 3.—HOLOCENTRUS SPINOSISSIMUS.
spine yery strong and long, though not as long as the longest rays,
which are in front; pectoral a trifle shorter than the ventral, and about
equal to the third anal spine; ventrals a little behind pectorals and
with their tips reaching for nearly two-thirds the space between their
bases and the origin of the anal; caudal emarginate, the lobes distinct;
rudimentary caudal rays several and developed as graduated spines
above and below; lateral lines inclosed from the head to the base of
the caudal; caudal peduncle compressed, about two-thirds the eye.
Color plain brown in alcohol, with traces of 9 longitudinal silvery
bands, and the cheeks and opercles silvery. Length 7 inches. Here
described from two examples from Wakanoura.
Color in life brilliant scarlet, with white stripes, one stripe extending
obliquely below the eye.
g no, 1306. JAPANESE BERYCOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. a5
This beautifully colored fish is occasionally taken on rocky shores
in the Kuro Shiwo, of southern Japan. Our specimens: are from
Wakanoura, where it is common in the open water.
(spinosissimus, most spiny.)
8. HOLOCENTRUS ALBORUBER Lacépéde.
? Sciena rubra ForskA&u, Deser. Anim., 1775, p. 48; Red Sea.
? Perca rubra SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 90 (after Forskal).
? Holocentrus ruber Rijpreuy, Atl., 1828, p. 83, pl. xxi, fig. 1; Red Sea.
Holocentrum rubrum Gitnruer, Cat. Fish., I, 1859, p. 35 (in part?); Amboina,
Japan, Louisiades, Philippines, China, India, Red Sea.—Buieeker, Atl. Ichth.
IX, pl. m1, fig. 4.
(Holocentrum rubrum Day, Fishes India, pl. x11, fig. 4, is apparently some other
fish. )
Holocentrum rubrum Isuikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Miyakoshima.
279.
Holocentrum alborubrum Lackprpr, Hist. Poiss., IV, 1803, p. 372; China Seas,
from a Japanese print.—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p.-223; Canton.
? Perca praslin LackrEpe, Hist. Poiss., IV, 1803, p. 418; New Britain.
? Holocentrum orientale CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., III, 1829, p. 197;
VII, p. 497; Red Sea, Pondicherry.
? Holocentrum marginatum Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., II, 1829, p.
216; India.
fee 2 depth oe: D., x1. 13s A. PV, 10; PLT 13d32 Ve, T, 7.
Lateral line 3-36-7. Body elongate, compressed, and covered with
rather large ctenoid scales. Head moderate, the upper profile strongly
convex over the eyes; eye large, 23 in the head and impinging upon
the upper profile; snout pointed, a little over half the eye; mouth
terminal, inclined, the lower jaw slightly projects, and the maxillary
does not reach the middle of the eye; teeth minute and in bands in the
jaws; nostrils directly in front of the eye and the posterior very much
the larger; cheeks with 4 rows of scales; interorbital space slightly con-
cave; opercles with two strong spines; the preoperculum with a single
strong spine below, and the preorbital spine short; head more or less
striate, and with the edges of the bones more or less denticulate; gill-
opening large; gill-rakers 6-10, slender, pointed, rather poorly devel-
oped. Dorsal about over the pectorals, the spinous fin rather high,
highest in the middle and in front; soft dorsal about over the spinous
anal, the anterior rays the highest, but not as high as the anterior rays
of the soft anal, which are also the highest of that fin; third anal spine
strong, long, and at least equal to the highest anal ray; pectorals
shorter than the ventrals, about 12 in the head; ventrals behind the
pectorals; the spine alittle more than two-thirds the length of the fin,
and its tip not reaching the vent; caudal forked, the lobes produced;
rudimentary caudal rays as 4 graduated spines above and below. — Lat-
eral line nearly concurrent with the back to the base of the caudal;
caudal peduncle compressed, about 1+ in the eye.
Color in alcohol brown, dark and deep above, the sides with about
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVI.
9 longitudinal broad bands following the course of the scales; dorsal
light, with the membrane between the first 3 spines, with a broad
blackish band above, which is continued on the membrane of the rest
of the fin as a broad black blotch in front of each spine; menwbrane,
including the fourth anal spine to the first soft ray, black; edge of the
caudal above and below brownish; the head above is more or less uni-
form brownish; the lower surface of the body has a silvery appear-
ance; membrane between the ventral spine and the first ray white.
In life the species was deep red with white longitudinal stripes.
Length about 5% inches. Here described from an example from
Okinawa, Riukiu.
Of this strongly marked species we have one specimen from Nafa, in
Okinawa. It agrees fairly with Giinther’s description of //o¢ocentrus
ruber, ov rather with the Japanese, Louisiade and Amboina specimens,
having the anal spine 5 in total length, not 43, as in the Red Sea
example, presumably typical of //. ruber. In Bleeker’s figure the
preopercular spine is represented as much longer than in our examples.
Day’s description and figure differ so much that we suppose them to
belong to another species. In view of the uncertainty as to the iden-
tity of the Japanese form with Holocentrus ruber of the Red Sea, we
retain provisionally the name //olocentrus alboruber, which seems to
admit of no doubt. The species may however prove fully identical
with //olocentrus ruber.
(albus, white; ruber, red.)
9. HOLOCENTRUS ITTODAI Jordan and Fowler, new species.
Head <3}; depth 26:
Fic. 21.—PANDALUS LATIROSTRIS, CARAPACE AND ANTENN#, DORSAL VIEW, 12.
mined bis
foot is stouter and shorter, reaching as far as the first pair; the left
Toot exceeds the faciieped by the length of the chela and half the
ast carpal joint, and exceeds the third pair but little; the fourth and
fifth pairs are successively shorter than the third, and nearer the same
3 length than the third and fourth; the dactyli are contained a little
more than three times in their propodi; the latter are not essentially
‘different i in the sexes.
_ The abdomen is smooth; the third segment is very little produced
over the fourth. The infero-posterior angle of the fourth, fifth, and
xth segments is armed with a spine. Sixth segment twice as long
wide, and two-thirds as long as the telson, which is armed with 5
:
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._
or 6 spinules on each side. The telson may be a little longer or shorter
than the inner uropods; the outer uropods longer than the inner.
Dimensions.—Female, length 127 mm., length of carapace and
rostrum 60.5 mm., length of rostrum 34.5 mm,
Localities. —Mororan, Hokkaido; Jordan and Snyder; 18 specimens,
males and females, types (Cat. No. 26160). Two specimens were col-
lected previously at the same place by N. Grebnitzki. Tokyo, 1
young; Jordan and Snyder.
In four instances the acicle on one side is a little longer than thaton
the other, though both are regular in shape.
PANDALOPSIS MITSUKURII, new species.
Slender. Carapace as long as the abdomen, lacking half the telson.
Rostrum one and two-thirds times as long as the rest of the carapace,
Fig. 22.—PANDALOPSIS MITSUKURIT, CARAPACE, SIDE VIEW, X 12.
basal half horizontal, terminal half slightly ascending, slender. Dorsal
carina blunt, armed with 8 to 10 movable spines, of which 2 or 3 are
behind the orbit, the posterior spine at- the anterior fifth of the cara-_
pace, and marking the end of the carina; anterior spine but little in’
front of the posterior third of the rostrum; ventral spines 13 to 18,
becoming distally very small and appressed; tip of rostrum trifid.
Antennal spine strong, the margin of the carapace retreating rapidly
~ from that point; pterygos-
aR tomian spine two-thirds)
as large. Eyes small, |
cornee little dilated, of au
dark bluish-gray color in-
alcohol, a small black ocel--
lus behind the corneal
margin and on the upper
outer surface.
The peduncle of the an-
tennules reaches about two-fifths the length of the antennal scale;
second segment nearly twice as long as third; basal scale small, reach-
ing only to middle of cornea; inner flagellum a little longer than outer
and barely attaining the end of the rostrum. Peduncle of antennz
reaching to the middle of second antennular segment; the flagellum
may equal the length of the body, excluding the telson. The scale
extends to about the distal third of the rostrum, oblong, very little
tapering, extremity of blade oblique, projecting beyond the spine.
Se D285
Fic. 23.—PANDALOPSIS MITSUKURII, CARAPACE AND ANTENN®,
DORSAL VIEW, xX li.
NO. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. 49
The outer maxillipeds a1 are 1 rather stout, and when extended lie along
three-fifths of the antennal scale; the antepenult segment has a narrow
laminar expansion below. ‘The first pair of feet attain the end of the
penultimate joint of the maxilliped; the merus joint has the expansion
characteristic of the genus. The feet of the second pair are equal,
carpus 11 or 12 jointed, the proximal and the distal joint elongate, the
intermediate joints short and subequal; the chele exceed the maxilli-
peds by the length of the fingers. The third pair reach scarcely
beyond the second pair; the fourth and fifth pairs are much shorter
and there is little difference in their length; the fifth pair reaches as
far as the first pair; the propodi are three times as long as the dactyli
in the third pair, four times as long in the fifth pair, intermediate in
the fourth pair.
The abdomen is strongly bent at the third segment, which is later-
ally compressed, forming a rounded carina. The fourth, fifth, and
sixth segments are armed with a postero-inferior spine. Sixth seg-
ment three-fifths as long as carapace and four-fifths as long as telson,
the latter armed with 4 or 5 spinules on each side. Telson a little
shorter than the uropods, of which the inner pair are shorter than the
outer,
Dimensions.—Female: Length 105 mm., length of carapace and
rostrum 45 mm., length of rostrum 28.1 mm.
Type locality.—Mororan, Hokkaido; Jordan and Snyder; 55 speci-
mens, types (Cat. No. 26161). Two specimens had been taken previ-
ously at the same locality by N. Grebnitzki.
The specific name is given in honor of Prof. K. Mitsukuri, of the
University of Tokyo.
Family ATYIDZ.
XIPHOCARIS COMPRESSA (de Haan).
? Ephyra compressa DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 186, pl. xvi, fig. 7.
Xiphocaris compressa OrRtTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 400, and
synonymy.
Lake Biwa, Matsubara, Omi; many specimens about 1 inch long;
Jordan and Snyder.
Tsushima Island, Japan; P. L. Jouy, May, 1885, 1 female with ova.
Near Fusan, Korea, in fresh-water streams; P. L. Jouy, 1 specimen.
=i 22
CARIDINA DENTICULATA de Haan.
Hippolyte denticulatus pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., pl. xiv, fig. 8. (Generic
name changed in text. )
Caridina denticulata pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 186.—OrTMANN,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 406.
The rostrum extends either to the middle of the third antennular
Be omont, to the end of that segment, or even beyond it. The dorsal
Proc. vols xxvr—02—— 4
Ce ae Meee ES Oe ap ee
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI.
spines are 14 to 18, 3 or + behind the orbit, ventral spines 4 to 6, ter-
minal third of rostrum unarmed. The maxillipeds reach nearly to the
end of the antennular peduncle; the first pair of feet not quite to the
end of antennal peduncle; the carpus is about one and a half times as
long as wide, longer than the palm of the hand; the fingers longer than
the palm. The second pair of feet reach to the end of the antennal
peduncle; carpus and propodus subequal in length, palm enlarged dis-
tally, shorter than the fingers. The propodus of the fifth pair of feet
is three times as long as the dactylus.
A female with ova measures 22.8 mm. long; the eggs are 0.9 mm.
long.
Kurume, Japan; Jordan and Snyder, July 23; 1 female with ova.
Near Fusan, Korea, in fresh-water streams; P. L. Jouy; many
specimens.
This species is very close to, perhaps identical with, C. pareparensis
de Man,” from Celebes, which has a shorter rostrum, with only 2
inferior teeth. |
CARIDINA LEUCOSTICTA Stimpson.
Caridina leucosticta Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 28 [97].— |
OrtTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 406.
Atya wyckii Hickson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(6), I, 1888, p. 357, pls. xtm and xtv. |
Caridina wyckt ORTMANN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 405, and synonymy. —
Kurume, July 23; about 25 specimens. é
In most of the specimens the rostrum is broken off near its base; in _
none is the tip perfect. |
Dorsal spines 17 to 23 (2 on carapace); ventral spines 14 in the only —
specimen where complete (Stimpson says 10). Anterior third or
fourth unarmed above, except near the tip, where there is at least one
spine. Antennal spine high, quite above the antenna. The color and—
white spots described by Stimpson are not visible in the preserved
specimens.
Family PALASMONID 2.
PALAMON JAPONICUS (Ortmann).
Leander longirostris var. japonicus ORTMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 519,
pl. xxxvit, figs. 14, 14z.
Matsushima, Rikuzen; Enoshima, Sagami; Kawatana; Nagasaki,
Hizen.
The reference of the name Palemon longirostris to Say by Milne
Edwards,’ and later by de Man¢ and Ortmann,” is founded on a cleri-
cal error. Say’ described only two species of Palemon, both Ameri-
@
«Weber's Zool. Ergeb. Reise Niederl. Ost-Indien, II, 1892, p. 379, pl. xxi, fig. 25.
b Hist. Nat. Crust., II, 1837, p. 394.
¢ Notes Leyden Mus., ITI, 1881, p. 141.
4 Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 519.
éJour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1818.
No. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA NS—RATHBUN. ay
can, viz, es paigancas on page 248, aad P. tenuicornis on page 249.
Milne Edwards? refers to both of Say’s species, to P. vulgaris on page
394, and to ‘* Palémon tenutrostre” on page 395, but his footnote
references ‘‘(2)” and ‘*(3)” to Say’s descriptions, instead of being placed
correctly in the text, i. e., (2) after P. vulgaris and (3) after P. tenui-
rostre, are made dependent, (2) on P. longirostris and (3) on P. vulgaris.
The name P. longirostris Milne Edwards, occurring on p. 394, was
changed by him in Errata, vol. III, p. 638, 1540, to P. styliferus, a
name apparently overlooked by subsequent authors, but which must
stand for that species. The name /?. /ongirostris should be used for
the species so designated by Milne Edwards on p. 392 (= P. edwardsii
Heller).
Ortmann’ makes 72. japonicus a variety of 7. styliferus, but it is
distinguished as follows: P. japonicus has no dorsal spines on the ros-
trum except at the base, while 7. sty//ferus has 2 or 3 on the termi-
nal half. 7. japonicus has 4 to6 ventral spines, 7. styliferus 8 to 10.
In P. japonicus the sixth segment of the pleon i is nearly two-thirds as
long as the carapace (rostrum excluded); in P. sty/¢ferus it is shorter,
barely more than half the carapace. In P. japonicus the carpus of
the second pair of feet is as long as the merus or the fingers, while in
P. styliferus the carpus 1 is considerably shorter than merus or fingers.
There are in the U. S. National Museum a number of specimens of
P. styliferus from Maprichen India, collected by Francis Day.
PALAEMON PAUCIDENS de Haan.
Palemon paucidens de Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 170, pl. xiv, fig. 11.
Leander paucidens Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 40 [109].
Aomori, Rikuoku; Matsushima, Rikuzen; Misaki, Sagami; Lake
Biwa, Be aubara, Omi (abundant); Kawatana; Kurume; Nagasaki,
Hizen.
Korea, P. L. Jouy coll.: Fusan; Gensan, brackish streams flowing
into the sea.
The rostrum has 5 to 6 teeth above (1 on carapace), 2 to 3 below,
and is usually bifid at extremity; it extends about to the end of the
acicle. The branches of the outer flagellum of the antennule are
joined for about 8 segments or less than half of the length of the
shorter branch. In fully developed specimens the outer maxillipeds
may or may not exceed the antennal peduncle, and the carpus of the
second pair of feet usually exceeds the acicle.
Dimensions.—A large female measures 66.5 mm. long. Several
hundred specimens were taken at Lake Biwa, all smaller than those
from salt water; a female with ova measures 38 mm. Stimpson
records its occurrence in fresh water, in rivers near Simoda.
@ Hist. Nat. Grant i, 1837.
b Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 519.
¢Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 40 [109].
59 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
PALA MON SERRIFER (Stimpson).
Leander serrifer Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 41 [110].—
Dr Man, Notes Leyden Mus., III, 1881, p. 189.—Orrmann, Zool. Jahrb.,
Syst., V, 1891, p. 525, pl. axxvir, fie. 7.
Misaki, Sagami; Jordan and Snyder collection. Atami district; F.
Sakamoto collector, April, 1894.
Out of 21 specimens with perfect rostrum, 7 have 9 teeth above,
the remainder mostly 10 teeth above; 15 have 3 teeth below, the
remainder varying from 2 to 5 teeth.
PALAMON MACRODACTYLUS, new species.
Stout. Rostrum about as long as carapace, it may be a little longer
or a little shorter, overreaching a little the antennal scale; straight in
basal half, slightly inclined upward in distal half; armed above with
9 to 15 teeth, 3 of which are on the carapace, 3 to 5 below, tip usually
bifid; posterior dorsal
tooth more remote from
the others; the anterior
tooth may be remote
. from the others or re-
d mote from the tip. Only
large specimens have 13
to 15 teeth above; the
Fic. 24.—PALHEMON MACRODACTYLUS; @, CARAPACE, X 12; usual number is 10 to
5, ACICLE, X 22; c, CHELA OF SECOND PAIR, X 22; d, FOOT
on THIRD Park, X32, 12. Antennular pedun-
cle reaching to distal
fourth of scale; antennal peduncle to end of first antennular segment.
Filaments of outer flagellum of antennula united for from 7 to 9
joints; short filament much longer than the basal portion. Acicle
oblong, very broad at extremity.
Outer maxillipeds reaching beyond antennal peduncle by at least
two-thirds of the last segment. The first pair of feet, extended, touch
the end of the scale; the carpus is one and two-thirds times as long as
the chela; the palm is a little longer than the fingers. The second
pair of feet may exceed the scale by the length of the chela and part
of the wrist. The carpus is subequal to the merus, exceeds the manus
in length, and is distally enlarged. Palm compressed, broader than
carpus, longer than fingers. The last three pairs of legs are very
nearly of a length, the fifth pair attain the end of the scale; the
dactyli of the third pair are contained twice or two and a half times,
of the fifth pair about three times, in their propodi.
The sixth segment of the abdomen is half as long as the carapace
(rostrum excluded), and three-fourths as long as the telson, which has
two pairs of lateral spinules, and at the extremity a short median and
lateral spine and a very long intermediate spine.
a Cc b
NO. 1307. JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA NS—RATHBUN. 53
~
Dimensions.—Female with ova: Length, 55 mm.; length of carapace
and rostrum, 23.7 mm.; length of rostrum, 12.7 mm.
Localities. Aomori, Rikuoku (type locality, Cat. No. 26162); Mat-
sushima, Rikuzen; Nagasaki, Hizen. Also collected by P. L. Jouy in
Korea, at Fusan, Gensan, and Chemulpo.
This species in appearance much resembles /?. serr7fer, but differs
in having, as a rule, more rostral teeth, broader acicle, longer fingers
of second chelipeds, longer dactyls of last three pairs. In the young
the rostrum may be a little convex above, the palm and fingers of the
second pair subequal.
PALAZMON PACIFICUS (Stimpson).
Leander pacificus Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1860, p. 40,
[109].—Dr Man, Notes Leyden Mus., III, 1881, p. 137.
Rostrum extending beyond antennal scale for about one-third of its
length, strongly upturned toward its extremity, armed with 7 to §
teeth above (2 or 3 on carapace), 4 or 5 below, tip usually trifid.
The filaments of the outer flagellum of the antennule are united for
from 10 to 12 joints; the free end of the short filament has 28 to 36
joints; its outer margin or that which fits against the longer filament
is strongly serrate.
Otherwise this species is much as in ?. ajinis Milne Edwards.
Misaki, Sagami; Wakanoura, Kii; Nagasaki, Hizen.
BITHYNIS NIPPONENSIS (de Haan).
Palemon nipponensis DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 171.
Palemon nipponensis ORTMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 713, pl. xiv,
figs. 4 and 4z, and synonymy.
Wakanoura, Kii; Chikugo River, Kurume, Chikugo; Kurume, July
23 (Many specimens).
BITHYNIS LONGIPES (de Haan).
Palemon longipes “ DE HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 171.
Palzemon longipes ORtMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, 1891, p. 715.
Kawatana, July 22 (many specimens); Nagasaki, Hizen.
The two foregoing species are very closely related; they may be
separated by the following characters, which are not absolutely
constant:
In B. nipponensis the rostrum is usually nearly straight and bears
12 or 13 teeth above; in B. longipes it is usually more arched and has
10 or 11 teeth above.
In B. nipponensis, adult, the fingers of the second cheliped are
“1 have given a new name, Palemon ortmanni, to P. longipes (Ortmann) = Leander
longipes Ortmann, not P. longipes de Haan. There is in the U. S. National Museum
aspecimen of P. ortmanni from Tsushima Island, Japan, collected by P. L. Jouy.
nearly as long as the palm, very hairy, the teeth at their base small
and concealed in hair; in 2. /ongipes, adult, the fingers are only one-
half as long as the palm, very little or not at all hairy. There is one
well-developed tooth near the base of the pollex and two either side of
it near the base of the dactylus.
In B. nipponensis, young, the fingers are longer than the palm; in —
B. longipes, young, they are nearly as long as the palm. :
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. |
4
ty
Order. STOMATOPODA:
ODONTODACTYLUS SCYLLARUS (Linnzus).
Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 633.
Odontodactylus scyllarus BraELow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 496, and
synonymy.—BorraDaiLx, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 36, pl. v, fig. 6,
and synonymy.
Wakanoura, Kii; one male.
The dactylus and distal end of propodus of the raptorial limb are ©
bright red in the specimen preserved in alcohol.
:
LYSIOSQUILLA LATIFRONS (de Haan).
Squilla latifrons pp HAAN, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 222, pl. 11, fig. 3. 4
Lysiosquilla (Coronis) latifrons Mrers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), V, 1880, p. 10.
Tysiosquilla latifrons Biartow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 503. :
Nagasaki, Hizen; one female. |
Length from tip of rostrum to end of telson 64.4 mm.; length of —
carapace 14.5 mm. ;
The dactylus of the right raptorial limb in de Haan’s figure has 6—
teeth, of the left limb 7 teeth; in our specimen the dactyli of both —
limbs have 6 teeth.
The posterior margin of the telson is armed with 12 small spines on |
one side of the sinus, 11 spines on the other side. ‘
CHLORIDELLA/ FASCIATA (de Haan).
Squilla fasciata pe Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 224, pl. 11, fig. 17
Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) V, 1880, p. 29.—Brooxs, Challenger Rept., 7
XVI, Stomatopoda, 1886, p. 57, pl. mm, figs.4,5; pl. u, fig. 8.—BrGELow, —
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 510.
Tsuruga, Echizen, 2 males; Nagasaki, Hizen, 1 male, 1 female.
The intermediate denticles of the margin of the telson are either
S.0r 9. .
The largest specimen measures 76.5 mm. long; carapace, 19 mm. —
long. 4
«In 1899 (Jour. Inst. Jamaica, II, p. 628), I called attention to the fact that the ;
name Squilla J. C. Fabricius, 1793, was preoccupied for a genus of Amphipoda by
O. F. Miller, 1776 and 1788, by Scopoli, 1777, and by O. Fabricius, 1780, The only
available name for the stomatopod genus is Chloridella Miers, 1880. One who con=—
siders Chloridella generically distinct from Squilla J. C. Fabricius should substitute a)
new name for the latter. F
“
¢
- x0. 1807 JAPANESE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEANS—RATHBUN. 55
CHLORIDELLA RAPHIDEA (Fabricius).
Squilla harpax bE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 222, pl. x1, fig. 1.
Squilla raphidea Brertow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894, p. 535, and
synonymy.
Wakanoura, Kil; 5 specimens.
CHLORIDELLA AFFINIS (Berthold).
Squilla oratoria DE Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 223, pl. 11, fig. 2.
Squilla affinis BrceLow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, pp. 537 and 538,
fig. 22, and synonymy.
Aomori, Rikuoku; Same, Rikuoku; Tokyo; Tsuruga, Echizen
(abundant); Wakanoura, Kii (abundant); Onomichi, Bingo; Nagasaki,
Hizen.
CHLORIDELLA COSTATA (de Haan).
Squilla costata pk Haan, Fauna Japon., Crust., 1849, p. 223, pl. u1, fig. 5.—
Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), V, 1880, p. 21.—BieEtow, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 511.
Wakanoura, Kai, 2 specimens, male and female; Nagasaki, Hizen,
3 males.
The surface of the carapace is tuberculate, especially between the
median and submedian carinz, the tubercles more or less confluent.
The marginal denticles of the telson are 3-4, 6-8, 1.
_ The largest specimen measures 87 mm. long; carapace, 22.5 mm.
long.
Pa
»
A REVIEW OF THE HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES OF JAPAN.
By Davin Starr Jorpan and Epwin CHaAprIn STarks,
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University
In the present paper is given a review of the Hemibranchiate fishes
known to inhabit the waters of Japan. It is based on material in the
Leland Stanford Junior University and in the U.S. National Museum,
most of it collected by Jordan and Snyder in the summer of 1900.
In a previous paper in these Proceedings” Mr. Starks has discussed
the osteology of the suborder Hemibranchii and of its component
families.
Orden AGANTHOP EER RGITI.:
Suborder HEMIBRANCHII.
Opisthotics absent; parietals usually absent; exoccipitals never
meeting over surface of basioccipitals; myodome usually absent or
rudimentary, sometimes well developed; posttemporal never typically
forked, sometimes united to cranium suturely; a portion of the hypo-
corcacoid sometimes enamelled, appearing externally as a separate bone
on either side (interclavicle); supraclavicle usually absent, small when
present; postclavicle when present composed of a single bone; superior
pharyngeals and usually elements of branchial arches reduced in num-
ber; inferior pharyngeals present, not united; four anterior vertebre
more or less elongate, sometimes united; transverse process present
on all abdominal yertebre; snout more or less produced and tube-
like with a small mouth at its end; ventrals abdominal, sometimes
anteriorly placed. These fishes are allied to the Percesoces, from
ancestors of which it is probably descended. Their relations to the
Lophobranchii are close, the characters of the Lophobranchii being
largely extremes of the same modifications.
(nu, half; Boayyos, gill.)
In the following analysis of families we adopt the arrangement of
families as given in Dr. Gill’s valuable discussion of ‘* The Mutual
Relations of the Hemibranchiate Fishes.” ?
«Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XV, 1902, p. 618.
b Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, p. 154.
eee rere eee
PROCEEDINGS U, S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1308.
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
a. Dermal armature absent, or developed only as plates on side or back; vertebree
numerous (30 to 36); pubic bones placed close to scapular arch; spinous dorsal
represented by isolated spines.
b. Vertebree anteriorly little enlarged; ventrals subthoracic, each with a sharp
spine.
c. Branchiostegal rays three; ventrals with one soft ray each; snout conic or
but:slightly-tubiforms 22524-82520. - pea es Sees GASTEROSTEID®, I.
ce. Branchiostegal rays four; ventrals with four soft rays each; snout tubi-
POTTS heen See eae Rep eee ee ee ee ae AULORHYNCHID®, IT.
bb. Vertebrie anteriorly (first four) elongate; ventrals abdominal or near middle
of body, without spines, but with 6 (or 5) soft rays.
d. Dorsal spines developed, weak; body compressed, moderately long, with
ctenoid scales; no caudal filament.......-..--------- AuvLostomips, IIT.
dd. Dorsal spines undeyeloped; body depressed or subcylindrical, very long
without scales; caudal with the two middle rays produced into a long
filamenteos: Sasi tees Se Sao ee, oes A ee FistuLarip”, LV.
aa. Dermal armature superficial, developed anteriorly and especially about the back;
four anterior vertebree much elongate; tail with its axis continuous with that
of theabdomen; branchihyals and pharyngeals mostly present (fourth superior
branchihyal and first and fourth superior pharyngeals wanting); pubic bones
remote from the scapular arch; a spinous dorsal fin developed.
MaAcRorRHAMPHOSID», V.
aaa. Dermal armature connate with the internal skeleton and developed as a dorsal
cuirass in connection with the neuropophyses; six or more anterior vertebrae
extremely elongate; tail with its axis deflected from that of the abdomen by
encroachment of a dorsal cuirass over the dorsal fin; branchial system usually
feebly developed; a spinous dorsal feebly developed under the posterior pro-
jection ‘of the dotsalsbuckler.2 sos seserore eee ee ese ee CENTRIscIDH, VI.
Family I. GASTEROSTEIDAE.
STICKLEBACKS.
Body more or less fusiform, somewhat compressed, tapering behind
to a slender caudal peduncle. Head moderate, the anterior part not
greatly produced, but all the bones of the suspensory apparatus some-
what lengthened. Mouth moderate, with the cleft oblique, the lower
jaw prominent; maxillary bent at right angles and overlapping the
premaxillary at corner of mouth. Teeth sharp, even, in a narrow
band in each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; premaxillaries pro-
tractile. Preorbital rather broad; suborbital plate large, often cover-
ing the anterior part of the cheeks, forming a connection with the
preopercle. Branchiostegals 3. Gill membranes broadly joined, free —
from the isthmus, or not; gill rakers moderate or rather long.
Toothed superior pharyngeals 2; that of fourth arch missing or
united to third. Opercles unarmed. Skin naked or with vertically
oblong bony plates; no true scales. Dorsal fin preceded by two or
more free spines; anal similar to soft dorsal, with a single spine; ven-
tral fins abdominal, anteriorly placed and overlapped slightly at the
side by a process from the shoulder girdle, though not connected to
it, consisting of a stout spine and one or two rudimentary rays. —
Middle or. sides of belly shielded by the pubic bones. Pectorals —
;
NO. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 59
rather short, unusually far behind the gill openings, preceded by a
-quadrate naked area, which is covered with shining skin. Caudal fin
narrow, usually lunate. Air bladder simple; a few pyloric cceca.
Vertebree 30 to 35; anterior vertebre little enlarged.
- Small fishes inhabiting the fresh waters and arms of the sea in
northern Europe and America; noted for their pugnacity. They are
exceedingly destructive to the spawn and fry of large fishes.
a. Gill openings restricted, the membranes mesially united to the isthmus; dorsal
q with two free spines; skin mailed, partly mailed, or naked... --.- Gasterosteus, 1.
aa. Gill openings confluent, the gill membranes forming a broad, free margin across
; the isthmus; dorsal spines 8 to 11, divergent; skin naked or mailed.
; Pygosteus, 2.
; 1. GASTEROSTEUS (Artedi) Linnzeus.
a Gasterosteus (Anrep!) Linnxus, Syst. Nat., X, 1758, p. 489 (aculeatus).
[ Gasteracanthus Pauuas, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb., ITI, 1811, p. 325 (cataphractus).
f Leiurus Swarxson, Nat. Hist. Class’n Fishes, II, 1839, p. 242 (gymnurus).
_ Sticklebacks with the innominate bones coalescent on the median
: line of the belly, behind and between the ventral fins, forming a
triangular or lanceolate plate. Gill membranes united to the isthmus.
Tail slender, and usually keeled. Skin variously covered with bony
plates. Dorsal spines 3 in number, strong, with nondivergent bases.
Ra AN TCS --
| Species numerous. Fresh waters and shores of all northern regions;
the species highly variable, those found in the sea usually with the
E body completely mailed, the fresh and brackish water forms variously
mailed or even altogether naked. It is probable that the reduction in
armature is in some degree connected with life in fresh waters. It is
i almost certain that the partly naked forms are in each species derived
_ from mailed forms of the same region.
(yaortnp, belly; ogréov, bone.)
1. GASTEROSTEUS CATAPHRACTUS (Pallas).
TOGEUWO (PRICKLY-FISH).
= Gasteracanthus cataphractus Pauuas, Mem. Acad. Petersb., ITI, 1811, p. 325;
“ Kamchatka.
; qasterosteus obolarius Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., [V, 1829, p.
; 500; Kamchatka.
Gasterosteus insculptus RicHarpson, Last Arctic Voyage, 1854, p. 10, pl. xxv,
; figs. 1, 2, and 8; Northumberland and Puget sounds.
7 Gasterosteus serratus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1855, p. 47; San Francisco.—
; SauvaGeE, Revision des Epinoches, 1874, p. 13.
a
-
Gasterosteus intermedius Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 185; Cape
Flattery.
Gasterosteus aculeatus cataphractus JORDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 396.
Gasterosteus cataphractus JorDAN and EyerMANN, Fishes N. and M. Amer., I,
1898, p. 749.
Gasterosteus aculeatus IsHrk AWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 58; Hokkaido, Kuriles, Ugo,
Yechigo, Shimotsuke, Musashi, Usen, Niigata.
Gasterosteus williamsoni Girarp, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 103; Wil-
liamson’s Pass, near Saugus, California; naked form.
60_ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
Gasterosteus TP rereiee GIRARD, roe ie. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 133;
Kaweah R., Tulare Lake; half-mailed form.
Gasterosteus plebeius GirARD, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 147; Presidio;
half mailed.
Gasterosteus inopinatus GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 147; Presi-
dio; half mailed.
Gasterosteus pugetti Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 135; Fort
Steilacoom, Washington; half mailed.
The following description is taken from a specimen 85 mm. long
from Ugo, northwest Japan:
Head 33; depth 44; eye 34. Dorsal 11-1, 13; anal1,10. Body slender,
compressed; head small and pointed; mouth oblique, maxillary not
reaching eye; caudal peduncle depressed, keeled. | Processes from
shoulder eae slightly divergent, leaving a narrow, naked area on
breast; eed area in front of pectorals equal to length of snout.
Dorsal spines long and slender, the length equaling dice from
snout to pupil; third dorsal and anal spines very small, curved; ven-
tral spines long, slender, as long as snout and eye, or even longer in
some specimens; serrate at base and with basal cusp; ventral plate as
long as spine in many specimens, narrow, the greatest width 3} in
length. Lateral armature complete, the plates gradually reduced in
size posteriorly, forming a distinct caudal keel. Dark grayish or blu-
ish black above, silvery below, with a few dark punctulations, thickest
on caudal peduncle and near tip of ventral spines. Alaska, Kam-
chatka, and Japan. Very abundant northward; the mailed form rarely
or never entering fresh water.
We have also marine specimens from Kushiro and northern Japan,
which we have compared with specimens from Alaska and Puget
Sound, and have found them to be similar.
Specimens from Ibi and Mino rivers near Ogaki in Mino seem to be
inseparable from the naked specimens from Colton, California (called
** Gasterosteus williamsoni”). They differ gre: a from the marine—
form in being deeper, in haying the ventral plate broad and short, in—
being only partially armed, in being conspicuously mottled, and in
exhibiting all of the differences which fresh-water specimens at the —
extreme of variation from California and Alaska exhibit. Since it has —
not been possible to satisfactorily separate the Western American —
fresh-water species from those found in the sea, we can not consider
these as distinct even though we have no intergrading forms at hand.
Formule of soft rays of dorsal and anal:
-- | | li =
Locality. Ugo. | N. Japan. | Puget Sound. | Ibi River. te
Dorsal Bees oes 14 13 13 Deal! ASE ABS AA SUAS AD els ist or Ties 3 etd aL | THs ete
PAT Slee. moe ncrae | D107 10 OR Sn O me oe QO 10 OSLO a lO Re sO sO aoe & - OSS
|
, .
(cxatadpaktos, cutaphractus, mailed.)
ES RO te
,
No. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISTHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 61
2. PYGOSTEUS Brevoort.
Pygosteus (Brevoort) Git, Cat. Fishes East Coast North America, 1861, p. 39;
name only.
Pygosteus Grit, Canadian Naturalist, 11, 1865, p. 8 (occidentalis) .
Gasterostea SAuVAGE, Revision des Epinoches, 1874, p. 29 ( pungitius) .
This genus is characterized by the presence of 9 to 11 divergent
spines and by the weakness of its innominate bones. The gill mem-
branes forma broad fold across the isthmus. Vertebre 14+ 18 = 32.
, . . 2 /
(xvy7, pubic region; ogtéorv, bone.)
0 So SGT SS ay IN S'S Se Se ee ee steindachneri, 2.
Sete OF Ia spines: 22.22 kei So ee Sh eis ole undecimalis, 3.
2. PYGOSTEUS STEINDACHNERI Jordan and Snyder.
Gasterosteus japonicus STEINDACHNER, Ichthy. Beitr., IX, p. 27, pl. in, fig. 2;
Gulf of Strielok, near Vladivostok. (Not of Houttuyn. )
Pygosteus steindachneri JoRDAN and Snyper, Proceedings U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1901,
p. 747, after Steindachner.
Gasterosteus pungitius IsHikAwa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 59; Lake Inokashiro, near
Tokyo.
Gausterosteus sp. 18SHIKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 59; Yamashiro.
The following description is taken from 4 specimens from Yama-
shiro:
Head 32 in length; depth 44. Dorsal VIII-11; anal I-8, or 9.
Diameter of eye equal to snout or slightly greater, contained 34 times
in head; width of interorbital two-thirds diameter of eye; maxillary
barely reaching to under anterior ecge of the eye in the males,
slightly shorter in the females.
Length of ventral spines equal to distance from tip of snout to
middle of eye; length of middle dorsal spines two-thirds to three-
fourths eye, last spine a little longer, equal to anal spine; length of
pectoral equals snout and eye; length of anal base equal to dorsal base
and equal to length of head without snout.
Anterior part of body with vertical bony plates which decrease in
length posteriorly and become smal! round plates on posterior half of
body; on the caudal peduncle they form a sharp keel; they number
from 32 to 35.
Color in spirits very light yellowish brown with only a trace of small
‘dusky punctulations. The membrane of the spinous dorsal dusky or
conspicuously black. The soft dorsal and anal ranging from colorless
to dusky. Pectoral and caudal without color.
Numerous specimens taken from a pond at Inokashiro, Musashi,
near Tokyo, and one specimen from Aomori differ only from these in
being entirely devoid of plates and in being much darker or more
dusky. The fins are all more or less dusky and the membrane of the
spinous dorsal is not darker than the body color. Of 16 specimens
counted an equal number have 8 and 9 spines. Both these and the
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. YOR
mailed specimens from Yamashiro were presented by the Imperial
Museum from the many examples collected by Dr. Ishikawa. .
Steindachner’s specimens seem to haye been more slender and to have
had higher spines than ours. .
(Named for Dr. Franz Steindachner.)
3. PYGOSTEUS UNDECIMALIS Jordan and Starks, new species.
Head 3! to 32 in length; depth 5 to 53. Dorsal XI or XII (in an ®
equal number of specimens)—10 or 11; anal1—9. Eye 84in head; snout ~
4; interorbital slightly less than diameter of eye. Maxillary reaching |
slightly past anterior margin of eye. Depth of head 1} to 14 its length. ~
Ventral spines very short and slender, equaling in length two-thirds 1
to three-fourths diameter of eye. The dorsal spines are subequal in ‘
length to the next to the last and are scarcely half the diameter of the i
eye in length. The last one is about a third higher and is equal in
length to the anal spine. .
"ASS
= SS V2 in.
Fic. 1.—PYGOSTEUS UNDECIMALIS.
The body is entirely devoid of bony plates in our specimens, except
in one example where a few plates form a keel on the caudal peduncle.
Color dark brown above, lighter below, all of the fins dusky.
This species differs from Pygosteus steindachnert in having a more
slender form, a slightly longer head, shorter and more slender ventral
spines, and particularly in having more numerous and shorter dorsal
spines. The mouth appears to be larger and the caudal peduncle to be
thicker. The color is darker. 1
Six specimens, the longest 58 mm. in length, presented by the Sap-
poro Museum, were taken at Chitose in Hokkaido by Mr. Nozawa.
The type is No. 7119, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum,”
(undecim, eleven.)
Family I. AULORHYNCHID&. |
9 -AULICHTHYS Brevoort.
Aulichthys (Breyoort) Gru, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 2349
(japonicus ).
Lateral line with a series of sharply keeled plates, each ending in a
spine; pectoral fin not emarginate; ventrals inserted under middle of
length of the pectoral fin.
a ne
No, 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. b¢
Northern Japan; one species known, well separated from the Cali-
fornian Aulorhynchus flavidus, by the row of lateral spines; the fin
rays about the same.
(avircs, tube; Zydus, fish.)
4. AULICHTHYS JAPONICUS Brevoort.
Aulichthys japonicus { Breyoort), GiiL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 234;
Shimoda.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List Fishes Japan, 1901, p. 60;
Yokohama.
Aulorhynchus japonicus STEINDACHNER Ichth. Beitr., X, 1881, p. 1, pl. v, fig. 1;
Yokohama.
Fistularude? Genus? Species? Isaikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 31; Nos. 551,
552; Boshu.
The following description is from a specimen from Tokyo, 15 cm.
long.
Head 3% in length; depth 2 in snout. Dorsal XXV-9; anal 1-10.
Lateral plates 55. Postcaudal plates 13. Eye 4 in snout, 2 in post-
orbital part of head.
The mouth is small, the maxillary is contained 24 times in the man-
dible, which is about half the length of the snout. From the back-
ward-extending process from the maxillary a shallow channel runs
backward on top of the snout to within a distance of the eye equal to
the diameter of the eye. From the supraorbital rim a short channel
runs forward to each side of the termination of the anterior median
channel. The interorbital space is slightly convex and somewhat
tugose. The length of the opercle is twice that of the rest of the
postorbital part of the head.
The pectoral fin is inserted a distance equal to the length of the
opercle from the edge of the opercle. The lower raysare the longest;
their lengthis equal to their distance from the posterior orbital margin.
The front of the dorsal is midway between the base of the caudal and
the middle of the opercle. The anal is directly under the soft dorsal and
about equal toitinlength. Where the analand the dorsal are depressed
the tips of the longest rays just reach to the base of the lastray. The
length of the caudal equals the length of the postorbital part of the
head. The lower edge of the shoulder girdle is rough and is only
covered by thin skin; it appearsas a line of dermal bone and runs back
nearly to a similar but wider line formed by the edge of pubic bones.
The length of the ventrals equals the diameter of the eye.
Caudal slightly dusky, other fins colorless; top of head dark; oper-
cles dusky above with fine brown points; a dark brown streak runs
along preorbital region to middle of eye.
We have specimens from Tokyo, Matsushima, and Boshu. The
Species is not rare in northern Japan on sandy shores.
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI.
Family II. AULOSTOMID &.
Body compressed, elongate, covered with small, ctenoid scales, —
Lateral line continuous. Head long; mouth small, at the end of a
long, compressed tube. Lower Jaw prominent, with a barbel at the
symphysis. Premaxillary feeble, not protractile; maxillary broad,
triangular, with a supplemental bone. Teeth minute, in bands on
lower jaw and vomer. Branchiostegals +. Gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth. Pseudobranchixe well developed. Gill rakers obsolete. Gill
membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Air bladder large.
Post-temporal free from cranium. Spinous dorsal present, of 8-12
very slender free spines; soft dorsal and anal rather long, similar pos-
terior, with 23 to 28 rays each; caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays —
longest, but not produced into a filament; ventrals abdominal, of 6—
rays, all articulated; pectorals broad, rounded, the space in front of—
them scaly. First four vertebree elongated. Two pyloric caeca. A
single genus, with two species, found in tropical seas. .
4 SULOS GOMUS macepede: i
;
Aulostomus Lackpkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1808, p. 3857 (chinensis) . :
Aulostoma SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1845, p. 320; change of spelling.
Polyterichthys BueeKeEr, Ternate, II, p. 608 (valentini=chinensis) .
i
Solenostomus Gronow, Cat. Fishes, Ed. Gray, 1854, p. 146 (chinensis).
Characters of the genus included above.
? / /
(avios, tube; ¢ro“a, mouth.)
5. AULOSTOMUS” VALENTINI Bleeker.
VALENTIJN, Oud- en Nieuw-Oost-Ind., Amboyna, III, 1725, pp. 323, 448, 494.
Polypterichthys valentini BurrKxer, Ternate II, about 1850, p. 608; Ternate. :
Artostoma sinensis SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1845, p. 520; ‘“Trés rare dans les”
mers du Japon.”’ 4
Aulostoma chinense Ginrier, Cat. Fish., I11, 1861, p. 538; Amboyna; Aneitum |
(not Aulostomus chinensis Lacépéde, which, after Linnzeus, is a West Indian ~
species.
The following description is from a specimen 48 cm. in length from-
Honolulu. Head 3 in length; depth 11. Dorsal XI-26; anal 26; scales”
about 230. *
Body elongate, compressed, the least depth just behind base of pec-
torals where the body is constricted below. Body expanding verti-
‘ally somewhat at soft dorsal and anal, and abrupt narrowing at caudal
peduncle, which is long and slender with parallel sides.
Eye contained 2% in post orbital part of head, 7% in snout. Lower
‘aw somewhat hooked up at tip over front of premaxillary. Maxilla-_
ries very broad, their width a little greater than eye and twice as long.
« Fistularia chinensis Linnzeus is based chiefly in the Solenostomus cauda rotundata on
Gronow, which is the West Indian species, Aulostomus coloratus. The latter species /
should properly bear the name chinensis,
NO. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE PFISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 65
Scales fine, str oneky ctenoid, at nape omnes: somew air at embedded.
Area in front of pectorals closely scaled. Head naked.
Pectorals short and broad; their length equals twice the diameter of
eye. Ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal and middle
of eye. Dorsal placed directly over anal, which is of equal length.
Base of dorsal equal to postorbital part of head and half eye. Length
of caudal contained 32 in length of snout.
Color in alcohol brownish, with 10 or 11 narrow light crossbars,
between each of which is a more or less conspicuous broken bar com-
posed of diffused spots. Fins yellowish. A black stripe across base
of dorsal and anal rays; a round black spot on upper and lower rays
of caudal; a black spot on base of ventrals; and one on middle of max-
illary. Other specimens very dark, with, scarcely any crossbars.
Others show conspicuous longitudinal light bars.
This species, common in the tropical seas from Hawaii to India, is
recorded by Schlegel as very rare in Japan. It doubtless belongs to
the fauna of the Riukiu Islands.
(Named for its discoverer, Fr. Valentijn, who wrote in 1725 on the
*“Oud- en Nieuw-Oost-Indien” and the ‘‘ Waterdieren van Amboina.”)
Family IV. FISTULARID.
Body extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep.
Sealeless, but having bony plates present on various parts of the body,
mostly covered by the skin. Head very long, the anterior bones of
the skull much produced, forming a long tube, which terminates in
the narrow mouth; this tube formed by the symplectic, proethmoid,
metapterygoid, mesopterygoid, quadrate, palatines, vomer, and mes-
ethmoid. Both jaws, and usually the vomer and palatines also, with
minute teeth; membrane uniting the bones of the tubes below, very
lax, so that the tube is capable of much dilation. Post-temporal
codssified with the cranium. Branchiostegals 5 to 7; gills 4, a slit
behind the fourth. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus;
gill rakers obsolete. Basibranchial elements wanting. Fourth supe-
rior pharyngeal missing or anchylosed to third. Pseudobranchie
present. Air bladder large. Spinous dorsal fin entirely absent; soft
dorsal short, posterior, somewhat elevated; anal fin opposite it and
similar; caudal fin forked, the middle rays produced into a long: fila-
ment; pectorals small, with a broad base, preceded by a smooth area;
processes from hypocoracaid greatly lengthened; supraclavicles very
small; ventral fins very small, wide apart, abdominal, far in advance
of the dorsal, composed of 6 soft rays. Pyloric ececa few; intestine
short. Vertebre very numerous (4+44 to 49+28 to 33); the first four
vertebre very long. Fishes of the tropical seas, related to the stickle-
backs in structure, but with prolonged snout and different ventral
fins. A single genus, with a few species.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——5
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
5. FISTULARIA Linneus.
Solenostomus Kunin, Missus, IV, 1740, p..23 (nonbinomial).
Fistularia Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 312 (tabacaria).
Cannorhynchus Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 211 (tabacaria; Fistularia being
regarded as preoccupied by Donati in 1750 for a pre-Linnzean genus of
Polyps).
Flagellaria Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 1854, p. 146 (fistularis=tabacaria) .
Characters of the genus included above. The bony shields, charac-
teristic of this genus, are the following:
1. The narrow strip along the median line of the back behind the
skull (confluent neural spines).
2. The pair of broader lateral dorsal shields. These shields are
the longest, provided anteriorly with a ridge, which is prolonged and
extends far backward between the muscles of the back. This ridge is
flexible, and does not interfere with the lateral movements of the fish.
It appears to serve as a base for the attachment of muscular fibers.
3. The narrow shield on the side is the postclavicle, its posterior part
being dilated and fixed to the lateral dorsal shields.
4. The ventral shields are the processes from the hypocoracoids.
Their posterior half is broadest, much pitted inferiorly. They are
narrower before the middle, leaving a free lanceolate space between
them, and are again a little widened anteriorly, where they join the
clavicle and urohyal. These plates extend as far backward as the
anchylosed vertebre.
(fistula, a tube or pipe.)
a. Upper lateral edges on snout sharply serrated.
b. Two middle ridges on snout well separated, diverging on anterior part of
snout, converging finally on its foremost part; skin nearly smooth. Color
Oreemish s2i23 52h is she Pose Be eae See ae eee eee depressa, 6.
bb. Two middle ridges on snout close together and parallel on anterior half of its
length, slowly converging forward from the middle; skin rough. Color,
meddishie? 3. ou Shoes ons ee eae ey oe ee petimba, 7.
6. FISTULARIA DEPRESSA Giinther
YAGARA (ARROW-SHAFT).
Fistularia depressa GinxtuER, Shore Fishes Challenger, 1880, p. 69, pl. xxxuy,_
fig. D; Sulu Islands, Natal, Zanzibar, Amboyna, China, New Guinea, New
South Wales, Fiji, Lower California.—Jorpan and EvrrMANN, Fishes N.
and M. Amer., 1, 1898, p. 757; Gulf of California, Panama.
The following description was taken from a small specimen 31 cm.
in length (without caudal filament), from Wakanoura.
Head 23 in length. Depth at pectoral fins equal to long diameter of
eye. Width just behind pectorals three-fifths of width at a point just
behind ventrals. Dorsal 15; anal 14.
Body elongate, depressed, as viewed from above the sides are nearly
parallel for a short distance behind pectorals, where it is narrower
No. 1308. HEMIBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 67
than posterior part of head, but grows abruptly broader at the pos-
terior end of the upper ite val plates and tapers gradually to the
caudal. :
The jaws are armed with a row of fine teeth. The maxillary is con-
tained 8} times in the snout, the mandible 54 times. Eye nearly twice
as long as high; extreme length of orbit equal to length of maxillary.
Interorbital space somewhat concave, less so than in 7. petimba, in
larger specimens it is flat at the sides with a channel along its middle;
the width is one-third of orbit. The median ridges on snout diverge
anteriorly; the distance between them is everywhere greater or as
great as the distance from them to the upper lateral ridge.
The ventrals are inserted from the pectorals a distance equal to the
distance of the pectoral from the anterior margin of the eye. They
are separated at their base by a space equal to the long diameter of
the eye. The dorsal and anal are directly opposite to e: a other and
similar in shape. The skin is everywhere smooth to the touch.
All of our specimens from Japan are plain brown greenish above,
but as specimens from other localities may be either plain brown or
with longitudinal stripes and spots of blue, probably blue-spotted
examples occur.
The following color description was taken from a fresh specimen
from Panama, 69 cm. in length:
Olive brown on upper parts, white below.
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 83
and Aphidee. In the structure of the mouthparts, the Physapoda are not as far
removed from the Orthoptera as are the Rhynchota; the Physapod proboscis is of a
type between the biting mouthparts of Orthoptera and the sucking mouth of the
Rhynchota, by which it is not meant that the Homoptera have developed from our
Physapoda. The biting mouth organs of the Orthoptera are here concealed by the
transformation of the mandibles into piercing bristles and the growing together of
the labrum with the maxillee and labium, while the piercing bristles form a short
tube to the sucking proboscis. In this respect the Physapoda should be considered
as Rhynchota together with the Homoptera and Heteroptera.
Thrips have the free prothorax in common with the Orthoptera s. 1. and the Ryn-
chota. The development of the meso and metathorax shows that at least the meta-
sternum and mesosternum are nearly equal to those in the Orthoptera, while the
absence of the metaphragma, which is always present in the Orthoptera, and the dis-
appearance of the long metathoracic muscles which are not reduced there, bring
Thrips into close connection with the Homoptera. The first ventral ring is main-
tained through the absence of the first ventral plate and the entrance of the dorsal
plate into the thoracic covering in the Physapoda just as in many Orthoptera s. 1.,
but a quite similar condition is also shown in the first abdominal segment of the
Homopterous Psyllidee, a sign that Orthopteroid characters may be retained even in
genuine Rhynchota.
A reduction of the system of venation of the wing takes place in the Phytophthira
as in the Physapoda, but not in the same degree in the Orthopteras. 1. Tho Physapod
wing isa Phytophthiran wing in which the large spread is greatly reduced, as in the
Pterophoridie, by the development of long fringes.
In regard to the concentrated nervous system, Thrips come very close to Rhyn-
chota and are far removed from the Orthoptera, but in this connection it is worth
noting that the aberrant Mallophaga, provided with biting mouth parts, also possess a
concentrated nervous system. Aside from these doubtful cases, all other Orthoptera
have a developed chain of ventral ganglia. The tracheal system of Thrips has the
small number of three or four pairs of stigmata. We find the stigmata reduced
usually in the breathing organs of holometabolous insects. Among the Rhynchota we
find it as in the Coccidze; all other Rhynchota and the Orthoptera are holopneustic.
The alimentary canal of Physapoda is characterized by the possession of four mal-
pighian vessels which occur in like manner in all Rhynchota with the exception of the
Aphid which have none, and the Coccidze which have two urinary organs. The
Orthoptera have a large number of urinary tubes, with the exception of the Termi-
tide and Psocidse with six and the Mallophaga with four. The long, slender zeso-
phagus of Terebrantia which reaches even into the abdomen is found also in the
Psyllide, the large loop of the midgut of Terebrantia is characteristic of many Homop-
tera, but in these the enlargement of the loop of the gut running back, takes place
at the beginning of the midgut.
The male sexual apparatus, with its simple, often pear-shaped testes, resembles the
Mallophaga about as much as the Phytophthira; the female organs, from the rosette
arrangement of the ovarian tubes, resembles the tubes in the Rhynchota; the want
of connective strands of the eggs with the germ area places the ovaries especially
beside those of the Cicadelline. The genital armature of the Terebrantia is found in
the Grthoptera and Phytophthira.
_ Jn anatomical respects, therefore, the Physapoda come nearer the Homoptera than
the Orthoptera s. 1. There is also a series of biological facts which strengthen still
further the connection of these insects with the Homoptera. First, I would recall
that the Physapoda with their nymph and pronymph stages, in which they take no
nourishment, exhibit a very similar transformation to that which is known to take
place in Coccid males. The parthenogenesis of Thrips is not Orthopteroid, but a
method of reproduction which is peculiar chiefly to the Phytophthira. The frequent
sai i
oceurrence of apterous species without rudiments of wings, the condition that one _
sex is so frequently winged while the other is wingless, that among the normally —
winged species there appear individuals with reduced wings, that the latter phenom- |
enon occurs especially toward autumn; all these are occurrences which take place to
a considerable degree in the Phytophthira.
The manner of nourishment of Thrips, their life in larval colonies, the rapid and
successive development of each generation, the sucking of plant roots by the larve, —
the periodical swarming of multitudes of the winged species give to Thrips through-
out an Aphid-like character.
Therefore we can not doubt that we must separate the Physapoda from the
Orthoptera s. 1., but we must still determine whether we may incorporate them into
the Rhynchota. If we maintain the division of the insects into eight orders (Thysa-
nura, Orthoptera s. 1., Rhynehota, Neuroptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera,
and Coleoptera) and include in these orders the aberrant Siphonaptera, Mallophaga,
Strepsiptera, the first in the Diptera, the others in the Orthoptera and Coleoptera,
then we must also consider the Physapoda as Rhynchota and divide the Rhynchota
into Heteroptera, Homoptera, and Physapoda.
But if, according to Brauer’s classification, we break up the conglomeration of the
Orthoptera s. 1. into several orders of insects equivalent to the well-defined Coleop-
tera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Neuroptera, and also consider the
aberrant Siphonaptera as a single order, just as the Bryozoa, Echinorhyncha, etc.,
represent aberrant types of worms, then there is no necessity for destroying the unity
of the type of the Rhynchota by the incorporation of the Physapoda, but we can
erect for Thrips a new order, the phyllogenetic value of which we find in that they
have branched off from the line of the Orthoptera-Homoptera-Heteroptera where the
Orthopteroid characters of the Homoptera are not entirely suppressed, and that they
exhibit special mouth parts which morphologically still remain somewhat Orthop-
teroid, but functionally are quite Rhynchotoid. The Mallophaga with their Rhyn-
chota-like nervous system and their four malpighian vessels must have branched off
before the Physapoda. Their special connection with the Physapoda arises from
the form of the tracheal stigmata in the development of the thorax in which the »
metanotum, as in the Physapoda, is larger than the mesonotum in contrast with all
Rhynchota and Orthoptera. If we collect the Mallophaga, Psocidee, and Termitidee »
as Corrodentia with Brauer, then we must place Physapoda in the system between
Corrodentia and Rhynchota.
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. xxvii
;
4
COLLECTION OF THYSANOPTERA.
As the life habits of species of this order differ very greatly, the
methods of collection must be varied according to the species. The
majority of these insects are to be found in flowers, grass, etc.; many
are found exclusively in turf or near the surface of the ground; others,
are taken most commonly under the bark of trees, on foliage, etc.
For the grass-inhabiting species, I have found a short-handled sweep-_
ing net, made of fine muslin, most serviceable. Other cloths may be
used, but the texture must be considerably finer than that of cheese:
cloth or many of the smaller species can easily pass through it and
escape. Asa white background greatly facilitates the observation of |
these small creatures, the contents of the net may be carefully exam-
ined by slowly turning it inside out without emptying it or the net.
may be emptied and the contents be examined upon a sheet of white:
paper carried for the purpose. Small phials serve as convenient recep-
*
+
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 85
tacles for the collections from various plants or other sources and thus
they may be kept separate if desired. The most convenient method
yet found for catching these lively little animals is to moisten a fine
eamel’s-hair brush and place it directly upon the escaping actively
jumping or flying forms. Those that are more sluggish in their move-
ments can be easily lifted upon the point of the brush and transferred
to the phial, which may be stoppered with a cork or wad of cotton. A
label giving such data as it is desired to preserve may be placed in the
phial or attached to the outside and a bit of the food plant may well
be placed inside with the insects. In this bottle they may be kept
alive for some time, if it is not convenient to preserve them at once.
Uzel recommends for collection from flowers, inclosing the flower
head, insects and all, in a four-cornered paper bag, folding the upper
edge over twice and fastening with a pin. Flowers of only one sort
should be placed ina bag. The contents of the bags are examined at
home upon a sheet of white paper and the escaping creatures captured
with the aid of a fine brush dipped in alcohol. In winter, dried flow-
ers and grass stems yield many hibernating forms.
Tree-inhabiting species may be found by beating over a white sur-
face, or foliage may be collected and sifted by means of a fine beetle
sieve, which is a great convenience for this work. In this way may be
found also many species inhabiting turf, moss, fallen foliage, or decay-
ing bark. The sifting may be done directly over white paper or the
siftings collected by means of a fine bag fastened around the sieve and
examined at the collector’s leisure at home. Some species are known
to inhabit certain oak galls and probably other galls will be found to
shelter other species. The gall is, as a rule, the work of some other
insect which the Thrips has appropriated for its home, but in Aus-
tralia some galls are said to be formed by the Thrips themselves. Both
Uzel and Jordan state that many inhabit fungi, but I have not yet
found any in such a location.
PRESERVATION AND MOUNTING.
Various methods of preserving these tiny insects have been tried.
Being so small that it is impossible to study them without the aid of
‘a compound microscope, the method has been sought for which would
best preserve the natural form and color of the insect and the most
satisfactory results have been obtained in the following simple way:
The specimens to be mounted, having been brought into the labora-
tory alive in small bottles, are quickly killed, and at the same time
cleared, by dropping them directly into xylol in which they are left
for about an hour. They may then be mounted directly in balsam dis-
solved in xylol without danger of cloudiness resulting from moisture
in the insect body. The mounts are clear, natural colors are well
preserved, and when dried they are permanent and always available
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
for study. Working with such small insects, it is difficult to arrange
them satisfactorily upon the slide, but with patience and care this can
be accomplished fairly well. The wings should be spread, and this
condition has, as a rule, been most easily obtained by transferring the
insect from the xylol to the center of a clean slide, and then teasing
the wings out to the desired position by means of a fine bristle. The
balsam is then placed on the cover and gently lowered onto the insect.
As the balsam spreads it tends to carry out the wings, legs, and
antenne so that they are in a position for study. It is a convenience
in study to have two specimens on the same slide, one being dorsal,
the other ventral side up. Specimens of different species should not
be placed upon the same slide. If it is desired to keep a large num-
ber of duplicates, it is not, perhaps, advisable to mount them all in
this way, as they can be fairly well preserved by placing the living
insects directly in about 80 per cent aleohol. Alcohol is, however,
liable, or even likely, to cause an abnormal distension of the body,
especially with Tubulifera, and if some of these distended specimens
are afterwards mounted permanently for study it will be found that
their general appearance has become so changed that the species 1s
scarcely recognizable. For this reason I can recommend alcohol only
for duplicates of well known species and never for undescribed
material.
While balsam mounts, made as described, seem to be best. for pre-
serving the general natural appearance of the insect, mounts made in
another way are more useful for study of the chitinous structure.
Everything but the chitin is dissolved by allowing the specimen to
mascerate for from twenty-four to thirty-six hours in a cold 10 per.
cent solution of caustic potash, or by boiling for a few minutes in a
little of the same solution. When thoroughly cleared the specimen
may be mounted directly in elycerin, or washed in water, dehydrated
in alcohol followed by xylol, and then mounted in balsam. Such
mounts can be examined under high-power lenses and reveal many |
fine details of chitinous structure which can not be seen in ordinary
mounts.
A few words in regard to glycerin mounts may save some one such)
disappointment and loss as my experience with them has caused me.
During one summer quite a large number of mounts were made by
placing the insect directly into elycerin contained in a low cell, made
either of white zinc cement or hard glycerin jelly, the cover glass:
being carefully sealed on with the white zinc cement in each case.
These mounts were beautifully clear at first and were placed aside for
study during the winter. When examined again after a few months
they were found to be ruined and worthless. Nearly every specimen
was more or less thickly covered, especially around the spiracles and
thin membranous areas, with dense clusters of white, needle-like
no. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 87
crystals, many oF which were ee floating tirough: ie Gcena
Asa result these slides, containing most of the results of a summer’s
collecting, had to be thrown away. The exact composition of the
crystals was not determined, but it is supposed that they were mostly
phosphates which had been dissolved in the juices of the insect’s body.
As the juices were gradually drawn out, the phosphatic salts, not
being soluble in the glycerin, were deposited as the white crystals.
There are still other objections to glycerin as a mounting medium
for Thysanoptera, though it may be all right for other insects. The
dark pigment of the eyes is frequently dissolved out by glycerin, and
spreads all through the head, suffusing it with a dark color, which
obscures all details in that region. Furthermore, glycerin does not
preserve the tissues of the body fora very long time. They gradually
go to pieces, the segments spread apart, and the mount becomes
worthless in the course of a few years. Of course this objection to
glycerin does apply to the mounting of chitin which has been cleared
from all soft tissues by treatment with caustic potash solution, as
chitin is unaffected by glycerin.
EXTERNAL ANATOMY.
INTEGUMENT.
Adult.—The chitinous skeleton of these insects is quite firm. The
body wall is made up of strongly chitinized, rigid plates joined together
by thin and very flexible membranes. The texture of the plates
appears usually to be quite uniform in different parts of the same
specimen. In the head, especially, several of them are so smoothly
joined that no sutures are visible. The thin connecting membrane
may be smooth and of a uniform thickness, or, as in many parts of
the Tubulifera, it may show a peculiar structure in the nature of regu-
lar, distinct, very minute, plate- like thickenings, varying in form but
Brien circular or hexagonal, giving a decidedly granular appearance to
the area.
The chitin is frequently thrown into more or less distinct folds or
ridges, most frequently transverse in direction, but often branching
and running together to form a reticulated structure. The back of
the head and the pronotum are most frequently marked in this way.
Sometimes the ridges become very thick and pronounced, and form a
regular network over the surface so conspicuous as to be of use in
classification (L/eliothrips, Parthenothrips, see Plate VI, fie. 64). This
reticulation may extend over the whole outer surface of the body,
legs, and even the fore wings, but always seems to be heaviest upon
the head and pronotum. It is not known to occur in the olothr ipidee,
but is found in several species of Thripide, and I have discovered it
in an undescribed species of Phlaothripide.
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
In certain parts of the body there are found invaginations of the
chitinous, external skeleton serving as advantageous points for the
attachment of muscles. These can best be seen on the meso and
metasternal plates of winged species of Thripidee, and are darker than
the plates in color. Many species show a narrow, transverse line
across the second to seventh dorsal abdominal plates near the anterior
edge of each. This dark line is caused by-a chitinous, ridge-like
thickening forming an arch on the inside of each of these plates.
The chitin of the skeleton is rarely entirely unpigmented. Pig-
mentation may take place in the cuticle itself, when the color is usually
gray, yellow, brown, or black, or color may appear from pigments
deposited in the hypodermis or fat-body. Such deposits are usually
very irregular and of a yellow, red, or purple color. Pigments are
frequently present in both places in the same individual. Metallic
colors do not oceur.
Larva.—Vhe chitin of the larva is much less firm than that of the
adult, and there is scarcely any differentiation in texture or structure
between the plates and connecting membranes. The surface is not
reticulated, but is usually considerably wrinkled transversely and
roughened, though sometimes it is quite smooth.
Pigments are rarely present in the chitin of the larva, and when
they do occur the colors seem to be Jimited to gray, yellow, or brown. |
Larvee are usually cf yellow or red color, but these colors are due to —
hypodermal or fat-body pigments, and to some extent, perhaps, to the
body fluids. :
Pupa.—The delicacy of the chitinous covering of the early stages |
‘an be seen during the period of transformation. It is then thin, —
smooth, and often shining. The cuticle forms a delicate sheath around —
the wings, antenne, and legs, and toward the end of this stage can be —
plainly seen separated from the body of the inclosed adult. i
Integunental appendages.—These are present in the form of hairs, i
bristles, or spines which are variously modified. They are frequently —
borne upon small warts or tubercles which can be most distinctly seen —
upon the cheeks of many Tubulifera. The membranes of the wings —
are thickly set with microscopic hairs, usually either darker than the—
membrane itself or sharing its color. In some species (Sericothrips,
various species) the abdomen is also thickly set with microscopic hairs, ¢
giving it a sleek, velvety appearance, and whorls of similar minute
hairs often mark the antennal segments. The posterior fringes of the —
wings are always composed of long slender hairs, usually more or less”
spiral or wavy in appearance and inserted either directly into the edge —
of the wing (Tubulifera) or attached by a joint toa fixed base upon the —
edge (Terebrantia). This joint allows of motion only in the plane of ©
the wing and toward its tip; it facilitates the folding of the hairs into—
line with the edge of the wing when the latter is brought to rest. r
‘
"|
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 89
In nearly all species numerous short, small spines are borne upon
the various parts, especially upon the prothorax, legs, and antenne.
Larger and more conspicuous spines or bristles mark especially the
exposed parts of the body such as the vertex of the head, the angles
of the prothorax, the veins of the wings in the Terebrantia, and the
last two or three segments of the abdomen. Special modifications of
these larger spines are found in many adult Tubulifera in the form of
hairs which have usually a slender shaft and at the tip are roundly
knobbed or irregularly funnel-shaped, though sometimes they are
short and cut off squarely at the tip where they are fully as large as at
their base.
Larve and pupe of both suborders, in many cases, bear such
knobbed or funnel hairs which, when present in the pup, are even
longer and more slender than in the larvee. The spines in many cases
are placed in quite regular segmental rows, both in transverse and
longitudinal directions.
HEAD.
The form of the head is peculiar and extremely variable. (See figs. 4,
14, 27, 55, 93, 107, etc.) But while this variation is great between
different species, the proportion of length to breadth in the same
species is very constant. The different sclerites forming the head are
so completely fused as to be indistinguishable and we can therefore
designate the regions of the head only ina general way. The dorsal
portion back of the eyes is called the occiput, that between the eyes
and extending forward to the bases of the antenne is the vertex,
between the bases of the antenne and the attachment of the mouth
cone on the ventral side is the frons, while the sides of the head are
called the cheeks (genze of other orders). The usual appendages of
the insect head are present and ‘will be considered separately.
Antennxe.—These are inserted upon the extreme front of the head
and stand quite closely together upon the front margin between the
eyes. They are always much longer than the head and may be two or
three times as long. The number of segments is a character of much
importance in classification and varies from six to nine. The form of
the segments ranges from cylindrical to almost spherical, and this
character is also of importance in classification. The spines upon the
segments become more numerous as the apex is approached, and on
the intermediate segments are mostly borne upon the apical half of
each. The Molothripide lack the specialized form and arrangement
of the spines which is found in Thripide; their antenne are quite
uniformly clothed with short hairs or bristles. In the Thripide this
general hairiness is lost, except in those species having whorls of hairs
around intermediate segments, while a few much longer and usually
more conspicuous spines are developed. The antennal spines of Phloe-
othripide resemble in a general way those of Thripide. In both
90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
these families certain spines seem to have undergone much modifica-
tion and to have become specialized as sense organs of some particular
sort. (See Plate XJ, figs. 123, 124.) They are larger than the unspe-
cialized spines, thin walled and almost transparent, and usually end in
a blunt point. In some species they are quite prominent, but as a-rule
are inconspicuous and require a careful adjustment of the light to be
clearly seen. They are always simple in Phlceothripide and are
usually borne upon segments three to tive, sometimes three to seven.
In the Thripide similar structures are found, but they have under-
gone even greater specialization in most cases. In a few genera
(Chirothrips, Limothrips, Aptinothrips, and Parthenothrips) they are
simple and stand singly, one to a segment, upon the outer angles of
segments three, four, and sometimes five, and upon the inner side at
about the middle of six. In most cases, however, it appears that two
of these specialized spines have approached and united at their base,
so that we find upon the upper side of segment three and the under
side of four, near their tips, a peculiar crescentic organ having the
same apparent structure as the specialized spines just described and
borne upon a small stalk standing ina clear, membranous area. (Plate
XI, fig. 128.) In some cases these organs are shaped much like the
horns of cattle and are curved in two directions, being curved forward
and also toward the axis of the antenna. The fifth segment sometimes
bears a simple spine and another one is also well developed upon the
inner side of the sixth. The function of these structures is uncertain,
but they are usually called sense cones.
In the Aolothripide an entirely different type of sense organ is
found, though the two may possibly have much the same function.
Upon the underside of segments three and four are narrow, much
elongated longitudinally, thin, membranous areas, situated upon the
outer half of each segment and a very small round spot of similar
structure is similarly placed near the tip of segment five. (Plate XJ,
fig. 122.) These membranous areas strongly suggest an auditory
function, but this is, perhaps, only a possibility.
Abnormal antenne are not uncommon, and one or both may be
deformed. The most common variation is in the line of a reduction
in the number of segments through the fusion of two or more of the —
apical ones. Such deformed antenne may not be shorter than the
normal ones, but there is usually some reduction in length. In one
case, at least (Aptinothrips rufus var. connatticornis), there occurs a
regular and apparently normal fusion of the two segments constitut-
ing the style of the typical form with the sixth segment (Plate V, figs.
52, 54), which in this case is considered as a varietal distinction. An
increase in the number of segments above the normal, by a division of
one or more, is not known.
The antennx are carried extended forward in front of the head, and —
"No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 91
are not normally laid back along the body when at rest. In the
Terebrantia the first two segments are usually markedly broader than
the others. ;
Larval antennz vary considerably from those of adults. The num-
ber of segments is constantly smaller, and the form is generally
changed. Sense cones are not present, and the arrangement of spines
is quite different from that in the adult.
ORGANS OF VISION.
Lyes.—Adult Thrips possess faceted eyes, which are borne upon
the front angles of the head and extend downward onto the frons
about as far as they do upward onto the vertex; rarel y they are situ-
ated farther back upon the sides of the head, but still near the front,
They are circular, oval, or reniform in outline. The size and number
of facets varies considerably in different species, as does also the close-
ness of the facets to each other. The eyes are quite large, as com-
pared with the size of the head, being together about one-half the
width of the head through them. In many species, especially in Tere-
brantia, they are strongly protruding (Helvothrips, Parthenothrips).
The individual facets are usually considerably swollen, and small hairs
project from between them, thus giving the eyea peculiar resem-
blance to the surface of a raspberry. The cornea is quite thick, trans-
parent, usually slightly tinged with yellow, and appears like a light-
colored margin around the outside of the eye. The part of the head
closely adjoining the eye is frequently also much lighter in color than
the remainder of the head.
The pigmentation of the eye is dense and dark, so that, as a rule,
by transmitted light the eye is entirely opaque, while by reflected
light it may be red or very dark purple in color.
The eyes of larve are much smaller and simpler than those of the
adults. They consist of but few large, separated facets, and are situ
ated farther back upon the sides of the head.
Ocelli.—These are adult structures, and are not present in larve,
though the pigment of the developing ocelli can sometimes be seen
late in the larval stage. They are not always present, however, even
in the adults. They are three in number, situated more or less closely
together between the eyes on the vertex of the head, and are placed
always in the form of a triangle, with its apex forward. Rarely only
two ocelli are present, and it is then the front one which is wanting.
Ocelli are present in all winged forms, and usually also in the short-
winged forms of winged species. They are absent, however, in
entirely wingless species.
MOUTH PARTS.
The mouth parts of Thrips are difficult to study, and so pecul larly
modified that it has been found hard to determine their homologies.
92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
This fact accounts largely for the many changes which have been made
in the classification of this group. It is now generally admitted that
their action is largely suctorial. They exhibit structures which seem
to show a transition from a mandibulate to a haustellate form, and for
this reason are of peculiar interest.
As a whole the mouth apparatus appears as a broad, unjointed cone
attached to the extreme posterior edge of the under side of the head,
being carried so far back that its attachment to the rest of the head
lies largely under the pronotum (Plate X, fig. 111). The apex of the
cone is usually quite sharp, but never as slender as in the Hemiptera,
and lies, when at rest, in a depression of the prosternum between the
fore cox. In many species the mouth cone is bluntly rounded. In
the Terebrantia it is attached to the frons by a strongly chitinized
thickening, running more or less obliquely across the under side of the
head. In most species this dark thickening is nearer the left eye than
the right and is connected by a similar thickening with the margin of
the left eye (Plate XI, fig. 120). This connection is wanting on the
right side, though a portion of the thickening still remains close to the
right eye. In the Tubulifera the base of the mouth cone is much more
nearly symmetrical and the connections with the eyes are entirely
wanting (Plate XI, fig. 127).
Asymmetry.—sSo far as we can learn, Prof. H. Garman was the first
to call attention to the very peculiar asymmetry which is characteristic
of the mouth parts of the members of this order, and he gave a new
interpretation to certain of these parts, which we believe to be correct.
Not only is the connection of the mouth cone, as a whole, with the
frons asymmetrical, but also some of the individual parts of the mouth
are markedly so. The most striking of these are the form of the—
labrum and the absence of the right mandible. These parts will be
considered more in detail by themselves.
Labrum.—tThe labrum forms the front wall of the cone (Plate XI,
figs. 120, 127). It is decidedly asymmetrical in all Thysanoptera, but —
especially so in the Terebrantia. It is irregularly triangular in form,
does not reach to the endocranial thickening, but is attached by its
broad base to the clypeus by an indistinct membranous connection.
From the base it narrows to the tip, where it is more or less rounded —
in Terebrantia, but is quite pointed and spine-like in many Tubulifera,
though bluntly rounded in others. It is drawn out much farther
toward the right cheek than toward the left, and on the right side also
approaches most closely to the transverse thickening. The labrum is
usually abruptly darker in color than the area between its base and
the transverse thickening.
Mawille.—The mixille are broad, flat, and external. Like the
labrum, they are wedge-shaped or triangular in general form, and they
constitute the side walls of the mouth cone. They taper toward their —
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 93
tips, where they are quite sharply pointed and strongly chitinized, and
may reach slightly beyond the labrum. At about the middle point of
the side of each maxilla is borne a two or three segmented palpus.
In the Molothripide this is always three segmented and geniculate;
in the Thripidee it is composed of two or three approximately equal
segments and is straight, the segments being cylindrical but decreas-
ing successively in diameter; in the Phloothripide it is always two
segmented and the segments are very unequal in length, the basal one
being short and rounded while the second is long, slender, and cylin-
drical. The terminal segment is in all cases provided with a few touch
bristles which are but rarely distinctly and easily visible.
Labium.—The labium is believed to be formed by the union of the
second pair of maxiile and in many insects evidence of this can be
seen, but in the Thysanoptera there is no visible suture along the
median line, though sometimes a deep median notch is present at the
tip. It forms the hind wall of the mouth cone and is, as a rule, con-
siderably broader at the tip than the other parts. In many species, of
Tubulifera especially, it is very broad and heavy at the tip, but in
others it is narrowed and the whole mouth cone is then usually elon-
gated and pointed. Standing closely together, each upon a membra-
nous space a little to one side of the middle of the tip, are the two or
four segmented, cylindrical, labial palpi. The maximum number of
segments is here found also in the Molothripide, and the minimum
number in the Thripidz and Phleothripide. Around the tips of the
labial palpi are borne a few touch bristles similar to those upon the
maxillary palpi.
Within the hollow cone formed by the parts just described lie the
protrusile, piercing organs of the Thysanopteran mouth. These
organs are three in number and of two kinds. Their homologies have
been confused by various writers.
Mandible.—This is the large, unpaired, piercing spine lying on the
left side in the mouth cavity. It has been variously interpreted as
epipharynx, mouth spine, etc. In the right side of the head there is
no trace, or but a mere vestige, of the corresponding organ. The
absence of the right mandible appears to be closely correlated to all
the asymmetry of the mouth parts of these insects. The mandible con-
sists of two parts, though these are not separated in any way. The
large bulbous base appears to be mostly muscular and is attached to the
endocranial thickening behind the left eye close to the angle which is
made by the endocranium at this point, and about in line with the
branch from this thickening running to the left eye in Terebrantia,
which branch thus appears to form a strong brace. On the right side
the absence of this endocranial branch is doubtless due to the non-
development of the right mandible, and the labrum has grown out
farther on the right side to take the place in some measure of the
94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVI.
wanting structures. The muscular base is short and abruptly con-
stricted, and from this point to the tip the mandible continues as a
slender, strongly chitinized spine having a very sharp point. This
structure is capable of protrusion for only about one-fourth of its
length, and therefore appears to be used only for piercing the outer,
tougher tissues of plants. The mandible in the Tubulifera is decidedly
shorter and more bent than is that in the Terebrantia.
Maxillary lobes.—This pair of piercing organs has been considered
by the majority of writers as the mandibles, but such they surely are
not. Dissection shows that they are attached by a movable joint to
the bases of the maxille. Each lobe is composed of two parts: A short
basal, muscular arm or lever attached to the maxilla, and at the other
end united to the enlarged, muscular base of the spine which is very
slender and strongly chitinized. These spines are longer and more
slender than the mandible and are developed alike on each side. When
retracted into the mouth, the basal arm or lever extends obliquely for-
ward so that the lever forms an acute angle with the spine, which then
reaches just to the mouth, but when protruded the lever is brought
down toward the mouth so as to straighten this joint, and the spine is
thus thrust out from the mouth opening to a considerable distance.
As these spines are more slender and protrude farther from the mouth
than does the mandible, it appears probable that the latter is used to
start the puncture through the hard, tough outer tissues, while the
weaker lobes of the maxille, penetrating deeper through this opening,
reach into the inner tissues. Some writers have stated that the three
spines are hollow and used as suction tubes, but I have not found this
to be the case in the species examined.
There is a marked difference in length of the maxillary lobes in the
two suborders. In the Tubulifera they are extremely long, and when
retracted curve far forward under the eyes, while in the Terebrantia
the bend of the lobes scarcely reaches beyond the transverse thickening.
In the Tubulifera these lobes are altogether longer than the entire head
and can be protruded in many species as far as the hind edge of the
mesosternum.
Other mouth structures.— Attached to the inner surface of the labium
are certain other chitinized structures hard to describe and of uncer-
tain homology, but considered by some as an hypopharynx.
Larve.—The mouth parts of the larva are much the same as those
of the adult, though weaker and less strongly chitinized. The chitin
of these structures is shed at each molt, and may then be seen con-
nected with the cast-off skin.
Movements of mouth parts.—The parts forming the external-wall of —
the mouth cone are not free, being united by a membranous connection |
along their sides. At the tip of the cone there is a small opening. It |
thus appears that structurally these insects are incapable of biting or |
|
|
=|
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 95
chewing their food to any degree, though it has been stated that par-
ticles of leaf tissue have been detected in their excrement. This may
be accounted for by the fact that the mouth parts are quite strongly
chitinized at their tips, and so may serve, to some extent, to rasp
or tear the tissues, small particles of which may be drawn into the
alimentary canal with the sap.
THORAX.
(Plate XI, figs. 116-119, 125-127.)
The thorax is composed of three distinct segments, each of which is
well developed. The prothorax is separated from the mesothorax hy
a deep constriction and is freely movable. The other thoracic seg-
ments are closely grown together and form what. is conveniently
called the pterothorax. The larval thorax shows no particular chitin-
ized plates and its whole structure and the arrangement and develop-
ment of the spines have been but little studied.
Most previous descriptions of the thoracic structure of these insects
have been very brief. Unfortunately Dr. Uzel has given the entire
anatomical part of his monograph in Hungarian, and therefore his
description of the thorax has not been available. It is evident that
there is considerable variation in the thoracie structures in different
species, and it may be that when carefully worked out these parts will
be found to have considerable importance in classification, whereas
they have not been used in this way heretofore. A general deserip-
tion of the parts of the thorax is difficult to give and must be subject
to much modification in many species as the homologies of some parts
are not well established.
Prothorax.—This segment is as wide or wider than the head and
varies much in its proportions and form. It is rarely much longer
than wide, usually exceeds the mesothorax in length, and in most cases
approximately equals the metathorax. The form in the Terebrantia
is usually more or less rectangular, with the sides and hind edge espe-
cially somewhat rounded. This form is also found in some Tubulifera,
but as a rule among them the thorax is trapezoidal, being much wider
at the hind edge than at the front. This trapezoidal form appears to
be closely related to the development of the fore legs, since in the
genus Chirothrips where the fore legs are extremely thickened there
Is found the same form of prothorax as in the Tubuliferan genera
where the fore femora are also enlarged.
The pronotum is strongly chitinized. In the Thripidee it is usually
more or less transversely striated and often bears numerous small
spines. In the other families it is generally smooth.
In most Thysanoptera the prothorax bears long conspicuous spines,
the number and arrangement of which are much used in classification.
These stand usually around the outside of the pronotum—one or two
|
96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ° VOL. XXVI.
at each angle and a pair on each of the transverse margins, and in
some species one in the middle of each side. The maximum number
is therefore twelve. When only one or two pairs are present they
are at the hind angles. The form and size of these spines is also varia-
ble. They may be quite short and inconspicuous or nearly as long as
the protonum itself. In many Plceothripide they are knobbed or
funnel shaped at the tips.
Ina number of species of Tubulifera, a division of the pronotum
into plates near the hind angles has been observed. Two triangular
plates coming up from behind the middle on the side and at about the
hind angles meet at a point considerably within the margin and above
the fore coxe. The prosternum is less strongly chitinized than the
pronotum and at about the middle of the fore edge is often indented
to accommodate the mouth cone. The insertions of the fore cox are
at the hind angles and the distance between them depends upon the
width of the hind edge of the prothorax. In some species the proster-
num appears to be entirely membranous, while in others there are two
small plates between the coxe near the hind margin. The episternum
and epimeron are more easily distinguishable in most Tubulifera than
in Terebrantia.
Mesothorar.—The mesothorax is a broad, short segment, often the
broadest of the body. The mesonotum is shorter than the mesosternum,
though the latter approximately equals the metasternum as a rule, in
consequence of which the division between the meso and metathoracie
segments is oblique. The mesoscutum is usually a rather hexagonal
plate, somewhat broader than long, and has thickened edges which are
bent inward and used for the attachment of muscles, as is shown by —
cross sections of this region of the body. A narrow prescutum can
be easily distinguished in some species, though in others it appears to
be closely fused with the scutum. On each side of the scutum isa
membranous area upon which the fore wings are inserted, at the
bases of which there are chitinous thickenings for the attachment of
muscles and also serving as pivotal points. A small, curved, triangular
tegula is present in many, if not all, Terebrantia. Upon its broad
edge, next the base of the wing, it is furnished, in Holothrips, with
a row of five or six small, stout spines which point directly toward |
the base of the wing, upon which, very near its base, there stands a
somewhat larger, curved spine which, when the wings are extended
in flight, points toward and would appear to engage some one of those —
upon the tegula. This is a peculiar and interesting structure the
purpose of which can only be conjectured. In Thripide the tegula is
present, but I have found no species having the spines fully developed, |
though little knobs or vestiges of such structures are present in some
cases. The tegula is not always distinctly visible. At each anterior
angle of the mesothorax there is a larger or smaller spiracle, which is
.
m:
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y
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 97
usually much elongated and narrow in Terebrantia, while in Tubulifera
itis more rounded. In front of the spiracle a narrow plate extends
up over the shoulder and meets the mesoscutum. This plate in some
cases is only an upturned portion of the broad mesosternum, but in
others is distinctly separated therefrom. This plate may be called the
episternum, either separate or fused with the mesosternum. Behind
the spiracle and below the attachment of the fore wings, there are one
or two quite broad skeletal pieces which are rather triangular in shape.
The mesosternum usually covers the whole ventral surface of the seg-
ment and its edges bend upward at the sides (e. g., [Heliothrips, see
Plate XI, fig. 119). In some species, however, it is an hexagonal plate
similar to the mesoscutum and but little larger, while the episternal
and epimeral plates are elongated and meet the sternum upon the
ventral surface. Upon the median line of the sternum there is in all
species, though very weak in the wingless ones, a quite deep chitinous
invagination more or less forked and serving for the attachment of
strong muscles (Plate XF, figs. 117, 119, 127). These endothoracie
structures are plainly visible in most species. The middle legs are
inserted far apart at the very hind angles of the mesosternum.
Metathorav.—This segment is usually slightly narrower than the
preceding and generally tapers slightly to the base of the abdomen.
Its dorsal plates are two, usually distinctly separated: a scutum and a
scutellum. On each side of these a membranous strip continuing that
from the mesothorax, extends backward to the base of the abdomen.
The hind wings are attached quite close to the fore wings and in a sim-
ilar manner. Near the bases of the hind wings lies in Tubulifera a
very distinct rounded or oval spiracle. This spiracle is present and
visible in many (Uzel says ‘‘all”) Terebrantia, but I have been unable
to find it in some species; in others it is extremely small and appar-
ently functionless, while in still others it can be distinctly seen. The
metasternum is broad and its edges curve upward around the sides of
the body. At the front edge of this side lies a narrow triangular
plate, the meta-episternum, while the meta-epimeron is here a narrow
elongated plate lying above and close to the upturned edge of the
sternum. The metasternum bears also a prominent endothoraciec
structure in the middle and the edges of the plates are often bent
inward and thickened. The attachment of the abdomen is so oblique
that the hind cox lie beneath the first abdominal segment. The hind
coxw are well separated and the sternum usually projects back between
them as a distinct lobe or conical protuberance.
Variation in the structure of the pterothorax in wingless species.—The
pterothorax is similar in both short and long winged individuals and
We may expect to find at times long winged specimens of usually short
Winged species. In species which are entirely wingless, however, or
in those one sex of which is always wingless, a marked yariation in
Proc. N, M. vol. xxvi—02 fi
: ;
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI.
the pe ocaee of = pterothorax | is evident in the wingless individuals
(Plate XI, fig. 125). The size of the pterothorax becomes greatly
reduced in such cases as no great muscular development is needed to
move the legs alone and the pterothorax is, perhaps, but little larger
than the prothorax. The dorsal plates of both segments lose the usual
form and become rectangular and transversly broadened, extending
over the membranous space which is usually present along each side.
No traces of wings are present and there is no longer any place for
them. As a consequence of the decrease in musculature the endo-
thoracic structures have become very much weaker, though still plainly
visible.
APPENDAGES OF THE THORAX: LEGS.
The legs of Thrips are among their most characteristic structures —
and can hardly be mistaken for those of any other insects, whether
short and powerfully thickened or long and slender. They are com-
posed of the usual parts of the insect leg, which may be readily dis- |
tinguished. The attachments to the thorax are quite far apart and at .
the very hind edge of each segment. The fore legs are often shorter ~
and thicker than the others and more specialized.
Cova.—This basal segment is large, usually subconical and quite —
freely movable. The fore coxe, especially in Phlceothripide, often
bear a few short, very stout, sharp spines and one long spine at the
outside, but aside from these spines the coxe exhibit little that seems _
to be worthy of note. :
Trochanter.—This is a short, small segment between the coxa and ~
the larger femur, its line of nse nen: with the latter being often
considerably ppc :
Femur.—This, the first prominent segment of the leg, 1 is quite longi
and more or ieee cylindrical or fusiform. The fore pair is frequently
distinguished by much greater thickness than those of the other legs,
(especially in Phleothripidee), the enlargement taking place in the upper
side of the base and diminishing toward the outer end. In Chirothrips—
the lateral surface is strongly chitinized and bent backward somewhat
at the tip so as to appear almost tooth-like at that point. In thickened —
femora, especially, the inner side toward the base is grooved to receive
the base of the tibia when the latter is closed inward, and in a few _
species with this kind of femur the angles here have become sharply
pointed and chitinized so as to form two sharp teeth at the tip (Plate
VIII, figs. 89, 90). .
Tibia. —The tibia i is, as a rule, about as long as the femur and more
nearly cylindrical or often club-shaped in idea It is most slender
near its base where it is often slightly bent. At the extremity within,
in a few species, the tibia bears an erect, stout, recurved hook or tooth
as it is usually called. ;
4,
i
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 99
Tarsus.—This is the most distinctive part of the leg. Asa rule it
is composed of two segments, though in larvee and the fore tarsi of
many species but one is present. The division between the two is
oblique so that the under surface of the first segment is longer than the
upper. Both segments are more or less cylindrical. The last seement
terminates in a cup-shaped or hoof-like end which has been mistaken
sometimes for a third tarsal segment. Upon the inner side of the fore
tarsi are found structures which are nearly always characteristic of
families. The Aolothripidee, in both sexes and it is stated also in the
pupal stage, bear upon the tarsus a peculiar hook-like structure the
function of which is not understood. (See Plate I, fig. 9.) The finger-
like hook is bent back upon itself, pointing toward the base of the
tarsus and almost touches the point of a short, stout spine standing
erect at its tip. In many species of Phlcothripide, though not in
all, there is on the inner side of the tarsus a more or less stout tooth
which stands nearly erect and is slightly recurved at its tip, and when
this tooth is strongly developed, the tarsus, so far as is known, has
only one segment. ‘The development of this tooth seems also to be in
proportion to the degree of development of the fore femur and its
function appears to be to act as a hook in giving a firm hold and thus.
assisting the little creature in crawling through small places. Some
Phleeothripide show no traces of sucha tooth and all grades of develop-
ment can be found in different members of this family. Both sexes
usually possess such a tooth, though that of the male is sometimes
much stouter than that of the female. In the Thripide the tarsi are
simple, without either of these structures in nearly ail species, only a
few having a small tooth.
The tarsi are usually said to be clawless, but I do not consider this to
be always the case, for some species have one and some two distinct,
apparently movable claws on the sides near the end.
Spines.—Each segment of the leg may bear numerous spines, and
some of these may be particularly well developed and worthy of note.
In many Tubulifera there is upon the inner and lower side of the
femur near its base a slender spine very much longer than any of the
others. The hind tibia in most species of Thripide is furnished with
a row of ,stout spines along the inner side and in many species a pair
of similarly stout spines is borne at the tip of each tibia. Other
specialized spines are sometimes found.
Bladder.—This structure, so remarkable and characteristic as to
suggest the name Physopoda for the order, is protrusile from the end
of the last tarsal segment. It is found in all species and in both adults
and young, but its structure and action does not seem to be quite the
same in the mature and immature stages.
As has been said, the end of the adult tarsus is cup-shaped. ‘The
wall of the cup is firm and in some parts, especially the underside,
100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
strongly chitinized. Into the mouth of this cup is fitted a very deli- |
cate, protrusile, membranous lobe or bladder. When the foot is
raised or at rest, the bladder is wholly withdrawn into the end segment
and becomes invisible, as is the case in a majority of mounted speci-_
mens. The end of the tarsus is now blunt and flat and often seems to
be minutely haired. The bladder is, however, always protruded and
brought into action when the tarsus is put down or brought into con-
tact with an object. The membrane is then pushed out and forms a
lobe, larger in many cases than the cup portion which had previously
wholly contained it. The mechanism of this complicated structure is”
very interesting but difficult to study. It has, however, been worked
out, partially at least, by both Jordan and Uzel. The following para-_
graph on this point is gathered from Jordan’s description and my” |
own observations: |
Bladder mechanism.—A strong chitinous rod, attached to muscles.
in the tibia, runs out through the tarsus and ends in the broadened, |
heavily chitinized under surface of the cup. The end of the plate is
drawn out into weak cords running to the outer parts of the cup wall. |
Opposite the chitinous rod lies a double fork provided with a joint.
The fork is cut short at a chitinous rod lying in the terminal seg-
ment of the tarsus and is movably jeined thereto. Both arms of the
fork are connected with the chitinous rod at their base by a tendon,
Between the fork and the terminal plate of the chitinous rod the wall.
of the cup is usually thin and quite transparent, but in Phloeothripidee
especially it is quite strongly chitinized and opaque. Looking dows
upon a foot that is inactive (bladder retracted) so that the chitinous
rod lies along its middle line, the end appears more or less pear-shaped
and small. Upon the surface lies the terminal enlargement of the
rod, while the double fork occupies the sides. Between the tips of
the fork the extremity appears folded in toward the middle. Whe
the foot is brought into action the chitinous rod is drawn back some=
what, so that the attached fork is erected and spread out. Te rrevi-,
ously invisible bladder is now thrust out from the end of the tarsus.
The ends of the fork and the chitinous rod continue into the bladder
wall as fine rays. The bladder is elastic and very mobile, easily ac=
commodating its one to the surface upon which it rests. Looking at
a larval tarsus from the side, the chitinous rod is seen to run obliquely
from the middle of the tibia to the under wall of the cup. Here it
appears to end suddenly without being broadened into a plate as in)
the adult; still the end of the rod is continued into the wall of the cu )|
as fine rays. The dorsal part of the cup is occupied by a curved claw,
the basal part of which is attached to a sort of bracket-like thickening;
of the wall of that part of the end segment at the base of the cup.
Furthermore, the base of the claw is united to the chitinous rod by a
sinew, and above the extremity of the claw the tarsus is drawn out
into a membranous, longitudinally folded lobe. When viewed from)
_ No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 1 O1
above, it is seen that the bases of the claws are strongly broadened
within and somewhat less so without, and that the inner prolongations
touch and are flexibly joined together. Both claws are supported upon
the bracket-like ring at the base of the cup, while the folded mem-
branous wall reaches beyond the claws. The chitinous rod unites near
the support with the two tendons coming from the outer projections
of the claws. When the bladder is brought into an active condition,
the claws bend out from each other and the folded portion between
them spreads out, while the distal portion, unseen in the inactive foot,
becomes pushed out as the bladder. By a proximal pull upon the
chitinous rod the tendons are drawn back and the claws thereby are
spread out, moving around the bracket-like support with which they
are connected as ona pivot. As the claws are grown together with
the folded lobe, the lobe must be unfolded, but this does not explain
how the membranous lobe can be protruded as a swollen bladder, Tf
a swollen bladder be pricked or ruptured the blood pours out and the
bladder collapses quickly. We must therefore conclude that blood
pressure, acting with the mechanism just described, is largely instru-
mental in the protrusion of the bladders.
Other organs of doubtful function.—In the basal segment of the
tarsus or the extremity of the tibia there has been found in a few
Kuropean species a small, pear-shaped organ which has been consid-
ered as a gland, and some have thought this the structure which pro-
duced the swelling of the bladders, but as this supposed gland is much
smaller than the bladder which it is supposed to fill, this can not be,
and its function remains still problematical.
Near the line of union of the femur with the trochanter, Trybom
has found in certain Pheeothripide an organ or a group of organs
which suggest to him the auditory organ on the base of the tibia in
some Locustide. Trybom speaks of' this structure as an elongated,
thinly chitinized area, almost transparent. The areasare found on the
side of the base of each femur near the line of its union with the
trochanter. They are variable in shape and may be different on the
opposite legs of the same pair. In each light area is a row of round
structures having a dark point in the center of each.
These peculiar structures are. small and easily overlooked, but
Trybom has seen them in many species of Terebrantia as well as
Tubulifera, and the writer has seen them in every species in his own
collection. It appears, therefore, that they are always present, but as
to their function we can only guess.
WINGS.
The wings of Thysanoptera are no less characteristic than are their
feet. To be sure each character shown by them may be found in the
Wings of some other group of insects; nevertheless the combination of
characters found here is unique. They are long, slender, membranous,
102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
fringed, and not folded; they have few veins, and upon the hind edge
of the base of each there is a usually distinct lobe or scale. The fore
and hind wings are formed quite similarly. When at rest, the wings
are folded back flat upon the abdomen, the fore wing covering the
hind one completely and the pairs lying parallel in the Terebrantia,
while in the Tubulifera the wings all overlap at their tips so that the
full surface of only one can be seen when they are at rest. The wings
are usually about as long as, though sometimes much longer than, the
abdomen, but in many Tubulifera they are shorter. The wings of
Molothripidx are proportionally the broadest in the order, being in
the middle about one-seventh as broad as their length. Those of
Thripide are much more slender, ranging from one-tenth in the fore
wing of Parthenothrips to about one-twenty-sixth in that of some
Sericothrips,; the average in the species of this family known to me is
about one-fifteenth. Three general types of wing are found in the ~
order, each of which is characteristic of a family. ;
Family types.—ZBolothripide possess wings which are compara- —
tively broad, as we have seen. Their breadth continues nearly to their j
tips, where they are broadly rounded. (Plate I, fig. 2.) The hind
wings resemble the fore wings closely in general outline and size.
The wings of Thripide are distinctly different from the preceding.
Besides being much more slender, they taper from base to tip, where —
they are sharply pointed, the whole wing being usually slightly curved —
so as to be quite sabre-shaped. (Plate II, figs. 16, 23.) The fore wing ~
of Purthenothrips approaches most closely that of Aolothrips, being
broad and straight but pointed instead of rounded at the tip, and the ~
venation is very different. The hind wings are somewhat shorter and —
narrower than the fore wings.
The third type of wing (Plate VII, fig. 75), found in the Phleeothrip-—
ide, resembles that of Molothrips in being broad and rounded at the —
end. The hind wing is also similar in size and form to the fore wing. —
In some species the wing is narrowed in the middle so that it resembles —
somewhat a shoe sole. Other characters, as venation, fringing, etc., —
separate them very decidedly from the olothripide.
Venation.—The venation is even more characteristic of the families
than the form of the wings. In the olothripide, the fore wings —
show the most complex venation found inthe order. They are entirely —
bounded by a strong ring vein and pierced by two longitudinal veins |
extending from the base to near the tip, where they bend outward and —
join the ring vein. Four or five cross veins are also present, two
uniting each long vein with the ring vein at about the first and second
thirds of the wing and one cross vein uniting the long veins before —
the middle. The hind wings have no fully developed veins.
In the Thripide the veins are much less prominent, except in Par-—
thenothrips. One or two longitudinal veins are present, but cross —
veins have very nearly disappeared, though vestiges of most of those
‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 103
found in Molothripide can sometimes be observed in this family.
The hind wings have always one longitudinal vein, but no ring or
cross Veins.
The wings of Phlceothripide are marked by the absence of veins.
In both fore and hind wings alike there is but a partial development
of one median longitudinal vein. This is quite strong and marked at
the base, but rarely reaches to the middle of the wing before it disap-
pears. There is no trace of a ring vein.
Fringing.—As a rule, fringes of long, slender hairs are borne upon
both margins of the wing and so make up for the narrowness of the
membrane. The hind fringe is always present, but the fore fringe is
nearly absent in olothripidee, always present in Phlceothripide, and
more or less fully developed in Thripide. The front fringe consists
of a single row of hairs which, when fully developed, are stouter in
Terebrantia than those upon the hind edge, but in Phloeothripide they
are similarly developed on both edges. In some Thripidew the front
fringe is vestigial, being very weak and sparse, or it may be entirely
absent. On the hind wings the front fringes are more uniformly well
developed than upon the fore wings, and both fringes are single. The
hind fringe of the fore wing in Terebrantia consists of two rows of
hairs so placed that they stand, when in flight, at different angles to
the edge of the wing and thus by crossing give mutual support and
form a mesh-work which is more strongly resistant to the air. The
hind fringe hairs of both wings in Terebrantia are more or Jess wavy
or spiral in form while those of the front fringes are straight, as are
also both fringes in the Tubulifera. The hind fringes of both wings
of Tubulifera are single except that near the end of the fore wing the
fringe is double for a short distance. The length of the hind fringes
is from two to seven times the breadth in the middle of the wing.
Fringes are wanting near the base of the wings.
The method of insertion of the fringes differs in the suborders and
is of interest. In the wings of Tubulifera the hairs are inserted
directly for some distance into the membrane of the wing, where they
gradually disappear. They are so flexible near the base that they can
be bent back along the edge when the wings are folded at rest. In
Terebrantia, however, the fringe hairs are borne upon small support-
ing bases on the edge of the wing and are in general stiffer than are
those of Phlcothripide. One row of those upon the hind margin is
attached differently from the other. The hairs stand upon small,
conical, basal enlargements, to which they are attached by a joint soas
to allow an easy folding of the long hairs toward the tip. Toward the
base of the wing, however, the side of the somewhat conical support is
drawn out into a point, which prevents the folding of the hairs toward
the base and keeps them at nearly right angles to the edge of the wing
during flight.
104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
Spines upon wings.—In the Terebrantia the entire upper surface of
the wing is thickly set with microscopic spines which are wanting in
Tubulifera. Besides these there are usually borne along the longitu-
dinal and costal veins some larger, prominent spines, which vary in
number, size, and arrangement sufficiently to give in many species of
the Thripide characters of specific and generic value. Those borne
upon the costa appear intermixed with the fringe hairs, though really
they are not in the same plane. Their development seems to be in
inverse proportion to that of the fringe, so that when the latter is
strongly developed the costal spines are not larger than those upon
the other veins, but when the fringe is weak or absent the costal
spines develop greatly and to some extent replace it.
In Molothripide the spines upon the veins are always quite small,
while the front fringe of the fore wing is wanting. In Phleeothripide
there are usually three stout, erect spines near the base of the vein in
the fore wing.
Taking flight.—\t has been frequently noticed and mentioned that
many of these insects throw up the end of the abdomen, much as do
the rove beetles (Staphylinide), as though threatening to sting. This
movement is made to assist in the proper spreading of the wings for
flight. When at rest, the fringe hairs lie along the hind edges of the
wings and are more or less interlaced. As the abdomen is raised, the
wings are drawn down over its sides in such a manner as to make it
appear that the spines upon the sides of the abdominal segments are
used to some extent as a comb by means of which the hairs are
straightened out and put in their proper position. This operation —
often has to be repeated several times before the wings are brought
into a condition for successful fiight. Phe power of springing, pos-
sessed by some species, also seems to be of assistance in taking flight.
These statements apply only to Terebrantia, however, no observations
7 ? 3
having been made upon Tubulifera.
Coordination of the wings.—This is accomplished in a manner —
strongly suggestive of the Hymenoptera, though the structures con-
cerned are less highly developed. Upon the costa of the hind wing,
near its base, stand about five short spines in Terebrantia and two or
three in Tubulifera, which are hooked at their tips. When the wings —
are spread in flight these tiny hooks engage a membranous fold on |
the underside of the scale of the fore wing. Beyond these small —
hooks stands a single stouter spine which also forms a hook. From
the hind angle of the scale of the fore wing proceed two long, stout —
spines, standing so closely together as to often appear like one, and —
these engage the solitary stouter hook on the hind wing. Thus united
the wings move together, but as the connection is so near the bases of |
the wings it can not be very strong.
Reduction of the wings.—I\t is an interesting fact that in this order —
(ioe api et
Mea
—"
No, 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 105
the wings may be fully developed, reduced to short pads not reaching
beyond the thorax, or even entirely absent. Intermediate conditions
are rare, though I have found a few specimens in which the wings
were about one-half their normal length and entirely functionless.
These three conditions may occur even in the same species (C//ro-
thrips manicatus Haliday). When the wings are reduced, the little
pads are rounded or oval in shape and are laid closely upon the
thorax. The fore pad is larger, bears a few small spines, and covers
the spineless hind pad completely. No fringes are present, but the
fore pad has a distinct scale. Trybom, who has made quite an exten-
sive study of this subject (425), recognizes eight classes into which
these insects may be divided according to the varying conditions of
the wings.
1. Both sexes entirely wingless.
2. Males and some of the females wingless.
3. Males entirely wingless, but females with normally developed
wings.
4, Long winged and wingless individuals of both sexes occur.
5. Males and a majority of females with reduced, but a number of
females with normally developed wings.
6. Both sexes always short winged.
7. Long winged as well as short winged individuals of both sexes
occur.
$. Both sexes always long winged.
The appearance of a long winged generation following several
which have short wings is strongly suggestive of a similar condition
among the Aphids. In at least some species of Thysanoptera where
this condition obtains the summer generations develop long wings
while the fall generations are almost entirely short winged, so that
nearly all the hibernating females have only wing pads. Long and
short winged forms commonly alternate in the same sex, but short
winged and entirely wingless forms of the same sex are not known.
When only one sex is wingless it is the male. Wing pads are usually
rather difficult to see, but their presence or absence can be deduced
from the structure of the thorax, even though they are themselves
invisible.
ABDOMEN.
The form of the abdomen varies from cylindrical to elongate-ovoid.
In Terebrantia the segments are nearly cylindrical in cross section,
while in Tubulifera the abdomen is flattened, giving the cross section
an elliptical outline. The terminal segments especially are differ-
ently formed and characteristic of the suborders. The abdomen is
always composed of ten segments, of which the second to the seventh,
inclusive, are similarly formed in nearly all cases, while the others are
variable and bear the most distinctive characters of the abdomen.
106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Terebrantia.—In the Terebrantia each segment except the first and —
the last three is composed of a broad dorsal plate reaching to the _
sides, a somewhat narrower ventral plate, and one or two very narrow
plates on each side connecting these. Jordan states that one of the
_ two pleural plates comes from the ventral, the other from the dorsal —
plate, but the dorsal pleural plate is sometimes wanting or indistinct.
The dorsal plates of segments, two to seven inclusive, are usually
strengthened, especially in the Terebrantia, by a chitinous ridge-
along the inside somewhere in the anterior third, and this appears
externally as a darker, narrow stripe on these segments. The first
segment has a well-developed dorsal plate covering the hind part of
the oblique metathorax, and small side plates are present in some cases, —
while the ventral plate is so short and small as to be easily overlooked.
In the females the ventral and pleural plates are wanting upon seg-_
ments nine and ten, the broad dorsal plate bending around the sides_
and approaching beneath to form the sheath for the ovipositor. In _
both sexes all the segments are similar except the last two or three,
which in the females usually form a more or less sharp cone, while in
the males, as a rule, the end is bluntly rounded; only a few species —
are formed alike in both sexes. .
Spines.—Each segment bears, as a rule, but few spines, which are
small upon the anterior segments, but increase in size and prominence
posteriorly. These are most prominent upon the sides of the seg-—
ments and especially around the last two, where they are called anal —
spines and are frequently very long and stout. In some species, as
Quaintance has observed (454), these stout anal spines are the weapons
of offense and defense.
Tubulifera.—Iin this suborder all but the first and the last one or two
segments are formed alike. Each is composed of only a dorsal and a
ventral plate joining at the sides by an indistinct suture. The ventral
plate of the first segment is only slightly, if at all, developed, while the:
terminal segment appears to be a simple cylinder or tube and is formed
alike in both sexes. The dorsal plate of the first segment, in some
species, is drawn out anteriorly into a rounded projection, attaching to
the metathorax, and on each side of the projection is a separate side
plate. The arrangement and relative development of the lateral spines
is much the same as in the Terebrantia. As a rule, upon the dorsal
plates of segments two to seven inclusive, on each side at about one-
fourth the cross diameter of the segment from the edge, there stands
spines. These dorsal spines appear to serve entirely for the confine-
ment of the wings when at rest. The last segment bears at its tip
circlet of long, slender hairs, usually as long as, or longer than, the”
segment itself. ‘ |
NORTH AMERIC. AN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 107
: Stigmata. —Kither three o or : four | pairs of stigmata are » present in
‘Thysanoptera. In the adult they appear constantly at the anterior
angles of the mesothorax, and on the sides of the first and eighth abdom-
inal segments, while the fourth pair, always present in Tubulifera and
sometimes distinguishable in Terebrantia as well, occurs close behind
the attachment of the hind wings. Uzel states that four pairs of spi-
TYacles are present in the Terebrantia. This is surely often the case,
but the metathoracic pair is very small, and in some species I can not
find it even in specially prepared mounts, and in some cases where
traces of the stigma can be found, I am convinced that it is vestigial
and really functionless. The mesothoracic stigma is frequently elon-
gated dorso-ventrally, sometimes being very narrow.
In the larve the stigmata are situated at the front angles of the
mesothorax and upon the sides of the second (instead of the first) and
eighth abdominal segments.
The structure of a stigma is peculiar. In a surface view at the
sharpest focus, upon an anterior abdominal stigma of, e. g., Anapho-
thrips striatus, cleared in caustic potash, the stigma appears to be
made up of a number of irregularly polygonal, cell-like bodies, sep-
arated from each other by dark lines and each cell showing one or
more dark spots near its center. In focusing down onto its surface,
its appearance changes quite strikingly. As it first comes into v oe
though before it is clearly seen, it appears as a dark field with quite
regular, small, light spots, the dark lines giving a reticulate appear-
ance. When a little more nearly in focus, the cells appear dark, while
the central spots and the intercellular lines and angles are very much
lighter. Brought into sharp focus, the cells are seen to be more irreg-
ular than they appeared at first, the surface appears light acioned,
whereas formerly it appeared dark, while the intercellular lines and
central spots have now become dark (Plate X, fig. 112.) This reversal
of the light and dark parts is peculiar and very noticeable. On one
side of the center a larger, rather indistinct, rounded area can usually
be seen, which is the bulbous enlargement at the end of the trachea
Opening by a quite large orifice to the exterior. A cross view of a
stigma (Plate X, fig. 113) shows a remarkable structure. The cellular
areas are now found to be mushroom-like bodies with slender stalks,
Standing with their heads close together. These are quite strongly
ehitinized and dark. Whether the little air chambers between them
connect in any way with the trachea has not yet been determined.
SEXUAL CHARACTERS: TEREBRANTIA.
_ Female ovipositor.—The most prominent external sexual character
of the female is the ovipositor which is attached to the ventral side of
the eighth and ninth abdominal segments (Plate XI, fig. 121) and is
108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XVI
plainly visible through the body of the insect. It is composed of four .
distinct plates or valves, two of which, forming the under or anterior
pair, are attached to the very narrow ventral plate of the eighth seg-—
ment and two, forming the upper or posterior pair, are attached to the —
sides of the ventrally extended dorsal plate of the ninth segment. The
ovipositor as a whole is curved either upward (Zolothripide) or down-—
ward (Thripide) and terminates in a very slender, sharp point. The
valves lie very closely together, but their inner surfaces are grooved,
forming a passageway for the egg. The two plates on each side are
fitted together in such a way as to slide back and forth upon each other
without being displaced. The upper edge of the lower plate is grooved
and into this groove fits a ridge or tongue formed by the lower edge
of the upper plate. The upper edge of the upper plate, except at its
base, is fitted with sharp, saw-like teeth pointing toward the base of the-
valve. The lower plate is provided with similar teeth on the under
side of its distal third, while the middle third bears a number of pecu-
liar, broad-cutting teeth. The ovipositor is movably connected with—
the abdomen by a number of small supporting plates or levers which —
also assist in its manipulation.
In at least two species of Thripidze known to me, the ovipositor does —
not appear to be functional though it is plainly present (Chirothrips—
obesus and Thrips perplexus).
When not in use, the ovipositor is drawn up close to the body and
is received into, and entirely enveloped by, a membranous sheath —
along the last two segments which is made possible by the absence of
the ventral plates at this place. The sexual opening is between the—
eighth and ninth segments in all Terebrantian females.
As a rule the conical form of the tip of the abdomen also indicates a
female. In many of the light colored species, just in front of the base
of the ovipositor, is a plainly visible internal organ which has some-
times been called the seminal receptacle. It ale appears as a
small spherical or rounded body of an orange or brownish color, —
agreeing closely in this respect with the color of the spermaries of the
males in species where males are known. This organ presents the
same appearance, however, in certainly unfertilized females of bisexual
species, and it is also always present, having the same size and color
in several species known to me in which the males are extremely rare
or possibly wanting altogether. Certainly a seminal receptacle can not
be functional in parthenogenetic species, yet I have found this organ
constantly present through eight or ten generations of a species bred
in the laboratory where males were never produced.
Male.—Males are, as a rule, considerably smaller than the females.
The abdomen is usually bluntly rounded at the end instead of sharply
conical, though a few species resemble the females in this respect.
The stoutest spines are usually at the sides of the ninth segment. In
22
k
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSA NOPTERA—HINDS. 109
Kolothripide this segment is much larger than the others and is
drawn out at its hind angles into hooks and processes which apparently
assist in copulation. The sexual opening is between the ninth and
tenth segments, and frequently from this point there protrudes more
or less of the retracted copulatory apparatus, which is usually entirely
drawn into the ninth segment through the walls of which it can be
more or less distinctly seen. Three separate outer parts, which are
strongly upeurved, can be seen proceeding from a complex basal part
and the entire apparatus is protrusile. Within the abdomen the two
elongated, irregularly pear-shaped, orange or brownish colored sper-
maries are plainly perceptible, lying usually in about the seventh and
eighth segments. Upon the ventral surface of the second to the
seventh abdominal segments, inclusive, in many species there are dis-
tinct rounded or transversely elliptical depressions found only in the
males. Males are often lighter in color and quicker in movement
than the females.
TUBULIFERA.
Female.—The sexual characters of Tubulifera are much less distinct
and numerous than are those of the other suborder. The end of the
abdomen is tubular and the sexual opening is between the ninth and
tenth abdominal segments in both sexes. In this region are also found
the strictly distinctive characters. In the female the basal edge of
the tube is regular and entire. Near the hind edge of the ninth seg-
ment below there is a short, strongly chitinized rod (Plate X, fig. 115)
which is dark and plainly visible in light colored species, but when
the body at this point is nearly opaque, the rod can not be seen and
the question of sex is often in doubt.
Male.—The male is usually smaller and more slender than the female,
the sixth, seventh and eighth segments of the abdomen being noticeably
narrower. The base of the tube is cut out below in the form of a
semicircular notch (Plate X, fig. 114), which can usually be plainly
seen except in very dark specimens, and through the opening formed
by this notch the sexual apparatus can be protruded. The structure
of this apparatus is much the same as in the Terebrantia and in light
colored specimens it can be seen wholly retracted within the ninth
Segment. In some species this segment bears a broad scale at the base
of the tube. In a few species the sixth segment bears on each side a
thick, fleshy, unjointed appendage. The males in many species have
more strongly thickened fore femora and stouter teeth upon the fore
tarsi than do the females.
Copulation.—This I have rarely observed, and therefore the follow-
ing statements are main ly gathered from Jordan’s article (306).
In the Tubulifera the male rests upon the back of the female, and
holding firmly to her thorax by his legs, he places the ventral surface
of his abdomen along the side of the abdomen of the female and bends
110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
the extremity under the abdomen of the female, so that the ventral
surfaces of the last segments are toward each other. The copulatory.
apparatus of the male is then pushed out, while the female bends th
tube upward so as to leave the sexual opening free. Copulation lasts
for about half a minute, when the female begins to move and the male.
leaves ber back, but the connection is not at once broken, and the
stronger female drags the attached, struggling male behind her for
some distance. One male fertilizes a number of females successively, —
In one case Jordan states that a male of Phlwothrips brunnea Jordan,
in one-fourth of an hour, fertilized six females, and his spermaries-
were still about half filled. .
In the Terebrantia the males are carried around upon the backs of
the females and the union takes place in much the same manner as has
just been described for the Tubulitera.
DEFORMITIES.
Slight deformities are by no means rare. The most common form
consists ina reduction in the number of segments in one or both anten-
nx, brought about, in most cases, by the fusion of two or more seg-
ments at the end, though intermediate segments are sometimes want 3
ing. It frequently happens that the-antenna with fused segments is
searcely shorter than the normal one. Only very rarely does it appear
that a reduction in number is the result of injury, though this would
seem very possible. So far as is known, an increase over the normal
number by a division of segments never takes place. Sometimes the
wings are so deformed as to be useless. Deformities in the abdomen
are very rare, but [have found two cases. One in which the posterior
segments were constricted being abruptly smaller than the preceding,
the other with a half segment wanting on the left side at about the
middle of the abdomen. The right half of the segment was wedge-
shaped, reaching in to the median dorsal line and giving the abdomen
a corresponding crook at that point.
REPRODUCTION.
The method of reproduction in this group is of interest and also has
an important bearing upon its distribution. So far as known, it 1s}
always oviparous and sexual, but two distinct forms are common in
most species.
Bisexual reproduction.—TVhis is the normal and most common form
but the two sexes are not found in anything like equal proportions, as
females are almost always more abundant than males. This may be™
the case and reproduction yet be entirely bisexual, as in some species.
perhaps in all, one male fertilizes a number of females. Ina few species
the males are found abundantly throughout the year; in others they are”
abundant only at certain seasons; in others males are rarely found al
y No. .1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 111
i my time; in still others, while the females are very abundant, males
‘are EP enoven. The explanation for the relative scarcity or absence of
males is found in the second method of generation.
| Unisexual reproduction.—Parthenogenesis is the usual mode of
Bie roduction in at least ten species, all Terebrantia, and probably
occurs very frequently in many others, though positive statements
can not be made upon this point until more extensive collecting has
Deen done and life histories have become better known.@
i: It seems that parthenogenesis must take place to some extent in
‘those species in which the males are comparatively rare or are active
for only a short season. However, no such thing as a regular alterna-
tion of generations, as in Aphide, is yet on to exist among Thy-
‘sanoptera. In his studies of Parthenoti ‘aps dracenex Jordan found
that the normal method of reproductior in warm greenhouses was
‘unisexual, while on plants standing in a «ool room an abundance of
males was developed, and this condition lasted in the cool room
Bbroughout the winter season. The males of Aptinothrips rufus have
been Sond only at haying time, and then only very rarely.
SS
ly
‘ DISSEMINATION.
It has already been noted that in most species there appear for some
per of the season, in some generation or in one sex, individuals bear-
ng fully developed wings, and we can not doubt that the wings play
ia large part in the distribution of the species. Certain it is that the
power of flight is greater than would seem possible with such delicate
wings as ee insects possess. After harvest or toward autumn some
species fly in large numbers, and in some instances have caused con-
siderable annoyance by entering houses for hibernation. Winds may
e: asily carry them for paneidevable distances, and when so scattered it
is evident that their power of parthenogenetic repr oduction is of great
assistance in the establishment of the species in a new locality. Spe-
cies living under the bark of trees growing upon the banks of streams
a are probably often carried for long distances on wood floating in the
ater, as some species which have been observed are found to ee
p large degree of moisture and even submersion for some time without
, njury, and moist, dec aying wood is their normal food. Species living
fh.
it
iy.
|
te
japon cultivated plants, as in greenhouses, have doubtless been icone
ated in commercial ways. Strange as it may seem, a species which
is entirely wingless (Aptinothrips rufus Gmelin) is one of the most
wv widely distributed, It is hard to believe that this species can have
attained its present distribution in both Europe and America through
she slow method of crawling.
| a Males of the following species included in this paper are rare or unknown: Par-
thenothrips dracenx, Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis, Aptinothrips rufus, Anaphothrips stria-
is, Thrips tabaci. Some others are too little known to be placed here.
i
EE? PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Per haps if may not be too much out of place here to speak more par-
ticularly of other movements a aside from flying. The Tubulifera are
very slow and deliberate in their movements, both in crawling and)
flying, and they never spring or run. Terebrantia vary in this.
respect, though in general they are much more active, and many run)
quite rapidly and fie flight quickly. Some possess a power of:
springing which is well developed and often used in place of flight.,
The abdomen, head, and prothorax are raised and the little creature:
balances itself by its middle legs. Then suddenly the upraised parts:
are brought down together and the insect is thrown a considerable:
distance by the force of the contact. |
DEVELOPMENT. ‘
Oviposition.—As may be inferred from what has been said of the:
sexual apparatus of the two suborders, each has its own method of |
oviposition. The Terebrantian female cuts a slit with her saw through)
the epidermis and deposits her eggs singly in the tissue of the plant..
The process of oviposition is as fallen in Anaphothrips striatus |
will doubtless hold in most points for the group:
The abdomen is raised somewhat and the ovipositor is let dog
from the sheath till it is nearly at-right angles to the body. The)
abdomen is arched to bring the weight of the body to bear upon the)
slender saw, the valves of which are then moved back and forth upon:
each other by powerful muscles in the ninth segment. The toothed!
blades are gradually worked down somewhat obliquely into the tissue,
and when the slit is sufficiently large there may be seen successive con=)
tractions of the abdomen as the egg is pushed out between the valves
of the ovipositor and under the epidermis till it is nearly concealedy
The entire operation requires about one and a half minutes, and upon}
its oe es eae moves off a non ee to rest or feed,
i
to deposit their eggs externally.
The number of eggs laid by a single female has been observed only)
in the case of Anaphotheips striatus, from a number of oe an
a lot of 5 females being 72. These Pecan were amet in the:
laboratory upon females confined in bottles. The percentage of eggs)
which hatched was also observed in this species and was found to
vary in the laboratory from 35 to 40 per cent. It seems very probable
that the artificial conditions under which these experiments were
made must have in this case greatly reduced the percentage that
hatched below the normal. .
"x0, 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTER. {—HINDS. 143
Tubulifera deposit their eges externally, either oe or in groups,
upon leaves and flowers or under bark, ete., according to their habitat.
e _ The period of oviposition in all species in this order is quite long.
Ligg.—The eggs of Terebrantia are more or less Stn and
‘slightly bean-shaped. They are colorless, delicate in structure. and no
micropyle is apparent. The position of the eggs in a thin leaf is easily
‘seen upon holding the leaf before a bright light, when they appear as
_ brighter spots in the darker green tissue of as ee Eggs are laid in
Bimost any green part of the plant, but not in the petals of flowers.
The eggs of Tubulifera are of an elongate-oval shape, attached with
_the long axis perpendicular to the surface, and have at the free end a
thickening of the chorion with a mic ropyle in the middle. The eggs
ety from yellow to brownish in color.
Eimbryology.—The development of the embryo can be observed in
® translucent eggs of Terebrantia. Various writers agree in stating
‘that the germ band is immersed. Before revolution the appendages of
the embryo lie along the convex side of the egg, after revolution along
‘the concave side. The length of the egg stage varies considerably in
‘different species and, even within the same species, according to the
weather conditions. So far as life histories are known, fe stage
‘appears to last from three to fifteen days in Terebrantia, but no record
ds found upon this point for the Tubulifera. The ed eyes of
dey eloping embryos are particularly prominent. If the egg bed dries
the egg is quickly destroyed, but if moist, even though decaying, the
development continues.
| Emergence of the larva.—When ready to emerge, the young Tere-
brantian larva breaks through the tender poring and pushes up
through the slit in the epidermis made for the insertion of the ege.
The lar va works its way up till all but the tip of the abdomen is fr ee,
but remains supported by the tip in this upright position until he
antenne and legs have separated from the body, to which they are at
first closely applied, and have become sufficiently dried and hardened
for use. It then falls forward onto its feet and is r eady to travel or
to feed almost immediately. No observations have been found on this
point for the Tubulifera, but just as their eggs are laid singly or in
groups, so also do we ae the larvee
| Larval stage.—The length of the fener stage varies with the species,
and the statements recor ded place it at from five to forty days.
_ When just hatched the head of the larva is ver vy large in proportion
to the body and the mouth parts are essentially like those of the adult.
The thoracic segments are subequal. The abdomen is strongly con-
tracted and very rough. As the larva grows the thorax and Porn
enlarge noticeably, while the head shows little change. In some spe-
cies (eliothrips) the abdomen becomes strongly distended and shining
as though under considerable pressure, anda globule of fluid excre-
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 8
=e
De ie igs aes a
114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
ment is frequently held by the hairs around the anus. The larvee are
less active than the adults and have no power of springing. The lar-
‘al antenna always has fewer segments than the adult. In Phlco-
thripide the number is constantly seven. Thickened femora and tar-
sal hooks do not occur, the tarsus appears to be one segmented, and
claws may or may not be present. The structure of the foot is much
more distinct than in the adult. The eyes are not compound, but com-—
posed of afew separated facets, which are strongly elevated and always _
circular in outline. The number of facets increases in successive molts, i
but the circular form is retained. The rudiments of the ovipositor or
genital apparatus appear on the under side of the eighth and ninth
seoments as indistinct lobes. The food habits of the larvee are just as”
varied as are those of the adults, and some species are also found upon |
the roots of plants.
Molts. From two to four molts appear to occur while in the larval”
stage, the last marking the change to the pupa. The chitinous cover-_
ing of the internal mouth parts and of the bladders can be distinctly
‘seen in the cast skin. When larve have become full grown theyj
cease to feed, become restless, and seek some very secluded place in
which to molt. In this search they are so successful that in many?
species pupe are hard to find. :
Nymph or Pupa.—The metamorphosis of Thysanoptera is peculiar,
for though complete in many respects, it is much less so in others.
Two stages are distinguishable while in the nymph condition. Afte
the last larval molt, the insect still retains its larval appearance, the
antenne are extended, and the pro-nymph is moderately active. The
wing pads are partially developed, extending to about the second
abdominal segment, and the beginning of the formation of the adult
appendages can be seen. After another molt, the true nymph stage is
reached and the animal remains quiet unless disturbed, when it is
‘apable of slight movement. No food is taken during this period
The antennz are laid back upon the head and prothorax; their seg-
mentation has become indistinct and the adult antenna can be seem)
within the nymphal skin. The number of facets in the eyes greatly
increases, producing the adult condition. The legs are inclosed in
loose sheaths and the wine pads reach to and from the sixth to the
eighth segments. The pads extend obliquely outward along the sides
of the body and do not cover each other. The fringes appear along
the edges of the forming wings, the fore fringe being directed toward
the tip and hind fringe toward the base of the wing. The forming
lobes representing the ovipositor elongate, and those on each side over:
lap but remain separate. Within them develop the pointed valves of
the adult ovipositor, which now extends to.the tip of the abdomen
The development of the male genital apparatus takes place in a very,
similar way to that of the ovipositor of the female. The nymph stage
|
4
|
1
|
4
4
tama
0.1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 115
is passed in some secluded place, pup being found in the loose soil
about the base of the plant, in the leaf sheath, or some similarly pro-
tected place, and many have been recorded as transforming in galls.
When these changes have been completed, another molt takes place and
the adult emerges.
_ The most noteworthy points in the metamorphosis may be summa-
rized as follows: The larva resembles the adult in general form and in
mouth parts; wings are developed in external sheaths; the transitional
‘stage between larva and adult is quiet, and during it no nourishment
is taken. The metamorphosis is therefore intermediate between com-
plete and incomplete.
_ LMibernation.—Thysanoptera pass the winter in either larval. pupal,
or adult stages. Many species, without doubt, hibernate in very nearly
the same places in which they have fed. The bark-inhabiting forms
remain in such places, together with many of the leaf forms which
migrate onto the trunk. The dried stems of flowers and grasses shel-
ter many species, while many of the leaf-inhabiting forms fall to the
ground and are among those which may be found under fallen foliage,
in moss, etc. Lichens and fungi shelter some as winter guests, while
dead grass and turf contain many forms. It appears very probable
that some of the larve which have been found upon the roots of
plants were hibernating there rather than feeding thereon, as has been
upposed.
| The hibernating individuals appear to be able to withstand extreme
degrees of cold and moisture. I have brought in a number of species
thered by pulling the frozen grass from bare mowings in midwinter
fter a temperature of—21° F. Upon being brought into a warm
room, they very soon became active and ran about.
Thrips emerge from hibernation very early in the spring, and as
on as their normal food plants begin to grow most of them are ina
condition to deposit eggs for a new generation, which in some cases in
assachusetts hatch during the latter part of April or the first of May.
Length of life.—Few observations have been recorded upon this
int, but it seems improbable that even the longest lived exceed a
ingle year. Among those species which produce several generations
n a season, the hibernating individuals must live for at least seven
nonths in the northern United States while the summer generations
re much shorter lived. Their age however, as a rule, considerably,
xceeds the length of the life cycle, for oviposition is a slow process,
md in Anaphothrips striatus is known to extend over a period of
ve or six weeks. Asa result of this there is an indistinguishable
verlapping of broods. I have kept a female of a midsummer gen-
ration of A. striatus confined in a bottle in the laboratory for almost
ve weeks. This species has eight or nine generations in a season,
nd may therefore be expected to be one of the shortest lived in
116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
testa cli
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS.
INJURIOUS FORMS.
Small and apparently insignificant though these insects are, they can,
not be disregarded from an economic standpoint. Only a few species,
to be sure, must be considered as decidedly injurious, but these are.
widely spread and hard to control. Doubtless much damage, really,
caused by these tiny foes, has been attributed to more conspicuous but:
less injurious insects. The most important species in this country,
belong to the family Thripide. The economic importance of each of.
these species is considered in connection with its description, butt
there are, however, some general points worthy of note which may
be considered together here. |
Feeding habits.—Thrips are found upon most flowering and some
flowerless plants. The general mode of feeding is the same through-
out the order. The green parts of the plant, chiefly, are punctured.
by the piercing mouth parts and the sap withdrawn therefrom by sucs|
tion. The emptied plant cells become white and shriveled as they dry
up and the insect, standing usually parallel to the veins of the leaf,
moves on to fresh cells. The traces of their feeding are thus left in
irregular streaks of dried, whitened cells. Behind them, as they feed,
they leave rows of dots of dark colored excrement, which, it seems,
have sometimes been mistaken for eggs. .
On flowers Thrips are most abundant in summer, Burmeister states
that the nectar of flowers furnishes them with nourishment, and Per:
gande has expressed a similar opinion (219); but this does not seem te
me to be the case, as when present on flowers they are found sucking}
sap, not nectar. They feed to some extent upon the petals, but no
so freely as upon the green parts. The inner surface of the sepals i
a favorite place for feeding and oviposition. The essential parts of
the flower come in for their part of the general attack and it is just
here that the greatest injury to the plant is caused. Injury of thi
sort has been reported, especially upon strawberries by Quaintane
(454), and upon apple and other fruit blossoms by Osborn (218, 223
924), in which cases they caused so much injury to the styles by them
punctures as to prevent fertilization and the setting of the fruit. (See
Euthrips tritici, p. 152.) Probably Euthrips tritict and Thrips tabae
are guilty of most of such injuries. Mally has recorded a very simila,
injury to cotton bolls by an undetermined species of the family Th ri
pide (841). Many other flowers, though perhaps of less economis
importance, are similarly attacked. Flower species feed also upor
leaves.
On the leaves of plants and trees may be found a large variety ©
species, most of which feed mainly upon the under surface of th
leaves, probably chiefly for protection from sun, rain, and enemies
0.1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 17
though it is also possible that more tender tissues may be an attraction.
Such species avoid the light and, if a leaf be turned over, the insects
will move around to the under side again. The constant sucking of
myriads of larve and adults soon causes the feeding ground to wither,
the leaf becomes encrusted with dead cells and dark colored spots of
excrement and it is not long before its death results. Unless disturbed,
most species do not travel much, and thus in time there appears to be
something of a colony feeding around the place where the mother has
fed and deposited her eggs. Though many plants thus suffer from
the destruction of their leaves, the onion seems to be most severely
afflicted. (See Thrips tabaci, p. 183.)
_ Grasses and cereals may be included in a third class in which the
nature of the injury is somewhat different. Besides the abstraction of
sap from the leaves of these plants, Thrips cause a greater injury by
attacking the tender axial stems, thus cutting off directly the supply of
sap to the head, which therefore fails to bear fruit and may be entirely
killed. This is the way in which ‘‘Silver Top” is caused, and it is
impossible to estimate with any degree of accuracy the damage which
results to the hay crop. Besides working in this way, Thrips are
charged with attacking directly the growing kernels of cereals. In the
case of wheat, rye, oats, etc., they suck the nutritious milk directly
from the growing kernels in the ear and produce an abortive condition
of much, if not all, of the head, which is then called ‘* pungled.”
_ Greenhouse species appear to be becoming more numerous and more
injurious each year. The principal injury here is done to the leaves,
and nearly all kinds of greenhouse plants are subject to attack. Thrips
tabaci, which has recently come into prominence, especially in cucum-
ber and carnation houses, has an unusually wide range of food plants.
It has already proved to be a serious pest, capable of the complete
destruction of a crop, and is exceedingly difficult to control.
BENEFICIAL FORMS.
Predaccous Thrips.—The late B. D. Walsh once expressed the opin-
ion that Thrips ‘‘are generally, if not universally, insectivorous, and
that those that occur on the ears of the wheat, both in the United
States and in Europe, are preying there upon the eges or larve of the
Wheat Midge (Diplosis tritic/), and are consequently not the foes, as
has been generally imagined, but the friends, of the farmer” (127 and
132). Such an opinion from so eminent an entomologist is likely to
have some basis in fact, though we question whether his conclusion is
even usually correct. Thrips have been frequently found in the galls
caused by other insects, either with the makers of the galls or alone,
and the conclusion has been drawn, though frequently, we suspect,
without a direct observation to that effect, that the Thrips were prey-
ing upon the makers of the galls. Walsh also writes that he has
4
Pe
ae
118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
‘*found Thrips preying upon the gall-making larve of more than
twenty different galls, so that there is now no manner of doubt in my
mind that Thrips is a true cannibal insect” (132). All recorded
observations which I have seen seem to agree that such gall-fre-
quenting forms belong to the Phloeothripide, and in very many of
the cases noted it is said that they are in the pupal stage (123).
It seems to me entirely possible that in many cases their presence
in the gall may be incidental, they having entered it for protection,
It is impossible for Thrips to make for themselves an entrance into_
any closed gall, and when present in such it can only be after the exit
of the gall maker or some parasite upon it, so here certainly the Thrips
is not predaceous. Furthermore, 1t does not seem improbable from
what we know of the food habits of the Tubulifera, which feed mainly
upon leaves or decaying wood or fungi, that they may live peacefully in-
company with the true maker of an open gall which they can readily
enter, finding there the same favorable conditions for abundant food
and a secure retreat as does the gall maker. Phylloxera galls have
often been found to contain Thrips, but the same doubt exists as to”
the real purpose of their being there. Walsh states that he has found
six or seven red Thrips pup in nearly every gall of Phyllorera
caryae-folize, This observation shows-plainly one object for which these
insects seek out and enter galls, as a safe refuge during pupation,
and this will account for the frequent presence of larvee and adults in
both inhabited open galls, as those of Phylloxera, and deserted closed
galls, as those of Cynipide. It may be true that Thrips prey upon the
gall makers, but further observations upon this point are desirable
before we can fully accept that conclusion.
“Thrips phyllowere” of Riley’s manuscript (one of the Phlcothri-
pide) is said by him to *‘do more than any other species to keep the
leaf-inhabiting grape Phylloxera within bounds” (165). A species of
Phleothrips has been observed destroying eggs of the Gypsy Moth
(353). |
Some species of Thripide have been observed feeding upon other
insects and are undoubtedly beneficial. Zhrips 6-maculatus has been
repeatedly observed feeding upon ‘‘mites” or ‘‘red spiders,” and
other species have been said to do the same. Riley observed a Thrips
larva feeding upon the eggs of the Curculio in Missouri (148a and 144).
Thrips trifasciatus Ashmead is apparently predaceous and was observed
feeding on the cotton Aleurodes (Alewrodes gossypi7) in Mississippi
(386). I have occasionally noticed that under the influence of con-
finement without plant food Anaphothrips striatus, which is certainly
normally herbivorous, becomes cannibalistic and will feed upon its own
species.
Flower fertilizers.—It is very probable that a few flowers, of which
the ‘‘ wild pansy” is one, are fertilized by Thrips, although such a
relation must be exceptional. Few flowers are adapted to thus profit
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. ray
by the presence of Thrips, as their action would tend almost entirely
to self-fertilization of the flowers, which Nature does not generally
approve. Therefore I believe that their value in this way must be
very limited.
NATURAL CHECKS.
Insects and Acari, etc.—The most important insect enemy appears
to be Triphleps insidiosus Say, which is very common on flowers and
may often be found with a Thrips impaled upon its rostrum and
held in the air while the captor sucks the juices from the body of its
victim. The eggs of Zriphleps are laid ina similar manner to those of
Thrips and the larvee of the former also prey upon the larve of the
latter. The length of the life cycle of Zriphleps is about the same as
that of Thrips. Jfegilla maculata also devours Thrips in great num-
bers when both are abundant. Chrysopa and Syrphus larvee have
been found feeding upon the larvee of Zhrips tabaci. Heeger has
recorded Seymnus ater, Gyrophaena manca, and some fly larve as
preying upon them, and Uzel has found Zp/phleps inénuta also.
I have frequently found Anaphothrips striatus bearing one or more
small, scarlet Acari (probably the larve of a Zrombidium) attached to
some membranous area of the body.
Both Uzel and Quaintance have found the eggs and adults of Nem-
atode worms in the bodies of Thrips, Uzel recording over 200 worms
from one specimen.
Plant parasites. —Thaxter (297) has taken Hinpusa (Hntomophthora)
sphaecrosperma Fries from a species of Thrips which it was destroying
in larval, pupal, and adult stages. Pettit has found in Michigan
another parasite which he thinks will prove to be a Gregarinid (464).
It was most abundant in the moist breeding cages, causing the insects
to die and turn black. I have rarely found a fungus growing in a
dead specimen-which appears to be a species of Macrosporiwm, but it
was not possible to tell whether the fungus caused the death of the
insect or came in later.
Rain.—Of all the natural checks, none can compare in efficiency
with a hard dashing rain. It has been noted that Zhrips tabaci and
Anaphothrips striatus, which become extremely abundant during hot,
dry weather, disappear almost entirely as soon as the heavy showers
of midsummer begin, and as long as such showers continue at frequent
intervals the Thrips do not again become abundant. The same result
will probably be found true in most outdoor leaf-inhabiting species.
ARTIFICIAL CHECKS.
These fall naturally into two groups, insecticides and cultural
methods.
_ Insecticides.—So far as we know, no attempts to control Thrips by
means of insecticides have been made outside the United States. Here
120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
a at
each of the three most important economic species, 77 hrips tabact,
Euthrips tritici, and Anaphothrips striatus, has been experimented
with considerably. Webster recommends, for Thrips tabaci in the
field, spraying thoroughly with 1 pound of Standard whale-oil soap in
8 vallons of water (476), and he says also, ‘*The grassy borders of
ditches have been sprayed with kerosene with excellent results.”
Quaintance (454) tried many insecticides for Thrips tabaci and Luthrips
tritic’ in Florida and found that ‘‘ rose leaf insecticide”—1 pint in 8
eallons of water—killed from 65 to 70 per cent of the insects, and was
the most successful of anything tested. For Thrips tabaci he recom-
mends ‘‘whale-oil soap (Anchor brand), at the rate of 1 pound of
soap to + gallons of water,” or ‘‘rose leaf insecticide at the rate of
pint to + gallons of water.”
Sprays must be very thoroughly applied to do even fair service, and
ditches and margins around fields, as well as the ground between rows,
should be treated also. Even with the most careful treatment many
of the tiny insects will escape the spray, and the embedded eggs are
entirely unharmed. Therefore, spraying, to be at all successful, must
be repeated after a short interval. It must be admitted that at best
spraying is an unsatisfactory remedy; still, it is perhaps the best
method we know of at present for field work. .
In greenhouses spraying may be more successful than In the field.
but fumigation methods are here preferable. These also must b
repeated in about a week to be successful. The most satisfactory
results have here been obtained by the vaporization at night of 20 ce.
of ‘* Nikoteen” in 750 cc. of water for 5,000 cubic feet of space. This —
treatment did not injure the cucumber plants, while nearly all of the
Thrips tabaci were killed (471).
Cultural methods.—Vhese are undoubtedly too important to be
neglected, even if insecticides be used, and in some cases they may —
prove even more efficient than the latter. For the Onion Thrips, Web-_
ster says: ** All culls, tops, and other refuse of onion fields should be
burned in the fall.” He also recommends the burning of the grass”
along ditches and around the margins of the fields in winter or early
spring to destroy the hibernating insects (476). &
For the Grass Thrips it seems that cultural methods are the only
ones that can be of any considerable help. A thorough burning of
the old grass in early spring before growth begins destroys large
numbers of hibernating insects—Thrips and many others. The attacks
of the Grass Thrips are worst upon old, worn-out meadows, fields, and
lawns, largely because Pow pratensis (June grass) is most common in’
such places. Infested grass should be cut as early as possible or fed
green. So far as I can learn, the seed of June grass is sold only in
lawn mixtures and is not used for field seeding, though it comes in
naturally as the other stouter-growing species which are usually sown
run out. The appearance of a large amount of ‘Silver Top” is there-
“No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. Lot
a)
H
fore a sign that the field is becoming exhausted. Such fields should
_be plowed, and it is advisable to plant with some cultivated crop for
at least one season before re-seeding.
fF
i
CHARACTERS OF THYSANOPTERA.
Small insects; length ranging from one-fiftieth to one-third of an
inch. Wings usually present; four in number, long, narrow, mem-
branous, never folded, with at most two longitudinal veins and few or
“no cross veins; hind margin always, front margin usually, fringed
with long, slender hairs much exceeding in length the breadth of the
“membranous part of the wing; wings laid horizontally along the
abdomen when at rest; wings sometimes reduced to short pads not
reaching beyond the hind edge of the thorax and entirely absent in
a few species.
_ Mouth parts intermediate in form between those of sucking and
chewing insects, but probably used almost entirely for sucking;
arranged in the form of a cone situated on under side of head and
placed so far back that it lies almost entirely under the prothorax (see
Plate X, fig. 111), and is more or less concealed from the side by the
fore coxe and femora. Mouth cone formed by the labrum, the broad,
flat, triangular, external portion of the maxille bearing each a two or
three segmented palpus, and the labium bearing two or four seg-
mented palpi; these external parts grown together and not freely
movable. Mouth always asymmetrical, only the left mandible being
developed. Mandible and lobes of the maxille modified as internal,
_protrusile, bristle-like piercing organs.
Antenne quite slender, six to nine segmented, situated closely
together upon vertex of head. Ocelli always present when long
‘Wings are present, always absent in entirely wingless forms; usually
present, sometimes absent, when wings are reduced to pads. Protho-
-rax distinctly separated from mesothorax* and freely movable. Meso
and metathorax firmly and closely united; metanotum longer than
mesonotum. Tarsi usually two but sometimes one segmented; the
terminal segment fitted at the tip with a protrusile, bladder-like organ
which can be withdrawn entirely within the segment so as to be invis-
ible. Abdomen ten segmented. Terminal segment either conical or
tubular. Three pairs of stigmata are always present and a fourth
pair is found in all Tubulifera and many Terebrantia. In the adult
these are situated one pair each upon mesothorax and first and eighth
-abdominal segments. The metathoracic pair in Terebrantia is small,
invisible except in carefully prepared specimens, and in some cases I
have been unable to find any trace of it. In the larva the stigmata
are distributed in the same way except that they are present on the
econd abdominal segment and not on the first.
Young resemble adults in general form, structure of mouth parts,
and in food habits. There is, however, a distinct pupal stage during
Seenieetiteinetadiementiine toe ee eee
7
mieh the insect moves very little or not at all, and takes no food,
The wings develop entirely during this stage and are outside the body |
skin. The metamorphosis approaches closely to a complete one, but
on account of the similarity of larval and adult forms and mouth parts
‘t must still be considered as incomplete. Reproduction is oviparou
and frequently parthenogenetic.
METHOD OF MEASUREMENTS.
species. Another difficulty which has been noted in some descrip
tions is the giving of comparative dimensions relative to other spe= |
cies. This may be useful to the collector if he happens to have or
know all the species referred to; otherwise he is at an utter loss
know what is meant. Having experienced these difficulties at various —
times, the writer came to the conclusion that es ch Ce shou
nation and separation of these insects. The eye can not be relied
upon for exactness in this matter, as has been frequently found in the-
course of this work, and therefore all measurements given in the fol-_
lowing descriptions have been made in the same way, by means of an
eyepiece micrometer, as follows: A stage micrometer of reliable make
was first proven to be accurate by comparison with a steel millimeter,
scale, then with each combination of lenses used the number of spaces
on the image of the stage micrometer covered by the scale of the eye-—
piece micrometer were determined, two points being selected where —
the divisions coincided. Then the number of spaces covered on the —
stage micrometer was divided by the number of spaces of the eye-—
piece micrometer covering them, and the quotient was, evidently, the
fraction of a micromillimeter upon the stage shown a one division of
the eyepiece micrometer. This quotient may be called the factor of:
the eyepiece micrometer for that combination of lenses and will hold
unchanged for any object measured with that magnification, but will
of course vary for every other magnification. Tieneaeeee Using a
1-inch objective ‘and a 1-inch eyepiece (Bausch and Lomb) with the-
tube closed, I find that the fifty divisions of the eyepiece micrometer
cover, say, exactly 1 millimeter of the stage micrometer. Dividing
then 1 millimeter by 50, I have two one-hundredths millimeter, which
is the factor for that combination of lenses. Now, placing the object
to be measured upon the stage, we find, e. @., that forty -five spaces of
our eyepiece micrometer just cover the object to be measured. Mul--
tiplying by the determined factor, we have two one-hundredths milli-
meter times forty-five, which equals ninety one-hundredths millimeter
as the length of the object measured. This method has been used in|
e. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 123
the determination of length and breadth of the species herein
described.
When comparative lengths only are desired, as e. @. in the compara-
_ tive lengths of segments of antenne, relative length and breadth of the
head, etc., there is no need to determine the actual measurement. It
is sufficient to compare directly the number of spaces read upon the
eyepiece micrometer, and this is the method used in such cases. In
the case of the comparative lengths of segments of the antenna, all
measurements have been made with a 4-inch objective and a 1-inch eye-
piece. The measurements given show, therefore, not only a compari-
son between the segments of one antenna, but also between the see-
ments of all antennz so measured. The number of the segment has
been given above the line, and directly below it the number of spaces
of the eyepiece micrometer covering that segment. Illustration:
Number of segment, 1 2 3 .4 5 ete.
Spaces of micrometer, 5 10 14 12 9 ete.
It has been found that there are slight individual variations in the
lengths of corresponding segments in different specimens of the same
species, and even in the two antenne of the same specimen, still there
is in general.a quite close agreement in this respect and the propor-
tions hold very well. The antennz were selected for such critical
study, because there is an evident variation in the proportional lengths
of segments in each species, and because the antenne are the most
surely available for a careful, accurate study of any organs of the
insect. Then, again, proportional measurements do not vary nearly as
much as do the absolute measurements of different sized individuals.
All statements made as to lengths, both actual and comparative, in
the descriptions herein given are based upon actual measurements
made in one or the other of these ways, an average being taken of the
total number of specimens used in the description.
In describing colors it has been my intention to follow a few definite
rules, which are given herewith: First, to name colors in plain, well-
known terms when possible; second, when the color being described
appears to result from a mixture, in equal proportions, of two more
elementary colors, they have been given together in the same form and
connected by a hyphen (gray-brown); third, when a predominant
ground color is modified by more or less mixture with another color,
the name of the ground color has been given last with the modifying
color preceding it (grayish brown). Depth of coloring is indicated by
such words as light, dark, ete.
INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS.
Individual variation must always be considered in specific determi-
nations and due allowance made therefor. The most common variation
will naturally be found in the line of color. It is probable that toa
slight extent the age of the individual may influence the depth of the
yer
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. = VOL, XX ;
>
124
oo rio. heeause a short time is required, in several species which have
heen observed at least, after the emergence of the adult from the pupa
staoe before the full depth of coloring is acquired. There is, however,
a common variation in color, apparently not due to difference in age,
producing in some of the most variable species color varieties. These
may be either lighter or darker than the color of the typical form, but,
so far as our observations have gone, complete intergrades are to be
found.
A yariation from the usual number of segments in the antennee is
quite frequently met with, but this is always in the line of a reduction
in number due usually to a fusion of the last two or more segments.
The length and breadth of the abdomen is, perhaps, the most variable
character, as in most species the segments are slightly telescoped natur-
ally, and being connected with each other by a flexible membrane are
capable of oreat distension. This may be caused naturally by the simul-
taneous development of a number of eggs in the ovaries of a female,
When specimens are mounted in balsam, glycerin, or any such medium
for study, there is danger of compressing the body of the insect if”
‘are be not taken to have present plenty of the mounting medium, and
the usual result of this compression is the distension of the abdomen.
Measurements of a series of specimens show that a variation, often
amounting to one-sixth, sometimes as-high as one-fourth, frequently
occurs between the extremes in the size of individuals in the same
species.
SYNOPSIS OF SUBORDERS AND FAMILIES.
Female with a saw-like ovipositor. Terminal segment of abdomen of female
conical; that of males rarely like females, but usually bluntly rounded. Fore
wings with at least one longitudinal vein reaching from base to tip of wing.
1 aa TEREBRANTIA (p. 124). 2
Female without an ovipositor. Terminal segment tubular in both sexes. Both
pairs of wings similar in structure with only one median longitudinal vein, and
this only partially developed, never reaching to tip of wing. . TuBULIFERA (p. 187).
Includes single family Phlceothripide.
Antennze with nine segments. Wings broad and rounded at the tips; fore wings
with cross veins. Ovipositor of female up-curved .._.-- AXOLOTHRIPID#E (p. 126).
Antenne with six to eight segments. Wings usually narrow and pointed at tips,
without cross veins. Ovipositor of femaledown-curved_.THRiprpx (p. 132).
CHARACTERS OF TEREBRANTIA.
Antenne have from six to nine segments, the terminal segments
being usually much smaller than the preceding. Ocelli absent in the
entirely wingless forms (Aptinothrips rufus) as in all wingless Thysa-
noptera, and sometimes in the wingless males of species in which the —
females are winged, they are present in all long winged forms. Maxil-_
lary palpi usually three, sometimes two segmented, and labial palpi
usually two, sometimes four segmented.
‘No. 1310. _ NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. I 25
.
Prothorax rarely longer than broad, but usually transv erse, fre-
quently twice as wide as long ery rectangular in general outline
and scarcely wider at the find edge than at the fore edge, except in the
genus Chirothrips, in which it is strongly broadened behind, where it
~
is about twice as wide as at front edge. The fore wings are broader,
stronger, and much more specialized than the hind wings, shaded
darker, if shaded at all. Asa rule they have more veins, there being
usually two, sometimes apparently only one, fully developed longitu-
dinal veins besides frequently a strongly developed vein following the
border of the wing and known as the ring vein; cross veins are present
insome cases. The veins are usually set with more or less numerous
-and conspicuous spines which vary in size, the smallest being minute
and indistinct, the largest extremely stout and conspicuous, exceeding
‘in length the breadth of the membrane of the wing. The membrane
itself is thickly set with numerous microscopic spines. A fringe is
always present upon the hind margin, consisting on the hind wing of
one, on the fore wing of two rows of long usually wavy hairs. On
the fore wing these rows appear to be placed at different angles to
the edge, so that instead of the hairs being parallel when the wing is in
action, they cross each other at a slight angle, thereby forming a mesh-
-work which must add materially to the strength and resistant power
of the wing. Spines such as are found on the other veins are wanting
-upon the hind margin. The fringe upon the front is always shorter
than that upon the hind edge and is composed of a single row of
stouter, more bristle-like hairs. The development of the fore fringe
“appears to be in inverse proportion to that of the spines borne upon
the costal edge, and when these last are very stout the fringe is ves-
tigial, though sometimes both fringe and spines are wanting on the
costa. In many cases the sbading of the fore wings takes the form of
dark cross bands alternating with light or almost white bands or areas.
The hind wings are more slender and more delicate than the fore wings
and have but one median longitudinal vein, usually fully developed,
and no ring or cross veins. The median vein is without spines such
as are borne upon the veins of the fore wing. The hind fringe is
single instead of double and the fore edge always bears a more or less
well-developed fringe. Shading of the hind wings is very slight and
a distinct banding of them is not known. When at rest the wings are
laid straight back upon the abdomen, the fore wing of each side com-
pletely covering the hind wing and en pair lying “parallel to but not
upon the other. The hind fringes are very foals or jointed at their
attachment to the wings and when at rest point backward between
them. The wings are very frequently reduced to small, rounded or
oval pads which are usually invisible even when present. Rarely they
are entirely absent, but when this is the case the structure of the
thorax indicates the fact. The fore legs are often more thickened
a
i
126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIg
re = - : aes 4 ; . q
than the others—in the genus Chirothrips they are extremely thick-7
ened. The hind legs are usually longest and sometimes exceed the
3
abdomen in length. a
The abdomen is constricted somewhat at its junction with the thorax ~
and is always ten segmented. The terminal segments are usually §
shaped differently in the two sexes; in the females the last three seg-—
ments form a cone the apex of which is quite pointed, and rarely the
last seoment is rather tubular instead of conical. The abdomen of
the male is usually more slender and lighter than that of the female,
and asa rule its end is much more blunt, though occasionally shaped
much like that of the other sex. The ninth segment is comparatively —
laree and contains the genital apparatus, and frequently the tenth
segment is also much retracted within it. In the females the sexual
opening is between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments, but in”
the males it is between the ninth and tenth.
The female has a four-valved, saw-like ovipositor fitted to the under-
side of the eighth and ninth segments and reaching to about the tip of ©
the abdomen, sometimes a little beyond. When at rest this apparatus
lies partially concealed in a sheath on the underside of the last three
segments; when in action it can be let down so as to work at almost
any angle less than 90 degrees. The copulatory apparatus of the
male is almost or entirely withdrawn into the body, but it is freely —
protrusile. 3
The males are often quicker motioned and more active than the
females. Most of the members of this suborder move rapidly, though —
some are quite sluggish; they run rapidly and take flight readily. —
Some species, provided with well-developed wings, seem loath to use—
them, and many possess a considerable power of leaping.
Family AZZOLOTHRIPID 2.
The antennx are nine segmented. Ocelli are present in both sexes. —
The maxillary palpi are three segmented, and the labial palpi two or
four segmented. The wings are large, broad, and rounded at the—
outer ends. In addition to a heavy ring vein, each fore wing has two
longitudinal veins extending from its base to tip, where they unite with —
the ring vein on each.side of the tip, while the hind wings have only
a vestige of a median longitudinal vein. Four or five cross veins are—
present in each fore wing. The fore wings are without a fringe upon”
the front edge, though some more or less stout hairs are there present
in some species. Both sexes bear a peculiar hook-like appendage on
the underside of the second segment of each fore tarsus. (See Plate I,
fig. 9.) The ovipositor of the female is bent upward so that its convex
side is ventral. The males have the first abdominal segment much —
longer than the second. The members of this family run rapidly,
having very long legs, but they do not appear to have the power of
springing.
0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. Tae
The genus Zolothrips is the only one of the three genera of this
family found in the United States.
Genus HOLOTHRIPS Haliday.
: Head about as broad as long. Ocelli present in both sexes. Anten-
‘ne nine segmented, the last three or four segments being very much
‘shorter than the preceding and closely joined together; third segment
much longer than any other. Maxillary palpi three segmented,
‘geniculate. Prothorax about as long or a little longer than the head,
without large bristles. Legs very long and slender; fore femora
omewhat Sarekonad in both sexes; hind femora broadened; fore tibive
“unarmed; second fore tarsal segment, in both sexes, with hook-like
‘appendage. Wings usually present in both sexes; fore wing some-
what narrowed before the middle; fore part of the ring vein fur-
nished with very short hairs, which hardly overreach the edge of the
wing. Fore wings white, with two broad, dark cross bands. First
abdominal segment in the males much (one than the second, and the
ninth segment is drawn out at the hind angles into short clasping
organs or hooks.
} The two species which I place here can be distinguished by the
presence of a white band around abdominal segments two and three in
pte female of A. b7color, which band is wanting in the female of A.
fasciatus. The last four segments of the antenna taken together are
| Feonich longer in A. bicolor than the fifth, while in A. Sasciatus the last
sl
four segments together are approximately as long as is the fifth alone.
ZEOLOTHRIPS FASCIATUS (Linnezus).
if Plate I, figs. 1-3.
ry
«Thrips fasciata Linnxvus, Syst. Nature, 10th ed., 1758, p. 457.
5 Thrips fasciata Linnauus, Fauna Svecica, 1761, p. 266.—Grorrroy, Histoire
abrégée des Insectes, 1764, p. 385.
Thrips fasciata Linn mus, Syst. Naturee, 12th ed., Holmize, and 13th ed., Vindo-
bone, J, Pt. 2, 1767, p. 743.
Thrips fasciata Fasricius, Systema Entomologia, 1775, p. 745.
Thrips fasciata SCHRANK, Enumeratio Insectorum Austriz indig., 1781, p. 297.
Thrips fasciata Fasrictus, Species Insectorum, II, 1781, p. 397.
Thrips fasciata Fasricius, Mantissa Insectorum, II, 1781, p. 320.
Thrips fasciata GMELIN, Linn. Syst. Nat., 13th ed., Pt. 4, 1788, p. 2223.
Thrips fasciata BERKENHOvT, Synop. Nat. Hist. Gt. Br. and Ire., 1789, p. 123.
Thrips fasciata Faprictus, Entom. Systematica, [V, 1794, p. 229.
Thrips fasciata Stew, Elem. of Nat. Hist., II, 1802, p. 114.
Thrips fasciata Fasricius, Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, p. 514.
Thrips fasciata Turron, A General Syst. of Nat. (Transl. from Gmelin’s Syst.
Nat., 18th ed.), II, 1806, p. 717.
Aolothrips (Coleothrips) fasciata Hatipay, Ent. Mag., III, 1836, p. 451.
| Molothrips fasciata Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entom., II, 1838, p. 417.
_ Molothrips fasciata AMyor and SErRvVILLE, Hist. nat. d. Ins. Hemipt., 1843, p. 646,
128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXV
; Baloibrivs (Coleothrips) fasciata THALIDAY, Walker, Homopt. Ins. of Brit. i
Pt. 4, 1852, p. 1117, pl. vu, figs. $1— 42.
Molothrips fasciata Havarr, Sitzungsb. d. Acad. d. Wiss. Wien, VIII, 1852
pp- 135-136, pl. xxi.
Coleothrips trifasciata Frrcw, Count. Gent., VI, Dec. 1855, p. 385. ;
Coleothrips trifasciata Frrcx, Second Rept. Nox. Ins. N. Y. 1857, p. 308 (or 540).
Thrips fasciata DE Man, Tijdschr. v. Entomol., 1871, p. 147.
Eolothrips ( Coleothrips ) fasciata, REUTER, Diaeneeee ofver nya Thysanop. f
Finl., 1879; p. 7, or Otv. Fin. Soc., XX], 1879, po 214.
Coleothrips fasciata PERGANDE, Brtomelenie April, 1882, p. 95.
Coleothrips trifasciata WrBsTER, Rept. Dept. Agr., 1886, p. 577. .
Coleothrips trifasciata TuaxTEr, Rept. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1889, (1889), p. 180,
Coleothrips 3-fasciata Rirey-Howarp, Ins. Life, III, 1891, p. 301.
Coleothrips trifasciata TowNsEND, Canad. Ent., XXIV, 1892, p. 197.
Coleothrips trifasciata GrtLETTE, Bull. 24, Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1893, p. 15.
Coleothrips trifasciata Davis, Bull. 102, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1893, p. 39, fig. 10.
Coleothrips trifasciata CocKERELL, Bull. 15, N. Mex. Agr. eae Sta., 1895, p. 7
Eolothrips fasciata Uzer, Monographie d. Ord. Thysanop., 1895, p. 72, pl. a
fig. 4; pl. v, figs. 46-48.
Coleothrips trifasciata Davis, Special Bull. No. 2, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896,
p. 13, fig. 4.
Eolothrips fasciata Témpet, Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 286, pi
XXIII.
Female.—Length, 1.63 mm. (1.36 to 1.76 mm.); width of mesotho
rax, 0.30 mm. (0.27 to 0.84 mm.). General collor yellowish brown to)
dark brown. Head slightly wider than long, rectangular in outline,)
retracted slightly within prothorax; cheeks arched but slightly behind
eyes; front nearly straight; surface of head but faintly striated an
bearing numerous minute spines. Eyes large, black, elongated down-
ward; borders of eyes light; ocelli ernie well spa orange-
yellow with maroon crescents. Mouth cone sharply pointed; maxil=
lary palpi geniculate, three segmented; labial palpi four segmented;
chitinous thickening extending from left eye connected with that at
juncture of mouth cone with frons; just a trace of such thickening
extends down from right eye; the two spines standing at base of
frons close to transverse thickening are less than twice as long as sub=
antennal pair of spines. Antenne nine segmented, nearly three:
times as long as head and very slender, approximate at base; relative”
lengths of segments:
last . Seon are lone lee rl and from base of six they taper.
epally to the ap: eaten brows except tip of two and all but
(ttonmiy aothed AE ae spines; those around tip of two being
much the stoutest; no sense cones present, but both three_and fou
~~
0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 129
have an elongated, narrow, membr: anous sense area on iden side of
outer half; five bears a small, rounded spot of similar texture near
tip below.
_ Prothorax somewhat wider than long, and a little wider than head,
‘nearly rectangular in shape; sides but slightly arched, without con-
-spicuous spines but with numerous minute ones. Mesothorax smoothly
rounded at front angles. Metathorax slightly narrower at front end
than mesothorax and tapering somewhat posteriorly. Wings always
present, about one-seventh as broad as long, rounded at tips; fore
wing heavily veined having a ring vein and two longitudinal veins
which extend from the base and join the ring vein just before the tip
of the wing; fore vein united to costa by two cross veins at one-third
and eds its length; longitudinal veins united by one cross vein
just before the middle and the hind vein is joined to the hind ring vein
opposite the outer front cross vein; hind wing veinless. No fringe
upon costa of either wing, but costa and longitudinal veins set with a
number of short, dark spines; hind fringe hairs short and straight,
double row on fore wing. Fore wings with three white bands (at base,
middle, and tip) and wider dark brown cross bands between these;
hind wings with similar areas, but the two darker bands are so pale
gray that they are hardly noticable. Legs gray-brown, dark brown
in dark specimens, very long and slender; fore femora slightly
thickened and tarsi armed with a peculiar, hook-like structure opposed
toa stout tooth something like a forefinger and thumb (Plate I, fig. 9);
first segment of all tarsi very short; all legs thickly set with short
spines; all tibiee armed with very ooh spines at tips.
Abdomen about two-thirds the length of the whole body, small at
base, enlarging to the middle; segments frequently overlapping con-
siderably in the last half; last three segments long and tapering to tip;
ovipositor very long and up-curved; spines upon last two segments
long, dark, and conspicuous. Entire body yellowish brown to dark
brown; connective tissue red.
Redescribed from seven specimens. No males found.
Food plants. — Alfalfa, buckwheat, celery, clover, Composite, oats,
onion, tansy, wheat, various grasses and weeds.
| Habitat.—England (Haliday), Vienna (Heeger), Finland (Reuter),
Germany (Jordan, Bohls, near Berlin, Uzel), United States: Connecti-
cut, Indiana, lowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Mexico, New York,
Ohio.
Larva.— ‘Larva yellow, the abdomen behind deeper orange, a whorl
of hairs on each segment, more conspicuous on the last two; prothorax
elongate; antenne shorter than in the perfect insect, the number of
mints similar; mouth nearly perpendicular, not inflected under the
breast; joints of maxillary palpi not very unequal.”—Haliday.
Life history unknown. Fitch observed that it was abundant on
Proc. N.
~
7 a4",
— a er
130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
wheat early in the season and afterward passed to later-flowering
pi ints, such as tansy (Zanacetum vulgare). Webster found it common
in all stages on buckwheat in Ohio.
Thaxter believed that this species caused the rust of oats in Con-
necticut. Davis has reported it as the most common species on the
heads of clover in Michigan, and found it both in and out doors on
many plants.
ZEOLOTHRIPS BICOLOR, new species.
Plate I, figs. 4-9.
Female.—Length, 1.9 mm.; width of mesothorax, 0.29 mm.; width
of abdomen, 0.38 mm. General color light yellowish brown to dark
brown.
Head as wide as long, also as long and as wide as prothorax; cheeks”
slightly arched behind eyes; anterior margin slightly arcuate; occiput
transversely striated, quite thickly clothed with minute spines. Eyes
large, black, a downward, coarsely granulated, each facet dis-
tinct, slightly pilose; ocelli separated, bright reddish yellow, mar--
gined inwardly with maroon crescents. Mouth cone sharp; maxillary
palpi three segmented, geniculate, third segment very small; labial
palpi four segmented, first segment very short. Chitinous thickening
around left eye connected with that uniting mouth cone to frons; only
a short vestige of such thickening below right eye; two long, slender
spines are borne upon frons in front of the middle of the transverse
thickening and one equally long spine upon middle of labrum; these
spines are many times as long as any others upon the head. Antena
as long as head, pro and mesothorax together, slender, filamentous,
approximate at base; relative lengths of segments as follows:
BB 8) ee
8.1. 13.2 37.1 29 19.6 19608 Steams
y
Segment one thickest, as long as wide; three to six slightly nar-—
rower than two; seven to nine tapering; the last very minute and
conical. All segments, except three, of uniform brown color; three
is very pale yellowish white, except brown band around apex; two is”
brown at base fading to light yellowish at apex. Segments three to-
nine quite evenly clothed with fine hairs of uniform size; three and
four bear each a narrow, light-colored, membranous strip on a
part of underside, indistinct upon ies on account of its light color; 7
a small elliptical spot of similar structure near tip of five beneath.
Prothorax nearly square, slightly constricted in middle, with num-
erous minute spines, but none conspicuous. Mesonotum transyer atm
striated; fore angles of mesothorax broadly rounded. Metanotum
reticulate; metathorax tapering posteriorly. Wings broad, rounded
at tips; fore wing with two longitudinal veins which bone outward
|
|
:
3
. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 131
just before the tip and unite with the ring vein; fore longitudinal vein
- united to front part of ring vein by two cross v eins at about the first
and second thirds of its le sngth and to the hind vein by one cross vein
just before the middle of the wing; hind vein united to hind part of
ring vein by one cross vein at sa three-fifths the length of the
wing. Fore part of ring vein and both longitudinal veins set with
numerous short, dark spines; both pairs of wings thickly covered with
microscopic spines; no fringe upon front edge of fore wings, but a
very light one upon hind wings; posterior fringe on fore wings double,
on hind wings single; hind wings veinless. Wings clear white; fore
pair conspicuously marked with two broad, brown bands so that there
are narrow white bands across the base, middle, and tip of the wing;
hind wings almost clear white. Legs concolorous with body, very
long and slender; fore femora slightly thickened, but less than half as
wide as long; second segment of fore tarsus fitted with a peculiar
hook-like structure recurved toward base of segment and at tip
opposed toa stout tooth. All legs quite thickly set with small spines;
hind legs much the longest, nearly as long as wings; each tibia armed
at apex with two or more stout spines.
Abdomen small at base, enlarging gradually to its sixth segment,
where it is about one-fifth as wide as the body is long; eight, nine, aad
ten tapering uniformly and quite abruptly; no marked difference in
length of segments. Posterior part of segment one and segments two
and three white or yellowish in color; remainder of abdomen yellowish
brown to dark brown. No spines apparent upon the abdomen, except
on last three segments; nine bears a circlet of eight long slender
bristles near its posterior edge; ten bears six similar bristles. Ovipos-
itor very powerful, up-curved, and extending a little beyond the tip of
abdomen.
Described from nine females.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6323, U.S.N.M.
Male.—Length but little more than 1 mm.; width of mesotho-
rax slightly less than one-fourth body length. General color tawny
yellowish with brown extremities to appendages, not nearly as dark
as female.
Head subequal in length and breadth and slightly smaller than
prothorax; spines in front of transverse thickening at base of mouth
cone not conspicuously long. Antenne three and one-half times as
long as head, almost equal to length of abdomen; relative lengths of
segments as follows:
-
Outer two-thirds of antenna dark brown; first three segments light
vray-brown, two and basal half of three being lightest; antennz very
29 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. axis
hi airy. ‘Hind lees: very slender, Jonger than abdomen; all femora and
fore tibie brownish yellow shaded darkest above; middle and hind]
tibie and tarsi gray-brown to dark brown. A
Abdomen very small, but slightly longer than antennz and not as
broad as mesothorax, narrowed somewhat at attachment to thorax,
increasing gradually in breadth up to ninth segment; tenth segment
very abruptly smaller and conical. Segment one very lone and marked —
by two brown, longitudinal carinze dividing it into thirds dorsally, :
Ninth segment also peculiar, being very long and as broad as any in~
the abdomen; hind angles produced into a pair of claspers, also bearing
a pair of stout spines; tenth segment small and set with quite long, :
stout spines. Second, third, and fourth segments nearly white, some-
times irregularly suffused with yellow; rest of abdomen tawny yellow.
Described from three males.
Cotype.-—Cat. No. 6328, U.S.N.M.
These males differ much more than is usual from the description of
the female but it seems that they are more closely allied structurally to
A. bicolor than to A. fusciatus, and so I place them with the former
species.
Food plants.—Brunella vulgaris, Panicum sanguinale, bindweed,
and various grasses in mowings.
[labitat.—Ambherst, Massachusetts.
Seimei
+ > oa
ntti eral ee diet
Family THREPID A.
The members of this family have from six to eight segmented —
antenne (apparently nine segmented in Anaphothrips striatus and —
Pseudothrips inequalis); the segments beyond the sixth are usually —
short and form what is called the style. Maxillary palpi are usually —
three, sometimes two segmented; labial palpi never composed of more |
than two segments. The wings of Thripide are usually slender,
gradually tapering more or less and pointed at the tips. The fore wings,
as a rule, present two parallel longitudinal veins, the front one run-
ning from the base to near the tip of the wing; the hind vein appears
usually as a branch from the fore vein at about one-third the length —
of the wing. Sometimes, however, all connection between these veins
is wanting. Cross veins are rarely visible, though traces of them can —
sometimes be seen. The ring vein is not usually very heavy or promi-
nent. A fringe is generally present upon the front margin of the fore
wing, but may be vestigial. More or less stout spines are found along —
the veins and costa of the fore wing. The hind wing has one median, —
longitudinal vem without spines and no cross or ring veins, but the |
costa bears a frmge. The ovipositor of the female is bent downwaten
i. e., concave side ventral.
| No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 133
SYNOPSIS OF THRIPID.
1 es With velg Minseomn Shite Mera vee ree te eT oe a pee ee 2
Antenne with seven segments......-.-----.- Pe rt bie is Bare eyae ee See 11
9 ae with markedly reticulated surface......-...--------- Feliothrips (p. 168)
may ewivhoitirenculare: suviace \2) ite Sek tol ll lef ck ete elle 3
3 ce wit clothed with fine hairs and haying a silky luster_ Sericothrips (p. 141)
Bedawithouncotwing otding hairs. Soe eh oe et bok oa ee ak wh 4
4 ae two segments of the antenna longer than the sixth... Raphidothrips (p. 158)
Pari two. serments shorter thanisixth 12.052 25-522 0254.222 2-2 -32-20 63h 5
Terminal segment of abdomen with a pair of extremely stout, short spines
5 MELE lyr aOVe sash tear h aa rs Je Lk SE ESS oe Limothrips (p. 138)
Terminal segment without unusually stout spines.......--...----------- 6
Antenne with second segment drawn out into an acute process on outer
6 [ DIN ALD eae Pam carpet ape es Men ein ol Pa Seat ee wae ete CR SM Chirothrips (p. 183)
Second segment of antennz normally symmetrical. ..-..--..------------ 7
7 wes eolbbandowines wanting 22.422 oes oc esl ee Aptinothrips (p. 166)
ree liirancdewancrcorenent eens eee ance ere tin ae Tew i Dae 8
8 ee ioSspiNes ah hind angles:oL-probhorax. 26 $2 sic 202 see: Ses Pl rk ee ee 9
Without spines at hind angles of prothorax...-..------- Anaphothrips (p. 160)
9 ee ith two long spines at each hind angle of prothorax .---.....-.------- Or?
With one long spine at each hind angle of prothorax--- -- Pseudothrips (p. 146)
10 au ithout a long spine at middle of each side of prothorax .... Huthrips (p. 147)
With a long spine at middle of each side of prothorax--.-.- Scolothrips (p. 157)
rT oe wings broad and without front fringe .--..-...---- Parthenothrips (p. 175)
Fore wings slender, spines on outer half fewer than on basal... Thrips (p. 178)
Genus CHIROTHRIPS Haliday.
Body thickened. Head very small and in front of the eyes drawn
out into a three-cornered process upon which the antenne are situated.
Ocelli present in the females and located very far back; wanting in
the males. Antenne eight segmented, the second segment ending in
a blunt prominence at the outer angle. Maxillary palpi three seg-
mented. Prothorax nearly twice as long as the head, and trapezoidal
in form, being about twice as broad at the hind edge as at the fore
edge. Two prominent spines present at the hind angles or wanting
in some species. Legs short; the fore pair extremely thickened, so
that the tibie are short and broad and the tarsi small. Wings long
and very slender; fore wing with two veins upon which there stand a
few small spines; front fringe well developed. Males wingless.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.
With two moderately long spines at each hind angle -.....--- manicatus (p. 134)
Macaout lone spines at the hind anples.-25-4<.-..._ 22.222. 2enn5sese se 2
encomecte ont yollow Ms. ese fs oh es et 22 ees obesus (p. 187)
\ Abdomen OGIO LO Willlessse pee ae nee coe Le EA 2 crassus (p. 136)
CHIROTHRIPS MANICATUS Haliday.
Plate II, figs. 14-16.
Thrips ( ¢ ‘hirothrips ) manicata HaLipay, Entom. Mag., III, 1836, p- 444,
Thrips manicata BURMEISTER, Handb. d. Entomologie, II, 1838, p. 413.
Thrips longipennis BURMEISTER, Handb. d. Entomologie, II, 1838, p. 413.
Chirothrips manicata AMyor and SERVILLE, Ins. Hemipteres, 1843, p. 642.
Chirothrips longipennis AMyor and SERVILLE, Ins. Hemipteres, 1848, p. 642.
Thrips ( Chirothrips ) manicata HALLIDAY, Walker, Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., 1852, 2
p. 1106, pl. v1, fig. 12.
Thrips (Chirothrips) manicata Revver, Diagn. ofy. nya Thysanopt. f. Finland,
(1878-79), pp. 6, 6.
Chirothrips antennatus Osporn, Canad. Ent., XV, 1883, p. 154.
Chirothrips antennatus LrNDEMAN, Bull. d. Soc. Imp. d. Nat. d. Moscow, LXIT, |
1886, No. 4, pp. 322-325, fig. 12.
Chirothrips manicata JABLONowSKI, Termes. Fuzetek, X VII, 1894, p- 47.
Chirothrips manicata Uzer, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 80, pl. 1, fig. 2;
pl. vi, fig. 49.
VOL. XXVI1,
Chirothrips manicata Tiimert, Die Geradfiigler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 287.
It male.
0.27 mm. (0.24 to 0.382 mm.).
yellowish brown.
Head somewhat shorter than wide, almost conoid in shape, frequently —
hidden up to the eyes in the prothorax; cheeks only about one-third
the length of the eye; head prolonged into a triangular process in
front of the eyes; a row of four small spines across the head between
the front edges of the eyes and one small spine on each side of the
Eyes large, black, rather coarsely faceted; ocelli
subapproximate, almost white or pale yellowish with heavy maroon
anterior ocellus.
-Length 1 mm. (0.84 to 1.18 mm.); width of mesothorax
General color quite uniform dark
|
3
|
Ce il ka is
crescentic inner margins, placed in a low triangle far back between
hind half of eyes.
palpi three segmented.
as follows:
ee eee see
0.8 0:9 ~6.4:. 1.02101 Seams
Mouth cone short, broad and blunt; maxillary
Antenne less than twice the length of head; _
segments thick and more or less rounded; relative lengths of segments
Basal segments very broad and almost contiguous; two drawn out —
into a short, blunt angle on outer side; three and four bear each one
very stout, blunt sense cone on outer angle.
tips of two and three frequently yellowish.
All segments brown;
Prothorax large, trapezoidal, a little less than twice as long as head,
as wide as head in front and twice as wide behind; sides nearly
straight; surface dotted with numerous very small spines and marked
with transverse, arched wrinkles, giving it a sealy appearance; numer-
ous small spines stand at hind edge, and two spines at each hind angele
are much larger than the others.
Mesothorax a little broader than
ie
ie
‘=
\
&
“xo. 1510. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. : 135
‘the prothorax, widest behind, sides curving forward; metathorax
‘abruptly somewhat narrower, and its sides curve inward to base of
‘abdomen. Wings nearly always fully developed in females, about
four-fifths as long as body and in middle about one-seventeenth as
broad as long, sharply pointed at ends, heavily fringed on both edges.
Hind longitudinal vein branches from the fore at about one-fourth
the length of the wing; fore vein bears six or seven spines before the
branching off of the hind vein; beyond this the fore vein bears
usually two and the hind vein four spines; costa bears numerous
short spines. Fore wings gray-brown; hind wings gray. Legs short
and powerful; fore femora extremely short, nearly as broad at base
as long, wrinkled on surface and at tip outside with chitin turned up
into a sort of tooth; fore tibiz also extremely short and thick; each
tibia bearing a row of spines of gradually increasing length and stout-
ness on inner side toward tip; these are most strongly developed on
hind legs. Legs dark brown except tarsi more or less gray or
yellowish.
Abdomen broader than mesothorax, hardly twice as long as broad
(segments usually overlapping considerably and giving a dark and
light brown banded appearance); spines around last two segments
moderately long and stout, dark brown and conspicuous; ovipositor
of good length. Color of abdomen uniform dark brown; recepta-
culum seminis inconspicuous or invisible.
Redescribed from ten females.
Male.—Length 0.83 mm. (0.66 to 0.96 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.22 mm. (0.20 to 0.24 mm.).
Ocelli wanting; spines on head as in female. Relative lengths of
antennal segments as follows:
1 2 3 + > 6 7 8
Jed iowaue + 0.0; 4-4-2520. 1.8 18
Segments two and three pale yellowish. Wings entirely wanting.
Abdomen more narrow than in female and bluntly rounded at the end.
Ninth segment very large, conoid; tenth segment retracted therein;
ninth with a short stout spine on each side of the hind edge above;
genital apparatus protruding beyond the tip of tenth segment; a
rounded light depression in middle of ventral plates on segments
three to six.
Described from five males.
tood plants.—Flowers of various grasses and cereals, clover, wild
carrot.
Habitat. —England (Haliday), Germany (Burmeister, Jordan, Bohls),
Finland (Reuter), Russia (Lindeman), Bohemia (Uzel), United States:
Manchester, Iowa; Amherst, Massachusetts.
136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. all
i 1
—
Life history unknown except that they hibernate in dried flower
ae
stems and in turf. .
I have compared my specimens with those of Osborn’s C. antennatus
and they are identical. .
CHIROTHRIPS CRASSUS, new species.
Plate II, figs. 17-20.
Female.—Length 0.78 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.26 mm. Gen-
eral color of head and thorax brown; abdomen gray-brown or yellow-
ish brown.
Head very small, slightly wider than long, narrowed in front
between the eyes and elongated anteriorily; distance between eyes’
equal to one-half the width of head; frons between antenne bluntly
acuminate. Eyes reddish orange by reflected light; ocelli placed in a
low triangle far back between hind edge of eyes; each ocellus pale,
margined inwardly with a dark-red crescent. Mouth cone very short
and broadly rounded; maxillary palpi short, three segmented. Anten-
nx approximate at base; relative lengths of segments as follows:
Or
ie One ee 6 ee
156 oT 6b Coes
_ Basal segments large, longitudinally compressed, nearly twice as
wide as long; segment two drawn out at outer angle into an acute
process; three with slender peduncle, subpyriform, bearing one promi-
nent sense cone on outside, as does also four; four and five rounded;
four nearly as thick as long; five somewhat narrower; six elongated;
seven and eight moderately slender. One and two pale straw yellow;
three to six shading gradually to a medium brown; seven and eight
also medium brown.
Prothorax one and one-half times as long as head, one and three-
fourths times as wide as long, twice as wide at posterior edge as at
anterior; sides nearly straight, indented above fore cox, with prom-
inent spines at posterior angles. Mesothorax one and one-fourth times
as wide as prothorax, quite a deep constriction between mesothorax and
metathorax; pterothorax with more or less rusty tinge. Wings long,
saber-formed, slightly overreaching the tip of the abdomen; fore wings
shaded with gray, hind wings nearly clear. Fore longitudinal vein
extends through the wing; hind vein arises from fore vein at one-third
its length; both veins disappear before reaching the tip of the wing.
Fore vein bears two spines on distal half; hind vein bears five spines.
Legs short; fore pair strongly thickened; all femora grayish or yel-
lowish brown; fore tibie and all tarsi pale yellowish; middle and hind
tibie brownish at bases and above, fading to pale gray or yellow
beneath and at extremities.
NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. = OT
%
,
Abdomen elongate-ovate in outline, bluntly pointed at tip, one and
four-fifths times as long as broad; spines upon last twe segments short,
weak, and inconspicuous; ovipositor short and weak. Color rusty-
gray brownish upon sides, and pale yellowish upon last two segments.
Described from two females.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6324, U.S.N.M.
Male.—Length 0.66 mm. (0.58 to 0.78 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.23 mm. (0.19 to 0.25 mm.). General color of head and prothorax
‘grayish or yellowish brown; pterothorax abruptly pale yellowish,
‘shading through gray to chestnut brown upon last two abdominal
. segments.
Head as wide as long,
. without ocelli; relative lengths of antennal
‘segments as follows:
; 1 2 3 4 5 6 it 8
AA O20 20.9 25.0 Oi) C9). 252-0 2-6
_ Prothorax one and one-third times as long as head, and one and one-
half times as wide as long; mesothorax one and one-sixth times as
wide as prothorax; wings wanting; terminal two segments conoid;
“spines thereupon slightly more prominent than in female.
Described from seven males.
Cotype.— Cat. No. 6324, U.S. N.M.
Food plant.— Panicum capilare.
Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts.
Life history unknown.
CHIROTHRIPS OBESUS, new species.
Plate II, figs. 21, 22.
Female.—Length 0.78 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.29 mm.; width
of abdomen 0.275 mm. General color of head and thorax yellowish
brown; abdomen pale yellow.
_ Head very small, as wide as long, narrowed anteriorly, much elon-
gated between the eyes, acuminate between basal segments of antenne.
Eyes dark, relatively large, occupying sides of head from close to base
of antenne almost to posterior edge of head; distance between eyes
one-half the width of head; ocelli rather small and placed very far
back between hind edge of eyes; anterior angle of triangle formed by
ocelli is very obtuse; color pale yellow, margined inwardly, or entirely
surrounded by red patches. Mouth cone very short and blunt; max-
‘illary palpi short, three segmented. Antenne one and three-fourths
times as long as head, situated upon the elongated portion thereof;
relative lengths of segments as follows:
Dede Te Aee | DR eO 38
1
Ae ea TRE Re pe A ONG 8
138 PROCE EDINGS: OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
vw
First segment muc h compressed longitudinally; transverse diamete
more than twice its length; two very strongly drawn out externally
‘nto a stout. conical elongation; segments three, four, and five rounded;
three with a quite long peduncle; three and four each bear one stout,
transparent sense cone upon outer angle. Color of one and two clear
pale yellow; three to six becoming gradually more brownish; six to
eioht uniformly chestnut brown. ;
Prothorax one and one-third times as long as the head; anterior edge
but slightly wider than hind edge of head; sides slightly concave,
divergent so that width at posterior edge is more than twice that at
anterior edge; hind angles acute, without long spines; sides quite”
deeply indented above fore coxe. Sides of mesothorax rounded, con-_
verging anteriorly; met tathorax narrower than mesothorax, its sides |
also rounded but converging posteriorly. Color of thorax fone yel- |
lowish brown, sometimes splashed with red. Fore legs very short and
extremely thickened; other legs short, but not thickened. Legs pale
yellow, middle and hind tibize slightly brownish on upper side, basal
part of fore femora shading to light brown. Wings long, sabre-
formed, overreaching tip of abdomen, shaded with gray. Two long”
veins, the hind one branching from the fore at about one-third the |
length of the wing; both veins disappear before reaching the apex.
Each vein bears four to six spines; basal third of wings “unfringed;,
fore fringe sparse, long and slender.
Abdomen ovoid, acuminate at apex, broadly attached to metathorax, —
one and two-thirds times as long as broad. Spines upon last two seg-
ments very short and weak, 7 those upon ventral plates weak and
inconspicuous. Ovipositor very short and weak, apparently not func-—
tional; tenth segment split open above. Color of abdomen uniformly —
clear pale yellow, except apex brownish and posterior edges of seg-—
ments faintly brownish, receptaculum seminis over base of ovipositor
bright reddish orange.
Described from three specimens.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6325, U.S.N.M.
Male unknown.
ible hci
Food plants.— Festuca ovina, Poa pratensis.
Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts.
Genus LIMOTHRIPS Haliday.
Body powerful. Head longer than wide, broadened behind, and ip
front of the eyes extending into a triangular projection upon which
the antennxe are borne. Ocelli present in females, but wanting in|
males. Antenne eight segmented; third segment drawn out into a
blunt, triangular process at outer angle. Maxillary palpi two seg-
mented (LZ. cerealium three?). Prothorax somewhat shorter than
the head, slightly broadened at hind edge; hind angles provided with
r 1310. ee AMERICAN THYSA LE ae A—HINDS. 139
one long, stout spine. Legs rt rather short and thic ik Wi ing’s quite
Jong and of medium breadth; costa bearing a fringe; veins bearing a
few short spines. Terminal segment of abdomen in female elongated
somewhat and approaching a tubular form, split open above; each
side bears a short, extremely stout spine and similar stout spines are
borne upon the sides of the eighth segment.
Male entirely wingless. End of abdomen bluntly rounded; ninth
segment bears a stout spine at middle of each side and a pair of simi-
Jar spines stands closely together near the dorsal line above.
Species of this genus move slowly and have no power of leaping.
I found only the new species avenx of the genus.
= SS
crea
LIMOTHRIPS AVENZ, new species.
Plate I, figs. 10-12; Plate II, fig. 13.
Female.—Length 1.57 mm. (1.48 to 1.66 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.28 mim. (0.26 to 0.30 mm.). Form elongated, slender. General color
dark yellowish brown.
Head a little longer than wide, tapering a little anteriorly; cheeks
very slightly arched; surface of head not at all, or but very faintly,
cross striated and bearing a few scattered minute spines; front strongly
arcuate, produced considerably between bases of antennze; color of
head dark brown. Eyes of moderate size, black with yellow margins,
triangular above, protruding slightly; ocelli fairly well separated,
anterior one smallest, pale yellow with very dark red crescents on
inner margins. Mouth cone short and moderately thick; maxillary
palpi short, only two segmented. Antenne rather short, about one
and one-half times as long as the head, considerably separated at
bases; relative lengths of segments as follows:
lise
oO
AAA AG 1029) 21005 1A e
i]
eee Oe OE 2B
)
Oo
Oo
a
Segment one much wider than long; two cup-shaped; three to five
clavate; six fusiform; seven and eight slender, cylindrical; one and
two dark brown; three to eight shading gradually from pale brownish
gray to more or less dark brown; outer angles of three and four strongly
developed (three especially so, though obtuse), and each bears one long
pointed sense cone; six also bears one long, slender sense cone on inner
side at two-thirds its length.
Prothorax a little shorter than head and about one and one-third
times as wide as long; sides diverging from head posteriorly; only
one long stout spine at each posterior angle; other spines scattered and
minute; transverse margins nearly straight; sides slightly rounded;
concolorous with head. Mesothorax about one and one-third times as
wide as prothorax; metathorax abruptly narrower; sides nearly par-
140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
allele pterothorax more or less rusty brown in color. Wings present,
‘lone and slender, about one-seventeenth as broad in middle
long, tapering eradually from base to tip; two longitudinal veins, n
fore wine, the second branching from the first at about one-fourth its
leneth; both veins and costa beara few short, rather stout, dark brown |
spines: costa about twenty, fore vein about twelve, of which only two |
stand beyond the middle of the wing; hind vein about nine spines;
fore wings dark, smoky gray; hind wings very slightly gray; costal}
frinoeslone. Lees rather short, but not thickened; femora and middle |
9.
quite
hind tibiz alone bearing stout spines.
Abdomen about two-thirds the length of the body and only abo
at tip of tenth. Spines on sides of abdomen weak and inconspicuo Ss
before the seventh segment; eight bears three or four short, very
stout, slightly curved, dark brown spines on each side; nine bears a_
circlet of long, slender spines; tenth segment split open above, sharply —
pointed at tip, and on each side above is a short, very stout, straight,
dark brown spine reaching but slightly beyond the tip; color of
abdomen gray-brown, shading to almost black at tip; connective tissue”
pale yellow; surface of segments finety reticulated. ‘
Described from eight long-winged females.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6326, U.S.N.M.
Male.—Length 1.05 mm. (1.02 to 1.08 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.22 mm. (0.20 to 0.22 mm.).
Head as broad as long. Ocelli generally wanting, though some-
times vestiges are present. Antenne only one and one-third times as
long as the head; relative lengths of segments:
L525, 8 roe Or aso deanna
4:89. TC ee as
8
3
Color paler than in female, with more of a yellowish tinge, becoming
yellowish brown at tip. Pterothorax without traces of wing pads;
the dorsal plates very broad, being as wide as first abdominal segment.
Head and thorax yellowish brown; legs yellow; femora and tibie con-
siderably shaded with brownish.
Abdomen but little more than twice as long as wide, though seg-
ments overlap considerably, giving it a yellowish brown and dark-
brown cross-banded appearance; bluntly rounded at tip; segment nine
very large and bluntly conoid; segment ten small, cylindrical, and
plainly visible retracted within the ninth: copulatory apparatus pro-
Jecting a little from ten. Close together in middle of nine above stand |
two extremely short blunt spines borne upon broader black, chitinous:
oy
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. AT
projections, the inner edges a ic h are parallel and fhe blak ae
ing tapers to a point anteriorly; on eac ‘h side of these peculiar proc-
esses stands a long, slender spine; at about the middle of each side of
‘ninth segment is a very abrupt, angular, chitinous projection shaded
almost black, supporting on the inside of it an exceedingly- short,
stout, dark brown, blunt spine; other spines on this segment slender,
but not very long. Segment ten is blunt at end and bears a row of
short, small spines above; close to hind edge; nine is cut out on upper
side over about half of ten, which at tip does not quite reach to tip of
nine or under side; abdomen yellow-brown.
Described from four specimens.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6326, U.S.N.M.
Food plants. —Oats, Festuca pratensis.
Habitat.—Pennsylvania, Massachusetts.
Life history unknown.
This species was very abundant upon and caused much damage to
oats at State College, Pennsylvania, during the summer of 1898.
Genus SH RICOTHRIPS Halliday.
Body broad and having a silky luster due to the presence of numer-
ous minute spines on the abdominal segments. Head fully one and
one-half times as wide as long. Eyes large and protruding; ocelli
present in both sexes. Antenne eight segmented. Maxillary palpi
‘three segmented. Prothorax much longer than the head, without long
spines at hind angles (one present in S. varvabilis). Legs, especially
hind pair, quite slender. Wings either reduced or fully developed;
when present, the fore wing is broad at basal fourth, the remainder
being very narrow; only one longitudinal vein developed; fore fringe
Jong; spines on veins numerous and moderately developed. Abdomen
‘in some species strongly arched and its segments broad and short; tip
of abdomen conical in both sexes. Abdomen of male much more slen-
der throughout.
Species of this genus leap readily.
— The characters of this genus are extended to include the following
species:
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.
Body nearly black except segments four, five, and six of abdomen almost white;
__ wings reduced ......-..-----------++--++++-2+-02222-222----- cingulatus (p. 141)
Body yellow with brown or gray markings; wings present and with two spines on
ian sourth, where hind vein usually is -..: 2522-20-52. 2-2 variabilis (p. 148
SERICOTHRIPS CINGULATUS, new species.
Plate ITI, figs. 27-29.
— Female.—Length 1 mm. (0.84 to 1.25 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.25 mm. (0.22 to 0.31 mm.); width of abdomen 0.37 mm. (0.31 to
0.45 mm.). General color very dark brown; abdomen cross- banded
with white in the middle.
142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ‘NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 4
©
eee at the insertion of ao nnthortaeel Eyes small, rounded
strongly protruding, occupying together only one-half the width
the head, black, oe el: ated; margins vent yellow, oc preg
Mouth cone reaching to san cae oe ode of aco max-
illary BaP ee segme mes ae very eee as ae as hea 1
ments:
i 2 3 4 5 6 nee
58 9.9 16.4 145 199 123-32 7
Basal two segments thickest; spines slender and inconspicuous,
Segments one, tw 0, and ae light yer one fhe pe ot brown
|
n
than prothorax; et beeen ce notal plates dark prowl
sides of metathorax not converging posteriorly; metanotum much
wider than long. Wings reduced, the pads reaching only to the first
abdominal segment. Fore and middle legs of approximately sami
length; fore pay Jee hind pair longest and quite slender; all
Callow ae more Ghee at basal attenuations, fore pair lightest;
tarsi uniformly yellowish, slender, and tapering evenly from thei
bases to tips. Surface of all femora and tibie thickly covered with
transverse ridges; spines upon hind tibix especially long and slende1
uniformly thickly covered with minute spines which appear most
clearly as a fine fringe at posterior edge of each segment; a transverse
dorsal row of about twelve quite uniformly long, brownish spines
regularly spaced across the middle of segments ree to six, and si
similar spines stand in as Inany small, dark depressions along the
posterior edge of the sternal plates of these segments. First thre e
abdominal segments light brown; four, five, and six abruptly pale
gray, or yellowish gray, tinged with pron in middle of dorsum,
most broadly on sixth segment; last four segments again abruptly
dark brown. A narrow, ane brome transverse, chitinous thickening
=
‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 143
ok
(appearing as a stripe) extends across two-thirds of the width of the
dorsal plates of segments two to seven near their anterior edges;
spines upon terminal segments short and weak.
This species possesses a well-developed power of leaping.
Described from twenty specimens.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6327, U.S.N.M.
Male.—Length 0.87 mm. (0.66 to 1 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.21 mm.; width of abdomen, 0.27 mm. (0.22 to 0.30 mm.).
Relative lengths of antennal segments:
epee ee ee ee!) 8
e101. 1S. t09 19.87° 918! 3.7
End of abdomen shaped as in female; a transverse elliptical depres-
sion in the middle of ventral plates of segments five to seven. Seg-
ment nine long and tapering; tenth elongate and retracted within the
ninth. Genital apparatus appears to be wholly protrusile. Testes
large and brownish yellow in color.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6827, U.S.N.M.
Food plants.—Various grasses.
Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts.
Life history unknown.
SERICOTHRIPS VARIABILIS (Beach).
Plate II, fig. 23; Plate III, figs. 24-26.
Thrips variabilis Beacu, Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., 1895, III, 1896, pp. 220-223.
Female.—Length 0.84 to 1.28 mm.; width of mesothorax about one-
fourth the length of the body. General color yellow, with more or
less striking brown or gray-brown markings.
Head about two-thirds as long as broad, broadest through eyes,
retracted considerably into prothorax; cheeks moderately full, con-
verging somewhat posteriorly; anterior margin nearly straight, but
slightly elevated between bases of antennz. Spines upon head incon-
spicuous; but one moderately long spine on each side of fore ocellus,
and one behind each hind ocellus; a row of fourshort, strongly curved
spines across front near margin, and a few small spines upon cheeks;
color of head pale yellow with dusky shadings. Eyes moderately large,
protruding a little, nearly black, coarsely faceted, plainly pilose, occu-
pying about three-fifths the width of the head; ocelli large, approxi-
mate, reddish orange, heavily margined inwardly with maroon, situated
upon a slightly raised area between the eyes. Mouth cone tipped with
black; maxillary palpi slender, three segmented. Antenne eight seg-
mented, more than twice as long as head, bases separated by about
two-thirds the width of a basal segment; relative lengths of segments:
SO AS
ae)
144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXYI
Seoment one nearly spherical and slightly narrower than two which i,
broadest: three and four fusiform; five similarly formed to four at its
hase, but quite broad at its apex, and rather broadly joined to six which
with style tapers gradually to tip. Color: One white and nearly tra s
parent; two pale or brownish yellow; three and four pale yellow; three
lieht brownish at tip and four in outer half; remainder of antenna light
to dark brown, base of five somewhat lighter. |
Prothorax about three-fourths as long as wide, a little longer and @
versely striated on dorsum; only one long, slender spine at each hind
anele= anterior third of pronotum concolorous with head, remainder
marked with a saddle-shaped patch of brown, the anterior edge of
which is concave and sharply defined; six or eight medium-sized spines
stand in this dark border, behind it there are six more or less well-
defined brown spots. Pterothorax large and apparently symmetrically
formed on account of first segment of abdomen being closely joined
metathorax and closely approaching it in color; meso and metathorax
equally wide and about one and one-half times as wide as the pro-
thorax; metanotal plate light brown; rest of pterothorax bright or
dusky yellow, except small brown spots at anterior edge of mesonotum
and at anterior angles. Wings long, reaching to tip of abdomen
fore wings very slender beyond the basal fourth, breadth at middle
only about one twenty-sixth their length; only the fore longitudinal
vein is fully developed, though vestiges of the hind vein may be seen
vein placed at regular intervals; two isolated spines stand upon the
last fourth of the wing on the line where the hind vein might be
expected; the scale bears four spines along its inner edge and one
discal near its base. Fore wings uniformly dusky or marked with
three white and two gray-brown cross bands alternating; scale also
gray-brown; anterior fringe long and fine on outer two-thirds of costa,
Legs, especially hind pair, quite long and slender; general color pale
yellowish with brown markings on fore femora above, both outer and
inner sides of fore tibize, around outer halves of middle and hind
femora, around middle of these tibie, and bases of all bladders. Tarsi
slender and tapering; hind tibie without stout spines within.
Abdomen cylindrical, tapering sharply from anterior edge of eight
or acute avoid; two to two and one-third times as long as broad; thickly
clothed with minute slender spines appearing most: prominently as é
fringe on hind edges of dorsal plates. Eight to ten spines upon eack
segment from two to eight, two or three of these stand quite closely
together in a group upon each side, and the middle pair stand very
closely together upon segments two to five, but separate more widely
upon following segments and become larger; spines upon last two seg-
. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 145
ents short, weak, and not strongly radiating. Segments two to seven
‘marked with a very prominent dark-brown cross line at anterior third
‘of each; on each side of these segments behind this line is a more or
ess extensive brown shading which on seven extends clear across the
back; ground color of these segments is white or pale yellowish gray;
eight, nine, and ten are without the brown markings, and are pale or
dusky yellowish.
_ Male.—Similar to female with the following exceptions: Length
0.64 mm.; width of thorax 0.19 mm.; abdomen only four-fifths as
wide as thorax, and more than twice as long as wide, nearly cylindrical
to seventh segment; eight to ten conoid; spines upon last segment
short; the testes large and brownish orange.
y : :
: Relative lengths of antennal segments:
pe ee oy Bi ts 8
e oe lO Oe oe AOL oa
ie
r
Var. a. female.—Head and front third of prothorax clear, pale yel-
_Jow; pterothorax darker yellow; hind part of prothorax and metano-
tum abruptly brown; abdomen pale yellowish with very conspicuous
dark brown cross-streak at first third of segments two to seven; on
each side behind this streak is a narrow brown shading which upon
"seven extends clear across the back. Fore wings slightly tinged with
yellowish, darkest at base. Brown spot on femora above, darkest on
hind femora. Abdomen acute ovoid.
Food plants.—Clematis, clover, elm, hackberry.
Habitat.—lowa, Massachusetts.
“Var. b. male and female.—Body pale yellowish, immaculate; apical
_ joints of antenne black, remainder pale; wings and fringes tinged with
yellowish.” —Beach.
Food plants.—Hawthorn, hackberry.
Habitat.—lowa.
“Var. c. male and female.—Wings nearly uniformly fuliginous;
last three joints of antenne, distal half of joints 4 and 5 black, some-
times intermediate altogether dusky; brown markings very distinct,
confined to two large spots on thorax and scutellum respectively, the
latter oblong and approximating posteriorly; abdomen immaculate.”
Beach.“ .
Food plants.—Hawthorn, hackberry.
Habitat.—lowa.
“Var. d. male and female.—This variety is characterized by having
the wings fuliginous, trifasciate with white bands, and in being more
al have seen and studied the specimens of Miss Beach labeled “ Thrips variabilis
Beach, Var. c. male and female types.” These specimens seem to me to fit much
better her description of ‘‘ Var. d.”’ An emended description based upon these speci-
mens would not be distinguishable from the foregoing description of o Var. d.*?
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 10
146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._
heavily marked with brown; the markings on the thorax and bands at |
bases of first, second, and third (sometimes of second and third only),
and seventh and eighth segments of the abdomen are extended until
they coalesce and form broad bands; the dorsal surface of the head is
hrown: sometimes all of the caudal segments are brown; the legs are™
white. with brown streaks on dorsal surface of femora, an frequently
on tibiew also; antenne same as in preceding variety.” Beach. ;
Food plants.—Cucumber, grass, smartweed. 2
Habitat. —lowa, Massachusetts.
PSEUDOTHRIPS, new genus.
Head much broader than long. Ocelli present. Maxillary palpil
three segmented. Antenne eight segmented (apparently nine seg- |
)
mented, owing to an apparent division of the sixth segment). Pro- .
thorax much longer than head and somewhat broadened posteriorly; —
one stout spine at each hind angle. Wings with two longitudinal |
veins which, with the costa, are thickly and regularly set with quite
prominent spines; fore fringe well developed. Abdominal segments
two to eight, inclusive, bear across the middle of each dorsal plate
four weak spines, of which the middle two are close together upon
anterior segments but diverge posteriorly.
This genus is erected for the single species ¢neqgualis.
(ysevda, false; Apu.)
PSEUDOTHRIPS INEQUALIS (Beach).
Plate III, figs. 30-32.
Thrips inequalis Bracu, Proc. lowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III, (1896), pp. 223-224.
Female.—Length 0.88 mm.; width of mesothorax, 0.22 mm.; gen-
eral color yellow; thorax and abdomen tinged with orange.
Head fully one and one-half times as broad as long, slightly con-
stricted at hind edge, and retracted into the prothorax somewhat;
cheeks full; anterior margin nearly straight. Eyes of medium size,
rounded, slightly protruding, slightly pilose; ocelli large, well sepa-
rated, with orange-red margins; ocellar bristles present, but not very
long or prominent. Mouth cone moderately sharp and somewhat
shaded with brown at tip; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antenne
over two and one-half times as long as head; eight segmented, though
there appear to be nine segments; relative lengths of segments as
follows:
Ue eae +
Z 8
Aire wise
6
8+2 3
Segment six has a distinct annulation around it at four-fifths its
length, the outer part appearing much like a separate segment. Seg-
ments one and two quite stout and rounded; three irregularly, and
four regularly clavate; seven and eight psikinidieaead Segment one
paler than two, concolorous with head: three to six pale yellow in
bo] ~T
Oo] ox
i: No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 147
basal parts, shading to dark brown toward ‘the tips: seven and eight
dark brown; spines distinct but not prominent, becoming more slen-
der toward the tip.
| Prothorax about one and one-half times as long as head, and one
and one fourth times as broad at posterior edge; sides nearly straight,
diverging backward; dorsal surface bearing a number of small, dark
‘spines, mostly near lateral and posterior borders; one stout, promi-
nent spine at each hind angle. Mesothorax over one and one-half
times as wide as head; sides rounded and converging anteriorly; fore
angles prominent. Metathorax but little narrower than mesothorax;
its sides nearly parallel, curving inward abruptly at hind angles.
Wings reaching almost to tip of abdomen; two longitudinal veins quite
prominent; both veins and costa thickly and regularly set with prom-
inent dark brown spines; costal twenty-four to twenty-eight, fore
vein eighteen to nineteen, hind vein ten to eleven, scale five, internal
one. Fore wing about one-fifteenth as broad in middle as ioe shaded
faintly yellowish; costal fringe well developed. Legs dusky yellow,
quite slender; fore femora slightly thickened; femora and tibie bear-
ing numerous short spines; inner side of hind tibizw with but few
stouter spines except one pair at tip; each hind tarsal segment with
one stout, dark spine on the side; a dark brown spot on under side of
each tarsus at tip.
Abdomen elongate-ovate; few dark spines along the sides; segments
two to eight bear across the middle of each ddoreal plate four weak
spines, the middle two are close together upon anterior segments, but
diverge posteriorly; posterior edge of nine bears a circlet of six stout
spines, the median pair being only slightly more than half as long
as the others. All spines on body, and spines and fringes on wings
conspicuously dark brown; abdomen dusky yellow, dark brown at
extreme tip.
Redescribed from one female, ** Type” of Miss Beach.
Male unknown.
Food plant.—Aster.
Habitat.—Ames, Iowa.
This species bears a close general resemblance to Huthrips tritic?,
with which it was taken.
Genus EUTHRIPS Targioni-Tozzetti.
PHYSOPUS.¢
Ocelli usually present but sometimes more or less rudimentary.
Antenne eight segmented. Maxillary palpi three segmented. Pro-
«The name Physapus was used by Amyot and Serville for this genus in 1843, but it
‘ean not hold, as this name was previously used by Leach for a genus of the Neurop-
tera in 1817.
I have been unable to see Targioni-Tozzetti’s characterization of his genus Luthrips,
but as nearly as I can tell it may include the species which have been placed in the
genus Physopus, and I therefore adopt it for this genus.
148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
thorax as lone or somewhat longer than the head, with two long spines
upon each hind angle and one similar spine upon each anterior angle
in many species, but this is wanting in others. Legs usually unarmed,
but in a few species with a stout tooth on under side of fore tibia at
end. Wings usually fully developed but sometimes reduced. When
present they are moderately broad, have two longitudinal veins which
are set with numerous stout spines at regular intervals in those species
having a spine at the fore angle of the pronotum. Spines upon
abdomen moderately stout; anal spines long and slender.
These species are active and can spring.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.
{General color of body yellow -.-.-..---------------+---+--+-++++-+----------+- 2.
\General color of body brown ..--<-- 22-22 -- 2 oe te eee oa
{Fifth antennal segment about five-sixths as long as four .... occidentalis (p. 152).
= \Fifth antennal segment about two-thirds as long as fourth -...... tritici (p. 148).
, JAntennze about three times as long as head -.----..------------ fuscus (p. 154).
° |Antennz but slightly more than twice as long as head.-.-.-.- nervosus (p. 155).
EUTHRIPS TRITICI (Fitch).
WHEAT THRIPS.
Plate LV, figs. 36-39.
Thrips tritici Frrcu, Count. Gent., VI, Dec. 13, 1855, p. 385.
Thrips tritici Frrcu, Rept., 11, Nox. Ins. N. Y., 1857, pp. 304-308.
Thrips tritici ASHMEAD, Orange Insects, 1880, p. 72.
Thrips tritici OSBORN, Canad. Entom., XV, 1883, pp. 152, 156.
Thrips tritici OsBorN, Trans. Iowa St. Hort. Soc., X VIII, 1883-1884, pp. 520-521;
Coll. Bull., 2, lowa Agrl. College, 1885, pp. 96, 97.
Thrips tritici Hupparp, Ins. Affect. Orange, 1885, p. 164, fig. 77, pl. x1, fig. 5.
Thrips tritici Forses, Centralia, Il]., Sentinel, 1887; Prairie Farmer, June 4, 1887.
Thrips tritict Lintner, Cult. and Count. Gent., LI, June 9, 1887, p. 459.
Thrips tritici Weep, Prairie Farmer, LIX, 1887, p. 343; Trans. Ill. St. Hort. Soe.,
1887, pp. 230-233.
Thrips tritici OsBorn, Insect Life, I, 1888, p. 141.
Thrips tritici WEED, Popular Gardening, III, 1888, p. 176.
Thrips sp. Comstock, Bull. XI, Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta., 1889, p. 131.
Thrips tritici Ritey-Howarp, Insect Life, I, 1889, p. 340.
Thrips tritici Forses, 16th Rept. St. Entom., Ill., 1890, p. ix, pl. v, fig. 4; 17th
Rept. St. Entom., Il., 1891, pp. xiii, xv.
Thrips tritici WEED, Ins. and Insecticides, 1891, p. 95.
Thrips tritici Forses, Insect Life, V, 1892, pp. 126, 127.
Thrips tritici Weester, Bull. 45, Ohio Exp. Sta., 1892, pp. 207, 208.
Thrips tritici Townsend, Canad. Ent., XXIV, 1892, p. 197.
Thrips tritici BRUNER, Rept. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr., 1893, (1893), p. 457, fig. 96.
Thrips tritici Bruner, Nebr. St. Hort. Rept., 1894, (1894), pp. 163, 214, fig. 82.
Thrips tritici ASHMEAD, Insect Life, VII, 1894, p. 27.
Thrips tritici Craw, 4th Biennial Rept. St. Bd. Hort., Calif. for 1893-94, 1894, |
p. 88.
Thrips tritici Weep, Ins. and Insecticides, 1895, p. 146.
Thrips tritici Uze., Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, pp. 220, 278.
Thrips tritici Smrrn, Economic Entom., 1896, p- 102, fig. 73.
a
r
%
|g 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 149
Thrips tritici LIntNER, 11th Rept. N. Y. St. Entom., 1896, pp. 247-250.
Thrips tritici Rois, 10th Ann. Meet. Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1897, p. 97.
Thrips tritici QuAINTANCE, Bull. 42, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1897, pp. 552-564.
Thrips tritici Powers, Fla. Farmer and Fruit Grower (editorial), March 27, 1897.
Thrips tritici QUATNTANCE, Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1898, pp. 77-103, figs. 1-9.
Thrips tritici Howarp, Bull. 18, N. 8., U. 8. Dept. Agri., 1898, p. 101.
Thrips tritici Rours, 11th Ann. Meet. Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1898, pp. 54-38.
Female.—Length about 1.22 mm.; width about 0.26 mm. General
color brownish yellow, thorax tinged with orange.
Head three-fourths as long as broad and four-fifths as long as pro-
thorax, but slightly withdrawn therein; cheeks but slightly arched
behind the eyes and converging slightly posteriorly; anterior margin
very nearly straight; back of head transversely striated. Eyes large,
dark, and slightly pilose, occupying together about three-fifths the
width of the head; ocelli present, sub-approximate, pale yellow, mar-
gined inwardly with bright reddish orange crescents; spines between
ocelli on each side long and conspicuous; post-ocular spines shorter.
Maxillary palpi three segmented. Antenne nearly two and one-half
times as long as the head; relative lengths of segments:
ei. 4 5 6 Gos
Gaeta Pole ore 10,5 2.9
Color: One pale yellow; two light brown, base sometimes yellowish;
three light yellow in basal half, remainder shaded light brown; four
and five brown, yellowish at bases; six, seven, and eight brown.
Spines upon antennal segments, especially two to five, quite stout and
conspicuous.
Prothorax rather rounded, three-fourths as long as broad; one pair
of stout spines at each angle, also one short anteriorly directed spine
standing close to lower one of each fore pair; between each posterior
pair and median line stands a row of five spines, number four alone
being large; color of prothorax pale orange-yellow. Mesothorax
rounded at anterior angles; mesonotal plate with one stout spine at
each lateral angle and two pairs of small spines on posterior margin.
Metathorax tapering but slightly posteriorly; metanotal plate bearing
four spines close together at anterior edge, the middle pair being
much more stout and conspicuous. Wings nearly reaching the end of
abdomen; breadth at middle about one-twelfth their length; shaded
but slightly; each fore wing has two longitudinal veins extending from
base to tip of wing; spines on veins at regular intervals; costa twenty-
six to twenty-eight; fore vein twenty to twenty-two; hind vein fifteen
to eighteen; scale five, interior of scale one; a light, sparse fringe on
costa of each wing; posterior fringes heavy and wavy. Legs clear
pale yellow, sometimes slightly shaded with light brown above, quite
thickly set with short brown spines; a pair of stout spines at extremity
of each tibia; rows of spines on inner side of hind tibix rather weak.
150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
Abdomen cylindrical-ovate, pointed at the apex; dark brown stripe
aACTOSS segments two to seven near their anterior edges; dorsal plates,
except nine and ten, shaded more or less with brown; three or fou ‘
moderately stout brown spines stand out prominently upon the pale
ae Toer sider or segments two to eight; terminal spines long, stout, and
dark colored; tip of abdomen dark brown,
Redescribed from eight females.
Male.—Leneth about 0.7 mm. (0.64 to 0.80 mm); width of meso- |
thorax 0.195 mm. (0.18 to 0.22 mm.). General color pale yellow,
darkest upon pterothorax. .
Kyes somewhat smaller than those of female. Antenne about two ;
and one-third times as long as the head. Relative lengths of segments :
as follows:
4.3) 8
AiG Ot es A ee 208 6 Tee a
11) 10:3 269 0a = eae
Wings large and reaching beyond the tip of the abdomen. End of ;
abdomen (ninth segment) bluntly conical; tenth segment retracted and _
not reaching the tip of the ninth; nine bears four pairs of long, stout, :
dark spines, of which one pair stands on each side near the anterior —
end of the segment, and one pair on each side near the tip; near the
middle above stand two short spines.
Described from four specimens.
Food plants.—Altalta, apple, asparagus, aster (cultivated), bind-
weed, blackberry, buttercup, canna, cherry, clover, cone-flower, dan- —
delion, dog-tooth violet, English pea, goldenrod, grasses, hardhack, —
heal-all, heliotrope, honeysuckle, hydrangea, lilies, mesquite, orange, —
pea, peach, pear, pink, plum, potato, raspberry, red clover, rose, —
shrubby Althea, smartweed, Solidago bicolor, Spiranthes simplex,
squash, strawberry, sunflower, sweet william, wheat.
Habitat.—California, District of Columbia, Florida, Mlinois, Iowa, @
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York. +
The following descriptions of early stages are taken from Quain- 4
tance: “
Fqg.—Size 0.25 by 0.1 mm.; clear whitish in color; oblong, curved
in shape. 2
Larva, first stage.—Length about 0.5 mm.; width of thorax nearly —
0.1 mm.; body fusiform, gradually tapering caudad from fifth or sixth —
abdominal segment. Color, clear whitish; eyes reddish. Antenne
distinctly four-jointed:; basal joint cylindrical, short; second somewhat
urn-shaped, with distinct distal rim, about as long as broad; third joint —
conical, apex of cone united to second; fourth fusiform, widest near
basal fourth, quite as long as other three joints together. Joints two,
three, and four ringed, two and three rather obscurely, but on fourth
joint the rings are quite pronounced, where, on distal part, they
“Bull. 46, Fla. Exp. Sta.
oa TD
"xo. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 151
‘¥
appear to divide the joint into short, cylindrical segments. On the
fourth joint the rings are minutely setate. Numerous large sete are
also present on all joints, most numerous on fourth. Legs stout; hind
femur about as long as tibia; tarsus one-jointed, terminating in claw-
like fork; bladder-like expansion of adults apparently wanting.
- Abdomen composed of ten segments, marked dorsally with four longi-
tudinal rows of sete anda row on each side. Allof these setee appear
to be somewhat enlarged and rounded distally, except one pair on
dorsum of last segment. On tenth segment these sete «re quite long,
being from two to four times longer than the others.
Larva, second stage.—Length about 1 mm.; width of thorax about
0.22 mm.; shape about as in stage one.- Color of body deep orange
yellow; legs and antenne lighter; eyes reddish; antenne four-jointed,
as in first stage; basal joint short, cylindrical, about one-half as long
as wide: second, subcylindrical, somewhat longer than wide; third,
subconical, about a third longer than wide; fourth, about as long as
proximal three together, fusiform, thickest about basal fourth. Joints
three and four plainly ringed, the rings of fourth joint quite distinct
and minutely setate, as in first stage. Large sete are also present
about as in stage one. Femur of hind legs about as long as tibia; tar-
sus one-jointed, somewhat forked distally, and bearing a membranous
expansion.
Nymph or pupa, young nymph.—Resembles the full-grown larva in
shape; in color it is much lighter, being light yellow, with legs,
antennx, and wing-pads still lighter. Eyes reddish.
In the antennz, legs, and wing-pads the nymph skin appears some-
what as a sheath to these parts of the forming adult. The antenn
are three or four jointed, apparently, thick and clumsy. The basal
joint is large, swollen, slightly longer than wide; the second is about
twice as long as wide and somewhat constricted in middle. Third
joint is about a third longer than second, gradually tapering distally
to an obtuse end. When the nymph stage is first entered the antenne
project cephalad in normal position. In six or eight hours, however,
they are laid back over the head and prothorax. In the hind legs,
femur and tibia of about equal length; tarsus indistinctly one-jointed,
very short, and rounded distally. Wing-pads short, scarcely reaching
caudal end of second abdominal segment, bearing one or two sete.
Abdomen as in larva, with dorsaland lateral rows of setee, which, how-
ever, are acute. On the dorsum of ninth segment, near caudal margin,
are four stubby, hook-like processes, curving cephalad, which appear
to be the four modified setee of this region.
Mature nymph.—Length about 1 mm.; width of thorax about 0.22
mm.; color light yellow; shape very similar to that of adult Thrips.
Nymph skin more or less separated from the body of the adult within,
particularly so in the legs, antenne, mouth-parts, wing-pads, and
152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
caudal end of atdomen® phos wing-pads reach to about the sixth
seginent.
Lif, history.—**The life cycle of Thrips tritict is quite short, requir-
ing but twelve days. Eggs are deposited in the tissues of infested
plants, and hatch in three days. The larval state lasts for about five
davs. during which time the insect makes two molts, the second when
emering the nymph stage. The nymph stage continues for about
four days, during which time they take no food, rarely move to any
extent, but remain hidden away.”
Economic considerations.—This is one of the most widely spread
and generally injurious species in this country. The specimens from
which Fitch described the species were taken at Geneva, Wisconsin,
from a wheat field which was being injured by the little pests. At
various times it has been noticed swarming in the blossoms of orange
and causing injury thereto. It is a very common species on a large
number of flowering plants, both wild and cultivated, but unless pres-
ent in great numbers their injuries are likely to pass unnoticed. By
far the greatest damage appears to be done to strawberries, in the
blossoms of which they swarm, and by their punctures of the essential
parts of the flower they prevent its fertilization and the consequent
development of the fruit. This failure of bloom, though perhaps pro-
duced at times by other insects and in other ways, is known to grow- —
ersas *‘buttoning.” The most serious injuries ee been reported
from Florida and Illinois. In Florida the strawberry crop in some
sections has been reduced to one-third in dry seasons.
EUTHRIPS OCCIDENTALIS Pergande.
Thrips sp. CoquttiETt, Ins. Life, IV, 1891, p. 79 ;
Huthrips occidentalis PERGAND®, Ins. Life, VII, 1895, p. 392.
Female.—Length about | mm.; width at mesothorax about one- |
fourth the body length. General color head pale lemon yellow,
thorax orange yellow, abdomen brownish yellow. |
Head about one and one-third times as broad as long, three-fourths
as long as the prothorax and considerably withdrawn into the latter. |
Eyes eather large, occupying together about three-fifths the width of |
the head, dark, slightly pilose; ocelli subapproximate, pale yellowish,
margined with reddish orange crescents; one very prominent spine
between ocelli on each side: post-ocular spines very conspicuous.
Maxillary palpi thee segmented. Antenne about two and one-half —
times as long as the head; first segment slightly shorter than the style;
two is one : and one-half ae as long as one; three is longest; four is
six-sevenths as long as three; five is five eras as long as four; six |
nearly as es as ice seven very short, about one-fourth as long as _
five; eight is one and three-fifths times as long as seven. Color of one
translucent whitish; two brownish yellow (uniform), basal parts of —
wee: 1510. NORTH AMERICAN EE oe 1—HINDS. Pao
oO = =
three, four, and hee e pale Follow ish; apical parts shading quite
abruptly to light brownish; six uniformly brown; sty le slightly
lighter than six. Spines upon antennal segments, especially two to
four, are unusually stout and prominent.
Prothorax nearly one and one-third times wide as long; color
intermediate between that of head and pterothorax. One pair of
prominent, stout spines at each angle; one short anteriorly directed
spine close to the lower one of each fore pair; a row of tive small
spines (the fourth is stoutest) stands on each side of hind margin
between pair at angle and median line. Anterior angles of mesotho-
rax rounded; metathorax slightly narrower than mesothorax, its sides
nearly straight and parallel; mesonotal plate bears one stout spine at
each lateral angle and two pairs of small spines on posterior margin;
metanotal plate bears two pairs of spines close to anterior edge, the
middle pair being much the stouter; color of pterothorax bright
orange. Wings very slightly yellowish; both longitudinal veins
extend from base to tip of wing; both internal and the costal veins
bear very stout, brown spines set at regular intervals; costa twenty-
four to twenty-six, fore vein nineteen to twenty-two, hind vein fifteen
to eighteen, scale five, internal on scale one. Fringe upon costal edge
is very light, that upon hind edge is long and wavy; cross veins can
‘sometimes be seen between the longitudinal veins and between the
fore and costal veins at about two-fifths their length from base and
sometimes a third at about four-sevenths between the fore and costal
veins. Legs uniformly concolorous with head, bearing numerous
small spines; a pair of strong spines at inner side of tip of each tibia.
Abdomen elongate-ovate in outline, conical at apex; a transverse,
narrow, brown band extends across anterior part of segments three to
seven; brownish tinge on abdomen fades behind sixth segment leaving
‘only the apex of the cone brown; a group of three or four stout spines
‘stands upon each side of segments two to eight; terminal spines long,
‘stout; all spines brown.
Male.—Length about 0.65 mm.; width about 0.17 mm. Lighter in
color than the females; nearly a uniform lemon yellow, slightly darker
on throax; form more slender; apex of abdomen blunt, terminated on
‘sides by two pairs of long, stout, inward curving spines; ninth seg-
‘ment also bears two pairs of very long, stout spines near its posterior
border and near the dorsal line on this segment is a pair of short
‘spines; the brown bands across the abdomen of female are wanting in
males and they have fewer spines on sides of segments; the bright
orange-colored testes are very prominent.
Food plants.—Apricot, orange, potato, and various weeds.
Habitat. —California.
_ Redescribed from specimens at the U. 5. Department of Agriculture,
Division of Entomology—presumably types.
154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
Jt
Remarks.—This species 1s very gta to Luthrips tritici (Fitch
but it has a longer though more retracted head, which is also slightly
wider: the terminal segment of the antenna is one and three-fift 8,
times as long as seven; spines on body stouter and more prominent.
30th £ sani tritici and Luthrips occidentalis approach very close
to Physopus nigriventris Uzel.
EUTHRIPS FUSCUS, new species.
Plate IV, figs. 40, 41.
Female.—Length 0.93 mm. (0.70 to 1.08 mm); width of mesothorax
0.21 mm. (0.18 to 0.24 mm.). General color brown. In dark speci:
mens the abdomen is blackish brown; in light specimens the general
color is yellowish brown. |
Head about one and one-half times as wide as long, about one-fourth |
retracted into prothorax; occiput deeply wrinkled transversly; ante-
rior margin of head slightly and smoothly elevated in middle; cheeks.
straight and parallel. Eyes moderately large, occupying together
about one-half the width of the head, dark, slightly protruding;
margins pale yellow; ocelli smaller than facets of eye, pale yellow
margined with dark red, widely separated, posterior ones contiguous:
with yellow margins around eyes; one stout spine in front of each
posterior ocellus. Mouth cone short and tapering abruptly; maxil-
lary palpi slender, three segmented.” Antenne inserted a little below.
the margin, about three times as long as dorsal length of head;
relative length of segments:
‘
ieee 3 Ae 5 6 98 é
5 (8.8 102 10 ot eee 3
4
First segment rounded, one-third broader than long; two is cupa
clavate; three with very slender peduncle; six cylindrical-ovate.
Antennx quite uniformly brown (sometimes three, four, and five
lighter gray-brown, especially at bases), only segment three somewhat
more yellowish; spines on segments two to five quite stout and dark
colored. Color of head uniform grayish to orange-brown. j
Prothorax fully one and one-half times as wide as long and one and
two-fifths times as long as the head; sides arched; angles rounded;
wider behind than in front; one large curved spine at each anterior
angle and another on anterior margin between this and the median
line; two stout spines at each posterior angle, the inner one of which
is much the weaker; also a stout spine on the posterior edge between
the pair and the median line; other spines on prothorax small and not
conspicuous. Mesothorax but very little wider than the prothorax;
projecting prominences at anterior angles; mesonotum broad, a
shaped; three to six subequal in thickness; three to five clove
d
.
Xo. 1310. subee: TH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 155
= - — a —
prominent s spines; posterior edge 1 ne early straight for one- third the
width of the segment; metathorax narrows abruptly after the anterior
edge till narrower than prothorax, then sides run nearly parallel to
abdomen; mesonotum with two pairs of spines near anterior edge, the
outer one of each pair being much less stout than the inner one; meso-
thorax and metathorax together not longer than the prothorax. Wings
reduced, barely reaching to the first abdominal segment; pads set with
several stout spines. Legs of medium length and of moderate size,
quite thickly set with short bristles, concolorous with, or usually
lighter than body; bases of posterior femora and inner sides of
posterior tibiz more yellowish; thorax colored nearly like head.
Abdomen one and one-half times as wide as the mesothorax (short-
winged female) and twice as long as broad, or nearly twice as long as
head and thorax together; elliptical in outline except that apex is
conical; broad, dark bands cross the abdomen at the anterior edge of
dorsal plates on segments two to eight. Each segment except one and
ten bears two or three short, stout spines on sides; in addition to
these nine bears a circlet of eight unusually long, strong spines, and
ten also bears a circlet of six long spines though these are somewhat
shorter than those on previous segment. Segment ten is split open
above; color of abdomen yellowish brown to brown-black, usually con-
siderably darker than head and thorax; segments usually more or less
telescoped.
Described from eighteen short winged females taken in hibernation
in February and Nopanoer
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6328, U.S.N.M.
Food plant.—Grass ?
Habitat.—Massachusetts.
Life history unknown.
EUTHRIPS NERVOSUS (Uzel).
Plate III, figs. 33, 34; Plate IV, fig. 35.
Physopus nervosa Uz, Monographie d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 102.
Thrips (Euthrips) maidis Beacu, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III (1896),
pp. 219; 220.
Female.—Length 1.33 mm. (1.22 to 1.39 mm.); width of meso-
thorax 0.32 mm. (0.28 to 0.84 mm.). General color dark yellowish
brown. ‘
Head somewhat pentagonal in form, not as long as wide; cheeks
straight and converging slightly posteriorly; front broad and obtusely
angular; back of head transversely wrinkled and bearing a few minute
spines. Eyes rather small, black with light yellow borders, rounded
‘or oyal in outline; ocelli yellow, widely separated, posterior ones con-
tiguous with light borders around eyes; one very long slender spine
on each side midway between ocelli. Mouth cone pointed, tipped
a 4
ioe
156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XxVis
with biack; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antennv slightly more”
than twice as lone as head and very slender beyond second segment;
comparative leneths of segments as foilows:
ay 3 4 5) 6 Cages
6 All -Ale SalOs oy wise 15:34. 93s
Color of antenne dark brown, except segments three and four and
extreme base of five abruptly yellow. Spines on first segments quite |
dark and conspicuous, becoming paler and more indistinct toward the
tip.
Prothorax approximately as long as head and a little wider, almost
rectangular in form, bearing many prominent spines; one at each fore
angle and two at each hind angle are longest: one half way betwee nn
fore angle and median line on front margin and one similarly placed:
on hind margin are intermediate in size; numerous others are smaller,
Color of head and prothorax dark brown. Mesothorax approximately
as wide as length of antenne; front angles obtusely rounded; metanotal
plate bears four spines close to front edge, the middle pair being large
and prominent, the others small; pterothorax yellowish brown. Wings
present, fully as long as the abdomen, about one-twelfth as broad as
long, sharply pointed at ends; surface of wings thickly covered with
minute, dark-colored spines; both longitudinal veins and costa of fore —
wing thickly and regularly set with quite long, dark-colored spines;
costa has from twenty-five to twenty-nine, fore vein from sixteen to |
twenty-two, hind vein from fourteen to sixteen; fore wings shaded
with gray; veins not prominent; costal fringe of fore wings weak and _
less than twice as long as costal spines. Legs moderately long, not
thickened; femora dark brown, yellow at extremities; tibisx and tarsi
yellow; tibise shaded more or less with brown around middle aiid tarsi
with prominent dark brown spot at tip within; each tibia with a pair |
of prominent, dark brown spines at tip within and a row of from five
to seven short brown spines on inner side of hind tibize.
Abdomen about two and one-half times as long as width of meso
thorax, somewhat cylindrical in shape, but enlarging from base to hind”
edge of second segment and tapering evenly from eighth segment to_
tip. Spines along sides and around tip of abdomen very dark brown
and conspicuous; those on segments nine and ten are long and sub-
equal on both segments. Color of abdomen dark brown, shading
toward tip; connective tissue yellow; last segment split open above. —
Redescribed from six females; no males found. Compared a
identified with Thrips (Luthrips) maidis Beach.
Food plants.—Corn, various grasses (first spring flowers, Uzel).
Habitat.—Bohemia (Uzel): Ae Iowa; Amherst, Massachusetts
Life history unknown, except that it hibernates in turf.
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 157
SCOLOTHRIPS, new genus.
: Head wider than long, retracted considerably into prothorax.
Byes protruding; ocelli present. Maxillary palpi three segmented.
oC short and thick; sense cones very long. Prothorax slightly
onger than head and somewhat broadened posteriorly. Spines
arranged as follows: One at each anterior angle, one halfway between
these angles and the median line, one at the middle of each side, two
at each hind angle, and one between this pair and the middle of the
hind margin. Wings present, slender, with two longitudinal veins
and ring vein orale developed; fore fringe very weak but spines on
veins very strong. Intermediate abdominal segments with one spine
‘on each side at the hind angle.
_ This genus is erected for the species 6-maculatus.
ee s, prickly or thorny; pz.)
x
; SCOLOTHRIPS 6-MACULATUS (Pergande)
, Plate IV, figs. 42-45.
: Thrips 6-maculata PERGANDE, Trans. St. Louis Acad., V, 1894, p. 542.
' Thrips pallida Beacu, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III, (1896), pp. 226-227.
_ Female.—Length, 0.83 mm. (0.72 to 0.97 mm.); width of meso-
‘thorax, 0.21 mm. (0.18 to 0.25 mm.). General color clear pale yellow.
_ Head about three-fourths as long as wide, frequently considerably
tetracted within prothorax, even to the eyes sometimes; cheeks
‘straight and parallel; front margin rounded; vertex elevated between
the eyes. Eyes large, protruding; posterior ocelli nearly contiguous
with mar gins of eyes; one very long, backwardly curved spine stands
in front of each posterior ocellus, and two pairs of curved spines stand
upon the margin in front. Maxillary palpi slender, three segmented;
labial palpi very long and slender. Antenne rather short and com-
pact; inserted below front margin; approximate at base, relative
lengths of segments:
.
1 =
See 4 Gaal Ge 2 ne 8
4.9 6d
Tee OSBe Gi eOehy vs B55
“1 ©
-]
=]
S
fe
Segment one cylindrical, about two-thirds as thick as two, which is
more rounded; seven and eight rather thick. Color of one and two
nearly white, the remainder almost uniformly dusky gray; spines on
segments two to five long and prominent as are the sense cones; the
‘sense cone on the inner side of six arises below the middle of the
segment and reaches beyond the end of the seventh.
; Prothorax slightly longer than the head, but only about three-fourths
as long as wide, broadened somewhat posteriorly and rounded at hind
angles, sides curving gently inward anteriorly; spines extremely long
and slender, ar feed as follows: One at each anterior angle, one half
158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XVI,
Wily shetwe en these a the me ‘cia line, one at middle of each side, two
at each hind angles and one between this pair and middle of hind mar-
ein. Mesothorax about one and one-third times as wide as the pro-
thorax. with one slender spine at middle of each side. Wings long,
reaching nearly to tip of abdomen, at middle about one-seventeenth as
broad as long, pointed at tips. Fore wing with two longitudinal veins
and a very heavy ring vein; hind longitudinal vein branches from the”
fore vein at about one-third the length of the wing. Spines upon —
costal and both longitudinal veins very long and stout, fully equaling”
those upon the anal segments; costal vein bears from fifteen to twenty, :
fore vein from nine to eleven, hind vein five or six (the third and
fourth spines, sometimes the second also, which I have counted as_
standing upon the fore vein, stand at the same angle to the wing as do
those upon the hind vein and really belong thereto, though the veins
have united); the front fringe of the fore wings is extremely sparse,
short and weak, and does not extend to the tip; hind fringes also”
unusually short. Fore wings are characterized by three light brown-
ish spots on each—one at base of wing, one immediately beyond sepa-_
ration of longitudinal veins, and the third halfway from the second
to the tip of the wing (the third is a band extending clear across the
wing). Legs concolorous with body, sparsely set with slender spines.
Abdomen cylindrical-ovate, pointed at extremity, surface smooth; ~
only one spine of any prominence at posterior side angles of segments
two to eight; spines upon segments nine and ten not as strong as those ~
upon the wings; color nearly uniformity pale yellow without prominent
markings. .
Redescribed from ten specimens. |
Male. —Male smaller than female, but otherwise agreeing very closely —
with the foregoing description. Abdomen bluntly conical at tip; tenth
segment partially retracted within ninth, which is cut out in last half —
above the tenth; spines borne on top and sides of nine are shorter and
weaker than those on wings.
Described from one specimen. .
Food plants.—** Found on many plants infested with red spider, on—
which it has repeatedly been observed to feed.”—Pergande. ‘‘ Feed-—
ing on mites in fold of cottonwood leaf.”—Bruner. Taken on bean,
blackberry, elm, and hop.—Beach.
Habitat.—Missouri ‘; Ames, Iowa; Barraboo, Wisconsin; Lincoln,
Nebraska.
- Thrips pallida Beach is positively identical with this species, as has
been learned from an examination of her types.
Genus RAPHIDOTHRIPS Uzel.
Ocelli present. Antenne eight segmented; the fifth segment short
and cut off abruptly at the end so that it joins the base of the sixth by
an unusually broad surface; style very slender, composed of two equally —
: 0 . 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 159
Doe segments, which are ‘together : as ES as are ‘the fifth ‘and sixth.
Maxillary palpi three segmented. P fee a little longer than the
head and somewhat broader at the hind than at the fore edge; no long
spine at the front angles, but two at each hind angle. Legs unarmed.
Wings usually reduced, but when present they are of medium length,
and have two longitudinal veins which are set with small spines.
I find here only the new species fusc/pennis.
RHAPHIDOTHRIPS FUSCIPENNIS, new species.
Plate V, figs. 46-48.
Female.—Length 1.32 mm. (1.20 to 1.66 mm.); width of meso-
thorax 0.24 mm. (0.22 to 0.27 mm.). General color nearly uniform
chestnut brown.
Head as long as wide, but little shorter than prothorax, into which
it is retracted a little; anterior margin slightly elevated and rounded:
constricted a bit close behind the eyes; cheeks nearly straight behind
the constriction and diverging slightly posteriorly so the head is
widest at hind edge; back of head finely striated. Eyes quite large,
rounded, protruding; margins light; ocelli present, larger than facets
of eye, light colored with dark crescentic margins, well separated, but
posterior ones not contiguous with margins around eyes; ocellar spines
very long and conspicuous; post-ocular spines quite large. Mouth
cone extending back to anterior edge of mesosternum, slender, so that
head from below appears considerably elongated; labial palpi small;
maxillary palpi quite long, slender, and three segmented. Antenne
twice as long as head; relative nea of segments:
Be eA E a 6 Pe 8
ee del Ls OED 6.20: 10,5: < Book Br D5:
First segment shortest, cylindrical; second cup-shaped; third pedi-
eellate; third, fourth, and sixth are approximately equal in thickness;
third and fourth elliptical; fifth constricted at base and increasing in
size to apex, where it is cut off abruptly and unites by its entire w idth
to the equally broad base of sixth, which tapers gradually from one-
third its length to its apex, where it is but slightly wider than seventh;
seventh and eighth slender, cylindrical. Color: First and second uni-
formly slightly lighter brown than head; third and fourth pale yellow
with slight brownish tinge; fifth shading from color of fourth to a lit-
tle lighter than sixth; sixth, seventh, and eighth eray-brown; spines
long and fairly conspicuous.
Prothorax slightly wider than long, widest at posterior angles; sides
but slightly arched; no prominent spines at anterior angles; two stout
spines stand close together at each posterior angle; surface finely
striated and set with a few scattered small spines; bases of spines light
160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
yellowish; pronotum frequently extending considerably over
edoe of mesonotal plate. Mesothorax about one and one-third °
as the prothorax and considerably wider than metatho
at its anterior edge; anterior angles of mesothorax very acute;
ispicuously large spines upon pterothorax. Wings someti
when present, long and about one-thirteenth as broad
middle as long; fore wings shaded with gray, pale brownish al
veins, clear at base; second longitudinal vein arises at about two-
the leneth of the wing, its origin indistinct. Spines upon all ve
quite long and slender, but not thickly set or very conspicuous; @
hears seventeen to nineteen, fore vein eight or nine, hind vein eé
or nine. Wing pads, when present, not overreaching the pterotho
Lees moderately strong, but not thickened; femora and tibie d
brown like body; inside of fore tibize, extreme tips of the others
all tarsi pale gray or yellow; legs scatteringly set with fine spines
apex of hind tibie alone bearing a pair of stouter spines. s
Abdomen very long—almost twice as long as head and _ thoray
together—and three times as long as broad, nearly cylindrical, tap
ing abruptly from anterior edge of eighth segment to the apex;
ments overlapping more or less when abdomen contains no eggs;
uniform dark brown without conspicuous markings or spines exe
those upon two terminal segments, which are quite long and slend
Described from six females, five of them long-winged.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6329, U.S.N.M.
Male unknown. ‘
This species agrees very closely in most respects with 7. longistylos
Uzel, but differs in the following points: Head as wide as long; seco
antennal segment somewhat shorter than third, fourth, and sixth;
seement lighter colored at tip than sixth. Body length, average (exe
sive of ege-filled females), 1.25 mm.
food plant.—Grass.
Habitat.—Massachusetts.
Life history unknown.
as wide
except
no col
reduced;
Genus ANAPHOTHRIPS Uazel.
Ocelli present. Antenne eight segmented (apparently nine 7
A. striatus). Maxillary palpi three segmented. Prothorax abouta
long as head. Legs unarmed. Wings usually present (usually ab
in the fall generations of stratus), with two longitudinal veins; sp
upon veins small and inconspicuous. No stout spines at angles of pre
thorax; all spines on body short except the anal spines, which are sho1
and slender (in stratus they are short and stout). 4
Males have usually two pairs of very short, stout spines upon thi
ninth abdominal segment above, of which the anterior pair is stronge
than the posterior. a
i"
+5
x0. 1310, NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 16
Species of this genus have no power of springing.
In this genus I find only the species strzatus.
ANAPHOTHRIPS STRIATUS (Osborn).
GRASS THRIPS.
Plate V, figs. 49-51.
Limothrips poaphagus Comsrock, Syllabus ot Course of Lectures at Cornell and
Peoria, 1875, p. 120.
Limothrips poaphagus Lintnrr, Rept. N. Y. Agr. Soc., 1881-82.
Thrips striata OsBorn, Can. Ent., XV, 1883, p. 159.
Limothrips poaphagus FERNALD, Grasses of Maine, 1885, p. 42.
= — NE: Parmer, June 19) 1886:
Lintner, 3d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1887, pp. 96-98.
Limothrips poaphagus Comstock, Introd. to Ent., 1888, p. 127.
Thrips striatus PackarD, Ent. for Beginners, 1888, p. 73.
FietcHer, Ent. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 152.
—— —— Howarp, Ent. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 152.
Limothrips poaphagus Osporn, Ins. Life, I, 1888, p. 140.
Thrips striatus PACKARD, Stand. Nat. Hist., 2d ed., II, Append., 1888.
FLercHeER, 19th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1888, p. 11.
Fiercuer, Ann. Rept. Exp. Farms, 1888, pp. 59-62.
Limothrips poaphagus Lintner, Rept. N. Y. Agr. Soc., 1888.
Phloeothrips poaphagus FiercHer, 20th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1889, pp. 2, 22.
Broprz, 20th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1889, p. 8.
Limothrips poaphagus Lintner, 5th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., 1889, pp. 153, 304,
Ossorn, Can. Ent., X XIII, 1891, pp. 93, 96.
—— ——_ }yercHeEr, Ins. Life, V, 1892, p. 124.
=. Forses, Ins: Life, V, 1892, p. 127.
—— —— FrercHer, Ann. Rept. Exp. Farms, 1892, p. 3.
Limothrips poaphagus Comstock, Man. for Study of Ins., 1895, p. 120.
Limothrips poaphagus Uzer, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanopt., 1895, pp. 279, 485, 446, 448.
Thrips striata UzeL, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanopt., 1895, p. 220.
Hopxins—Rumsey, Bull. 44, W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, pp. 270, 271.
—— —— SmiruH, Economic Ent., 1896, p. 102.
Putnam, N. E. Farmer, July 2, 1898.
Anaphothrips striata Hips, 37th Ann. Rept. Mass. Agr. College, 1900, pp. 81-105,
4 pls., 33 figs.
Anaphothrips striata FERNALD and H1nps, Bull. 67, Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1900,
pp. 3-9, pl. 1, figs. 1-6.
Female.—Length 1.3 mm. (1 to 1.6 mm.); width of mesothorax 0.25
mm. (0.23 to 0.26 mm.). General color yellow, with more or less dusky
or brownish shading upon some parts.
Head very slightly wider than long, rounded in front; cheeks straight
and parallel; surface back of eyes faintly striated; head yellow with
brown posterior border, without long spines. Eyes small, rounded,
black or very deep purplish red; ocelli subapproximate, yellow, with
orange-red margins. Mouth cone moderately sharp, and very promi-
nently tipped with black; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antenne
approximate, about twice as long as head, eight segmented, though
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 11
162
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXY
seomented, owing to the division of the sixth seg
apparently nine 3
ment by an oblique suture at about three-fourths its length. Rela
tive leneths of segments:
| 2 3 4 5 6 © 8
5 85 f1 10 10 9572357235325
Seoments one and two rounded; three to six fusiform. One is pale,
snost white; two light brown; three lighter than two; three to six
shading gradually to dark brown, almost black; spines pale and not
conspicuous.
Prothorax but slightly longer and a little wider than the headj |
sides rounded slightly and without prominent spines. Mesothorax |
much wider than prothorax; fore angles obtusely rounded.. Meta-_
thorax quite smoothly joined with mesothorax and tapering gradually
to base of abdomen. Wings usually present in summer generations,
reduced to mere pads in hibernating females; when present, approx
mately as long as abdomen, about one-thirteenth as broad as long and
tapering gradually; two longitudinal veins in fore wing extendin,
from base to tip; veins quite prominent, being darker than rest of
wing. All veins bear a few very small, rather indistinct spines;
fringe on fore edge well developed, being nearly half as long as pos-
terior fringe. Fore wings shaded with yellowish gray; hind wings
nearly white. Legs of medium length and size; stout spines only on
dle, curving outwardly at both ends. '
Abdomen quite long, cylindrical, widening somewhat at first twe
segments and tapering from eight to tip; eight to ten sharply conical.
Spines on nine and ten short and weak, but dark-colored and quite
conspicuous; other spines on abdomen small, pale, and indistinct
Abdomen pale yellow; segments one to seven slightly dusky on top,
segment ten shading to dark brown at tip. |
Redeseribed from six long-winged and four short-winged females,
Male unknown.
Food plants.— Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense.
[have also found genuine ‘‘silver top” upon the following list 0}
grasses at Amherst, Massachusetts, but I can not positively connect
this species with all the injury: Poa serotina, P. nemoralis, P. ¢o
pressa, P. arachnifera, P. fletcheri, P. aquatica, P. trivialis, P
cxesia, Agrostis alba, A. canina, A. stolonifera, A. vulgaris, Festuet
dleoll, F. heterophylla, F. datior, F. ovina, F. duriuscola, F. rubra
Panicum crus-galli, P. sanguinale, Elymus striatus, E. virginie s
Bromus erectus, B.inermis, Avena flavescens-vera, Agropyrum caninum
Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Lolium perenne.
>
NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 168
Habitat.—Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio,
Ontario.
I have sought in vain for the males of this species, for although I
have mounted over a thousand specimens, and have bred many more
in bottles in the laboratory, and have taken and examined large num-
bers of them in the field, I have never seen any that I even suspected
were males. A series of experiments begun in the laboratory in July
and continued into December showed that no males are developed in
the autumn generations. Experiments were begun the following sea-
son by obtaining hibernating females before the weather was warm
enough for them to move out of doors and confining them in bottles
in the laboratory. These became active and deposited eggs, from
which succeeding generations developed without the appearance of
any males. 1 conclude, therefore, that this species is parthenogenetic,
and reproduces without the intervention of males, at least for a series
of generations, in this locality.
The following descriptions are of the early stages:
Eggs.—The eggs are reniform, and vary in length from 0.265 mm.
to 0.33 mm. and in width from 0.085 mm. to 0.145 mm. The average
dimensions taken from twenty-five eggs are: Length, 0.288 mm.;
width, 0.11 mm. The color is a translucent white. By transmitted
light the eggs are seen to be filled with a mass of yolk globules which
vary considerably in size.
Larva.—As the larva emerges from the egg it is very soft, shiny,
and nearly white. The eyes are purplish red in color; the appendages
are folded closely against the ventral side of the body. The length
soon after emergence is about 0.3 mm. and the width is about 0.1 mm.
Body tapers from eighth segment to tip; head is nearly as wide as the
thorax. Antenne are comparatively large, approximate at base, and
composed of seven segments, of which the last four are closely joined
and appear almost like a single conical segment; fourth segment is
larger than any other, and distinctly ringed with whorls of minute
hairs; the second and third are indistinctly ringed; basal segment
bears one small spine on inner side; two has four spines which are
directed forward and one very long spine which is directed backward
toward the head; the third bears five short spines, and the terminal
part of the fourth and each of the following segments a number of
spines, which are quite long and stout. Legs are stout; tarsi one
segmented and terminated by two claws. The bladder-like expansion
is present. Abdomen much compressed longitudinally and, except the
tenth segment, marked with six longitudinal rows of set, three pairs
to each segment. The four dorsal rows also extend forward along the
thorax and head; tenth segment bears six-very long setee—two dorsal,
two lateral, and two ventral.
The full-grown larva is fusiform, about 1.2 mm. in length and about
0.3 mm. in breadth, while the width of head isabout 0.1mm. Antenne
ee
164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVK |
seven segmented, somewh: ut separated at their base and rather thick
tor their length; color darker than that of the body, often nearly
black; segmentation beyond fourth segment more distinct than in-
ie ens larva; first four segments suneael in thickness, and third |
and fourth nearly equal in length, and each as long as this first and —
second segments together; last three segments much smaller; fifth”
shortest. Spines ar ranged much as in younger stage; third segment |
distinctly ringed and without sete. Each segment, except last two, |
bears short spines which are slightly thickened at their extremitiogy
and arranged as in the young larva; spines on last two segments long ,
and acute. Integument of body roughened by transverse rows of |
clearly defined ridges. Body marked by dorsal and lateral longitudinal i
stripes of yellow which are most distinct upon thorax; dorsal stripe —
widest.
Pupa.—its general form resembles that of the larva; color of legs,
wing pads, and antennx clear white; thorax and abdomen very light
yellow; eyes bright red. When the pupal stage is first entered the
antenne are apparently three or four segmented, much shortened, and
directed forward as in the larva; but after a few hours they are laid
back upon the head and thorax. Wing sheaths short and developed
outside of the body; legs thick and clumsy. Upon dorsal side of
ninth segment, near posterior margin, are four prominent, stout,
recurved, hook-like processes; abdominal setz slender and acute.
Wing sheaths finally extend to the sixth segment and fore pair bear
a few small spines. :
Life history.—About 98 per cent of the adults which hibernate are
of the short-winged form, while from 90 to 95 per cent of the first
eeneration in the spring develop long wings, and this form predomi-
nates until late summer, when the proportion declines, and in October
only a small number of winged adults can be found. ‘The females
continue to deposit eggs and the young larve develop and may be
taken from the grass upon warm fall days till snow covers the ground;
but so far as I can find, only the adults survive the winter. Hiber-
nating females do not appear to suffer from exposure to a temperature
of —21° F., and they may be brought in at any time during the winter
by pulling a few handfuls of grass from infested fields and bringing
it into a warm room, where the little animals will very soon become
lively and begin to crawl. Accidentally it was found that they could
survive for several days though completely submerged in a weak solu-
tion of potassium hydrate, and they have been found to revive after
being frozen solid in a 2 per cent solution of the same; but so far as_
my experiments went, freezing in pure water killed them. The females
become active very early in the spring and the development of eggs
begins. As many as eight apparently fully developed eggs have been
seen at one time in the body of one of these hibernated females. Ovipo-
.
oe
:
- No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 165
sition soon begins, and lasts for from four to six weeks in many cases.
They seem to oviposit as readily at night as in daylight. The deposi-
tion of an egg requires about one and one-half minutes. The eggs may
be readily seen in the leaf by holding it before a light, when they appear
as small, lighter spots; they may be easily separated from the leaf by
stripping off the epidermis. The length of the egg stage varies from
ten to fifteen days for the first generation to from four to seven days
during the heat of summer.
The length of the larval stage varies from two weeks in early spring
to about four days in midsummer. The mature larve select secluded
places in which to transform and are hard to find in the field, but it
appears that they usually go down to the basal leaves near the root or
into the sheaths higher up the stem. The pupal stage is longer for
the long-winged females than for the short, in the former requiring
four or five days in early spring, whereas the short-winged form
requires only from two to three days at the same season. As the
weather becomes warmer they transform more rapidly. The appear-
ance of a number of winged adults early in May marks the maturity
of the first generation, but as the length of the period of oviposition
exceeds the length of time required for the early stages, there is no
distinct line between the generations out of doors after this time.
The length of the life cycle is from about twelve to thirty days.
Common name.—Since Professor Comstock’s first mention of the
injury done by this species of Thrips to June grass and timothy, sev-
eral economic entomologists have referred to the most conspicuous
effects of its work, the dead tops of these grasses, as ‘‘Silver top” or
** White top.” Many have questioned the agency of Thrips in produc-
ing this injury and have ascribed it to some other suctorial insect, but
the majority of writers are now inclined to credit Thrips with a large
part, if not all, of this damage. As they had no means of identifying
the little pest, they have usually referred to it as the *‘ Grass Thrips.”
This name has been very generally used for this species and for no
other, so far as we can learn. It therefore appears to be the gener-
ally accepted common name.
Economic notes.—Extensive injuries to grass have been reported
from the New England States, New York, southern Canada, Ohio,
northern Illinois, and Iowa. Without doubt the insect causing this
damage infests a larger territory than this, for it is so small that
it easily escapes observation, and the damage done by it is often
attributed to other agencies. In southern Maine, Professor Fernald
reported (258) that by haying time one-fourth of the June grass (/%oa
pratensis) in the fields was dead and worthless. In 1887 it produced
great injury around Emmet, Ohio, where 30 per cent of the grass was
killed (272). In 1888 and 1889 widespread injury was reported from
New York (291) and Ontario (822), where it appeared to work most
166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X
upon lawns and meadows. In Massachusetts, especially in dry se - |
sons, its injuries are severe, it having been stated by Prof. W. Py |
Brooks that this tiny foe does more damage to grasses here than any
other single insect. :
Genus APTINOTHRIPS Haliday.
Body slender, almost naked. Head longer than wide, extending”
forward in a blunt projection between the eyes. Eyes small; ocelli”
wanting. Antenne eight segmented (six segmented in A. rufus var. |
connatticornis). Maxillary palpi three segmented. Prothorax shorter —
than the head and somewhat broadened posteriorly, without long spines —
at angles. Legs short; femora plainly thickened; tibiz very slender at
the base, the remainder unusually broad; tarsi equally broad. Wings”
entirely absent. Hairs at end of abdomen short and very slender.
Males with two spines in middie of ninth segment above. ,
Species of this genus move slowly and have no power of springing.
I have found only the species 7fus and its variety, connatticornis, —
belonging to this genus.
APTINOTHRIPS RUFUS (Gmelin).
Plate V, figs. 52-64.
“ Der rothe Blasenfuss’? v. GLEICHEN, das Neueste aus dem Reiche d. Pflanzen, —
1764, pl. xvi, figs. 6 and 7.
Thrips rufa GMELIN, Caroli a Linné Systema Nat., 1788, p. 2224.
Thrips rufa Nicnoison, Journ. Nat. Phil., 179-, pl. vin, fig. 1.
Thrips ( Aptinothrips) rufa Hauipay, Entom. Mag., 1836, p. 445.
Thrips ( Aptinothrips) rufa Hatrpay-WaALKER, Homopt. Ins. of Brit. Mus., 1852,
p- 1103, pl. v, figs. 5-11.
Aptinothrips rufa LixpEMAN, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Natur. d. Moscow, 1886, pp.
319-320, fig. 11
Aptinothrips stylifera TryBom, Entom. Tidskriit, Arg. 15, Haft. 1-2, 1894, pp.
41-58.
Aptinothrips rufa Uzet, Mon. der Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, pp. 152-154, pl. 11,
fig. 17; pl. vi, figs 78, 79.
Aptinothrips rufa TryBom, Ofv. Ak. Forh., 1896, p. 613.
Aptinothrips rufa Reuter, Uber die Weissiihrigkeit der Wiesengriser in Finland,
1900. Scattered references, especially pp. 92-120.
Aptinothrips rufa Timpr., Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 290.
Lemale.—Length 1.22 mm. (1.06 to 1.80 mm.); width of mesothorax
about 0.18 mm. (0.16 to 0.20 mm.). General color, entire body and
legs clear, pale yellow; outer part of antenne, mouth parts, and tip of
abdomen shaded with brown. Body slender and smoothly fusiform.
Head considerably longer than broad, rounded in front; cheeks
straight and parallel. Eyes small, black, oval, composed of few
facets, situated at anterior angles, protruding very slightly; ocelli
always absent. Mouth cone moderately long, not sharply pointed,
tipped with brown-black; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antennz
ie
{ 0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 167
only one and three-sevenths times as long as the head, approximate at
base, composed in the typical form of eight segments of following
relative lengths:
Segment one is broadly rounded; two has an unusually constricted
basal stalk, though it is broader than that of three; three to five bear
each one quite slender sense cone on outer angle, and six has one on
inner side beyond the middle; spines and sense cones upon all segments
pale and inconspicuous. Antenne concolorous with head at base, but
shading outwardly gradually to brown-black at tip.
Prothorax slightly shorter than head and a little broader than long;
smooth and without spines. Pterothorax a little broader than protho-
rax, without spines or traces of wings. Legs short and thick, all
nearly equal in length, concolorous with body; tarsi tipped with brown
within.
Abdomen unusually long and slender, nearly three and one-half times
as long as its greatest diameter, about twice as wide as head, nearly
cylindrica 1 to Senin seement, then tapering toa point at tip. No
spines upon ntaee except around segments nine and ten; these are
quite short and slender and stand out nearly perpendicularly to the
surface upon which they are borne. Extreme tip of ten shaded yery
dark brown.
Redescribed from three specimens.
Males unknown to me. According to Haliday, they are clear yel-
low, and the saffron-yellow spermaries show through the abdominal
valls. The ninth abdominal segment bears two spines in the middle
above, not far from the hind edge.
Var. connatticornis Uzel.—This variety agrees very closely with the
typical form except that the antenne have only six segments; the
relative lengths of segments are as follows:
“I| bo
3
5 T6566 16:3
The sixth, seventh, and eighth segments are grown together into one
compact sixth segment of an elongated conical form. The abdomen
may be a little shorter in proportion and broader.
No males have been taken.
This species appears to be surely Apt. rufus Gmelin, but it is larger
and differs in some other respects.
food plants.—Various grasses and in turf.
Habitat.—England (Haliday), Russia (Lindeman), Sweden oy
Bohemia, Peace Helgoland (Uzel), Finland (Reuter), United States:
Amherst, Massachusetts.
Life history unknown.
168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. on
Genus HELIOTHRIPS Haliday. |
Body, especially the head and prothorax, with a deeply recticulated
structure. Head broader than long, uneven, somewhat broadened
behind, and with a sharp hump between the eyes in front. Cheeks
not arched. contracted into saddle-shape in the middle. Eyes promi-
nent but not protruding. Ocelli present. Antenne eight segmented;
second segment of style very much longer than the first and provided
with a short, slender hair at the tip. Maxillary palpi sometimes
two, sometimes three segmented. Prothorax shorter than the head,
without long spines at angles. Legs unarmed. Wings present, not
reticulated. Fore wing broad at base, with two longitudinal veins,
though the fore vein runs very near to and sometimes fuses with the
costa; veins set with slender spines; fore fringe, in some species, very
weak and sparse, and when this is the case the costal spines are very
strongly developed. Anal spines weak and light.
The characters of this genus have been extended to include these
species
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.
[All tilbise: yellow... 2-1: 2-226 22s S32 ae ee oe = 2
\Middle and hind: tibie brown. .-.222 22502 2525525 525-2 42 eee 3
, |Antennze nearly three times) as long as+head) 2222 e222 sasee eee femoralis (p. 172)
“ |Antenne only about twice as long as head....-..--.----- hemorrhoidalis (p. 168)
Antennze two and one-half times as long as head; segments three and four modio-
| liform. Maxillary palpi three segmented-.....-..----------- fasciatus (p. 174)
° \Antannee twice as long as head; segments three and four fusiform. Maxillary
palpi twosegmenteditttsi:. 5 2224 see ee ee fasciapennis (p. 171)
HELIOTHRIPS HAEMORRHOIDALIS (Bouche).
Thrips haemorrhoidalis Boucnk, Schidl. Garten-Insecten, 1833, p. 42.
Heliothrips adonidum Waripay, Entom. Mag., III, 1836, p. 443.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Burmeister, Handb. d. Entomologie, II, 1838, p. 412.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis BurMEIsTER, Genera Insectorum, colored illustration,
1838.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Amyor and SERvILLE, Ins. Hemipt., 1848, p. 641.
Fleliothrips haemorrhoidalis HatipaAy, Walker, Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., 1852, p.
1002, pl. vi, fig. 13.
Feliothrips haemorrhoidalis Heecer, Finfte Fortsetzung. Sitzungsb. Kais. akad.
Wiss., Wien, IX, 1852, p. 473, pl. xvir; separate, Wien, Gerold, 1852, VIII,
pp. 3-4.
Thrips haemorrhoidalis Bremi, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1855, pp. 313-315. Reprinted
from Abhandl. d. Zurich Gartenbau-Gesell., III, pp. 260-261.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Low, Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch., Wien,
XVII, 1867, p. 747.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Borspuvat, Ent. Hortic., 1867, pp. 283-235, fig. 32.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Packarp, 17th Ann. Rept. Mass. Bd. Agr., 1870, p.
263, pl. 1, fig. 2; Injurious Ins. new and little known, Daols
Thrips adonidum Coox, 3d Ann. Rept. Pom. Soc. Mich., 1873-74, 1874, p. 501.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Packarp, Half Hours with Ins., 1881, pp. 118-119,
fig. 86.
t
| No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 169
| Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis PERGANDE, Psyche, III, 1882, p. 381.
Heliothrips Lerrvrer, Ent., XV, 1882, p. 240.
Thrips haemorrhoidalis Frié, Prirodopis zivocisstva, 1882, p. 113.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis LintNER, 2d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, pp. 29, 31, 38, 56.
Feliothrips haemorrhoidalis , Bull. Soc. Ent. Belgique, X XIX, 1885, p. Luxx.
FHeliothrips adonidum Cameron, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow (new ser.), I,
1886, p. 301.
Feliothrips haemorrhoidalis Tarctont-Tozzerri, Cronaca entomologica dell anno,
1887, (1888), p. 5 (7).
FHeliothrips haemorrhoidalis Jorvan, Zeit. f. Wissens. Zool., XLVII, 1888, pp. 541—
620, pls. XxXxVI-XXXVIII.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Reurrr, Meddal. af. Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn., X VII,
' 1891, pp. 164-168.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Uzer, Mon. d. Ord, Thysanopt., 1895, pp. 168-170,
pl. v1, figs. 90-92.
Thrips (Heliothrips) haemorrhoidalis FRANK, Die tierparasitiiren Krankheiten der
Pflanzen, 1896, p. 154.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Burra, Riy. Patol. Veget., VII, No. 1-4, pp. 94-108;
continued, VII, Nos. 5-8, 1898, pp. 129-135, 136-142.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Témpei, Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 290.
Female.—Lenegth 1.23 mm. (1.12 to 1.389 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.30 mm. (0.25 to 0.35 mm.). Color of head and thorax dark brown;
abdomen yellowish brown, fading at tip to brownish yellow. Entire
body and legs showing reticulating chitinous thickenings, which are
heaviest upon the head, thorax, and anterior sides of abdomen. Head
one-fourth wider than long, outline very irregular and rough; cheeks
slightly concaved, narrowed abruptly near posterior edge into a short
neck; anterior margin strongly arcuate; dorsal surface of head bears
a few small spines, the bases of which appear like small air bubbles
in the angles of reticulations; frons reticulated. Eyes protruding
considerably, strongly pustulated; three ocelli situated on sides’of an
elevation between the eyes, separated considerably from margins of
eyes, pale yellowish, very faintly or not at all margined inwardly by
erescentic pigmentation. Mouth cone short, blunt, not reticulated;
maxillary palpi three segmented, second segment longest; labial palpi
short. Antennz twice as long as head; relative lengths of segments
as follows:
ee i ees 8
4
3
Oe SB etd
Or|
Oo
¥ *3 SLT
: . zt c a 5
meister, Bremi, Jordan, Bohls), Vienna (Heeger, Low), Finland (Reu-_
ter), United States: District of Columbia, Iowa, Massachusetts,
Michigan. :
Buea ete gots +
Life history unknown. (
In his original description Bouché states that he believes the native
land of this species is America. In both countries, however, it has
been found almost entirely confined to greenhouses and feeding upon
greenhouse plants. i
It has been very injurious in some places. Packard calls it ‘‘one of |
our greatest pests in hothouses,” and Cook records it as ‘‘one of the
worst pests around Detroit, at ie and in the southern counties”
of Michigan.
|
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 1
~]
i
HELIOTHRIPS FASCIAPENNIS, new species.
Plate V1, figs. 58-61.
Female.—Length 0.92 mm. (0.90 to 0.94 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.22 mm. (0.22 and 0.23 mm.). General color yellowish brown or
dark brown. Head, thorax, and legs distinctly but not deeply
reticulated.
Head about one and one-third times as wide as long; form rather
rectangular; front margin depressed at insertion of antenne; cheeks
nearly straight. Eyes dark, quite large, prominent but hardly pro-
truding, margins lighter; ocelli present, approximate, pale yellow
with dark crescentic margins, well removed from eyes. Maxillary
palpi small, two segmented. Antenne eight segmented, twice as
long as head; relative lengths of segments:
Mone 3) Adio ibeeeh 58
a 6) TP SI0 9515 3.528
_—
t
Segment one much narrower than two and almost spherical; two is
thickest segment.and but little longer than thick; three and four fusi-
form; five clavate; six and seven together of same form as five only
inverted; eight very slender and terminated by an equally long hair.
Segments one and two, outer half of five, six, seven, and eight brown;
three, four, and basal half of five pale yellow. Spines on three, four,
and five long, dark, and prominent; color around bases of those on
three and four brownish.
Prothorax as long as head and less than twice as wide as long; sides
rounded slightly and diverging somewhat posteriorly; without prom-
inent spines at angles; concolorous with head and reticulation of about
same depth. Mesothorax somewhat wider than prothorax; anterior
edge about straight and angles nearly right angular; membrane yellow;
plates brown. Wings long, overreaching the abdomen; fore wing
quite slender beyond basal fourth at which point the hind longitudinal
vein branches from the fore vein; width in middle about one-tifteenth
its length; both veins run close to edges of the wing, the fore one
becoming fused with the costa while the hind one remains distinct.
Internal veins set with few short spines; costa set with stout spines
but without fringe except for slight vestiges along the middle; hind
fringe long, dark, and wavy. Wing dark brown crossed with three
bands of white as follows: At one-fifth, three-fifths, and four-fifths its
length; outer part of scale also white; the brown area at the tip is
confined to edge on border around last fifth, the middle here being
grayish and in continuation of the last white band. Legs fairly stout
but not thickened, weakly reticulated; femora yellowish brown to
dark brown; front pair lightest and yellow at tips; fore tibie yellow
shaded with brown around middle; the other tibiz brown, yellow at
172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
tips: all tarsi pale vellow with brown shading at bases of bladders;
spines weak and light colored; hind coxe large, approximate, andl
ee
about twice as long as wide. :
Abdomen elongated ovoid, about twice as long as wide; width of
seoments gradually increasing up to the fourth, shen decreasing grad-
ually to tip; greatest width equal to about twice that of head; dark
line across seoments one to eight irregular, conspicuous only on the
lighter specimen; that on segment one curving forward greatly in
middle. Surface of abdomen very faintly reticulated, but this is not
visible on darker specimen; spines on last two segments short and
fine; color yellowish brown to dark brown, lightest along middle.
Described from two females.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6330, U.S.N.M
Male unknown.
Food plants.—Taken on grass.
Habitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts.
HELIOTHRIPS FEMORALIS Reuter.
Plate V, figs. 55, 56; Plate VI, fig. 57.
Heliothrips femoralis Reuter, Meddel. af. Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica,
XVII, 1891, p. 166.
Heliothrips cestri PERGANDE, Ins. Life, VII, No. 5, 1895, pp. 390-391.
Heliothrips femoralis Uzer, Mon. d. ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 170.
Heliothrips femoralis Bercrotu, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XL, 1896, Pt. 2, p. 67.
Female.—Length 1.3 mm. (1.12 to 1.5 mm.); width of mesothorax
about one-fourth the body length. General color dark brown to yel-
lowish brown, lighter at extremities. Entire surface of body weakly
but plainly reticulated.
Head two-thirds as long as broad, widest in front; anterior margin
depressed at insertion of antenn; vertex carinated; bases of antenne
separated by a prominence as high and nearly as wide as the first
antennal segment; two transverse wrinkles near back of head more
prominent than the others; behind the anterior one of these two the
longitudinal parts of the reticulations become very faint; spines upon
head scattering and small. Eyes quite large, protruding anteriorly,
coarsely granulated: eyes and margins of ocelli bright, dark red by
reflected light; ocelli placed on sides and front of a distinct elevation
on top of head between eyes. Head light brown with light yellowish |
longitudinal stripe on each side between eye and ocelli. Maxillary
palpi three segmented, short, small; labial palpi minute. Antenne
eight segmented, slender, nearly three times as long as head; relative |
lengths of Pomieni as Billoses
Les 2) 3s ae eran 8
2 8.8 16.6 12.2 11° (8% 4a) wis
—!
Segment one cylindrical, three-fourths as broad as two, which is”
ER
c
¥
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 173
barrel-shaped and annulated; remaining segments narrower than these
two and more elongated; three and four fusiform; seven and eight
nearly cylindrical; eight very slender; one, two, and three nearly
concolorous, light yellow with tinge of gray or brown on one and
two; four and five light yellow in basal half, shading to light brown on
apical half; six, seven, and eight uniformly chocolate brown; segments
two to five annulated; spines slender, light colored.
Prothorax transverse, about one-fifth wider than the head, twice as
wide as long and shorter than the head; sides rounded; without con-
spicuously large spines. Mesothorax about one and two-thirds times
as wide as the head; anterior angles prominent; mesonotum with deep
incision on posterior margin; metanotum with four spines standing in
a square near its center. Wings present, long, about one sixteenth
as broad as long; fore wings broadened at base, with two longitudinal
veins, the second branching from the first not far from the base of
the wing. Spines upon veins of fore wing stout, dark colored, and
set at uniform distances; costa bears seventeen to twenty, fore vein
fourteen to seventeen, hind vein ten to thirteen, scale three to five
besides pair at its tip; spines on basal fourth of wing are light colored,
smaller and much less conspicuous; anterior fringe on both wings
fairly long and stout; posterior fringe long, slender, and dark colored.
Wings grayish brown to dark gray, lighter between the longitudinal
veins; three nearly white cross bands; one across base before branch-
ing of veins, another at three-fourths the length of wing and the third
across the tip. Legs: All tibie, tarsi, and fore femora yellow; mid-
dle and hind femora dark brown, yellow only at ends; spines upon
legs small and inconspicuous except ten to twelve on inner side of
hind tibie.
Abdomen broadly ovoid, conical at tip, twice as wide as head; ovi-
positor long and slender; tenth segment split open above; segments
two to eight with dark cross line near anterior edge. Two or three
spines on sides of each segment from two to eight, not conspicuous;
anal spines weak. Color of abdomen yellowish brown to dark brown;
last two segments much more yellow, but shading to brown at poste-
rior edges.
This species has the power of springing.
No males found.
food plants.—Amarillis sp., Aralia, Arum, Cestrum nocturnum,
Chrysanthemum, Crinum, cacumber, Dracaena spp., Hucharis grandi-
flora, Ficus elastica, F. grandiflora, Gardemia, Gossypium, Hydrangea,
Mina lobata, moonflower, Pandanus, Phoenix, Richardia aethiopica,
tomato, V7¢7s.
Habitat.—Helsingfors, Finland (Reuter), United States: District of
Columbia; Amherst, Massachusetts.
Life history unknown.
174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
HELIOTHRIPS FASCIATUS Pergande.
Heliothrips fasciata PERGANDE, Ins. Life, VII, No. 5, 1895, pp. 391-392.
©
Female. —Leneth 1 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.29 mm. Body
faintly reticulated. General color dark brown. re
Head about two-thirds as long as wide; cheeks straight; anterior
margin depressed at insertion of antenne; color uniformly brown, -
Eves small, black, not protruding; ocelli pale yellowish margined
with reddish. Mouth cone moderately long; maxillary palpi slender,
three segmented. Antenne two and one-half times as long as head,
eight segmented; bases separated by low elevation; relative lengths of
segments:
A <9 913 215959. 1655: 232 oeeeaes
Segment one rounded, wider than long; two is broadest, constricted
abruptly at base, broad at outer end; three and four are of similar
shape: modioliform (uniformly constricted at each end with median
enlargement regular); outer end of five is quite broadly cut off; six
is abruptly constricted at base, outer half tapering gradually; seven”
nearly cylindrical; eight tapers gradually and bears one very long,
slender hair at tip nearly as long as segment itself. One and two
uniformly brown, concolorous with head; three and four with light
brownish ring around middle of enlargements; remainder pale yellow-
ish, as is also basal half of five; rest of antenna brown; spines around
middle of segments three and four and near end of five are long, —
dark, and conspicuous.
Prothorax fully twice as wide as long, slightly wider at posterior
edge than at anterior, without conspicuous spines, colored like head. |
Mesothorax widest at posterior edge; sides curving gradually inward |
to anterior edge. Metathorax as wide at front edge as mesothorax |
is at hind edge, and its sides curve gradually to base of abdomen, so”
pterothorax appears smoothly rounded. Wings present, extending to’
tip of abdomen, slender except where broadened at base; two Jongi--
tudinal veins, the second branching from the first near the broadened
base; the fore vein then inclines toward the costal and runs contiguous -
with it to tip of wing; the hind vein runs close to hind edge, but is dis-
tinct. Costal spines twenty in number, very large and stout, much
longer than the very weak fringe; fore vein bears four stout spines at
basal third and two not far from tip; hind vein bears five moderately
long spines; posterior fringes dark, heavy, and wavy. Wings gray-.
ish brown, darkest over veins; fore wings at base and a rather broad
band at three-fourths their length transparently white, darkest brown
around the outer shaded portion. Legs of medium length; femora
and tibie dark brown except around outer ends of femora, and both.
|
‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 175
—— a ——— es a ——
extremities of tibiz pale yellowish; tarsi also yellowish, brownish
around tips; legs bearing quite a number of inconspicuous spines;
hind tibie alone bearing stout spines at their tips.
Abdomen broadly ovate, pointed at tip, wider than thorax. Color
dark brown, somewhat lighter on last two segments. Anal spines
weak, especially on last two segments; the few spines on sides of seg-
ments two to eight are inconspicuous.
Redescribed from one specimen at U. $8. Department of Agriculture,
Division of Entomology.
Male not, known.
Food plants.—Orange leaf infested with Aspidiotus aurantii. (Prob-
ably not feeding on scale.)
_ Habitat.—Yuba County, California.
Life history unknown.
Genus PARTHENOTHRIPS Uzel.
The body, principally the head and prothorax, with deeply reticu-
lated structure. Head broader than long, with a hump in front between
the eyes; cheeks swollen, constricted into a short neck at hind edge.
Eyes protruding; ocelli present. Antenne seven segmented, very
slender except the first two segments; style one segmented, hair-like,
as long as the sixth segment and bearing a slender hair of equal length
at the tip. Upon the third to the sixth segments, separated from each
other, there are always two sense cones. Maxillary palpi two see-
mented, the second segment being distinctly longer than the first.
Prothorax plainly shorter than the head, uneven, broadened posteri-
orly, with one long spine upon each hind angle. Legs unarmed.
Wings very broad and long, so that they reach beyond the end of the
abdomen. ‘The fore wings have the form of a ‘‘cake-knife;” their sur-
face is reticulated and there appears to be only one longitudinal vein
and a very strongly developed ring vein. The vein arising from the
base of the wing bends forward at the first fourth of the length of the
wing and unites with the unusually strong ring vein from that point,
while the hind vein, branching from the main vein at this point, bends
toward the hind edge of the wing and runs parallel to it, but remains
distinct. The fore fringe has disappeared and its place is taken by the
stout costal spines. The hind vein is set with stout spines at regular
intervals. Beyond the first fourth the wing is somewhat narrower
than at the basal fourth. The front edge is nearly straight and the hind
edge bending forward unites with it to form a sharp point. The last
two abdominal segments are distinctly narrowed in the females. The
Spines at the end of the abdomen are weak and light. The species
belonging here have the power of springing.
I have found only the species dracaenx of this genus,
ee
BOTY AO
176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIL
PARTHENOTHRIPS DRAC/AEN£ (Heeger).
Plate VI, figs. 62-65.
Heliothrips dracene Hencer, Sitzungsb. d. math.-naturw. Classed. kais. Akad. d,
Wissensch., Wien, XIV, December, 1854., p. 365. Separata. Beitrage zur
Naturgeschichte d. Insecten Osterreichs, pp. 3-7.
Thrips dracene Reaet, Bull. phys.-mathem. Acad. Sciences, St. Petersburg,
XVI, 1858, pp. 333-336; Melang biolog., I, 6, pp. 628-633.
Heliothrips dracenx Vv. FRAUENFELD, Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.,
XVII, Zool. Miscellen, XIII, 1867, pp. 793-801.
Heliothrips dracenx PERGANDE, Psyche, III, 1882, p. 381.
Parthenothrips dracenx Jorvan, Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool., XLVITI, 1888, pp. 541-620
(Biological part). ;
Parthenothrips dracene Reuter, Meddel af. Soc. Fauna et Flora Fennica, X VII,
1891, p. 166. Z
Heliothrips dracene Trysom, Entom. Tidskrift, 15 Arg., Haft 1-2, 1893, pp.
56-58.
Parthenothrips dracene Uzet, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanopt., 1895, pp. 171-173, pl. m1,
fies. 12-14; pl. vi, fig. 93.
Parthenothrips dracene Témpet, Die Geradfliigler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 291.
Female.—Length about 1.15 mm.; width of mesothorax about
0.28mm. General color dusky yellow, more or less strongly shaded
with brown, especially upon the abdomen. Head, thorax, and wings
covered with more or less clearly defined reticulating ridges.
Head widest in front through the eves, four-fifths as wide as length;
general shape quadrangular above, though front margin is somewhat
elevated in middle; heavily reticulated; cheeks straight, but abruptly
constricted at hind edge, neck-like; color quite uniform brownish yel-
low. Eyes black, very strongiy protruding at fore angles; a slight
depression surrounds each eye; ocelli small, approximate, with dark
red margins contiguous, situated upon a slight elevation between the
eyes and well removed from them. Maxillary palpi two segmented,
the second segment being longer and more slender than the first.
Antenne seven segmented, very slender beyond second segment,
about two and one-half times as long as the head; relative lengths of -
segments:
Sp
=~]
eee o 1 >
5 OT 20.52 0 WGioaerise oer aes
Segment one nearly spherical, fully as long as broad, narrower than
two, which is thickest; three to six subequal in thickness and about
one-half the diameter of two, faintly ringed; seven very slender and
bearing at its tip a still more slender spine, which may be nearly as long”
as the segment. Segments one and two slightly more dusky yellow
than three to five; five is shaded with brown at its tip; six and seven |
brown or gray-brown. |
Prothorax transverse, fully twice as wide as long and about two-
thirds as long as the head, wider behind than in front; sides somewhat |
|
!
4
NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. aL re
rounded; surface reticulated like head and concolorous with it; one
stout spine at each hind angle. Pterothorax on dorsal line only two-
thirds as long as wide, one and one-fourth times as wide as prothorax;
metathorax nearly as wide as mesothorax; color of pterothorax some-
what more yellow than head and prothorax; mesonotal plate deeply
incised in middle behind; reticulations converging to anterior end of
this incision. Wings very long and about one-tenth as broad, over-
reaching the abdomen considerably; form and venation unique; fore
wings somewhat longer and about one and one-half times as broad as
the hind wings; their front edge runs straight clear to the tip: the
hind edge runs nearly parallel to it till near the end, where it curves
forward to join the fore edge at the tip; the entire wing is bounded
by one very heavy ring vein. There appears to be only one longi-
tudinal vein; this at about basal fourth of wing curves forward to the
costal vein, which it joins;¢ then it curves backward and runs parallel
with and quite close to the hind edge till it joins the ring vein before
the tip. The costa bears no fringe, but is set with numerous stout
spines as is also the longitudinal vein; hind edge bears a double fringe
of long hairs; surface of fore wing shows faint reticulation. There
ave three rather faint brown spots on fore edge, the darkest being
where the fore vein joins the costa, and one longer spot on hind edge;
spines standing in these spots are much darker than the others. Legs
concolorous with body, finely reticulated; hind coxe approximate;
fore femora brownish yellow, the others brown, yellowish at extremi-
ties; tibie and tarsi concolorous with second segment of antenne;
tarsi tipped with dark brown; spines very weak and light colored.
Abdomen distinctly wider than thorax and broadly joined to it;
about twice as long as broad, ovoid, pointed at tip; general color
brown or yellowish brown; last three segments yellow; sometimes
the sides of each segment are much more yellow than its brown central
area; anterior edge of segment one is curved forward very abruptly
in the middle forming a rounded apex to the dorsal plate; prominent
dark stripe on anterior edges of three to seven; anal spines weak and
light.
Redescribed from five females taken in Amherst, Massachusetts, on
Kentia and Ficus. I have no male, but Heeger says:
Male.—The abdomen in males is distinctly more slender than in
females; is yellow-brown, thinly chitinized; about twice as long as the
meso and metathorax together; almost cylindrical, with tapering anal
extremity; naked, set with some long bristles only at the hinder edge
of the last three abdominal segments.
Food plants.—Dracena, Ficus castica, Kentia balmorina.
“1 believe that the fore vein coincides with the costal from the spot where they
join, the cross vein being more apparent than real, and that the vein which runs
parallel with and close to the hind edge is really the hind vein.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02. 19
178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
~ Habitat.—Vienna (Heeger, Frauenfeld), Finland (Reuter), St.
Petersburg (Regel), Germany (Jordan, Bohls), Bohemia (Uzel), United.
States: Washington, District of Columbia; Amherst, Massachusetts. _
The early stages are described as follows: |
The eggs are nearly membranous, greenish white, elongate~_
kgq-
ovate, +,” long, half as broad. ¢
Larva.—Larve are milky white, nearly cylindrical; only the last_
three abdominal segments taper gradually to a blunt point; they are
peut 14!" long, ‘i as pe The head a aps conical, a little an
pans are thin, fone OF dienes nee seus like. “lavas are on the —
sides of the head, circular, not raised; relatively large and clear red.
The antenne are thread-like, white ith gray points, five segmented,
somewhat ee than the he: id; first three segments small, cup- shaped,
of equal size; fourth, candle: shaped, about as long as first three _
together; fifth is gray, conical, very pointed, coment longer than
the fourth.
The thorax is somewhat longer than the antennze, swollen, flat
beneath; prothorax is rounded- triangular, somewhat shorter flan the
pterothorax, the segments of which are grown together, and are
aluigated-rre tangular aud rounded. ‘The legs are close together, with
very large cox; nearly as long as the antenne; middle pair noticea-_
bly shortest, hind pair longest; femora shorter and thicker than tibize,”
which are cylindrical; tarsi very short, indistinctly two segmented.
Abdomen spindie- shaped nearly as broad and somewhat more thai |
twice as long as the entire thorax; the nine segments are hardly per
ceptibly marked, equality long and set at sides with single, knobbed—
hairs. .
Nymph or pupa.—The nymphs in the last days before their trans-—
formation are whitish, fusiform; their eyes are raised, round, and
red; antenne indistinctly eight segmented, laid back over the head
near one another; wing sheaths ing at the sides of the abdomen, —
slender, bottle-shaped, poaehine to ae fore edge of the sixth segment |
and set with many transparent, white hairs, as is also the spindle=
shaped abdomen; the hind edge of the next to the last and the end of
the last segment, a with single, knobbed hairs.
Genus THRIPS Linnzus.
Ocelli present. Antenne seven segmented (style one eae |
Maxillary palpi three segmented. Prothorax regularly somewhat
longer than the head; two long spines always present upon its pos- =]
terior angles. Fore legs cole unarmed, Wings usually present,
moderately broad, with fore fringe developed and veins set with shor
spines.
he species belonging here have the power of springing.
"No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 179
* Although this is the largest genus of the order, I have here found
but two species which I can place in it. These two may be easily
distinguished by their colors.
_Head brown, thorax reddish brown, abdomen yellow or gray-brown .perplexus(p. 184).
Color uniformly light yellowish varying to brownish yellow. -..---..- tabaci (p. 179).
THRIPS TABACI Lindeman.
ONION THRIPS.
Plate VII, figs. 69-71.
? Limothrips tritici Packarp, 2d Ann. Rept. Ins. of Mass., 1872, pp. 5-8, 2 figs. ;
19th Ann. Rept. Secy. Mass. Bd. Agr. for 1871, pp. 333-336,
in 9th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Geog. Sury. Territories for
pl. txvur, figs. 3-5.
Thrips on onion plants, Sarptey, Bull. 10, Miscell. Information Roy. Gardens,
1887, p. 18.
Thrips tabaci LinpDEMAN, Die schidlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabien,
1888, p. 15, 61-75.
Thrips sp. Taaxter, Ann. Rept. Conn. Exp. Sta. for 1889, 1889, p. 180.
Thrips sp. Rirey-Howarp, Insect Life, III, 1891, p. 301.
Thrips tabaci RrrzEMA Bos, Tierische Schidlinge und Nitzlinge, 1891, pp. 577,
578.
Thrips tabaci Taraiont-Tozzerti, Animali ed Insetti del Tobacco in Erbal del
Tobacco Secco, 1891, pp. 222-224. :
Thrips sp. LintNER, Count. Gent., LVII, Oct. 27, 1892, p. 809; Abstract in 9th
Rept. Ins. N. Y., p. 445.
Timothrips sp. BAkrr, Amer. Florist, VII, 1892, p. 168, fig.
Thrips striata ? Gitterre, Ann. Rept. Col. Exp. Sta. for 1892, 1892, p. 36.
Thrips on onions, Wesster, Ins. Life, V, 1892, p. 127.
Thrips striatus GILLETTE, Bull. 24, Col. Exp. Sta., 1893, pp. 13-15, figs. 11, 12.
Thrips striatus Ritny-Howarp, Ins. Life, VI, 1893, pp. 4-5, 343.
Thrips striatus ? GitLerrr, 5th Ann. Rept. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1892, 1893,
p- 36; 6th Ann. Rept. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1893, p. 55.
Onion Thrips, Suirn, Ann. Rept. N. J. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta. for 1893, 1894, p. 441.
Limothrips tritici Wepsrrr, Ins. Life, VII, 1894, p. 206.
Thrips allii StrRRINE and Lows, Bull. 83, N.S., N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1894, pp.
680-683, pl. m1.
Thrips allii Wessrer, Ohio Farmer, Aug. 2, 1894, p. 97; Aug. 23, 1894, p. 157;
Nov. 7, 1894, p. 373.
Thrips alli StrrtNe and Lows, 13th Ann. Rept. N. Y. Exp. Sta. for 1894, 1895,
pp. 758-760, pl.
Thrips allii OsBorN-MAuuy, Bull. 27, lowa Agr. Exp. Sta.,1895, pp. 1389-142.
Thrips tabaci PERGANDE, Ins. Life, VII, 1895, pp. 892-395.
LTimothrips tritici Wrpster, Bull. 58, Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895, pp. xxxiii-
xxxiy, fig. 3; also in Ins. Life, VII, 1895, p. 206.
Thrips communis Uzet, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, pp. 176-179, pl. v1,
fig. 100.
Thrips tabaci UzeL, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 447.
Thrips tabaci SLINGERLAND, Rural New Yorker, LV, 1896, p. 561.
Thrips tabaci FRANK, Die tierparasitiiren Krankheiten der Pflanzen, 1896,
p. 134.
? Thrips sp. near tabaci Davis, Special Bull. 2, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, p. 13.
2 figs.; reprinted
1875, pp. 742-744,
180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
® Thrips on aaieaas SMITH, Mfeonomie Ent., 1896, p. 102.
? Thrips on cuc umber, Brirron, 20th Rept. Conn. Exp. Sta. for 1896, 1897.
Thrips tabaci SIRRINE, 15th Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Exp. Sta. for 1896, 1897, ppy-
612-615
Onion Thrips, SIRRINE, Bull. 115, N. Y. Exp. Sta., 1897, p. 70: |
Onion Thrips, SuNGERLAND, Rural New Yorker, ‘May 8, 1897, p. 309.
Thrips tabaci LuNTNER, 51st Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 363;
Separata, 13th Rept. Inj. Ins. ING 1898, p. 363.
Thrips striatus GrLLETTE, Bull. 47, Col. ie Sta., 1528, p. 44. |
Thrips tabaci: QUAINTANCE, Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1898, pp. 103-114, figs, |
10-12.
Thrips tabaci Howarp, Yearbook, U. 8S. Dept. Agr. for 1898, 1899, pp. 142, 148, |
fig. 27. |
Thrips tabaci Perrrr, Bull. 175, Mich. Exp. Sta., 1899, pp. 343-345, figs. 1, 2.
Thrips tabaci QUAINTANCE, 3ull. 20, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., p.59. Remedies, vari-
ous authors, 1899, p. 60.
Thrips tabaci WEBsTER-MALLY, Bull. 20, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agr., 1899, pp. 67-70. 9)
Thrips in Greenhouses, FerNALD-Hrps, Bull. 67, Mass. Exp. Sta., 1900, pp. 9-12. |
Thrips communis Témpet, Die Geradfligler Mitteleuropas, 1901, p. 293.
Thrips tabaci GARMAN, B fll 91, Kentucky Exp. Sta., 1901, pp. 42-45.
Thrips tabaci WEBSTER, oun Columbus Hort. gee XVI, 1901, No. 3, 7 ppm
4 figs. |
Thrips tabaci H1nps, Proc. 17th Ann. Cony. Soc. Amer. Florists, 1901, pp. 90-92. |
Female.—Length about 1.1 mm.; width about one-fourth the length.
Color quite uniformly light yellowish varying to brownish yellow.
Head one-fifth wider than long; cheeks slightly arched behind the
eyes; frons slightiy arcuate between them; occiput indistinctly trans-
versely striated; hairs upon the head few and minute; eyes not pro-
truding, coarsely granulated, very dark red by reflected light, black)
by transmitted light, sparsely pilose; ocelli subapproximate, standing
well back to the line of the hinder edge of the eyes but posterior
ocelli not contiguous with margins of eyes; color light yellow, mar-
gined inwardly with light brown crescents. Maxillary palpi three
segmented; first and third segments equally long, second shorter.
Antenne seven segmented; relative lengths of segments as follows:
Ds Be ola Eero eee
£4 Bt Ti) WO" a6 oni |
Segment one short and globose; two barrel-shaped; three to five
pedunculate, elongated ovoid; five joined by moderately broad surface
to base of six which tapers somewhat from its middle to its apical
end; seven tapering slightly, blunt at apex. Segment one lightest in
color, clear ight yellow; two, six, and seven nao light grayish
brown; three lieht brownish yellow; four and five colored like three at
their bases but apices nearly as dark as six.
Prothorax as long as head, one-half wider than long; pronotum,
indistinctly transv oc sthinted and sparsely clothed with small
spines; each hind angle bears a pair of very stout, conspicuous spines,
“No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. TRI
and between these pairs, along the hind edge of pronotum, stands a
row of three smaller spines on each aie. Metathorax one-third wider
than prothorax; metanotal plate bears a few small spines. Wings
about one-fourteenth as broad as long, slightly colored with light
yellow; costal fringe of fore wings composed of short, stout bristles
intermixed with a row of shorterspines. Fore longitudinal vein bears
from ten to twelve spines arranged in three groups, as follows: Two
groups upon the basal half of vein, the first of three or four spines,
the second group of three, and beyond the middle of the wing four to
six spines scattered at considerable distances along the yein to its tip;
when only four are present in last group they stand at nearly equal
distances apart; hind vein bears from fourteen to seventeen spines.
Occasionally one or two cross veins may be seen between the fore vein
and the costal at about one and two-thirds its length, but usually they
are not present; hind vein arises from fore vein at about the middle
of second group of spines. Hairs composing posterior fringes on both
wings are long, slender, wavy, and light colored. Legs concolorous
with body or somewhat lighter, quite long and slender; second seg-
ments of tarsi much longer than first; spines on inner side of hind
tibix weak, except the pair at its extremity; legs sparcely clothed
with fine hairs.
Abdomen as wide, or slightly wider, than the mesothorax, about
twice as long as wide; each dorsal plate of segments two to eight
marked near its anterior edge with a narrow, transverse line of dark
chestnut-brown color, widest at its middle and tapering gradually
toward the sides, disappearing at the upper edge of the groups of
three to five short spines which stand upon these segments just above
the pleural plates. Posterior edge of ninth segment bears a circlet of
eight long, stout spines, most prominent dorsally; terminal segment
bears six spines which are nearly as long as the preceding; besides
these long spines both of these segments bear a few finer spines.
Redescribed from many specimens.
Male.—*Head and abdomen yellowish white; thorax yellow. The
first two antennal segments white, the third at the end very weakly,
the fourth and fifth more strongly shaded with gray; the sixth is gray,
at the base or even to the middle white; the seventh segment entirely
gray. Wings present.”—U-zel.
food plants.—Apple, aster (cultivated), blanket flower, blue grass,
cabbage, candytuft, catnip, cauliflower, celery, chickweed, cinque-
foil, clover, coneflower, crab-grass, cucumber, dandelion, /yechthites,
Erigeron canadensis, four-o’clock, garden leek, goldenrod, heal-all,
honeysuckle, Jamestown weed, jimson, kale, melons, mignonette,
mullein, nasturtium, onion, parsley, pink, plum, pumpkin, Rubus sey-
eral species, shepherd’s purse, Specllaria, squash, stonecrop, sweet
clover, timothy, tobacco, tomato, turnip, wheat.
182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX
Habstat.—Russia (Lindeman), England (Shipley), Italy (Targioni-
Tozzetti), Bohemia, Helgoland (Uzel), Bermuda, United States: Mas-
sachusetts. Connecticut, New York, Long Island, Pennsylvania, New”
Jersey, District of Columbia, Virginia, Florida, Kentucky, Ohio,”
Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, southern Canada, Colorado, Cali.
fornia.
The early stages are described by Quaintance “ as follows: 2
qq. Length 0.26 mm.; width 0.12 mm.; in shape the egg is
elliptical and curved. Fresh eggs are clear white. In eggs with
advanced embryos, the reddish eyes are distinctly visible.
Larva, first stage.—(About one-half hour after hatching). Length,
0.38 mm.; width of thorax, 0.14 mm.; somewhat fusiform in shape;
eradually tapering caudad from fourth or fifth abdominal segment;
body, legs, and antennz clear white; eyes reddish. Head in dorsal
aspect about as broad as long; the eyes are situated at the cephalic
lateral margins; no ocelli. In cephalic aspect the head is seen to be
considerably produced—ventrad and caudad; suboval in outline. The
four jointed antenne are borne upon the vertex, and are approximate at
base. Basal joint short, cylindrical, about half the length of second;
second segment subpyriform, slightly longer than wide; third sub-
spherical, about as long as secoad; fourth joint as long as the proxi-
mal three together, club-shaped, thickest near the basal third, tapering
distally toa point. Joints three and four ringed; in the distal part
of four these are much more pronounced, dividing it into what might
be taken for short, indistinct segments. The antennee bear sete, which
are much more numerous on fourth joint. Legs stout; coxa and
trochanter short; femur about as long as tibia and tarsus together.
The tarsus appears to be composed of but one joint, which terminates
distally in two diverging claw-like processes; the bladder-like expan-
sion on tip of tarsus does not seem to be present in this stage. Abdo-
men composed of ten segments; on the dorsum are four longitudinal
acute sete, and a row on each lateral margin. On the tenth segment
these sete are quite large, being from two to four times longer than”
the others. :
Mature larva (second stage).—Length 0.94 mm.; width of meso-
thorax 0.22 mm. Body elongate; abdomen tapering caudad from
about fifth segment. Head slightly longer than wide. Color green-
ish yellow, varying to greenish white. Legs and antenne lighter; eyes
reddish brown; ocelli wanting. Sete practically as in stage 1.
Antenne four-jointed;? basal joint short, cylindrical; second, sub-—
cylindrical, about twice as long as first. Third joint a fourth longer
“Quaintance, Bull. 46, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta.
>**Lindeman regards the antennze as six jointed, but to me joint four has not
appeared to allow of being considered as made up of three joints, although there are
four more or less well-defined parts, as determined by the rings, which, if considered
as joints, would make seven in all, instead of six.”
i
,
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 183
than second; subpyriform, united to second by narrow *‘neck,” rather
‘closely ringed. Fourth, about as long as proximal three together,
club-shaped, ringed as in stage 1. Antenne bearing setee much more
numerous on fourth joint. Tarsi without the pronounced claw-like
structures of the first stage. In other respects essentially as in pre-
ceding stage.
Nymph (about two days old).—Length about 0.7 mm.; width of
mesothorax about 0.15 mm.; color yellowish, varying to almost color-
less; eyes reddish. Pupa-skin somewhat separated from the body
proper, being particularly noticeable in the caudal end of the abdomen,
wing-pads, legs, and antennze. In these two latter the joints are very
obscure, the pupa-skin covering them as a sheath. The wing-pads
reach to about the eighth abdominal segment. There are numerous
setee on the body, antennse, legs, and wing-pads. On the abdomen
they have practically the same position as in the adult larva. The
dorsal setze of the last segment in the nymphs are very stout, almost
hook-like, curving cephalad.
Life history.—Dyr. Lindeman’s conclusions, quoted by Dr. Lintner,
are so different from those which have been reached by workers upon
the same species in this country that we are led to suspect that he has
confused the early stages of very different species.
In Massachusetts, using specimens found infesting a cucumber house
in January and February, I have found that the egg stage varies from
four to seven days. Pupation takes place in seven or eight days and
lasts for nearly a week, when the adults emerge and after a few days
lay their eggs. The whole life cycle ina greenhouse thus occupies
from three to four weeks.
In Florida Quaintance found that the egg stage lasts in summer
from three and a half to four days; the larval stage from seven to nine
days, during which time the larva molted twice; the nymph stage four
days, the total life cycle thus requiring about sixteen days. There
appeared to be no distinct broods at any season.
In Ohio Professor Webster has found that this species hibernates
in larval, pupal, and adult stages, the first predominating, being found
in matted grass or refuse tops left in the onion fields, and that they
safely passed through winters when the temperature fell to —23 to
—25 degrees F’.
Economic considerations.—Dr. A. S. Packard, in 1872, was the first
to record the ravages of the ‘‘ Onion Thrips,” which he called Zimo-
thrips tritici Fitch, believing it to be identical with the ‘* Wheat
Thrips.” While Dr. Packard’s description is unidentifiable, it is suffi
cient to show that the insect was not Thrips tritici Fitch, nor did it
belong to the genus Limothrips. Furthermore, Packard states that
the antenna consists of eight segments, which would separate it from
Thrips tabaci, which has only seven. Still the injury recorded is so
like that which is known to have been committed by Thrips tabaci at
184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
é
various times that I have ine eluded a reference to it under this species, |
though its correctness is questionable.
Dr. Packard found that this insect has been observed attacking onions —
for fifteen years previously, but the damage in 1872 was unusually
severe in Essex County, Massachusetts, amounting that year to at
least one-tenth of the crop, and having a money value in that one>
county of at least $10,000.
In 1889, Dr. Thaxter found the Onion Thrips generally distributed
and very injurious to onions in Connecticut, the injury produced being
known as ‘* White Blast.’
The next report of very serious injury was made by Prof. C. P._
Gillette from Colorado, where for several seasons it had been noticed
as very abundant and doing considerable harm. It has also been found
a serious pest all through the Middle States and in several of the |
Atlantic coast States as well as on the Pacific coast. This shows its )
very wide general distribution, and since its attacks seem to be most |
severe upon onions and cabbages—two important garden crops—it_
must be considered as, perhaps, the most injurious species of the order.
THRIPS PERPLEXUS (Beach).
Plate VI, figs. 66-68. |
Sericothrips? perplexa Bracu, Proc. lowa Acad. Sciences, 1895, III, (1896), pp.
216-218. -
Female.—Length 0.935 mm. (0.80 to 1.0 mm.); width of mesotho- |
rax 0.197 mm. (0.18 to 0.21 mm.). General color: head brown and
thorax reddish orange-brown, very much darker than the pale yellow |
or gray-brown abdomen; body slender.
Head very large, eee pentagonal, approximately as long as_
broad or but slightly shorter, almost as large as prothorax, within |
which it is slightly withdrawn; cheeks nearly straight and parallel;
anterior margin broadly elevated; without special prominences between |
bases of antenne; occiput transversely wrinkled; without conspicuous |
spines. Eyes black, not protruding, together occupying about one-
half the width of the head, margins lighter colored; ocelli conspicuous,
large and well separated, placed far forward, all three being in front
of the middle of the eyes, reddish yellow with maroon inward margins;
ocellar bristles moderately long. Maxillary palpi three segmented. |
Antenne fully twice as long as head, subapproximate; relative lengths |
of segments: |
Ae aS iB A ee eee
55. 17.6 104 TON is: eet
Segment one broader than two which is intermediate in thickness
between one and three; three and four thickest at about their middle .
then tapering eradually to the ends; seven bluntly conical. Spines |
‘Bo. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 185
—_—<— ~ ~-—
long and slender, but not very conspicuous; those on three to five
nearer the middle than usual. Color of one, two, five, six, and seven
brown like head; three and four pale yellowish or gray; four shaded
slightly with brown, increasing toward tip; basal constriction of five
yellowish.
Prothorax not longer and but very slightly wider than the head,
nearly square, without stout spines upon fore angles but with two
long spines at each hind angle. Mesothorax about one and one-half
times as wide as head, slightly wider than metathorax; greatest width
at hind edge; color reddish or orange-brown. Wings reaching
usually beyond the tip of abdomen, about one-seventeenth as broad as
long; fore wing with two longitudinal veins; the origin of the hind
yein indistinct; neither vein heavy; costa set with about twenty quite
long spines besides the fringe hairs; fore vein bears ten to twelve
rather weak spines and the hind vein about thirteen similar spines.
Legs rather short; fore femora slightly thickened; yellow to gray-
brown, bases of bladders dark brown; spines small except row of
eight or nine on inner side of hind tibiz.
Abdomen nearly cylindrical and long, two and two-thirds times as
long as wide; but very slightly wider than mesothorax; last three
segments very short and tapering very abruptly to the acute apex.
Color pale yellowish or grayish brown, very much lighter than thorax
and head; ninth and tenth segments shading to brown-black; inter-
seomental membranes pale yellowish or gray. Segments not over-
lapping; receptaculum seminis placed far back beneath eighth dorsal
plate, very conspicuous, bright orange-red; ovipositor indistinct,
vestigial; tenth segment split open above and sides nearly meeting
beneath; anal spines long, slender, not very dark.
Redescribed from seven females taken on grass at Amherst, Massa-
chusetts.
Male unknown.
Food plants.— Cyperus sp., corn and grass (lowa), Dactylis glomer-
ata, Panicum sanguinale, and various other grasses (Massachusetts).
Habitat.—Ames, Iowa; Amherst, Massachusetts.
These specimens have been compared with Miss Beach’s types and
are identical. The vestigial condition of the ovipositor, however,
misled her into thinking her specimens all males, whereas they are
really all females.
This species is exceptional among the Terebrantia in lacking a
functional ovipositor, but it is surely vestigial in this case. The
egos are very large, while the ovipositor is disproportionately short
and weak, and it seems that it must be impossible for this species to
deposit its eggs in the plant tissue. In this respect they thus show a
divergence toward the Tubulifera, which lay their eggs wholly exter-
186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV
mally: It also seems probable that the so-called **rod” of the Tubu.
liferan female is but the vestige of a former ovipositor. The wins
venation also indicates that the olothripide come nearest the prime
itive form and that Phleothripide have diverged farthest from th
type, with the Thripide somewhere in between. This species is-
therefore of considerable interest as possibly being one of the puidem
posts to the phyllogeny of the order Thysanoptera.
CHARACTERS OF TUBULIFERA (PLGZOTHRIPID:). 3
The members of this suborder agree so closely in general characters
that they have all been included in the single family Phleothripide,
They are, as a rule, considerably larger a more powerfully formed
than the Terebrantia, some of them being the giants of the order.
In the insects belonging to this suborder the head is always as long”
as broad, and may be two or three times as long. In most of those
species which have comparatively short heads the front is smoothly”
rounded, but in those having very much elongated heads the vertex is
conside rably elevated, in some cases even forming a very prominent
conical projection of the vertex beyond the bases of the antennae.
The eyes vary widely in size and number of facets. Ocelli are gen-
erally present. The cheeks are usually nearly straight and parallel,
and in some species ‘set with more or less numerous spine- bearing
warts. Nearly every species has a pair of well-developed spines stand-
ing immediately behind the eyes, and therefore called post- -ocular
spines. The antenne are invariably eight segmented in the adult
stage and the sense cones on the intermediate segments are always
simple. The mouth cone varies in form, being in some species short
and blunt, and none of the external parts are acute at the tips; in.
others the labrum is abruptly constricted beyond the middle, its end
forming a sharp spine-like process, which reaches beyond the broadly
rounded labium; in still others the entire mouth cone, labium and
all, is elongated and tapers to a quite slender tip, which, however,
is not spine-like. These different forms of mouth cone have been
thought to possess a generic value in classification, but my studies
thus far have led me to the conclusion that too hiek a value has
been placed upon this single character. The maxillary palpi have
always two segments, of which the basal is very short, and the labial
palpi are also two segmented, though frequently they are short
and indistinct. 3
The prothorax has, in most cases, a trapezoidal form, and this is
especially noticeable in those species in which the fore femora are
much enlarged. The regularity of the outline of this trapezoid is,
however, more apparent than real, as will be seen by reference to Plates.
VIII, IX, and X. The projecting fore coxe fill in the hind angles”
so smoothly that in many cases careful focusing is necessary to show
that the outline is not entirely that of the proiaee: alone. ‘The pro-_
Mau alate
me Osi.
: “No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—ITINDS. 187
notum usually bears around its outer portion a number of conspicuous,
Jong spines. The fore femora are frequently greatly enlarged, and
when this is the case there will be found upon the fore tarsus a more
or less stout tooth or hook. In most species the femora and tarsal
teeth are larger in the males than in the females. The pterothorax is
very compact and nearly rectangular in outline. The wings, which
are usually present, are all very similar in form, venation, etc. They
-are cither quite slender throughout or somewhat constricted near the
middle, and are rounded at the tips. They have almost no veins, there
being no ring or cross veins, and only one partially developed median
yein in cach wing. Along the margins of each wing there is borne a
long, slender fringe, which is single except near the outer end of the
hind margin of the fore wing, where it is double for a short distance.
The membrane of each wing lacks microscopic spines such as are
found upon the wings of Terebrantia. When brought to rest the
wings are laid back closely upon the middle of the abdomen, so that
they overlap in their second halves. They are here held in place, and
the long, slender fringes confined by the rows of inwardly curved
spines which stand upon each side of the second to seventh segments.
In some species the wings are reduced to short, rounded pads, while
in others even these are wanting.
The abdomen is very similar in both sexes, except that in the male
it is usually more slender, especially through the sixth, seventh, and
eighth segments. The female has no ovipositor, The sexual opening
is between the ninth and tenth segments in both males and females.
The last segment is a simple tube in both sexes and at its base, beneath,
are found the distinctive sexual characters. The female is distin-
guished by a short, strongly chitinized rod upon the ninth segment
near the base of the tube which is regular and entire. The male is
distinguished by a semicircular notch in the base of the underside
of the tube, providing an opening for the protrusion of the copulatory
‘apparatus which is wholly retracted into the ninth segment. In many
species the abdomen is somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally so that a
cross section is elliptical in outline.
Tubuliferans live usually in secluded places, as between the parts of
composite flowers, under the bark of trees, on the underside of foliage,
in galls, moss, turf, fungi, etc. Their movements are very deliberate
and they never run or spring.
SYNOPSIS OF PHL(HOTHRIPID A.
Body more or less thickened, head less than one and one-half times as
Me aa me ween ce tert ee te Sone Mtoe. ee eee a he Stk
{ Breadth of abdomen of female nearly or quite one-half its length ..----.--
Body slender, head more than one and one-half times as. long as wide -- -- 8
1
o> bo
Breadth of abdomen of female not nearly equal to one-half its length - -- - - 4
3 Head broadly rounded in front, cheeks without warts. -.-..-.Trichothrips (p. 191)
MumnmArTOWeM dm front... 2. Sons kb sas see eek aes ----- Eurythrips (p. 202)
ee nd
tires Ww
185 PROCE] EDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXYVI
( Wings always present, ee aie eTapne fisies 2 Soe Se
Genus ANTHOTHRIPS Uzel.
oI Wines usually reduced, usually inhabitine) barks ors tities
_ ( Cheeks without spine-bearing warts. -----------------------4 Anthothrips (p
? ( Cheeks with spine- -bearing warts ..-.-----------------------------------
Fore femora with teeth at tip w ithin, intermediate antennal segments un-
3 | usually long and slender. -.----------------------------4 Acanthothrips (p. 198) _
2 Kore femora without teeth in female and usually in male, intermediate
antennal segments not elongated....--------------------- Phileothrips (p. 195) —
_ ( Head very large, rounded in front.--.-.------------------ Cephalothrips (p. 194) |
‘Sartead stnall, narrowed in front..0222 Jo.) 02564 = eee Malacothrips (p. 200) —
-¢ Head more than twice as long as wide. --------------------- Idolothrips (p. 206) —
: \ Head less than twice as long as wide ©....-2-,---=-===2-2-5- Cryptothrips (p. 205) |
|
Head but little longer than wide, reunded in front; cheeks nearly |
parallel, without warts. Antenne nearly twice as long as the head.
Ocelli and wings always present in both sexes. Wings narrowed in-
the middle. Mouth cone not longer than the breadth at its base;
labrum narrowed toward tip but not sharply pointed. Fore tarsi
armed with a tiny tooth which is somewhat larger in males than in-
females. Males without a scale at base of tube.
The two species belonging here may be easily separated by the
presence or absence of spines upon the head. In A. niger (p. 188)
the cheeks are smooth, without spines, and there are no post-ocular
spines, while in A. verbasci (p. 189) the cheeks bear small spines not
standing on warts and the post-ocular spines are well developed.
ANTHOTHRIPS NIGER (Osborn).
Plate VII, figs. 72-75.
Phleothrips nigra OsBorn, Canad. Entom., XV, 1883, p. 154; Rept. U.S. Dept.
Agr. for 1887, (1888), pp. 163, 164; Ins. Life, I, 1888, pp. 137-142; Insi
Life, V, 1892, pp. 112-113.—Davis, Bull. 116, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1894,
pp. 62, 63.
Anthothrips nigra Uzet, Mon. d. Ord. Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 242.
Female.—Length 1.5 mm. (1.1 to 1.8 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.34 mm. (0.8 to 0.4 mm:.). General color more or less dark reddish
brown.
Head approximately as long as broad, longer than prothorax,
smoothly rounded in front; cheeks straight, parallel, and without
warts. Eyes small, finely faceted; ocelli quite large and well sepa-
rated, posterior ocelli almost contiguous with margins of eyes; no
post-ocular bristles. Mouth cone shorter than its breadth at base and
blunt at tip. Antenne subapproximate, as long as width of meso-
thorax; segments quite short and stout; fourth thickest and most
rounded; relative lengths of segments as follows:
1 2 is 4 5 ni be 8
NO ADS 19:9. I TOR eee G ae
A ;
_ No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 189
- Color nearly uniform brown; three and base of four yellowish
brown; spines short and weak; sense cones short and blunt.
Prothorax one-half as long as breadth to outer angles of coxe;
front and hind edges nearly parallel, gently curved; one short spine
at each posterior angle and one nearly halfway between this and
middle of hind edge. Mesothorax somewhat wider than prothorax
but usually less than twice as wide as the head; sides of pterothorax
nearly straight, shorter than its breadth. Legs short and moderately
stout; fore femora but slightly thickened; fore tarsi armed with a
tiny tooth near tip within; middle and hind tibie with one prominent
spine externally at tip. Legs brown; middle and hind tarsi slightly
yellowish, sometimes brown; fore tarsi and tip of tibix yellow.
Wings always present, narrower in middle than at ends, shaded with
brown only at base, where fore wing bears three erect spines. Wines
and fringes nearly equal; fringes single, except on hind border of fore
wing near tip, where for seven or eight hairs they are double.
Abdomen about twice as broad as head, averaging about two and
one-half times as long as wide; segments overlapping somewhat; sides
nearly parallel to middle, then tapering gradually to base of tube.
Tube about four-fifths as long as head, only slightly tapering; sides
straight; terminal spines shorter than tube. All spines on abdomen
short, weak, and not conspicuous.
Redescribed from seven specimens.
Male unknown.
Food plants.— Achillea millefolium, ox-eye daisy, red clover, white
clover, various grasses.
Habitat.—lowa, Michigan, Massachusetts.
ANTHOTHRIPS VERBASCI (Osborn).
Plate VII, figs. 76-78.
OssBorN, Ins. Life, I, 1888, pp. 137-142.
Phleothrips verbasci Ossorn, Proc. Iowa Acad. Se., III, 1896, p. 228.
Female.—Length 1.8 mm. (1.42 to 2.12 mm.); width of mesotho-
rax 0.38 mm. (0.32 to 0.44 mm.). General color dark brown.
Head but slightly, if any, longer than wide; cheeks nearly straight
and parallel, set with few minute spines; post-ocular bristles prom-
inent; hind margin of head not covered by front margin of prothorax.
Eyes finely and closely faceted, rounded, not protruding; ocelli
widely separated, posterior ones contiguous with the light margins
of eyes; front ocellus placed at extreme vertex. Mouth cone about
as long as it is broad at base, pointed. Antenne approximate, almost
twice as long as head; relative lengths of segments:
=
1 ee oko 6 7 coe
OPO sel ees eam Amalia, © OG
VOL. XXVI.
190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Segment three cl: ae foun fusiform: five and six becoming mor
sle nder and less fusiform; seven ya val; eight sharply conics 4
sieht sie Seen - bere sesame pale salle Sind
pale and weak: sense cones short and blunt.
Prothorax short, only about three-fourths as long as head; fore and_
hind margins nearly parallel and curving backward; one stout spine.
at each angle, one in middle of sides, and one on each side between |
those at the angle and the median line on both fore and hind margins;
hind angles appear to entirely cover the fore coxx as arule; each fore
coxa bears one stout spine. All these stout spines are blunt but not |
knobbed. Sides of pterothorax full and smooth; fore angles oblique;
color of thorax uniform dark brown or yellowish brown, more or less |
irregularly mottled with dark red. Wings present, adem in mid-
dle, transparent except at base, where the fore wing bears three long.
spines upon the remnant of the single median vein. Fringes long,
single, except near end of hind fringe of fore wing where it is doubil
for ten or twelve hairs. Legs moderately long and slender; fore
femora only slightly thickened; fore tarsus one segmented and armed
with a tiny tooth. All femora and middle and hind tibie dark brown;
middle and hind tarsi slightly yellowish or grayish brown; fore tibiz
and tarsi bright yellow like middle of antenne; fore tibiz shaded
a little with brown toward their bases outside. One long slender)
spine near base of each fore femur below; each fore coxa with one-
long spine. |
Abdomen broadly joined to metathorax and but slightly wider,
widest at base but less than twice as wide as head; segments more or}
less imbricate, tapering gradually to tube. Tube about four-fifths as-
long as head, tapering slightly, not swollen at base, bearing a circlet
of spines at tip which are enone than the tube. All spines on abdom:
inal segments slender and rather faint; color of abdomen quite uniform |
yellowish brown to dark brown. In the lightest colored specimens :
the irregular dark mottlings show up most prominently.
Redescribed from eight females.
Male. —The male agrees quite closely with the foregoing description;
it is usually somewhat smaller throughout; relative lengths of antennal
segments are as follows:
1 2). 98) 9 Ge ae
8.5 11.5 13.54 15ers eee
Fore tarsi are armed with a medium-sized tooth, which is larger than
that in the female. Of the four spines standing near the hind edge of |
the ninth segment, the outer pair is very short, stout, and acute; the
abdomen seems to be somewhat more slender than in female. |
Described from four males.
0, 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 191
— Food plant.—Mullein.
Habitat.—Ames, Iowa: Amherst, Massachusetts.
Genus TRICHOTHRIPS Uzel.
saree
_ Head about as broad as long, broadly rounded in front. Eyes
small. Ocelli present in both these species, but often wanting. Mouth
cone not longer than its breadth at base; labrum pointed at tip. Fore
femora somewhat enlarged and tarsi armed with a tooth. Wings
usually wanting, but present in both these species, slender throughout.
Abdomen very broad and heavy; tube very slender in proportion to
width of abdomen; no scale at base of tube in the male.
The two species which I have placed in this genus may be distin-
guished by the following characters:
Sueimilyoas long asthe head = 1<...- <2 .0..2.----.22-l------ beachi (p. 192)
Sere bwo-thirds as long as the head...._._...........--..--...---- ambitus (pp. 191)
TRICHOTHRIPS AMBITUS, new species.
Plate VIII, figs. 81, 82.
- Female. Length 2 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.45 mm. General
color brownish yellow shading to brown or reddish brown.
Head slightly longer than wide, widest just behind the eyes, rounded
in front; cheeks straight and converging posteriorly; at hind edge
only six-sevenths the diameter at widest part; frons slightly elevated
between bases of antennze; post-ocular bristles present; a few scat-
tering small spines upon head not raised upon warts; surface faintly
reticulated. Anterior half of head light brown flecked with reddish,
posterior half fading to yellow at the neck. Eyes small, finely gran-
ulated, compact, not pilose, purplish by transmitted light, reddish
orange by refiected light; ocelli present, subapproximate, pale yellow
Margined inwardly with reddish brown crescents. Mouth cone reach-
ing nearly to posterior edge of prosternum; maxillary palpi two seg-
mented; labial palpi short and thick; labium broad and rounded;
maxille converging abruptly below the palpi and short. Antenne
one and three-fourths times as long as the head, eight segmented,
though the joint between seven and eight is very indistinct; relative
lengths of segments as follows:
Gu
ee
5
(Oe ciSesOe ObecOl <20 15
o0| 0
_ Segment one truncate, conical; two constricted toward base into a
broad stalk, cut off squarely at end; three to seven slenderly stalked
at bases; three to six clavate; seven cylindrical-ovate, very closely
united by full width of end to eight which is conical. Color of one
le brownish yellow; two and three clear yellow; four yellow at base
199 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
shading to light brown at end; remaining segments dark brown.
Sense cones on segments three to six very long a slender; transpar
ent spmes upon each segment also long and slender
Prothorax thre e-fourths as long as head and three fifths as long ag
wide; fore cox project considerably beyond posterior angles. One
medium length spine on each side of middle and near anterior edge
one near each anterior angle, one at middle of each side and one longer
one at each posterior angle. Mesothorax equal in width to prothorax
and concolorous with it; mesonotum bears one long spine close to base
of each fore wing. Metathorax equal in width to mesothorax, nar--
rowed but very slightly posteriorly, pale yellow in middle, shaded on
sides, splashed with red. Each fore coxa bears a single long spine on.
outer side; fore femora somewhat enlarged; each femur bears ¢ single
long, erect spine on the outer side near its extremity; tarsi short and
thick, fore pair armed with a stout tooth. Femora gray-brown, fore |
pair yellowish brown; fore tibie and tarsi pale yellow; caedle and
hind tibiz and tarsi almost white. Wings reaching to tip of abdomen;
both pairs equal in size, edges parallel, heavily fringed; fore wings
bearing a costal group of three long slender spines between the fringe:
and base of wing. Color of wings dea: transparent, except a slightly,
clouded band across fore wings at about one-third their length. i
Abdomen broad and ee last three segments tapering abruptly
at sixth segment one and one-sixth times as broad as thorax. Tube
two-thirds as long as head and at middle one-seventh as bro ad as the
fourth aidomanal: segment; terminal spines about as long as tube. A
stout bristle projects anteriorly from each side angle of first segment;
each following segment, except tube, bears on each side one spine;
these are short upon first segment and increase in length and size pos
teriorly. Color brownish yellow in middle, shaded aan dark reddish
brown on sides; tube bright brownish yellow tipped abruptly with
gray-brown.
Described from one female.
Male unknown.
Food plant.—Grass.
Habitat.—Awherst, Massachusetts. r
TRICHOTHRIPS BEACHI, new species.
Plate VII, fig. 79; Plate VIII, fig. 80.
Female.—Length 1.84 mm. (abdominal segments one-third tele-
scoped); width of mesothorax 0.48 mm. General color y ellow-brown.
Head as broad as long, rounded in front; cheeks slightly converging
behind the middle, set with scattered, small, stout spines borne upon
small warts; post-ocular bristles quite long and acute. Eyes small,
finely faceted, rounded; ocelli large, distant, posterior two almost
%
‘
a
. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 193
‘contiguous with light yellowish margins around eyes, color reddish
yellow. Antennx more than twice as long as the head; length and
breadth of segments increase gradually from base to middle, then
decrease to tip of antenna; relative lengths of segments as follows:
Peers 475" 6
8
Seow ko eh 145 3
Color dark brown; bases of three to five yellowish; spines of
medium length, but not very conspicuous; sense cones about one-
third of the length of the segment bearing them.
Prothorax about five-sixths as long as head, and nearly twice as
broad as long, broadly rounded at hind edge; spines upon fore edge
much smaller and weaker than the mid-lateral and those on hind edge;
all these spines are acute. Mesothorax about one and one-half times
as wide as prothorax, uniting closely and evenly with metathorax so
that sides of pterothorax are nearly straight. Wings present, long and
powerful; fringes long, double for from nine to eleven hairs in hind
fringe of fore wing near tip. Legs of medium size and length; fore
femora a little thickened and tarsi armed with a very tiny tooth; mid-
dle legs much the smallest. All femora chestnut brown; tibize at base
brown, fading to yellowish at tips; fore tibix lightest; tarsi yellow.
Fore cox project a little beyond sides of prothorax and each bears
one long spine; each femur bears one long slender spine on under
side near base; three or four long slender spines stand around tips of
middle and hind tibi.
_ Abdomen large and heavy, somewhat broader than thorax, slightly
more than twice as broad as head; segments overlapping about one-
third; sides nearly parallel up to eighth segment, then tapering very
abruptly. Tube slender in middle, about one-eighth the breadth of
the abdomen, fully as long as the head, tapering but slightly; ter-
minal circlet of spines shorter than tube; spines on abdomen light
colored.
Color of whole body generally yellowish brown, lightest along mid-
dle of back of thorax and abdomen: abdomen darkest where segments
overlap; thorax and abdomen show some irregular dark red hypo-
dermal pigmentation. All spines acute.
Described from one female taken under quince bark in early spring,
together with many bright-red larve around it.
Male unknown.
Food plant.—Taken under quince bark.
_ Habitat.—Ambherst, Massachusetts.
_ I take pleasure in naming this species for Miss Alice M. Beach in
Tecognition of her work upon the Thripidee of Iowa.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——13
194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXV
Genus CE PHALOTE EEE S ere
Head considerably longer than its bre adth or the length of the pro |
thorax, broadly rounded in front and larger than in most species im
proportion to the other segments. Eves small; ocelli present. Anten-_ q
ne about one and one-half times the length of the head. Mouth cone |
shorter than its breadth at base; labrum not narrowed in the middle |
and ending in a blunt point. Fore femora slightly thickened and |
tarsi with a tiny tooth. Wings usually reduced or wanting entirely,
Male without a scale at base of the tube. |
I place here only one species, yece.
CEPHALOTHRIPS YUCC£:, new species.
Plate VIII, figs. 83, 84.
Female.—Length 1.48 mm. (1.40 to 1.56 mm.); width of meso- |
thorax 0.29 mm. (0.28 to 0.30 mm.). General color yellowish brown, | |
irregularly mottled with dark-red hypodermal pigmentation. |
Head broad and large, about one and two-fifths times as long as
wide; cheeks slightly arched and smoothly joined to eyes, converging”
slightly toward neck; front smoothly rounded; post-ocular bristles.
present, but rather small and not prominent; cheeks smooth. Eyes_
small, each being less than one-fourth the breadth of the head through |
them, triangular above and surface even with that of head, very dark |
red in color; ocelli small, situated far forward, quite widely separated, |
with very dark red inner margins. Mouth cone short and rather
blunt. Antenne nearly one and one-half times as long as head, con-—
siderably separated at bases with but slight elevation between them;
relative lengths of segments as follows: ‘|
1 2 3 4 5 6 v 8
6.5 ° 11.6, 12.50 Taro eS se ee eee!
Segments three to five subequal in breadth and similar in shape.
Antenne yellow, segments one and two shaded with brownish. Sense_
cones quite long and slender; spines shorter and light colored, so}
inconspicuous.
Prothorax two-thirds as long as head and across outer angles of
coxe about one and two-fifths times as wide as head; sides of thorax |
really considerably indented above fore coxe. Anterior marginal|
and mid-lateral spines wanting; those at angles present, but weak and}
inconspicuous. Pterothorax as broad as prothorax through coxe,
equal to about one-fifth the length of the body; its sides straight and)
parallel; about four-fifths as broad as abdomen. Wings usually”
reduced to mere pads, but when occasionally present they are of mod-
erate length, though not very powerful. (Winged specimens have the.
0. 1310, NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 195
pterothorax nearly as w wide as the abdome en.) meee rather short and
thick; fore cox project somewhat beyond thorax; fore femora
‘slightly thickened and the tarsi armed with a tiny tooth; tibia of each
Tee slightly shorter than its femur; all tarsi short and thick. All
femora and middle and hind tibie brown; all tarsi and fore tibie,
except at base outside, pale yellow; a prominent brown spot at tip of
tarsi within.
Abdomen about three-fifths the length of the body; about one and
one-fourth times as broad as the mesothorax; nearly cylindrical to
seventh segment, then sides curve smoothly to base of tube. Tube less
than one-half as long as head and at middle only about one-ninth the
breadth at middle of abdomen. Spines on abdomen of moderate
tength, slender, acute, light colored, and not prominent. The abdo-
‘men is darkest at sides and tip; on each side of segments two to
eight, slightly outside the line of wing-confining spines, there is a
rounded or elliptical clear yellow spot. The bedy lacks any striking
coloration.
Described from ten wingless and two winged females.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6331, U.S.N.M.
Male.—The males are about five-sixths as large as females. Their
antennz are about one and two-fifths times as long as the head; there
‘appears to be less difference in the length of antennal segments than
in female; relative lengths of segments as follows:
ee 8. oT 8
Git lee 10> 010 987d.) O75. "%,
ns
Abdomen about one and one-fifth times as broad as mesothorax;
tube about one-half as long as head and at middle about two-fifteenths
as broad as middle of abdomen.
Described from nine males, all short winged. All of my males
were taken in September, and it may be that winged specimens occur
earlier in the season.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6331, U.S.N.M.
Food plants. — Yucca jfilamentosa, goldenrod.
FHabitat.—Amherst, Massachusetts; Washington, District of
Columbia.
Genus PHLGOTHRIPS Haliday.
_ Head somewhat longer than wide; ‘cheeks with small warts, each
bearing a tiny spine. Intermediate antennal segments not particu-
larly elongated; the whole antenna less than twice as long as head.
| Mouth cone as lens or longer than its breadth at base and narrowed;
labrum sharply pointed at tip. Fore femur enlarged and tarsus
armed with a tooth. Wings not narrowed in middle, present in both
‘sexes. No scale at base of tube in male.
196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
; | place two species in this genus. They may be separated by the
following characters: |
All femora dark brown; tibiee and tarsi bright yellow: 22 sseeer see uzeli (p. 196).
Legs gray-brown; tarsi somewhat lighter; fore tibize yellowish. .-pergandei (p. 197).
The female of the species vze/ comes within the definition of the
venus Phleothrips, but the male of this species has the teeth at the:
tip of the fore femora, which is the principal character upon which
Uzel has separated his genus Acanthothrips. This species, therefore,
appears to unite the characters of these two genera, and as more
emphasis is placed upon the description of the female than upon that
of the male, I have preferred to include this species in the established”
eenus Phlwothrips rather than to erect a new genus for it.
PHLGOTHRIPS UZELI, new species.
Plate VIL, figs. 87-90; Plate IX, figs. 91, 92.
Female.—Length 1.76 mm. (1.72 to 1.86 mm.); width of mesothorax”
0.39 mm. (0.38 to 0.40 mm.). General color dark brown with yellow —
tibie and tarsi. 4
Head about one and one-fourth times as long as wide, rounded in-
front; cheeks nearly straight and parallel, set with several short, stout _
spines borne upon smali warts; post-ocular bristles quite long and
knobbed. Eyes moderately large,- rounded, finely faceted; ocelli
prominent, distant, reddish yellow, posterior ones contiguous with
light borders of eyes. Mouth cone long and pointed, reaching to pos
terior edge of prosternum. Antenne about one and three-fourths
times as long as the head, slightly more than twice as long as width of -
head; relative lengths of segments as follows: 5
he 2. Br Sa eee Cpe
9.72 12.3 “18 1815 16ers eee
one-third the length of the segment bearing them.
Prothorax two-thirds as long as head, and to angles of coxe twice
as wide as long; usual anterior marginal, posterior marginal and mid-
lateral spines present, knobbed. Mesothorax slightly wider than pro-—
thorax; sides of pterothorax straight and converging a little to base of
abdomen. Wings long and powerful. Legs of medium length and
femora dark brown; all tibiz and tarsi bright yellow, the middle and
hind ones being slightly shaded with brown.
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 197
Abdomen large « and stout, about four times as long as he: ad, as wide
“as mesothorax; sides nearly parallel to seventh segment, from there
tapering roundly to base of tube; segments overlapping about one-
. Tube four-fifths as long as head; sides straight and converging
‘slightly; breadth in middle one-seyenth that in middle of abdomen;
Germinal circlet of hairs about the length of the tube, very slender.
; Spines on sides of abdomen blunt; abdomen quite uniformly yellowish
brown (dark brown where segments overlap).
Described from three females.
© Cotype:—Cat. No. 6332, U.S.N.M.
Male.—Males about ea as iarge as females. Cheeks
slightly fuller; relative lengths of antennal segments as follows:
4
S
2
®
z
A ch 3 4 5 6 7 8
Peo t eG tel Ors bor. tae Tt 7.9
_ Fore femora larger than in female and terntinating in two teeth at
tip within; fore tibixe have each a small tooth near base within; teeth
on fore tarsi large. (The teeth upon femora and tibie are not found
at all in the female of this species.) Tube at middle about one-sixth
the width at middle of abdomen; abdomen tapering slightly.
_ Deseribed from five males.
& Cotype.—Cat. No. 6332, U.S.N.M.
Food plants.—Taken on various grasses, clover, and (/imus montana
var. pendula.
Habitat.—Anmherst, Massachusetts.
This species is named for Dr. Henry Uzel, of Koénigeriitz, Bohemia,
whose Monograph of the Order Thysanoptera js by far the best work
that has been published upon this order.
PHLG@OTHRIPS PERGANDEI, new species.
Plate VIII, figs. 85, 86.
Female.—Length 1.68 mm. (abdominal segments overlapping for
about one-fourth their length); width of mesothorax 0.42 mm. Gen-
eral color yellowish brown, with considerable irregular red hypoder-
“mal pigmentation.
Head about one-sixth longer than wide, widest close behind the
eyes, rounded in front; cheeks slightly curved and bulging behind
eyes, converging slightly posteriorly, set with a number of short,
stout spines borne upon quite prominent warts; post-ocular bristles
long and knobbed. Eyes about medium in size, slightly elongated,
finely faceted; ocelli quite large, distinct, subapproximate, reddish
_ yellow with date red crescentic margins, situated well forward upon
vertex, which is slightly elevated. Mouth cone quite lone, reaching to
back of prosternum; labrum sharply pointed and overreaching the
a
198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX
labium. te twice as long as width of head; relative lengths of
seoments as follows:
J0. 14 99 91 1% 14 eae
Color of antenne brown with bases of three, four, five, and six
decreasing in area and intensity of yellowishness; sense cones about
one-third the length of segment three; spines quite long, dark, and
conspicuous.
Prothorax only five-sevenths as long as head, and to outer angles of
fore cox slightly more than twice as wide as long; usual prothoracie¢
spines present, quite long and knobbed. Mesothorax as wide as width
across fore cox, closely joined with prothorax; pterothorax very
compact, sides converging slightly to base of abdomen. Wings long
and powerful. Legs quite strong; fore femora much thickened, over”
one-half as broad as head; fore tarsi armed with a small tooth. Colal
of legs uniformly gray-brown; tarsi somewhat lighter; fore tibive yel-
lowish. shaded with brown at bases and on top.
Abdomen less than twice as broad as head, equal in width to meso-_
thorax, nearly cylindrical to eighth segment; eighth and ninth taper-
ing abruptly to base of tube. Tube only renee as long as head;
sides straight, tapering somewhat; breadth in middle about one-eighth
that of middle of abdomen; terminal hairs a little longer than tube. —
All large spines on body, except those on hind edge-of nine and at tip
of tube are short and knobbed; those on nine and tube are acute. —
Color of abdomen pale brownish yellow, lightest in middle; blood-—
red pigmented tissue confined mostly to sides of abdomen in this
specimen.
Described from one female.
Male unknown.
Food plant.—Taken on grass.
Habitat.— Amherst, Massachusetts.
I name this species for Mr. Theodore Pergande, by whom several o
our native species have been described.
Genus ACANTHOTHRIPS Uzel.
Head somewhat longer than wide; cheeks with spine-bearing warts
Antenne very nearly twice as long as head; intermediate segments
elongated and bearing very long sense cones. Mouth cone consider-
ably longer than its breadth at base and quite slender.. Fore femora
enlarged in both sexes and with one or two teeth at tip within; tarsus |
armed with a stout tooth (Uzel says the tooth is weaker in the male —
than in the female). Wings present in both sexes. No scale at base—
of tube in the male. § :
|
.
2
‘No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 199
iI have placed the single species magnafemoralis in this genus, though
Ido not know the female. The characters of the fore femora and
antenne are sufficient to separate it generically from PAlwothrips.
ACANTHOTHRIPS MAGNAFEMORALIS, new species.
Plate IX, figs. 93, 94.
Male.—Length 2.16 mm.; width of mesothorax 0.42 mm. General
color yellowish brown with antenne, legs, and eighth and ninth abdom-
inal segments banded with nearly transparent or yellowish white.
Head nearly one and one-fourth times as long as wide; cheeks bulg-
ing abruptly and greatly behind the eyes, then converging to the neck,
which is as wide as the diameter through the eyes; cheeks, especially
anterior parts, set with short spines borne upon very prominent tuber-
cles; front between eyes very narrow, carinated. Eyes large, finely
faceted, reniform above, inner edges parallel; ocelli small, approxi-
mate, and placed between the middle of the eyes. Proboscis long,
slender, pointed; labrum sharply pointed. Antennz scarcely twice as
long as the head and very slender; relative lengths of segments as
follows:
Missi Dini ies Ay | 5 GirechG8
Oe he PO 265, 28s Vy dbs 9
Segments one to five subequal in thickness; three to five similar in
shape, elongated, urn-shaped; eight sharply conical.. Segments one,
two, seven, and eight quite uniformly dark brown; bases of three to
five and tips of three and four pale yellowish, nearly white on three;
six entirely pale yellow, with slight brownish tinge on outer half;
antenne appear annulated with pale yellow and dark brown. Spines
and sense cones long, slender, and light colored; the cones on three to
five fully one-third the length of segment three and on six about three-
fifths its leneth.
Prothorax about two-thirds as long as head: width to outer angles
of cox nearly twice its length; transverse margin nearly straight;
the usual stout spines on thorax and abdomen, except those at tip of
tube, are extremely short and blunt. Mesothorax slightly wider than
the abdomen; middle of pterothorax concaved slightly. Wings long
and rather slender. Legs moderately long; fore femora extremely
thick and large, almost as wide as length of fore tibiew; fore femora
armed with a stout tooth at the tip within; fore tibixe bent outward at
base; fore tarsi one segmented, armed with a very stout tooth; middle
and hind tibiz rather short and swollen in the middle, their tibis
quite slender and their tarsi two segmented. Fore femora yellowish
brown; fore tibix and tarsi pale yellowish, tibie alone shaded with
brown on middle of outside; middle and hind femora almost trans-
parent white at base, outer half shaded with brown and having a
900 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
roundish, light yellowish spot on side of dark area; middle and hind —
tibiw pale yellowish at base and tip, banded with dark brown around —
the middle, these tarsi pale yellow, brown at tips; surface of all legs
rough, being thickly set with minute warts, each bearing a small —
spine.
Abdomen about two-thirds the length of the body, tapering gradu-
ally from second segment to tip; width at second segment but slightly
less than that of mesothorax. Tube slightly more than three-fourths
as long as head; diameter at middle of tube about one-sixth that at
middle of abdomen. Sides of metathorax and surface of abdomen, up_
to about the seventh or eighth segment, peculiarly roughened with —
closely set small warts, many of which bear small spines. The tube —
is nearly cylindrical, without a scale at its base, and at the tip bears a
circlet of eight extremely long, slender, acute hairs, which are nearly
three times as long as tube. The basal third of tube is very pale yel-
lowish white; the outer two-thirds is abruptly brown-black; segments
eight and nine pale yellow; three to seven appear irregularly striped
with pale yellow and dark brown; dorsal stripe pale yellow and about
the width of the wings; a subdorsal row of dark-brown, semicircular —
spots, which stand one in the middle on each side of these segments
with the straight side toward the dorsal line, gives the appearance of
a subdorsal stripe; then follows on each side an irregular, pale yellow
stripe, and the middle of the sides of the segments is shaded with
brown. Spines on sides of abdominal segments and the back of eighth
and ninth are extremely short and blunt.
Described from one specimen.
Female unknown.
hood plant. ¢
/labitat.—Miami, Florida.
MALACOTHRIPS, new genus.
Head plainly longer than wide and narrowed in front. Cheeks full —
and with spine-bearing warts; vertex elevated. Antenne nearly twice
as long as head. Mouth cone as long as its breadth at base, reaching
the hind edge of the prosternum; labrum quite sharply pointed at tip.
Prothorax two-thirds as long as head. Pterothorax somewhat con- —
stricted in middle. Fore tarsi with a tiny tooth. Wings usually
reduced to pads. Abdomen large and full in the female. A closely
lying scale at base of tube in the male.
Phis genus contains only one species, zonatus.
(Hakakos, soft; Apu.)
MALACOTHRIPS ZONATUS, new species.
Plate IX, figs. 95-98.
Female.—Length 1.62 mm. (1.50 to 1.68 mm.); width of pterothorax
0.30 mm. (0.27 to 0.84 mm.). General color pale bright yellow on
ee oe
No. 1810. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 201
thorax and segments one, three, four, and five of the abdomen; head
and other abdominal segments brown. Body apparently weakly
chitinized.
Head nearly one and one-third times as long as wide, narrowed in
front; cheeks moderately full and set with a few small spines borne
upen small warts; head appears constricted close behind the eyes, and
slightly so at neck; post-ocular bristles well developed; front of head
between eyes developed into a prominence bearing the antennz; ver-
tex produced into a sort of hump, which, however, does not overreach
the insertion of the antenne. Eyes small, finely faceted, dark pur-
plish red, surrounded by pale yellow margins; ocelli present, subap-
proximate, borne well forward upon the hump, the front ocellus being
upon its vertex; pigmentation around ocelli bright red. Mouth cone
moderately long and slender; labrum abruptly constricted and sharply
pointed at tip. Antenne approximate at base, almost twice as long as
head; relative lengths of segments as follows:
Wipe esawes asta Oe aeG eign co Br
9.8 13.5 184 16.5 15.8 18.9 12.4 11.4
Basal segments large, truncate-conical, placed divergently; three
clavate; from three to eight the segments become gradually more nar-
row. Antenne nearly uniformly brown, except three, which is yel-
lowish brown; spines and sense cones quite long, but slender and light
colored, so inconspicuous.
Prothorax about two-thirds as long as head and across outer angles
of cox about twice as wide as long. All the usual prominent pro-
thoracic spines well developed, but light colored; hind margin not
sharply defined. Pterothorax in middle slightly narrower than width
across fore cox; mesothorax short, slightly narrower than metatho-
rax and slightly brownish yellow in color. Wings reduced to very
small pads, each fore pad bearing three quite long, bluntspines. Lees
of medium length and middle and hind pairs quite slender; fore coxee
projecting considerably beyond thorax; fore femora slightly thickened
and tarsi armed with a small tooth. All legs pale yellow or pale
brownish yellow with prominent brown spot within tip of tarsus.
Abdomen about one and two-fifths times as broad as metathorax,
quite stout to eighth segment, then sides converging to base of tube.
Tube about three-fourths as long as head and one-third as wide at mid-
dle as long; sides straight, tapering slightly; terminal spines about as
long as tube; spines on sides of abdomen pale, but quite prominent in
reduced light. Segment one is concolorous with metathorax; three to
five are clear, bright yellow; two, six, seven, and eight are yellowish
brown, darkest on sides; nine and tube are darkest brown.
_ Described from four females.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6333, U.S.N.M.
202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI, |}
Malv._Leneth about five-sixths that of female; head and prothorax
nearly as long as in female; relative lengths of antennal seements
follows:
pope up ee 5 6 t 8
(0 11 16 14 138° ieee
Abdomen only about four-fifths as long or as broad as in female and
tapering more uniformly from base to tip.
Described from two specimens. 4
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6333, U.S.N.M. |
Food plant.—Vaken in turf.
Habitat.— Amherst, Massachusetts.
EO ROY as EUR Ss men ven Geils.
Head as long or somewhat longer than wide, narrowed in front.
Eyes small and vertex between them elevated. ne fully twice |
as long as the head and thicker than in most species. ' Prothorax:
about two-thirds the length of the head. Fore tarsi with a small’
tooth, which is larger in the male than in the female. Wings usually,
reduced to short pads. Abdomen unusually large and heavy in pro-|
portion to the rest of the body. Males with a closely lying scale at
the base of the tube. |
The species umpliventralis is the type of this genus.
(evpus, broad; Fz.) ‘
The two species belonging to this genus may be separated by the
breadth of the abdomen, which in ampliventralis (p. 202) is about one |
and two-thirds times as wide as the pterothorax, while in osbornd (p. 208) |
it is only about one and one-fourth times as wide as the pterothorax. |
EURYTHRIPS AMPLIVENTRALIS, new species.
Plate IX, figs. 99-101.
Female.—Length 1.08 mm. (1 to 1.20 mm.); width at middle of}!
pterothorax 0.24 mm. (0.22 to 0.25 mm.). General color of head and
legs clear yellow to brownish yellow; body shading posteriorly to dark,
brown beyond middle of abdomen. |
Head slightly longer than wide, slightly narrowed in front, broadest
at neck; cheeks diversine gradually behind the eyes; vertex drawn |
out into a hump between and in front of the eyes; post-ocular bristles:
quite long; head clear, brownish yellow with some red hypodermal
pigment on vertex. yes extremely small and composed of but very
few large facets, slightly protruding, oval in outline, black; ocelli)
wanting. Mouth cone short and blunt; labrum not onstnttel beyond
middle. Antenne approximate, large, and heavy, fully twice the:
length of the head, with peculiar, semicircular, shelf-like support!
visible on under side at base; relative lengths of segments as follows: |
|
|
|
1
1. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 203
ie
Is 2 3 4 5 6 i 8
at ois 5 108 11,9 9:5 6.4
Segment one is broadest, cylindrical, and following segments decrease
gradually in diameter; three is clavate, four to seven each barrel-
shaped, with a short stalk. Antennal segments shade gradually from
concolorous with head at base to very dark brown at tip; spines and
sense cones very long, slender, and quite prominent.
Prothorax quite variable in length, butaveraging slightly more than
two-thirds as long as head; width also unusually variable, but averag-
ing twice its length and equal to width of pterothorax. Anterior
marginal spines wanting; others present, moderately long, blunt, but
not knobbed. Pterothorax very small, rather shorter than prothorax
and usually slightly narrower. Wings reduced to mere pads. Fore
and middle legs rather short and thick, but hind legs quite long and
slender; fore femora but slightly thickened and tarsi armed with a tiny
tooth. Legs concolorous with head; femora shaded somewhat with
brown, but without hypodermal pigment.
Abdomen exceedingly large and heavy, about one and two-thirds
times as broad as pterothorax; posterior half rounding up to base of
tube. Tube fully two-thirds as long as head and almost one-half as
broad at middle as it is long; sides straight and tapering evenly;
terminal hairs slightly shorter than tube; spines on sides of abdomen
quite long and prominent.
Prothorax concolorous with head, but much more suffused with
irregular, bright red hypodermal pigmentation. (Seen by reflected
light on white background.) Pterothorax and base of abdomen more
shaded with brown, and the latter becoming darker toward tip, where
it is dark brown or almost black. Pterothorax, and sides of abdomen
especially, thickly marked with bright red hypodermal pigment.
Described from five females.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6334, U.S.N.M.
Male unknown.
food plant.—Taken in turf in fall.
Habitat.— Amherst, Massachusetts.
EURYTHRIPS OSBORNI, new species.
Plate X, figs. 102, 1038.
Female.—Length 1.12 mm. (1 to 1.22 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.27 mm. (0.25 to 0.30 mm.). General color light yellowish brown to
dark brown; head and legs yellow.
Head approximately as long as wide, narrowed in front; the antenne
standing upon a triangular projection between the eyes; head enlarged
quite abruptly behind the eyes; cheeks not converging posteriorly.
Kyes very small, depressed, finely faceted, almost oval in outline,
i
Bs
904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
seoments as follows:
AG
Oo
1 2 4 be sO em
83 10.5- 15.8 149 4129 11-9]
Segment one large and cylindrical; two cup-shaped; three ver
slender at base. clavate: four to seven also slender at bases, decreasing
eradually in diameter and length of stalk; eight enlarging to one- i
its length and then tapering to a sharp point. Color shading gradu-
ally from concolorous with head at base to dark brown at tip. =
and sense cones long, slender, and quite conspicuous. Head clear, pal
yellow to brownish yellow. 3
Prothorax and pterothorax (in short-winged specimens) along dorsal
line, each approximately as long as head; “width of prothorax across-
coxe nearly twice its length, its sides indented considerably above:
them. Anterior marginal spines wanting; others present as usual (at
angles, mid-lateral and posterior marginal) long, slender, and blunt.
Mesothorax approximately as broad as prothorax; in long-winged |
specimens about one-fourth longer than in short-winged, and also
slightly fuller. Legs short and moderately stout; fore femora but)
slightly enlarged and tarsi armed with a small tooth; one long, erect,
knobbed spine upon the back of each femur. Legs yellow; femora |
shaded with brown; in darker specimens femora more strongly shaded.
Abdomen large and heavy; fore angles abrupt; about one-half us
wide as long; nearly cylindrical to on segment, then sides curve.
roundly to base of tube. Tube as long or slightly nos than head,
about one-third as broad in middle as nae more slender in outer thai
in basal half; terminal spines only about two-thirds as long as tube;
those on sides of abdomen quite long and prominent, knobbed. :
Thorax and abdomen uniform in color, abruptly darker than head
and legs, ranging from yellow-brown to dark brown, with considerable e,
dark red, irregular, hypodermal pigmentation. ,
Deseribed from ten females, eight long and two short winged,
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6335, U.S.N.M.
Male.—Males about six-sevenths as large as females. Relative’
lengths of antennal segments as follows:
Bt
#4
zi
i 2° 8 * 4-95 Spee
8 10-126 19 19) 202 Rete eare
The prothorax is a little wider than the mesothorax. Fore femora |
0. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 20D
nsiderably enlarged and tooth upon tarsus quite stout. Abdomen
more slender than in females and tapering more gradually.
_ Described from five mates, all short winged.
§ Cotype.—Cat. No. 6335, U.S.N.M.
_ Food plants. —Grasses.
_ Habitat.--Amherst, Massachusetts.
_ This species is named for Prof. Herbert Osborn, who has for many
years shown considerable interest in the study of these tiny insects.
Genus CRYPTOTARIPS Uzel,
Head cylindrical, fully one and one-half times as long as wide.
Byes large and prominent. Vertex strongly elevated and bearing the
anterior oceilus at its extremity. Mouth cone about as long as its
breadth at base and reaching about two-thirds across the prosternum;
labrum blunt. Prothorax about as long as width of head. Legs
slender; fore femora but slightly enlarged; fore tarsi unarmed. Wings
present, slightly narrowed in middle. Male with a scale at base of
tube.
I find only one species belonging to this genus, @spersus.
CRYPTOTHRIPS ASPERSUS, new species.
Plate X, figs. 104-106.
Female.—Length 1.68 mm. (1.45 to 2 mm.); width of mesothorax
0.32 mim. (0.28 to 0.36 mm.). General color yellowish brown to brown-
black; body and legs considerably marked with irregular, dark-pur-
plish, hypodermal pigmentation.
Head cylindrical, one and one-half times as long as wide, about as
wide as length of prothorax; cheeks almost straight and nearly parallel,
set with a few minute, slender spines; postocular bristles short; sur-
face of head finely cross-striated. Eyes quite large, finely faceted,
very slightly protruding, dark-purplish red with pale yellowish inner
margins; ocelli present, small and inconspicuous, frequently concealed
by local hypodermal pigmentation, situated far forward; posterior
ceili close to margins of eyes, front one on apex of prolonged vertex
of the head. Mouth cone rather short, reaching only to middle of
prosternum; maxillary palpi long and slender; sides of labrum straight,
its point blunt. Antenne inserted below vertex, approximate at base,
slightly more than one and one-half times as long as the head, quite
slender; relative lengths of segments as follows:
Disa + 5 6 Lay. 8
fe ee te A816 = Th Id-.6 8
Segments one and two concolorous with head; three pale yellow;
test of antenna shading gradually to dark brown at tip, except bases
of four and five, which are pale yellow; spines and sense cones short
and i inconspicuous.
206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY:
Prothorax small, scarcely two-thirds as long as head. One spine
each posterior angle alone prominent; those at fore angles smalle
than the anterior marginals; ali indistinct; midlaterals w anting; poss
terior marginals small and not visible except on lightest specimen
with careful focusing. Pterothorax approximately as wide as abdomen;
its sides nearly straight and parallel. Wings present; hind fringe of
fore wing double for five or six hairs near tip. Legs long and slen=
der; fore coxe projecting strongly; fore femora sce coe thic kened |
and tarsi unarmed; one spine near base of each femur below much
longer than others on legs and longest on fore femora; legs concol-
orous with body. y
Abdomen long and slender, cylindrical to about seventh segment, |
about twice as wide as head, from seventh segment tapering quite |
eradually to tube. Tube short, only one half as long as head; its sides |
straight and converging slightly; width at middle about one-third
width of head; terminal hairs about as long as tube. Spines at sides:
of abdomen slender, pale, and not very prominent; segments usually,
overlapping considerably; sides darkest in color. i
Described from eight females.
Cotype.—Cat. No. 6836, U.S.N.M.
Male.—Male about five-sixths as large as female, though antennal
are of about same size in both sexes; relative lengths of segments as
follows: x
LD 3 Ae 6 Sone
8 19." 16:5 16) To. eoes ieee
Abdomen much smaller than in female and tapering gradually from
base to tip.
Described from one specimen.
food plant.—Grape.
[labitat.—Ambherst, Massachusetts.
Genus [IDO LOT ERE S petellticlanyac
Anterior ocellus remote from the base of the antenne. Proboscis
reaching the base of the prosternum; labial palpi papiiiform; vein
one of the fore wings shortened by one-half or abbreviated. Head
very long, rounded; abdomen hoitlowed out. Antenne siender, three
or four times as long as the thorax; prothorax unequally tuberculated;
metatarsi unarmed. Size large, marked with three or more lines.
In this genus I find onty the species con/ferarum.
IDOLOTHRIPS CONIFERARUM Pergande.
Plate X, figs. 107-110.
Idolothrips coniferarum PERGANDE, Entom. News, VII, 1896, pp. 63-64.
Idolothri me ana um TRYBOM, F estskrift f6r oer oE 1896, p. 218.
“This generic deseription i is translated from Haliday’ 8 original description.
Be 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—IHINDS. 207
;
|
_ Female.—Length oat te mm. (3 3+ to 4. 26 mm. o breadth of meso-
thorax 0.55 mm. (0.50 to 0.60 mm.). Color coal-black without mark-
ings.
~ Head long and cylindrical; proportional length more variable than
in most species, but averaging about two and one-third times as long
as wide; surface of head transversely finely striated; cheeks set w ne
a number of short, stout spines; head broadened a trifle just before the
neck-like constriction at the base; vertex produced into avery promi-
nent, conical hump in front of the eyes and overreaching the insertion
of the antennxe. Eyes large, finely faceted, bulging slightly, extend-
ing as far around on under side of head as on upper; ocelli small,
widely separated, the anterior one occupying the extreme vertex; the
posterior ones, nearly on a line with the middle of the eyes and close
to their margins, are often invisible, unless in fav orable light, owing
to the opacity of the head. Mouth cone short and rounded. Antennze
approximate at base, inserted under the vertex, only about one and
one-sixth times as long as the nead, and slender; relative lengths of
segments as follows:
Ware ig 6 fi 8
1210-38 230) 9G 17-5 13:38. 15
Segment one concealed at base; three to five clavate; six to eight
fusiform. Three mostly yellow (two-thirds); four nearly one-half,
and five about one-third yellow; rest of antenna brown-black. Spines
and sense cones light and inconspicuous, but the cones especially are
long, slender, and acute; three apparently bears only one sense cone,
and that is on outer side; six has but one, which is on inner side; four
and five have four each.
Prothorax small, only about two-fifths as long as head; only the one
long spine on the outer angle of each fore coxa is at all conspicuous.
ae othorax appears nearly square; sides straight and parallel; more
than twice as wide as head. Wings present, but short as compared
with great length of abdomen, not reaching beyond fifth or sixth seg-
ment, heavily fringed; hind fringe of fore wing double for about 26
hairs near tip. Legs short as compared with length of body; fore
femora but slightly thickened and tarsi armed with a tiny tooth; legs
set with a number of quite long, slender, black spines. Legs black,
except fore tibie dark yellowish brown along middle of inside, and
all tarsi dark brown.
Abdomen extremely long and slender, about two-thirds the length
of the entire body and less than one-fourth as wide at base as it is
long; tapers gradually from second segment to tube. Tube of female
fully five-sixths as long as head and a little more than one-third the
width of head; iad hairs weak and only about two-thirds the
length of the false. spines on sides of abdomen short and weak.
\ Redescribed from four females.
aad
205 EO Ee OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
fant one fonsles ioe 4. 2 mm. ee to 4.10 sah They are
somewhat more sle Lee espe Cl ially three one eee of abdomen.
than in female, about one and oniestitit times as a as need: “ctl
leneths of segments as follows:
Ms
1 2 3 4 oe 6 4 By
[4.90 49 34 995 22105 2 ee alae
Prothorax nearly one-half as long as the head; fore femora consid=
erably thickened (almost as broad as the head) and each fore tarsus_
hearing an extremely stout tooth; fore tar si and inside of tibiee yellow.
Abdomen at second segment only two-elevenths as broad as long;
tube three-fourths as long as head and very slender. ‘
Male newly described from two specimens. a
Food plants.— Pinus ops, Juniperus virginiana, and Abies sp. i
Found on either green or dry branches in spring and early fall and :
hibernating under bark. :
Hubitat.—Near Washington, District of Columbia; Amherst, Massa~
chusetts.
UNCLASSIFIED DESCRIPTIONS. 2
LIMOTHRIPS TRITICI (Fitch) Packard. $
“The females alone are winged, the males being wingless and closely
resembling the larvee. The body of the female is smooth and shin-
ing, uniformly open yellow, with no other markings; the legs are.
a little paler toward the articulations. The antenne are eight- jointed,
slightly longer than the head; the two basal joints are the largest; the
three succeeding joints equal, regularly ovate, the sixth a little longer
than the fifth; seventh and eighth minute, seventh a little shorter than’
eighth, each joint bearing four large bristles. This species differs)
from the European Z. ceraliwm in having but eight joints, the seventh
and eighth being minute, and with no intermediate short one, as.
described in the European insect. 7
“The prothorax is square, the scutellum short, crescent-shaped, and)
the abdomen is long and narrow, smooth and shining, ten-jointed.
Length, four one-hundredths of an inch, or less than half a line. ;
‘The larva (fig. 2) is entirely gre penien yellow, the head and protho-
rax of the same color as the rest of the body. The eyes are reddish.
The feet and antennx are whitish, not annulated, as in JZ. cceralium.
The feet (tarsi) consist of but a single joint ending ina point. .
“The male differs from the larva in having two-jointed feet (tarsi)
and seven-jointed antennw, those of the larva being four-jointed. ‘The:
second joint is exactly barrel-shaped, with two ridges or lines sur-
rounding it, third and fourth joints long, ovate, the third being a lit-
4
”
:
no. 1510. - NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 209
— =
tle larger than the fourth, and with about twelve transverse lines, there
being about eight on the fourth joint, from the end of which projects
a remarkable tubercle, as seen in the figure. The fifth joint is square
at the end, with about eleven transverse lines, and three or four stout
hairs externally; sixth joint minute and spherical, while the seventh is
three times as long as the sixth, and is finely striated, and with four
unequal stout hairs. It is just twice the length of the female, meas-
uring 0.08 inch.”
THRIPS TRIFASCIATUS Ashmead.
‘* emale.—Length 0.8 mm. Light brown; eyes strongly faceted,
purplish-brown in certain lights; three basal segments of the abdomen
above, dark brown; segments 4, 5, and 6 white; apical segments light
brown, the sutures dusky; legs, except hind femora toward tips, white;
wings linear, strongly fringed, without nerves, the ground color brown
or fuscous, with three transverse white bands, i. e., the front wings
have a white band at base, another at about two-thirds their length,
and with the apices white.
** Habitat.—Near Utica, Mississippi.”
THRIPS SECTICORNIS Trybom.
I have been unable to see the description of this species which was
published in Ofversigt af k. Vetenskaps-Akademiens. Férhandlingar,
1896, page 620.
PHLC@OTHRIPS MALI Fitch.
‘‘This insect measures only six-hundredths of an inch in length and
one-hundredth in width. It is polished and shining, and of a blackish
purple color. Its antenne, which are rather longer than the head and
composed of eight nearly equal joints, have the third joint of a white
color. The abdomen is concave on its upper side, and is furnished
with a conical tube at its tip which has a few bristles projecting from
its apex. The wings when folded are linear, silvery-white, and as
long as the abdomen; they are pressed closely upon the back, spread-
ing asunder at their bases, and appear like an elongated Y-shaped
mark. Viewed from above, the head is of a square form, longer than
wide. The first segment of the thorax is well separated from the
second, is broadest at its base, and gradually tapers to its anterior end,
where it is as wide as the head. The following segment is the broad-
est part of the body and square, with its length and breadth equal.”
PHLC@OTHRIPS CARY Fitch.
‘This insect is 0.07 long, of a deep black color and highly polished.
Its head is narrower than the thorax and nearly square. The third,
fourth, and fifth joints of the antenne are longer than the others, yel-
low, and slightly transparent; the last joint is shortest and but half as
— . Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02-——14
=
é
210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. —_ VoL. XXVI.
thick as those which precede it. The abdomen is egg-shaped, with its
tip drawn out into a tube thrice as long as it is thick, with four long
bristles at its end, and the abdomen is furnished with bristles at each
of its sutures. The wings do not reach the tip of the abdomen.
They are white and slightly transparent and fringed with black hairs,
In its larva state it hasa more slender linear form. witha dull greenish
vellow head, a white thorax witha broad black band anteriorly, a pale
red abdomen with a black band at its tip, and whitish legs.”
FOSSIL THYSANOPTERA.
Tiny though they are, these insects are not unknown as fossils. The
White River deposits are the only ones in this country from which they
are yet known. Three species, representing as many genera, have been
found there in Tertiary rocks, and have been described by Dr. S. H.
Seudder (174, 336), whose descriptions of these insects follow. The
last two genera are extinct. Of the genus J/elanothrips, no living
representative has as yet been found in this country, though a species
of this genus is known in Europe.
MELANOTHRIPS EXTINCTA Scudder.
Melanothrips extincta ScuppEr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 221;
Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIII, 1890, p. 371.
‘*Head small, tapering; the only appendages visible are the antenne;
these are only sufficiently preserved to recognize that they are very
long and slender, longer than the thorax. The thorax is rather small,
quadrate; wings nearly as long as the body, fringed on the costal
border as in Palxothrips fossilis. The abdomen is composed of only
eight joints, but is very long and very tapering, fusiform, the last joint
produced, as usual in the Physapods; the third joint is the broadest;
of the wings only the costal border and a part of one of the longi-
tudinal veins can be seen; there are no remains of legs.
‘Length of body, 2.2 mm.; of antenne, 0.8 mm.; of head, 0.14 mm.;
of thorax, 0.5 mm.; of abdomen, 1.56 mm.; greatest breadth of
abdomen, 0.5 mm. !
“Chagrin Valley, White River, Colorado. One specimen, W.
Denton.” |
Genus LITHADOTHRIPS Seudder. |
Bat
Lithadothrips Scupprr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 221; Rept.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIII, 1890, p. 372. |
‘‘Allied to Melanothrips Haliday. The head is large, broad, globose;
the eyes exceedingly large, globose, each occupying on a superior.
view fully one-third of the head; the antennz very slender, equal, as
long as the thorax, the joints eight or nine in number, cylindrical,
equal, scarcely enlarging toward their tips. The prothorax is no
ine
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. PA
larger than the head, of equal breadth with it, the w hole thorax shaped
asin Paleothrips. Only fragments of the wings remain, sufficient to
render it probable that they agree well with the character of the group
to which Melanothrips and Molothrips belong. The legs resemble
those of Paleothrips, but are slender and appear to be rather profusely
supplied with hairs. The abdomen differs considerably in the two
specimens referred to this genus. In one it is very broadly fusiform,
the tip a little produced, nine joints visible, the apical furnished with
a few hairs, and bluntly rounded at the tip; the other has the sides
equal, the apex not at all produced, but very broadly rounded, only
seven or eight joints vaguely definable.
**A single species is known.”
LITHADOTHRIPS VETUSTA Scudder.
Lithadothrips vetusta ScuppEr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 222;
Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIII, 1890, p. 372.
‘The specimens, both of which represent the upper surface of the
body with fragments and vague impressions of the members, are too
poorly preserved to add anything to the above description of their
generic features, excepting the following measurements:
** Furst ee tact of body 1.76 mm., of antennz 0.6 mm.,
of thorax 0.6 mm., of abdomen 0.87 mm.; breadth of head 0.28 mm.,
of thorax 0.52 mm., of abdomen 0.56 mm.; length of fore femora, 0.37
mm. ?; breadth of same, 0.14 mm.; length of hind femora, 0.42 mm.;
breadth of same, 0.13 mm.
** Second speciémen.—Length of body 1.96 mm., of antenne 0.76 mm.,
of thorax 0.56 mm., of abdomen 1.10 mm.; breadth of head 0.38 mm.,
of thorax 0.59 mm., of abdomen 0.59 mm.
** Fossil Canyon, White River, Utah. Two specimens, W. Denton.”
Genus PALA OTHRIPS Scudder.
Palxothrips ScuppER, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875, p. 222.
**This genus is allied to Molothrips Haliday. The head is small,
globose; eyes rounded, much smaller than in Lithadothrips; antenne
slender, fully as long as the thorax, not more than seven jointed, the
joints cylindrical, subequal. Prothorax considerably larger than the
head, the thorax as a whole very large, stout, and tumid; fore femora
very stout, scarcely more than twice as long as broad; fore tibiz also
stout, a little longer than the femora; the other legs are moderately
stout, long, reaching beyond the tip of the abdomen, with a few scat-
tered, rather short, spinous hairs; the hind tarsi three jointed, the last
joint smaller than tie others, and altogether two-sevenths the length
of the tibie. Fore wings unusually peoad. broadest apically, w here
their breadth more than equals one-fourth of their entire length, pro-
vided with two longitudinal veins, dividing the disk into three nearly
3y
212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XxVI
equal portions, connected in the middle by a cross vein, and with -
either border by other cross veins at about one-third and two-thirds of
the distance from the base to the tip of the wing; the wing is heavily
fringed, especially along the hind border. Hind wings veinless, nearly
as long, and at the tip nearly as broad, as the fore wings. Abdomen
nine jointed, half as long again as the thorax, rather tumid, scarcely —
or not at all produced apically.”
PALAZZOTHRIPS FOSSILIS Scudder.
Palxothrips fossilis ScuppER, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., I, 1875,
pp. 222-223.—Zirre,, Handb. d. Paleontology, I, Pt. 2, 1885, p. 784)
fig. 999; Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., XIIT, 1890, pp. 373-874.
‘‘Head small, tapering a little in front, where, however, it is broadly
rounded. The antenne are certainly seven jointed, and none of the
apical joints show any indication of being connate, the last joint being
of the same length as the two preceding it, tapering, and bluntly
pointed; none of the joints show any enlargement in the middle, but
the middle joints are slightly larger at the distal extremity than at the
base; they appear to be destitute of hairs. The prothorax is sub-
quadrate, a little broader than long, with rounded sides; the fore
femora are unusually stout, as long as the width of the prothorax.
The longitudinal veins of the fore wings approach each other somewhat
abruptly in the middle, where they are united by a cross vein, and at
the tip of the wing they curve away from each other; the two cross
veins on the lower third of the wing are, respectively, slightly farther
from the base of the wing than the corresponding veins of the upper
third; the fringe on the posterior border is largest near the tip of the
wing, where the hairs are about three times as long as those on the
costal border. The first hind tarsal joint is scarcely longer than broad,
cylindrical; the second of about the same length, but decidedly broader
at apex than at the base; the apical joint is nearly globular, smallest
at base, as large in the middle as the base of the other joints. There
are a few hairs at the tip of the abdomen and a few short ones on the
hind tibiz; the apical ones stouter than the others, resembling spines; |
but the insect appears to have been unusually destitute of hairs, _
excepting on the wings, where not only the edges but also all the
veins are fringed. |
** Length of body 1.6 to 1.8 mm.; of antenne 0.58 mm.; of fore”
femora 0.32 mm.; breadth of same 0.14; length of fore tibiz 0.32_
mm.; of hind femora 0.38 mm; breadth of same 0.11 mm.; length of |
hind tibiz 0.42 mm.; of hind tarsi 0.12 mm.; of fore wings 1.4 mm.;
of hind wings 1.27 mm.; greatest breadth of fore wings 0.37 mm.;
length of prothorax 0.16 mm.; breadth of same 0.32 mm.; length of |
whole thorax 0.64 mm.; of abdomen 0.92 mm.; greatest breadth of the
same 0.37 mm.
|
** Fossil Canyon, White River, Utah. W. Denton.”
No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. oS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
As has been shown in Jordan’s conclusion in regard to the system-
atic position of this group (see p. 82), Thysanoptera have branched off
from the line of the Orthoptera-Hemiptera and resemble the Homop-
tera more closely than they do any other group.
Starting with a given form which we may call Prothysanopteron, I
believe that changes in the degree of development of any of its organs
must be correlated with changes in its habits and environment. What
was Prothysanopteron like? Judging from its line of phyllogeny, it
must certainly have been an active running and flying insect, having
elongated mouthparts which were probably becoming suctorial in
function and bearing near the other extremity of the body a saw-like
ovipositor. Having these organs which would be concerned in the
chief relations of its life to its environment-—nutrition, locomotion,
and reproduction—what can we infer as to the habits of that primi-
tive insect? It fed externally upon the juicy parts of plants, probably
puncturing them with its elongated mouthparts and sucking up the
exuding juices. It flew from flower to flower or tree and ran about
actively thereupon. In the tissue of its food plants it deposited its
egos, cutting the necessary slits for them with its saw-like ovipositor.
Its legs, used chiefly in running or crawling, would present few, if
any, modifications, while its wings, though surely slender, were prob-
ably broad as compared with those found in the order to-day, and the
hairs which happened to stand along their edges had begun to elongate
so as to compensate, in some degree, for the narrowness of the mem-
branes. With such an insect and such habits as this hypothesis sug-
gests, if we can name reasonable changes in habits which, acting m
accordance with the laws of Nature as we know them to be acting
to-day, will produce the various forms of insects which we now include
in this order, we feel that our hypothesis can be as well sustained as
any such hypothesis with reference to primitive forms is capable of
being.
If some of the descendants of our external-feeding Prothysanopteron
in their struggle for existence should, in the course of numerous gen-
erations, acquire a habit of feeding in some well-protected part of the
plant, e. g., inside the closely rolled central leaves of Yucca filamentosa,
where they would be comparatively safe from the attacks of their ene-
mies (a change of habit easily produced by natural selection), then,
this environment being favorable, they would no longer find as fre-
quent or as urgent use for their wings and legs as had their ancestors,
‘and they would be favored by remaining in a very restricted place.
Asa result, wings would degenerate from disuse, and the movements
of the insects upon their feet would become slower. Wings might,
and probably would, be a distinct disadvantage in such a fectneted
pei so that many influences would tend toward their reduction,
|
914 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. “7
which, however, “eould not be complete without entailing a decided
disadvantage to the species by hindering its spread to other food plants.
Nature has established her line of equilibrium somewhere between the)
two extremes, and we have a majority of short-winged individuals:
favored by the absence of long wings, but yet in nearly every species
will be preserved in some sex, generation, or individuals fully devel-|
oped wines to assist in the’ spr eading of the species. This line of |
‘“halance” will be affected by nearly every habit of the species, so that.
we may naturally expect to find it in different places in species having.
different habits, and such is indeed the case. (See p. 105.) |
Such a change of habit from frequenting an exposed to a protected
feeding ground would affect other organs than the wings. There
would no longer be any need of embedding the eges for protection,
and should the atmosphere prove sufficiently moist, they would:
undoubtedly develop though laid upon the surface of the leaf or stem. |
This would save much of the energy of oviposition, and in the course
of time the practice of embedding the eggs would cease altogether. |
Having now no use for the ovipositor, that, too, would degenerate |
from disuse till, at most, a mere vestige would remain of this origi-
nally well-developed organ. Some such course of development I be-
lieve to have taken place in the Phloeothripide, and the chitinous rod
now found on the underside of the ninth abdominal segment just in:
front of the sexual opening seems best explainable as the remaining
vestige of the former ovipositor. (See Plate X, fig. 115.) As the:
ovipositor became weaker and weaker other changes feed to this.
must have been in progress. The sheath which had contained the
ovipositor, being no longer needed, would naturally become closed up. .
The ventral plates which had previously disappeared to provide room
for the sheath would not again develop, but the edges of the dorsal
plates closing around still further would meet on the ventral line.
forming the tube of the Tubulifera. At the same time the sexual |
opening seems to have moved backward till it reached the hind part!
of the ninth segment, where it is now found.
Other modifications of the Prothysanopteron, found in the Tubulifa
era (mainly), may logically be traced to this one change of habit. I
refer to the trapezoidal form of the prothorax, the enlargement of
the fore legs, and the development of a tooth upon the fore tarsus.
which thereby has lost one segment in a large number of forms, also.
the flattened character of the body, and possibly its elongation.
In regard to the modifications of the prothorax and the fore pair of
legs, it is very evident that they may all be related to the one simple.
change of habit in regard to the place of feeding, which has been.
assumed. Naturally considerable effort would frequently, perhaps:
usually, be required to drag their bodies through such narrow places:
as those in which they lived. Any variation in the line of a more:
}
|
|
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}
|
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’
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;
NO. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 215
powerful development of the muscles of the fore legs or of any modifi-
cation of the tarsus which would tend to give a firmer hold in crawling,
being favorable to the insect, would be preserved by natural selection,
and thus in the course of many generations the tarsal tooth and the
powerful, thickened femora of most Tubulifera would be developed.
There would also be a correlative broadening and flattening of the
prothorax, which would necessarily result in pushing farther apart the
fore coxe, which are attached to its hind angles. The logical result of
these changes is the trapezoidal form of the prothorax always found
in those species having such thickened femora and well-developed
tarsal hooks.
The elongation and flattening of the body are doubtless referable in
some degree to the same change in the conditions of external life, for
such a changed form would certainly have been favorable to its pos-
sessors, and we are surely safe in assuming that the favorable changes
are the ones which have been preserved, while the unfavorable ones
have been eliminated. We do not presume to say that all the descend-
ants of Prothysanopteron followed this suggested line of change; some
of them certainly may have done so. Neither do we presume that all
the descendants of those which did follow some such line of develop-
ment would continue in an even similar environment till all the modi-
fications which have been named had been accomplished. We have
just as much reason to expect a change of environment any where along
the phyllogenetic line as at its beginning, and such changes certainly
must have taken place. What would be the result if this were the
ease? Different environments acting upon different subjects, or even
upon like subjects, would favor entirely different variations. Struc-
tures which had become developed during the changes subsequent. to
Prothysanopteron might be lost, but those that had been lost could
never again be developed in their original form; e. g., tarsal teeth
and thickened femora might develop and then disappear, but an ovi-
positor of the original type would never again be found in the Tubu-
lifera. We would expect then that the descendants of Protubuliferan
would vary in habits, habitat, form, and life rather than in the tubu-
lar nature of the terminal segment of the body. Such is indeed the
case, and so while there do take place great modifications of each
organ, the presence of the tube is constant. We feel justified in con-
cluding that the family Phlceothripide has now diverged far more
widely from Prothysanopteron than has either of the families of the
Terebrantia.
_ The two families constituting the suborder Terebrantia resemble
each other quite closely in many respects. We find between them no
such marked points of difference as we do between each of them and@
the Phleothripide. The principal differences which do exist are
Mainly various modifications of the same organ, and the most impor-
ex
nS
5
-
O16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_
4
tant structures which we must notice are the antennz, wings, and ovi-
positor. What are the chief points of difference that we find in the
structure of these organs? Only a modification in the structure of
each organ has taken place. In Holothripide we find always nine |
seemented antenne, comparatively broad wings, which are rounded at
their extremities, and have, in the fore wing, the fore fringe and |
the spines along its veins very weakly developed, a strong ring vein,
two longitudinal veins, and four or five cross veins, and finally a
strongly developed ovipositor, which curves upward toward the tip of
the abdomen. In Thripide we find antenne with from six to eight
segments, wings which are nearly always slender and quite sharply
pointed at their tips; that in the fore wing the fore fringe and numer- |
ous spines along its veins are nearly always well developed, two |
(sometimes only one) longitudinal veins are present, the ring vein is —
rarely strongly developed, cross veins are absent or but slight traces
of them occasionally appear, the ovipositor is moderately well devel-
oped in most cases, but sometimes is small, weak, and functionless,
though it is always plainly present and curves downward away from
the tip of the abdomen.
Between these two families we shall find it much more difficult to
decide just what influences may have favored the development of the
differences noted. Certainly many influences were concerned, and
they could not have been of such a nature as to favor such radical
changes as have resulted in the development of the Tubulifera. Rather
than attempt to outline these varied influences and their probable
results, we prefer, in this case, to base our conclusions upon the gen-
eral tendencies which now appear to be acting, and which we may
reasonably assume to have been acting in the same way during much,
perhaps all, of the past history of this suborder.
We have shown that Phlceothripide have diverged more widely from
Prothysanopteron than have any other members of the order. A
comparison of the antenne in the three families will aid us in deter-
mining the order in which the families must be arranged. In the
Phlcothripide these organs are always eight segmented. The inter-
mediate segments are, as a rule, much thicker in the middle than at
the ends, and are sometimes rounded. Stout spines are borne around
the apical thirds of segments two to six, inclusive, and more slender
spines are more generally distributed over the last two segments. A
whorl of small spines stands also around the first third of each segment
from three to six, inclusive, and simple, stout, specialized sense cones
are borne at about the outer third of these segments in most cases.
The antenne of Thripide consist of from six to eight segments, of
which the intermediate ones are always considerably thicker in the
middle than at their ends. Stout spines are usually present around
the apical ends of segments two to five inclusive. More slender spines
ie
i
no. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. Pay
are generally distributed over segments six, seven, and eight, and
from three to five whorls of small spines are often discernible around
the middle half of each intermediate segment. Sense cones are found
upon segments three to six, inclusive; in some cases these are all sim-
ple, though in the majority those upon segments three and four are
double or crescentic in form. The antenne of Molothripide have
always nine segments, of which the intermediate ones are always much
elongated and regularly cylindrical in form. Stout spines are found
only around segment two, while the remaining segments, except the
basal, are thickly set with small spines, which are irregularly, but
generally distributed. Of these last two types of antenna, that of
Thripidze unquestionably approaches more closely to that of Phlceo-
thripide. Granting that the latter exhibits the extreme degree of
divergence from the original type, we must place Thripide next, and
this leaves the antenna of Aolothripide as resembling most closely
that of Prothysanopteron.
If we examine the wings in like manner, we shall find that both
pairs of those of Phlceothripide are similar in form, long, slender, and
rounded at their ends. Ring vein and cross veins have entirely disap-
peared. Each wing has only one longitudinal vein, which is median
and though quite strong at its base usually disappears before the mid-
dle of the wing. The fringes upon both margins are equally well
developed and quite similar in all respects. The membrane of the
wing is smooth and the veins are not set with spines except for about
three, which usually stand near the base of the vein in the fore wing.
Thripide have wings which differ in many regards from those of
Phieothripide just described. The fore and hind winys are dissimi-
lar in many respects. They are both, however, long, very slender
(except the fore wing of Parthenothrips), and sharply pointed at the
tips. The fore wing is always somewhat stronger than the hind wing
and has more veins and heavier fringes. There are usually present in
it two fully developed longitudinal veins (sometimes only one), and
these disappear before reaching the end of the wing. The ring vein,
though very strong in the one species of Parthenothrips, is weakly
developed in most species and in some is hardly distinguishable.
Traces of cross veins can sometimes be seen, but they are never
strongly developed except the one between the two longitudinal veins
at the first third of the wing. While entirely absent (with the excep-
tion named as strongly developed) in most species, there may occa-
sionally appear individuals having wings which show traces of cross
veins, and it is very significant that these always occur at just the
same positions in the wing as are occupied by the cross veins of Molo-
thripide, which will be more fully described in connection with that
family. The hind wing has one longitudinal vein which is median,
but no ring or cross veins are present. Fringes usually occur upon
918 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
both margins of both wings, but are ‘Gimerenn upon the two margins,
the fore fringe being single, shorter, and usually stouter than the hind
one. The veins of the fore wing alone bear more or less strongly
developed spines w hich upon the costa may even take the place of the
fringe. The membranes of both wings are thickly set with very
minute, microscopic spines. In /Holothripidse we find wings which |
are long, comparatively broad, and rounded at their extremities.
Here also the fore and hind wings are dissimilar in many respects,
the fore wing being stronger and far more heavily veined. The —
fore wing has always a strongly developed ring vein,“ two longitudinal
veins which extend throughout the wing and unite with the ring vein —
on each side of the tip, and four or five well-developed cross veins —
situated as described on p. 129. The hind wings have no fully devel-
oped longitudinal vein and no trace of cross or ring veins. No fringe
is developed on the front margin of the fore wing and only a very
short, weak fringe is here present upon the hind wing. The veins of —
the fore wing bear only short spines and the membranes of both wings —
are thickly set with small spines which, though minute, are larger
than the similar spines in Thripidee.
Comparing now these three types of wing point by point, and bal-
ancing the weight of evidence, we are led to the conclusion that A¥o-
lothripidx and Phloeothripide stand at the extremes in respect also to
their wings, with Thripidee somewhere between them but nearer to the
former than to the latter group. The strong, constantly developed
ring vein of Aolothripide has become much weaker or entirely dis-
appeared among Thripidee, while in the widely divergent Phlceothrip-
ide no trace of it is found. Cross veins are also disappearing in
Thripidie, and their occasional presence in much the same position in
the wing as in Aolothripide suggests the idea that they are under-
going degeneration and that ee process has gone farther in some
species than in others. In Kolothripide the longitudinal veins join
the ring vein near the tip, in Thripide they do not reach this point but
taper out and disappear before the tip, while in Phleeothripide they
rarely reach beyond the middle of the wing. The microscopic spines
upon the membranes and the comparative development of the fore
fringes both point to this same relation of the families. In only one
character do the wings of the extreme groups closely resemble each
other—this is in the broadly rounded tips. The Phloeothripide being,
as we have seen, the most widely divergent group, we must conclude
that, so far as wings are concerned, those of Molothripide resemble
most closely the wings of Prothysanopteron.
In regard to the ovipositor but little will need to be said. It is
always found more strongly developed in Aolothripide than in Thrip-
“This heayy ring vein is a most remarkable character and, so far as the writer can
learn, nothing like it is found in any other order of insects.
'
no. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA
HINDS. 219
— ee = : - ! =
‘ids, while in Phlceothripide it is entirely wanting. Moreover, there
exists in Thripidee a wide variation in the degree of its development,
as has already been shown. So in this respect, also, we must place our
three families in the same relation to each other, and if Prothysanop-
| teron possessed an ovipositor, as we can not doubt from its phyllogeny
-must have been the case, the well-developed organ found in Molo-
thripide must very probably approach most closely to the primitive
form.
Summarizing the conclusions which we have now reached, we find,
first, that the Tubulifera (Phlaothripide) have diverged more widely
from Prothysanopteron than have either of the families of the Tere-
brantia. Second, a comparative consideration of antennae, wings, and
ovipositor shows that Afolothripide and Phloeothripide present the
extreme types of these structures found in the order. Therefore we
conclude that the AZolothripids most nearly preserve the characters
present in the Prothysanopteron ancestor of this order. From this it
appears that the descendants of Prothysanopteron early divided into
two main groups, one of which diverged widely from the original form
and has developed the Tubulifera of to-day. The other of these
groups continued nearly along the original line, but in time it divided
again and a group (Thripidee) branched off, taking in some respects the
direction of Phlosothripide, while in the majority of characters it fol-
lowed a line of its own. The group which still continued most nearly
in the original direction includes the insects which we now place in
the family “olothripide.
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200. Zirrer, Handb. d. Paleontology, I, Pt. 2, 1885, p. 784, fig. 999.
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Ba) te or
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¥257.
r 258.
*259,
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261.
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*263.
264.
265.
—*266.
§ 267.
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269.
= 270.
e271.
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274.
| 275.
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—_
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5*290.
a291.
5* 2.92.
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Para pane: J., Annalen d. k. k. Naturh., atrameanes 1887.
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298.
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301.
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304.
305.
306. .
307.
308.
309.
FLO!
SMe
ol2.
313.
314.
B15.
316.
Siz:
*318.
319.
320.
o21.
322.
323.
d24.
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327.
328.
329.
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del.
oo2.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXYI
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>
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460.
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*479,
> 480.
)
|
1 No. 1310. NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. fol
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Tipe, R., Die Geradfliigler Mitteleuropas, 1901, pp. 278-298, pl. xx1mt, 7 figs.
Garman, H., Bull. 91, Kentucky Exp. Sta., 1901, pp. 42-45.
Leonarpt, G., Gli Insetti Nocivi, IV, 1901, pp. 614-657.
Wesster, F. M., Journ. Columbus Hort. Soe., X VI, No. 3, 1901, 7 pp., 4 figs.
Hinps, W. E., Proc. 17th Ann. Cony. Soc. Amer. Florists, 1901, pp. 90-92.
Lucas, R., Archiv f. Naturgesch., LXV, ii, 1901, p. 900.
Reuter, O. M., Ofv. Finska Vetensk. Forh. Helsingfors, XLIIT, 1901, p. 214.
CHITTENDEN, F. H., Florists’ Review, April 17, 1902, pp. 738-740.
INDEX TO GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Introduction ......-..--22--- 2006-25 = eee aie ie = eee ere
History of Thysanoptera ...-..-.------------------+-+++--+--+-++----++--------
Systematic position of Thysanoptera....-.-----------------+-------+-+-------
Collection of Thysanoptera -..-.-.-------------------------++---+-----------
Preservation ax Outing eo See eee nna
External anatomy....---------<-- <5 =25 525 fee oo oe
Integument: adult, larva, pupa -.--.--------------------------------------
Head antenns 22225. ee oe Se oe ee eee ee ee eee
Organs of vision: eyes, ocelli....-..-------------------------+-------------
Mouth parts: labrum, maxillze, labium, mandible, maxillary lobes, other mouth
structures, movements of mouth parts -----------------------------------
Thorax: prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax, variation in structure of ptero-
thorax invwingless species 2222 92 = = ea ee
Appendages of the thorax . :=--5. -- 22-222 - S25 32 oe ih ie
Legs: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, spines, bladder, bladder mech-
anism, other organs of doubtful function- <=> === eae eee y
Wings: venation, fringing, spines upon wings, taking flight, coordination of
the wingsreduction of the win@S-2 2-2-2... === =e ee
Abdomen: Terebrantia, Tulbulitera -22--2e-00- esse eee eee eee
Sexual charaeters: £35); < 52. scr soe = rte
Terebrantia: female, ovipositor; male’ 322-2 ee ee ee
Tubulitera: female; male copul atoms es sae
Deformities 2 3s. 26525 12.22 e once se eeee eet cee Ae eee ee eee
Reproduction: bisexual reproduction, unisexual reproduction .....-.--------
Dissemination. Loc... 26s. ae Soc eee ok Se ee ee ee
Development: oviposition, egg, embryology, emergence of the larva, larval
stage, moits, nymph or pupa, hibernation, length of life..........---.----
Keonomié considérations-:.- 2.2.2. i222-c20 es =e ss eee eee eee
Injurious forms: feeding habits,.2:2.2 2221-2 33-0) eee
Beneficial forms: predaceous thrips, flower fertilizers. .......---------------
Natural checks: insects and acari, etc., plant parasites, rain.....-.----------
Artificial checks: insecticides, cultural methods -...........----------------
Characters of Thysanoptera ..2..22)..22) 2eee eee ee
Method of measurements |... + -1-. 2.322 55) Se ee
Individual variations <2... pe
Synopsis'or suborders amd tamales ye ees eee eer
Characters of Terebrantia.. 2.22. j.02 ice ee te ee oe ee
Characters of Aeolothripide —. 2... 222.2222 jee ee
Characters:‘of Thripidee ...2.. -.. 3.252 2522 eee
Synopsis of Thripide) ..-... ss. ..ss see 119 |
PP aim BS we coe ee ee 188 | striata:? S525 a ee nee 81,179
nied veritris cs. Gas Se eee 154 | striata 2-2 sa eeeeoe eee 81, 161
Aaa ieee he pet eee 108; 112,133; 18% |: striatusse = eee ee ee 179
Dedontalig oe eee 148, 152,154. | striatus. 2a eee eee 107, 111,
onion thrips: 0 2ee 2s sees 120, 179, 183, 184 112, 115, 118, 119, 120, 132, 160, T@mS)
OshOriil 22 to cnt eee ee 202,208 | styliferd.-— << Soe nee ee 166 —
Palzcothirips sae. ase ese 211,212 Syrphus Sa 119 .
PONG Se nee ae Scien eee 157, 158:'|-talael > 2 ee ee Sif. |
Parthenothrips ES a aot at oranades 87, init 116, Lely 119, 120, NGS 180, 183 |
90; 91. 102, 111, 133, 175,076,217 |) PaarPipa = sso. 79, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95,
perpandel... 2( 2.2. sete seere 197 96, 99, 102, 103, 104, 108, 116, 118, _
perplekat:. See eer eae 184 124, 132, 133, 186, 216, 217, 218, 219
perplexus ee NE eee 108, Le 7) 184 Thrips ye aa ed 79, 80, 81, 118, 127, |
PHL@OTHRIPIDE ....--------- 87, 89, 90, 134, 148, 145, 146, 148, 152, 155,156, |
93,96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 114, 157, 158, 161, 166, 168, 169, 176, 183
118, 186, 187, 215, 216; 2L7, 21S \009 (Ehnips2.< se eee ee eee Sir
Phimothirypss > sAgees. cones 161, 188, 189 82, 108, 111, 112, 116, 117, 118, Tae
Phileothripsiss2 222 saves cee lo: 120, 1383, 178, 179, 180, 183, 184, 209
82; 110, 118, 188, 195, 196; 197, 209 | TamrpsipEs T 2-2 eeis ee Sir
Py lloxeras isn anak eee enone 118 || Tisgepsrres’ 22) _ 2) 25ers 81
puydloxene coo. noe e eee 79, 118. | “Trichethrips 2.2 = oessae 187,191, 192
IPVSMPT, 25022 5 JOS ee were 81 |*8-fasciatas: 22 se ee eee 128
IPHYSSEODESS oe Sou saa 2 eee Sl | trtfasctata, a sae ee 128
Physapus: 22205 Vso eee 147 | txtfasciattiss 22325 See eee 118, 209
PM BOPUS 2 SIo ee 8 Os 815147, 154,955: | @riphleps (se ao eee 119
OCPROGUSE ser: Se A eee SOG | ntnitiet= sere es eee 79, 179, 183, 208
Rseudothmipseesss se ee eee 132133146 |) tritici) =o eee 116, 120, 147, 148, 154
Raphidothripstsss=esse. ses 133, 158,159 |:‘Trombidiumis.- 22. <5 45s=eeeeee 119
redtspider® 0 ees. et Deel ee 118, 158 || ‘waelis. S25. 2 a See ae 196
MUA Meee Ee eee ak a ee GGi4| Eviarstaloils eee 141, 148, 145
MUMS pee Pe 90;.111, 124, 266; 167 | verbaseiess< 23 ae ee ee 188, 189
colo thnipseser sae Sea eee 133,157 -| V ESITARSES- ¢2<2 =e ee 81, 82
SCyMUNUIS ah tee aes eee 119+) ‘vetusta..22 = ..3-2 tS eee ae 211
SCCHEORTIAN aids ee ae ee 209 | wheat thrips::= sees see 148, 183
SEMCONTIPS =F Seon. A 184 +] *ytleeses 2 ae ee 194
Sericothrips..------ 885.102, 133.91419143 |vzonatugis= = eee ee 200
INDEX TO FOOD PLANTS.
Generic hames begin with capitals, specific and common names with small letters.
Scientific names are italicized.
Page.
VAD LCS tne as oN er alee Pie 208
PACIUL ULE Cena) oa etre Ones epee hs Aen 189 |
BLNBOURCU ern Ae Reg oe ee ag 173 |
PA OO DUTT aire eae oats an epee 162 |
MOMS Rca DAN ea) eis: Me aes 162 |
eM a teeth eal bea ac ae 162 |
suielt eer el erty ee eet Sao Oe 129, 150 |
ALLL CO RASS esp rare on ak SL 150 |
PALO URS Se aa ae Pe ek Ene 173
Page.
apple 2.5. che Sa eee 150, 181.
apricot: 2: 2 52 ees oe eee 153
AQUabiCd s | gtomeraids ios 222 bai kn 2s 245524 2 185
Ree oe i Et te 162i Mepldenrod.=-2.:i.iss<.25: 150, 181, 195
BETES SE ee ee ie OS Sie eG OSR Liens Se are cee eee 173
TID Sg aa Se a 1SEs | orandyiora 2... 2.,.2225-202h52-<2%2 173
LYRE i ES Es aL ea ee MODS Per Syke ae a ele eee i wae 206
UTD SSS a ae 1162 | grass' 2 ..2- 146, 155, 160, 172, 185, 192, 198
Been Rts we OP ee oe, OOn |S emaSSed= eee eee oe ers, 129, 132, 135,
EE a ee 137 145, 150, 156, 167, 185, 189, 197, 205
BSc om 2 aoe a. eek hs isc es 1814 | shackpentye .c. $= 22<.=a2$sece2 145
BEBO Wet: © eae con gait Se ies Sie ehandnackmae = te a son cea ee 150
EE Se) a Sere catia 3 PZ PRIGNE StALG See =e ee cs eee 170
R= 2 Ps 2 oe be Hi aie Cig 1s iso i ebawinonm lite. eh es oe 145
I-A eek ee eines ne ee ne oe eieal-allexees saat eee C St oo Ge oe 150, 181
|. > ae ie ees ilps) FHOMOLO pe Saas <2 225 toh -sa2se eee 150
RECs ce See x Be oe es SHE | SCCCTOPUMILG. 22 en S22 eee ese ee 162
BMRIUNCMUM ©. - 2222022552522. iia | shtoneysuckle: = 2222222222 sess 2 150, 181
EEE ES ae a ee POs AOD eee hee oes Bo See ae 158
MER rea oe eres Ser Sc SS tee Ay) AY OPONGED a 2.223 5 ssk cusses 150, 173
mere OO eI 30) ligand. 15OF SI 97-| Wnermiss coos ss oniccccnecsessee525< 162
HOSUR os —-
1
PLATE VII.
Thrips tabaci Lindeman. Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of |
107
f le.
emale i
107
is
85
EB
62
85
85
240
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
75. Anthothrips niger, left fore wing of female. a =
76. Anthothrips verbasci (Osborn). Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs of -
‘ 50 = |)
female. : +
| bi
. i, end of abdomen of female. 2 =|
77. Anthothrips verbasci, end of abdomen ¢ SS aie
Stn . 85
78. Anthothrips verbasct, left antenna of female. ris
79. Trichothrips beachi, new species. Head, prothorax, antennz, and fore legs”
Vie 50 2
of female. —. S.
1 a
PLATE VII. +
50 i
80. Trichothrips beachi, new species. End of abdomen of female. a ki
é i
81. Trichothrips ambitus, new species. Head, prothorax, antenne, and fore
: : 50 a
femora of female. 7 .
82. Trichothrips ambitus, end of abdomen ot female. ai
83. Cephalothrips yucce, new species. Head, prothorax, antennze, and fore legs
of female. oo >
50 :
84. Cephalothrips yucce, end of abdomen of female. i : |
85. Phlewothrips pergandei, new species. Head, antennze, prothorax, and fore legs
&,
= e
of female. pu 5
1 ;
SL SR TSTE : a : ay 50 f
86. Phicothrips pergandei, end of abdomen of female. i :
87. Phlwothrips uzeli, new species. Head, prothorax, antennz, and fore legs of
5 3s
50 3
male. —. 3
ay |
ya ee , 5 ire Se 50 =|
88. Phieothrips uzeli, end of abdomen of male. :
1
; A 2 tee 4 8
89. Phleothrips uzeli, under side of right fore leg of male. =
90. Phleothrips uzeli, upper side of left fore leg of male. = : “3
PLATE IX. :
91. Phleothrips uzeli, new species. Head, prothorax, antenne, and fore legs of
female. o8) ;
1 \ £
92. Phieothrips uzeli, end of abdomen of female. pes i
&
93. Acanthothrips magnafemoralis, new species. Head, prothorax, antennze, and
fore legs of male. 50. +
1 \
: : rr
94. Acanthothrips magnafemoralis, end of abdomen of male. - $
95. Malacothrips zonatus, new genus and new species. Head, prothorax,
antennze, and fore femora of male. 50) |
1
96. Malacothrips zonatus, end of abdomen of male. >. i
¥
%
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA—HINDS. 241
97. Malacothrips zonatus, head, prothorax, antenne, and fore legs of fe-
50
male. —.
1
Pees : ae re
98. Malacothrips zonatus, end of abdomen of female. r
99. Eurythrips ampliventralis, new genus and new species. Head, thorax, and
: 62
fore legs of female.
100. Hurythrips ampliventralis, end of abdomen ot female.
’
101. Eurythrips ampliventralis, left antenna of female.
8)
PLATE X. %
. 102. Eurythrips osborni, new genus and new species. Head, prothorax, anten-
62
r:
103. EHurythrips oshorni, end of abdomen of female.
nee, and fore legs of female.
62
104. Cryptothrips aspersus, new species. Head, prothorax, and fore legs of
: 50
female. 2,
2 ; ; wer 50
105. Cryptothrips aspersus, end of abdomen of female. °°.
106. Cryptothrips aspersus, right antenna of female. .
7. Idolothrips coniferarum Pergande. Head, prothorax and fore legs of
99
vo
male. =
‘ : =. vs : ; 50
108. Idolothrips coniferarum, end of abdomen of male. 1
: : : save 30
109. Idolothrips coniferarum, head, prothorax, and fore legs of female.
110. Idolothrips coniferarum, right antenna of female. i
111. Thrips tabaci, longitudinal-vertical section through anterior part of body
showing form of head and thorax and position of nervous system and
83
alimentary canal. +
112. Anaphothrips striatus, surface view of stigma from first abdominal seg-
716 ‘
ments 22 =~.
ii
113. Anaphothrips striatus, cross section through stigma from first abdominal
. 716
segment. a
114. Anthothrips verbasci, under side of last two abdominal segments of male;
: ; 62
A, notch in base of tube. T
115. Anthothrips verbasci, under side of last two abdominal segments of female;
ao
a
A, chitinous rod. 7 :
PLATE XI.
9 »
ig. 116. Kolothrips fasciatus, dorsal view of pterothorax of female. e Al, first
abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutum; M2,
metascutum; M3, metascutellum.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02
16
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV
: : 2
¢, 117. Holothrips fasciatus, ventral view of pterothorax of female. ee _C, coxa;
S1, first abdominal sternite; 52, second abdominal sternite; T, trochanter. |
eRe 3 : : 62
118. Heliothrips femoralis, dorsal view of pterothorax of female. TT: A
abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutun
metascutum; M3, metascutellum.
62
119. Heliothrips femoralis, ventral view of pterothorax of female. I" ET, en-—
dothoracic invaginations; MS, mesosternum; MT, metasternum.
; ‘ ‘ se 115
120. Anaphothrips striatus, face ol REM Cee =:
1, first
1; M2
ay Sy ql 5 et
KC, endocranial thickening at —
base of mouth cone; LI, labium; LP, labial palpi; LR, labrum; MD,
mandible; ML, internal piercing lobe ef maxilla; MP, maxillary
MX, maxilla.
121. Anaphothrips striatus, side view of end of abdomen of female; ovipositor
: Sy aoeder 107
lowered into position for use. ——.
: a 213
122. _Lolothrips bicolor, under side of antennal segments two to five. i
sense areas.
213
123. Thrips perplexus, upper side of antennal segments two to seven.
sense cones.
124. Trichothrips ambitus, upper side of antennal segments two to seven.
SC, sense cones. 4
ae ; ° . nue 1
125. Limothrips avene, dorsal view of pterothorax of wingless male. eI
lpi;
palpi;
ans
~
o
A
-
Peaiettectia ova prary?
TR
2
tere Hee
150
07 AT
first abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutum,;
M2, metascutum.
126. Anthothrips verbasci, dorsal view of head and thorax of female.
62° Ad
i
1s
first abdominal tergite; A2, second abdominal tergite; M1, mesoscutum; —
M2, metascutum; M3, metascutellum.
.
a
127. Anthothrips verbasci, ventral view of head and thorax of female.
62 aie
; EDs
endothoracic invaginations; MS, mesosternum; MT, metasternum; S1,_
first abdominal sternite; S2, second abdominal sternite.
e
S
oe
bi ht
a SDS in aN
aC NN ©
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. |
SS
ES Ss
. J YX S
MELAS VY
WWMMMAM
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 286, 237.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. II
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 237.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. III
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 237, 238.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. IV
SSS SSS SSS
35 ; RNS WV WSSSS SS SSS =
\ SAQA
SMM OM we oom SS a
SS en ee ae LO
YZ LZ, _ .—— — Poe
4
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 238.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. V
SS SS % ye
oe gm a
ele
MYM
NWR SS
WIMMER
NoRTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 238, 239.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. VI
BIT Fy
VM MYWII YYW
\\y
S
CREEK ——
eK
WEA MAAN
68s
WOR MWS = =
— a
2D Se ae
LILLE
NorRTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 239.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. VII
a
—
AS WS : een
2S NA RISES SN
eee ah
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 239,
-U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. VIII
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 240,
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. IX
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 240.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. X
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 241.
_u. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XI
NorRTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 241, 242.
DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS AND FORTY-SIX NEW
® SPECIES OF CRUSTACEANS OF THE FAMILY GALA-
THEIDA, WITH A LIST OF THE KNOWN MARINE
SPECIES.
By James E. Brenepicr,
Assistant Curator of Marine Invertebrates.
The collection of Galatheids in the United States National Museum,
upon which this paper is based, began with the first dredgings of the
U. 8. Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1888, and has grown
as that busy ship has had opportunity to dredge.
During the first period of its work many of the species taken were
identical with those found by the U. S. Coast Survey steamer Blake,
afterwards described by A. Milne-Edwards, and in addition several
new species were collected. During the voyage of the Albatross to
the Pacific Ocean through the Straits of Magellan interesting addi-
tions were made to the collection. Since then the greater part of the
time spent by the A/datross at sea has been in Alaskan waters, where
Galatheids do not seem to abound. However, occasional cruises else-
where have greatly enriched the collection, notably three—one in the
Gulf of California, one to the Galapagos Islands, and one to the coast
of Japan and southward.
_ The U.S. National Museum has received a number of specimens
from the Museum of Natural History, Paris, and also from the Indian
Museum, Calcutta.
_ The literature of the deep-sea Galatheid from the nature of the case
is not greatly scattered. The first considerable number of species were
described by A. Milne-Edwards from dredgings made by the Blake in
he West Indian region. Prof. S. I. Smith then described some
interesting forms from the U. 8. Fish Commission dredgings off the
east coast of the United States. This was followed by the report
of the Anomura of the voyage of the Challenger, by Prot. J. R. Hen-
derson, which contained descriptions of many species of Galatheids
rom widely separated localities. In 1893 Dr. Faxon published pre-
liminary descriptions of 24 new species from the A/batross expedition
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1311.
. 243
244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. oil
to the Galapagos Islands in 1891; also 38 species and subspecies dredged —
by the Indian survey ship /nvestigator since 1884 have been described
by Wood-Mason or by Alcock and Anderson.
Family GALATHEIDZ.
The Galatheidz, as has often been pointed out by recent writers;
belong to the Macrura Anomalia, but with more or less brachyuran
relationships. .
In form they resemble the true Macrura, and are closely related to
the Porcellanide, which at first sight, on account of their form and
habits, would be placed with the Brachyura.
Most of the Galatheide live on the bottom and, with the exception
of a few forms like Grimothea and Pleuroncodes, probably do not
swim freely to any great distance. Some of the genera are blind,
inhabiting deep water and even abyssal depths, others again have a
well-developed cornea divided into facets. While many Galatheids
must prefer a sea bottom affording numerous hiding places, others, —
as some of the genus Uroptychus, are well fitted for climbing on
sponges, hydroids, or corals.
Occasionally a specimen will be found with a small worm tube on
its carapace, though usually they are as completely free from any
foreign growth as are any of the more active Crustacea. More fre-
quently the carapace will be distorted by the presence of an Isopod
parasite in the branchial chamber.
This family presents problems in classification of considerable
interest. The genus M/unidopsis, as now constituted and upheld. by
some good naturalists, is made to include several of the genera estab-
lished by A. Milne-Edwards. In a long and able article“ on the sub-
ject, A. Milne-Edwards and E. L. Bouvier contend for the generic
distinctness of the groups. With the groups united in one genus,
the species differ widely in form, more widely than is desirable,
because the name does not convey to the mind a sufficiently distinct
picture of the forms designated by it. On the other side of the ques-_
tion it may be said that if the genera were divided a satisfactory key
could not be made on generic lines unless perhaps in the case of
Galathodes.
The species placed in the genus Munda come fairly well under one
generic name, with the possible exception of one or more species some-
times placed under Gr/mothea, about which much has yet to be learned,
especially in regard to the young forms, which do not seem to have the
same development as the young of other species. Individual varia-
tions within the species are not uncommon. Sometimes the abdomen
will be unarmed, where usually it is armed. This is more often true
«Considerations Generales sur La Famille des Galatheides, Ann. des Sci. Natr., (7),
XVI, p. 191, 1894.
i ta Sat
no.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 245
_ in species having an armature of very small spines, as if chance condi-
tions more easily pushed aside the less emphatic character. In old
specimens of some species (and perhaps of all) the spines have a tend-
ency to become blunted or even aborted, the chelipeds to become
elongated, and the fingers to be separated by a hiatus. The relative
lengths of the supraocular spines are as a rule uniform, and, in con-
nection with others, furnish a very good character. The size and
arrangement of the spines of the carapace and also of the abdomen, if
BOA See.
armed, are important. Correlated with other characters, the width
of the lines of the carapace, the length and character of the cilia, and
the size of the granules are of value in determining species.
Some of the species in the U. S. National Museum are represented
by but few specimens or even single individuals. In other cases the
representation is greater. Large numbers of J/uneda iris A. Milne-
Edwards, were taken on the tile-fish grounds during the first year’s
work of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer /7%sh //awh. So numer-
ous in fact was this J/wnida that it gave character to the ground. Yet
two years later, when the Albatross went over the same ground, the
hauls of the beam trawl showed that this species, formerly so abun-
dant, was wanting. ‘Three degrees farther south, however, in latitude
37° north, numerous specimens were found.
It will be remembered that the so-called tile-fish (Lopholatilus
chamaeleonticeps Goode and Bean) was found abundantly during the
year 1880, and that some time afterwards a vessel passed through
miles of water covered with dead fish of this species. It was not again
taken for a long time. The Fish Commission steamer A/batross
dredged and set trawl lines on the ground time and again without
taking either tile-fish or J/wnidas; and even farther south, where the
Munidas were found in abundance, the fish were not to be had. It is
interesting to note that the bottom Crustacea suffered at the same
time and probably from the same cause.
Munida refulgens, M. tenella, and M. pusilia, species with elongated
chelipeds, have, like J/. cris, been found in large numbers, while J/.
subrugosa and M. quadrispina, are species with short prismatic cheli-
peds, and are represented in the collection by a smaller but yet plentiful
number of specimens. Some interesting, though by no means novel,
deductions may be drawn from the character and environment of some
of the genera.
The mass of ova carried by the female J/unida contains a very large
number of individuals in comparison with some genera of the family
living in much deeper water. To count the individuals in the egg
mass of a Galathea or Munida would be a long task, while to count
those of a Munidopsis, Galacantha, or Uroptychus would be a very easy
matter. Some species of Uroptychus live in moderate depths that
furnish innumerable hiding places. Here there is abundant protection
246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ie
for the individual. The natural inference is that the young indi-
viduals of the species having large eggs and few in number, do not
encounter the dangers which must be common to the species having
numerous eggs, and, asa matter of fact, it can hardly be supposed
that a Galacantha or a Munidopsis, blind and with limited activity,
passes an eventful life on the soft bottom of the deep sea.
Another matter worthy of consideration is that where the brood is
small and matures near the parent it is not liable afterwards to become
ereatly scattered, a fact which would be expected to aid in the form-
ation of races and species in the same way that it is known to have
done in the cases of nonmigrating birds inhabiting islands or other
isolated localities. And here it may be remarked that little is known
of the range of any species in the deep sea. Only a beginning has
been made. >
OES
oe a at i
“age eee
>_>
Pt 217.
es)
> Pe
eet pe
SSS
Riess
Fie. 10.—MUNIDA HISPIDA, x 3.
The gastric spines are small; a much smaller pair is placed in advance
and a little closer together. On the median line of the gastric region
there are five or six spines, and on a ridge behind these there is a row
0.1311, SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 261
=
Be pinules: at the eae eres are Ene spines obliquely placed; a num-
ber of spinules are scattered over the anterior portion and sides of
this area. There are about sixteen spinules on the triangular area;
-aspine on the branchial area just behind the apex of the triangle,
and another paired spine just behind this. The posterior border of
the carapace has an armature of low spines about eighteen in number
in the figured specimen, and about ten in the smaller ones; the spines
_of the lateral margin number from seven to ten.
The rostrum is more than twice as long as the supraocular spines;
‘itis slightly sigmoid and minutely serrate. The supraocular spines
area little longer than the eyes, are stout at the base and taper rapidly
to a sharp point, The merus of the maxillipeds is armed on its in-
-ferior margin with two spines, which are widely separated. The
chelipeds are stout, prismatic, and spinose. The merus of the ambu-
latory feet is triangular in cross section; both upper and lower anterior
“margins are thickly set with short curved spines.
The second, third, and fourth segments of the abdomen are armed,
the second and third with two rows of spines and the fourth with a
single row; the second row of the double rows is composed of smaller
“spines, and in all but the largest specimens these are usually wanting.
Length of the type from the extremities of the rostrum and telson,
-83mm.; length of right cheliped, 186 mm.; merus, 70 mm.; palm, 53
-mm.; fingers, 30 mm.
= Loca Albatross station 2817, Galapagos Islands; A/batross sta-
tion 2987. Off Lower California seven specimens much smaller than
the type.
| Type.—Cat. No. 20535, U.S.N.M.
_ The variation between the large specimen taken for the type and
_ the smaller specimens is considerable. The carapace of the smaller
ones lack many of the spinules, and the spines are Jarger; the fourth
segment of the abdomen may show only two small protuberances in
place of the row of spines. The chelipeds are much shorter, and they
are armed with definite rows of spines; the palm is prismatic, and the
prehensile edges of the fingers are in contact throughout. ‘The
“rostrum i in some of the smallest is slightly bent upward. With all
this variation, however, the specimens intergrade, and in my opinion
Be ive no eround for separation.
|
MUNIDA HONSHUENSIS, new species.
The rostrum is slightly sigmoid, and is more than twice the length
of the supraocular spines, which do not quite reach the cornea.
The spines of the gastric area are sixteen in number—twelve in the
“gastric row, a pair separated by the first ciliated line, and a paired
‘Spine at the base of the antero-lateral spine; there is a single paired
Spine in the fork of the cervical suture and one ack of the fork.
262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. =i
a a \
eG
The spines of the merus of the maxillipeds are large and situated at—
the extremes of the segment.
The chelipeds are short, stout, and prismatic; the spines of the distal
portion of the merus are very large, becoming smaller proximally.
There are four rows of spines on the carpus. The largest occupy
the crest, the smallest the row on the outer surface near the lower
margin. Medium-sized spines occupy the rows that arm the inner and
outer surfaces. The outer margins of the fingers are each armed with
four rather large spines.
The second segment of the abdomen is armed with nine spines, which
are short and blunt.
The length of the carapace from the end of the rostrum is 16 mm.;
length of chelipeds, 26 mm.
One specimen, female, from A/batross, station 3708, in 60 to 70
fathoms, off Honshu Island, Japan.
Type.—Cat. No. 25472, U.S.N.M.
This species is an addition to the: group of which
Munida militaris Henderson is the typical example.
It differs in not having spines on the median line of
the carapace and in its shorter and less divergent
supraoculars.
The hands of this species are compressed, the out-
line of the palms is straight, and not as shown in the
figure of J/. malitaris in the Challenger report; the
outer surface of the palms is made up of two planes
which intersect at the median row of spines.
Two males were taken at station 3739 in 55 to 65
fathoms, which differ from the specimen taken as the
type in that the chelipeds are elongated, and are without any promi-
nent spines, there are numerous small spines on the merus and carpus,
afew on the palm, and one or two on the margins of the fingers.
There is a hiatus between the fingers, the prehensile edges of which
are set with small teeth even in size and with rouned ends; the hiatus
which extends the length of the fingers is filled with bristles which
arise from the lower surface of both fingers.
FrGg. 11.—MUNIDA
HONSHUENSIS, 21
age
MUNIDA MEDIA, new species.
The carapace is widest in the middle; the sides are arcuate, the
anterior portion is armed with six or seven spinules.
The transverse striz are not crowded; are both granulated and cili-
ated; the cilia are iridescent. The postocular or gastric spines are
small; a much smaller paired spine stands at the side in line with them;
another paired spine is placed farther down near the hepatic region.
The cervical groove is deep; where it meets the side there is a notch;
the cilia in both branches are longer than elsewhere. The triangular
No. 1311, SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 26%
areolation in the fork of the groove is armed with five or six spinules.
There are also several spinules on the anterior border of the branchial
‘region. The posterior border of the carapace is unarmed.
The rostrum is slender and elongated, equaling in length the width
of the carapace; the supraocular spines are short, not reaching the
distal extremity of the cornea. The inferior border of the merus of
maxillipeds is armed with three slender spines
proximal being the longest.
graded in size, the
cee eed ne ee ee
Fic. 12.—MUNIDA MEDIA, x 4.
The eyes are large with spreading cornea.
The chelipeds are long, slender, and subcylindrical; the merus and
carpus are armed with slender spines, the palm with spinules.
The merus of the ambulatory iegs has a row of spines on the upper
_ margin; in line with these there are five or six on the carpus; the lower
margin of the propodus has a row of seven spinules.
_ The second segment of the abdomen has a row of eight small spines
and the third segment a single pair. The other segments are smooth,
y
pt
264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
The length of the body from the front to the end of the telson is
10 mm.; length of the chelipeds, 24 mm.; length of the palm, 5 mm.; ;
length of the fingers, 4.8 mm. |
Locality. —Oft Habana, Albatross station 2343, 279 fathoms.
Type.—Cat. No. 9524, U.S.N.M. ;
MUNIDA MEXICANA, new species
aR crus aan ii
oa Nasi!
Ne !
“if Lean es
“A ) Ny l NWN \\\
Fig. 13.—MUNIDA MEXICANA, 31,
The carapace is widest at about the beginning of the posterior third;
from the widest point it tapers forward to a rather narrow front.
The ciliated lines are unusually distant; the cilia are short.
No 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEA NS—BENEDICT. 265
There are eight spines on the gastric area, six in a transverse line
and two separated by the length of the first ciliated line. There is a
paired spine in the fork of the cervical suture; no spines occur posterior
to these.
The rostrum is nearly twice the length of the eyes, its upper margin
is slightly roughened; the supraocular spines are about one-half the
Jength of the eyes and twice the size of the antero-lateral spines. The
merus of the maxillipeds is armed on the inferior border with three
slender spines and by three small denticles and a spine on the opposite
border. The merus of the anterior feet shows upward of twenty-five
spines when viewed from above; the carpus is short and is armed with
spines and spinules; the palm is short and spinulose; the fingers are
much longer than the palm, and in some specimens have a large hiatus
near the base. The abdomen is unarmed.
_ The length of the largest specimen is 12 mm. from the front to the
end of the telson; length of the chelipeds, 29 mm.; length of dacty],
10 mm.; length of palm, 5.2 mm.
_ Locality.—West coast of Mexico, 9 to 783 fathoms; stations 2794,
2809, 9816, 2826, 2829, 2833, 2988, and 3012.
f pe. DCit 20536, Gx: New. ; ee ern station 2816, off Galapagos
‘ Bands.
Variations: The proportionate length of the fingers varies.
a
MUNIDA NUDA, new species.
ae RPE
The carapace is broadest anteriorly. The transverse lines are widely
sic and are almost devoid of cilia; the only unbroken line runs
ACTOSS the middle of the gastric region; it is conspicuous on account
of its straightness and its ending at a spine on the sides of the gastric
region. There are eight subequal spines on the gastric region—four
in a row near the front and a pair on each side near the hepatic region;
the larger one of the pair is higher up on the area and at the end of
the straight carinated line. The front is broad and produced in the
middle. The supraocular spines are short and stout, not reaching
more than one-half the length of the eyes.
_ The rostrum is compressed, serrate above, less so on the sides, and >
mooth below. The merus of the lower border of the maxillipeds is
rmed with one large spine. The chelipeds are strikingly different
rom those of any species examined. They are short; the merus has
bout ten spines; the largest are on the distal margin; the carpus has
wo or three large ones on the inner margin and a large number of
smaller ones on the upper surface; the outlines of the hand are ellip-
tical; spines run along the borders nearly to the ends of the fingers;
th ee are upward of fifty spines on the outer surface; the inner sur-
lace is free from spines. The second segment of the abdomen has
266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
four spines. “Length of body, 12 mm.; length of cheliped, 17 mg
of palm, 4 mm.; of fingers, 4 mm. >
Locality. Alhatpods station 2338, latitude 23° 10’ 40” N., longitude
89° 90! 15” W.; 189 fathoms. One male. Cat. No. 9516, U.S.N.M. |
Fic. 14.—MUNIDA NUDA, X 4}.
MUNIDA PERLATA, new species.
The carapace is broadest in the middle, where it nearly equals tht
distance from the posterior border to the line of the gastric spines
In the single specimen obtained there are but two spines on the cara’
pace; these are on the gastric area. In line with these, between amt
outside, are tubercles which in some specimens would probably ocew
as spines. he ciliated lines are elevated. There are six small spine
on the margin behind the antero-lateral angle. The eyes are small
“merus are small, except those of the distal border, where there are
four very large ones. There are two large spines on the inner margin
f the carpus and smaller ones elsewhere. The hand is very hairy;
The second
~e-)s
AGO ILE FICE RE TORE ON RAN rag
Fig. 15.—MUNIDA PERLATA, X 23.
_ This species in some of its characters superficially resembles small
specimens of J. propinqua Faxon and of JM. mécrophthalma A. M.
Edwards. From the first it is distinguished by its small eyes, from
_ both by the armature of the maxillipeds. The supraocular spines are
also much shorter in perlata than in mécrophthalma.
Length from the front to the end of the telson, 24 mm.; length of
the cheliped, 21 mm.; length of palm, 4 mm.; length of fingers, 4mm.
Locaiity.—Station 2808, off the Galapagos Islands; 634 fathoms.
One female with eggs.
> Type.—Cat. No. 20538, U.S.N.M.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 19
ae
068 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUS
MUNIDA PUSILLA, new species.
The carapace is broadest posteriorly; the sides are arcuate. The
transverse lines of cilia are iridescent. The spines and spinules of the
gastric area vary in number; the largest are those of the pair behind
the supraocular spines; in line with these are one or more pairs of
spinules; there is also a pair close to the hepatic area. There are two
Fic. 16.—MUNIDA PUSILLA, X 4.
or three spinules in the fork of the cervical suture and one on the
branchial region behind the fork of the suture. The sides of the front
retreat a little to the antero-lateral angle. The supraocular spines are
less than one-half the length of the eyes. The rostrum is long and
slender and is raised but little above the horizontal. The superior mar-_
JUM. VOL. XXVvnue
i
Lape
“No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 269
~
gin of the maxillipeds is armed with but a single spine. The anterior
feet in the male are very long and slender; in many specimens there is
a prominent hiatus near the base of the fingers of one hand; in one
specimen the hiatus exists in both hands. The spines, or rather spin-
ules, of the merus are very small; the palm is scabrous, much as in
. ris. There are but few very small spines on the ambulatory legs;
the only ones at all prominent are those at the distal ends of the merus
and carpus. The second segment of the abdomen of many specimens
has a widely separated pair of spinules; in other specimens with
correlated characters the spinules are wanting.
The females are readily distinguished by the shorter and more spiny
chelipeds. The spinules of the second segment of the abdomen are
often wanting, as in the males.
Male: Length of body, 10 mm.; chelipeds, 28 mm.; palm, 8 mm.;
fingers, 4.5 mm.
Locality.— Albatross station 2405, Gulf of Mexico; also, at stations
9120, Caribbean Sea; 2365, 2372, 2406, 2407, and 2640, Gulf of Mexico.
A lot of three specimens is labeled ** Warsaw, New Providence.”
Type.—Cat. No. 20539, U.S.N.M. Station 2405.
MUNIDA QUADRISPINA, new species.
The carapace is narrowest near the front margin; the posterior
angles are much rounded.
There are six spines on the gastric area, four in a line in the usual
place behind the supraocular spines, and one on the sides near the hepatic
region; the terminal spines of the line are very weak and small, but
one spine occupies the anterior branchial region. The marginal spines
vary from eight to ten in number.
The rostrum is long and compressed, moderately serrate above and
slightly so below. The supraocular spines do not reach quite to the
ends of the eyes; they are united to the rostrum for nearly one-half
of their length. The eyes are small. The merus of the maxillipeds
is armed on the inferior border with four spines; the first and last are
long, the others short. The distal ends of the terminal segments of the
maxillipeds are rather more dilated than is usual in the genus.
The anterior feet are well set with spines and spinules. The merus
has fourteen spines; the carpus about twenty spines and spinules:; and
the palm upwards of thirty.
The ambulatory feet are compressed; the meral and carpal joints are
‘Spiny-—spines short, blunt, inconspicuous.
Length of a large specimen, 35 mm.; length of palm, 15 mm.; length
of fingers, 13 mm.
Locality.— Albatross station 2960; 267 fathoms, 2878.
Type.—Cat. No. 20537, U.S.N.M.
Also taken at stations 2861, 2866, 2871, 287
B170, 3183, 3445, 3449, 3454; 3457, : see 364
if
Q7
8, 2886, 29386, 30538, 3104,
: »
)
, and 3673. One speci-
.
270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXV
men in the collection is labeled Sitka, Alaska, Dr. W. H. Jones, U. Say
N., 1882, No. 13947. 3
The merus of the maxillipeds is commonly armed with four spines —
on the lower border; variations are numerous; while the two medium
spines are usually smaller than the others. This is not always the
as they may range from small tubercles to large spines.
case,
e
OREO eee,
Ak
3
ie if
2
52
>
¥
Fic. 17.—MUNIDA QUADRISPINA, * 1}.
MUNIDA SCULPTA, new species. 5
The carapace is broadest behind the middle, and is moaerately swol-
len. The ciliated lines are rather more than usually elevated, and its”
anterior edges are thickly set with minute denticles. The cilia are.
worn from the anterior and central portions of the surface, but on the
region near the fifth pair of legs are intact, and are brightly irides-
cent; the cilia cover about two-thirds of the space between the line
The carapace is armed with more spines than is usual in species witl
0.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. O01
unarmed abdomens. A row oe ‘bight spines on fhe aaah area 1s
rranged in size as follows: The gastric pair is the largest: the next
re.the second and fourth pairs; those of the third pair are little more
than spinules; a little behind the third and fourth paired spines of
‘the front row is a spinule, and on the sides are two other paired spines.
On each of three females there is a denticle near the extremities of a
ciliated line forming the anterior margin of the posterior lobe of the
al ht wt
Fie. 18.—MUNIDA SCULPTA, X 2.
gastric area. These spinules are wanting in the three males. In the
fork of the cervical suture are three or four spines; on the border
behind the suture there is a row of from three to five paired spinules.
_ The rostrum extends beyond the eyes by more than one-half of its
length, it is slender, slightly compressed, and is obscurely serrated
bove.
_ The supraocular spines extend to about the middle of the eye. The
ntero-lateral spines equal the supraoculars in length.
~
The inferior border of the merus of ‘ee m: methods is nana with,
three or more spines on the proximal and one on the distal end.
The chelipeds are shorter than those of J/. ¢rrasa. The merus has
three rows of ten or more spines in good alignment; the surfaces on
each side of the middle row are flat and diverge at an angle of 90
decrees. There are seven or eight spines on the carpus and two rows
on the inside of the palm; all of the articles are scabrous throughout.
The abdomen is unarmed.
The type specimen is an ovigerous female, and is more nearly perfect
than the others. Unfortunately, the exact locality is unknown; it is
labeled ‘‘Caribbean Sea, 1884.” All of the other specimens come from
the north of Cuba. These specimens differ from the type in having
the supraocular spines less divergent and in having three spines on
the merus of the maxillipeds where the type has four; the distal
terminal spine is also wanting in these specimens. The type measures
from the front to the end of the telson 32 mm.; width, 12 mm.; length
of chelipeds, 38 mm.; length of palm, 9 mm.; length of fingers, 9 mm.
Locality. —Albatross station 2159; 98 fathoms; one male and one
female.
(Station 27, Iowa State University Expedition; two males and one
female.)
Type.—Cat. No. 8942, U.S.N Y.M.
MUNIDA SIMPLEX, new species.
The carapace is broadest behind; the transverse ciliated lines are
well separated; the cilia are iridescent and extend forward one-fourth
of the distance to the next line. There are six spines in line near the
front of the gastric area and a single spine at the extremes of the first
ciliated line. Two paired spines are situated in the fork of the cervi-
cal suture, making twelve spines in all on the surface of the carapace.
The eyes are nee ; the supraocular spines extend to the cornea. In
the type specimen the lower border of the merus of the maxillipeds is
armed with a long spine and three rudimentary ones in the other speci-
mens; the merus has but one or two rudimentary ones.
The chelipeds are long and cylindrical, and under a lense they are
lightly scabrous; the scale-like areas are bordered with iridescent cilia,
The merus has about twenty-five spines, large and small, in a dorsal
view. ‘The spines of the carpus are small; there isa row of small spines
near the crest of the palm. The hands are long and a little curved
inward, and bent slightly downward from the base of the fingers,
which are a little longer than the palm. In the specimen selected for
the type the chelipeds are unequal; the left one is the smaller, and
has the most marked bend at the base of the fingers, making a large
shallow sinus in the lower outline; the outline of the dacty! is con-
cave; the curves in the right hand are not so strong as in the left, and
De, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
:
. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 273
etter moprcsent, she: hands of the three specimens from the other
:
The length of the body from the front to the end of the telson is
14mm. The chelipeds are 34 and 37 mm. in length, respectively, and
the palm of the right is 9 mm.; the fingers, 9.2 mim.
Qo aye
Fig. 19.—MUNIDA SIMPLEX, X 3.
Type.—Cat. No. 7789, U.S.N.M., from Wibotrose St ation 2169; depth
78 fathoms.
A second specimen was taken at station 2320 in 150 fathoms; two
other specimens were taken at station 2322 in 115 fathoms: the three
Stations were off Habana, Cuba.
274
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
MUNIDA TENELLA, new species.
(Se SSO
se Oud
Fig. 20.—MUNIDA TENELLA, X 3.
:
The carapace is broadest in the anterior-middle, tapering slightly
forward to the slender spines behind the antenna. The ciliated lines —
a
‘No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 275
re well separated, re oie are enone and slightly iridescent; the lines
are for the most part unbroken. The gastric pair of spines is small,
and the other spines of the gastric row are very small; in some
specimens they should be designated as spinules. There are eight
spines in the gastric row and two at the extremities of the first cili-
ated line, making ten spines on the gastric area. A large spine occu-
pies the area in the fork of the Pe ical suture and a second paired
spine the border just behind the fork.
The rostrum is about twice as long as the eyes; two or more
spinules break the continuity of the sides: the upper border is sub-
serrate. The supraocular spines are small and reach only about the
middle of the eyes.
The eyes are large, the cornea is much inflated, and the peduncles
are very short.
The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with
a large spine on the proximal part and by a short spine on the distal
part. The merus of the chelipeds is armed with three rows of spines,
the inner row with seven, the middle with six, and the outer with nine.
There are five spines on the carpus, three on the distal border, and
two small ones on the inner margin. The upper margin of the palm
has a row of from ten to fourteen small spines. The ambulatory feet
are spinulose. The second segment of the abdomen has a line of six
spines, the third and fourth two each.
Length of a large specimen, from the front to the end of the telson,
18 mm.; length of chelipeds, 39 mm.; of palm, 9 mm.; of fingers,
8mm. Taken by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer A/batross at
several stations off St. Josephs Island, Gulf of California, in from 39
to 71 fathoms.
Type.—Cat. No. 20540, U.S.N.M.
Variations: The gastric row of spines may have six spines in small
specimens. The rostrum may show several spinules or none. The
second segment of the abdomen may have but one pair of spines in
some of the smaller specimens; usually six can be made out under a
lens.
Genus MUNIDOPSIS Whiteaves.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MUNIDOPSIS EXAMINED.
a. Eye spines present.
b. Eye spines short, conical.
ec. Chelipeds short, bearing but few spines.
d. Carapace broadest behind; gastric area with six spines. ---- aculeata, p. 315
d. Carapace broadest in front; gastric area with two spines. subsquamosa, p. 327
ec. Chelipeds elongated, bearing numerous spines.
d. Abdomen unarmed.
e. Auxiliary eye spine at the base of the large eye spine. ----.-.scabra, p. 325
eA miany eve Spine: Wanting .— 5242.2. 252. Sones. -n- ==. -tannert, p. 327
321
4 che yeti SV eS Pec iel on (o/0 EOE See a ce hystrix, p.
3 b, Eye spines long.
bo
~I
Sa
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. SAV ie
+. Without spines or teeth on the front behind the antennal pedunele.
d. With four spines on the posterior margin of the carapace -.--bairdi, p. 317 _
d. Without spines on the posterior margin; margin roughened by a large |
number of sharp granules. ¥ |
e. Rostrum straight; = =. 2-5 ose ae ee antonii, p. 316 —
e. Rostrum’ curved. => === see eee beringana, p. 279
¢. With spines or teeth on the front behind the antennze.
d. Spines wanting on the gastric area ......---------------spinoculata, p. 327
d. Spines on the gastric area two or more.
e. One eye Spine .-.---- = -- <2 + sae oe = a ee crassa, p. 318°
e. Two eye spines.
yf. Crest of palms spiny.
g. Merus of chelipeds with ten to twelve spines (exclusive of the ter-
minal spines)io 222.222 25 — ose ae ee similis, p. 326
g. Merus of chelipeds with six to eight spines -...-.----- verrilli, p. 291
f. Crest of palms not spiny .--.--------------------------- nitida, p. 323
a. Eye spines not present.
}. Rostrum broad, with subparallel sides; extends considerably beyond the eyes
where it terminates in a trident.
¢. Rostrum long and strongly bent upward, as in Galicantha.
d. Carapace without spines except on margin ..-.---.-------- expansa, p. 282
d. Carapace with spines on the surface ...-.------- bee Se ieee gilli, p. 283
c. Rostral point short, horizontal (Galathodes).
d. Gastric area armed with two spines or spinules. !
e. Palm spiny above and below --.--..=-----=2--.2-_----..- Uri ee
e. Pali’ not spiny .2 22 52 2222 See = ae ee mina, p. 285
d. Gastric area without spines or spinules.
e. Maxillipeds with the inferior margin of merus armed with three spines.
J: Sides! of rostrum: CONVEX] == en —-— eee eee tridentata, p. 328
f. Sides of rostrum) straight 222 22-o. 2 se eee bahamensis, p. 278
e. Maxillipeds with the inferior margin of the merus armed with two spines.
f. Both spines slender from the base.
g. Carpus of chelipeds with a single long slender spine -tenuirostris, p. 289
g. Carpus with three long slender spines. ..--.--------- latifrons, p. 321
f. Both spines not slender.
g. Fingers of the chelipeds acuminate from base to tip-acuminata, p. 277
g. Fingers not,acuminate: —- = 2¢45-02-5- 5= modesta, p. 286
b. Rostrum not tridentate.
c, Abdomen unarmed.
d. Eyes movable.
e. Gastric area with two very short conical spines -- ---- - - platirostris, p. 324 —
e. Gastric area without spines.
jf. With a sharp spine at the anterolateral angle.
g. Rostrum broadest at base.
h. Spine of anterolateral angle very short.---.----- cylindropus, p. 281
h. Spine of anterolateral angle long .........---------- sigsbei, p. 326
g. Rostrum broadest in the middlewee2s. = eee armata, p. 316 —
J. Without spine on the anterolateral angle. g
g. Eyes long, cylindrical 33. cylindrophthalmus, pp. 319, 281 —
g.*Byes'short: 22.2 ee eee =f Soa polita, p. 324
d. Eyes immoyable. :
e. Surface of carapace smooth, punctate =-_ 2225-2. ss=eeeeeee espinis, p. 282
e. Surface of carapace rough, coarsely granulated ......---- squamosa, Pp. 327,
c. Abdomen armed with spines or tubercles. a
Ho.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. ° 277%
—— Say -
‘ d. Rostrum armed with ise spines.
e. Rostrum armed with a single pair of lateral spines.
7 OMcmon Mane UNAnINed- 2.22.2 2502...5---5---.--2-5 erinaced, ~. 320
f. Posterior margin armed with spines.
Pee Spier AOUC WO MK oi mciass == - ten saas- 2! - = +. ------8pinifer, p. 327
Pop MmesqiiMmerous, (Sinai, 22... kee ee ee sericea, p. 326
e. Rostrum armed with two or more spines on each side.
PoebiyGemMiOna Dene att oe oc sl Leese cs. Sos et ee le... opalescens, p. 287
RaelyeoreuMlerer eS 8 oo. So oe c)s temo v le knee hamata, p. 320
d. Rostrum not armed with lateral spines.
e, Armature of the abdomen not confined to the median line.
f. Armature of abdomen consisting of small conical spines, uniform in
size, placed in a double row on the second, third, and fourth
SGOT CT eee ee ey eee ce iahsinic ote nara cies cle wae orto scobina, ~. 325
. Armature consisting of prominent spines on the median line and a
single spine on each side.
g. Spines on the posterior margin of carapace, 2 ..---: serratifrons, p. 326
g. Spines on the posterior margin of carapace, more than 2-hastifer, p. 284
e. Armature of abdomen confined to the median line.
f. Gastric area armed with 1 or more spines or tubercles.
Ge OsunMeGe PrESseMe ssa ns secacieeciss Sess -- 24. - ss latirostris, p. 321
g. Rostrum curved upward.
h. Median line on the gastric area free from spines ----- villosa, p. 330
h. Median line on the gastric area armed with spines or tubercles.
i. Orbicular sinus well developed.
k. Rostrum strongly curved upward and much longer than the
OWES Se Scie Ss SEE ee robusta, p. 325
k. Rostrum nearly horizontal and but little longer than the eyes.
tounsendi, p. 290
i. Orbicular sinus lacking.
k. Carapace of nearly uniform width, widest in middle, not cut
HMO LOWS sem a pasos cr. sobs. 2 oo co sumplem, p. 320
k. Carapace not uniform in width, cut into lobes by cervical
sutures.
I. Broadest near anterior end .........----.- longirostris, p. 322
l. Broadest near posterior end......--------- curvirostra, p. 319
jf. Gastric area lacking spines or tubercles. @
g. With sharp anterolateral spines...--....c-...----- abbreviata, p. 315
g. Anterolateral spines wanting.
h. Rostrum short, broad, concave, apex rounded.
Lata pace.ai uniiorm width «5-62 -52--.—--.- longimana, p. 322
i Carapacesproagest in front'. 222... 22262 es e325 = carinipes, p. 317
h. Rostrum acuminate.
i. Lateral margins of carapace straight -.......---- quadrata, p. 325
Zanllateralemarcinsarcuate 3 -2—co-ssese5 cet k sesh aspera, p. 316
MUNIDOPSIS ACUMINATA, new species.
The rostrum extends beyond the eyes about one-third of its length;
the base is broad; the rostral point is twice as long as the lateral
points. The antennal spines are alittle smaller than the rostral spines.
The spines of the lateral margin are four in number, including the
oM. aspera may be an nee: as the rough eae are general on the carapace.
ye) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
anterolateral spine. The posterior spine is situated just behind the
branch of the cervical suture, as indicated by a slight notch; the ante-_
rior branch of the suture ends in a notch just behind the anterolat-—
eral spine; both branches are_
indistinct, while the groove is
well marked behind the gastrie
area,
The carapace is roughened
by short, granulose ruge;
there are no spines on any part
of the gastric area. The spines
of the ambulatory legs are con- |
fined to the crests of merus and
carpus. The chelipeds have
spines on the crest and on the
“\ inner margin of the merus and
on the distal margin of the
carpus. .
The lower margin of the hand
is nearly straight, with a slight
aa swelling at the palm andaslight
Ne - > sinus at the base of the fingers;
Ape rp the fingers are acuminate, the
Dl NA OLN Cater:
Ut chee
outline of the closed fingers
See atte eee from the base to the tip is tri-
FIG. 21.—MUNIDOPSIS ACUMINATA, X 2. ; : X 2 oe
anguiar. This feature distin-
guishes the species from all related forms of the subgenus Galathodes.
The two specimens, one male and one female, were taken by the
Albatross at station 2663, in 421 fathoms, off South Carolina.
Type.—Cat. No. 11490, U.S.N.M.
7
i)
MUNIDOPSIS BAHAMENSIS, new species.
The rostrum is seven-eighths as long as it is broad at the base,
measured from the base to the base of the lateral points; between the
points it is three-fourths the length of the base. The lateral teeth are
large and stand out well from the margin. The inferior margin of
the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with three spines; the proximal
spine is broad at the base; the second is as long and is uniform in
size; the third is short, sometimes inconspicuous or wanting. The
merus of the chelipeds has two rows of spines and two large spines
between them; the carpus has a large spine at the inner angle and a
smaller one at the condyle; the palm is broad and unarmed; in large
specimens there is a hiatus between the fingers. The upper margins
of the meral joints of the ambulatory feet bear a row of spines; the
7.
0.131. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS--BENEDICT. 279
as,
carpal joints have a single spine placed at ine Reel Seale of the upper
margin.
_ Length of a large male from the front to the end of the telson, 44
mm.; length of chelipeds, 51 mm.; length of the carapace, 18 mm.;
width, 16 mm.
Locality.— Albatross station 2669, 352 fathoms, off the coast of
Florida.
Type.-—Cat. No. 20555, U.S.N.M.
Cie,
Fig. 22.—MUNIDOPSIS BAHAMENSIS, x 1}.
MUNIDOPSIS BERINGANA, new species.
Three specimens of a Munidopsis were dredged in Bering Sea,
which at first sight would be called JZ anton/7,; but a careful examina-
tion shows that Ane texture of the carapace differs, that the rostrum
is curved and not as in IZ anton//, which, though directed upward, is
perfectly straight.
The carapace of the Bering Sea species is, in its texture, more like
_ @ Allowance must be made for the figure of this species, as the specimens were soft;
the exuvice still partly attached to one. The small one is, however, hard, and this
in
ae
confirms the specific characters given to the large specimens. The short rugose lines
of the posterior sides are more marked in the specimens than in the figure.
t
§
280) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X
that of the Jf antonii figured by Henderson in the Challenger Ano- |
mura. The sharp granules are arranged in short lines or squame on |
the posterior portion of the carapace. The specimen figured has
about twenty short, sharp spines on the gastric area. The smallest
specimen, a male, has fifteen; a large female, with a part of the exu- |
vie yet attached, has the same spination as a specimen of J/. antonis
from the Paris Museum of Natural History (taken by the Zalésman),
but otherwise it is like its companions. The 7a/isman specimen and
the Bering Sea species agree in being broadest behind and tapering |
eradually forward; the Challenger figure shows a species slightly nar-_
rower a little beyond the middle; the figure of the latter also shows |
Fig. 23.—MUNIDOPSIS BERINGANA,
wie
|
|
a slight difference in the spines of the gastric ¢ a single spine in |
the center where the other species have ine In comparing JZ. berin |
gana with M. aculeata Faxon, the spination of the gastric area is very
similar. The cornea of aculeata is much larger than ber/ngana and |
the eye-spines smaller; the ruge of the posterior portion of the cara-.
pace are coarse and separated in aculeata, and exceedingly numerous |
and crowded in beringana |
Length of the large female, figured from the middle of the pos-
terior margin to the margin behind the eye, 32 mm.; greatest width, |
28 mm. 4
Locality.—F rom Albatross station 3608, neere7c’s fathoms. ‘
Type.—Cat. No. 20557, U.S.N.M. i
_
gi
no.13. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 281
ee ;
MUNIDOPSIS CYLINDROPUS, new species.
_ The rostrum is sharp; the distal one-half is triangular in cross sec-
‘tion; it extends horizontally forward beyond the eyes by about one-
half of its length. From the apex to the eyes the upper margin is a
‘sharp ridge; from this point the ridge is forked, the branches running
back to the front of the gastric areolation, inclosing a slight triangular
depression. The antero-lateral angles are right angles with sharp
apices; that portion of the front which lies between the bases of the
antennz is much advanced beyond the line of the angles.
The articles of the antennal peduncles are each about as lone as
broad; the flagelli are long and thread-like, reaching
far beyond the chelipeds.
The carapace is 5.5 mm. in breadth and 6.5 mm. in
length, measured from the front behind the eve; the
lateral margin is but slightly arcuate from the middle
to the front, but much more so posteriorly.. The
areolations are protuberant; the surface is everywhere
broken by raised transverse lines varying greatly in
length.
The chelipeds measure 20 mm. in length and are ric. 24—Mvsrpor-
almost uniformly 1 mm. in diameter throughout, the — “8,CY!NPReres,
palm enlarging to 1.2 mm. at the base of the dactyl. :
‘The merus and carpus are granulated, while the palm is smooth and
slightly iridescent; two spines arm the inner surface of the merus and
two or three the distal margins of both merus and carpus.
The fingers are shorter than the palm; their prehensile edges are
thin and minutely dentate. The ambulatory feet are granulated; with
the exception of a small graduated comb under the dactyls they are
free from spines.
The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with two spines.
The abdomen is wanting in both spines and tubercles; the margins
of the second, third, and fourth segments are raised, forming deep
transverse channels.
This species in its general appearance very much resembles J/un/-
dopsis cylindrophthalmus, but close inspection shows marked differ-
ences in many characters. The latter species has a much broader
Tostrum and smaller eyes; the ‘arapace is much smoother, and its
antero-lateral angles are rounded.
This single specimen, a female without eggs, was taken by the
Albatross at station 3697, in 265-120 fathoms, off Honshu Island, Japan.
& Lype.—Cat. No. 26163, U.S.N.M.
z
Sywws as
QS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
MUNIDOPSIS ESPINIS, new species.
The rostrum is about three times as long as broad in the middle
the apex is blunt. The carapace is about as broad as long, subquad- |
rate: the antero-lateral angle is formed by a broad, triangular, blunt |
tooth, which projects be yond the base of the rostrum. The marein |
between the rostrum and the tooth is divided by a triangular projee-
tion into two parts; the inner part is semicircular. In this the eye is
immovably fixed both to the front and rostrum. On the margin
behind the antero-lateral tooth is a double-pointed tooth; behind this
and in front of a deep transverse depression is a small tooth.
Fig. 25.—MUNIDOPSIS ESPINIS, X 23.
This species is altogether without spines, with the exception of two
on the merus of the maxillipeds.
The carapace is 7.5 mm. in each dimension.
Locality.— Albatross, station 2351, 426 fathoms, off Yucatan.
Type.—Cat. No. 20559, U.S.N.M.
MUNIDOPSIS EXPANSA, new species.
The front extends forward horizontally and ends in two points and)
a sharply upturned rostrum. The carapace is very broad, and, except-
ing on the margin, is altogether devoid of spines; the surface is rather
crowded with short, semicircular, raised lines; the antero-lateral angles|
are formed by triangular teeth, the points of which are directed for-
ward; behind the angles are two teeth on a small lobe and a third one
at about the middle of the margin. The merus of the maxillipeds 1s
unarmed. The distai margins of the meral joints of both the chelipeds
r
No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 283
and ambulatory legs are armed with tubercular spines; the chelipeds
are much shorter than the body.
Length of the body from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the
telson, 52 mm.; length of the chelipeds, 30 mm.; length of carapace
from the sinus behind the eye, 20 mm.; breadth in the middle, 22 mm.
Locality.— Station 2663, 421 fathoms, off Florida.
Type.—Cat. No. 20561, U.S.N.M.
Wn Orrakect NU
Fic. 26.—MUNIDOPSIS EXPANSA, 14.
MUNIDOPSIS GILLI, new species.
The rostrum projects forward and ends in two horizontal points and
a sharply upturned rostral point, as in Galicantha. The portion of the
front behind the rostrum is unarmed. The lateral margins are very
uneven. A lobe bearing a small spine marks the antero-lateral angles;
behind the angle is a lobe with two points, followed by a sinus, then
another short spine or point. There are eight or more small tubercu-
lar granules on the posterior border and numerous similar granules
scattered over the carapace and legs The different areolations are
protuberant; the gastric area is surmounted by three spines, placed
at the points of an equilateral triangle; there are two short spines on
the cardiac area. The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with three
spines; the first is very stout at the base, the second is slender, the
third is short.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 20
984 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
eg
The Gneneeas are shorter than the body. The second, third, and
fourth segments of the abdomen are each armed with a single spine. —
Length of body from the rostrum to the end of the telson, 58 mm.; _ :
length of carapace from behind the eyes, 24 mm.; breadth, 19.5 mm.
Localita _—Albatross, station 2629, 1,169 fathonts: off Bahamas
Islands.
Type.—Cat. No. 20562, U.S.N.M.
Named for Dr. Theodore Gill, associate in zoology, U. 5. National
Museum.
Fic. 27.—MUNIDOPSIS GILLI, x 1.
MUNIDOPSIS HASTIFER, new species.
The rostrum is rather broad, its sides are arcuate, the apex is acute,
and the margin is cut into small serrate teeth; a prominent carina runs
from the apex to the highest part of the gastric protuberance. The
sides and front meet in an obtuse angle which is armed at the apex
with a small spine.
The front runs forward from the angle to a point almost under the
eye, then back around the eye to the rostrum, leaving the eye ina
semicircular orbit in which the eye moves slightly.
The carapace is about one-sixth longer than broad, the areolations—
are protaberant and curiously armed with compressed spines, many
YN
ON
=,
—
0.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 2385
having sharp procur rved points, especially those near the sides of the
carapace; the gastric area has two large spines of this nature and
numerous smaller ones. There are two on the median line on the
eardiac area. The posterior margin of the carapace is raised, the
middle third is free from spines, but on either side of this space is a
pair, rather large and procurved.
The chelipeds are about three times the length of the carapace, not
including the rostrum; the merus is set with rows of elongated gran-
ules, the middle inner surface is set
with three sharp spines on one
cheliped and with two on the other;
there are three spines on the distal
margin. The armature of the car-
pus is similar; the palm is thickly
set with small spiny granules below,
large ones run along the upper mar-
gin in a well-formed line. There
is a line of hair along the ridge of
the movable finger; the hiatus
formed by the fingers is set with
hair. The ambulatory feet are
thickly set with spiny granules.
The second. and third segments
of the abdomen are armed with
spines, the second segment has two
spines in a central position on the
posterior margin, and a_ paired
group of two on tbe surface nearer
the side; the third segment has a spine on the median line on the ante-
rior margin and a pair separated by the line on the posterior margin,
also smaller spines near the sides.
The carapace of the largest specimen, a female without eggs, is 9.5
mm. in length measured from the orbit, and 8 mm. in width; the
chelipeds are 28 mm. in length, the palm at the base of the dactyl 1s
3.2mm. in width, the fingers are 4.5 mm. long, and the palm 6.8 mm.
Three specimens were taken at A/batross station 3697 in 265-120
fathoms, off Honshu Island, Japan.
Type.—Cat. No. 26164, U.S.N.M.
MUNIDOPSIS MINA, new species.
Fig. 28.—MUNIDOPSIS HASTIFER, X 23.
The rostrum is about as long as broad, measured from its base to
the base of the lateral points. The distance between the lateral points
is about five-eights of the length of the base. The carapace is elon-
gated: the sides are slightly arcuate and armed with four short spines.
There are two short spines on the gastric area, as in J/. tredens
qv
LMAO
286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
A. M. Edwards. The merus of the maxillipeds is armed with four
spines. The first is very broad, but sharp pointed; the second is
slender: the third and fourth are short. The merus of the right che-
liped has a row of small spines on the upper margin and three or four
large spines on the inner surface. The carpus is armed on the distal
margin with five spines. The palm is slender, a little compressed
smooth on the sides, granular above and below.
eneseern>}
Se owen ae ae
4
|
|
Fic. 29.—MUNIDOPSIS MINA, X li.
Length of body from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson,
40 mm.; length of carapace from the front to the posterior margin,
16 mm.; width of carapace, 12.5 mm.
Locality.— Albatross station 2818, 392 fathoms, off Galapagos Islands.
Type.—Cat. No. 20557, U.S.N.M.
MUNIDOPSIS MODESTA, new species.
The rostrum is broad; the rostral point is very much fonger than
the lateral points at its base.
The antero-lateral and other marginal spines are small for this see-
tion of the genus. The carapace is inconspicuousty set with short hair;
:
‘No. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 287
the hair on the chelipeds and ambulatory legs is long, but not at all
‘dense. There are no spines on the carapace.
The inferior margin of the merus of the maxillipeds is armed with
two short, sharp-pointed teeth. The spines on the merus of the cheli-
peds vary in number, in most specimens there are four or five on the
inner surface. There is but a single true spine on the carpus, situated
at the inner angle. The hands are smooth; the palms are rather
broad. The ambulatory feet are almost unarmed; the terminal spines
of the meral and carpal joints are the most conspicuous.
Fig. 30.—MUNIDOPSIS MODE™.a, X 3.
~
E
Length of the carapace from the front behind the eyes, 8.5 mm.;
breadth of carapace, 7 mm.; length from the tip of the rostrum to
the end of the telson, 22 mm.; length of chelipeds, 22 mm.
Locality.— Albatross station 2818, 392 fathoms, off Galapagos Islands.
Type.—Cat. No. 20553, U.S.N.M.
A number of specimens, one small female with eggs.
MUNIDOPSIS OPALESCENS, new species.
The rostrum is sharp pointed, triangular in section, armed on the
sides with three or four spines irregularly placed. The carapace is
subquadrangular in shape; the antero-lateral angles are armed with a
288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. al
e
——
single spine, which stands out diagonally and curves forward. The
|
|
areolations are very protuberant; three spines arise from the gastrie
area, a transverse pair near the front and one on the median line
farther back. There is a large spine on the cardiac area, followed by
one or more smaller ones; three spines on the post-branchial area are
in line near the margin; behind the antero-lateral angles there are
three spines onthe margin. The posterior border is armed with six or
(Ca
Fic. 31.—MUNIDOPSIS OPALESCENS, 22.
more spines. In addition to the spines enumerated there area variable
number of spinules and spiny granules scattered over the surface.
The second segment of the abdomen is armed with two large spines;
anterior to these at the sides are one or more paired spinules. The
third segment is armed with four spines, a pair on each of the two
ridges; the anterior pair are the larger. The inferior margin of the
merus of the maxillipeds is armed with four spines, the third is
usually the shortest; the superior margin has three or four small
denticles.
7
male and a little arcuate in
yes. se
ess SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—B5 SENEDI Cr 289
= SS a
3 The chelipeds are icnder: the spines on the merus are distantly
“placed in three principal rows; there is a very large spine at the inner
angle of the carpus; many smaller ones are arranged in three rows.
The palm has a single row of spines on the superior margin; the
-fingersareshort. Color very light, with bréiliant opalescent reflections.
Length of a female from the margin behind the eyes to the end of
the telson, 20 mm.; length of chelipeds, 2 27 mm.
i Aibarross station 2781 in 348 fathoms and 2785 in 449
fathoms, off Patagonia.
Type.—Cat. No. 20558, U.S.N.M.
MUNIDOPSIS TENUIROSTRIS, new species.
The length of the rostrum from base to tip is equal to one-half the
width of the carapace at the antero-lateral angles; the distance
between the lateral points is
two-fifths of the length of
the base. The carapace is
hairy and devoid of spines;
the anterior half of the lat-
eral margin is straight in the
the female; the margin be-
tween the spine above the
antenne and the base of the
rostrum is transverse; the
antero-lateral and other
spines of the margin are
subequal.
The inferior margin of
the merus of the maxillipeds
is armed with two slender
spines and one very short
conical one. There are two
‘rows of spines on the merus
of the chelipeds, with two
large spines between them;
the hands are flattened and ;
a little elongated. ac nae
Length of the carapace Fig. 32.—MUNIDOPSIS TENUIROSTRIS, X 2.
from the margin behind the
eye to the middle of the posterior margin is 11 mm.; breadth of cara-
pace, 9mm.; length of cheliped, 32 mm.
Locality.— Albatross station 2415, 440 fathoms, off the coast of
Georgia.
Type.—Cat. No. 20560, U.S.N.M.
29() PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
MUNIDOPSIS TOWNSENDI, new species.
The carapace is a little longer than wide, measuring from the base
of the rostrum. In shape it is almost as quadrate as J/. quadratus
Faxon. The areolations are protuberant, and the entire surface is
thickly set with tubercular granules subequal in size. These granules
extend to the end of the rostrum. The rostrum is short and narrow,
extending but little beyond the eyes. A tooth on the margin behind
the antenne forms the outer angle of the orbital sinus.
The posterior margin is armed with granules of the same size and
character as the surface of the carapace.
The second and third segments of the abdomen are armed each with
a large tubercle; the tubercles and the surfaces of the segments are
covered with the same granulations as the
carapace; the other segments are smooth.
The upper surface of the merus of the
cheliped is armed with about fifteen short
and very stout spines; the lower surface is
semicylindrical and smooth; the carpus is
armed with nine to twelve short tubercles.
The palm is rather longer than the fin-
gers and a little narrower. On the outer
surface, in line with the gape of the
fingers of the right hand, are the three
largest spines on the cheliped; near the
crest and parallel with the line of large
spines is a row of very much smaller ones.
The fingers are compressed, thin, and
evenly toothed on the prehensile edges. On the left hand the three
spines behind the gape are replaced by six smaller ones, and one or
two of the parallel rows are hardly indicated.
The merus of the ambulatory feet is tubercular or spiny on the distal
half, the carpus is tubercular, and the propodus is smooth with the
exception of a line of three to four conical spines on the upper surface.
The dactyls are short and much curved. The merus of the maxilli-
peds is armed with two short, stout spines.
Length of carapace, from base of rostrum,
8 mm.
Named for Mr. C. H. Townsend, who served as naturalist on the
U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross.
The type is a female with eggs from A/batross station 2818.
Type.—Cat. No. 26167, U.S. N. M.
Fig. 33.—MUNIDOPSIS TOWNSENDI,
QitornOxees
Ss
( mm.; greatest width,
g
a: SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 291
ie.
MUNIDOPSIS VERRILLI, new species.
The rostrum is slender and triangular in cross section; the upper
margin runs back as a carina to a point behind the spines of the gas-
tric region; the rostrum is slightly bent upward. The front from the
base of the rostrum to a point under the anterolateral spine is nearly
straight and is at an angle of about 45 degrees to the median line. The
eyestalks are armed with two spines, of which the inner is much the
longer. The carapace is iridescent; the short and rather elevated
ruge are hairy. The abdomen is unarmed.
Fic. 34.—MUNIDOPSIS VERRILLI, X 12.
3
The merus and carpus of the ambulatory legs are spiny. The merus
of the chelipeds is triangular in cross section; it has four spines on the
upper ridge and two on the inner; there are five or six spines on the
carpus, and two prominent spines on the crest of the palm; the pre-
hensile edges of the fingers are evenly dentate.
This species is related to W/. brev/inana Henderson and to J. esliata
Wood-Mason and to M/. nitida Milne-Edwards.
Taken by the Albatross at stations 2919 and 2923, off southern
California.
Named for Prof. A. E. Verrill.
Type.—Cat. No. 20656, U.S.N.M.
292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL.
e
rl
The rostrum is long, sharp, and broadat the base; the sidesare straight.
The carapace is broadest near the posterior margin; the lateral mar-_
gins are armed with six or seven spinules, and converge to a narrow —
front. The species is
remarkable for the
large size of the hands.
The palm is com-
pressed; the immobile
finger is longer than
the dactyl, which
closes inside of its
hooked apex; there
are several large
spines on the merus
and carpus. ‘The pro-
podal joints of the am-
Fic. 39.—UROPTYCHUS MINUTUS, x 33. Fig. 40.—UROPTYCHUS PRINCEPS, X 1}.
bulatory legs have four or five long, slender spines on the lower margin.
This is the smallest species oon Length of carapace, 3 mm.;
chelipeds, 10 mm.
Locality.— Albatross station 2120, in 73 fathoms, off Trinidad.
Type.—Cat. No. 7833, U.S.N.M.
UROPTYCHUS PRINCEPS, new species.
The rostrum is long, sharp pointed, broad at the base and curved
downward; four or five small spines lie along its margins irregularly
placed. The carapace is broader than long, flattened, armed on the mar-
gin with fine, long, slender spines. A row of spines extends across the
‘arapace a little behind the front; the row is interrupted in the middle.
There are numerous spinules on the carapace near the margins. |
No.131. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 297
—— _
The upper distal angle of the merus of the maxilli ipeds is armed
with a single spine; the corresponding angle of the following joint
with two.
There are four lines of spines on the merus of the chelipeds; the
“spines near the distal margin are long; there are seven rows on the
“carpus; the palm is compressed and long; eleven spines on the crest
‘and fifteen on the lower margin; a few spinules are placed on the
outer surface near the carpus and crest; the inner surface is smooth.
The ambulatory legs have a single row of spines on the crest of the
meral and carpal joints; the meral joints have two additional rows
below.
The carapace is 12.5 mm. in length and 13.5 mm. broad. The ros-
trum is 5.5 mm. long; the iiclipeds 55 mm. in length.
Locality.— Albatross station 2752, in 281 fathoms, lat. 13° 34’ 00” N.,
long. 61° 04’ 00" W., Lesser Antilles.
Type.—Cat. No. 20564, U.S.N.M.
UE fPietaak
“RGN
UROPTYCHUS SCAMBUS, new species.
The rostrum is triangular, its apex reaches the base of the cornea.
The front is cut back into semicircular orbits, which are continuous
with the rostrum on the inside and
nearly so with the finger-like projection qm
at the antero-lateral angles which guard / 4 y)
the outer angles of the orbital sinus.
The carapace is broader than long, |
measuring 7 mm. in length to 8 mm. in
breadth, it is convex in all directions,
and has no marginal or other spines;
the surface is glabrous; the sides are,
prolonged at the antero-lateral angles
‘into finger-like processes, which do not suggest spines. In shape the
carapace is triangular, with rounded posterior apices and the anterior
apex cut off to make room for the eyes and other appendages.
The merus of the maxillipeds is unarmed.
The elongated chelipeds are unarmed, with the exception of some
slight projections at the distal margins of the merus and carpus and
two tubercles in the gape of the fingers.
The ambulatory feet are cylindrical; the dactyls are subprehensile,
and armed beneath with a row of little spines which are hidden hy a
dense growth of hair.
It will be seen by the figures that this species is very closely related
to Uroptychus brevis of the Antillian region; the subprehensile dac-
_tyls common to both, in conjunction with the proportions of the cara-
pace, might well enough warrant generic distinction, if the genus as
at present constituted was overcrowded, which can hardly be claimed
for ake
au
IG. 41.—UROPTYCHUS SCAMBUS, X 2}.
298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
The type and only specimen is a female with eggs, dredged by the
Albatross off Honshu Island, Japan, at station 3706, in 337 fathoms.
Type.“ ‘at. No. 26165, U.S.N.M.
UROPTYCHUS SCANDENS, new species.
The rostrum is about 1.2 mm. in length, narrow, pointed, concave —
above. The posterior line of the orbital sinus is but little behind the |
line of the antero-lateral angles. The eyes |
are cylindrical and about 1 mm. in length.
The carapace is4mm. in length, measured |
from the orbit to the posterior margin at the |
median line and 4.5 mm. in breadth. |
The lateral margins are spinulose; a few
spinules are placed along the side of the gas- |
tric region, replaced on the front of the re- |
Fic. 42.—URoprycHus scaNDENS, ojon by granules. The antero-lateral angles ;
os are armed with spines a little
larger than those of the margin.
The chelipeds are long, slender, and altogether lack-
ing in armature, with the exception of a tubercle on the
prehensile edge of the movable finger; the opposing
finger has a sulcus into which the tubercle nicely fits.
The dactyls of the ambulatory feet are short and
blunt; a fringe of short sharp spines render them pre-
hensile in no small degree. The carapace and legs are
set with long fine hair.
The type and only specimen is a female, with eggs,
dredged by the
Off the Travancore coast, in 430 fathoms. .
‘no. 1511. SOME epee DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 321
3 MUNIDOPSIS HENDERSONIANA Faxon.
2
= Munidopsis hendersoniana Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 190;
; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 100, pl. xxiv, figs. 2-2c.
: Orophorhynchus hendersoniana Epwarvs and Bovuyrer, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.. (7)
<
XVI, 1894, p. 287.
Adbatross station 3393, in 1020 fathoms, Gulf of Panama.
MUNIDOPSIS HYSTRIX Faxon.
Munidopsis hystrix Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 183; Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 89, pl. xrx, figs. 1, 1a.
Albatross station 3417, in 493 fathoms. Off Acapulco. Stations
3424 and 3425 in 676 and 680 fathoms. respectively, off Tres Marias
Islands.
MUNIDOPSIS INERMIS Faxon.
Munidopsis inermis Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 191; Mem.
Mus. Com. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 98, pl. xxi, figs. 2, 2a.
>
Albatross station 3354 in 322 fathoms. Gulf of Panama.
MUNIDOPSIS IRIDIS Alcock and Anderson.
Munidopsis iridis Aucock and ANpERson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), III, 1899,
p. 20; Illus. Investigator Zool., Crust., 1899, pl. xurv, fig
@, 1.—ALcock, Cat.
Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 255
Fifty-two specimens from off the Travancore coast, 430 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS LAVIGATA ( Henderson).
Galathopsis lievigatus HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885,
p. 417.
Elasmonotus lievigatus Challenger Report, X XVII, Anomura, p. 164, pl. xvi,
fig. 3.
Challenger station 219, depth 150 fathoms, North of Papua. One
specimen.
MUNIDOPSIS LATIFRONS (A. Milne-Edwards).
Galathodes latifrons A. MruNne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880,
p. 57.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvirr, Ann. Sei. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI,
1894, p. 279; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 94, pl. vin,
figs. 2, 3.
Blake station 288, in 399 fathoms, Barbados. One specimen.
MUNIDOPSIS LATIROSTRIS Faxon.
Elasmonotus latifrons Henperson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p.
416; Challenger Report, X XVII, 1888, Anomura, p. 160, pl. x1Xx, fig. 1.
Orophorhynchus latifrons A. MitNe-Epwarps and I. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci.
Nat. Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 287.
¢ Munidopsis latirostris Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VILI, 1895, p. 99.
Albatross station 3381,-in 1,772 fathoms, off Malpelo Island. One
f female. Station 3391, in 153 fathoms, Gulf of Panama. One female.
<
ie
3292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
MUNIDOPSIS LEVIS (Alcock and Anderson).
Bathyankyristes levis Avcock and ANpERsoN, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIII,
1894, Pt. 2, p. 175; Illus. Zool. of the Investigator, Crustacea, pl. Lv, fig. 3.
Munidopsis ( Bathyankyristes) levis Avcocx, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the
Indian Museum, 1901, p. 274.
Arabian Sea, in the neighborhood of the Laceadives, 636 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS LIVIDA (A. Milne-Edwards).
Elasmonotus lividus A. Mitne-Epwarps, in Ed. Perrier, Les Explor. sous-
marines, 1886, fig. 242.
Orophorynchus lividus A. Mrtne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 287, and fig. 12, p. 208; Expéd. Scient. du Tra-
vailleur et du Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 343, pl. rv, fig.
3) Pls XXX Hos i 22)
MUNIDOPSIS LONGIMANA (A. Milne-Edwards).
Elasmonotus longimanus A. MitNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880,
p. 60.—A. Mitnre-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool.,
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 282; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 106;
pl. rx, figs. 1-6.
Blake station 195, in 502 fathoms, Martinique; station 130, in 451
fathoms, Frederickstad; station 221, 423 fathoms, St. Lucia; station
188, in 372 fathoms, Dominica; station 222, in 422 fathoms, St. Lucia.
MUNIDOPSIS LONGIROSTRIS Edwards and Bouvier.
Munidopsis longirostris A. MitNe-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Bull. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 1897, p. 365; Résult. des Camp. Scient. de I’ Hirondelle et de la Prin-
cesse-Alice, Pt. 12, 1899, p. 82; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talis-
man, Crust. Deca., Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 314, pl. rv, fig. 4; pl.
Xxx, figs. 5 to 9.
MUNIDOPSIS MARGARITA Faxon.
Munidopsis margarita Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X XTV, 1893, p. 184; Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 91, pl. xx, fig: 2.
Albatross station 8404, in 385 fathoms. Male and female. Near the
Galapagos Islands.
MUNIDOPSIS MARGINATA (Henderson).
Elasmonotus marginatus Hexprerson, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885,
p. 416; Voyage of the Challenger, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 161, pl. xrx,
here ae
Orophorhynchus marginatus A. MrtNE-Epwarps and FE. L. Bouvrer, Ann. des Sci.
Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, pp. 286, 287.
Challenger station 168, off New Zealand; depth, 1,100 fathoms;
bottom, blue mud.
80.13. = SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 393
MUNIDOPSIS MARIONIS (A. Milne-Edwards).
Galathodes marionis A. M1tNe-Epwarps, Rapport sur la faune sous-marine, p.
17 (note).
Orophorhynchus marionis A. MILNE-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvrer, Ann. des. Sei.
Nat., Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 287; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du
Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 340, pl. xxxu, figs. 14-16.
European waters.
MUNIDOPSIS MEDIA Edwards and Bouvier.
Munidopsis media A. MitNn-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvirr, Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (7), X V1, 1894, pp. 275, 325; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talis-
man, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 325, pl. xxx, fig. 25.
European waters.
MUNIDOPSIS MIERSI (Henderson).
Elasmonotus miersi HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), X VI, 1885, p. 416;
Voyage of the Challenger, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 162, pl. xix, fig. 3.
Challenger station 173, off Matuku Island, Fiji; depth, 315 fathoms;
bottom, coral mud.
MUNIDOPSIS MILLERI Henderson.
Munidopsis miller’ HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., , XVI, 1885, p. 414;
Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 155, ay Xvil, fig. 3.
Challenger station 207, depth, 700 fathoms, off Tablas Island, Philip-
pines. A female with ova and two males.
MUNIDOPSIS MINA, new species, see p. 285.
MUNIDOPSIS MODESTA, new species, see p. 286.
MUNIDOPSIS MORESBYI Alcock and Anderson.
Munidopsis moresbyi ALcock and ANDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), II
1899, p. 22; Illus. of the Investigator, Tonle Crust., 1899, pl. xu, fig. 3.—
Axcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crustacea, 1901, p. 259.
Arabian Sea, off the Travancore coast, 430 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS NITIDA (A. Milne-Edwards).
Orophorhynchus nitidus A. MitNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880,
p. 59.
Orophorhynchus spinosus A, M1LNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880,
p. 98.
Munidopsis nitida A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2,
Pics vi. hes, 6,7.
Llake station 163, in 769 fathoms, Guadeloupe. Station 180, in 982
fathoms, Dominic:
ie
Oe
) (aD
394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
MUNIDOPSIS OPALESCENS, new species, see p. 287.
MUNIDOPSIS ORNATA Faxon.
Munidopsis ornata Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 186; Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 87, pl. xx, figs. 1, la.
Albatross station 3404, in 885 fathoms, Galapagos Islands.
MUNIDOPSIS PALLIDA Alcock.
Munidopsis subsquamosa var. pallida Aucocx, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII,
1894, p. 331; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, 1895, pl. xin, fig. 7.
Munidopsis ( Orophorhynchus) subsquamosa var. pallida Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-
Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 268.
Bay of Bengal in 1,803 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS PARFAITI (A. Milne-Edwards).
Elasmonotus parfaiti A. MitNE-Epwarpbs, in Filhol, La Vie au Fond des Mers,
1885, pl. vi.
Orophorhynchus parfaiti A. MtLNE-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci.
Nat., Zool., (7), XVI., 1894, p. 287; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du
Talisman, Brachyures et Anomoures, 1900, p. 236, pl. mn, fig. 1; pl. xxx,
fig. 11-13.
European waters.
MUNIDOPSIS PILOSA Henderson.
Munidopsis pilosa HENDERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 415;
Challenger Report, X XVII, Anomura, 1888, p. 157, pl. xvu, fig. 4.
Challenger station 196; depth 825 fathoms, near Philippine Islands.
One male.
MUNIDOPSIS PLATIROSTRIS (A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier. )
Orophorhynchus platirostris A. MILNE-Epwarpbs and Bouvigr, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 287; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 114;
pl. rx, figs. 12-15; pl. x, fig: 3.
U. S. Coast Survey steamer //assler, December 27-30, 1871, LOO
fathoms, Barbados.
MUNIDOPSIS POLITA (S. I. Smith).
Anoplonotus politus 8. 1. Smirn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 50, pl. m, fig.
1; pl. 1, figs. 1-5a. :
Kast North Atlantic.
Dr. Faxon says:” ‘As the genus Anoplonotus of Smith does not seem
to be sufficiently distinct from /Vlasmonotus, it is here merged, with the
latter, in M/unédopsis.”
“Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, 1895, p. 81.
F
te
70.131. = =SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 325
MUNIDOPSIS POSEIDONIA Alcock and Anderson.
Munidopsis poseidonia Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIII,
Pt. 2, 1894, p. 167; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., pl. x1, fig. 2.
Munidopsis (Galathodes) posidonia Atcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in the
Indian Museum, 1901, p. 263.
Bay of Bengal, off Madras coast, 210 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS QUADRATA Faxon.
Munidopsis quadrata Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 188; Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 1895, p. 97, pl. xxi, figs. 1, le.
Elasmonotus quadratus A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bovvrer, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool..
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 282.
Albatross station 3424, in 676 fathoms, and station 3425 in 680
fathoms, Tres Marias Islands.
MUNIDOPSIS REGIA Alcock and Anderson.
Munidopsis regia Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LX III, Pt. 2,
1894, p. 168; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 1; Cat. Indian
Deep-Sea Crust. in the Indian Museum, 1901, p. 261.
Arabian Sea, off Colombo, 142-400 fathoms, Andaman Sea. 405
fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS REYNOLDSI (A. Milne-Edwards).
Galathodes reynoldsi A. MitNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880,
_ p. 56.
Munidopsis reynoldsi A. MitNr-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (7),
XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XTX, 1897, No. 2, p. 80, pl. v1,
figs. 1-5.
Blake station 138 in 2,376 fathoms, Ham’s Bluff.
MUNIDOPSIS ROBUSTA (A. Milne-Edwards).
Galathodes robustus A. M1LNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VITI, 1880, p. 54.
Munidopsis robusta A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., (7), XVI
b
)
1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 69, pl. v1, figs.
15-20; pl. vu, fig. 1.
Blake station 258 in 159 fathoms, Grenada.
MUNIDOPSIS SCABRA Faxon.
Munidopsis scabra Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV, 1893, p. 186; Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 93, pl. xx1, figs. 1, la.
Albatross station 3424 in 676 fathoms, and station 3425 in 680
fathoms, Tres Marias Islands.
MUNIDOPSIS SCOBINA Alcock.
Munidopsis scobina Aucock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, p. 880; Illus.
Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. xu, fig. 1; Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust.
Indian Museum, 1901, p. 254.
Northern end of the Bay of Bengal, 193, 240, 272, 405-285, and 409
~ fathoms.
¥
gy
.
326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
MUNIDOPSIS SERICEA Faxon.
Munidopsis sericea FAXon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X XIV, 1893, p. 184; Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 90, pl. xix, figs. 3, 3a.
OO>(
Albatross station 3394 in 511 fathoms, Gulf of Panama.
MUNIDOPSIS SERRATIFRONS (A. Milne-Edwards).
Galathodes serratifrons A. MrtNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, No. 1,
1880, p. 55.
Munidopsis serratifrons Hexprerson, Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura,
p. 149, pl. xvi, fig. 3.— A. Mitnr-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, p. 78, pL wi nes 24:
Blake station 185 in 333 fathoms, Dominica; Challenger station
56. off Bermuda, in 1,075 fathoms; A/datross station 2154, in 310
fathoms, off Habana, Cuba.
MUNIDOPSIS SHARRERI (A. Milne-Edwards).
Orophorhynchus sharreri A. MttNe-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIIT, 1880,
p. 59.
Munidopsis sharreri A. Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2;
p. 71; pl. vai, fig. 2-0:
Santa Cruz. in 248 fathoms, steamer Blake.
MUNIDOPSIS SIGSBEI (A. Milne-Edwards).
Galathodes sigsbei A. Mitne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 56.
Munidopsis sigsbei HENDERSON, Challenger Report, X X VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 150,
pl. xvi, fig. 2.—A, Mr~ne-Epwarpsand Bouvirr, Ann. desSci. Nat., (7),
XVI, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 83, pl. v;
fig. 8-26.
Blake station 200 in 472 fathoms, Martinique.
MUNIDOPSIS SIMILIS S. I. Smith.
Munidopsis similis S. I. Smrrg, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 496.—A.
Mitne-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool., (7), XVI,
1894, p. 275.
Off the east coast of the United States: A/batross station 2192, lati-
tude 39°, in 1,060 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS SIMPLEX (A. Milne-Edwards).
Galatnodes simplex A. Mitnre-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p. 56.
Munidopsis simpler A, Mitne-Epwarps and Ek. L. Bouvrer, Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (7), X V1, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897,- No. 2:
p. 89, pl. v, figs. 2-7.
XN ae . - a ’ re VO a
Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, 333 to 982 fathoms.
xo.1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 397
§ MUNIDOPSIS SPINIFER A. Milne-Edwards.
Munidopsis spinifer A. MItne-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880,
p. 54.—A. Mitne-Epwarps and Bouvter, Ann. des Sci. Nat. Zool., (7), X VI,
1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 64, pl. vir, figs.,
6-8.
Blake, station 146, in 245 fathoms; St. Kitts. Station 100 in 250
to 400 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS SPINOCULATA (A. Milne-Edwards).
Orophorhynchus spinoculatus A. MILNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII,
1880, p. 59.
Munidopsis spinoculata A. MILNE- Se cate and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci.
Nat., Zool., (7), X Vi, 1894, p. 275; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897,
No. 2, p: 75, pl. vi, figs. 8=11.
Dominica, in 824 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS SQUAMOSA (A. Milne-Edwards).
Orophorhynchus squamosus A. MitNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII,
1880, p. 58.
Elasmonotus squamosus A, Mitne-EKpwarps and E. L. Bouvirr, Ann. des Sci.
Nat., Zool., (7), X VI, 1894, p. 282; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool, XIX, 1897, No. 2,
p. 99, pl. vi, figs. 4-6.
St. Lucia. in 116 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS STYLIROSTRIS Wood-Mason.
Munidopsis stylirostris \WWoop-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 1891, p. 201.—
Aucocx, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XIII, 1894, p. 328: Illus. Investigator,
Zool., Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 6.
Arabian Sea, in 738, 824, 836, and 947 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS SUBSQUAMOSA Henderson.
Munidopsis subsquamosa HenpERSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885,
p. 414; Challenger Report, XX VII, Anomura, 1888, p. 152, ve xvu, fig. 4.—
Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. in Indian Museum, 1901, p. 256;
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X VIII, 1895, p. 85.
Challenger, station 237, in 1875 fathoms, off Yokohama.
MUNIDOPSIS TALISMANI Edwards and Bouvier.
Munidopsis talismani A. MitNe-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (7), XVI, 1894, p. 275; Expéd. Scient. du Travailleur et du Talisman,
Brachyures and Anomoures, 1894, p. 316, pl. xxx, figs. 11-14.
Kuropean waters.
MUNIDOPSIS TANNERI Faxon.
Munidopsis tanneri Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXTV, 1893, p. 187; Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, 1895, p. 94, pl. xxur, figs. 1, la.
Albatross station 3396, in 259 fathoms, gulf of Panama; station 3397,
in 85 fathoms, Gulf of Panama.
f+
open
328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
MUNIDOPSIS TAURULUS Ortmann.
Munidopsis taurulus OrrMANN, Zool. Jahrb., System, 1892, p. 256, pl-m, figs aes
MUNIDOPSIS TENAX Alcock.
Bathyankyristes spinosus Aucock, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIIT, 1894, Pt. 2,
p. 174, pl. 1x, fig. 2; lus. Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, pl. Lv, fig. 2.
Munidopsis (Bathyankyristes) tenax AvcocK, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian
Museum, 1901, p. 273.
Andaman Sea, off Ross Island, 265 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS TENUIROSTRIS, new species, see p. 289.
MUNIDOPSIS TOWNSENDI, new species, see p. 290.
MUNIDOPSIS TRACHYPUS Alcock and Anderson.
Munidopsis trachypus Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXIIT, .
1894, Pt. 2, p. 169; Illus. Zool. Investigator, Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 2.—
Ancock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian Museum, 1901, p. 262.
Arabian Sea. north of the Laceadives, 636 fathoms.
MUNIDOPSIS TRIZENA Alcock and Anderson.
Munidopsis triena Aucock and ANDERSON, Jour, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, LXITI, 1894,
Pt. 2, p. 168; Illus. Investigator Zool. Crust., 1895, pl. x1, fig. 5.
Munidopsis (Galathodes) triena Aucock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust. Indian
Museum, 1901, p. 261.
Bay of Bengal, off the Andaman coast, in 240-290 and 375 fathoms,
MUNIDOPSIS TRIDENS (A. Milne-Edwards).
Galathodes tridens A. MttNE-Epwarps, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 1880, p.
57.—A. Mrtne-Epwarpsand Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat., (7), X V1, 1894, p.
279: Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1897, No. 2, p. 96, pl. vu, figs. 13-15;
pl. vi, fig. 1.
Blake station 148, in 208 fathoms, St. Kitts.
MUNIDOPSIS TRIDENTATA (Esmark).
Galathea tridentata Esmarx, Forhdl. Skandin. Naturt., 7 Méde, (1856), 1857, p. 157.
Galathodes rosaceus A. MrtNE-Epwarps, Rec. de Fig. de Crust., 1885, pl. x11,
fig. 1.
Galathodes tridentatus A. Mitng-Epwarpbs and E. L. Bouvier, Crust. Hirondelle
et Princesse-Alice, Monaco, 1899, p. 83.
> Munidopsis rosacea Aucock and ANnpERSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1899, (7),
Depo:
Miunidopsis ( Galathodes) ? tridentata Avcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust., Indian
Museum, 1901, p. 264.
Two hundred and thirty-seven specimens were taken in the Arabian
Sea, off the Travancore coast, in 480 fathoms.”
0. 1311. SOME NEW DEEP SEA CRUSTACEANS—BENEDICT. 329
MUNIDOPSIS TRIFIDA Henderson.
&
s
E
Munidopsis tritida Henperson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), XVI, 1885, p. 415;
Challenger Report, XX VII, 1888, Anomura, p. 156, pl. xv1, fig. 2
Galathodes trifidus A. MItNE-Kpwarps and Bouvier, Ann. des Sci. ae Zool,
(7), XVI, 1894, p. 279.
Challenger station 310, in 400 fathoms, Sarmiento Channel, Pata-
-gonia.
Mr. Henderson describes his specimens as having ‘*a few short hairs
scattered over the surface.” This is true of the specimens in this
museum, one from l |e
Wenerupiss. 3.2 6145-22 sch see eee eee 1h
Gemma, Pos5 oe 52 fabs shee ee ee Se ee 3 ti)! leg See i
Parastarte. 2. 22.5202 5-25 205 2 ie eee [eae eee so2 |
Psephidia.:. 32. 22.002. 2 1. 2a oS | 2)2 2. eos
‘Totals‘inmeach fauna 2<- 2. 52) Sea eee | 14] 41] 66 | comm
Speciesmative to) both\ oceanga = see | Bee alee 2 |. 2.
14) 4.)°64 \3s5e
Total North! American’ Wemnericdceccg. ee ee ee eee | | loi
WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT.
1692. Lister, Historize conchyliorum, I-IV et appendix, 1685-1692.
1758. Linnzeus, Systema Nature, tenth edition.
1761. Linnzeus, Fauna Suecica.
1767. Linnzeus, Systema Nature, twelfth edition.
1771. Murray, Fundamenta testaceologica.
1776. Da Costa, Elements of Conchology. (Not consistently binomial. )
1777. Scopoli, Introductio ad Historia Naturalis.
.
_ No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 339
777.
21778.
1778.
1780.
1782.
1782.
1784.
1786.
ine
1788.
1791.
1792.
1797.
1797.
1797.
1798.
1798.
1798.
1799.
1801.
1802.
1803.
1805.
1806.
1806.
1807.
1808.
1811.
1815.
1817.
1817.
1817.
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1820.
1822.
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1825.
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Born, Index rerum naturalium musei Cxesarei Vindobonensis Testacea.
Born, Testacea musei Czesarei Vindobonensis.
-Molina, Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili.
Chemnitz, Conchylien Cabinet, VI. (Not binomial. )
Chemnitz, Conchylien Cabinet, VII. (Not binomial.)
Solander, [in] The Catalogue of the Portland Museum.
Meuschen, Museum Geversianum. (Not Linnean in nomenclature. )
Chemnitz, Conchylien Cabinet, X. (Not binomial. )
Poli, Testacea Utriusque Sicilize, I. (Not binomial.)
Gmelin, Systema Naturee, VI.
Humphrey. (See Anonymous. )
Bruguicre, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Vers: Atlas, 1797-8.
[Anonymous] Museum Calonnianum [stated to be edited by Da Costa from a
MS. of Hvass and published by George Humphrey, auctioneer].
Poli, Testacea Utriusque Siciliz III. (Not binomial. )
Bolten, Museum Boltenianum, first edition.
Spengler, Skrifter Naturhistoriske Selskapet, LV.
Lamarck, Prodrome dun Nouveau Classification gles Coquilles.
Lamarck, Syst¢me des Animaux sans Vertébres.
Bosc, Histoire Naturelle des Coquilles, III.
Montagu, Testacea Britannica.
Roissy, Sonnini’s Buffon, Mollusques, VI.
Lamarck, Annales du Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle, VII, VIII.
Duméril, Zoologie Analytique, and German translation by Froriep in the same
year. (Not binomial. )
Link, Beschreibung der Rostock sammlung, II.
Montagu, Testacea Britannica, supplement.
Megerle yon Miuhlieldt, Magasin der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde
zu Berlin.
Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte.
Dillwyn, Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, T.
Cuvier, Régne Animale, IT.
Schumacher, Essai d’un nouveau systéme des habitations des vers testacés.
Blainville, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, X.
Lamarck, Histoire des Animaux sans Vertébres, V.
Defrance, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, XII.
Bolten, Museum Boltenianum, second edition.
Schweigger, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte.
Turton, Dithyra Britannica; or, Bivalve Shells of the British Islands.
Say, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, I.
Defrance, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, X XY.
Mawe, The Linnean System of Conchology.
Kruger, Geschichte der Urwelt, IT.
Say, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, ITI.
Gray, Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, XXV.
Blainville, Manuel de Malacologie, I-II.
Wood (and Gray), Index testaceologicus; Supplement in 1828.
Basterot, Mémoire géologique sur les environs de Bordeaux.
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Risso, Histoire naturelle de ? Europe méridionale, IY.
Valenciennes (cited by Bory St. Vincent), in explanations of the plates of the
Encyclopédie Méthodique.
340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI._
1827. Brown, Tileecacions of the oe ent Conchology of Great Br ue
1828. Baste we Bulletin, Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, IT.
1828. Menke, Verzeichniss Conchyliensammlung, erste Ausgabe.
1829. Rang, Manuel de l’histoire naturelle des mollusques.
1829. Defrance, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, LVIII.
1829. Sowerby, Zoological Journal, V. fe)
1829. Broderip, Zoological Journal, V. : -
830. Menke, Synopsis Molluscorum in Museo Menkeano, second edition. $
1830. Deshayes, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Vers, Part I. g
1831. Conrad, Journal Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, VI.
1831. Sowerby, Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, XX XIII.
1831. Say, American Conchology, Part ITI.
1832. Deshayes, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Parts II and ITT.
1832. Lesson, Centurie Zoologique.
1832. Conrad, Fossils of the Tertiary Formation, I.
1833. Valenciennes, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Récueil d’observations en Amé-
rique, II.
1833. Conrad, American Journal of Science, X XIII, No. 2.
1833. Brown, Zoologist’s Text-book.
1833. Lea, Contributions to Geology.
1833. Gray, in Griffith and Pidgeon, The Animal Kingdom, XII, Mollusea and
Radiata.
1834. Conrad, Journal Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, first series, VII.
1834. Sowerby, Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, XLI.
1834. Morton, Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the
United States.
1834. Totten, American Journal of Science, first series, X X VI.
1834. Ravenel, Catalogue of the Ravenel Collection of Shells.
1835. Swainson, Elements of Modern Conchology.
1835. Sowerby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
1835. Broderip, Proceedings of the Zoological Bee
1856. Philippi, Enumeratio Molluscorum Sicilize,
1836. Rogers, Transactions of the American ure ee al Society, second series, V.
1837. Conrad, Journal Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, VII.
1837. Anton, Archiv ftir Naturgeschichte, I.
1858. Bronn, Lethzea geognostica.
1838. Wagner, Journal Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, VITI.
1838. Gray, The Analyst, VIII, No. XXIV, pages 302 to 309.
1838. Conrad, Fossils of the Medial Tertiary of the United States, No. 1
1839. Sowerby (and Gray), Zoology of Beechey’s Voyage to Bering Strait.
1839. Sowerby, Conchological Manual, first edition.
1839. D’Orbigny, Mollusques (ete.) récueillés aux iles Canaries par Barker-\/ebb
et Berthelot.
1839. Anton, Verzeichniss der Conchyliensamimlung.
1839. Brown, Conchologist’s Text-book, fourth edition.
1859. Deshayes, Revue Zoologique, Société Cuvierienne.
1840. Swainson, Malacology.
1841. Goldfuss, Petrefacta Germaniz, II.
1841. Delessert, Récueil des Coquilles non figurées.
1841. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, first edition.
1841. Conrad, American Journal of Science, X LI, October.
1842. Gould, Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, I.
1842. Sowerby, Conchological Manual, second edition.
1842. H. C. Lea, American Journal of Science, first series, XLII. -
#1842.
"1842.
— 1843.
1843.
1843.
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1843.
1843.
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1844.
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1845.
1845.
1845. ©
1845.
1845.
1845.
1845.
1846.
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1849.
1849.
1850.
' No. 1312.
SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 341
D’Orbigny, Voyage dans Il’ Amérique Méridionale, Paiéontologie.
Gray, Synopsis of the Collection of the British Museum.
Deshayes, Magasin de Zoologie, Guérin-Méneville.
Conrad, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I.
Philippi, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neue oder wenig gekiinnte con-
chylien, I, Part 2, Venus.
De Kay, Natural History of New York, Zoology, Part I, Mollusca.
Hanley, Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells (1843-1856).
Mighels, Boston Journal of Natural History, IV (1843-44).
Philippi, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neue oder wenig gekiinnte con-
chylien, I, Artemis.
Potiez et Michaud, Galerie de Douai, II.
Philippi, Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliz, TI. (See also Philippi, 1847. )
Hanley, Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
Hinds, Zoology of the Voyage of the Sulphur, Mollusca.
Jonas, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, I.
Jonas, Zeitschrift fir Malakozoologie, II.
Philippi, Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie II.
Linsley, American Journal of Science, first series, X LVIII.
Conrad, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, IIT.
H. C. Lea, Transactions American Philosophical Society, second series, LX.
Hanley, Proceedings of the Zoological Society. (See also Hanley, 1843. )
Troschel, Archiy fiir Naturgeschichte, XI, Part 2.
C. B. Adams, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, IT.
D’ Orbigny, Mollusca Cubana, II, in Sagra, Histoire de l’ile de Cuba (1845-1853).
Valenciennes, Voyage autour du monde sur la Vénus, 1836-1839. (Plates only.)
Philippi, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, III. (See also Philippi, 1847.)
Nyst, Coquilles Fossiles de Belgique.
Herrmannsen, Index Generum Malacozoorum, I.
D’Orbigny, Voyage dans l Amérique Méridionale, Mollusques (1846-47).
Conrad, American Journal of Science, second series, IT.
Pfeiffer (in) Philippi, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neue oder wenig
gekiinnte conchylien, II, Part 18.
Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
Gray, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, XX.
Chenu, Illustrations conchyliologiques.
D’Orbigny. (See D’Orbigny, 1845 and 1846. )
Adams, Catalogue of the Collection of C. B. Adams.
Philippi, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, LY.
Menke, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, IV.
Philippi, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neue oder wenig gekiinnte conchy-
lien. Cytherea et Venus (1843-1847).
Dunker, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, V.
Gistel, Naturgeschichte Thierreichs, first edition.
Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca, I.
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pendix.
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chylien, III, Part 7, Venus et Cytherea.
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1850.
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1851.
1851.
1851.
1851.
1851.
1851.
1851.
1851.
1852.
1852.
1852.
1852.
1852.
1852.
1852.
1852.
1852.
1853.
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1853.
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1853.
1854.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI |
‘_
Reeve, Conchologia Iconieca, VII, Monograph of Artemis.
Philippi, Zeitschrift fir Malakozoologie, VIT.
Gould, United States Exploring Expedition, Report on the Mollusca.
Gould, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, III.
Recluz, Journal de Conchyliologie, I.
D’Orbigny, Prodrome de Paléontologie, II.
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Philippi, Zeitschrift ftir Malakozoologie, VIII.
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Reeluz, Journal de Conchyliologie, III.
Jay, Catalogue of Shells, fourth edition, supplement.
Gould, Boston Journal of Natural History, VI, Art. XXIV.
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C. B. Adams, Contributions to Conchology.
C. B. Adams, Catalogue of shells collected at Panama.
Leach, Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, edited by Gray.
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Searles Wood, Crag Mollusca, II, Bivalvia.
Philippi, Handbuch der Conchyliologie und der Malakozoologie.
Woodward, Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells (1851-1856).
Conrad, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, first series,
VI.
Deshayes, Catalogue of the Conchifera in the British Museum, Part I, Vene-
ridee. 3
Gould, Boston Journal of Natural History, VI, Article XXIV.
Morch, Catalogus Conchyliorum de Yoldi, IT.
Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum II, Monograph of Venus.
Huppé, (in) Gay, Historia de Chile, VIII, Moluscos.
Huppé, Revue et Magazin de Zoologie.
Conrad, Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, VII.
Conrad. See Gould, 1855.
Carpenter, Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
Toumey and Holmes, Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina (1855-1858).
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Carpenter, Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
Petit, Journal de Conchyliologie, V.
Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina.
Jarpenter, Report on the Mollusca of the West Coast of America, in Report
of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1856.
Carpenter, Catalogue of the Mazatlan shells in the British Museum.
Romer, Kritische Untersuchung der Arten des Molluskengeschlechts Venus,
bei Linné und Gmelin, Inaugural Dissertation.
Morch, (in) Rink’s Greenland, appendix on Mollusca.
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_ No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAW—DALL. 343
1858.
1860.
1860.
1860.
1860.
1860.
1861.
1861.
1861.
1861.
1862.
1862.
1862.
1862.
1862.
1863.
1863.
1863.
1863.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1865.
1865.
1865.
1865.
1865.
1865.
1866.
1866.
1866.
1866.
1868.
1868.
1869.
1869.
1870.
1870.
1870.
1870.
1870.
1879.
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_ 1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
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Rémer; Malakozoologische Blitter fiir 1860, VII, July.
Deshayes, Journal de Conchyliologie, VIII.
Stimpson, Checklist of shells from Maine to Georgia.
Gould, Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, VIII.
Gabb, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
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Fischer, Journal de Conchyliologie, IX.
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Baird, Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
Jeffreys, British Conchology, II.
Conrad, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1862.
Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, XIV, Monograph of Cytherea.
Carpenter, Supplementary Report to the British Association for 1863.
Conrad, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1863.
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Romer, Malakozoologische Blatter, XT.
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Adams, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, third series, XIII.
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Dunker, Novitates Conchologicee, Mollusca Marina.
Carpenter, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, XV.
Carpenter, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1865.
Carpenter, Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
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Guppy, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, XXII.
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Pfeiffer, Malakozoologische Bliitter, XIV.
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344
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1889.
1890.
1890.
1890.
1891.
1891.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1893.
1893.
1894.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Verrill, Report on the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound.
Monterosato, Journal de Conchyliologie, X XII.
Tryon, American Marine Conchology (1873-1875).
Conrad, (in) Kerr, Geological Report of North Carolina, Appendix I.
Verrill, American Journal of Science, 3d series, X.
Jeffreys, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, XIX.
Meek, Paleontology of the Upper Missouri.
Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie, X XIV.
Guppy, Sketch of the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of the Gulf of Paria.
Arango, Contribucién a la fauna Malac. Cubana, 1878-1880, and Dunker, cited
in the same.
G. O. Sars, Mollusea Regionis Arcticee Norvegiz.
Poulsen (Mirch), Catalogue of the West India Shells in the collection of Dr.
C. M. Poulsen.
Stoliezka, Cretaceous Pelecypoda of India.
Verrill and Smith, Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences, V.
Verrill, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, ITI.
E. A. Smith, Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
Jeffreys, Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
Dall, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, IX, No. 2 (July, November).
Cossman, Journal de Conchyliologie, XXX.
Dunker, Index Molluscorum Maris Japonici.
Dall, Science, Ue September 28, 1883, page 447.
Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, VI.
Monterosato, Nomenclatura Conchiglie Mediterranee.
Tryon, Structural and Systematic Conchology, III.
Whitfield, Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays of New
Jersey. -
E. A. Smith, Challenger Expedition, Report on the Lamellibranchiata.
Verrill, Transactions Connecticut Academy of Sciences, VI.
Dall, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, XII, No. 6.
Cossman, Catalogue Illustré des Coquilles Fossiles de l Eocene des Environs
de Paris, I.
Cossman, Catalogue Illustré des Coquilles Fossiles de Eocene des Environs
de Paris, II.
Fischer, Manuel de Conchyliologie.
Barrois, (in) Zittel, Traité de Paléontologie, II.
Sowerby, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Jousseaume, Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France, I.
Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, XII, No. 773.
Dall, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, X VIII.
Dall, Bulletin United States National Museum, No. 37.
Heilprin, The Bermuda Islands.
Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, XII.
Stearns, Proceedings United States National Museum, VIII, No. 815.
Yates, Santa Barbara Society of Natural History, Bulletin No. 2.
Pilsbry, List of Mollusca collected by Frederick Stearns in Japan.
Dall, The Nautilus, V, July, 1891.
Stearns, The Nautilus, V, July, 1891.
Dall, The Nautilus, V, April, 1892.
Bush, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, X XIII, No. 6.
Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus, Mollusques de Roussillon, I.
Stearns, Proceedings United States National Museum, XVI, No. XXV.
Dall, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, XXV, No. 9.
«
~ yo. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. B45
1895. Dall, The Nautilus, IX, May, 1895.
1895. Whitfield, Miocene Mollusca of New Jersey.
1896. Locard, Annales de |’ Université de Lyon, Campagne du Caudan.
1896. Dall, The Nautilus, X, No. 5, September.
1896. Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, X VIII, XIX.
1897. Wagner, Transactions Wagner Institute of Science, V.
1898. Verrill and Bush, Proceedings United States National Museum, XX, No. 1139.
1898. Locard, Expéditions scientifiques du Trayailleur et du Talisman, IT.
1898. Bucquoy, Dautzenberg et Dollfus, Mollusques Marins du Roussillon, I.
1898. Posselt, Conspectus Fauna Gronlandize.
1899. Dall, Transactions Wagner Free Institute of Science. III, Part 5.
1900. Chiamente, Revista Italiana Sci. Nat., XX.
1900. E. A. Smith, Proceedings Malacological Society of London, IV.
1900. Sacco, I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, X X VIII.
1901. Dall and Simpson, Report on the Mollusks of Porto Rico.
1901. Jousseaume, Le Naturaliste, Septembre, 1901.
1901. Whitfieid and Hovey, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XI.
1902. Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, XXIV.
1902. Dall, Proceedings United States National Museum, XXYV.
Family VENERID.
The subdivisions adopted are characterized as follows:
Subfamily DOSINIIN 45.
Hinge with three left and three or four right cardinals, usually with
an anterior left lateral fitting into a pit in the opposite valve and some-
times a developed posterior right lateral. Siphons long and united to
their tips; foot large, arcuate, without a byssus or byssal groove; shell
usually orbicular and generally more or less compressed, with a dis-
tinct pallial sinus.
A. Anterior and sometimes posterior laterals present, the lunule
impressed, but not distinctly limited.
Genus DOSINIOPSIS Conrad, 1864.
=
Type, ). Meckit Conrad. Eocene.
Shell orbicular, heavy, concentrically striated, with a thick, polished
periostracum; lunule impressed, but not circumscribed distinctly, and
there is no defined escutcheon; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus
short, free, acutely angular, and ascending; hinge strong, with corru-
gated nymphs and a strong rugose left anterior lateral fitting into a
rugose pit in the opposite valve; right valve with a stout distinct pos-
terior right lateral, which fits into an excavated socket in the left
valve.
This is the only genus of the family with a distinctly developed
posterior lateral tooth, and if it were not for the number of cardinals
and the presence of a pallial sinus it might be referred to Cyprind.
8346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. anil
»
Gapeomee Hora Conrad, 1870. Type, &. cretacea Goad: Cre-9
taceous.
This is still imperfectly known, but differs from Dos/nopsis chiefly
by being smaller, more delicate, and of a more elongated form.
Subgenus Pelecyora Dall, 1902. Type, ¢ ‘ytherea hatchetigheénsis
Aldrich, 1886. Eocene.
Shell orbicular, with rugose nymphs, simple anterior lateral and
socket; no posterior lateral; the pallial sinus narrow, angular, ascend-
ing; the cardinals entire except the right posterior one, which is bifid;
otherwise as in Dosindopsis, though the only known species is very
much smaller than the known species of Dosiniopsis.
This group differs from Dos/n/ops/s by its smooth lateral and socket,
and by the absence of the posterior lateral and socket, and by its rela-
tively deeper pallial sinus. From 4a the same characters, as well
as the nonbifid left cardinals and orbicular form, suftice to distinguish
it. The rugosity of the nymphs is more like the semiradial ruge in
Tivela than the fine granulations of the type of Dosinzopsis.
B. Anterior lateral tooth and a defined lunule present.
Genus DOSINIA Scopoli, 1777.
Type D. africana Hanley (Le Dosin, Adanson, 1757).
This is Cytherea (sp.) Bolten, 1798; Orbsceulus a and £, Megerle,
1811; Arthemis (Poli) Oken, 1815; Asa-(Leach) Basterot, 1825; Aretoé
Risso, 1826; Hivoleta Brown, 1827; Artemis Conrad, 1832; Arctoa
Herrmannsen, 1846; Cerana Gistel, 1848; Assa (Leach) Gray, 1851;
Amphithea Leach, 1852; but not Dosina Gray, 1838.
Section Dosinia s. s.
Lunule impressed, small; escutcheon narrow, elongate, flattish, bor-
dered on each side by a ridge or keel, at which the concentric sculpture
tends to become lamellose; middle cardinals often grooved or bifid, the
other teeth smooth; pallial sinus angular, ascending, usually narrow
and extended forward at least halfway from the posterior to the
anterior adductor; valves moderately convex.
The form of the escutcheon differs in this group from an obscure
flattening, often unequal in the two valves, to a distinctly keeled area
with sculpture differing from that outside the boundary, but in the
series of species almost every gradation between these forms may be
observed.
Section Orbiculus Megerle, 1811. Type, Venus exoleta Linneus.
In this section there is no escutcheon, the pallial sinus is very long
and narrow, and the anterior lateral is strong.
Orbiculus a Megerle, founded on Venus prostrata Linneeus, is au
typical Dos/n/a. Most of the generic synonyms cited under the genus —
were based on the common European species which is the type of this
(0. 1312. SYNOPSIS oe THE VENERIDA—DALL. 347
section. The young do ae vetain any corrugations on the posterior
cardinals.
Section Austrodosinia Dail, 1902. Type, Cytherea anus Philippi.
New Zealand.
f Lunule deeply impressed, escutcheon impressed and bordered by
prominent keels; pallial sinus short and angular; anterior lateral and
the pit into ee ot is received, and usually some of the anterior car-
-dinal teeth sharply corrugated; the middle cardinals bifid.
_ This group is represented in New Zealand and Japan.
_ Section Dosinesca Dall, 1902. Type, Artemis alata Reeve.
Areas of the lunule and escutcheon pouting mesially, defined by a
deep sulcus, forming a posterior wing which recalls Phacotdes; sculp-
ture of fine, rather distant, saarp lamelle, sometimes with radial stria-
tion; pallial sinus deep and angular.
_ This group is distributed in Australia and Japan.
— Section Dosinorbis Dall, 1902. Type, Artemis bilunulata Gray.
_ Japan.
_ Lunule and escutcheon deeply impressed, the former surrounded by
a larger area bordered as is the escutcheon by a lamellated keel; valves
compressed, beaks produced, sculpture on the middle of the disk
obsolete, becoming lamellz laterally; pallial sinus short, angular;
right posterior margin grooved beyond the hinge plate, to receive the
beveled edge of the opposite valve.
_ This large and remarkable species appears to be unique in the genus.
In the young the dorsal margins pout on each side of the ligament.
Section Dosinidia Dall, 1902. Type, Venus concentrica Born.
Valves, suborbicular, subcompressed, white, with a sculpture of
concentric grooving, never lamellose, furnished with an obvious peri-
ostracum; lunule small, impressed; escutcheon absent; pallial sinus
ample, ascending, angular in front; posterior cardinals serrate or cor-
rugated in the nepionic young, smooth in the adult.
This group is confined to the tropical and warmer temperate seas of
America.
Section Dosinella Dall, 1902. Type, Cytherea angulosa Philippi.
East Indies.
Valves suborbicular with a shallow flattish lunule; the escutcheon
narrow, flattish, hardly defined; pallial sinus ample, ascending, deep,
bluntly rounded at the anterior end; anterior lateral and posterior right
cardinal teeth absent or obsolete.
There are a few small species in which the bight of the pallial sinus
is rounded, but in this large form the contrast between the blunt
rounded form and the angular form usual in the genus is so marked
that, after some hesitation, taking the obsolescent hinge-teeth into
consideration, it seemed advisable to separate it sectionally,
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvyi—02 24.
348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
C. Lateral teeth absent, no lunule or escutcheon.
Genus CYCLINA Deshayes, 1849.
Type, Venus sinensis Gmelin. China seas.
Soft parts like Dosinia; shell orbicular, concentrically and radially
striate, without lunule or escutcheon; inner margins crenate; pallial
sinus angular, ascending; teeth as in Dosenia, but without laterals, the |
posterior right cardinal obsolete. |
It is not Cyclinus Kirby, Coleoptera, 1837.
Genus CLEMENTIA Gray, 1842.
Type, Venus papyracea Gray. |
Soft parts as in Dosinia, according to Woodward; valves thin, con- —
centrically undulate, convex, without lunule or escutcheon; inner —
margins simple, sharp; pallial sinus subangular, ascending; three car-
dinal teeth in each valve, the posterior right cardinal bifid; lateral —
teeth absent.
This is Blainvillia Huppé, 1854, not of Desvoidy, Diptera, 1830.
Subfamily MBERHTRICIN 4.
An anterior lateral tooth present; though sometimes obsolete, traces —
of it can always be detected in normal specimens. |
Genus GRATELOUPIA.Desmoulins, 1828.
Type, Donax irregularis Basterot. Miocene.
Valves elongate-oval, concentrically striate; three cardinals in each —
valve, the posterior right cardinal fused with the nymphal rugosities; _
the pallial sinus long and acute, reaching to the vertical of the anterior —
lateral lamina. ;
Subgenus Cytheriopsis Conrad, 1865. Type, Cytherea hydana Con- —
rad. Eocene. *
Valves trigonal, recalling 77vela, the left posterior cardinal fused —
with the nymphal rugosities; the pallial sinus short and rounded.
This is not Cytheropsis McCoy, 1849, and if the two names are ©
judged incompatible, might be called Grateloupina. It is probably —
the precursor of Grateloupia and Tivela.
Genus TRANSENNELLA Dall, 1883.
Type, 7. conradina Dall.
Shell small, having the general form and coloration of Tivela, but a
hinge with three cardinals in each valve, the middle left cardinal bifid,
and an elongate left lateral received into a socket in the opposite valve;
the hinge has no rugosities, the lunule but not the escutcheon is defined,
internal margins sharply tangentially grooved with numerous sulci;
the pallial sinus angular, free, obliquely ascending.
No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDE—DALL. 349
Tropical and subtropical waters of America; receding in time to the
Miocene. This group is unique in the family in the peculiar sulcation
of the inner margin, which is only paralleled elsewhere once among
the Astartide. A Pacific coast species is viviparous.
Genuss bh bVinie AY rimk, L807.
_ Type, Venus corbicula Gmelin (= V. mactroides Born).
Shell. porcellanous, solid, smooth externally with a dehiscent perios-
tracum; the coloration variable with a tendency toward dark brown
and purple; valves trigonal, subequilateral, with prominent beaks and
‘a short ligament; lunule large, faintly defined, escutcheon not detined;
pallial sinus small, free, rounded in front; hinge variable with anterior
Jaterals and from three to six cardinals, partiy rugose and some of
which may be bifid. Habitat, subtropical and tropical seas.
Section Zivela s. s. Type, Venus mactroides Born.
_ Valves trigonal, with smooth interior margins, usually a pilose
‘periostracum over a polished surface; cardinals varying in different
“species.
_ This is 7rigona Megerle, 1811, not Jurine, Zymenoptera, i807; and
perhaps Dollfusia Cossmann, 1886, which 1 know only by figures.
‘The group is unique in the variability and occasional large number of
‘cardinals, which are perhaps due to splitting up of the originally
ingle posterior cardinals.
Section Pachydesma Conrad, 1854. Type, Donawx stultorum Mawe.
Shell very large and ponderous, with smooth interior margins and
thick vernicose periostracum; hinge with four cardinals in each valve.
This is Trigonella Conrad, 1837, not of Da Costa, 1778. It is a
Californian type.
Section Lutivela Dall, 1891. Type, /. perplera Stearns, Argentina.
Shell small, elongate-trigonal, with crenulate interior margins, thin,
polished periostracum, three left and four right cardinal teeth.
_ This type points the way toward Suwnetta.
Genus SUNETTA Link, 1807.
Type, Donax scripta Linneus.
Shell variable in form, smooth or concentrically sculptured, polished,
often with vivid coloration; with an impressed, unequally divided
lunule, larger in the right valve, and a deeply excavated escutcheon;
posterior end of shell shorter than the anterior; pallial sinus wide,
short, and rounded; inner margins conspicuously crenate; three cardi-
nals in each valve, and rather elongate anterior laterals.
Eocene of south Europe and tropical seas of the Old World.
Section Svacttas. s. Type, Donaw seripta Linneus.
Shell elongate-ovate, more or less inequilateral, the edge of the
osterior cardinals finely rugose; sculpture concentrically sulcate or
triate,
ea Rs RIM
850 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
This is Cuneus Megerle, 1811, not of Da Costa, 1776; and Merog
Schumacher, 1817.
Section Solanderina Dall, 1902. Type, S. solandri Gray.
Shell inflated, smooth, subequilateral.
Section Sunettina Jousseaume, 1901. Type, S. sunettina Jousseaume,
S. menstrualis Menke, ete.
Shell suborbicular, compressed, smooth.
Genus GAFRARIUM Bolten, 1798.
Type (by elimination), Venus pectinata Linneus.
Shell equivalve, subequilateral, with a simple or slightly sinuous —
pallial line; three cardinals in each valve, entire or faintly grooved,
and the usual anterior laterals; surface sculptured. Tertiary and
recent warm seas of the Old World.
Section Gafrarium Bolten, s. s. :
Surface with strong, chiefly radial, more or less dichotomous sculp- —
ture, that of the posterior slope differing from the rest; valves —
moderately convex, umbones subcompressed with a narrow lunule and
feebly defined escutcheon; pallial line simple, inner margins of the
valves crenate, the ligament sunken but not immersed; middle left
cardinal feebly grooved.
This is Paphia Oken, 1815, not Bolten, 1798, or Lamarck, ‘soul
Crista Romer, 1857; and Circe, species, of many authors.
‘Section Radiocrista Dall, 1902. TES Venais pubeternmna ema
Journ. de Conchyl., VIII, 1860, p. 381, pl. xxv, figs. 1,2. Tertiary.
a!
Shell with the form of Chionella the disk ari anterior part ele-—
gantly, regularly, concentrically sulcate; margins of the dorsal area —
behind separated from the sulcate area by strong radial ribbing; the —
lunule not definitely circumscribed, but with its margins thickened and ‘
surface concentrically striated or smooth; escutcheon elongate-ovate, —
equally parted between the valves, nearly smooth. Interior?
The horizon and internal characters of this remarkable fossil are
unknown, but it is provisionally located here, pending further
information. ;
Section Gouldia C. B. Adams, 1847. Type, Thetis cerina Adams.
Shell small, reticulately sculptured, the radials toward the ends of
the valves, and the concentric sculpture in the middle of the disk
stronger; there is no specialized posterior area; moderately convex, —
the umbones not compressed; pallial line slightly flexuous behind,
‘ardinals and inner margins of the valves entire.
Warm-temperate and tropical seas.
This group is Thetis C. B. Adams, 1845, not of Oken, 1815, or
Sowerby, 1826. It is not Gouldia Bonaparte (aves), 1850. It is th
only representative of the Gafrarium ov Circe group in American
Tertiary or recent seas, and has not yet been found on the Pacifie
coast. R
1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. 351
Beh rcnis Circe Sehainchor as pe, Venus scripta Linneus.
Shell compressed, with only concentric sculpture, with smooth com-
“pressed beaks, narrow lunule and escutcheon; pallial line simple, inner
“margins oe posterior right cardinal grooved; ligament deeply
‘sunken, but not entirely immersed.
. Section Parmulina Dall, 1902. Type, Circe corrugata (Dillwyn)
-Deshayes.
Shell with the umbonal region flattened and coarsely divaricately
ribbed, the rest of the surface concentrically sculptured; disk (except
‘the umbones) convex; pallial line slightly flexuous, inner margins
‘finely crenulate; lunule and escutcheon narrow, flat, the ligament
depressed; cardinals entire or faintly grooved.
Section Circenita Jousseaume, 1888. Type, (. arabica Lamarck.
Valves convex; surface feebly concentrically sculptured, the beaks
‘not compressed; posterior slope without specialized sculpture; lunule
distinct, narrow, escutcheon hardly defined; ligament hardly depressed;
pallial line with a minute sinus, the inner margins of the valves entire.
¥
Genus LIOCONCHA MoOrch, 1858.
Type, Venus castrensis Linneus.
_ Shell solid, porcellanous, suborbicular, smooth or concentrically
‘seulptured, vividly colored; lunule sharply circumscribed, impressed,
but no defined escutcheon; ligament almost immersed, pallial line
‘slightly flexuous, inner margins smooth, anterior left and posterior
right dorsal margins grooved to receive the beveled edge of the oppo-
site valve; anterior lateral large and strong; three smooth, entire
cardinals in each valve.
Tropical seas of the Old World.
Genus MACROCALLISTA Meek, 1876.
Type, Venus nimbosa Solander.
Shell ovate, microscopically radially lineated, with low concentric
waves, or smooth, with vivid coloration and vernicose periostracum; a
defined lunule, but unequally divided between the valves; no defined
escutcheon; internal margins smooth, pallial sinus free, auple, pointed
in front and horizontally directed; cardinals three in each valve,
‘smooth and entire, except a bifid right posterior tooth.
Section Macrocallista s. s
Shell much elongated, the pallial sinus short, the posterior cardi-
nals slender and elongated.
The type is better known as Cytherea or Callista gigantea (Gmelin)
Lamarck.
Section Chionella Cossman, 1886. Type, Cytherea ovalina Deshayes.
Shell ovate-trigonal; pallial sinus long; the posterior cardinals
short.
352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
5 This is Chione Gray, 1838, not Megerle, 1811, or Gray, 1851; Dione
Gray, 1851, not of Hiibner, Lepidoptera, 1816; and Calista Moreh,
1853, not of Leach, 1852.
Genus AMIANTIS Carpenter, 1863.
Type, Cytherea callosa Conrad.
Shell ovate, concentrically waved, with vernicose periostracum;
lunule and a linear escutcheon, defined; inner margins smooth; pallial
sinus ample, acute in front, free below, slightly ascending; anterior
cardinal very thin; anterior laterals large and strong.
Section Am/iantis s. s.
Shell with two obscure radial ribs internally, near the middle of the
disk; posterior cardinals elongated, strong, the right one bifid, the
other teeth entire; the posterior left cardinal and the edge of the right —
nymph rugose; the posterior right dorsal margin beyond the hinge ~
plate grooved to receive the edge of the opposite valve. Californian. ©
This is called Amyantis by Stoliczka, 1871.
Section Eucallista Dall. 1902. Type, Cytherea purpurata Lamarck, ~
Shell with the posterior cardinals short; the opposite faces of the-
nymphs with interlocking rugosities; the teeth smooth; interior with-—
out radial ridges. ?
Lamarck himself called attention to the remarkable corrugated areas
of this shell which recall those of V.-mercenaria. It is a Brazilian
species which has been confounded with one from west America.
Genus MERETRIX Lamarek, 1799.
Type, Venus meretrix, Linneeus. 3
Shell trigonal, plump, thin, nearly equilateral, smooth with a verni-
cose periostracum, a peculiar olivaceous tone of coloration; lunule —
and escutcheon not circumscribed or distinctly defined; three cardi-—
nals in each valve and well-defined anterior laterals; the middle left
and two anterior right cardinals entire, smooth, the others grooved or”
bifid; right nymph and posterior left cardinal corrugated; anterior —
left and posterior right dorsal margins beyond the hinge plate sharply _
grooved to receive the edge of the opposite valve; internal margins
smooth; the pallial line with a shallow arcuate flexuosity, but no
angular sinus; ligament hardly depressed.
Distribution chiefly in the China seas, Japan, and the Indo-Pacific —
region.
This group is Cytherea (Lamarck) and Citherea Roissy, 1805, and
Lamarck, 1806; Cytherea Defrance, 1818; Vympha Mérch, 1853, not
Fitzinger, 1826; and Jeretrix, ex parte, Deshayes, 1853.
No. 1812. SYM OFEIS est THE VED ee DA—DA ues 358
Genus CALLOCARDIA A. Adams, 1864.
_ Type, C. guttata A. Adams.
Shell ovate, plump, thin, concentrically striated with more or less
involute umbones; pallial sinus nearly obsolete; lunule feebly cireum-
ae not impressed, escutcheon not defined; left anterior lateral
received between two obsolete laminz in the opposite valve; three
-eardinals in each valve not radiating from a point under the umbo, on
the dorsal valve margin; the two anterior left cardinals continuous
above and separated from the valve margin by a sulcus; the anterior
-and posterior right cardinals similarly connected, and dorsally sepa-
-yated by a groove from the margin; the arch of the two left cardinals
fits over the middle right cardinal, the arch of the outer right cardinals
over that of the two left ones, so that the middle right and the pos-
terior left cardinals remain isolated; the dorsal margins beyond the
hinge plate, in front in the left and behind in the right, are grooved
_to receive the beveled edge of the opposite valve.
In this group the teeth retain in the adult state the conditions which
normally obtain in the early stages of hinge development as shown by
Bernard.
_ The group is identical with Caryatis (part) Rémer, 1862, not of
-Hiibner, 1816; Veneriglossa Dall, September, 1886; and Atopodonta
~Cossmann, October, 1886. It is distributed in tropical and temperate
seas and goes back to the Eocene in time.
The type was named Callocardia quttata by A. Adams in 1864. In
1888 Mr. Sowerby renamed it Cytherea isocardia on account of the
existence of a Oytherea (Callista) guttata of Romer. The latter,
however, was not described until 1866, so that it does not antedate
-Adams’s name. If Rémer’s form is entitled to specific rank, it will
not require a new name, as under the present arrangement it will be
_Teferable to the genus Macrocallista, section Chionella.
_ Subgenus Agriopoma Dall, 1902. Type, Cytherea texasiana Dall,
- 1892.
i This differs from the typical Callocardia by its large, heavy, and
chalky shells, without the involute umbones or any color pattern, and
_ by the presence of a deep and angular pallial sinus. It is more north-
ern in distribution than Ca/locardia proper, and more limited in geo-
graphical range, though receding to the Eocene in America. The
peripheral species indicate a transition in the cardinals of the right
_ valve toward the conditions found in the following group:
Genus PITARIA Rédmer (em.), 1857.
Type, Venus twmens Gmelin.
Shell trigonal, plump, concentrically striate or rippled, with an incon-
~ spicuous periostracum and delicate coloration; lunule circumscribed,
wo eg Ba
835 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL M OSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
354
but the escutcheon not defined; inner margins smooth, pallial sinus
ample, elongate, somewhat ascending, pointed in front; middle car-—
dinal stout, the others slender; the posterior cardinals feebly grooved,
the others entire; the cardinals of the right valve discontinuous where
they touch the dorsal margin and not separ ated from the latter by a
groove; anterior late ral Agee distinct; nymphs and teeth smooth;
dorsal margins grooved as in J/eretriz. Widely distributed in the
wt
=
scpatapsileba
a
or ns *
oa
Tropics.
Romer’s original name, Pitar, is a vernacular African word, not—
‘eally entitled to be used without Latinization, for which, in 1862, he ~
substituted Caryatis, which is preoccupied in Lepidoptera since 1816.
It is probable that a Latinized form as above should be adopted for —
the group. 4
Section Pitaria s. s. Type, Venus twumens Gmelin.
Shell smooth or eh concentric striation, usually convex, subtrig- —
onal or ovate, with a pointed sinus. ¥
Section Hyphantosoma Dall, 1902. Type, Cytherea carbasea Guppy, —
1866. Oligocene. i
Shell with zigzag sculpture on the surface like Zeat/venus Cossmann,
of the Venerine series.
Section Zirelina Cossmann, 1886. Type, Cytherea tellinaria”
Lamarck. Eocene.
Shell pointed behind with a Tellina-like twist to the valves, which are —
concentrically striate; hinge as in /¢arza,; pallial sinus short, bluntly i
rounded. .
Subgenus Hysteroconcha Fischer, 1887. Type, Venus dione Linneus. —
Shell subtrigonal, plump, concentrically laminate; lunule and escutch- —
eon defined by incised lines and impressed, the lamin: becoming spinose —
near the boundary of the escutcheon; shell with tinted coloration not_
in patterns; inner margins smooth, pallialsinus linguiform, ample, free, —
slightly ascending; hinge as in Pitaria, the edges of the nymphs finely —
granular and the stout middle cardinal sometimes obscurely channeled.
Tropical American waters. :
This is Dione Gray, 1847, not Gray, 1851, nor Hiibner, 1816; and —
Venus Megerle, 1811, not of Lamarck, 1799. 2
Section Lamelliconcha Dall,1902. Type, Cytherea concinna Sowerby. —
Shell trigonal, subcompressed, concentrically ribbed or laminate, —
without spines; the edges of the nymphs smooth; otherwise like
Hysteroconcha.
Tropical seas, especially in Americe
Genus CYTHEREA Bolten, 1798.
aes - ; = a
Types (by elimination), Venus puerpera Linneus, V. rugosa Gmelin, i
and V. verrucosa Linneus. ;
Shell large and rotund, convex, with strong predominantly concentrie
sculpture with well-marked lunule and escutcheon, the latter unequally
=
No. 1312, . SYNOPSIS OF THE ene E—DALL. 355
mecced, larger in fhe ae eave: umbones plump, felament deep
seated; cardinals large and partly bifid; anterior lateral small, papilli-
form; inner margins crenate; pallial line with a short rounded sinus.
Subgenus Cytherea Bolten, S..Ss Type, Ve CUS Puerpera Linnzeus.
Shell large, reticulately sculptured, the right portion of the escutch-
‘eon produced over the sunken ligament; lateral tooth minute.
Tropical seas.
This is Antigona Romer, 1857, not Schumacher, 1817.
Section Clausina Brown, 1827. Type, Venus verrucosa Linneeus.
Shell large, strongly concentrically lamellose, with obscure divari-
eating radials toward the ends; right portion of the escutcheon not
overlapping the ligament; pallial sinus small, narrow, angular.
Tropical and temperate seas.
This is Venusarius (Dumevril) Froriep, 1806 (not binomial); Dosina
Gray, 1838; Venws Swainson, 1840, not Lamarck, 1799; Cal/sta (Poli)
Leach, 1852, not Mérch, 1853; Cal/ista Fischer, 1887, but not Clausina
Romer, 1857.
Section Ventricola Romer, 1857. Type, Venus rugosa Gmelin.
Shell large with strong, distant, evenly spaced concentric lamelle,
between which are smaller concentric threads; pallial sinus small, an-
gular, lunule deeply impressed; right part of the escutcheon obsolete.
_ Tropical seas of both hemispheres.
Subgenus Aphrodina Conrad, 1868. Type, Meretrix tippana Con-
rad. Cretaceous.
Shell concentrically striated, with a circumscribed lunule, but no
defined escutcheon; inner margins smooth, pallial sinus ample, free,
ascending, rather rounded in front; hinge with three cardinals in each
valve, the right posterior cardinal bifid; an elongate anterior lateral
corrugated on both sides and received into a pit with similar corruga-
tions; nymphs smooth.
This form wants the posterior lateral and the granular nymphs of
Dosiniopsis, and differs from Cyclorisma by its form, the presence of
an anterior latéral and a defined lunule.
Subgenus Antigona Schumacher, 1817. Type, Cytherea lamellaris
‘Schumacher (+ Dosina lamarckii Gray).
Shell having the form and sculpture of a Chéone (Megerle), but with
a lamelliform well-developed anterior lateral entering a socket in the
right valve; the posterior right cardinal broad and deeply bifid; pal-
lial sinus small, triangular.
Schumacher’s type has been confused with Chione cancellata, but an
examination of his figures and references makes his meaning plain.
Section Antigona s. s.
Shell rather elongate, with profuse concentric lamellation crenu-
lated by fine radial ribs; lunule deeply impressed, the ligament
a
exposed, the overlap of the escutcheon small.
This is not Antigonus Hiibner, 1816, or Antigona Romer, 1857.
356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
rene Artena Conrad, 1870. Type, Venus staminea Conrad.
Miocene.
Shell trigonal or short, with acute concentric laminz, between which
are minute elevated concentric lines; lunule not deep; escutcheon
large, not overlapping; posterior right cardinal narrow, laminar; other
features as in Antigona. ;
This section bears to Antégona much such a relation as Ventricola
does to typical Cytherea, inthe other subgenus. It was called Ar tenia
by Tryon in 1884.
Subgenus Circomphalus Morch, 1853. Type, Venus plicata Gmelin
(= V. dysera Linneus pro parte).
Shell cordate, compressed, with distant elevated reflected lamina
which have leaflike expansions near the posterior border; lunule and —
escutcheon, impressed, striate, sharply limited, cudeq ual: divided —
between the valves; ligament deeply sunken; inner margins crenate,
pallial sinus small, triangular; anterior right and posterior left cardi-—
nals slender, laminar, entire, the others bifid; a minute pustular ante-_
rior left inter present. z
This is Anartis Tryon, 1884, not of ae 1829, or Romer, 1857; :
and Chiona Romer, 1857, not of Moreh, 1853. V. calophylla Hanley,
also belongs here. :
Subgenus Lepidocardia Dall, 1902. Type, Chione floridella Gray
(+ Venus africana Philippi). e
Shell small, compressed, donaciform, smooth or concentrically — s
striated, polished; lunule defined, but thee is no defined escutcheon;
internal margins smooth; pallial sinus linguiform, pointed in front, —
horizontally directed, partly confluent with the pallial line below;
dorsal margins beyond the hinge plate grooved; teeth delicate, the —
anterior laterals well developed, the posterior right and anterior two
left cardinals more or less distinctly grooved.
Though compressed, this form recalls Gomphina by its external G
characters. :
Genus SAXIDOMUS Conrad, 1837 5,
Type, S. nuttallii Conrad. i
Shell large, rude, chalky, ovate-quadrate, with low beaks, and con- — g,
centric usually feeble sculpture; the ligament is strong and not ‘
depressed; there is no defined lunular area or escutcheon; internal —
margins smooth; pallial line with a deep, rounded sinus; ee within
three cardinals in each valve; the posterior right cardinal bifid; anterior —
laterals closely adjacent to the cardinals, one of the left ones often ins
line with the anterior cardinal. s
Shores of the North Pacific. :
This group has been generally misunderstood and placed, as by
Deshayes, near Zapes. His group of radial sulcate Saaidomus, of 1853,
so. 1312 SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDE— ‘DALL. 857
all belong to Callithaca. The icnior fea is So ¢ ear to o then ‘ardi-
nals that it has heen counted in with them. The animal is meretricine.
with lone, closely united siphons. The group on the Pacifie coast
recedes to the Eocene in time.
Ww
Subfamily VHNERIN_E.
ANTERIOR LATERAL TEETH ABSENT.
Genus CYPRIMERIA Conrad, 1864.
Type, ©. excavata Morton. Cretaceous.
Pallial line feebly flexuous behind.
Subgenus Cyclorisma Dall, 1902. Type, Cyclothyris carolinensis
Conrad. Cretaceous.
_ Pallial line deeply sinuated.
' This is Cyclothyris Conrad, 1875; not of McCoy, Brachiopoda, 1844.
& Genus THEDTIRONIA.Stoliczka, 1871.
Type, Thetis major Sowerby, 1826. Cretaceous.
_ Surface granulose; pallial sinus high, angular vertically ascending;
no lunule or escutcheon. This is Zhet7s Sowerby, 1826, not of Oken,
“1815.
_ Subgenus Thetiopsis Meek, 1876. Type, 7) c7rcularis Meek and
“Hayden, Cretaceous.
é Smaller and smoother, the sinus shorter and irregular at its anterior
_ basal part.
This is Zethiops’s Fischer, 1887.
F
Genus MYSIA (Leach MS.) Lamarck, 1818.
SOS gt
ORE AT ee.
Type, Venus undata Pennant.
Siphons separated; hinge with two right and three left cardinal
teeth; a circumscribed Rane. but no escutcheon. European.
This is Lucinopsis Forbes fai Hanley, 1848, but not J/ys/a Gray,
(1847.
-
Genus Cw OCLUNEEMA Dall, 1902.
Type, Dosinia tenuis Recluz.
Three cardinal teeth in each valve; otherwise like J/ysca. American.
This genus extends to the Oligocene in time.
Genus CHIONE Megerle, 1811.
Type, Venus cancellata Lamarck.
Three cardinal teeth in each valve; pallial sinus short, angular;
tunule and escutcheon defined, sculpture cancellate, inner margins of
the valves crenate; concentric sculpture dominant.
Subgenus Chione s. s. Type, V. cancellata Lamarck.
Pe TS LE RDO Feat Me Le Cy 8 BS
358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou:
|
L900, are synonymous. |
Section Baroda Stoliczka, 1871. Type, Venus fragilis D’Orbigny. .
Cretaceous. :
Valves elongate, thin, with purely concentric sculpture; the poste-
rior cardinals elongated, sometimes grooved, the others simple; pallial
sinus ample, horizontal, rounded in front; margins entire. 3
This group appears to be the Mesozoic precursor of Paphia. The
Tertiary Zaurotapes craveri (Michelotti) Sacco, seems hardly distinet:
/ es |
from Laroda.
Section Jcanotia Stoliczka, 1871. Type Psammobia impar Zittel,
Gosau. Eg
This is stated to differ from Baroda only by the presence of more!
. i.
or less radial sculpture. 4
Section Parutapes Stoliezka, 1871. Type, Venus tertile Gmelin. &
Valves elongate, turgid, smooth or feebly concentrically sculptureds|
lunule circumscribed, narrow; escutcheon undefined; middle cardinals |
bifid as in Paphia; inner margins: entire; pallial sinus obliquely |
ascending, small, squarish anteriorly. 7
This is Zeatrix Romer, 1857, not Sundeval, 1833. 4
Section Protapes Dall, 1902. Type, Venus gallus Gmelin (on ve
malabarica Dillwyn). Bp
Valves trigonal, closely concentrically ribbed, with no radial sculp-)
ture; a yernicose periostracum; a large elongate impressed lunule, no!
differentiated escutcheon; smooth inner margins; an ample, obliquely
ascending pallial sinus, rounded in front; the two anterior and the;
left posterior cardinals entire, the others bifid; all the teeth short and
concentrated. .
This is Pullastra Chenu, 1862, not Sowerby,. 1826. gs
Subgenus Tapes Megerle, 1811. Type, Venus literata Linneus.
|
,
SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 363
& Valves oblong, subcompressed, vertically expanding and subangular
‘on the posterior dorsal margin; lunule set off by an incised line, the
escutcheon defined by a carina, both long and narrow; surface concen-
trically grooved; internal margins smooth; pallial sinus ample, hori-
zontal, free below, rounded in front; the posterior right and two ante-
rior left cardinals bifid or grooved; colors lively, often with a dark
Jineated pattern on a paler ground.
_ Tropical and temperate waters of the Old World. Parembola Romer,
1857, is synonymous.
Section Zupes Megerle s. 8s. (See above.)
Section Polititapes Chiamenti, 1900. Type, Venus aurea Gmelin.
Valves oblong, plump, not angular above, behind; surface with fine
concentric sculpture and obscure radial striation; lunule small, cir-
eumscribed, escutcheon not defined; pallial sinus short, ascending, free
below, rounded in front; color delicate and variable.
The siphons are united for three-fourths of their length in 7. v/rgin-
eus which is not known to forma byssus. The group is 7iapes Sacco,
1900, not Megerle, 1811.
Section Pullastra Sowerby, 1826. Type, Venus pullastra Montagu.
Shell oblong, tumid, blunt behind; valves finely reticulately sculp-
tured, with hardly differentiated lunule or escutcheon; the latter nearly
linear; inner margins entire; pallial sinus deep, ample, horizontal,
rounded in front and confluent with the pallial line below; the two pos-
terior right and middle left cardinals are bifid; coloration feeble. The
siphons are three-fourths united in the typical species.
Section Myrsus H. and A. Adams, 1858. Type, Tapes corrugatus
Deshayes.
Valves as in Pullastra, but the concentric sculpture is broken and
corrugated, the shell more elongate, though, from its nestling habit,
yery variable in outline; teeth as in Pullastra, \unule obscure or not
defined, the escutcheon with a feebly carinate margin; pallial sinus
small, slightly ascending, free below and rounded in front; inner
margins smooth; coloration dull and unattractive.
This is Met’s Adams, 1857, not 1856; Myrsopsis (pernarum Bonelli)
Sacco, 1900, from the Italian Tertiaries, differs but slightly.
Subgenus Ruditapes Chiamenti, 1900. Type, Venus decussata Lin-
neus,
Valves convex, oblong; surface dull and feebly colored; sculpture
strong distally, more or less reticulate, the concentric ridges inosculat-
ing anteriorly and feeble on the middle of the disk; the radial sculp-
_ ture stronger; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus large, free below,
Ke?
pm ree
Pours
horizontal, rounded in front; lunule circumscribed, the escutcheon
feebly defined; all the inner cardinals more or less bifid; the siphons
wholly free from each other and a byssus present.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 25
364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. This is Amyg-
dala Romer, 1857, not of Van Phelsum, 1774; Cuneuws H. and A.
Adams, 1857, but not of DaCosta, 1776. It is not Amygdalum Megerle,
LG 15%
Section Ruditapes s.s. (See above.) )
Subgenus Protothaca Dall, 1902. Type, Venus thaca Molina (+ J.
dombeyi Lamarck).
Shell ovate, convex, coloration white or dull; surface dull, reticu-—
lately sculptured, the radials usually stronger; sculpture more or less
distinctly divided into three areas, the middle of the valves with —
chiefly radial, the anterior radial and scabrous, the posterior with
irregularly concentric sculpture; lunule and escutcheon of the left—
valve, sharply circumscribed; in the type species the right valve shows |
no escutcheon and the margin partially overlaps that of the left v alve
but does not conceal the lizament; middle cardinals grooved or bifid;
pallial sinus free, mode miter pointed in front; fhe inner margins :
sharply crenulated in the typical section.
Section Protothaca s.s. (See above.) The siphons are short and
united, the foot hatchet-shaped and not byssiferous. The distribution —
of this group includes the west coast of America, Japan, and New
Zealand (V. costata Quoy). :
Section Callithaca Dall, 1902. Type, Tapes tenerrima Carpenter.
Sculpture delicate, uniform over the disk and reticulate except in
distorted individuals; lunule feebly defined with no escutcheon; the
dorsal margin not overlapping in the right valve; inner margins entire,
otherwise as in Protothaca. i
Distribution, Northwest America. The tropical species of Proto-—
thaca are maculated, the northern forms yellowish white, with a dull
surface. There is no byssal groove and the papillose siphons are —
united to their tips in the type species. The group is Saaidomus B—
of Deshayes, 1853. ;
Genus LIOCYMA Dall, 1870. a
,
Type, Venus fluctuosa Gould. * *
Shell small, white or unicolored, covered with a vernicose perios- —
tracum, and concentrically waved, without radial sculpture; lunule |
circumscribed, escutcheon absent; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus i
short, free, rounded triangular; three cardinals in oie valve, the |
anterior right and posterior right, entire, the others bifid; siphonal ‘
tubes unequal, the anal shorter, both united to their tips; foot long —
and pointed, without a byssal groove; the mantle open ventrally and *
smooth edged. i
Distribution, Boreal and arctic waters of the Northern Hemisphere. — g
The group was called Lyocima by Barrois in 1887, and the spect é.
were formerly referred to Zapes.
SIAR e",
reetTy Se
aoe on ai Oe
us
Ss
SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 865
Genus VENERUPIS Lamarck, 1818.
Type, Venus irus Linneeus.
_ Valves elongate and subquadrate; seulpture radial with distant,
_ prominent concentric lamellation; lunule and right half of the
“escutcheon absent, left half of the latter defined by a keel; ligament
exposed; the pallial sinus short, ascending, free, blunt in front; inter-
“nal margins smooth in the type species; there are three cardinals in
-each valve, the anterior right and posterior left entire and slender,
he others broad and deeply bifid; the siphons are lone, united for
half their length and with papillose orifices.
_ The species of this group are nestlers and often deformed. They
have been much confused with species of Petricolidex.
_ The name has been spelled Vener/rupis by Sowerby and Venererupes
“by Swainson. /etrifora Latreille, 1827, may be identical, but Zrus
oe
Oken, 1815, is a synonym of Saaicava.
Subfamily GHMMIN 424+.
SPECIES VIVIPAROUS, MINUTE.
Genus GEMMA Deshayes, 18538.
ecrenate; pallial sinus distinct, small, triangular; siphons separate, the
branchial longer and papilliferous; an elongated posterior left and
anterior right lateral tooth received into a groove on the margin of
the opposite valve; foot linguiform, not byssiferous.
_ The genus belongs to the Atlantic coast of North America, but has
‘been introduced on the Pacific coast with seed oysters. It is repre-
sented in the eastern Tertiaries.
It is Zottenia Perkins, 1869.
Genus PARASTARTE Conrad, 1862.
Type, Astarte triquetra Conrad.
Shell trigonal, with prominent elevated beaks, equilateral, heavy,
with a short ligament and large lunule, but no escutcheon; surface
smooth, brightly colored, with a vernicose periostracum; internal
“margins crenate; pallial line slightly flexuous behind, but with no
definite sinus; right valve with a strong middle vardinal and two feeble
_ ones; left valve with two strong cardinals, but no lateral teeth; dorsal
“margins outside the hinge plate feebly grooved to receive the edges of
the opposite valve.
_ This genus is confined to the coast and Tertiaries of the southeastern
United States.
— Itis Callicistronia Dall, 1883, olim.
366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Genus PSEPHIDIA Dall, 1902.
Type, Psephis lord: Baird. .
Shell small, veneriform, polished, with faint concentric sculpture;
beaks not prominent; valves inequilateral, with a narrow, feebly —
defined lunule and no escutcheon; inner margins not crenate; pallial —
sinus distinct, angular; hinge with three delicate entire cardinals in ~
each valve, but no laterals; animal with the mantle edges fused below, —
the siphons short, simple; an anterior opening for the foot, which is —
not byssiferous.
_ This group is confined to the Pacific coast as far as known, and is ~
represented in the Pacific Pliocene. It is Psephis Carpenter, 1864, ‘
not of Guenée, Lepidoptera, 1854. Carpenter named several species —
without specifying a type in 1864. In 1865 he selected P. lordi Baird ‘
as type, and for the first time gave a distinctive diagnosis of the ~
genus. Part of the species, among those originally referred to the ~
eroup, belong elsewhere. /. tantil/a appears to be a Transennella, —
and P. tellimyalis is the nepionic young of Petricola.
EAST AMERICAN SPECIES.
DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) CONCENTRICA Born, 1780.
Florida Keys (Conrad); Martinique, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Virgin ~
Islands, Santa Cruz, and St. Thomas, West Indies; Colon or Aspin-—
wall; Maracaibo to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. é
The Venus concentrica of Gmelin is a mixture of various species, the —
name is fixed by Born’s figure, which represents the southern type.
The concentrica of early American writers was the 1). discus of Reeve.
The PD. concentrica of Reeve is the D. elegans of Conrad. ;
The present species is Arthemis patagonica Philippi, 1844; Venis—
philippii Orbigny, 1847; Venus dilatata Solander, 1797; and Dosinia —
floridana Conrad, 1866, was probably founded on a young specimen. —
D. concentrica is the analogue of the Pacific coast )). ponderosa
DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) ELEGANS Conrad, 1846.
In the offshore warm water, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; at
Charleston, South Carolina; east and west Florida, the Tortugas, Texas, —
and south to Yucatan and St. Thomas, West Indies.
This fine, flat, and evenly concentrically sculptured species was—
figured by Lister (pl. 288, fig. 124), and is one of those long confounded —
under the name of concentrica. The young were referred to D. obovata”
Conrad by Miss Bush in 1885.
DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) DISCUS Reeve, 1850.
Cape May, Virginia, and south on the coast of the mainland to Vera
Cruz, Mexico.
"NO. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF *THE VENERIDA—DALL. 367
_ This is the most compressed and dark- Akos of our East once
species and has finer and closer striation than any of the others. It is
the Artemis or Dosinia concentrica of the earlier American writers
but not of Born. The color which resides in the periostracum is fre-
} quently distributed in darker and lighter zones.
TRANSENNELLA CUBANIANA Orbigny, 1847.
Cape Florida to St. Croix, West Indies.
A small, usually pure white species, living in 8 to 30 fathoms, and
_ especially nbandant,i in Porto Rico. It was inadvertently and errone-
ously referred to Gouldia in the report on the Blake mollusks.
Soe ee eae oe
TRANSENNELLA STIMPSONI Dall, 1902.
_ Cape Hatteras, Egmont Key and south to Key West, in 15 to 31
~ fathoms.
_ White, with brown lineation or maculation externally, and orange or
deep purple internally, in the central part of the valves. By an acei-
dent this species was figured“ for the following species, which is a
smaller and more rostrate shell. 7. stimpsoni is the largest and pret-
tiest of the genus so far recognized.
TRANSENNELLA CONRADINA Dall, 1883.
_ St. Andrew Bay, on the north coast of the Gulf of Mexico in west-
ern Florida, south to the Florida Keys and north on the east coast of
Fiorida to Palm Beach, near low-water mark.
This peculiarly cuneate species has much the same range of color as
_T. stimpsoni, but is different in form.
TRANSENNELLA CULEBRANA Dall and Simpson, rgor.
Culebra Island, Porto Rico.
A specially trigonal, short form, white inside, and light yellow brown
externally.
TIVELA ABACONIS Dall, 1902.
Abaco, Bahamas, and Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Shell small, subtranslucent, of a warm rose color, passing into white
distally. It is notable for having only three cardinals in each valve.
TIVELA MACTROIDES Born, 1778.
Bahama Islands and through the West Indies and adjacent continen-
tal shores and south to Santa Caterina, Brazil.
This species may be white, or chestnut brown, or with brown rays
na.lighter ground. The form is almost as variable as the coloration.
“The adults appear to have more tumid umbones and a longer and more
@Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIV, pl. xxx1, figs. 5 and 7.
IPA Nr STE L2G
368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
pointed posterior end than the juvenile specimens. The species is the -
Venus corbicula of Gmelin, 1792; Tivela vulgaris of Link, 1807; 777-7
gona radiata Megerle, 1811; Venus turgens (Solander MS.) Dillwyn, ~
1817; Zrigona fasciata Schumacher, 1817, and the Cytherea corbicula’
of Lamarck, 1818.
TIVELA (MACTROIDES var.?) NASUTA Dall, rgo2.
Santa Marta, Colombia; Baker. ;
Having the striped color pattern and tints of varieties of mactrozdes, —
this shell has a very much more elongated form and more delicate —
hinge. There is nothing in the collection which enables me to bridge
the gap between the two.
TIVELA TRIGONELLA Lamarck, 1818.
West Indies, and the Gulf of Paria. .
This little oval species appears to be rare. It is the Zrigona angu-
lifera of Gray, 1838, and perhaps the Cytherea incerta, Sowerby, 1851.
TIVELA BRASILIANA Dall, 1902.
West Indies; Santa Caterina, Brazil; Ihering. This form was at
first supposed to be 7! b/color Gray, but after study it was found to —
differ, being a heavier and less angular_shell, with the dorsal slopes less —
straight and the pallial sinus shorter and relatively smaller, though the —
shell attains a greater size than 7. bicolor. The type is from Brazil;_
some young specimens from the Antilles appear to be the same.
It is not at all certain that the 7!) diliwyni Deshayes, 1853 (7. mae —
troides Sowerby, 1851), is not, after all, an extreme variety of mac-_
trovdes Born; there is a specimen of 7. bzcolor Gray, in the collection, —
marked as from Florida, but it is doubtless adventitious.
TIVELA FULMINATA Valenciennes, 1827.
Coast of southern Brazil at Rio and Santa Caterina.
Arcuate, with brownish umbones and more or less zigzag tracery. —
It has a length, when adult, of 60 mm.
TIVELA (PACHYDESMA) VENTRICOSA Gray, 1838.
Southern coast of Brazil. q
This fine species is figured from juvenile specimens in Rémer’s Mon-_
ograph, and in all the manuals it is stated to come from China. Dr.
von Ihering has repeatedly collected it from the coast of Brazil, and
the Chinese habitat is certainty erroneous. One specimen in the
United States National Museum measures 105 mm. in length, 90 mm.
in height, and 70mm, in diameter. It is usually white with a dehiscent
vernicose periostracum.
"No. 1312, - SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAS—DALL. 369
& TIVELA (EUTIVELA) PERPLEXA Stearns, 1891.
- Argentine coast; and off the Rio La Plata, in 10 to 15 fathoms,
muddy bottom.
; Notable for its crenulated margins and yellowish-white coloration.
TIVELA (EUTIVELA) IHERINGI Dall, 1891.
reb winey
; Sao Paulo and Santa Caterina, Brazil, Ihering.
_ More delicate and arcuate than the last species, and mottled or
_ banded’ with purplish brown on a paler ground color, the interior
more or less purple.
r
GAFRARIUM (GOULDIA) CERINA C. B. Adams, 1845.
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to Bermuda, the
Antilles, and to 90 miles southwest of Cape San Roque, Brazil, from
low water to 95 fathoms.
This was first described as Thetis cerina by Professor Adams.
GAFRARIUM (GOULDIA) BERMUDENSIS E. A. Smith, 1885,
Bermuda, Barbados, and Curagao in 5 to 100 fathoms.
More convex, heavy, and more coarsely sculptured than G. cerina
-asarule, but sometimes varying toward that species, which is also
found in Bermuda.
GAFRARIUM (GOULDIA) INSULARIS Dall and Simpson, rgor.
Porto Rico, in 5 to 30 fathoms; also in the Oligocene of Bowden,
_ Jamaica.
Smaller, more inequilateral, and destitute of the lively color paint-
ing characteristic of the two species above mentioned. G. insularisis
_ of a grayish-white color.
MACROCALLISTA NIMBOSA Solander, 1786.
Beaufort, North Carolina, south to Cuba and west to Mobile on the
Gulf coast.
_ This is Venus ecarien of Gmelin, 1792 (after Chemnitz, 1788);
— Pectunculus nimbosus ** Humphrey,” 1797; Paphia ala-avis Bolten,
1798; Cytherea multiradiata Menke, 1830; and Callista (Macrocallista)
gigantea Meek, 1876.
This is the most showy of American Veneride, and the largest of
_ its genus.
MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) MACULATA Linnezus, 1758.
_ Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to the shores of the
Gulf of Mexico, the Florida Keys, through the Antilles, and to the
; Vicinity of Cape San Roque, Brazil.
It is the Cardium trigonum of Martyn, according to Arango.
4 |
370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._
AMIANTIS (EUCALLISTA) PURPURATA Lamarck, 1818. a
Cuba (Arango) and southward to Brazil.
This is Cytherea lubrica Deshayes, 1853, but not of Broderip, 18355
and was aa Chione purpurascens by Gant 18388. It is not Vera
purpurata Gmelin, 1792, but is Venus brasiliensis var. 6 of Gmelin, —
CALLOCARDIA VESICA Dall, 1886.
Gulf of Mexico to Barbados, in 84 to 175 fathoms.
White and concentrically grooved with isocardia-like beaks. De-
scribed as Cytherea ( Veneriglossa) vesica. ;
CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) TEXASIANA Dall, 1892.
Coast of Texas from Galveston to Indianola. Z|
Resembles the following species, but is larger, much more elongate, _
and with a narrower lunule. Described as Cytherea texasiana.
CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) MORRHUANA Linsley, 1848. 3
Prince Edward’s Island, and southward to the vicinity of Cape Hat-_
teras, North Carolina, in 10 to 107 fathoms.
Rounded trigonal, earthy white, with fine inosculating, concentric —
wrinkling externally. This species has long been confounded with —
the fossil Cytherea convexa Say, 1824, not of Brongniart, 1811; which —
name was replaced by Conrad in 1833 by C. sayana. Both names
have been applied to the present shell, which has also been called C.
say by Perkins, 1869. (©. morrhuana has lower beaks, a narrower —
and more delicate hinge plate, and is in general less trigonal than the
Miocene fossil. Linsley’s name was given to a very young shell, with-
out description, and subsequently identified by Dr. Gould from Lins-_
ley’s specimens. It has been proposed to use the name Sayana for the
recent shell, but this is clearly inadmissible, and Conrad himself
retained it for the fossil after he decided that the two were not
identical.
CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) ARESTA Dall and Simpson, 1go1.
Porto Rico, in 12 to 30 fathoms.
More porcellanous, inequilateral, and rostrate than the preceding —
species.
CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) ZONATA Dall, 1902.
North Carolina coast near Cape Hatteras, in 18 to 22 fathoms.
Small, trigonal, evenly concentrically grooved and zoned with yellow
brown. . ;
PITARIA ALBIDA Gmelin, 1792.
From the Florida Strait through the West Indies and on the north: | ‘
ern shores of South America, in 4 to 25 fathoms. -
No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. oll
An elongate, squarish, white species, with the anterior end some-
what attenuated, frequently confused with bleached valves of P.
fulminata.
. PITARIA FULMINATA Menke, 1830.
wis a PRI ong haere
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Bermuda, the Antilles, and Brazil,
in depths varying from a few feet to 170 fathoms, the latter locality
_ having afforded living young specimens.
_ This is supposed by Krebs to be the Cytherea hebrea of Lamarck,
- 1818.
This species appears to be very common in the West Indies. Nor-
mally it is white, with radial or zigzag painting of bright yellow
brown, under a chalky periostracum. The dead valves, bleached and
worn, are frequently taken for P. albida. It is the Cytherea varians
of Hanley, 1844; C. rubiginosa Philippi, 1845; but not C. fulininata
Philippi, 1845, or Venus fulminata Valenciennes, 1827. The latter
isa Tivela.
PITARIA PENISTONI Heilprin, 1889.
Bermuda, and St. Thomas, West Indies.
A small thin oval shell, more or less painted with brown outside and
with purple inside.
PITARIA SIMPSONI Dall, 1895.
West coast of Florida, at Tampa and Sarasota bays, low water to 26
fathoms.
Larger, more trigonal, and solid than the last species, but very simi-
larly painted, though it is occasionally pure white. This is a modified
descendant of the Tertiary species of //yphantosoma.
PITARIA EUCYMATA Dall, 1889.
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to the Antilles and
Cape San Roque, Brazil, in 20 to 111 fathoms.
Short oval, inflated, elegantly distantly concentrically grooved, pol-
ished, and painted with brown and cream color and internally with
rose; this rare species is one of the most elegant and attractive shells
of the coast.
PITARIA MUNDA Romer, 1860.
St. Thomas. West Indies.
A young and dubious shell, as yet unfigured.
PITARIA (HYSTEROCONCHA) DIONE Linneus, 1758.
Texas coast to Costa Rica and Colon; also the Antilles and Trinidad.
. This beautiful and well-known shell has been fortunate in escaping
with a single specific synonym, Dione vencris Deshayes, 1853, the
other names which have been cited for it being derived from authors
é with no standing in binomial nomenclature, unless we except the
|
7
37 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE. i
anonymous Pectunculus aculeatus of the Museum Calonnianum, in |
1797.
A variety in which the spines are aborted is not uncommon.
PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CIRCINATA Born, 1778.
The Antilles, the northern shores of South America, and southward 2
to Santa Caterina, Brazil. Ri
This shell can hardly be separated from the P. alternata Broderip, —
of the Pacific shores of South and Central America, and has been —
stated to occur on the west coast of Africa as the Venus guineénsis a
Gmelin, 1792. Other synonyms are Cardium purpurea Martyn, 1784, %
and Venus rubra Gmelin, 1792. F
CYTHEREA (CYTHEREA) LISTERI Gray, 1838.
From Lake Worth, Florida, and the keys, southward through the —
Antilles, as far as Tortola and the Virgin Islands.
This has been erroneously cdenuneds with V. reticulata Linneeus and ?
V. crispata Deshayes, 1853, and wrongly referred to the Indo-Pacific
fauna by Deshayes. There is a dash of purple under the nymphs.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) RIGIDA Dillwyn, 1817.
Florida Keys to Rio Janeiro, including the West Indies; also in the
Gulf of California. ;
This well-known shell is the Venus rugosa Gmelin, 1792, not of Lin-—
neus, 1771; it is the Pectuneulus rigidus Solander MS.. 1798: V. eincta
Gmelin, 1792, is probably the young, and Schréter wrongly identified —
our shell with Venus casina.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) RUGATINA Heilprin, 1886.
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the Gulf of Mexico and southeast-
ward to Porto Rico in 26 to 85 fathoms; also fossil in the Florida
Pliocene.
Shell resembling ©. r/gida, but with the primary concentric lamelle
more distant and the secondary lamelle more distinct. The margin
below the lunule is produced into a point.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) STRIGILLINA Dall, 1902.
From Key West, Florida, to Barbados, and 90 miles southeast of
Cape San Roque, Brazil, in 20 to 100 fathoms.
Shell entirely white, much smaller than the preceding species, and
with very much finer, though similar, sculpture. The lunule is also
proportionately larger.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) CALLIMORPHA Dall, 1902.
Barbados in 76 fathoms; a young shell, perhaps identical, off Capel
San Antonio, Cuba, in 300 fathoms.
ia ice ARB a 8 i eg tale a Hh os tae or and tee pane a Ne BE Rc ou pen uly
SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDE—DALL. Silo
Reeve’s Venus pilula in the Blake report, but I am now confident that
Vit is distinct. The sculpture resembles that of C. strigdllina, but is
less dense and prominent.
CYCLINELLA TENUIS Recluz, 1852.
_ Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Guadeloupe, West Indies,
Recluz; and northward through the West Indies to Cedar Keys, West
Florida.
This was erroneously identified with C. kroyers Philippi, in Poulsen’s
Catalogue. It is not the Artemis tenuis of Sowerby, of slightly later
‘date than A. tenuis Recluz; it is smaller and more delicate than the
West American species. Lucinopsis gundlachi Dunker, in Arango,
1878, is synonymous, and probably the unfigured C. fragi/cs Romer,
1860, from St. Thomas.
CHIONE (CHIONE) CANCELLATA Linnzus, 1767.
_ From Cape Fear, North Carolina, southward to Brazil, including
- Bermuda, the West Indies, and the adjacent coasts, in shallow water.
This very abundant and variable shell has naturally received many
names, and by the early naturalists was confounded with other cancel-
lated species of Linneus and others. It is the Venus dysera and
-ziczac of variousauthors, but not of Linneeus; it is V. c¢ngenda Dillwyn,
1817; V. elewata (and probably V. inxgualis) Say, 1822; V. lamellata
Deshayes, 1853, in synonymy; and Cardium bicolor Martyn, 1784. It
is the Venus lamarckii of Beau, but not of Gray, the V. zéczac of
-Morch and Krebs, but not of Linnzeus; the V. macu/osa of Gmelin, 1792.
CHIONE (CHIONE) SUBROSTRATA Lamarck, 1818.
©
. Miami, Florida, and the Keys, and south to the Abrolhos Islands, off
the Brazilian coast, and Rio Janeiro, in shallow water; also on the
shores of the Pacific at Mazatlan, ete.
- This is also the Venus beaui Recluz, 1852; and Venus portesiana
' Orbigny, 1846. It is the V. crenifera of Carpenter in the Mazatlan
~ Catalogue, and Sowerby, 1835; probably also Venus /unularis Philippi,
1844 (as of Lamarck), but not of Lamarck, 1818.
CHIONE (CHIONE) MAZYCKII Dall, 1902.
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to the vicinity of
Cape San Roque, Brazil, in 15 to 127 fathoms.
The bright rose color of the interior and its quadrate form are the
‘most striking characteristics of this small but pretty species. It was
cited in Bulletin 37, United States National Museum, as Venus
lamarckii Gray, the young of which it much resembles, but the latter
is an Indo-Chinese species, and has a different hinge.
374 ROGER OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CHIONE (CHIONE) INTAPURPUREA Conrad, 1849.
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and southward to Florida and the~ :
Keys and westward on the mainland coast to Texas. Also fossil in
the Pliocene of Florida. 2
This elegant species is the Venus punctulata of Conrad, 1843, not 7
Talenciennes: and the V. /acunata Reeve, 1863. :
a
CHIONE (CHIONE) PUBERA Valenciennes, 1827. t
West Indies and northern shores of South America. This fine —
species has been much confused with an East Indian form for which —
the name of Cytherea crenata Gmelin, 1792,“ should be retained. The —
present species is a Chvone, and is the Venus crenulata of Sowerby, —
1853, and Reeve, 1863, but not of Dillwyn, 1817, or Deshayes (ex _
parte), 1853. A young specimen with the valves somewhat worn is —
figured on Plate 267 of the Encyclopédie Méthodique (figs. 4, 4a),
and to this in the explanation of these plates by Bory St. Vincent, in —
1827, page 152, is attached the name of Venus pubera Valencieanaaa za
To figs. 83 and 3a is given the name of Venws punctata Valenciennes, —
but it is not the Venus punctata of Linneeus. Conrad, in 1843, cited —
fig. 4 as Venus punctulata Valenciennes,’ thus committing a double —
error. Our shell is Venus eximia Philippi, 1847, and V. superba Guppy,
1875. V. lacunatus Reeve, 1863, is probably a young specimen of it. —
It is remarkable for its resemblance to the Oriental Cytherea
referred to, but can at once be distinguished by the absence of the
vestigial anterior lateral. Venus doumeti Bernardi, 1860, may be a
rather short young specimen of this species.
CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PECTORINA Lamarck, 1818.
The Antilles, and southward to Brazil at Sao Paulo.
It is Venus elegans Gray, 1828. :
~
CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) GRANULATA Gmelin, 1792.
Belize, and throughout the West Indies to Brazil.
This is Venus marica Born, 1780, but not of Linneus, 1768; C.~
lavacrum Bolten, 1798; and Venus plumbea Reeve, 1864. It is V. wio-—
lacea, and perhaps V. purpurata, Gmelin, 1792. Lamarck and Bory
St. Vincent have confused numbers of the figures on the plates of the —
Encyclopédie Méthodique, so that the same figure is made to stand for —
V. granulata Gmelin, V. cardioides Lamarck, and Venericardia radiata
Valenciennes, 1827. V. cardioides is probably notan Antillean species,
andmay be identical with Zapes histrionica Sowerby, as wellas Cytherea
cardilla Lamarck.
Dak caege i ta ne
« Venus crenulata € Teens Conc a Gane V L, 1782, p. 370, pl. xxxvi, fig. 385.
6 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, p. 311.
“
eo
Pphenereileces sks"
SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAW—DALL.
eh)
~I
or
CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) GRUS Holmes, 1858.
; Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and south and west on the mainland
‘coast to Yucatan, in 12 to 63 fathoms. Also fossil in the Pliocene.
~ This little shell has been very generally confused with Venus pyymea
Lamarck, but it is perfectly distinct. 1¢ may perhaps be V. anti/larwin
Orbigny, 1853; but this can not be positively determined at this time.
Tt is Venus parva Sowerby, 1854, but not of Sowerby, 1829, or Munster,
1836; and it was named Venus trapezoidalis by Kurtz in 1860. The
animal has two subequal, closely united, fringed siphons, two-fifths as
Jong as the shell.
CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PYGM®A Lamarck, 1818.
Florida reefs, and throughout the Antilles.
This little shell was named Venus ineguivalvis by Orbigny in 1853.
‘It is of a white color, with brown maculations and a brown spot on the
hinge, with coarser sculpture and attaining a larger size than C. grus.
CHIONE (LIROPHORA) PAPHIA Linnezus, 1767.
West Indies and southward to the coast of Brazil, in shallow water,
and thence to 30 fathoms, usually on a sandy bottom.
_ This fine and well-known shell is the Pectunculus vetula of Da
Costa, 1778, but it is not the Venus paphia of Pulteney. It is proba-
bly the shell listed as C. affinzs Gmelin, by Poulsen, 1878.
CHIONE (LIROPHORA) LATILIRATA Conrad, 1841.
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, south to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,
in 10 to 124 fathoms.
Distinguishable from ©. paphia by its ribs, which are not pinched
off behind and do not bear any elevated expansions. It is Venus
varicosa Sowerby, 1853, and V. alveata Bush, 1885, not of Conrad.
CHIONE (GOMPHINA) KOCHII Philippi, 1843.
A single valve from Belize was collected by the Rey. Mr. Stanton,
but it is believed to be derived from ballast, since no living specimens
were obtained.
ANOMALOCARDIA BRASILIANA Gmelin, 1792.
Wilmington, North Carolina, and south to the West Indies and to
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
It is the Venus flexuosa Born, 1780, not of Linneeus, 1767; the JV.
_macrodon of Hanley, 1843, and Sowerby (fig. 88), 1853; V. /unularcs
Lamarck, 1818; and Oryptogramma brasiliana of Romer, 1867. This is
the common Anomalocardia of the West Indies, a shell very variable
in form and color.
316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._
ANOMALOCARDIA CUNEIMERIS Conrad, 1845.
From Lake Worth, Florida, and on the shores of the continent south —
to Cartagena, Colombia. It is not yet authentically reported from the
islands of the West Indies.
This is Venus punctifera Gray, in Sowerby, 1853; V. rostrata Sow-—
OF Nes asap iM gt
erby, 1853, a young shell; J 7 aie LUOSA Chenu, 1862, but not of Lin-—
neus, 1767, nor Born, 1780. It is V. maerodon Reeve, in part. It :
s ss
is smaller, more slender, and more delicate than the V. macrodon of —
Lamarck. |
ANOMALOCARDIA LEPTALEA Dall, 1894.
2
7
7 . ~X . re
Lagoon at Watling Island, Bahamas. Small, very thin, curiously
'
depauperate from its extraordinarily saline habitat. The inner mar- ‘
gins are entire and there is no trace of radial sculpture. The colora-—
tion is very variable. |
x
ANOMALOCARDIA MEMBRANULA Romer, 1860 :
s]
prteng *;
St. Thomas, West Indies; Rémer.
Elongate like A. leptalea, but with numerous (23) concentric lamel- }
lee, obsolete posteriorly, and of a ferruginous brown, with white
specks; the inner margin crenulated. Perhaps a variety of the next
species. =
ANOMALOCARDIA PUELLA Pfeiffer, 1846. E
Punta de Maya, Matanzas Bay, Cuba.
Small, whitish, with radiating brown flecks between concentric
lamelle; internally reddish brown. The lamelle are persistent and
about 13 in number, in a shell 11 mm. long. The inner margin is —
crenulated. Venus auberiana Orbigny, 1853, is probably identical.
VENUS MERCENARIA Linnezus, 1758.
Living from Bay of Chaleurs, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and at Sable |
Island, southward, locally, to Cape Cod, and thence generally south-
ward to the Florida Keys, westward to the Mississippi Delta, and,
sparsely, on the coast of Texas as far west as Corpus Christi Bay.
Fossil from the early Miocene to recent times. 2
This is the Venus mercenaria of Spengler, 1785, and subsequent
authors; the V. meretr‘x Bolten, 1798, not of Linneeus, 1758; Mer-
cenaria violacea Schumacher, 1817; IM. cancellata Gabb, 1860; DL
antiqua Verrill, 1875; and Crassivenus mercenaria Perkins, 1869. ;
VENUS MERCENARIA var. NOTATA Say, 1822.
New England to Georgia.
This form is marked by zigzag brown blotches and lines, and is des-
titute of the purple coloration internally. It is Venus obliqua Anton, |
1837, and V. cyprinoides Anton, 1839.
oD
=]
=
“No. 1312. ; SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERID.E—DALL.
VENUS MERCENARIA var. CANCELLATA Gabb, 1860.
_ A rare variety, described from the Miocene, and occasionally found
Jiving, in which the medial smooth space of the type is concentrically
divided into flat riblets by shallow grooves, the riblets being also
radially sulcate.
VENUS MERCENARIA var. RADIATA Dall, rgoz.
Similar to the last, except that the smooth medial area is not con-
eentrically sulcate.
VENUS MERCENARIA var. ALBA Dall, rg02.
In this form the interior is like notata, and the exterior destitute of
olored lineation. —
&
é VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS Gmelin, 1792.
£
_ Chesapeake Bay and southward to Cuba; westward to Texas and
4
southward to Yucatan, near low-water mark. Fossil from the Miocene
to recent faunas.
_ This is the largest species of the family and the most ponderous,
characterized by high inflated beaks, blunt ends, white shell, frequently
with zigzag brown lineation in the young externally, and a surface
sculpture of dense, low, thin concentric lamellation. The young usu-
ally begin in a somewhat quadrate form, with more distant lamellation,
without a purple border internally, but sometimes a purple flush in
the cavity of the beaks. It passes through a series of mutations anal-
ogous to those of V. mercenaria.
The young shells about 2 inches or so in diameter have been named
Venus calearea by Philippi, 1844; V. tenutlamellata Sowerby, 1853,
and V. fulgurans Tryon, 1865. Gmelin’s type was also an adolescent
shell. The recent adult has been named V. preeparca Say, 1822; V.
mortoni Conrad, 1837, and V. alboradiata Sowerby, 1853. To the
various mutations exhibited by the species in the fossil state the fol-
Towing names have been given: V. tefrica Conrad, 1838; 1. permagna
Conrad, 1838; V. capaw Conrad, 1844; V. submortond Orbigny, 1852;
Mercenaria obtusa Conrad, 1866; J/. cuneata Conrad, 1868, and JZ.
carolinensis Conrad, 1875.
VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. ALBORADIATA Sowerby, 1853.
Shell with broad brownish rays on a paler ground.
Sate Sen Te?
VEN'TIS CAMPECHIENSIS var. QUADRATA Dall, 1902.
_ Shell small, quadrate, thin, compressed, and unicolorate, usually
yellowish white.
: $F oe
VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. TEXANA Dall, 1902.
378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. ae
Texas coast. ;
Shell suborbicular, inflated, with the concentric lamelle toward the
middle of the disk coalescent, forming broad, more or less inosculating, —
low, flat-topped ribs with polished tops, sometimes showing the brown
lineations of the younger stages.
VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. TETRICA Conrad, 1838.
Shell with the size and dense surface sculpture of the typical form
but the produced trigonal outline of V. mercenaria.
VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. CUNEATA Conrad, 1868. 3
Shell subtrigonal, very thick, with very prominent beaks, and very
short and blunt, the antithesis of the elongated variety tetrica.
VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS var. CAROLINENSIS Conrad, 1875.
Shell much like the normal form but with the lamelle more or less
coalescent in the middle of the disk and not flattened or polished.
This occurs living and also in the miocene of North Carolina, from
which it was described.
LIOCYMA FLUCTUOSA Gould, 1841.
Arctic, Spitsbergen, and Greenland seas, and the Sea of Okhotsk;
southward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia, on the
Atlantic coast.
The typical form is creamy white. A variety brunnea, of rich
chestnut or yellow brown, is noted from the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
It is the Venus astartoides (Beck MS.) Philippi, 1849, but not of —
D’Archiac, 1847. Zapes arctica Reeve, 1864, from the ‘* Arctic Seas,”
though not this species, may belong to this group. :
GEMMA GEMMA Totten, 1834.
Labrador to Woods Hole, Massachusetts; New York Bay ?
Flattish and irregularly rippled concentrically. The type is more —
or less purple, varying to pure white, which forms the variety Manhat-
faunensis Prime, 1862. The species is Gemma tottent Stimpson, 1860,
and Zottenia gemma Perkins, 1869.
eas
GEMMA (GEMMA var.?) PURPUREA H. C. Lea, 1842.
Cape Cod to the Bahamas and Texas.
More inflated, trigonal, and with uniform concentric threads sharply
defined. It is Gemma concentrica Dall, 1889. The color is variable,
but usually paler than G. tofttend. )
‘
1
- 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. 879
PARASTARTE TRIQUETRA Conrad, 1845.
From Hillsboro Inlet, on the east coast of Florida, south to the Keys.
and on the west coast north to Cedar Keys. Also fossil in the Pliocene.
Small, polished, very elevated, purple and white. Though much
resembling Gemma, it can easily be discriminated by its smooth and
more elevated shell.
NOTES ON AND DESCRIPTIONS OF EAST AMERICAN SPECIES.
DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) ELEGANS Conrad.
Plate XII, fig. 6; Plate XIII, fig. 7.
Owing to the confusion that has involved this species a figure of it
was thought to be desirable.
The figured shell is from Florida. Cat. No. 6120, U.S.N.M.
DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) DISCUS Reeve.
Plate XII, fig. 1; Plate XIII, fig. 1.
No good figure of this species being available in any recent Ameri-
can publication, one is now supplied. The specimen is from South
Carolina. Cat. No. 54094, U.S.N.M.
TRANSENNELLA CONRADINA Dall.
Plate XII, fig. 5.
Cytherea ( Transennella) conradina Dau, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 340.
A figure drawn from a specimen of 7. st/mpsoni Dall, as noted below,
was inadvertently published under this name, so I now give a figure
taken from one of the typical specimens. Cat. No. 64487, U.S.N.M.
TRANSENNELLA CUBANIANA Orbigny.
Plate XIII, fig. 4.
Venus cubaniana OrpiaNy, Moll. Cubana (Sagra), II, 1853, p. 278, pl. xxv,
figs. 44-46.
An enlarged figure of this species is given, which shows a few brown
flecks dorsally, though this species is usually pure white. It is from
Florida. Cat. No. 54135, U.S.N.M.
TRANSENNELLA STIMPSONI, new species.
Meretrix conradina Dau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XIV, pl. xxx1, figs. 5, 7.
Shell small, rounded trigonal, rather plump, polished, painted with
purple-brown on a white ground externally, the lunule, and central
portion of the disk internally usually purplish; beaks prominent.
incurved, small; lunule defined by a sulcus, elongate, narrow; escutcheon
not defined; beaks five-fourteenths of the length from the anterior end,
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 26
380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI.
which is rounded, with the dorsal slope rather flat; posterior end attenu-
ated; hinge normal, the posterior left cardinal obscure, thin, con
solidated with the nymph; internal margins tangentially sulcate; pallial |
sinus deep, narrow, somewhat rounded in front. Length 14; height |
10.5; diameter 7 mm. : ¥
Type locality.—Kgmont Key, Florida. Cat. No. 54100, U.S.N.M. ©
The shell is marked by fine concentric lines of growth, and by a\
few, irregularly distributed, stronger concentric sulci, which become»
evanescent toward the middle of the disk. |
TIVELA ABACONIS, new species.
Plate XIII, fig. 3.
Shell small, subtranslucent, deep rose color at the beaks and in the :
middle of the disk, becoming paler toward the margins; beaks high, ,
pointed, subcentral; shell moderately inflated, the ends rounded, the
base gently arcuate; surface polished; hinge delicate; the teeth small
three cardinals in each valve, the anterior lateral elongate, thin, dis-.
tant; pallial sinus short, wide, rounded; length, 11; height, 8.2; :
diameter, 6 mm.
Type locality.—Abaco, Bahamas, I. Greegor. Cat. No. 103551,_
U.S.N.M.
The shell is smaller, more delicate, more equilateral, and of a differ-_
ent color and texture from 7. trigonella Lamarck, which is the only
species comparable with it and which is white and opaque with a con-_
spicuous periostracum.
TIVELA NASUT- 4, new species.
Plate XII, fig. 2. :
Shell of moderate size, solid, nearly equilateral, somewhat rudely”
concentrically striated, with a reddish-brown polished periostracum;
shell substance white, with numerous pale purple radii, the dorsal
posterior margin near the end dark brown within and without; beaks”
pointed, dorsal slopes nearly straight; lunule impressed, defined by a
distinct incised line; anterior end rounded, posterior end narrower,
almost rostrate; hinge solid, with four cardinals, the anterior lateral,
lamelliform, prominent; pallial line with a short, foil rounded sinus, i
Length, 32.5; height, 25; diameter, 17 mm.
Type locality.—Santa Marta, Colombia; Baker. Cat. No. 153377,
U.S.N.M.
By its rudely striated surface and produced posterior end, this
seems to differ from the other Antillean forms.
ee
APS
-
a
eID
7
’
No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAZ—DALL. B81
TIVELA BRASILIANA, new species.
r?
Plate XII, fig. 3.
=
Shell subtriangular, flattish, with high, pointed, opisthogyrate beaks:
cream color with darker yellowish zones; surface smooth: lunular
region impressed, lunule narrow, elongate, pouting a little at the junc-
tion of the valve margins; posterior slope straignt, flattened, with a
short ligament; interior pale yellow brown; hinge with five right card-
inals, the posterior pair rugose; the anterior lateral adjacent, strong:
the pallial sinus rounded, about as large as the posterior adductor scar.
Length 40; height 34; diameter 20 mm.
Type locality.—Santa Caterina, Brazil. Cat. No. 125468, U.S.N.M.
This peculiarly flat and triangular form recalls the 7. planulata Sow-
erby, of the Pacific coast.
CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) ZONATA, new species.
Plate XII, fig. 4
Shell small, thin, arcuate, with a dull surface, whitish with concen-
tric zones of yellow brown; surface concentrically striated or sulcate
with wider interspaces, forming low riblets; beaks high, inflated, their
apices small, anteriorly directed, lunule large, cordate, defined by a
sulcus; no visible escutcheon; ends rounded, base prominently arcuate;
interior porcellanous, with a small ascending angular pallial sinus;
hinge verging toward Chionella. Length 23; height 18.5; diameter
14 mm.
Type locality.—United States Fish Commission station 2608, in 22
fathoms, sand, off the coast of North Carolina. Cat. No 92015,
U.S.N.M.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) STRIGILLINA, new species.
Plate XII, fig. 5
Shell rotund, inflated, grayish white; beaks prominent, their apices
anteriorly directed; lunule deeply impressed, cordate, striated; disk
covered with low, uniform, slightly recurved thin primary concentric
lamelle, about 1 millimeter apart, the interspaces with much finer
and smaller secondary lamelle; there is no defined escutcheon, but the
posterior dorsal slope, as usual, is less prominently lamellose; hinge
strong, with large teeth, the anterior lateral large, and the posterior
cardinal on the right valve bifid; pallial sinus very small, wide, and
|
fathoms, coral, off Key West, bottom temperature 75° F.C:
angular; internal margins of the valves finely crenulate. Length 45;
height 39; diameter 32 mm.
Type locality.—United States Fish Commission station 23
oF in 45
\
. No.
95668, U.S.N.M.
svn
3 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
hice species is easily distinguished by its fine close sculpture andl
pale grayish color from aither of the other American species of —
Cytherca. The interior is pure white.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) CALLIMORPHA, new species.
Plate XIII, fig. 6.
Shell small, globose, covered witha thin yellowish periostracum
oS J
over a white shell with a salmon-colored flush internally; beaks.full,
prominent, the apices turned forward; lunule cordate, circumscribed,
A
3
?
~
evenly striated; surface with about 27 primary concentric lamelle
having a T-rail section, the flat interspaces having 6-8 extremely fine
low concentric threads, crossed by fine radial striation; escutcheon
limited by an obscure ridge, ending in a subangular projection of the
margin; in front of the ridge is a wide shallow radial depression;
hinge well developed; posterior right cardinal long, distant from the
others and bifid; middle right cardinal deeply bifid; anterior lateral
small, papilliform; interior surface polished, with a salmon-colored
flush behind the beaks; pallial sinus small, sharply angular, ascending;
inner mite is finely crenate. Length 16; height 14.5; diameter 12 mm.
Station 272. in 76 fathoms, at Barbados, West Indies, United States
Coast Survey steamer Blake. Cat. No. 64292, U.S.N.M.
The peculiar form of the primary lamellz renders them very lable
to fracture, and if broken off they leave no visible trace, and the sur-
face appears uniformly concentrically threaded, since the basal attach-
ment of the primaries is no wider than the normal width of the
secondary threads.
CHIONE MAZYCKII, new species.
Plate XIII, fig. 2.
Shell small, subrostrate, with low distant concentric lamelle crossing
flat radial ribs, those radials in front of the middle later becoming
double, while the ribs behind the middle remain single; all the ribs
are separated by subequal smooth interspaces except near the anterior
margin, where interstitial threads appear; the concentric lamelle
become laminate, especially on the right valve, near the posterior end;
lunule distinet, lanceolate, striated; escutcheon defined by a keel,
striated, the right half somewhat overlapping the other, painted with
brown streaks or entirely brown; disk white with pale-brown or rose-_
colored radial bands and occasional darker-brown flecks; interior rose
color with white near the end and basal margins; hinge normal, with
a rose-colored ray below avery short ligament; pallial sinus very —
small and blunt, inner margins crenulated. “Length, 14.2; height, 2s
diameter, 8 mm.
Type locality.—United States Fish Commission station 2616, off
nit agg
‘No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAX—DALL. 383
Cape Fear, North Carolina, in 17 fathoms, sand. Cat. No. 92022,
_ This pretty little species is easily discriminated by its form and color
“fron C. cancellata at any stage of growth. It is named in honor of
Mr. W. G. Mazyck, of Charleston, South Carolina.
?
at
NOTES.
_ The following nomina nuda have been cited in connection with the
East American fauna: Venus lanceata ‘*Say” and V. metastriata
Say,” Venus punctulata ‘* Valenciennes” and Cytherea elevata Con-
rad, by Conrad, 1846: Cytherea bella and Venus orbicularis Kurtz,
1860. Names of West American species have been mistakenly applied
to those of the east coast, or West American specimens have been
wrongfully attributed to eastern localities as follows: Cytherea pan-
nos Sowerby, Tapes grata Say, Venus pulicaria Broderip, Chione
eingulata and Artemis kroyeri Philippi, Chione asperrima Sowerby,
and Callista exspinata Reeve. Exotic species wrongly given east
American habitats are: Venus crenata ** Chemnitz,” Cytherea affinis
“Gmelin,” Sowerby, 1853, Cytherea kingii Gray and C. modesta Phil-
ippi, Dosinia dilatata Philippi, D- lucinalis Lamarck, D. cyclas
Romer, and J). kraussiz Romer.
Species from exotic localities like St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands,
of which the names are repeated in American waters, have been cata-
logued as from the latter; such are Dosinia radiata Reeve and Venus
verrucosa Linneus. Cytherea occulta Say, 1822, is unfigured and
known only by the original description. Most of the names of Amer-
ican Tivela have been indiscriminately cited from both coasts, the spe-
cies being difficult to discriminate and genetically connected. Venus
foveolata Sowerby, 1853, was described from Martinique, but Deshayes
adds to the locality ‘‘China.” It does not come from both places,
but has not been authentically reported from the West Indies since
_ Sowerby’s time. Locard, in the report on the Talisman expedition
mollusca, reports it from St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, in 35
fathoms. Zupes occidentalis Reeve, 1864, appears to be identical with
a Bombay species, figured on the same plate. It is certainly not
West Indian. The ascription of Venus decorata Broderip and Sow-
erby, 1835, by Reeve in 1863, to the West Indies, is erroneous. It is
of a strictly oriental type and comes from the Moluccas. I suspect
Venus sallei Reeve, 1864, of a similar origin, notwithstanding the fact
that it is said by Reeve to come from *‘ Bird Island, in the Caribbean
Sea.” Thereareagreat many ‘ Bird Islands” scattered over the world,
and this shell, so far as I may judge from the figure, has an Indo-
Pacific aspect.
Dosinia turgida Reeve, 1850, through confusion with Cyclinella
tenuis Recluz, has erroneously acquired an American habitat.
Sipser rss ee
384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, | vou. xxv.
WEST AMERICAN SPECIES.
DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) PONDEROSA Gray, 1838.
Payta, Peru, northward to the Gulf of California, and to north ~
latitude 26° 30’ on the west coast of Lower California; in the Pleisto-
cene north to San Pedro, California. Al
This, the largest and finest of the genus, recalls somewhat the —
Atlantic D. concentrica. It is the Artemis ponderosa Gray, 1838, the
Artemis gigantea Sowerby (in Philippi, 1847), and the Venus cycloides —
Orbigny, 1847. Artemis distans Sowerby, 1852, if from -Puerto
Potrero, Costa Rica, as suggested by Carpenter, may be identical with
the young of this species.
DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) DUNKERI Philippi, 1844.
West Colombia, at Santa Elena; Panama Bay; the Galapagos Islands;
and northward to Mazatlan and the head of the Gulf of California;
also to Magdalena Bay, on the west coast of Lower California.
This is Dosinia simplex Hanley, 1845, not of A. Adams, 1855, and
Cytherea pacifica, Troschel, 1845, not Venus pacifica Dillwyn, 1817.
DOSINIA (DOSINIDIA) ANN Carpenter, 1857.
Mazatlan and the Gulf of California.
This is less tumid, more elongated and smoother than D). Dunkeri,
and has a more horizontal pallial sinus. The small D. nanus Reeve,
1850, was probably based on a very young specimen of this species.
CLEMENTIA SOLIDA Dall, 1902.
Topolobampo, on the west coast of Mexico; collected by E. Daniels.
This is a large and squarish species, with a more solid shell and less
degenerate hinge than any of the others heretofore known. It has
somewhat the aspect externally of Saaidomus giganteus.
TRANSENNELLA TANTILLA Gould, 1853.
Sitka Harbor, Alaska, and southward to Lower California at Todos
Santos Bay, in 3 to 16 fathoms; also fossil in the Pleistocene of
Santa Barbara, California.
Trigonal, moderately convex, rather elongate; white, with or with-
out zigzag brown painting, usually with the posterior dorsal slope
dark purple within and without.
This species is viviparous and was referred by Carpenter to his
genus /’sephis on that account, but has a wholly different hinge. It
has been referred to Venus, Trigona, etc., but on the basal margin has
the suleations of Zransennella, though less distinct than in the typical
species. The Pleistocene specimens were named Venus rhysomia by
Gabb in 1861.
peak
iar. |
No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 385
, The more northern specimens are smaller and more oval than those
from Santa Barbara, the type locality; and the purple streak is
reduced to a more or !ess distinct flush, which is occasionally wholly
absent. These characters, however, seem hardly pronounced enough
to deserve a varietal name.
f
|
TIVELA PLANULATA Sowerby, 1829.
Gulf of California, Gulf of Tehuantepec, and southward to the
coast of Ecuador.
_ This includes the variety suffusa Sowerby, 1835; Donax lessoni
- Deshayes, 1835; Cytherea undulata Sowerby, 1851, a color variety;
and ©. mactroides Lamarck, 1518, not of Born, 1778. It is extremely
variable in coloration, but maintains fairly well its compressed trian-
gular form.
TIVELA HIANS Philippi, 1851.
Magdalena Bay, Lower California, to Valparaiso, Chile.
This form, described from Mazatlan, is more elongated and rostrate,
has a more livid purplish coloration and a very distinct gape behind,
- by which it is separated frou T. planulata.
TIVELA ARGENTINA Sowerby, 1835.
West Mexico and south to Panama.
Distinguished by its yellowish-white color, thin shell, and arcuate
form attenuated at both ends. It is Cytherea equilatera Deshayes,
-
= 1839.
TIVELA ARGUTA Romer, 1864.
Gulf of California to Panama.
Shell small, thin, and oval, recalling 7: trigonella of the Antilles.
ite
5 TIVELA GRACILIOR Sowerby, 1851.
Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
This isa species of peculiar form, with fine elevated radial lines
anteriorly. It is not the shell figured by Romer under this name.
TIVELA BYRONENSIS Gray, 1838.
~ Seammon’s Lagoon, Lower California and the Gulf of California,
and southward to the coast of Ecuador.
> This is 7. radiata Sowerby, 1835, not of Megerle, 1511; Venus solan-
gensis Orbigny, 1847; Cytherea stultorum Menke, 184i, not of Mawe,
— 1828; Cytherea corbicula Menke, 1847, notof Lamarck, 1818; ¢ Jytherea
pulla Philippi, 1851, and perhaps C. intermedia Sowerby, 1851, and 7:
elegans Verrill, 1870. Trigona humilis Carpenter, 1857, appears to be
the young fry of this species; T. semifuloa Menke is a nearly white
variety, and 7. Aindsii Hanley, 1844, is a striped and latticed color
form of the young shell. It is the most common of the Pacitic coast
_ species and the analogue of 7. mactroides of the Antilles.
386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI.
TIVELA DELESSERTI Deshayes, 1854.
Scammon’s Lagoon (young ’); Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf region, and |
south to Acapulco. f
This is the Cytherea nitidula Sowerby, 1851, not of Lamarck, 1818;
the young fry were named 7Z/vela marginata by Carpenter, but I do —
not find that this name has ever been defined in print. It is an elegant —
polished shell, delicately painted with light purplish brown on a cream- —
colored ground.
TIVELA (PACHYDESMA) STULTORUM Mawe.
Santa Cruz, California, and south to Ballenas Lagoon, Lower Cali-
fornia, and perhaps to Mazatlan.
This is the Donax stultorum of Mawe in 1823, but not the Zivela
stultorum of Menke in 1847; the Zrigonella crassatelloides Conrad,
1837; Cytherea solidissima Philippi, 1851; C. eguilatera Romer, 1857,
notof Deshayes, 1839; C. lamarcki, C. stultorum,and C. crassatelloides
of Reeve in 1864. This is the largest and finest species of the genus,
and is well known to most conchologists under the name of Pachydesma
crassatelloides. A related fossil, P. ¢nezana, is said by Conrad to exist
in the California Miocene.
MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) SQUALIDA Sowerby, 1835.
Cerros Island, Pacific coast of Lower California, to the Gulf and
southward to Peru, in 7 to 27 fathoms.
Chione biradiata Gray, 1838, and Cytherea chionxa Menke, 1847,
are synonymous. The Philippine (. elegans Koch, in Philippi, 1844,
has been united with them, but is probably distinct. The species is
much like A/acrocallista chione of Europe, but less attractive. It is
the analogue for the Pacific coast of JZ. maculata Linneus, of the
Antilles.
MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) AURANTIACA Sowerby, 1831.
Gulf of California, Cape St. Lucas, and southward to Guayaquil, in
10 to 18 fathoms.
More compressed, redder, and with a dark and dull instead of trans-
lucent vernicose periostracum, compared with J. squalida. It was
first figured and named in Sowerby’s Genera of Shells, Part XX XIII,
but Hanley’s name of avrantia given thirteen years later has been
more generally used.
MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) PANNOSA Sowerby, 1835.
Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and southward to Valparaiso,
Chile.
This pretty little species is extremely variable in its color pattern.
Cytherea lutea Koch, in Philippi, 1845, is synonymous.
NO. 1812. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 387
MACROCALLISTA (CHIONELLA) PUELLA Carpenter, 1864.
Gulf of California and south to Acapulco.
Marvelously like J/. pannosa in color and form, but always a smaller
and thinner shell, with other distinctive characters.
These two species have a great similarity to the Eocene type on
which the section Chionella was founded.
AMIANTIS CALLOSA Conrad, 1837.
San Pedro, California, to Cape St. Lucas, in shallow water.
This elegantly sculptured, pure white species is well known. Dione
nobilis Reeve, 1863, is based on a specimen somewhat more rounded
than usual.
CALLOCARDIA (AGRIOPOMA) CATHARIA Dall, 1902.
Ballenas Bay, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, to the Gulf
of California and southward to the Bay of Panama in 7 to 66 fathoms.
White, somewhat chalky, sharply concentrically striated, with a sub-
cuneate outline and papyraceous periostracum. The analogue of the
West Indian (. aresta Dall and Simpson, 1901.
PITARIA NEWCOMBIANA Gabb, 1865.
Monterey, California, to Clarion Island and the Gulf of California
in 15 to 31 fathoms.
Thin and delicate, with zigzag brown markings and a papery perios-
tracum when fresh.
PITARIA TOMEANA Dall, 1902.
Bay of Panama (Galapagos Islands’), and Tome, Chile, in about 10
fathoms.
The apparent analogue of 7P. fulminata Menke of the Atlantic
fauna, but without color painting on the specimens so far obtained.
PITARIA CONSANGUINEA C. B. Adams, 1852.
Panama.
Belongs in the group with (. a/bida, ete., but has radial brown
markings and pinkish umbones. I have not seen it.
PITARIA POLLICARIS Carpenter, 1864.
Gulf of California, Cape St. Lucas, and south to Callao, Peru.
A fine, large species, the young with brown painting, the adults
mostly polished white. it is Déone prora, variety, of Reeve, 1863,
but not of Conrad; Cytherea obliquata Romer, in part, but not of
Hanley, 1844. The true prora comes from the Hawaiian Islands.
388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
PITARIA UNICOLOR Sowerby, 1835.
Humboldt Bay, Lower California, and south to Panama.
Somewhat compressed, the concentric sculpture obsolete in the
middle of the disk, the color uniform white or brownish. The brown
variety is Chione badia Gray, 1838, and Cytherea ligula Anton, 1839.
Cytherea lubrica Sowerby, 1835, is perhaps identical. Some specimens
are almost rostrate.
PITARIA VULNERATA Broderip, 1835.
Magdalena Bay, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, to the
Gulf of California and south to the Bay of Panama.
Remarkabie in its violet zones of coloration and for havine the
inner margins often obscurely crenulate, a feature not known else-
where in the genus. It is the Cytherea tricolor of Pease (MS.) accord-
ing to Romer, 1867. The young are maculated with brown and the
adults sometimes radially lineate with the same color; young speci-
mens of elongate ovate form, which have not assumed the violet rim,
have a very different aspect from the mature shell or the normally
orbicular young ones.
PITARIA (HYSTEROCONCHA) LUPANARIA Lesson, 1832.
Ballenas Bay, Pacific coast of Lower California, the Gulf of Cali-
fornia, and southward to Payta, Peru.
A larger but less elegant analogue of the Antillean 7. déone Linneeus,
easily recognizable by the violet spots at the base of the spines. It
appears, as from China, under the name of Cytherea semilamellosa
Gaudichaud, in the Récueil des Coquilles non figurées of Delessert in
1841. It has also been regarded by several authors as a mere variety
of P. dione. Dione exspinata Reeve, 1863, is a mutation in which the
spines are abortive. Northern specimens usually have the concentric
sculpture carried evenly across tlie disk, but in the south a variety is
common in which the ribs are obsolete on the posterior half of the disk.
The name is frequently misspelled Jipinaria. It is Cytherea dronea
Gray, 1833.
PITARIA (LUPANARIA var.) MULTISPINOSA Sowerby, 1851.
Realejo, Central America, and southward to Payta, Peru.
This is a small form in which the concentric sculpture and spines are
sharp and crowded, while the coloration is less intense, so that the
whole shell is more like P. done than the better developed normal
form is. There seems to be insufficient reason for regarding it as a
distinct species. The Cytherea brevispinosa Sowerby, 1851, seems to
have been founded on a single bleached specimen in which the inner
*
-
ccopa
elk eer oe
”
' No. 1312, SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 389
Z
;
‘
2
f
&
row of spines is wanting and the outer row abortive. Déone brevi-
spinata and D. brevispina Deshayes, 1853, are variants of this name.
Callista longispina Mirch, is doubtless a mutation of this species.
PITARIA (HYSTEROCONCHA) ROSEA Broderip and Sowerby, 1829.
Gulf of California to Panama.
Reddish brown, flattish, with only hints of spines, which lie in a
_ white streak radiating from the umbo. Cytherea lepida Chenu, 1847,
is synonymous.
PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CONCINNA Sowerby, 1835.
Magdalena Bay, Pacitic coast of Lower California, to the Gulf of
California, southward to Panama Bay, the coast of Ecuador and Payta,
Peru.
Donaciform or even rostrate, with concentric round-edged ribs,
white, with radial streaks of brown; all brown; or all white.
Cytherea affinis Broderip, 1835, and Venus paytensis Orbigny, 1847,
are synonymous.
C. tortuosa Broderip, 1835, is a white specimen with the ribs more
irregular than usual. According to Romer, C. suppositrix Menke,
1849, may be this species.
PITRARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CIRCINATA Born, var. ALTERNATA
Broderip, 1835.
Gulf of California to Payta, Peru.
When fully developed this is larger, more convex, and with more
distant concentric ribs than any Atlantic specimens I have seen.
Immature specimens are often hardly distinguishable. For synonymy
see Atlantic list.
The original aternata of Broderip was founded-on two shells, per-
haps distinct from each other. The description was taken from one
and the suggestion of the name from the other, which last is repre-
sented by Reeve’s figure 284, in the Iconica, 1863. Those writers who
_ have had an opportunity to examine Broderip’s types agree in reter-
ring them to P. c/rcinata as a variety; from the figures I should sup-
pose them to be closer to P. concinna. Romer, in 1868, figures the
second or white form with alternating ribs (pl. xxxv1, fig. 2), which
Sosa ey
is more like P. cireinata than the other.
PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CALLICOMATA Dall, 1902.
Bay of Panama, in 7 to 30 fathoms.
White and rather earthy, with primary concentric lamelle, from
one to three secondary smaller lamelle intervening between each two
primaries. It is more elongate, with a longer and narrower lunule
than c7rcinata and more oval than a/ternata.
390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) FORDI Yates, 1890.
Santa Barbara Islands, California, and south to the Gulf of Cali-
fornia and to Panama Bay, in 13 to 58 fathoms.
This fine species is near to but quite distinct from Venus toreuma
Gould“ a Polynesian species, with which Carpenter doubtfully united
it, and by whose name it has passed for some years. It reaches a
a length of 65 mm., and is easily recognized by its /socardza-like form,
concentric undulations and sharp radial striz.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) MAGDALENZ: Dall, 1g02.
Off Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, in 36, and in
Panama Bay in 18 fathoms.
The analogue of C. strigillina Dall, of the Atlantic fauna, but
thinner, less anlated: with more delete sculpture, and pale 4 yellowish
coloration spattered with brown flecks.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) RIGIDA Dillwyn, 1817.
ha
abe
Gulf of California in 94 fathoms, sand, off the peninsular coast near
La Paz. Also in the Atlantic fauna.
The discovery of this well-known Atlantic shell by the United States
Fish Commission steamer A/batross in the Gulf of California was a
surprise; but the specimen, 85 mm. in length, does not seem to differ
constantly in any respect from the West-Indian shells. The synonymy
is summarized inthe Atlantic list. Itis not Venus rigida Gould, 1850.
The Pacific shell was named Venus ¢socardia by Verrill in 1870.
CYTHEREA (FOVEOLATA VAR.?) LEPIDOGLYPTA Dall, 1902.
Purchased at Acapulco by W. H. Dall in 1868.
This species has an extraordinary resemblance externally to Venus
campechiensis of the same size, but it has the hinge of Cytherea. It
also resembles the figure of Venus foveolata Sowerby, 1853, a species
referred to both Martinique and China by Deshayes. The raised lam-
elle are minutely, transversely, closely striated, but there is no radial
interstitial sculpture. The shell is of a yellowish white color. It was
purchased with a lot of beach shells, all West American, at Acapulco.
CYTHEREA (CYTHEREA) MULTICOSTATA Sowerby, 1835.
Gulf of California and south to Panama Bay, in moderate depths of
water; also at the Galapagos Islands.
Belonging to the group of C. //ster/, but more oval and with some-
what different sculpture. Venus thouars/ Valenciennes, 1846, is prob-
ably synonymous. The anterior lateral is usually obsolete in adult
specimens, but distinct in the yous:
« Venus toreuma Goaid onal “1850, from Mangsi Talat +1. crebrisulea Sowerby,
1858, and V. jukesii Deane es, 1853, Luzon, and Port Beaman! North Australia.
TTP
No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 391]
SAXIDOMUS NUTTALLII Conrad, 1837.
Baulinas Bay, California, and south to San Diego.
There are two species of Saxidomus on the coast, of which one has
brownish markings near the beaks in the young, and a trace of purple
‘internally on the upper posterior margin. The other is all white or
yellowish. The present species is rather thin, but reaches a length of
120 mm., and is usually rudely concentrically suleate. It is the Venus
maxima Anton, in Philippi, 1846; the Saxvidomus aratus Gould, 1861,
also called by him in the index S. ovatus (1862); while the young, with
its colored markings, he named Zapes gracilis in 1855. Conrad’s type
was young, 50 mm. long, but his allusion to the color markings settles
the identity of the species referred to.
SAXIDOMUS GIGANTEUS Deshayes, 1839.
The Aleutian Islands, from Attu eastward to Kadiak, and south-
ward to the Bay of Monterey, California.
There is no sufficient evidence of the occurrence of this species on
the Asiatic coast. It is solid, broad, and heavy; the young are yel-
lowish white; the adult attains a length of 130 mm., and the concen-
tric sculpture is much less pronounced than in S. nuttallii. The
exterior is sometimes fulvous, but the interior is always white. Spec-
imens which have nestled in rock crevices are usually stunted and
distorted. The synonymy has been much confused. It is the Venus
sulcata of Potiez and Michaud, 1844, but not of Montagu, 1803, or
Lamarck, 1818. It was named Venerupis gigantea by Deshayes, and
has been confounded with S. sqgualidus Deshayes, a South American
species, and S. nuttal/// Conrad.
CYCLINELLA SUBQUADRATA Hanley, 1845.
St. Elena, West Colombia; Panama Bay; Mazatlan, and northward
to Guaymas, on the Gulf of California, in 7 to 25 fathoms.
Arthemis saccata Gould, 1851; Cyclina saccata Deshayes, 1853;
Artemis tenuis Sowerby, December, 1852, not of Recluz, June, 1852
(and not Artem/s turgida Reeve, 1850), are synonymous.
CYCLINELLA KROYERI Philippi, 1847.
Chile and Peru; Salango, West Colombia, in 9 fathoms; and the
Gulf of California in 14 to 26 fathoms.
Artemis macilenta Reeve, 1850, appears to be synonymous. It is
Venus kroyert Philippi, 1847, but not Lucinopsis kroyert Poulsen, 1878.
It is smaller, more orbicular, and proportionately flatter than C. su-
quadrata.
392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
CYCLINELLA PRODUCTA Carpenter, 1856.
Panama Bay, Bridges.
This species, represented by a unique valve in the Cumingian col-
lection, is said to be produced behind like Cyrena maritima. C. B.
Adams.
CYCLINELLA SINGLEYI Dall, 1902.
Guaymas, on the Gulf of California, and at the delta of the Yaqui —
River near Guaymas, Singley.
This is a moderate sized but turgid species with fine, sharp striation,
heavy shell, and the posterior adductor scar very large.
CHIONE (CHIONE) FLUCTIFRAGA Sowerby, 1853.
San Pedro, California, to the Gulf of California and on the shores
of the Gulf.
2.
f
The sculpture of the middle of the disk is strong in youth, obsolete _
or absent in older stages; some large oblique specimens recall in sculp-
ture Venus mercenaria. The species is Venus callosa of Sowerby and
Deshayes, in 1853, but not Cytherea callosa Conrad, 1837; Dione gib- —
i ; Y g
hosula Deshayes, 1853, and Reeve, 1863, and Venus cortezi (Sloat MS.
in) Carpenter, 1864, are synonymous.
CHIONE (CHIONE) UNDATELLA Sowerby, 1835.
San Pedro, California, to the Gulf of California and southward to
Guayaquil.
A species larger than but varying like (. cancellata, with many
names; a large series of good specimens leaves no doubt as to the con-
solidations needed. The characteristics are the generally inflated and
closely concentrically lamellose form. The young have the lamelle
more distant, but they are always thin and sharp. The type is painted
with angular brown lines like Venus notata; young specimens with
dark brown blotches are Carpenter’s Venus excavata of 1856. Speci-
mens without brown painting, adult, and conspicuously lamellose are
V. simillima Sowerby, 1853. The left half of the escutcheon is usually
smooth; the right half may be smooth or lamellose. When coarsely —
lamellose we have the variety neglecta Sowerby, 1839. Carpenter is
much confused in his synonymy of these species. V. nuttall/i Conrad,
_
1837; V. entobapta Jonas, 1845; V. perdix Valenciennes, 1846; J.
bilineata Reeve, 1863; and V. subrostrata Reeve, 1863, not of Lamarck,
1818, are synonymous. JV. sugillata Reeve, 1863, recalls a young
acidulated specimen.
CHIONE (CHIONE) SUCCINCTA Valenciennes, 1833.
San Pedro, California, the Gulf of California and south to Panama.
mi: . . . . e *
This is another variable species, about which Carpenter fell into
“No, 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 3 93
‘confusion. It can be discriminated ve CO. lainila by its coarser
and more distant sculpture and the fact that in the adult the ribs of
_ the middle of the lower half of the disk generally are thickened and
flattened, showing a polished surface which nearly covers the inter-
spaces. V. californiana Conrad, 1837; V. californicns/s Broderip,
1835; V. leucodon Sowerby, 1835; V. simillima Carpenter, 1857, not
of Sowerby, 1853; and V. crassa (Sloat, MS. in) Carpenter, 1864, are
synonymous.
PME Era pave
CHIONE (CHIONE) COMPTA Broderip, 1835.
Aaicpi
Peru and northward to the Gulf of California in 21 to 26 fathoms.
This species has the concentric ribs few and very distant, is rela-
tively flatter than C. succincta of the same size, and the pallial line
is hardly sinuated and is unusually distant from the ventral margin of
the valves. Venus californica Carpenter, 1856 and 1872, is this
species, the name arising from an error of the types.
a
CHIONE (CHIONE) SUBROSTRATA Lamarck, 1818.
Mazatlan, Central American coast, and south to Payta, Peru. Also
on the Atlantic coast.
This is Venus crenifera Sowerby, 1835; V. portesiana Orbigny,
1846; V. beawi Recluz, 1852; and probably V. lunular’s Philippi.
1844. Carpenter, in 1863, identified V. sugi/lata Reeve with this
_ species.
CHIONE (CHIONE) PURPURISSATA Dall, 1g02.
Cape St. Lucas and the Gulf of California.
This beautiful species, with the interior of the disk rosepurple, was
figured by Reeve“ as a variety of Venus crenulata of the West Indies
(by which Chione pubera Valenciennes is meant), and was named
variety /ilacina by Carpenter, 1864; but it is not Chzone lilacina
_ Gray, 1838, and soa new name is proposed for it. It is a rounder shell
than C. pubera, with less prominent lamellation, especially on the pos-
terior slope, which, in this species, is often wholly destitute of lamell.
CHIONE (CHIONE) PULICARIA Broderip, 1835.
Gulf of California from its head to Guaymas and south to Chiriqui,
West Colombia.
This is Venus eingulata Reeve, 1863, not of Lamarck, 1818; and V.
_ pinacatensis (Sloat, MS. in) Carpenter, 1864. This species is the Pacific
analogue of C. ¢ntapurpurea Conrad, of the Atlantic fauna, but a more
elongated and pointed species.
It is Venus pfeffert Dunker, MS.., according to Rémer, 1867.
« Cone h. reoeaeae aoe oL xu, fig. 46, 1863.
394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
CHIONE (CHIONE) AMATHUSIA Philippi, 1844.
Gulf of California to Panama, in 7 to 24 fathoms.
Perfectly distinet from (. gnidia, with which it has been confused.
Venus encausta is said by Sowerby to be a synonym, but no author is
cited for it in the 7Zhesavrus. It is smaller, more pyriform, and with —
much less prominent lamellation and finer radial sculpture. ]
CHIONE (CHIONE) GNIDIA Broderip and Sowerby, 1829.
Cerros Island, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, the Gulf of —
California, and south to Panama Bay, in 7 to 24 fathoms.
This is the largest and finest of the genus, reaching a length of —
85 mm. It is white inside and, when fully adult, has the crenulated —
inner margin of the valves brown. I suspect V. ornatissima Broderip, —
1835, to be founded ona particularly oval and lamellose young shell of
this species.
CHIONE (CHIONE) EFFEMINATA Stearns, 1890.
**Panama Bay;” Thomas Bridges.
A small, compressed, closely reticulate species, grayish white exter- —
nally, wholly purple internally, with the hinge and profile of an
Anomalocardia, to which group I am tempted to refer it, though it,
in some respects, seems closer to Chione. It has a very Indo-Pacific
aspect. a
CHIONE (CHIONE) DARWINI Dunker, 1857.
Mazatlan to Panama (Rémer).
Regarded as a variety of C. gnidia by Carpenter, 1857, and as a
variety of C. amathusia by Deshayes, 1853. It is stated to differ by —
having the ventral faces of the concentric lamelle polished purple —
brown, as well as the lunule and escutcheon. I have seen no speci-
mens which agree with the descriptions, and regard it as a doubtfully —
distinct form and perhaps a variety of C. subrostrata. Tt was
described from Dunker’s manuscript by Rémer, 1857.
CHIONE (LIROPHORA) OBLITERATA Dall, 1902.
Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama; Arthur Schott.
This is the analogue of (. latilirata Conrad of the Atlantic fauna,
from which it differs in having the concentric ribs less elevated and
more irregular and the shell more rostrate. The coloration is about —
the same. '
CHIONE (LIROPHORA) KELLETTII Hinds, 1844.
Gulf of California and south to the Bay of Panama in 8 to 50
fathoms.
A remarkable species, in which the concentric ribs (of a yellow-—
brown color) are smoothly coalescent on the disk, but are expanded as
“No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 395
a ‘
prominent white leaflets at each end of the shell. The nepionic young
are white, smooth, globular, with one or two sharp distant concentric
— lamellee.
| CHIONE (LIROPHORA) MARIZ Orbigny, 1847.
|
Gulf of California and south to Guayaquil, in 12 to 50 fathoms.
This analogue of Chione paphia has narrow, high, and recurved
concentric ribs, with fine radial wrinkles, obsolete in the interspaces,
except near the beaks. The closeness and number of the ribs in the
young is quite variable. It is quite distinct from (. paphia. It is
the Venus cypria Sowerby, 1835, and Chione cypria Deshayes, 1853,
but not Venus cypria Brocchi, 1814, or Risso, 1826. Venus discrepans
Sowerby, 1853, should be compared with this species.
CHIONE (LIROPHORA) SCHOTTII Dall, rgo2.
Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama; Arthur Schott.
Small, white, with close, flat, subconcentric, low ridges, abruptly
attenuated or duplex on the posterior dorsal area; the valves rounded
below with high beaks. The sculpture, on a small scale, recalls that
of Amiantis callosa.
CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) ASPERRIMA Sowerby, 1835.
Gulf of California, at La Paz, and southward to Payta, Peru.
This shell is easily confused with Protothaca grata Say, from which
it may be distinguished by its more rasplike surface, larger lunule,
extremely long anterior cardinal, and more cuneate outline. It is yel-
lowish or olive, sometimes maculated with brown. Venus ¢ntersecta
Sowerby, 1852, is said to be a synonym though the figures look more
like (. pectorina. The dubious Lamarckian name of cardiordes has
also been assigned to this species, but this depends chiefly on guess-
work. The V. pectunculoides Valenciennes, 1839, is said to be
identical.
CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) TUMIDA Sowerby, 1852.
Panama and West Colombia.
This is distinguished from the preceding by its tumid, squarish form,
finer and more delicate sculpture, and longer hinge line. It is not the
variety twmida cited by Carpenter for a Californian Protothaca.
CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) COLUMBIENSIS Sowerby, 1835.
Mazatlan to Payta, Peru.
This is remarkable for the strength of its flat ribs and rounded,
—Cardium-like outline. It is not the Venus dombeyi ov dombeti of
Lamarck, as was supposed by Deshayes, but it shares with that species
the peculiarity of having the concentric sculpture absent over the mid-
dle part of the disk. It is generally of a dark mottled brownish color
_ externally, and white or with a faint purple flush internally,
: Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 27
396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PERTINCTA Dall, 1902.
Galapagos Islands.
This is a remarkable shell, white, with brown flames on the poste-
rior dorsal slope, and a brown lunule; the sculpture almost exclusively
of distant narrow sulci, which tend to fail at an anterior space in front
of the vertical of the heaks. The inner margin is crenulate and white,
and except the cavity under the beaks, the interior is usually of a very
dark rich purple. Worn specimens were referred to Paphia grata Say,
by Stearns in his list of Galapagos shells, in 1893.
ANOMALOCARDIA SUBRUGOSA Sowerby, 1834.
Margarita Island, Lower California. the Gulf of California, and
southward to Valparaiso. .
This well-known and characteristic form was named Cytherea sub-
sulcata by Menke according to Philippi, 1844; and Venus (Triquetra)
triradiata Auton, 1839.
ANOMALOCARDIA SUBIMBRICATA Sowerby, 1835.
Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and south to Panama Bay.
Venus bilineata Reeve, 1863, may perhaps be synonymous. Chione
tumens Verrill, 1870, is one of the numerous mutations.
VENUS KENNICOTTII Dall, 1871.
Neah Bay, Washington, to Little River, Mendocino County, Cali-.
fornia.
Shell of a yellowish-white color and apparently very rare. It is
finely closely lamellose over the whole surface and the rugose area of
the hinge is much smaller than in V. mercenaria. The corrugated space
is more narrow and delicate than in the Atlantic species, but this area
is still further diminished in the Japanese V. stimpsoni Gould, the
only exotic species of the group, first named V. orientalis in MS.
according to Carpenter, 1856.
VENUS APODEMA Dall, 1902.
Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama, Arthur Schott.
A rounded species with low, wide concentric riblets, radially striated
on the umbones and with very feeble crenulation of the inner Inargins,
MARCIA KENNERLEYI (Carpenter MS.) Reeve, 1863.
Kadiak Island and Port Etches, Prince William Sound, Alaska; and
southward to Monterey, California, in 8 to 18 fathoms. |
The shell is grayish white, with low, coarse, somewhat irregular
concentric ribbing. It has been confused by Gabb with Venus per-
a nN: ~, op ° aS S ,
laminosa Conrad, 1855, a miocene fossil, and another form afterwards
called pertenuis by Gabb, 1869,
No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. B97
MARCIA RUFA Lamarck, 1818.
4
Chile, northward to the Gulf of Panama.
This is the Venus opaca of Sowerby, 1835, and has the external fea-
tures (but not the hinge) of Suv/domus,; there is also a circumscribed
lunule. Venus lethorda Jonas, 1844, is synonymous and J. expallescens
Philippi, 1844, is based on the young shell. The striation on the ante-
rior half of the shell varies and may be obsolete. On a smooth spee-
imen Deshayes, in 18538, founded his Suaidomus squalidus, a name
which has been wrongly applied to a northwest coast species. Jonas
stated in his diagnosis that there is no lunule, but his own drawing,
given by Philippi, shows it to be present; and in separating Philippi’s
figure from Jonas’s name Deshayes overlooked the fact that both were
derived from Jonas himself. He also duplicates the species by enter-
ing it as Chione rufa in his list.
MARCIA (VENERELLA) SUBDIAPHANA Carpenter, 1865.
Unimak Pass, Alaska, east and south to the Santa Barbara Channel,
in 10 to 120 fathoms.
Thin, white with olive gray periostracum; variable in form from
trigonal to long ovate. Described by Carpenter under the name of
Clementia. lt reaches a length of 63 mm. and is found in the Pliocene
of California.
PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA) GRATA Say, 1831.
From Turtle Bay, on the Pacific shore of Lower California, to Cape
St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and southward to Panama Bay.
This beautiful species revels in color variations, many of which have
received names. Thus it is the Venus discors, tricolor, fuscolineata,
and histrionica of Sowerby in 1835, and was called straminea (as of
Conrad) by him in 1852. Deshayes referred it to Ch7one and described
a Tapes grata from the Philippines in 1853, which is a whoily different
shell, named 7. deshayes?i by Carpenter in 1864. It was called Venus
muscaria by Reeve in 1863, but it is not the Cytherea muscaria ot
Lamarck in 1818.) V. pectuneuloides Valenciennes, 1846, may be
synonymous. The escutcheon varies from distinct to obsolete, and
the species can not be divided on this character. Zipes fluctuosa
Sowerby, 1853 not of Gould, 1841, is probably a young shell of this
species.
PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA STAMINEA Conrad, 1837.
North Japan, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Bering Island, the Aleutians,
and the west coast of America, from the peninsula of Alaska south-
ward to Cape St. Lucas and Socorro Island.
I have seen no specimens of this species from the Pribilof Islands
or from south of Socorro Island. The specimens from Panama
398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI,
referred to this species should be united with 7. thaca Molina, which’
occurs there abundantly. It is one of the common market came of
California, and is even canned for export.
There are a number of recognizable varieties which will be noted.
The typical form is elegantly radially ribbed with fine even riblets,
the concentric sculpture inconspicuous, the color yellowish white with
pale purplish brown maculations. This variety has been collected at”
Crescent City, California, and occurs from thence southward to the —
limits of the range, though the species is not abundant anywhere south ~
of Monterey, California. ;
Conrad’s original specimens came from Santa Barbara and San
Diego. Absolute synonyms of the typical form are Venus mundulus—
Reeve, 1863; Chione straminea Deshayes, 1853, but not of Sowerby,
1852; and Venus dispar and ampliata (Gould MS.) in Carpenter, 1857.
PAPHIA STAMINEA var. PETITI Deshayes, 1839.
This is the most common form of the species, the form especially —
abundant north of the Columbia River. It is larger than the southern —
variety, of a yellowish, chalky white, or dull gray color, without —
maculations; and the separation of the sculpture into areas is often —
well marked. er
It was described as Venerupis and afterward referred to Saxidomus —
by Deshayes. It is Venus rigida Gould, 1850 (not of Dillwyn, 1817), —
in major part, and Zapes diversa Sowerby, 1852. F
PAPHIA STAMINEA var. LACINIATA Carpenter, 1864.
Monterey, California, to San Diego. ‘
This extremely elegant variety is evenly reticulated by concentric —
and radial sculpture, and derives its individuality from the develop-
ment of small prickles or spines at each intersection. When these —
spines are worn off it can not be separated from the variety petit’, but —
with them it is unmistakable. |
PAPHIA STAMINEA var. RUDERATA Deshayes, 1853.
This form, which is found chiefly in the north, is characterized by
the turgidity and prominence of the concentric sculpture, which —
becomes more conspicuous than the radial ribs. Occasionally the —
shells are delicate and elegant, but usually specimens of this variety —
are rude and irregular, coarse and unattractive. It was referred to —
Chione by Deshayes, and sometimes it looks not unlike J/areia ken-_
nerley?, which, however, has no radial sculpture. ‘
PAPHIA STAMINEA var. ORBELLA Carpenter, 1864.
This variety comprises those specimens which have nestled in the”
borings of the large Pholads of the coast, especiaily at Monterey, and
have been obliged to grow into an abnormally swollen and tumid
No, 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA~—DALL. 399
shape. They are usually chalky and of a gray tint. A variety fvin/da
(but not Zapes tumida Sowerby, 1853) has been proposed by Carpen-
ter, but it does not differ from orbe//a sufficiently to name, though it
was renamed Ohione conrad’ by Romer in 1867.
a PAPHIA STAMINEA var. SULCULOSA Dall, 1902.
* : : a ,
_ San Ignacio lagoon, west shore of Lower California.
_ This differs from the ordinary forms of the species in having the
concentric sculpture obsolete, the ribs fewer and stronger, and behind
_ the middle of the shell separated by equal or even wider unsculptured
channels or interspaces. The color is pure white, and the only speci-
“mens of this variety I have seen were collected hy Henry Hemphill.
PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA) THACA Molina, 1782.
Bay of Panama to Valparaiso, Chile.
When well developed this form is very striking on account of the
‘ discrepant sculpture on the different parts of the disk, a feature which
exists, more or less distinctly, in all the species of this group. The
young are sometimes prettily painted with purple brown. It is a
“notable species for economic purposes in Chile, where it is largely
used for food, and called taca. It was first described by Molina as
~ Chama thaca and referred to Venus by Gmelin. It is the V. dombesi
Lamarck, 1818; V. chilensis Sowerby, 1835; V. 7gnobil’s Philippi, 1844:
but not Venus columbiensis Sowerby, as stated by Deshayes in 1853.
«
PAPHIA (CALLITHACA) TENERRIMA Carpenter. 1856.
Victoria, British Columbia, and south to San Quentin Bay, Lower
California.
This magnificent shell is markedly distinct in its characters from,
and much larger than any of the other west coast species of the genus.
It seems to be rather rare. When Dr. Gould described his Venus
— rigida (not Venus rigida Dillwyn, 1817) he included representatives
of two species. One of these was Paphia staminea Conrad, and the
_ other the: present species, which was discriminated by Dr. Carpenter.
LIOCYMA BECKII Dall, 1870.
é Plover Bay, Eastern Siberia, near Bering Strait, and southward to
~ Unalaska, eastward to Kadiak and Prince William Sound, in 6 to 60
- fathoms. Also North Japan.
Shell subtrigonal, inflated, with yellow or greenish periostracum, and
irregular concentric sulci. Length of largest individual, 18.0; diame-
ter, 8.5 mm.
LIOCYMA VIRIDIS Dall, 1871.
_ Point Barrow, Arctic Ocean, south through Bering Strait and Sea
to the Okhotsk Sea, the Aleutian Islands, and eastward to Kadiak
Island, Alaska, in 4 to 70 fathoms. Also North Japan.
400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Shell oval, quite inequilateral, when fresh of an olive-green or rich
olive-brown color, bleaching on the beach to cream color, with regular,
rather distant concentric sulci; subeompressed, sometime almost ros-
trate behind. Maximum length, 38.0; diameter, 13.5 mm.
The young are very like the adult Z. fuctuosa Gould, of the boreal
Atlantic, but have a deeper pallial sinus.
LIOCYMA SCAMMONI Dall, 1871.
Port Simpson, British Columbia, Scammon.
Brown, dark, solid, with heavy hinge and strong, prominent liga-
ment. The umbones are more central and the pallial sinus more
shallow than in any other species. Maximum length, 24.0; diameter,
11.5 mm.
VENERUPIS LAMELLIFERA Conrad, 1837.
a
ARS how = "522M
vi lmotyines 21 ee
is
Srey
ert
Farallones Islands, off San Francisco Bay, and south to Lower _
California.
This very irregular species has obsolete radial and often very strong,
distant, concentric lamelle, though under favorable conditions, espe-
cially in adolescent specimens, the lamellee may be thin and sharp.
The young are brightly colored, the adults dull and earthy, though
toward the southern extreme of its range the shell becomes more
porcellanous. It was described as Venus lamellifera by Conrad, and
Petricola cordiert Deshayes, 1839, 1s synonymous. It has been gener-
ally known as Rupellaria lamellifera, as determined by Carpenter.
VENERUPIS FOLIACEA Deshayes, 1853.
Cape St. Lucas, the Gulf of California, and southward to Acapulco
and the Bay of Panama.
A short and foliaceous species, more or less stained with purple.
Tapes squamosa Carpenter, 1857, from Mazatlan, is the nepionic young
of this species. Venerupis paupercula Deshayes, 1853, if really from
Mazatlan, is perhaps identical, and Venus troglodytes Morch, 1861, is
certainly synonymous.
VENERUPIS OBLONGA Sowerby, 1834.
Bay of Panama to Payta, Peru. :
Venerupis fimbriata Sowerby, 1853, is probably synonymous; J. edip-
tica and V. solida Sowerby,1834, belong in the genus Petricola, where
Sowerby originally placed them, and not in Venerupis, to which they
were referred by Deshayes. The relations of V. oblonga to V. foliacea
are in need of elucidation.
No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALLI. 4()1
PSEPHIDIA LORDI Baird, 1863.
Port Etches, Prince William Sound, Alaska, and southward to Cata-
lina Island, California, in + to 15 fathoms.
White, pale green, or straw color, quite trigonal and plump, often
containing the nepionic young.
PSEPHIDIA OVALIS Dall, 1902.
Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, the eastern Aleutians, and the main
eoast eastward and southward to San Diego, California, in 3 to 20
fathoms.
Yellowish white, oval, subcompressed, and attaining a larger size
than P. lordi. .
Psephis tellimyalis” Carpenter, 1864, is the nepionic young of
Petricola, as determined from the type specimens. The name has
often been mistakenly applied to P. ovalés, and the latter has also been
mistaken for P. lordi in the absence of figures or typically named
specimens. A species of Psephidia quite near to P. ovalis occurs in
the Pleistocene terraces of Volcano Bay, Yesso, Japan, where speci-
mens were collected by Pumpelly.
GEMMA GEMMA Totten, 1834.
Shores of San Francisco Bay, introduced with * seed” oysters from
Chesapeake Bay about 1899.
The form obtained is the variety purpurea Lea. For synonymy,
ete., see Atlantic list. It is not yet certain that the species is estab-
lished on the Pacific coast.
NOTES ON AND DESCRIPTIONS OF WEST COAST AMERICAN SPECIES.
The available material for the west coast of South America is so
meager that no attempt has been made to include species which do not
reach the southern limit of the Panamic fauna near Payta, Peru.
CLEMENTIA SOLIDA, new species.
Plate XIV, fig. 4.
Shell large and solid for the genus, with an obscure ridge extending
from near the beaks to the posterior end of the basal marein; wnbonal
region concentrically undulated and the whole shell concentrically,
somewhat irregularly, strongly striated; beaks prominent, small; lunu-
lar region deeply impressed, though there is no defined lunule or
escutcheon; ligament short, on strong nymphs; three entire ‘ardinal
teeth in each valve; inner margins smooth; adductor scars large; pal-
lial sinus narrow, long, obliquely ascending, rather blunt in front.
Height, 63; length, 79; diameter, 34 mm.
402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI.
A single valve of this rather remarkable shell was brought to the
United States National Museum from Topolobampo, Mexico, by Pro-—
fessor Daniels. Cat. No. 126352, U.S.N.M.
CALLOCARDIA CATHARIA, new species.
Plate XIV, fig. 3.
Shell large, white, somewhat earthy, with a pale olive periostracum; o
beaks high, prominent, strongly anteriorly directed over a large cord- ; {
ate lunule delimited by an impressed line; extremities slightly pro- ff
duced, base arcuate; anterior slope short and straight, posterior é
arched, a shallow suleus cutting off a narrow raised area on each side a
of the ligament; surface more or less shining, finely, closely, sharply, —
concentrically sulcate; the middle of the shell in the early stages —
smooth or with the sulcations feeble, but in the adult they are uni-
formly continuous; interior white with a faint salmon flush in the —
vavity of the beaks; pallial sinus very near the margin, exceptionally {
wide and shallow, rounded in front; the muscular impressions quite —
small; hinge well developed, normal. Length, 52; height, 43; diame-—
ter, 50 mm.
Bay of Panama, in 30 fathoms, mud, at station 2799, United States
Fish Commission steamer Albatross. Cat. No. 96368, U.S.N.M.
The species appears to be abundant and always pure white exter-
nally. The pallial sinus seems to vary in form; in the younger shells
it is relatively narrower and more angular, in the adults shorter and
more rounded, These ditferences are rather surprising, as the form of
the pallial sinus in most bivalves is fairly constant.
PITARIA TOMEANA, new species.
Plate XV, fig. 2.
Shell small, yellowish white, rather earthy in texture, smooth except
for very fine concentric wrinkles; beaks small, pointed; lunule small,
detined by a feebly impressed line; periostracum thin, papyracous;
interior white, margins entire, the area within the pallial line earthy,
the pallial sinus linguiform, short; hinge normal, solid, the anterior
lateral subconical. Length, 23.5; height, 20; diameter, 12 mm.
Brought up with mud on the anchor at Tomé, Chile, by the United
States Fish Commission steamer A/hatross.. Cat. No. 109220, U.S.N.M.
This is an inconspicuous little species, which may in some instances
develop color markings, though the specimens obtained do not.
PITARIA (LAMELLICONCHA) CALLICOMATA, new species.
Plate XVI, fig. 8.
Shell white, rather earthy, moderately convex, elongate ovate; coy-
ered with prominent sharp, thin, concentric lamelle, every third or
fourth of which is higher than the others; near the anterior end the
na
s
ume be viucs
;
_ No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERID&—DALL. 403
‘Jamellation is somewhat more prominent, as usually the case in this
group; there are also some fine concentric wrinkles; lunule small,
lanceolate, nearly smooth, impressed; ligament defended on each side
by a narrow raised rib; there is no radial sculpture; interior pure
white; pallial sinus long, linguiform, upper boundary of it nearly
horizontal; internal margins smooth, hinge normal, anterior lateral
strong. Length, 47; height, 36; diameter, 22 mm.
Bay of Panama, in 14 fathoms, mud, at station 2801, by the United
States Fish Commission steamer A/batross. Cat. No. 96388, U.S.N.M.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) FORDI Yates.
Plsteexe Ve eo. a7.
As the original figures in the Bulletin of the Santa Barbara Society
of Natural History are accessible to few students, I have added a fig-
ure of a well-grown valve from the collection of the United States
National Museum, dredged by me off the north side of Catalina Island
in 16 fathoms. Cat. No. 120704, U.S.N.M.
CYTHEREA (VENTRICOLA) MAGDALENZ, new species.
Plate XV, fig. 6.
Shell thin, inflated, suborbicular, inequilateral, the beaks near the
anterior fourth of the length; color yellowish, with radial series of pale
brown painting; lunule cordate, striate, flattish, pale brown; escutcheon
not defined; sculpture of primary distant and secondary adjacent con-
centric lamella which are pedicillate, their expanded summits coalescent
and microscopically radially, closely striate; interior white or yellow-
ish; inner margins minutely crenate; pallial sinus small, angular; hinge
strong, anterior lateral distinct in the young, anterior right and pos-
terior left cardinals thin, entire, the others thicker and suleate or bifid.
Length, 42 (to 48); height, 38; diameter, 26 mm.
Dredged by the United States Fish Commission steamer .1/atross
off Magdalena Bay on the west shore of Lower California, at station
9989, in 36 fathoms. Cat. No. 109214, UiSeN. Me.
CYTHEREA (FOVEOLATA VAR?) LEPIDOGLYPTA Dall.
,
Plate XV, figs. 4, 5.
Shell suborbicular, moderately convex, yellowish white, profusely
concentrically lamellose; beaks prominent, anteriorly directed; lamelle
on the beaks somewhat alternated, three or four secondary lamelle
appearing between each pair of primary slightly higher ones, but over
the greater part of the disk they are uniform and similar, with slightly
wavy edges and the ventral face of each lamella very finely closely
transversely striated, the bottom of the channels between the ribs
404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI.
without sculpture except lines of growth; lunule large, cordate, cir-
cumscribed by an incised line, lamellose, the apposited edges slightly
pouting; escutcheon bordered by a sharp keel in the left and a rounded
ridge in the right valve; wider and smooth in the left, narrower and
more or less lamellose in the right valve, the latter slightly overlap-
ping behind; ligament sunken but not covered; the concentric sculp-
ture slightly more prominent distally; interior white, the margins
finely crenulate; the pallial sinus short, wide, angular, reaching for-
ward only to the vertical of the posterior end of the ligament; hinge
strong, the posterior pair of right cardinals and the middle left one
subsuleate; anterior lateral distinct. Length, 41; height, 36; diame-
ter, 25 mm.
Purchased with a lot of west coast beach shells at Acapulco, Mexico,
in 1868, by W. H. Dall. Cat. No. 103286, U.S.N.M.
This looks almost exactly like a young quahog, externally, and the
Cytherea hinge is a surprise. Only one specimen has been examined,
It agrees with dealer’s shells which come to me named foveolata
Sowerby, a species which so far seems positively located only in the
Cape Verde Islands.
CYCLINELLA SINGLEYI, new species.
Plate XV, fig. 3.
Sheli suborbicular, white, shining, but not polished, covered with
fine, sharp concentric striation and marked with obscure obsolete radial
lineation; valves convex, slightly flattened on the posterior dorsal
slope; beaks small, pointed, slightly anteriorly twisted; lunule lan-
ceolate, defined by an impressed line; ligament long, strong, deeply
inset; interior white, earthy, with entire margins and a deep, angular
pallial sinus, pointing toward the umbo of the shell. Length, 39;
height, 38; diameter, 23 mm.
Collected near the delta of the Yaqui River, West Mexico, by J. A.
Singley. Cat. No. 108817, U.S.N.M.
This is a more inflated, more sharply sculptured, and more shining
species than any of the others.
CHIONE (LIROPHORA) SCHOTTII, new species.
Plate X V1, fig. 7.
Shell small, white, rounded-trigonal, with high, pointed, slightly
recurved beaks; lunule long, lanceolate, narrow; escutcheon, limited
by an inconspicuous keel, nearly smooth; sculpture of close-set subcon-
centric, flattened ribs, separated only by much narrower sulci, and not
always in harmony with the incremental lines; these ribs are abruptly
attenuated or bifurcate on the posterior dorsal area; there is no trace
of any radial sculpture; interior white; pallial sinus small and rather
i
j
¥
J
4
r
3
}
;
v
ear e
ee oe
a Se ate
No. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDA—DALL. 405
open; internal margins crenate, hinge normal, teeth entire. Leneth,
14; height, 13; diameter, 8 mm.
Collected by Arthur Schott, at Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama.
Cat. No. 6226, U.S.N.M.
These specimens .are small, and very likely not of full size; they
may also be somewhat bleached, but they certainly can not be identi-
fied with any of the other species of the coast.
CHIONE (LIROPHORA) OBLITERATA, new species.
Plate X VI, fig. 2.
Shell solid and heavy, subtrigonal, with very posterior beaks; of a
pale yellow or yellow-brown color, with faint purplish radial flames or
flecks; lunule short cordate, nearly smooth; escutcheon elongate,
excavated, smooth; beaks small, anteriorly directed; surface smooth
or obsoletely radially striated, sculptured with heavy tumid concentric
waves which in the adult become somewhat irregular and sometimes
coalescent on the disk, more or less angular and bifid on the posterior
dorsal slope; interior yellowish with a flush of purple near the hinge;
hinge normal; pallial sinus very short and small, angular, inner mar-
gins minutely crenate. Length, 24; height, 18; diameter, 14 mm.
Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama, two left valves, Cat. No. 11821
and 6227 U.S.N.M.
This is the analogue of the Atlantic C. latilirata Conrad, but differs
by well-marked characters from that as well as from the species of the
paphia or marix type which have regular ribs. It reaches a length
of some 30 mm.
CHIONE (TIMOCLEA) PERTINCTA, new species.
Plate XVI, fig. 9.
Shell sclid, ovate or cuneate, white externally, with a flush of pink
near the umbones, the small lanceolate lunule dark brown, the poste-
rior dorsal slope with wavy red-brown lines irregularly longitudinal.
There is a very narrow striated escutcheon; beaks low, at the anterior
third; surface with feeble concentric sculpture not rising into lamelle;
radial sculpture conspicuous, of sulci with the anterior slope steep and
short, the other covering the whole interspace to the next posterior
sulcus; near the lunule the sulci are close and well marked, then for a
short space they are almost absent, after which they extend with rather
wide interspaces to the posterior end of the shell; these characters of
the sculpture may not be invariable, but in the two best preserved
valves are similar; interior with the hinge strong, the middle left car-
dinal bifid, the pallial sinus short, linguiform, the cavity of the valves
except near the beaks and margin stained with very dark purple, the
inner margins finely crenulate. Length, 37; height, 28; diameter,
19 mm.
ee
406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. §)
Indefatigable Island of the Galapagos group; a number of worn
valves. Cat. No. 102457, U.S.N.M.
The young shells appear to be oval, the only well-preserved adult
valve, which is figured, is distinctly cuneate. In general the species
is more elongate than the other species of the coast and the sculpture
is quite unlike any of the others, the nearest being C. columbiensis,
which has channeled and regular sulci between flat ribs.
VENUS APODEMA, new species.
Plate XV, fig. 8:
Shell suborbicular, convex, white, concentrically ribbed with narrow,
solid, hardly elevated riblets separated by narrower sulci; beaks very
anterior, incurved, low, finely radially striated; anterior slope short
with a small cordate lunule; posterior slope arcuate, with an elongated
area bounded by a rounded ridge which does not interrupt the sculp-
ture; interior white, the margins with fine obscure crenulation; pallial
line with a short angular sinus; hinge normal, the corrugated area
small and narrow. Height, 43; length, 47; diameter, 28 mm.
Humboldt Bay, Gulf of Panama, Arthur Schott. Cat. No. 6248,
TeS.IN SME
A single somewhat worn valve was collected by Schott with numer-
ous other beach shells, which he presented to the National Museum
nearly fifty years ago. It has been named and figured, because of the
interest attaching to the discovery of this genus in those waters, and
because it seems certain that it does not agree with any already known
species. It is very probable that the sculpture was considerably
sharper when the shell was fresh and the concentric sculpture unworn,
but it is evident that the latter never was sharply lamellar as in the
Atlantic species.
MARCIA KENNERLEYI Reeve apud Carpenter.
Plate XIV, fig. 1.
A figure of a specimen obtained alive in the harbor at Sitka, Alaska,
is Included. Cat. No. 23441, U.S.N.M.
A worn valve of this species was collected by me at Carmel Bay,
near Monterey, California, in 1866.
PAPHIA (PROTOTHACA) STAMINEA var. SULCULOSA, new species.
Plate XIV, fig. 2.
San Ignacio lagoon, Lower California; Henry Hemphill, Cat. No.
105421, U.S.N.M.
This form, through its modified sculpture, is so different from the
ordinary type that it seemed best to figure it. Only with a large series
can its relations to the type be fully appreciated.
Ro. 1312. SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDZ—DALL. 407
LIOCYMA BECKII Dall.
Plate XVI, fig. 3.
Taiocyma beckii Dati, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, XIII, 1870, p. 207; Am.
Journ. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 145, pl. x1v, fig. 7.
_ Plover Bay, eastern Siberia, at the western entrance of Bering
Botrait. Cat. No. 163110, U.S.N.M.
f LIOCYMA VIRIDIS Dall.
Plate XV, fig. 1.
5 Liocyma viridis Dati, Am. Journ. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 146, pl. xrv, fig. 8.
Kyska Harbor, Great Kyska Island, in 8 fathoms, sand; W. H. Dall.
Cat. No. 160904, U.S.N.M.
LIOCYMA SCAMMONI Dall.
Plate X VI, fig. 1.
Tiocyma scammoni Dati, Am. Journ. Conch., 1871, VII, p. 145, pl. xrv, fig. 9.
Port Simpson, British Columbia; Capt. C. M. Scammon. Cat. No.
163121, U.S.N.M.
PSEPHIDIA LORDI Baird.
Plate X VI, figs. 5, 6.
Chione lordi Batrp, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 69, pl. m1, fig. 10.
Psephis lordi CARPENTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1865, p. 57.
Lituya Bay, Alaska, in 8 fathoms, sand; W. H. Dall. Cat. No.
163071, U.S.N.M.
The specimen figured is perhaps more trigonal than usual, others
are slightly more produced behind.
PSEPHIDIA OVALIS, new species.
Plate XVI, fig. 4.
Shell small, white, polished, oval, subcompressed; surface with obso-
lete concentric threads near the anterior base, but over most of the
disk smooth; beaks small and very low, at about the anterior third
of the length; lunule elongated, extremely narrow, nearly as long as
the anterior dorsal slope; escutcheon linear or none; interior white,
the pallial sinus moderate, pointed; internal margin delicately striated;
hinge well developed, like that of P. /ord/, with three entire cardinals
and no anterior lateral tooth. Length, 8.5; height, 6.5; diameter,
3.0 mm.
408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._
North side Catalina Island, California, in 16 fathoms gravel and
sand: W. H. Dall. Cat. No. 163089, U.S.N.M.
The species is viviparous; some of those taken having as many as
thirty young shells in the anal chamber. It is always distinguishable
from Psephis tantilla (Gould) Carpenter by its hinge and oval form,
and from P. lord? by its oval outline, compressed valves, and thinner
shell. Psephis tellimyalis of Carpenter, 1864, is the nepionic young
of aspecies of Petricola, and his Psephis salmonea bears the same rela-
tion to some other bivalve, apparently a species of 7Z?vela, not 7.
stultorwn.
NOTES.
Dosinia angulosa Philippi, through having the name of the Chinese
province of Chi-li, latinized into chi/ense by Deshayes, has been erro-
neously supposed to extend its range to South America.
The National Museum contains a valve of Dosinia prostrata said to
have been dredged in the Gulf of California, but as the collector had
also visited and collected on the coasts of China and Japan, I suspect
a mixture of labels to be responsible for an obvious error. Clementia
gracillima Carpenter, 1857, from Mazatlan, is an unidentifiable nepi-
onic shell, less than a tenth of an inch in length.
The genus Cvrce does not occur on the west coast of America; even
Gouldia, which might be expected, is unknown. ‘Two shells described
as Circe margarita and C. subtrigona by Carpenter, in 1857, from
Mazatlan, are nepionic shells, which are so juvenile in their characters
as to be impossible of identification at present. We may assume it to
be certain that they do not belong to the genus Circe. Circe num-
mulina Lamarck, 1818, was listed from Central America by Sir E.
Belcher, but his localities were notoriously not dependable. Cytherea
petechialis Lamarck, 1818, is listed by Carpenter from Mazatlan, hay-
ing been found among the Reigen shells, but it is certainly exotic,
none having appeared from there for half a century. Saxidomus
brevisiphonatus Carpenter, 1865 (and Darina declivis of the same
date), have never been collected since they were described from the
Vancouver region. I believe them to be exotics which were acciden-
tally mixed with West Coast shells. Specimens supposed to be the
Saxidomus, sent by West Coast collectors, have invariably proved to be
mutations of S. giganteus. The name Saxidomus squalidus, given to a
South American shell, probably a Jurcia, has been frequently applied
to the 8. giganteus, following an error of Carpenter.
SYNOPSIS OF THE VENERIDAZ—DALL. 409
INDEX TO NAMES OF SUBDIVISIONS.
[Synonyms in italies.]
Page. Page.
eee eee eee ere aes S20 | (Crypiogramma <. .. 2-20.22... 859
BRE ete ot Se ommsoue ole! (OUNEUSE aso 8 ek 350, 364
eae ep ae ote Sumo sUnOsn | my elGe sto. ki 28s 5. stl... BB
Seep ee 2/5 Se au S's 346 | Cyclinella_........ 357,373, 391, 392, 404
BA Pek Beever ee ie Soa ONClOMAMae «2. -)-.2..22-..-.2. 355. 357
BP ee ee carers 2 a a! INS 2 S10 ACC) i a a a a RI 17
PR Ren etek Ec, 364 | Svprinerias ote OU a oe) SRE
Berar isle cise sie a ais srS.e 396, 358 | Cytherea RRM ee ieee SON 259
Basu Lee = 399, 375, 376, 396 | Cytherea . 354, 355, 372, 381, 382, 390, 403
REP SAM SRN il 359 | Cytherea .................. 346, 352, 358
PR ee paki 355, 356 | Criieniongis 6s). 222. AE eg
pert ts ite (oe 3 SOON OIOTe 22 ohne ee Lk) Basen
eee Sete tes SE 2,2 a am OU ISIC) For the opportunity to examine this specimen I am indebted to the kindness
of Mr. Witmer Stone and the officers of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. |
uP
es
ae Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02-——31
450 P ROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
feral from? 2 to 4 mm. behind that of nasals (see Plate XEX). The
bony palate in fA. lenata is narrower relatively to its length than |
in 2. palliata, and the anterior extension of the maxillaries which
runs forward between the posterior extremities of the premaxillaries |
to form hinder margin of incisive foramina is very noticeably nar-
rower (see Plate XIX). In most of the skulls the anterior extremity
of the interpterygoid space is narrower than in the related species,
but their character is not wholly constant. |
Teeth as in Ratufa palliata. |
Measurenents. External measurements of type: Total length, 740;
head and body, 330; tail vertebre, 410; hind foot, 76 (68). Average
of eleven adults from the type locality: Total length, 732 (710-765);
head and body, 334 (825-345); tail vertebrae, 398 (880-420); hind foot,
75.8 (73-79); hind foot without claws, 68.7 (65-71). For details see
table, page 400.
Cranial Te ee of type: Cree length, 68.6 (68);¢ basal
length, 56.8 (57); basilar length, 52 (58); length of nasals, 22 (21); |
least interorbital breadth, 27 (29); zygomatic breadth, 41 (42); man- |
dible, 43.4 (42); maxillary os series (alveoli), 13 (12.8); mandibular |
molar series (alveoli), 13.6 (13.8).
Specimens examined. a welve, all from the type locality.
Remarks.—The characters which distinguish this squirrel from its”
nearest ally are of an unusual kind, but their constancy is such that.
they must be regarded as valid. Three skulls of adult Ratufa pall)
have been earca with the twelve of 2. lenata.
an
28
25 ees
os
Measurements of Ratufa.
= : as, 7 I
|
aa a |
ea . 00) '
Name. Locality. | Number. Sex. oe and | Tail. Hing with- |
engtn-| body. “) outh |}
| | claws. i
| mm, mm. mm, mm. mm, \
Ratufa nigrescens...) Pulo Mansalar..| 114554 | Female adult. 730 320 410 78 a |
WOe ese sack ec GOee-eo eee meee dor ass 750 340 410 79 |. Sag
DOe ose ee omer feet GO soe ee P4556) eee (0 Koy mee 750 340 410 78 70°
DOSE sea eee Goerese-ee8 1455 7m eee doe 705 320 385 75 69,
lope neat = Bees Scot es ces 114556 |... < do).vecee 705 | 340| 365 76 70
Ratufa femoralis.... | Pulo Tuangku.. 114358 ! Male adult -... 710 325 385 71 66,
DO ee es lowaee dO me eae 114359 | 20.2 domes 710 325 385 73 67
Dose ee ener done taken 114365 |....- dot ee 685. |= °310))||" 9 375 72 67
Done eee Ire eee dOmrene ees 114360 | Female adult. 715 325 390 75 68
Wome eer eres eae dome eee a114361 |.-..- dotecceee 690 320 370 72 68
Dot Gere eee done eee 114362 |....: GOs weeeeee 680 320 360 70 65
DOM ese esos ewer dO} sense es 114863) | .222 Ose sse8 670 | 310| 360 72 66
oe [eeteedors ss ceeees 114364 |. 22: doses 740 | 385 | 405 76 69
Ratufa lanata...... (sy G0y ses eter 114346 | Male adult - 720 | 335 | 385 76 68
MUM teen ae doses tec | 114348 |... dott eee 720} 330; 390| 76 68.
Dope ee Sie a doiea eee @114350 |_.... dons 740 | 380; 410 76 68)
Doe eee ae dome 1143550) Oral emanate 755 | 338) 417 79 a
DORA y tesa es donee 114353 |_...- dose 685 315 370 72 65
oman ee Geter oes | 114856 |e: doles 735 | 345 | 390 73 65.
DO ea DOr Se 145540 eee doe 710} 340 380 77 70.
Domes eet aoe es AST |Meeee dou a 725 | 325} 400 17 a
DOE res aaa e eon QORecsfesscl 114347 | Female adult. 730 330 400 76 6S
100) See SS en erate Gessner |, i449) een dot neaen 730 330 400 75 6S
DOW se 5- Seceeafeces does AL4850 soe doesn 765 345 | 420 76 7
DO ---.---------]-- eos) sco saee Hemet 0) pea doa 720 | 330) 390 74, 6%
Ratufa palliata ..... 7 apanuli Bay .. 114547 | Female young 640 270 70 80 OE
DOs. Serer ee Indragiri River.) 2113162} Maleadult ..... 770| 345| 425 84 i
a Type.
|
‘No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 45]
| eee
SCIURUS MANSALARIS, new species.
|
Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114633, U.S.N.M.
Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 2,
1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1583.
Characters. —Size and general appearance about as in Se/urus tenuis,
but underparts clear gray as in S. brooke.
Color.—Upperparts, sides of body, and outer surface of limbs a
uniform fine grizzle of raw sienna and black, neither of which distinctly
predominates, though the raw sienna is slightly in excess on shoulders,
flanks, and outer surface of legs. Feet and sides of head like back,
but paler and more closely grizzled. Underparts and inner surface of
legs mouse gray washed with dull white. On chest and hind legs
there is a faint brownish tinge. Hairs of tail with six color bands: (a)
extreme base black, (4) 1.5 mm. raw sienna, (c) 2mm. black, (7) 4 mm.
raw sienna, (¢) 6 mm. black, (7) 4 mm. whitish cream buff. The gen-
eral effect above is a coarse grizzle, chiefly of black and whitish cream
buff, through which the raw sienna appears when the hairs are disar-
ranged. Below there is a broad median area of dull raw sienna edged
with black, this fringed with whitish.
Skull and teeth.—The skull very closely resembles that of Se/urus
tenuis but is a little narrower, longer, and deeper, characters that
suggest, though very remotely, the much larger skull of S. brooke.
Teeth as in Scuirus tenuis.
Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 255;
head and body, 140; tail vertebrae, 115; hind foot, 37 (85). Average of
eight specimens from the type locality: Total length, 259 (245-278);
head and body, 146.5 (135-158); tail vertebra, 112 ( 8-122); hind foot,
37 (36-88); hind foot without claws, 35.4 (83-85). For details see
table, page 452.
Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 38; basal length, 32;
basilar length, 29; length of nasals, 12; least interorbital breadth, 13;
zygomatic breadth, 22.6; diastema, 8.8; mandible, 24; maxillary tooth
row (alveoli), 7.4; mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 7.
Specimens examined.—Hight, all from Pulo Mansalar.
Remarks.—This squirrel is readily distinguishable from Sezwrus
tenuis by its clear gray underparts, a character that gives it a close
superficial resemblance to the much larger S. brooked of Borneo. — Its
relationships are undoubtedly with Se/urus tenuis, as the skull shows
only a slight tendency toward the relatively narrow, elongate form
characteristic of the Bornean species.
SCIURUS BANCARUS, new species.
Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114311 U.S.N.M.
Collected on Pulo Bangkaru, Banjak Islands, January 17, 1902, by Dr.
W. L, Abbott. Original number, 1422.
parts more oe ee ye oe aa gray , undeuparts listinetly
washed with whitish cream buff.
Measurements.—In size this animal closely agrees with Scvwrus man
salaris, as shown by the table of measurements, page 452. |
Specimens examined.—Ten, all from the type locality. i,
.
Remarks.—TVhe characters which distinguish this squirrel from its
relative of Pulo Mansalar are so strictly comparative that it is impos-
sible to state them in such a manner as to insure positive identification
of single specimens. Comparison of the eight skins of one form with
the ten of the other shows, however, that the slight differences are
remarkably constant, so much so that, with the exception of a single
specimen from each series, there is no difficulty in assigning every skin
to its proper place. s
SCIURUS TENUIS Horsfield.
1824. Sciwrus tenuis Horsrreip, Zoological researches in Java and the: neighhouaa
ing islands (pages not macenere ty Singapore.
Five skins from Japanuli Bay, Sumatra. They are in all respects_
typical, and show no approach to Secwrus mansalaris and S. bancarus.
For measurements see table, page 452.
Measurements of Sciurus bancarus, S. mansalaris, and S. tenuis.
| eae a
y Hea - 00
Name. Locality. | Number. Sex. l ae ae and | Tail. ae with-
|tensth-| body. out
| claws.
| mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.—
Seiurus bancarus ...| Pulo Bangkaru.| 114308 | Male, adult .. 262 150 112 36 32
DOR ete ee Seatee donee ee 114309 |. ...- GOshseeaee | 266 160 106 36 32
DOK see eee eenl| ema = dope CoA Sai eee d0= eee 260 145 15 37 34
DOS i ascot ea ce amet s Ose se eee AST Oeeeee dope ee 265 145 120 35 oovoe |
DO cee aes tape OOMaae tees M4313 |e dose 267 142 125 37 34
DO eee eels dots (a4 3157) Ree dosseitees 255 162 93 35 32
DOERR esse | Ene dos etace wee | 114810 | Female, adult 264 155 109 35 32
DO Pees eek aletene dose hee 143145) see dot oes =~ 275 TOW ele 37 34
WO dake scesl eset GOR sera 114316 |..... dole eae 253 139 114 39 32
DOve Sats an ese eee Goes aes | CAT aS ei| eet ee doresae 265 145 120 36 33 *
Sciurus mansalaris .| PuloMansalar..| 114632 | Male, adult -. 245 147 | 98 38 30
DOs See Se axerons ade eas | 114633 |....- dip eeyan 255 | 140| 115| 937| Spe
1) Oe sec tec doe eee I eh a634r eee VOM me aces 270 148 | 122 36 33
DO ee ea ee dover sae eee G 360) eee Gowen 260 150 110 36 33
WOre ese nee eee lee cee LOR ees la, e437, 1 See doe sshew 255 145 110 38 39
DOR steer ese eel see dope eaeoncae | 114635 | Female, adult 245 135 110 “36 33
Doses ess eae don scree 114638 |_...- dorsetss 278 158 | 120 38 35
UO een clare ae dares |.) Tiaes0N sees dos abet 263) 150] 113 37 3eB) |
Sciurus tenuis ....-- | Tapanuli Bay .. 114542 | Male,adult... 255 140 115 35 328
Dome eee ee doa ane 114545 |... does 235 | 120:|" 115 34 31.4
Doms eee eas aes do..........| 114543 | Female, adult 255 140 115 36 Some |
DOR ecser ere eleeees does sseeeee | 114544 |..... doa 220 17} 1038 34 32°
DORE Se eee a doje 114546 |..... downeanee 235] 125) 110 36 33
ees errr os 2 =
aType. |
a oe
SCIURUS ALBESCENS (Bonhote).
1901. Seturus notatus albescens 3ONHOTE, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., VI, I
May, 1901, p. 446; Acheen, Sumatra. e
Six specimens from Loh Sidoh Bay, practically topotypes of the
species. or measurements see table, page 456,
Be is
z
xo. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 453
This squirrel shows a ‘striking and unexpected resemblance to the
Seiurus abbottii of the Tambelan Islands. The skins are quite indis-
tinguishable, except that the red element of the underparts is salmon
rather than rusty. The skulls show certain slight though constant
differences. The rostrum is somewhat broader proportionately to its
length in the Sumatran animal, and the audital bulle are more inflated.
The maxillary teeth of Scezurus albescens, while of the same general
size as in S. abbottii, may be distinguished by their less thickened
crowns, a character easily appreciated on comparison of the tooth rows
viewed from the Jingual side.
SCIURUS VITTATUS Raffles.
1822. Sciurus vittatus Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 259; Ben-
coolen, Sumatra.
1901. Sciurus vittatus Bonnotr, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., VII, May,
1901, p. 447. ( Part.)
Twelve specimens (two in alcohol, one skull without skin) from
Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra. For measurements see table, page 456. The
skins present no color variation worthy of note. In none is there
any indication of such red in the tail as is characteristic of Sc¢vuris
miniatus, though a few show a tendency for the light annulations in
the pencil to be more tinged with orange than they are elsewhere.
SCIURUS SATURATUS, new species.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114629, U.S BM:
Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 9, “1902
by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Geral number, 1633.
Characters.—Similar to Sciurus vittatus but general color darker,
pale lateral stripe less well defined, though of normal extent, and tail
noticeably darker than back, its pencil mostly black.
Color.—Type: Upper parts and sides a uniform fine grizzle of black
and ochraceous, the latter decidedly paler and less bright than that of
Ridgway. The two colors are everywhere mixed in nearly equal
quantity and the hair is distinctly glossy. Outer surface of legs
somewhat paler and more buffy than back; cheeks and inner surface
of ear decidedly so. A distinct buff eye ring. Muzzle marked with
light grayish buff. Lateramees of normal extent, the upper one ¢
light grayish buff, quite different from the grayish white stripe of S.
vittatus. ‘Tail essentially like back, but grizzle coarse, and black
element more noticeable, particularly along edge and at tip, where the
pencil is almost entirely black. Under parts and inner surface of legs
intermediate between the ochraceous-rufous and tawny of Ridgway,
but rather darker than either. This color extends to wrist and almost
to heel.
Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth resemble those of Sccwrus
wittatus, though perhaps averaging slightly larger.
°y
Aare
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X
Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 400
head and body, 215; tail vertebrae, 185; hind foot, 51 (47). Averagi
of five adults from the type locality: Total length, 395 (375-411);
head and body, 208 (185-2: 21); tail vertebrae, 187 (180-190); hind foot,
51.4 (51-52); hind foot without claws, 48 (47-49). For details see
table, page 456.
Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 5 2 (51): a basil
length, 43.6 (43); basilar length, 40 (40.2); length of Sane 16.4 (16);
Td
breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 7.4 (8.2); diastema, 11. 6
(11.8); least interorbital breadth, 18 (17. 8); zygomatic broaden 30.
(30.4); mandible, 32.4 (31.4); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 9.6 6 (9. Oy
mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 10 (9).
Specimens examined,—Five, all from Pulo Mansalar. i
Remarks.—This is a well-marked form of the Sevwrus notatus group,
closely related to S. w’ttatus, but readily distinguishable by its dark
general coloration, dull outer lateral stripe, inl black-tipped_ tail. —
The series shows no variations w orthy of special note. :
SCIURUS PRETIOSUS, new species.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114825, U.S.N. M.
Collected on Pulo Bangkaru, Banjak Islands, January 20, 1902. Orig-
inal number, 1442. : ,
Characters.—Like Sciurus saturatus, but average size less, red of
underparts not as bright, tail not darker than back, and pencil not
darker than rest of tail. Skull distinctly smaller than that of Sccurus
saturatus. ;
Color.—In general the color so closely resembles that of Sccwrus
saturatus as to need no detailed description. On comparison of the two
series the red of the underparts is seen to be less bright than in the
Mansalar squirrel, and the pale element in the grizzle of the upperparts
less yellow, though so far as possibility of description is concerned the
colors are essentially the same. The most tangible difference is in the
amount of black in the tail. In the Pulo Bangkaru animal this shows _
no tendency to form a black pencil or dark lateral Rest as in Sciurus
saturatus.
Skull and teeth.—Both skull and teeth are smaller than in Sevurus
saturatus ov WS. vittatus, but I can deteétno differences in form.
Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 3753
head and body, 200; tail vertebra, 175; hind foot, 46 3 Avera
of seven adults from the type loc: ale Total lene 387 (872-400)5
head and body, 207 (192-220); tail vertebrae, 181 (170-195); hind foot,
47.6 (46-49); hind foot without claws, 44.3 (48-46). For details see
table, page 456.
>
eMeasueements in Nentness are ee of an adult female Sciurus vittatus from
Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra (No. 114518).
od) Weed oe
baa
Ss
0. 1317. MAMMALS OF CE SUMATRA—MILLER. 455
Cranial measurements of type: ‘Greatest length, 49.4 (52); basal
ength, 43 (43.6); basilar length, 40.4 (40); length of nasals, 15 (16.4);
breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 7.4 (7.4); distance from
front of nasal to back of frontal, 25 (27.6); diastema, 11.6 (11.6): least
interorbital breadth, 18 (18); zygomatic breadth, 29 (30); mandible,
32 (32.4); maxillary tooth row (aiveoli), 9 (9.6); mandibular tooth row
(alveoli), 9.8 (10).
_ Specimens examined.—Kight, all from the type locality.
Remarks.—The specimens of this squirrel show no noteworthy
variations.
SCIURUS UBERICOLOR, new species.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114378, U.S.N.M.
Collected on Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, February 5, 1902, by Dr.
W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1517.
Characters.—In general appearance like Sc/urus saturatus and S.
pretiosus, but red of underparts darker and duller than in either and
median line of belly frequently blackish; tail not distinctly darker
than back; outer lateral stripe reduced in both length and width; size
nearly as in S. saturatus.
Color.—The general color is closely similar to that of Sezurus satu-
ratus and S. pretiosus, but the tone of the upperparts is lighter than
in the former and more red than in the latter. Tail more coarsely
grizzled than back, but the general effect scarcely darker. Outer
lateral stripe of the same dull color as in the related forms, but its
length usually less and its width generally not more than half as great
(about 5 mm. at middle in type). Underparts a duller red than in the
related species, this due chiefly to the darker bases of the hairs. Along
median line the dark bases increase sufficiently to form a distinct
median dusky stripe in some specimens (including the type). The
black lateral stripe tends to extend its inner margin in the same manner.
Skull and tecth.—TVhe skull and teeth are essentially like those of
Sciurus saturatus.
Measurements. External measurements of type: Total length, 405;
head and body, 215; tail vertebra, 195; hind foot, 51 (48). Average
of seven specimens from the type locality; total length, 389 (845-415);
head and body, 215 (205-225); tail vertebrae, 180 (170-210); hind foot,
49.3 (46-51); hind foot without claws, 45.9 (43-48). For details see
table, page 456.
Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 52; basal length,
44; basilar Jength, 41.4; length of nasals, 17; Becatihe of both nasals
together anteriorly, 7; distance from front of nasal to back of frontal,
38; diastema, 13; least interorbital breadth, 19; zygomatic breadth,
84; mandible, 34; maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 9.6; mandibular tooth-
row (alveoli), 9.8.
Specimens examined.—Nine, all from the type locality.
456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVE
Remarks.—W hile Seiurus ubericolor is darker beneath than in eith
of the two related forms, its upper parts are not as dark as in S. satur-
atus and the tail is much less suffused with black. The reduction of
the pale lateral stripe easily distinguishes it from its allies.
Measurements of squirrels of the Sciurus notatus group.
Head
: Total .
Fi P Locality. Number. Sex. | and | Tail.
Name A length. body.
mm. | mm. | mm.
Sciurus albescens....| Loh Sidoh Bay. . 114154 | Maleadult.... 343 193 150
Doren. {aera do |; aTbba| Rese Gore asec 390 190 160
DO eceeeeseemeelaeeee do 114157 |..... Ome Seer 390 200 190
DY0). Ae sesoaccccdd loose do | 114158 |....- dos nscace 370 195 175
Dome ceseeesere saa do | 114156 | Female adult. 350 170 180
DO peer eaoneece aaa do | 114159 d 373 203 170
Sciurus vittatus...-- Tapanuli Bay--- 114518 |. 405 220 185
Dt ae oe ee ee eens GOs. a0 fee 114522 = 397 200 197
MOM ee nc wee eat tees (Ololeoecdeseetc | 145235 | eee Oe eeee sae 398 206 192
DO meee oa eee GOs sseeeene 114594))/22S-- Gometercee 390 190 200
DOM terete seas dOseeee-roee 114525 |...-- (Koa See ee: 385 205 180 z
[Does emeso a odesse lsaace Oise seen ee 114526 |....- dO"-tS eens 380 215 165 Se
DO isc acess ea seste| Saee= OO esesceee 114519 | Maleadult.... 393 208 185 48 46 er
DON oa aeeneosee bese Onn ease eee 145200 |2e— ee dole tetaee 395 210 185 50 47 a
DO neces os les Ones ecee 1145 2as | eoeee Ose -2e soe = 380 200 180 48 44 <<
Sciurus saturatus...| Pulo Mansalar..| 114627 |.-..-- lt heaessoee 411 221 190 52 48.4 |
DOS seteocecoleeece GO sas steeaes T4628 Bea doextiees 400 220 180 51 48
1 DY a) See aoeenoraaa eae QOssaas2=-3 a 114629 | Female adult. 400 215 185 51 4i
DOP eaesaa cee ces ees Osa eo-5- 2 114630 |...-- dO esas 390 200 190 52 49 ee
DDO ane sooreoaad accor OOissecsneeee °114631 |=. --- Ops sa550s 375 185 190 51 47.4
Sciurus ubericolor ..| Pulo Tuangku.. 114366 | Maleadult.... 382 207 175 48 45
Do d T4367 eos -= GOm eerie 400 220 180 50 47 x
Do 114369 |....- Gaseeeen: 375 | 205 | 170 46 42a
Do 4 Sl eee Over onnse 395 210 185 50 46
Do 114368 | Female young 310 175 135 47 39.25
Do 114370 | Female adult. 345 225 | ¢120 49 45
Do 14ST eee (o Koper 6415 | 6205 | 6210 50 46.
Do @114873 |... Om eet eee 410 215 195 51 48 —
Do 143745 ee ee Op apace 415 | _ 225 190 51 4i-
Sciurus pretiosus. . -. 114318 | Maleadult...- 375 205 170 48 46
Do 1143200) Saree doses 400 205 195 48 45
Do 4S 2 eee dost teenee 372 192 180 47 44
Do 1A S22 RSet dom tees 390 210 180 47 43
Do 4323 | eee OOse ease © 335 210 | ¢125 48 45
Dore sce h sk? 114324 |2220- doe 400 215 185 48 44.4—
Do 114319 | Female adult. 400 220 180 49 45
Do GAWAZ obs eee GO stones 375 200 175 46 43 5
aType. b Estimated from dry skin. ¢ Tail injured. |
SCIURUS EREBUS, new species.
¥,
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull). Cat. No, 114537, U.S.N.M.
Collected at Tapanuli Bay, northwestern Sumatra, March 17, 1902, by)
Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1653.
Characters. Similar to the Bornean Sciurus pluto Gray, but larger,
red area on legs more extensive, and pale lateral stripe completely
obliterated. t q
Color.—Under parts and inner surface of limbs bright chestnut
(lighter and more red than that of Ridgway); elsewhere glossy black. |
On cheeks, feet, and outer surface of front legs the black is slightl 7
grizzled with whitish and red, and along flanks and thighs a few hairs)
bear a single whitish annulation rather less than 1 mm. in length, but
these markings are lost in the general black effect, except on very
|
:
t
‘No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 457
close inspection. The black of cheeks extends under chin across an
area about 10mm. in width. On front legs the red area is much wider
than the black, and on inner side it extends to naked surface of palm.
In S. pluto the black area is the more extensive, and it encircles the
wrist just above palm. On hind legs the same differences occur. The
red area is much wider in the Sumatran than in the Bornean form,
and it usually extends to edge of naked sole, though occasionally the
black narrowly encircles ankle.
Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth so closely resemble those of
Sciurus pluto that I can detect no tangible differences.
Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 485;
head and body, 260; tail vertebrae, 225; hind foot, 58 (53). Average
of twelve adults from the type locality: Total length, 473 (480-498);
head and body, 247 (230-263); tail vertebrae, 227 (200-240); hind foot,
58.1 (57-59); hind foot without claws, 53 (51-55). For details, see
table, page 457.
Sranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 58 (56);% basal
length, 50 (49); basilar length, 46.6 (46); diastema, 13.6 (13.6); length
of nasals, 17.8 (16.6); greatest breadth of both nasals together, 8.8
(8.6); least interorbital breadth, 23 (22.6); zygomatic breadth, 34.6
(84); mandible, 37 (37); maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 11 (11); man-
dibular toothrow (alveoli), 11 (11.4).
Specimens examined.—Twelve, all from Tapanuli Bay.
Remarks.—W hile Sciarus crebus rather closely resembles S. pluto, it
is readily distinguishable from the Bornean animal by its greater size
and by the absence of the pale lateral stripe. There is not the slightest
indication of this stripe in any of the twelve skins, while in each of five
specimens of Scéwrus pluto it may be easily traced. The difference in
extent of the red on the legs is a less constant character.
Measurements of Sciurus erebus.
*
: pind
oe Head | Tai : | foot
Locality. Number. Sex. set and | verte- oes with-
engi body. | bre. Oe out
| claws.
mm. mm. mm. | mm. | mm.
SEMRPENIIB RY a occas cessed oe0c cc 114530 | Male adult ....... 480 250 230 | 58 53
Pr ee sete icee PIAS SE eee GO ose ee eee 483 250 233 57 52
Vo eee ALADSS ees dow 2s 430 230 200 58 b4
BREE ete a) eee cee. 114534) ..2. - GOieeeten eee sae 455 240 215 57 | 51
See So) Se onc cwime ATABSS) aes Gor eee 470 235 235 59 | 53
Lee DPA DATS |. 2 doy eS 165 245 220 58 | 53
ere oo ole accnc 114532 | Female adult..... 498 263 235 59 5d
SR oc. os taco 114535: |... -. GO e 8 Soe RES 480 245 235 59 5d
te ee 114536. |--.2: Gores 480 255 225 58 53
Sarees hook 2.5 cl.: @114587 |...-.. Gomes rare 485 260 225 58 | 52
J ee 114538 |..... GOs ee 485 245 240 59 53
Ree Reet, 2 Se 114540 |....- GO) ects cs 470 245 225 57 | 52
aType.
_ “Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male Sciurus pluto from British
North Borneo (No. 34941).
Be
458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATI ONAL MUSEUM. VoL. xi
RHINOSCIURUS LATICAUDATUS (Miller and Schlegel).
1939-1844. Seiurus laticaudatus MULLER and ScHLEGEL, Verhandel. over de —
natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederl. overzeesche bezittingen, p. 100; Pon-
tianak, Western Borneo.
An adult female was taken on Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, Febru-
arv 15, 1902. Total length, 360; head and body, 230; tail vertebree,
130; hind foot, 46 (44). Skull: Greatest length, 59; basal length, 525
basilar length, 49.4; palatal length, 31; diastema, 17; length of nasals,
21: breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 6; least interorbital
breadth, 13; zygomatic breadth, 28.6; mandible, 35.6; maxillary tooth-—
row (alveoli), 12; mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 10.4. ‘* Uterus con-
tained one embryo the size of a pea. Mamme, 4,”
Famity MURIDAX.
MUS SIMALURENSIS, new species.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114216, U.S.N.M. ,
Collected on Simalur Island December 14, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbotts
Original number, 1372.
Characters. —Like Mus pannosus of the Butang Islands, but rather
smaller: fur shorter and less coarse; color darker and less yellowish;
teeth smaller: mammz 10, as in other members of the group.
Fur.—The fur is rather close and fine in texture, much more so
than that of Mus pannosus, though it contains many grooved bristles.
These, however, are scarcely more stiff than the longer terete hairs. |
At middle of back the body of the fur is about 14 mm. in length, the
scattered long hairs exceeding this by about 6 mm. These long hairs.
show no distinct tendency to increase in length on rump and lumbar
region.
Color.—Back and sides a moderately coarse, but not very conspicu-.
ous grizzle of black and dull ochraceous buff, the former a little in)
excess on back, the latter distinctly so on sides, and tips of bristles)
and longer hairs with metallic iridescence. Underparts buff, rather
lighter than that of Ridgway, and somewhat clouded by gray along:
median line of chest. Feet dull brownish. Ears and tail uniform)
dark brown.
Skull and teeth. —The skull is larger than that of Mus alecandrinus,
though of essentially the same form. In size it closely approaches
that of Mus pannosus, but the average length appears to be less than
in the Butang animal. In form the skulls of dus simalurensis and
M. pannosus closely resemble each other, except that the rostrum is
more slender in the Simalur rat and the incisive foramina are longer,
narrower, and more nearly parallel-sided. Teeth as in Mus pannosus,
but smaller. |
Measurements. — External measurements of type: Total length, 402}
= |
a
|
}
& :
v0. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 459
head and body, 204; tail nee, “198: hand foot, 42.4 (40). ae
age of 5 adults from the type ene Total length, 388 (877-402);
head and body, 206 (200-213); tail vertebrae, 182 (176-198); hind foot,
40.4 (39.2-42.2); hind foot without claws, 37.8 (36-40). For details,
see table, page 459.
Cranial alse eG gas of type: Greatest length, 47.4 (46);¢ basal
length, 41.8 (40); basilar length, 39 (37); ae cenit! 15 (12.4); length
of incisive foramen, 9 (8); combined breadth of incisive foramina, 3.4
(8.8); length of nasals, 18 (17.6); greatest breadth of both nasals
together, 5.2 (5.6); zygomatic breadth, 23 (22); least interorbital
breadth, 7.4 (7); breadth of brain case above roots of zygomata, 17
(17); depth of brain case at front of basioccipital, 12 (11.4); fronto-
palatal depth at posterior extremity of nasals, 11.8 (11.6); mandible,
28 (28); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 8 (8.4), mandibular tooth row
(alveoli), 8 (8.4).
Specimens examined.—Thirty-two from the following localities:
Simalur Island (main island), 8 (2 in alcohol); Simalur Island (Pulo
Siumat), 6 (1 skull without skin); Pulo Lasia, 46 (3 in alcohol; 3
skulls without skins); Pulo Babi, 2 (skulls only).
Remarks.—This is a well-defined member of the dus rattus group,
most closely related, apparently, to the form occurring on the Butang
Islands on the opposite side of Sumatra. Its presence on Simalur and
the neighboring islands may have been originally due to human
agency, though there is no reason to suppose that the animal has been
introduced within historic times.
Measurements of Mus simalurensis.
| |
a | Hind
: eac . | foot
Locality. Number. Sex. oa and | Tail. Hind | with-
engtn.! pody. 20% out
claws.
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
Beomlor island .......-....---. 114214 | Male adult ....... 389 213 76h |e 36
ae a os ie eis aie ATADAS see or GO stent eso. 393 211 182 40 36
Diese RS eet escke 114213 | Female young.... 357 190 167 38 35
a ca as a 114216 | Female adult..... 402 204 198 De 40
Oe ee TAD eee Come 82: Bn 380 201 179 40 | 33
Re eee oo ce WAS Se Gomis 2 377 200 177 41 39
Semi at... 2... 5... --- 114221 | Male adult ....... 415 224 191 42 38. 6
EEE Ree cc kk clces ADO |e oe or GO eek ere. 413 212 201 42.4 40
Ne 114222 | Female adult..... 383 204 179 40 38
Me es en: 114223 | Female young.... 342 172 170 39.6 37
BRE s seco -. el a ee 114224 | Female adult..... 375 198 177 41.4 38.4
US 114257 | Male adult ....... 433 225 208 43 39.4
REE asso oo so. cnc 3 114260 |..... GOR naseaosues 417 205 ZA Ad: 39
DEM ee 14261" |-2o5- GO eee ree ees 411 210 201 42.4 40
DORE AS oi 114262 | Male young ...... 385 178 207 42 40
Meer nee. ee oae 114253 | Female young.... 356 176 180 40 | 38
Merete eeesss5.,.-_....---.| 114254 | Female adult..... 456 231 225 42.2 40
ee he ce os wicaic ATA ay he AOisese- 22 sas: 437 225 212 40.4 39
REE ee oa) isk ee wo a 114256 | Female young.... 370 182 188 40.4 39
0. S360geeeee SeEe ee merc 114258 | Female adult..... 445 227 | 218 43.4 41.2
|
aType.
_ Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult female Mus pannosus (No.
104115) from Pulo Adang, Butang Islands.
460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE
MUS SURDUS, new species.
Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114184, U.S.N.M
Collected on Simalur Island December 11, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbott,
Original number, 1359.
Characters. Shes to Mus concolor Blyth and Mus pullus Mile,
but larger and paler.
Fur and external characters in general.—The fur, tail, ears, feet, ete
are as in Mus concolor and Mus pullus. Mammae, i. 2-2, p. 2-2=8.9
Color.—Back and sides a coarse, inconspicuous grizzle of dull ochra-
ceous buff and blackish brown, the former slightly in excess on ba
and distinctly predominating on sides. Underparts and inner sur-
face of limbs dirty white, tinged with cream buff. In the type there
is a fairly well defined line of demarcation between the color of sides
and that of belly. This contrast, though not always so conspicuo :,
is invariably more noticeable than in the type of J/us pullus or the two
specimens of Mus concolor that I have examined. Kars blackish bro
externally, lightly sprinkled with fine, silvery hairs internally. F
dirty whitish.
Skull and teeth.—Both skull and teeth are noticeably larger than in
Mus concolor and Mus pullus, but I can detect no ee differend e
in form.
~ Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 265;
head and body, 127; tail vertebra, 138; hind foot, 28 (26). Average
of 21 adults from the type locality: Total length, 268 (238-324); head
and body, 130 (112-148); tail vertebrae, 139 (119-152); hind foot, 27
(26-28.2); hind foot without claws, 25.4 (24-27). For details see |
table, page 461. oY
Genial measurements of type: Greatest length, 33 (30);¢ basa ue
length, 28.6 (26); basilar length, 26 (23); diastema, 8.8 (8); length of |
incisive foramen, 6.4 (5.4); Cone breadth of incisive foramina, 2.8 Bei
(2); length of nasals, 12 (11); greatest combined breadth of nasals, 3
(8); zygomatic breadth, 15.4 (13.6); least interorbital breadth, 5 (4);
breadth of brain case above roots of zygomata, 13.6 (13); dope :
brain case at front of basioccipital, 9.6 (9); frontopalatal depth at p
terior extremity of nasals, 7.4 (6.6); mandible, 18.8 (15.4); maxilla
tooth row (alveoli), 5.6 (4.6); mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 5.6 (4.
Specimens examined.—Vhirty-two (11 in alcohol), all from the type
locality. 2
Remarks.—Though closely related to Mus concolor and Mus pullus
this species appears to be well differentiated. Like Mus simalure
it probably owes its introduction and therefore its existence to prehis
toric man. |
“ Measurements in parantheses are those of the type of Mus pullus.
; 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 461
: aoe
|
Measurements of Mus surdus.
Pee oe ae
Moats ead | | : oot
Locality. Number. | Sex. oe and | Tail. | Hing | with-
engto-! body. | OL Olt
claws.
j mm. mun. | nin, min. mm.
SeUrrsiand .225..<------- 114181 | Male adult ......- 270 | 130 | 140 | 27 25
| eee 114182 |..... Hae eeeer ce | 970/130] 140] 27 25
Beene 523 ee ee oe WAT SS ess = does. 2eeee:- 264 130 134 | 26 24
Gree eee ee a114184 |..... GO Piteccn ces 265 127 138 27.8 26.4
Ie Sn aces odelnce DIAT8b "Ee. 5: GO nerd se ses = 276 132 144 | 27 26
Cae oc nai dure twas samme PIATRG eee GO eee eeees 249 | 125 124 | 26.2 25
BC a ies a eeiccoseite ses TAT STE oe a GO Pesa= souc cnn 270 130 140 | 26.4 25
MTR reo Scien Soe a abc sin coc 114190 |..... GOt Pee eases 266 135 ST ete al 26
DSR ee ee PATS Sa WO\s. Fess ceen © 272 129 143 | 26 25
BIR ceric l= sain a n/a om clare WV41 929) 2 =< (Gk) Se eee eee 324 142 182 28 20
I aoe nia sais ans «Se 114193 |....- Olesen ee 285 143 142 | 28 26
BNE ee eal ctewmidalm = on 1174194 |..... Coe eeccsoetecs 298 143 | 15d 25 26.4
RUPE ee SUS sce nests 114196 |....- GOse en eee 285 134 15] 28.2 26
EE Gach cccince ces 2 Ss 114198 |....- Goes eee 269 129 140 | 26 24.4
EP sa Roc Ses 114200032. Geet os —sesses 273 133 140 |. 27.2 26
PU se ase io anie AT4201 23 - GO eee: 260 135 125 28 27
Peete Ae ce ebeseisiee ss 114188 | Female adult -..-- 240 121 119 | 26 25
BUTE oo Sac oe See eene 114189 |....- UGHESS coder 243 116 137 | 27 25
MES do et: PATO D ear GOs ae. eee 238 112 126 Gamal 25
IR REA Soc cccicone se cele DATO ee 2s Gomes seen. 268 124 144 Dae | 26
Ber nS Se he a LALOR IS So. GO S322 = Ss5 425: 201 125 126 | 26. 2 25
aType.
MUS FIRMUS Miller.
1902. Mus firmus Mitier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 156;
June 11, 1902; Linga Island, off east coast of Sumatra.
An immature rat taken at Tapanuli Bay, 8 specimens (1 in alcohol)
rom Pulo Tuangku, and 7 (1 skull without skin) from Pulo Bang-
aru I can not distinguish satisfactorily from the J/us firmus of Linga
sland. The skins from Pulo Bangkaru and that from Tapanuli Bay
re practically indistinguishable from the original series. Those from
-ulo Tuangku are, however, not as clear buff beneath, as the hairs of
be lateral portions of the belly have distinct gray bases, and this color
ppears slightly at surface. The series is too small to prove that this
ifference is constant. For measurements see table, page 462.
MUS DOMITOR, new species.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114621, U.S.N.M.
Jollected on Pulo Mansalar at entrance to Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra,
March 4, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1592.
~— Characters.—Similar to Mus firmus but under parts so little tinged
vith yellow as to form no marked contrast with color of sides. Mam-
axe 8, as in Mus firmus and related species.
Fur and general external features.—The external characters, other
han color, are so like those of Mus firmus, Mus integer, and the
weviously known members of the group as to need no description.
Color.—Upper parts a fine grizzle of blackish brown and pale, dull,
muff, the two colors nearly equally mixed on the back, but the buff in
Xcess on the sides, where, however, it is clouded by the appearance
462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVq,
VL
at surface of the gray (very nearly Ridgeway’s No. 6) of the under fur,
The longer hairs show a distinct bluish luster. Under parts and inner
criekace ol legs gray (about Ridgeway’s No. 6) faintly washed with
erayish buff, the contrast between the color of this region and that of
sides very slight. Head similar to back, but grizzle more fine. Feet
dull, dark brown. Ears and tail uniform blackish.
Shull and teeth.—TIhe skull and teeth so closely resemble those o1,
Mus firmus that I can find no tangible characters by which to dis.
tinguish them. |
Measurements. —External measurements of type: Total length, 490.
head and body, 243; tail vertebree, 247; hind foot, 47 (44). Average
of 5 specimens from the type locality: Total length, 457 (400-497)'
head and body, 227 (200-251); tail vertebrae, 230 (200-252); hind foot;
46.4 (45-48); hind foot without claws, 43.6 (42-45). For details set
table, page 462. |
Cranial measurements of type: . Greatest length, 53 (53);% basa:
length, 46.4 (46); basilar length, 43.6 (43); length of nasals, 21 (21.4).
ereatest combined breadth of nasals, 5.5 (5.6); diastema, 15 (15)
zygomatic breadth, 26 (27); least interorbital breadth, 8 (8); depth o-
brain case at front of basioccipital, 13 (13); frontopalatal depth at pos
terior extremity of nasals, 12.4 (18); mandible, 31.4 (32.4); maxillary
tooth row (alveoli), 9 (9.4); mandibular tooth row (alveoli), 9.6 (10)ae |
Specimens caamined.—Seven (one skull without skin), all from Pull
Mansalar. ;
Remarks.—The distinctness of this species from the J/us firmus 0°
the near-by mainland is unquestionable. 7
Measurements of Mus firmus and Mus domitor.
|
| Head ‘
. r : Total | . Hind
Name. socality. N ber. Sex. anc ail.
Locality umber Sex length. | ae Tail rants
| | mm. mm. | mm. | mm.
Mus firmus ......-.- Pulo Bangkaru. 114285 | Female adult . 435 232 203 | 45
Does ens see: [peer AG. eens 142 86nleeeee dois seeone 441 233 208 | 46
DOF ee one tee doe ee 1493778 eee doje eee 408 216 192 | 43.4
Dor siens see El sien don eo 1149897) Sone dom sneee 440-| 230| 210} 45
DO eee at Ee ae dope: 114989) S222e do Reseeeee 411 | 218 193 | 44
DOicanrcesniws sees GOraae eee 114290 | Male adult -.-.. 412 212 200 | 46
MOM ase ee Pulo Tuangku..| 114378 | Female adult. 457 | 220 237 | 50
Doe Gate eel | eee donee 14380 eee doe 435 | 222| 213 | 46.4
Do ese eet dorsi 114382) |. 2... donieesees 482 | 242 240 | 48
DO sae scce oes lee rs Gove eae 114384 |-...- dont: 485 245 240 | 47
(BVO) See aS ae ee ae dows =e 114379 | Male adult... 458 | 228 230 | 49
WOM erenctoeeecelSacee dose-sseeas: T4381 eS -s G\osemeagoc 487 | 249 238 48
DO Reese nae naar sec doe =e 114383) Fees Goeeiass Bea | LK) 260 | 50
Mus domitor....-.... Pulo Mansalar. . 114620 | Female adult. 400 200 200 | 46
DOs Pee eieis Sisic a iaizlecsse Os Sar @114621 |..... does sa ence 490 243 247 | 47
DO eeecee ce er |oeetee GOSsee esas 114622 | Female young 384 185 199 | 42
DO isha -2 =: 23-|-r oe ako ee 114623 | Male adult... 485 233 252 | 48
DOU cence es \seaet GOs Scere 114624 |..... dO). seae 413 207 206 | 45
DOpeetsecccwasck|ueccie GOvcscoescesl 114625"). 5.<.: GOs tes 5e4 497 251 246 46
aType.
“Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of Mus firmus,
No.1317. ° MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA —MILLER. 463
MUS FREMENS Miller.
1902. Mus fremens Mrtiirr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 154,
March, 1902; Sinkep Island, off east coast of Sumatra.
Twenty-four specimens, from the following localities: Pulo Tuangku,
7(2 skulls without skins); Pulo Bangkaru, 1; Pulo Mansalar, 7 (1
skull without skin); Tapanuli Bay, 9 (5 skulls without skins). This
series shows variation in both size and color, but for the present I
prefer to refer it as a whole to Mus fremens. None of the skins
show any close approach to the bright colors of J/us vociferans. For
measurements, see table.
Measurements of Mus fremens.
mn | | Hind
Mat ead | : foot
Locality. Number. Sex, Total | and | Tail. | Hind | with-
| length. : foot.
body. | out
| | claws.
MM. MLN. WN, nim. mm.
mmo bane karu..s-.---..------ 114307 | Female young....- 481 207 274 45 43
See PETAN EK ..2. 5.2. -2- eee 114401 | Male adult ....... | 567 245 | SOO) Ay 45
Do TAZO2) Pee (0) AE eee 585 257 | 328 | 48 45
114403 | Male young ...--. 515 228 | 287 | 45 13
114404 | Male adult ...._.. 578 250 | 328 48 45.4
114405... Geek. 572 | 249| 393] 50 48
114451 | Female adult..... 610 242 | 368 46 44.4
114452 |_.... dows ee 579 995 | 354] 46 44
114458 | Male adult ....... 611 236 | 375 48 45
114454 |..... Goss -e S825 2- 22 605 240 | 365 47 45.4
114581 | Female adult....-. 480 241 a239 | 46 44
114586 |....- Gomsenr ae foes: 483 220 | 263} 44.4 42
114582 | Male young....... 495 910} 285 | 44 41.4
114583 | Male adult ....... 549 250 | 299 | 48 45
114584 |..... MOG s-eeese ees 522 218 | 304 | 45 43
| 114585 |..... doentnececes 520 | 230 | 290 | 45 43
aTail damaged.
MUS ASPER Miller.
1900. Mus asper MituEr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, April 21, 1900, p.
145; Trong, Lower Siam.
An adult male (skin and skull) and female (skull only) from Pulo
Tuangku, Banjak Islands, and an adult. female (in alcohol) from Tapa-
nuli Bay. These specimens so closely resemble J/us asper that with-
out further material I am unable to distinguish them. The male from
Pulo Tuangku measures: Total length, 249; head and body, 140; tail,
109; hind foot, 29.6 (28). The female from Tapanuli Bay measures:
Total length, 210; head and body, 105; tail, 105; hind foot, 27 (26).
MUS LINGENSIS Miller.
1900. Mus lingensis M1tuER, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., IT, August 20, 1900, p.
206; Linga Island, off east coast of Sumatra.
Forty specimens, as follows: Pulo Bangkaru, 15 (1 in alcohol, 4
skulls without skins); Pulo Tuanku, 12 (2 in alcohol, 3 skulls without
skins); Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, 13 (1 in alcohol, 7 skulls without
skins). For measurements, see table, page 464,
=
ee
464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
Many of the skins are in fresh, unworn pelage, a stage in which |
they differ almost as strongly from the bright-colored Mus surifer of
the Malay Peninsula as was the case w ith the original specimens taken.
‘n midsummer. In fact, the general color of the rats of this group)
appears to be only slightly < affected by abrasion of the fur. In the,
six specimens from Papal Bay there is no indication of a dark col-
lar. The collar is present in about half the skins from the Banjak|
Islands, though in none is it developed as in the Pulo Mansalar form, :
Measurements of Mus lingensis.
| en ung I
; Y Total) See | Hind | 2ogmmal
Locality. Number. | Sex. ae and | Tail. | with-
) | length. body. | foot. one
claws. }/
-— |
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
PuloBbangkarle. sssc0~-- 1 -- | 114292 ; 191 153 alee 39°
DG sete eee eee ree A] ee ene 294 205 167 42 39.4.
DOE eee hoe so eee eae 114295 180 148 39 36
DOE eee chee esas fama UEAD9G: |... SEO Oie xe oo oct a Sia ae ee | eee etal Sree 40 38
DOM her neice none eee 114299 200 158 | 39.4 37.4 |
Doreen eee eee 114300 | 204 | D128] 40 38 |
DOP Retain ae eeate 114301 180 152 39 By
Doh ee en eaten 114293 184 159] 38.4 36
DONS seer eerste cases 114297 200 6130 36.4 35.4
DOE erence came nies 114298 205 175 41.6 40
PiMOu bane Kuss seeeeee see 114887 | Male young ...-.--. 316 182 134 38.4 36
DO soe eee coe cer eureee 114389 | Male adult ....--- 330 183 147 39, 2 36
DOS enw arene neon 4392" eee GOs aes seee 342 191 151 40.6 37
DO Sooo ee eeeeees neous 114388 | Female adult...-. 361 204 157 39 om
DOs oe ct eee ore yA S90 Caer (VO) nemo So aeree 331 177 154 41 37.4
Dog uen ee eae noe eee T4391 Oe eee Go Sees 340 192 148 | 39 36 |
DoOrssasw Eee eee 1AS931|ee oe OO tssteseees 334 186 148 39 37
Moh GidohsBay enen ses see 114161 | Male young.....-. 295 145 150 37 85}
MapanulitBaysos sense seeders 114499") See do aes 330 173 157 | 39 37 |
Do 114436 | Female adult..... 320 167 1538 38 36.2
Do 44370 Reece dO tas eeeeteae 394 213 181 39 36.4.
Do 114439 | Female young...- 315 162 153 39 37 |
Do 114440 | Female adult...-. 414 218 196 41.6 40
Linga Island . 101610 | Male adult .....-. 362 203 159 38 Sima
Do 101612 |....- doves eee 400 216 184] 43 42.) |
Do a101614 |...-- dO. eg ee 387 216 171 42 40.4
Do 113044 |. 22 0- COC rae cee saee 354 188 166 41 39
Do 113048 |) 5.2e- GOjt see eescee 389 219 170 43 41
Do T3049 eae dO! 2522 eee ae 420 237 | 183 41 39.4)
Do UT3050"| See ee Os eee 383 201 182 39 36. 4.
Do 101611 | Female adult..... 375 210 165 38 36034
Do 113040) |53.=- Oe: 822 asec 380 205 175 40 38
Do 113042 |....- GO: 2 soveeaeese a310 220 ag 39.4 37
Do APS ORS yee O's Sas cese wees 330 | 177 | 153 41 38
|
a Type. b Tail imperfect.
MUS CATELLIFER, new species.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), Cat. No. 114590, U.S.N. MI
Collected on Pulo Mansalar, off Tapanuli Bay, Sumner March 3,
1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1587. |
C ee —In general similar to Mus lingensis, but darker; lower
leg entirely tawny, and throat with broad cross-band of same ital
Fur and general external features.—The external characters, color
excepted, agree so closely with those of Mus lingensis as to need no
special description. The spines on the back are rather less coarse
than in the related species.
—— — —_ __Ff<_, _ __
No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 465
— Color.—Type: Back and sides tawny ochraceous, considerably paler
than that of Ridgway, everywhere heavily clouded by the blackish
brown of the spines and longer hairs. On middle of back the dark
color is greatly in excess, but on sides the tawny-ochraceous slightly
predominates. Crown and forehead like back; cheeks clear, dull,
tawny-ochraceous. Outer surface of limbs tawny-ochraceous, paler
than that of sides, and somewhat dulled by appearance at surface of
slaty bases of hairs. The tawny-ochraceous completely encircles heel
and wrist, extending up to middle of lower leg and forearm. Under-
parts dull white, distinctly marked with cream buff. Throat just in
front of forelegs crossed by an ochraceous buff band about 25 mm. in
width. Feet dull whitish. Ears and tail blackish brown, the latter
indistinctly whitish beneath and at tip.
Nine of the skins show no yariation worthy of note, but the other
three (Nos. 114611, 114612, and 114613) are so peculiar as to suggest
their specific distinctness. In these the tawny-ochraceous is absent
from median dorsal region, the whole of which is consequently a
clear slaty brown from shoulders to base of tail, strongly contrasted
with color of sides. Entire ventral surface dull, light, ochraceous-
buff, slightly marked with whitish along median line. Otherwise as
in the type. As these specimens show no peculiarities other than
color, I think they are to be regarded as a dichromatic phase of J/us
catellifer.
Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth are not distinguishable from
those of Jus lingensis.
Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 348;
head and body, 202; tail vertebrae, 146; hind foot, 40 (39). Average
of nine specimens from type locality: Total length, 350 (309-398);
head and body, 195 (176-221); tail vertebra, 155 (183-177); hind foot,
41 (40-48); hind foot without claws, 38.9 (87.441). For details see
table, page 466.
Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 46 (47.5); basal
length, 39 (40.4); basilar length, 37 (87.5), diastema, 13 (13.4); length
of incisive foramen, 7 (7); combined breadth of incisive foramina,
4.4 (4); length of nasals, 17 (19); greatest combined breadth of nasals,
5 (5.4); zygomatic breadth, 20 (20); least interorbital breadth 6.6 (6.8);
mandible, 25 (25.4); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 7 (8); mandibular
tooth row (alveoli), 7 (7.2).
Specimens examined.—Vhirty-two (2 in alcohol; 18 skulls without
skins), all from Pulo Mansalar.
ah Sg ak ie z
«Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of Mus lingensis,
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 32
|
466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. |
Measurements of Mus catellifer.
cere ane e | Head i ee
Total | re | Hina | 20m
Locality. Number. Sex. : and Tail. with-
OCalily | length body. foot. out
| claws, |
| [a eee |
us | i
mm. mm. | mm. mm. mm. |
Pulo Mansalar.......-.-------- 114588 | Female adult...-- b322 220 | «102 41 39 i
DGz see bee sas -| 114589 |..--- (Vos ecerdooscicc 376 208 168 40 37.4 f
Do se ere -| a114590 |.-.-- OME pee eee 348 202 146 40 Soin ik
DO cacao Ee Ab oe aes OKO) sen succncccd 366 222 144 38 36
DOr tesa eee eee Be AO Gm | eae dotneeeaasc se 333 177 156 40 ‘38 |
DOs te ee ay cee cists Be MAGI" | eee OKO Wnoriadcodooc 383 219 164 41 39m |
DO eee Benes ..| 114591 | Male adult ....--- 338 183 155 43 41
WO Base cere Sopetietpec nets 114592 | Male young ...... 297 157 140 40 Sia
DO eee eee a otiaeaicists | 114594 | Male adult .....-. 398 221 177 AL 38) |
[Dia sot sececuanenrodesocce | 114595 | Male young ...--.. 333 186 147 42 39.4 |
TS eee cen eee = | a4 G1) Baas Goa aa eeee 328 179 149 42 40 |
DD Oe eetncemraeee tecrers= 114613 |-..<- GOs ee eetes| 309 176 133 40 39 i
ee ——— ————— eo 4,
a Type. b Tail damaged. ]
/
LENOTHRIX, new genus. ,
Type: Lenothrix canus, new species. |
Characters.—Form as in the larger species of Mus, tail longer than
head and body. Fur densely woolly, interspersed with long, straight |
hairs. Feet as in J/vs, but plantar tubercles unusually large. Gen-)
eral form of skull asin J/vs, but supraorbital ridges g ereatly developed, _
somewhat as in Zy/omys. Teeth essentially as in Lenomys,“ but width
of upper molars only about half that of palate, and supplemental reen-,
trant angles on inner side of these teeth less strongly developed.
LENOTHRIX CANUS, new species.
(Plate X VIII.)
Type.—Adult male (skin and skull). Cat. No. 114386, U.S.N. Mai
Collected on Pulo Tuangku, January 27, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott!)
Characters.—A slender, bluish gray rat. In external appearance
similar to Lenomys meyer? as figured by Meyer,’ but considerably
smaller (head and body 236 instead of 290; hind foot 42 instead of 46),
and with tail longer than head and body.
Fur. fur is composed of three elements: (1), a fine, dense,’
woolly underfur, the hairs of which at middle of back are about.
12 mm. in length; (2), slender, straight, terete hairs, the length of}
which in same region averages about 25 mm., and (3), weak, flattened)
hairs intermediate in length between the two other kinds and most
abundant on sides and underparts. The flattened hairs are very incon-,
spicuous and might readily pass unnoticed. It is the abundant woolly
underfur that determines the character of the pelage and gives the:
animal a very different appearance from Mus ferreocanus, which it)
“ As figured by Thomas, Trans. Zool. Soe. London, XIV, pl. xxxv1, fig. 1. |
»Abhandl. u. Berichte des k. Zool. u. Anthrop.-Ethn. Museums zu Dresden, VII,)
1899, pl, vin.
‘No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 467
rather closely resembles in color. In the type specimen there is an
almost naked area about 4 mm. wide and 70 mm. in length extending
along median line of belly to posterior portion of chest. It has the
appearance of a normal character.
Oolor.—Upper parts and outer surface of limbs ecru-drab, irregu-
larly tinged with broccoli-brown and clouded, particularly along middle
of back, by the blackish long hairs. Both under fur and long hairs
have a distinctly glossy texture, which causes much variation in the
exact shade as the skin is viewed in different lights. Cheeks light
broccoli-brown. Whiskers shining black. Underparts and inner sur-
face of limbs cream-buff, the line of demarcation between this color
and that of sides fairly well defined. Feet dirty whitish, shaded with
ecru-drab, this color extending around heel. Ears blackish. Tail
blackish throughout basal fourth, the rest white.
Tail.—The tail shows no peculiarities of importance. It is distinetly
and uniformly annulated, about 11 rings to the centimeter at middle.
The rings are not very clearly divided into scales except toward base.
Beyond middle the rings become much more closely crowded, but they
retain their distinctness to extreme tip. On basal fourth the hairs
which spring from between the rings are too minute to cause any con-
cealment of the annulation, but beyond this region they increase in
length and slightly obscure the outlines of the rings. At tip they are
about 5 mm. long.
Fars.—The ears are of moderate size and normal form. Laid for-
ward they extend about to eye. The surface of the ear is naked,
except for a sprinkling of minute blackish hairs.
Skull.—The skull is in size and general form not unlike that of a
large house rat. The brain case, however, is less deep, the audital
bulle are much smaller, the incisive foramina are shorter, the nasals
flare abruptly anteriorly, and the plate of the maxillary which forms
outer wall of antorbital foramen is not produced forward beyond
level of upper zygomatic root. The most striking differences are
found in the interorbital region. In general contour this region is
much as in Mus norvegicus, but the supraorbital beads are developed
into upturned blade-like ledges between which the main surface of the
frontal lies at the bottom of a distinct trough. A similar condition is
suggested by some skulls of very aged members of the J/us surifer
group and by those of species of 7%/omys.
Teeth.—Incisors as in Mus norvegicus, except that those of the upper
jaw are a little less strongly curved. Molars(Plate XVIII, figs. + and 5)
slightly larger than those of the house rat. First upper molar: The
anterior ridge contains three distinct cusps, the outermost of which is
nearly as large as the innermost and situated distinctly farther forward.
As a result, the outer side of the tooth appears longer than the inner—
the exact opposite to the condition in J/vs. Between central and inner
468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
cusps there is a distinct reentrant angle. Another small reentrant
angle lies at the posterior base of the outer cusp. ‘The second ridge |
is practically a repetition of the first, except that the reentrant angle —
between middle and inner cusps is broader and not as deep, while that |
at posterior base of outer cusp is better developed. There is also a )
rudimentary reentrant angle at front of outer cusp, so that the-
resulting form of the cusp is an imperfect trefoil with a large median |
lobe, a posterior one of nearly the same size, and a minute anterior
segment. In the type the process of attrition has extended far enough
to unite the median ridge with the posterior along the inner edge.
Third ridge with median cusp larger than in either first or second, |
the outer cusp rather smaller than that of first or second, and inner |
cusp obsolete. There is a distinct reentrant angle at posterior base
of outer cusp. Second upper molar: Anterior ridge represented by |
a large inner cusp and a minute outer one, both joined in present |
state of wear to front of main cusp of second ridge. Second like;
that of first tooth, but with outer cusp smaller and lacking the anterior
limb of the trefoil. Third ridge as in anterior tooth. Third upper
molar: Anterior ridge represented by a large internal cusp, as well!
developed as that of middle tooth, but quite distinct from second:
ridge. Second ridge formed by a simple, transverse loop, nar-.
row on the inner side, but expanding externally to a rudimentary
median cusp. Third ridge consisting of a single large cusp, probably
the median. It is fully as large as the median cusp of the other teeth.)
First lower molar: This tooth consists of three very similar bilobate:
cross ridges, slightly convex or concave in front, deeply concave
behind. The anterior is somewhat concave anteriorly and is preceded,
by a small median tubercle. A similar but rather smaller tubercle.
lies between first and second loop on outer side, and a still smaller one
between the same loops on inner side. Posterior loop like second,
except that there is a small reentrant angle on outer side. It is fol-
lowed by a median tubercle, rather larger than that at front of tooth.
Second lower molar: Essentially a duplication of the second and third
loops and posterior tubercle of first tooth, but anterior lobe with a
rudimentary external tubercle and reentrant angle on outer side of
second lobe deeper. Third lower molar: This tooth is reduced to an
anterior loop about like that of middle tooth, and a broad, crescentic
posterior loop, the slightly concave side of which is directed forward:
Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 534.
head and body, 236; tail, 298; hind foot, 41 (88.6).
Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 49.6; basal length!
44.6; basilar length, 42.6; palatal length, 22; least width of palate
between anterior molars, 4.8; diastema, 14.6; length of incisive fora:
men, 6.8; combined breadth of incisive foramina, 3.2; length of nasals
18; greatest combined breadth of nasals, 6.6; zygomatic breadth, 25.
i
t
if
7
)
cs
—jeast interorbital breadth, 5.8; breadth of brain case above roots of
;
“No, 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 469
zygomata, 17; depth of brain case at front of basioccipital, 11.6; fronto-
palatal depth at posterior extremity of nasals, 11.4; least depth of
rostrum immediately behind incisors, 9.6; mandible, 28.6; maxillary
tooth row (alveoli), 9; width of front upper molar, 2.6; mandibular
tooth row (alveoli), 8; width of front lower molar, 2.
Specimens examined.—One, the type.
Remarks.—Lenothrix ravus is easily recognizable among Malayan
rats by its woolly fur, long tail, and bluish gray color, combined with
the rather large size. In general appearance it somewhat resembles
Mus ferreocanus, but the quality of the fur in the two animals is quite
unlike.
Famity HYSTRICID.
TRICHYS MACROTIS, new species.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull). Cat. No. 114488, U.S.N.M.
Collected at Tapanuli Bay, northwestern Sumatra, February 20, 1902,
by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1555.
Characters.—Similar to the Bornean 7richys fasciculata (Shaw) but
with longer ears; skull with broader, more strongly angled hamulars.
Kars.—The ears differ from those of Zrichys fasciculata in form as
well as in size. The anterior border is very moderately convex and
the tip is more broadly rounded off than in the Bornean animal.
These two characters, in connection with the greater length, give the
ear an almost spatulate appearance quite different from the contour of
the ear of the related species.
Color.—The color so exactly resembles that of 7richys fasciculata as
to need no description.
Skull and teeth.—The skull closely resembles that of T7ichys fase?-
culata, except that the hamular processes of the pterygoids are of a dis-
tinctly different form. In 7. fasciculata these processes are slender
and uniformly curved throughout, the lower margin slightly thick-
ened and the tip tapering rather abruptly to a point. In 7! macrotis
they are much wider, there is an abrupt angle near middle, the lower
edge is not thickened, and the tip is broadened and swollen into a dis-
tinct head.
Teeth as in 7. fasciculata.
Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 653;
head and body, 428; tail vertebrae, 225; hind foot, 64 (61); ear from
meatus, 28. Average of four adults from the type locality: Total
leneth, 614 (590-653); head and body, 420 (410-428); tail vertebra,
197 (180-225); hind foot, 64 (62-66); hind foot without claws, 60.3
(58-62). For details, see table, page 470.
Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 82 (84%; basal
“Measurements in parentheses are those of a young adult male Trichys fasciculata
from Mount Salikan, Borneo (No. 83940).
e
470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
length, 72 (72); basilar length, 68 (67); length of nasals, 27 (25.4);
diastema 24 (24); zygomatic breadth, 44 (44.4); least interorbital
breadth, 16 (19); mandible, 52.4 (52); maxillary toothrow (alveoli),
13.4 (14.8); mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 14.8 (15).
Specimens ecamined.—F ve, all from the type locality.
Remarks.—Though closely related to the Bornean form, Z7richys
macrotis appears to be readily distinguishable by its large ears and
peculiar hamulars.
Anembryo with head and body about 40 mm. in length clearly shows
that scaly integument, the vestiges of which in the adult have been
‘alled attention to by Jentink.“ The scales are very distinct on the
back, sides, thigh, upper arm, and proximal third of tail, much more
so, in fact, than in an embryo Manis javanica of about the same size,
The largest average a little more than 1mm. in length. Longitudinally
there are about 52 rows, each of which contains 24 scales at middle of
body. At the posterior border of each scale the incipient spines
appear as minute rounded projections, of which the central is usually
the best developed. Five of these rudiments to each scale appears to
be the usual number, though seven may occasionally be counted. The
middle and terminal portions of the tail lack scales, but in a favorable
light traces of rings are visible along the second third. Near tip the
tail rather abruptly thickens, and its surface becomes somewhat rugose.
Measurements of Trichys macrotis.
| | Hind
| Total Head | Tail Hind foot
Locality. Number. Sex. sear and | verte- | > with-
ee pody. | bre. | 10% | out
| | | | claws.
2 by oe 29 ee See pe
| mm. | mm. | mm. mm. | mm.
TPADAN WIR By; oe eteieisiaaeerne seco 114487 | Female adult.....|.......- | ADS See aera 64 |
DOS eRe ees cose meens a@114488 |..... dO osceeereeas 653 428 | 225 64 | 3 60
Donen see eee maes seer eeee 114495 | eee do siaeeeee 617 | 422 195 60 | > 57
WO See Sa ees es oe sine | 114489 | Male adult ......-. 590 | 410 180 66 | 62
MOR ee ase eee Soe Se Sees Srateie P T4490 tas (oto Saeenaator 600 415 185 | 62 | 58
| | :
aType.
Famity VIVERRID.
HERPESTES BRACHYURUS Gray.
1837. Herpestes brachyurus Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist., I, November, 1837, p. 578;
“Indian Islands.’’
A pair of adults, Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 24 and 26, 1902.
Measurements: Total length, male, 630, female, 650; head and body,
male, 430, female, 435; tail vertebra, male, 200, female, 215; hind foot,
male, 83, female, 82; hind foot without claws, male, 78, female, 78.
—
“ Notes from the Leyden Museum, X VI, 1894, p. 209.
BY
No. 1317. MAMMALS OF eee SUMATRA— pote he 471
HEMIGALE HARDWICKII Gray.
1830. ‘‘ Viverru hardwickii Gray, Spic. Zool., I, p. 9.”
Adult female, Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, February 12, 1902. Meas-
‘urements: Total length, 830; head and body, 520; tail vertebrae, 310;
hind foot, 73 (71).
PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITUS (Pallas).
1778. Viverra hermaphrodita Pauuas, in Schreber, Siiugthiere, III, p. 426;
“ Barbary.’’
Six specimens from Simalur Island. For measurements, see table,
page 471.
Dr. Abbott writes that the musang of Simalur Island is lighter in
weight and much more slender in form than that of the Malay
Peninsula. The measurements, however, show no appreciable differ-
ences, and I can detect none in the skins or skulls.
Measurements of Paradoxurus hemaphroditus.
| | aS | Hind
Total Head Tail | Hind foot
475 410 | 70 69
|
|
Loeality. Number. Sex. le and | verte- with-
jJength.| body. | bre. foot. out
| claws.
|
| mm. mim. nL. nvm. mm.
114171 | Male adult ....... 845 | 465 380 68 65
114174 | Young male....-. 758 | 388 370 | 66 63
114175 | Male adult .....-. 875 485 390 | 71 70
114172 | Female adult..... 883 | 183 400 | 66 65
ARTS Ue ip eee eS. Soe g6e5| 470| 395] 71 69
885 |
|
114176 | atte DOs aaecveeiicce
Family MUSTELID.
AONYX CINEREA (lIlliger).
1815. Lutra cinerea Iuuicrer, ‘‘Abhandl, Akad. Berlin, 1811, p. 99.”’ Java.
An adult female was taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, on March 27,
1902. Measurements: Total length, 760; head and body, 470; tail ver-
tebree, 290; hind foot, 82.
Family GALEOPITHECID ZA.
GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS (Linnzus).
1758 [Lemur] volans Linnxvs, Syst. Nat., I, 10th ed., p. 30; Asia.
Two specimens from Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands.
Measurements of Galeopithecus volans.
| | Hind
Head Tail | : foot
Locality. Number. Sex. eee | and | yerte- me with-
& body. bre. ; out
claws.
| mm. mim. mm. min. mm,
Pulo evaangica Bee ee 114375 | Female, adult ...- 620 385 235 61 55
pele falas a Ae cisi = xlolnlo = ci 114376 | Male, adult.....-. | 590 3380 215 60 53.6
(an |
472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Family ERINACEID 4.
GYMNURA GYMNURA (Raffles). |
1822. [ Vinerra] gymnura Rarres, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, XIII, p. 272; Ben- |
|
coolen, Sumatra.
One adult male, Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 29, 1902. For)
measurements see table, page 472.
'
Family TUPAID Zi.
TUPAIA FERRUGINEA (Raffles).
1822. Tupaia ferruginea Rarries, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 256; |
Singapore.
Five specimens, two from Loh Sidoh Bay and three (one skull with-)
out skin) from Tapanuli Bay. For measurements see table, page 472.!
Both skins and skulls closely agree with those from fhe southern
extremity of the Malay Peninsula and show no approach toward the;
Tupaia pheura” of Sinkep Island. |
TUPAIA TANNA Raffles.
1822. Tupaia tana Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XXIII, p. 257; Bencoolen, |
Sumatra.
A pair of adults, Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands, January 29 and 31, |
1902. For measurements see table, page 472
TUPAIA MALACCANA Anderson.
1879. Tupaia malaccana ANDERSON, Anat. and Zool. Researches, p. 184; Malacea.;
A male was taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, March 22, 1902. For)
measurements see table, page 472.
Measurements of Gymnura and Tupaia.
Hind ©
| Head : foot |
Name. Locality. Number, Sex. | zou and | Tail. ae with-
ength.| jody, oot. | out’ |)
claws. |
|
| Ah mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
Gymnura gymnura .| Tapanuli Bay ..| 114551 | Male, adult... 632 377 255 53 50
Tupaia ferruginea.-| Loh Sidoh Bay .| 114152 | Female, adult 365 190 175 45 43,
DO sso 2. ac eee |-----do Sele ietatae 114153 | Male, adult...| «330 190 | 2140 47 44
DO Feces tacie | Tapanuli Bay .. 114548 | Female, adult 365 195 170 45 42,4 °
Do Eee eam a sre | eaiepie AO ase ait 114549 | Male, adult... 390 200 190 47 45 1
Tupaia tana ......-. | Pulo Tuangku .| 114412 |__... GOiss5en cee 375 215 160 46 43,
DO orecne sess. 5. OO anes 114413 | Female, adult 365 205 160 45 42
Tupaia malaccana . | Tapanuli Bay . 114550 | Male, adult... 284 132 152 43 41. |)
aTail imperfect.
“Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 157, June 11, 1902. }
No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA— NS 473
Family VESPERTILIONID.
MYOTIS MURICOLA (Gray).
1846. Vespertilio muricola Gray ‘Catal. Mamin., ete., Nepal and Thibet, p. 4,
(ex Hodgson, nomen nudum) ;’’ Nepal.
Seventeen specimens (in alcohol), from Simalur Island. While it is
quite possible that these do not represent true Myotis muricola, | am
unable to distinguish them in the absence of material for comparison.
They closely agree with specimens from Trong, Lower Siam.
Measurements of Myotis inuricola.
\
—- Tai | aac: ae: ewe
% | | |Ble|Bl] 4 lecls
| Num- ; 5 pl eltlalt |S egise
Locality. ean Sex. = ; Ba ers (ed [pests Ses
; eee aes cece oreo es ileal eyelash
lee |S ° q Slits q leas Sid eis
, © ies) |itex 3 SPSS cao neg este nese as
eR Ea Bia ;}Q); ae) ea) | Ie
| | | |
mm mm ‘im mm m|\m mm mmmmmm mim mim mmm
1142380 15 | 7 | 85 | 6.4) 29 | 61 | 50 | 46 | 18 |
114231 15 | 8 | 36 | 7 | 80 | 60 | 49 | 45 | 12 }10
114232 DAS pow Dil 827 1063: 52 (47) 14S
114235 15 | 7 | 34/5 | 80] 62 | 48 | 45 | 14° )11
114237 lined 16 | 8 36 | 5.4) 31 | 61 | 50 | 45 | 16 /11
114240 | Female, young ...| 52 | Zan LOT. e275) 19) | 385° (800 83: | LOy eke.
114241 | Female, adult .--. ; 70 | 87/15) 7 | 86) 5 | 381 | 61 | 48 | 43} 14 /10
114244 | Female, young ...| 65 | 28) 14| 7 | 31/6 | 22 | 44/ 37) 35] 11 | 9
| 114245 | Female, adult -...| 79 | 37 | 15 | 7.4] 34 | 6 | 32 | 65 | 50 | 45 | 15 |13
fA 24Gn 22252 Opec ne aacs | 80 | 37 | 15 | 7 36 | 6 | 31 | 62 | 52 | 48 | 13 |10
114233 | Male, adult ....-.. 75 |85)/15/8 | 38515 | 31 | 60} 48 | 44 | 13 10
114234 |. ose. dorset sey lees Dy eSieal Stale 298 e59ul 47 43, lati 19
A1493652oe 0. Or sess eee 76 | 35|15)7 | 84/6 | 28 | 60 | 49} 46 | 14 |11
114238 | Male, young ...... 65 | 22/11/7 | 26/6 | 17 | 35 | 28 | 26 | 10 8
114239) ).-... doh etaa sd os 65 | 37) 1317 | 31] 6 | 25 | 49} 40 | 38 | 12 |10
114242 | Male,adult.....-. ibs Soe (6 | 7 4|n8b || 56) 29) | 57 1 45 142) 12 0
114243 |..... do Sa etete reesei 72 | 338 |-15) 8 35 | 6 30 | 58 | 46 | 42 | 18 20
Family EMBALLONURID.
EMBALLONURA PENINSULARIS Miller.
1898. Emballonura peninsularis MituER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1898,
p. 323, July 25, 1898; Trong, Lower Siam.
Six specimens (in alcohol) from Pulo Babi.
Measurements of Emballonura peninsularis.
| | é |
| S|
an | \e |] 2/8
: Num- re bo 1 asin fis P| set ses s
Locality. nae Sex, g | gq]. {3 |= oe |e
aL uleselee dagol ide eb sete t ee lie) fe
Sila lZlelfislisisisigials
° 3 et © eo". 5o o ete pe) soi] 3
Belal/alelelel/alelele|aja
= | | = | |
mm\ mm mm mm mm mm) TM) MN mm) mm) mm mm
mo Babi........... 114274 | Female adult..... 50|10|17| 8| 42| 8/35] 62 | 42| 44/11 | 10
ae 114279 |..... Gigas ete 57 | 13 | 16 | 11 | 44| 8 | 37 | 69 | 49 | 46 {13 | 10
eee 114275 | Male adult ....-.- 6413/16 |10| 44| 8| 35 | 65 | 47 | 44 12.4) 11
eis... 114976 |..... doce sels 53 | 11 | 15 | 10 8 | 33 | 68 | 45 | 44 12 | 10
ees... 114977 |. 20. do heh soak 57 |13|17| 9/43 | 7/37| 66 | 48| 45/14 | 11
Beto sss... 114978 |... domo pa) S| 17 || 45 |B [Bo | 66 | 47) 46 12 | 0
|
5
(us: eid cecamin OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
)
| ws
“I
Family NYCTERID.
MEGADERMA SPASMA (Linnzus).
1758. [ Vespertilio] spasma Linnxus, Syst. Nat.,; I, LOth ed., p. 325 “‘Asiaz??
Nine specimens: Pulo Siumat, off Simalur Island, 3 (2 in alcohol);)
Pulo Lasia, 4 (2 in aleohol); Pulo Babi, 2 (in alcohol).
Measurements of Megaderma spasma. |
ah ean
| | Eee |
| 4 | = | 43 = ; | 5 4
| 7 seal ~ -
Locality. | ay Sex. 2 } g 7 mo | lg a) g go
chet Om : B/2iol >|] a] | one
si;/dla/8)4)81/281#8 14 )S9e
| S/S1B/S)/B1S!1oi313 14 | Sie
5 oS tA © S = o o © “A oS Syl
Sie /8\|/e/e/e\/n/e |e |e] | ee
| mm mm) mm nem mm TM, mar NIM, MM) NM, MAL mm
Pulo Siumat.......- a4: 297 | Female adult....- 75 |...-| 82 | 18 | 58 | 19 | 50 |105 | 78 | 83 | 39) Bly
Do eases eee WesI429 85) eeeer one oe eeeteee 69 | 5 | 33 | 15 | 59 | 19 | 58 |110 | 79 | 82 | 86 | 30k
DOr see se eee eA D DOR eae (Kon accgose ses 68 3 | 30 | 17 1 60 | 17 | 51 |109 | 81 | 85 | 36 | aeOr
PuloPasia=sses-e-- a114249°'| Male adult ....--- 80) )-22|- 82.959: | 19 56 |101 | 81 | 81 | 37 30)
DOs eae eer. be PEAR ee 306 (ie tetodee coo: 77 | 2.) 29 | 20 | 58 | 20 | 53 (108 | 82 | 85 | 37 | B0))
DO ee aa coos ote @ 414250 F ‘emale adult. +... 85 |...-| 33 | 19 | 60 | 19 | 55 \107 | 84 | 88 | 36 29
DOM aeencesesee 142510 )|Peeee GO teas Seasiesee 70 4 | 34 | 19 | 61 | 19 | 55 {110 | 84 | 88 | 38 | *Bil)
Pulo/ Babiis-sseeeee- | 114272 | Male adult ...-... 78 2/31 | 19 | 59 | 18 | 53 |108 | 80 | 83 | 36 2e
DO tence cerelereiets | 114273 Female adult....-. 79 |....| 83 | 19 |....] 20 | 58 /112 | 85 | 88 | 37 | Saei
| | i
Family PTEROPODID ZL.
CYNOPTERUS TITTHACHEILUS (Temminck).
827. Pteropus titthecheilus Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., I, p. 198; Buiten:
zorg, Java.
1902. Cynopterus titthecheilus Stone and Renn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadel. i
phia, 1902, p. 136, June 4, 1902. |
Twenty-four, from the following localities: Pulo Babi, 3 (2 in aleox
hol); Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, 21 (19 in alcohol). They closely agret
with specimens of true Cynopterus titthecheilus from Jaya, and are
readily distinguishable from the C. montanod of the southern extremity
of the Malay Peninsula by their larger general size, and particularly
by their large skulls and heavy teeth. As in (@. montanot the eary
show no indication of a whitish border.
The original description of this species was based on material fron!
Java, Sumatra,and Siam. It therefore included Cynopterus montanot
As Temminck expressly states that most of his specimens were taker
at Buitenzorg, Java, it is safe to regard this as the type locality.
=
‘xo.1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 475
Measurements of Cynopterus titthecheilus.
Ye UYNo}
na .
: ‘ er bo) 8 |S l/s | ais
ea | NO) ex. la/./2 2/2 | 8) alg
ton 4 3 = be] Soa Miwa oS © S
heey eis ielals| eS lelals)4
Messe. Ses i|s 15/5) 8 18
(ES )R Alea lelan]/ es |e |e} ale
|
| mm \mne Pama TNL TNL, Nek Varner ea MIN, MI
Polo Babi........--. a114269 | Female adult...| 103 | 8 | 25] 15 | 65 | 27 | 46 | 108 | 85 | 85 13 110
Patience == Ta |e dozer oes. 93] 8 | 27 | 15 | 66 | 26 | 44 | 112 | 88 | 86 |17 [16
Meee a 114270 | Male adult ...-.. | 95] 6 | 25 | 15 | 67 | 25 | 42 | 112 | 87 | 86 118 115
Tapanuli Bay -...-.-- 114466 |..... GOB sere at | 113 | 10 | 27 | 18 | 68 | 28 | 46 | 110 | 86 | 89 15 [14
IE sa. sis. >.s 114486 | Male, young....| 87) 9 | 21 | 16 | 60 | 28 | 43 93) 74 | 74/17 1/15
Nan Mee sees. so. c: a@114467 | Female adult..-| 110 | 8 | 28 | 17 | 66 | 29 | 46 | 107 | 88 | 86 |16 13.4
114468 | Female, young .| 86 | 10 | 24 | 15 | 62 | 25 | 41 97 | 79 | 78 |17 {14
114469 | Female adult...| 96 | 10 | 24 | 14] 61 | 28 | 43 | 109 |} 83 | 83 |18 |16
114470 |..... Gore wiss2: 90 | 10 | 23 | 15 | 65 | 26 | 44 | 106 } 81 | 80 j17 1/15
4a |S Se 5 GORe wes as 94} 9 | 24! 17 | 67 | 26 | 44 | 110} 85 | 85 18 116
ATAAT OD ecee dotes: 5-22 3- |} 93] 9 | 24 | 15 | 65 | 27 | 44 | 109 | 83] 81 /19 |17
114473 | Female, young -| 85] 9 | 23 | 17 | 63 | 22 | 43 | 103 | 78 | 77 |18 |15
114474 | Female adult.-.| 93 | 8 | 25 | 14! 66 | 26 ! 43 | 110! 85 | 88 118 |15
114475 |..... dora st | 89] 9 | 24] 16 | 65 | 26 | 45 | 110 | 89 | 90 20 117
AAT GN eee One ssee= 90 | 10 | 26 | 15 | 68 | 26 | 48 | 110 | 83 | 82 \18 {17
114477 |....- domserer oe: 92 | 10 | 25 | 16 | 66 | 27 | 42 | 107 | 86 | 80 18 |15
114478 |..... Gor REsses 93 | 10 | 23 |. 15 | 64 | 25 |} 42 | 1038 | 79 | 78 116 |15
M4479 See doses s 90 9 | 22 | 18 | 66 | 28 | 44 | 109 | 83 | 80 |19 15
114480 |..... (OOS ae 96 | 10 | 26 | 16 | 67 | 29 | 46 | 107 | 85 | 83 17 ‘/16
ROWE oni. = - | 114481 |..... Goren 95 | 10 | 23 | 17 | 66 | 29 | 48 | 111 | 85 | 85 18 15
MO ieaece 228s =} | 114482 | Female, young -| 88 | 7 | 23 | 15 | 63 | 25 | 41 | 100 | 84 79 |18 [14
BP ieee ncnsc-- =~ = 114483 | Female adult...) 100 | 9 | 25 | 14 | 64 | 27 | 41 | 107 | 82 81 |17. 6/15
IE a aie eccee 114484 | Female, young .| 85) 8 | 26 | 15 | 60 | 27 | 40 | 104 78 | 77 |17 i14
Boe een =. .5- 55 D44857) 28 Go pissisee. | 88 | a
24 | 16 | 64 | 26 | 45 | 105 | 838 a /16
|
a Skin.
Family NYCTICEBIDZ.
NYCTICEBUS MALAIANUS (Anderson).
1881. [Nycticebus tardigradus] var. malaiana ANpERSoN, Catal. Mamm. Indian
Mus., I, p. 95; Malacca.
1902. Nycticebus coucang malaianus Stoner and RexHn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1902, p. 139, June 4, 1902.
An adult male was taken at Tapanuli Bay on March 20, 1902.
Measurements: Total length, 328; head and body, 312; tail vertebra, 16;
hind foot, 65.
This specimen has been examined by Mr. Stone and Mr. Rehn, who
write me that they consider it ‘‘ undoubtedly malatanus.” Although
Anderson mentions no type specimen in his original description of the
form, the stuffed adult male and its skull which heads his list of
material (p. 96) may be regarded asthe type. This was collected at
Malacca.
Family CERCOPITHECIDZ.
MACACUS NEMESTRINUS (Linnezus).
1766. [Simia] nemestrina Linn xus, Syst. Nat., I, 12th ed., p. 35; Sumatra.
Two pig-tailed macaques taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, were the
only individuals of the species observed. For measurements, see table,
page 477.
nan
476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. XXVIy
MACACUS “CYNOMOLGUS” Auct.
Macacus cynomolgus AvCT., not Simia eynomolgus LINNAEUS. |
Seven specimens of the common crab-eating macaques were obtained,
three on Pulo Tuaugku, two on Pulo Mansalar, and two at Tapanul:
Bay, Sumatra. For measurements, see table, page 477. |
MACACUS FUSCUS, new species. |
Type.—Old male (skin and skull). Cat. no. 114164, U.S.N.Mij
Collected on Simalur Island, northwestern Sumatra, November 20.
1901? by Dr. W. 1 Abbott. Original number, 1348.
Chapacters.—Similar to Macacus umbrosus” of the Nicobar Islands!
but smaller and with relatively shorter tail.
Color.—Type: Upperparts and outer surface of limbs blackish
brown with a paint tinge of drab, each hair drab at base and with t
wood-brown annulation 2 to 4 mm. in width near tip. As the furi.
of a soft, silky quality, the exact effect of the two colors varies con.
siderably with reflection of light and with disarrangement of hairs, bu
the wood-brown is everywhere very distinct though not in excess 0.
the dark underlying brown. Underparts and inner surface of limbs.
light bluish gray (very nearly Ridgway’s No. 8). This color suffuse:
cheeks and region surrounding ears. Tail like back above, but wit)
the light annulations very indistinct, like belly below and at tip.
Shull and teeth.—The skull and teeth resemble those of Macaeu
umbrosus except for their much smaller size.
Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 92¢
head and body, 470; tail vertebree, 450; hind foot, 125 Average |
five males from the type locality: Total length, 939 (905-985); hea
and body, £78 (460-495); tail vertebrae, 467 (435-490); hind foot, 12
(118-130). For details see table, page 477.
Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length (exclusive of ine.
sors), 122 (134);? basal length, 93 (102); basilar length, 87 (96); leas
palatal length, 49 (57) eat breadth (between front molars), 21 (25)
zygomatic breadth, 83 (90); mastoid breadth, 64 (71); greatest breadt,
of brain case above roots of zygomata, 60 (61); least breadth of bral
case immediately behind orbits, 38.6 (39); orbital breadth, 61 (67,
least distance from orbit to alv eolus of inner incisor, 44 (49); greate |
depth of brain case (exclusive of sagittal crest), 45 (50); mandibl
82 (97); greatest depth of ramus, 19 (19.6); maxillary tooth ro
(exc ed of incisors), 40 (44.6); mandibular tooth row (exclustay
meisors), 45 (50); crown of Se upper molar, 7.4 by 7 (8.8 by £ ¢
crown of middle lower molar, 8 by 6 (8.2 by 7.4). :
Specimens ecamined.—Ven, eight from Simalur Island and two fro.
Pulo Lasia. |
a Miller, Se ce S. Nat. nies “XXIV ' May 28, 1902, p. 789.
+’Measurements in parentheses are those of the type if Macacus umbrosus, a you.
adult male, with unworn teeth.
at
=
x0. 1317, MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 477
Remarks.—In color and size ae specimens from Simalur Isl: a are
yery constant, presenting no variation worthy of note. In the two
from Pulo Lasia the tail is considerably longer, making the proportions
essentially the same as in Macacus umbrosus. ‘They are readily separa-
ble from the Nicobar species, however, by their much smaller skulls.
Measurements of Macacus.
| | } |
| | 7 Head :
Name. Locality. | Number. Sex. Total | “and | Tail. | Hind
| length.| 1 = foot.
| body. |
mm, mm, mm. mm.
Macacus nemestrinus.| Tapanuli Bay -.-- 114502 | Female adult. 690 480 210 160
Do TVADOS™ |S GOmneeteescce f 660 490 170 143
114505 | Male adult ..... 922 452 570 | 127
14506 \5< 5 - COM Sete ee 973 | 453 520 130
174559"). 2. GO Peoren Se lecene ae: BAB Eaieee csc | 127
114560 |...-- Gp paeenereee 940 440 500 125
114408 |..... ope ee ee: | 955 420 535 | 125
114409 |....- dO se eee 953 | . 493 530. | 125
PIAATO oS 55. COpcate= tes 905 425 480 | 117
114247 | do 960 440 | —+520 | 125
114248 1, 025 470 5D | 130
114162 915 440 475 115
114165 | 830 420 410 | 110
114166 830 410 420 | 110
114163 905 470 435 118
114164 | 985 495 490 | 128
| 114167 940 495 445 | 125
@114168 920 470 450 | 125
114169 945 460 485 | 130
a Type.
PRESBYTES“@ SUMATRANUS (Miller and Schlegel).
1839-1844. Semnopithecus sumatranus M@LLER and ScHLEGEL, Verhandel. over
de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederl. overzeesche bezittingen, p. 73;
Sunatra.
Four specimens taken at Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra, are essentially
identical with those previously collected by Dr. Abbott on the Indragiri
River, eastern Sumatra.’ For measurements see table, page 477.
PRESBYTES CRISTATUS (Raffles).
1822. Simia cristata Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 244; Ben-
coolen, Sumatra.
One skin from Loh Sidoh Bay and five from Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra.
For measurements see table:
Measurements us meee
| Head .
= Name. Locality. Number. | Sex. Total | and Tail. Hind
| length. = foot.
| | body. |
| mm. | mm. | mm. mm.
ed sumatranus., Tapanuli Bay ....) 114507 , Male adult ...-. 1, 270 510 760 160
06S oe5e6e eee Bee GOs oce cess 114508 | Female adult...) 1,230 500 | 730 170
be Se tee sac aca 2 doers stead: 114509 |...-- Ones cece | 1,260 515 745 165
eee sess... - OPE ees Pm t14 LON SO). Ges sa osee || dy 1D 455 760 165
Presi cristatus....| Loh Sidoh Bay - 114160 |....- domace eeeee 1, 200 500 700 145
Bee Reecee csicas .| Tapanuli Bay . 114512 | Female young...) 950 400 550 132
Do eee ee. |.: 2 WOeseeee ees: ‘| 114513 | Female adult...| 1,190 530 660 150
Bere s elo... Oe eee te 114515 |..... doe tee 1,130 465 665 145
eee 5-52... omer Monee 114514 | Male adult ..... | 1,290 540 750 163
a doe awaits PIAGIG|o=5-.dO 2: -2See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 159, June 11, 1902.
478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
ee ee
Family SIMD.
HYLOBATES AGILIS F. Cuvier.
1821. Hylobates agilis F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammiféres, III, Pts. 32 and 33,
September, 1821; Sumatra.
1902. Hylobates hoolock M1LuER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 159),
June 11, 1902. t
Three specimens from Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra. For measurements.
see table, page 475. This animal is the same as that from the Indra
giri River, eastern Sumatra, which I recently recorded as //ylobate:
hoolock. It is undoubtedly the /7. agilas of F. Cuvier, some of the
light-colored specimens almost exactly matching the figure in the
original account of the species. H
(
SYMPHALANGUS SYNDACTYLUS (Raffles). f
oes ‘ i i
1822. Simia syndactyla RaFF es, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 241; Ben’
coolen, Sumatra. f
¢ |
Four adults were taken at Tapanuli Bay, where the animal 1
common.
Measurements of Hylobates and Symphalangus from Tapanuli Bay. I
Name. Number. | Sex. ieee ai i
| mm. | mm.
Hylobates agilis....2.ccccecceecesveeeseeeeceeecceceee | 114499 | Male adult .....--. 470 | 19)
ons ae Cisne lee dockets: ates 445 | 1
lDOpaccndeaonenenoacoue See Seiie ...| 114501 | Femaleadult....-. 415 12
Symphalangus syndactylus..-.----- 114494 |....- GOeass2- eee 470 14
1D eyes as CReSoeCnbor ooberenr esac 114497 |....- COs ses eeeee 500 Li
INYO) eon Copco abee Goce nor anne suDcrne | 114495 | Male adult ...-.-- 510 1E|
DO pee cereale daca Seen eee 114496 |....- GOs scee sees 525 le
|
NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE LOCALITIES VISITED. |
Lists of the mammals observed at the different collecting station’
follow, together with the collector's field notes. |
Lou Stpon Bay. Sumarra (November 5 to 8, 1901).
Sciurus albescens.—Common in jungles and cocoanut plantations.
Mus lingensis.—Trapped ona low, jungle-covered hill east of the bay.
Tupaia ferruginea Raffles. —Found in dense jungle by the seashore.
Presbytes maurus.—Shot in dense jungle by the seashore. i
“Saw tracks of tiger, Cervus equinus, pig, kijang, ete., but did ne!
secure any specimens.”
Smraur Istanp (November 16, 1901, to January 2, 1902).
Sus vittatus—Pigs are very common. One meets with their track
and “diggings” everywhere; but except where sago is being mad
No. 1317. MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER. 479
they are hard to catch sight of. An adult female (No. 114177) was
killed in the forest while feeding on the trunk of a sago palm. Others
were killed in clearings and among the mangroves on the shore.
Mus simalurensis. —
Mus surdus.—No rats were caught in the forest, though many traps
were set there. Afterwards the traps were moved to stumps, dead
tree trunks, and stony, weedy places in paddy fields with much better
results. A few of the larger kind (J/us s¢malurens/s) were caught in
these situations, and they were common in heavy jungle on Pulo
Siumat, 5 miles offshore. The smaller species was common in the
paddy fields, and also about houses. Some were found in the stomachs
of snake eagles and also in snakes.
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus.—Common. Only once seen in the
jungle, but natives caught several; said to be very destructive to
poultry.
Myotis muricola.— Brought in by natives at Sibaboh Bay, where they
were caught in hollow trees.
Megaderma spasma.—QObtained in some small caves at the seashore
on Pulo Siumat.
Pteropus sp.—Called by the natives ‘‘tupai,” the Malay name for
squirrel. A ‘‘camp” existed on Pulo Asu and two others were said
to be on Pulo Siumat. Although frequently seen flying about in the
evening, no specimens were secured.
Macacus fuscus.—Common. Has the usual habits of J/acacus. The
only monkey on the island.
Puro Lasta (January + to 7, 1902).
Mus simalurensis.—Common in the jungle.
Megaderma spasma.—A bunch of four were shot while hanging under
a projecting rock in the jungle.
Macacus fuscus.—Common. Is not found on the neighboring Pulo
Babi.
Puvo Bast (January 7 to 14, 1902).
Sus vittatus.— Although no pigs occur on Pulo Lasia they are abun-
dant on Pulo Babi, but are not easily seen in the dense jungle. Only
three were shot. Their ‘‘sarongs” or nests were very common in the
jungle. These are generally made of the leaves of a small palm and
resemble little haycocks. The pig of Babi appears to be different
from that of Simalur. It is considerably larger.
Mus simalurensis.—A large gray rat was not uncommon, but all the
specimens trapped were so cut to pieces by crabs that no skins could
be saved. Several skulls, however, were preserved.
Emballonura peninsularis.—No notes.
Cynopterus titthecheilus——Common. Found hanging by day from
the midribs of the leaves of an areca palm.
|
480) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. |
eee
Puto Banexaru, Bansak Istanps (January 16 to 21, 1902).
No pigs or monkeys were seen, and the natives say that none occur,
A number of Pferopus were seen, and at least two kinds of smaller bats,
but none were obtained. My Malay sailing master said that he saw a
red ‘‘tupai” on the ground. It was probably the form of Zupaca tana
afterwards taken on Pulo Tuanku. |
Tragulus brevipes.—Several seen; only one taken.
Sciurus pretiosus.— Common.
Sciurus bancarus.— Very common.
Mus firmus.—
Mus fremens.— |
Mus lingensis. Rats were very plentiful, but land and hermit crabs
abounded to such an extent that trapping was difficult and many of the
specimens caught were ruined. |
Puto Tuanexu. Bangak Istanps (January 22 to February 5, 1909);
Tragulus russeus.—Very common. Am not certain whether there
are one or two forms. Three males weighed over 5 pounds each, bu)
none of the females were so large. Now in Zragulus the female 1
considerably larger than the male; but no correspondingly largy
females were obtained among the thirty or more that I examined
Most of the females were pregnant.
Sus vittatus.—A rather small form. Common, but only one f
and an immature male obtained.
Sciurus ubericolor.—Common.
Ratufa palliata.—
Ratufa femoralis——Both very common and very noisy. Often see’
together in the same tree. When alive the brown one ( femoralas
appears smaller than the other.
Rhinosciurus laticaudatus—A female was caught in a rat trap 8
Ujong Tumbaga.
Mus firmus.—
Mus fremens.— }
Mus asper.— |
Mus lingensis..— All four species of J/ws were common. |
Lenothrix canus.—Only one taken. [
emal:
Galeopithecus volans.—Common.
: A }
Macacus “cynomolgus.’”—Common. A small form similar to that «
’
Sumatra. | |
I
Puto MANSALAR, AT ENTRANCE TO Tapanutt Bay (March 2 to 1,
1902).
A monkey, apparently identical with the Presbytes maurus of th
mainland, was observed, but no specimen could be secured. It wo
shy and not very common. The tracks of pigs were abundant, b)
to ae
oe
_ MAMMALS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—MILLER: 481
none of the animals ficuisele es were seen. ONativds reported Gale 0
pithecus common, and also said that no musangs occur.
Tragulus amenus.—I'wo were brought in by natives.
Tragulus jugularis.—Common. About thirty were brought in by
natives. Three Nias men with two dogs went to the northwest end of
the island, and returned in two days with fourteen napu, so the animals
must be very plentiful.
Sciurus saturatus.— Common.
Sciurus mansalaris.—Very common. Crepuscular, but a few may be
seen at all hours.
Ratufa nigrescens.—Common, but neither as plentiful nor as noisy as
the species of Pulo Tuangku.
Mus domitor.—
Mus fremens.—
All three species of rats were common.
Tapanuti Bay, NORTHWESTERN SuMATRA (February 12 to 28 at Lobo
Pandan Bay, and March 16 to 29 at Jaga Jaga).
No elephants are in the immediate vicinity, but they are said to be
common only a few miles away. 1.75).
Figs. 1 and 13, male, No. 114352. Figs. 7 and 19, male, No. 114357.
2 and 14, female, No. 114349. 8 and 20, male, No. 114350. Type.
3 and 15, male, No. 114354. 9 and 21, female, No. 114347.
4 and 16, female, No. 114355. 10 and 22, —, No. 114003.
5 and 17, male, No. 114346. 11 and 23, —, No. 114004.
; 6 and 18, male, No. 114356. 12 and 24, male, No. 113162. Type.
Nos. 1-9, 13-21, from Pulo Tuanku; Nos. 10-11, 22-23, from Sumatra, exact
locasity not known; Nos. 12 and 24, from the Indragiri River, eastern Sumatra.
\ Flo Juan fut,
FulolLasiag ANG Ss
Fulo Babi? ips NBuiem
Filo
Mersalar Hit
NORTHWESTERN SUMATRA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS.
PL. XVIII
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
SKULL AND TEETH OF LENOTHRIX CANUS, TYPE.
For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 483,
a
tj geeg ede qaryhe
;
Fitintte spies
PL. XIX
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI
‘U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
‘Sp AOVd 39S 3ALWid 4O NOILVNV1dx3 HO4
“VLYNV1 ‘Y GONV VL2INIVd VSANLVY NI SLVIVd GNV NOIDSSY IWILISHYOUSLN| JO LYVd
BIRDS COLLECTED BY DR. W. L. ABBOTT ON THE COAST
AND ISLANDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA.
By CuHarues W. RicnmMonp,
Assistant Curator, Division of Birds.
The collection noticed in the following pages was received by the
United States National Museum in July, 1902. It consists of about
450 specimens, representing nearly 140 species, many of which are of
great interest, and was made by Dr. Abbott in the course of a five
months’ cruise on the northwest coast of Sumatra. This untiring
traveler sailed from Singapore in the latter part of October, 1901, for
the purpose of visiting certain zoologically unexplored islands on the
west side of Sumatra. His first stopping place was Loh Sidoh Bay, a
few miles south of Acheen Head, where, owing to the unfriendliness
of the natives, work was carried on fora few days only (November
5-8). Simalur (Babi, Simalu, or Si Malu of some maps), a hilly and
well-wooded island about 55 miles in length, was next visited. Here
several weeks (November 16, 1901—January 3, 1902) were very profit-
ably passed at various points (Telok Dalam, November 17—December 1;
Sibaboh Bay, December 8-17; Sigoeli River, December 19; Pulo Asu,
December 25-26; Pulo Siumat, December 27-30; and Labuan Badjau
Bay, January 1-3) on the Sumatran side. Early in January Dr.
Abbott sailed to Pulo Lasia and Pulo Babi, small islets lying 14 miles
southeast of Simalur, and separated from one another by a narrow
strait only 14 miles wide. Pulo Lasia is about 2} miles long by 2
miles wide, while Pulo Babi is even smaller. Both are uninhabited,
low, wooded islands (the ‘* Flat Islands” of some maps) of coral
formation. After a few days (January 4-14) spent here, the Banjak
Islands were visited. This group consists of Pulo Bangkaru (or Beng:
Karu), Pulo Tuangku (or Tunangku), and about four unnamed islets.
Pulo Bangkaru, heavily forested, with an area of about 20 square miles,
was first visited (January 16-22), and later Pulo Tuangku (January
22-February 6), which is 17 miles long by about 5 miles wide. On
the latter, birds were found in abundance, both species and individuals
outnumbering those observed on Simalur. Many species additional
: PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI, No. 1318.
: 485
486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI
to ieee given in ie 1e Tet 7 the oa of this paper were seen, but the
collector writes that ‘‘no large parrots, hornbills, or barbets were seen
1 heard, and no drongos or orioles were noticed;” also, ‘‘no par-
tridges or pheasants were found on any of the islands visited.” From |
the Banjak Islands Dr. Abbott proceeded to Tapanuli Bay (February |
11-March), on the coast of Sumatra, where he remained for six weeks,
visiting various points on the bay, including a short trip to Pulo
Mansalar, situated about 7 miles from the mainland. Tapanuli Bay |
and Pulo Mansalar are both heavily forested, and birds were abundant )
at the former place, but the time spent here was mainly occupied in |
collecting mammals. |
The birds enumerated below are referable to 152 species, of which |
19 are believed to be new,“namely: Jlacropygia simalurensis, Spilornis
abbotti, Pisorhina umbra, Paleornis major, Psittinus abbotti, Pelar- |
JOPsis simalurensis, IE: sodalis, Thriponax por DUS, Magropiage per-
longa, Cyanoderma fulviventris, Stachyris banjakensis, Malacopteron
notatum, Llypothymis abbotti, II. consobrina, Tchitrea procera, Graw
calus babiensis, G. simalurensis, Campephaga compta, and Oriolus
mundus.
All measurements in this list are in millimeters. Those of total |
leneth were taken from the fresh bird by the collector, and have been |
reduced from Enelish inches to millimeters.
Family CHARADRID.
CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS FULVUS (Gmelin).
[Charadrius] fulvus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 687 (Tahiti).
Three specimens from Simalur. Length, 235-248 mm. ‘Feet!
slaty.”
“Common about river mouths and on the padangs.”
t
y
OCHTHODROMUS GEOFFROYI (Wagler). |
|
i
Charadrius] geoffroyi W AGLER, Systema Avium, I, 1827 [p. 61], (Pondichery; |
Java).
Three ex: unples from Simalur, where they were common.
One specimen, a female, has an unbroken dusky band across the
chest. |
OCHTHODROMUS PYRRHOTHORAX (Gould).
Charadrius pyrrhothorax Temminck MS., Gou.p, Birds of Europe, IV (Pt. 20), |
1837 [p. 299], pl. ccxcrx (‘‘Russia’’).
Two females from Simalur. Length, 191-197 mm.
‘*Common on the seashore. in e oo with the last.” i
« Hight of these were deconbed in ae 1c. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, 1902, pp. 187-190."
| 0, 1818. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 487
Family SCOLOPACID 2.
GALLINAGO STENURA (Bonaparte).
colopax stenura *‘ KunL’’ BonApartTr, Ann. Stor. Nat. Bologna, IV, 1830, p. 335
yp ? oo) ) >I
(Sunda Islands).
One pair from Simalur. Length, 267 mm.
—**Common in the paddy fields and in the wet padangs (meadows).”
TOTANUS TOTANUS EURHINUS Oberholser.
Totanus totanus eurhinus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 207
(Lake Tsomoriri, Ladak).
39
**A few seen along the Sigoeli River,” in Simalur.
, ACTITIS HYPOLEUCOS (Linnzus).
. [Tringa] hypoleucos Linnamus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 149 (Europe).
“Common” in Simalur.
LEIMONITES RUFICOLLIS (Pallas).
Prynoa ruficollis Pauuas, Reise Russischen Reichs, III, 1776, p. 700 (“circa Lacus
ynga ru eae
salsos Dauuriae campestris’) .
A single female, from Simalur.
NUMENIUS ARQUATUS (Linnzus).
[Scolopax] arquata LiInNxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 145 (Europe).
A female from Pulo Tuangku. Length, 559 mm.
NUMENIUS PHAZOPUS (Linnezus).
[Scolopax] phxopus Lrxnaus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 146 (Europe).
One female, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common.” Length,
445 mm.
ARENARIA INTERPRES (Linnzus).
[Tringa] interpres Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 148 (‘Europa &
America septentrionali’’ ).
A female was collected December 20,0n Simalur. Length, 235 mm.
Family Q2DICNEMIDZ.
ESACUS MAGNIROSTRIS (Vieillot).
(Edicnemus magnirostris ViEILLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., XXIII, 1818, p. 231
( Nouvelle-Hollande).
An adult male, from Pulo Babi, where ‘‘a pair frequented a sand
beach at the east point of the island.” It was noted on Tuangku, and
at Simalur ‘‘three were seen on the seashore at Sigoeli.” Leneth.,
553 mm.; weight, 1.134 ke. ‘‘Iris yellow.”
488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ro
|
Family RALLIDA.
HYPOTAENIDIA STRIATA (Linneus). t i
[ Rallus] striatus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Pt. 1, 1766, p. 262 (Philippines)
‘¢Common in the sowahs. One caught in a rat trap” (Simalur). |
This specimen, a female, measures 241 mm. “Tris pale yelloy.
ih
AMAURORNIS PHCNICURUS (Forster). . |
|
[ Rallus] phenicurus Forster, Zool. Indiea, 1781, p. 19, pl. 1x (Ceylon). |
brown.”
Three specimens, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘ common in the padd:
fields.” These examples, all males, measure 298-318 mm. **Tril
brown; bill green, brownish over nostrils; forehead red.”
Family ARDEID. |
ARDEA SUMATRANA Raffles.
{
Ardea sumatrana Ra¥Fr.Es, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 2, 1822, pi932
(Sumatra) .
No specimens were shot, but the species was observed both on Bal
and Tuangku. On Sane it was noted as ‘‘common. This specie,
seems to nest singly, not in heronvies. A nest, with two well-grow
young ones, was found in a tree overhanging the fresh-water cree
at Telok Dalam.” g |
|
\
DEMIGRETTA SACRA (Gmelin).
Ardea] sacra GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 640 (Tahiti). |
J ) >] |
One female, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common along the see
shore.” Also noted as *‘common” on Tuangku.
BUTORIDES JAVANICA (Horsfield).
Ardea javanica Horsrretp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821, })
190 (Java). |
”
**Common” on Simalur, where two males were obtained. Thes
measure: Length, 470, 476; wing, 192, 180; culmen, 66 and 64 mm)
respectively.
ARDEOLA, species.
** Ardea gray (or bacchus). One seen in Telok Dalam.” oP |
Family TRERONIDL.
SPHENOCERCUS OXYURUS (Temminck). =|
|
Columba oxyura ‘‘Reinw.’’ Temmrnck, Pl. Col., IV (Pt. 41), Dec. 1823, pl. cc}!
(Java). i
One specimen, from Tapanuli Bay. This is sexed as a female, bi)
agrees with S Salv: adori s description of the young male.” Length, 32:
«Catal. Birds Brit. Wien XXI, p. 8. |
9. 1818. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 489
ying, 158; tail, 127mm. ‘Iris, inner circle blue, outer circle pink;
eet bright red; bill leaden, base green, cere blue; naked orbital space
vale dusty green; claws pale horny brown.”
BUTRERON CAPELLEI (Temminck).
| Columba capellei Temminck, Pl. Col., IV (Pt. 24), July, 1822, pl. exnim (Java).
' Four adult males, from Tapanuli Bay. The wing and tail measure-
ents of these individuals agree with those given by Salvadori in
is account of this species in the British Museum Catalogue, but the
ength, in the flesh, is much greater (387-400 mm., instead of 330 mm.).
, “Tris dull red; eyelids, orbital skin, and feet yellow.”
TRERON NIPALENSIS (Hodgson).
Toria nipalensis Hopaeson, Asiat. Researches, XIX, Pt. 1, 1836, p. 164, pl. rx,
fig. (Nepal).
Three adults, from Tapanuli Bay. The length of the wing varies
‘rom 129-137 mm. in two females, while that of the male is 129.
‘Tris pale orange, with an inner blue circle; naked orbital skin green-
sh blue; feet deep purple red; bill horny yellow, base deep red.”
|
}
,
}
|
|
TRERON FULVICOLLIS (Wagler).
3
_ [olumba] fulvicollis W acer, Systema Avium, I, 1827 [p. 229], (““Java’’).
— One pair from Tapanuli Bay. The male is 281 and the female 273
nm. in length. ‘‘ Bill leaden, base dark red; feet deep red.”
TRERON VERNANS (Linnzus).
Columba vernans Linn =us, Mantissa Plant., 1771, p. 526 (Philippines).
Three specimens, from Simalur, where it was **‘ common, and the only
small fruit pigeon seen.” Length of a male, 298; of a female, 280 mm.
The wing measurements are: Male, 153-156; female, 152 mm.
_ A species of 7reron was common on Tuangku, but no specimens were
preserved.
| CARPOPHAGA CONSOBRINA Salvadori.
Carpophaga consobrina Satvaport, Ann. Mus. Ciy. Genova, 2d ser., IV, 1887, p.
558 (Nias Island). ;
A fine series of 18 skins, from the islands of Simalur, Babi, Lasia,
and Tuangku, on each of which it was found to be ‘‘common, and not
at all shy.”
These birds agree with the original description of C. consobrina, and
in the absence of Nias examples for comparison, I am content to refer
them to this species.
As is the case with a number of other species common to several of
the islands, the birds living on the insignificant islets Babi and Lasia
prove to be larger than their neighbors. In the present species the
length of males from Simalur and Tuangku varies from 400 to 432 mm.
|
\
¥ bees
aes
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|
£9) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. zee
(wings, 218-232), w hile those from Babi and Lasia measure 439 ti
440 mm. (wings, 241-245); females from the first-named localities ar
from 381 to 407 mm. (wings, 211-231); those from Babi and Lasia ar |
419 mm. (wings 232-234). ‘“‘Iris deep red, eyelids red; bill leaden
dark beneath at base; cere dull purple; feet purplish red.”
MYRISTICIVORA BICOLOR (Scopoli).
{
{
f
Columba (bicolor) ScoPout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insub., Il, 1786, p. 94 (“howl
Guiana’’). |
Reported as ‘*common” on Tuangku, less so on Simalur; noted als,
on Babi and Lasia.
Two examples (Simalur and Babi).
‘amily COLUMBID.
COLUMBA PHASMA, new name. '
This is Columba grisea (Bonaparte, ex Gray), which is preoccupie
by Columba grisea Bonaterre, 1790.
Three adult males of this rare species, from Simalur, are apparent]
not different from an individual collected by Dr. Abbott on Pulo Tay,
(southeast of Singkep and Lingga). Length, in the flesh, varies froy
403 to 419 mm.:; wings, from 231 to 245 mm.
“Only seen at two places; one was up a fresh-water creek at Tele
Dalam, where it was common, and at Labuan Badjau Bay. I only she
four or five in all, and they were in very poor plumage. Only thre
skinned. It was shy and hard to get.” The colors of the soft par’
are noted as ‘tiris orange red; bill greenish horny, base, cere, ar
naked skin about eye dull purple; feet leaden, distal parts of to!
pinkish white, claws white; anterior parts of tarsi, purple.” i}
another specimen the iris was ‘* bright red.”
MACROPYGIA SIMALURENSIS Richmond.
Macropygia simalurensis RicuMonn, Proe. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 190
p. 187 (Simalur Island).
Three specimens, from Simalur, where it was ** common.’
M. ruficeps (Temminck) appears to be its nearest relate but ¥
have no specimens of this form for comparison. The Simalur bi!
differs from Salvadori’s description of J/. ruficeps” in not having t)
‘pectoral feathers more or less broadly tipped with whitish butl
and in lacking a whitish throat; the colors of the soft parts are al)
different.
‘Tris bluish gray; feet dark purple brown; bill dark brown, bla:
at tip.”
|
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“Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., X-XI, p. 361.
Sanna
~ oe
_
BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 491
CHALCOPHAPS INDICA (Linnzus).
a ol nba) indica Lixxxvs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 2, 1758, p. 164 (India
2 _ orien ientali).
Occasionally seen in the jungle” on Simalur, and ** quite common
Pu lo Siumat.” It was also ‘* heard in the forest” on Babi. No
mens were preserved.
CALCENAS NICOBARICA (Linnzus).
ymba\ nicobarica Lixnxts, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Pt. 1, 1758, p. 164 (Nicobars).
‘A few seen at Telok Dalam,” on Simalur, and noticed on Pulo
. No specimens.
Family FALCONID.
ASTUR SOLOENSIS (Horsfield).
co soloensis Horsrrexp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821,
_ p. 137 (Java).
single male, shot in Labuan Badjau Bay.” Simalur. Length,
mm. ‘Iris dark brown, eyelids green; bill black. leaden at base,
e orange; feet yellow, claws black.”
be ACCIPITER VIRGATUS (Temminck).
Fin Blea sirgatus “Reinw.”’ Temminck, Pl. Col., I (Pt. 19), February, 1822, pl.
vax (Java).
SC eaeakare females, three from Simalur and one from Lasia.
omach of one individual and the crop of another contained the
ains of small birds.
‘A number were seen, both in the forest and about the clearings.
o seen on Pulo Siumat.”
SPIZAETUS ALBONIGER (Blyth).
Niza Ee alliiniger Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 1, 1845, p. 173
ae ay
Ls eer male, shot on Pulo Asu, in dense jungle.” Length, 514:
g. : 11; tail, 208 mm. ~**Billand cere black: lores dull leaden: toes
low S ciwe black.”
Spizaétus, probably of this species. was seen on Bulo Bangkaru.
HALIZZETUS LEUCOGASTER (Gmelin).
"I lencogaster Guetx, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 1, 1788, p. 257 (no locality given).
Sim Jur it was ‘generally common along the sea shore. One
was elsting on Pulo Asu and two or three on Pulo Siumat.
— on the latter island was completed about Christmas day.
a
4
.
492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX¥I,
The re were e probably egos, but the natives were afraid to climb aa |
get them, the tree being large and rotten.” It was common on \
Authors generally, since the time of Horsfield and Moore’s catalogue, have given
“1772” as the date of publication of this name. Giebel gives the correct date in his
Thesaurus.
504. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATI ONAL MUSEUM.
Family PITTID.
PITTA MOLUCCENSIS (P. L. S. Miller).
Turdus moluccensis MiuuEr, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, p. 144 (‘‘moluccise!
Inseln’’). .
A single adult female from Pulo Tuangku. Length, 200; wing, 1
tarsus, 40; bill, from gape, 29 mm. Compared with a series of fres
specimens from the Malay Peninsula, this bird is rather small, with;
more yellowish in the green of the upper parts; the white patch
the primaries is much restricted, the black tips of the feathers ocet
pying more space than in any of our other specimens.
‘‘Common. Feet pale purplish fleshy.”
Family MOTACILLID At.
Genus DENDRONANTHUS Blyth.
Dendronanthus Burra, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1844, p. 116.
Type, Motacilla indica Gmeiin.
DENDRONANTHUS INDICUS (Gmelin). 2
° |
[ Motacilla] indica Gmewin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 962 (Sonnerat’s “La
bergeronnette grise des Indes”’ ). \
Two specimens, one from Simalur, the other from Loh Sidoh Bay.
It was ‘‘common” at the first-named locality, and was noted also o
Pulo Bangkaru.
This bird has received several generic names, the earliest of whiek
appears to be Dendronanthus Blyth (1844). The next is Vemorico
“Blyth,”¢ which may clash with Vemoricola of Hodgson, for a spec
of snipe.? Limonidromus, of Gould, commonly used for the speci
dates from 1862, and Fitzinger’s Vemorivaga was proposed about the
same time. Budytanthus, of David,¢ is still later.
MOTACI LLA MELANOPE Pallas.
Motacilla melanope Pauuas, Reise Russischen Reichs, HI, 1776, p. 696 (“1
Dauuria circa ripas glareosas rarius occurrit”’ ). 7
An adult male, from Simalur, where ‘‘ common.”
BUDYTES FLAVUS LEUCOSTRIATUS (Homeyer).
Budytes leucostriatus Homnygrr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, p. 128 (Baical region). :
One specimen, an adult male, from Simalur. ‘*Common.”
aJerdon, Madras Journ., XIII, p. 132, dated 1844, but not published befony
August, 1845. 2
in my notebook as the type of a new genus or subgenus, under the style of Nemom
cola Nipalensis, but I forbear, for the present, from so naming it.’”? Gray used
name in 1842 (Appendix to List Genera Birds, 1842, p. 14).
¢Nouv. Arch. du Mus., III (Bull.), 1867, p. 33.
BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA~RICHMOND. 505
>
Family PYCNONOTID.
CHLOROPSIS CYANOPOGON (Temminck).
| Phyllormis cyanopogon Temminck, Pl. Col., IV (Pt. 81), October, 1829, pl. px1r,
. fig. 1 (Sumatra).
An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 178 mm.
IRENA CRINIGER Sharpe.
Irena criniger Snarpn, Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., III, 1877, p- 267 (Borneo and
Sumatra).
“Six specimens, from Pulo Mansalar, Tapanuli Bay, and Tuangku.
These birds are identical in color with /. criniger, but the Tuangku
specimens, four in number, differ in having larger and heavier bills,
with rather larger wings (bill, from gape, 30; wing, 123-129 mm.).
~ “Common,” on Tuangku.
HEMIXUS MALACCENSIS (Blyth).
_ H{[ypsipetes] malaccensis Buyru, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 2, 1845,
p. 574 (Malacca).
Four specimens, all from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 219-229 mm.
“These two pairs shot in heavy forest on Gunong Kebong, where
they were pretty common. Izis’ clear brown; feet dark fleshy
brown.”
IOLE OLIVACEA Blyth.
I ole] olivacea Buyrn, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIII, Pt. 1, 1844, p. 386 (sup-
posed to be from Singapore). -
An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 194 mm. ‘Iris
, dy
gray.
4 EUPTILOSUS EUTILOSUS (Jardine and Selby).
Brachypus eutilosus JARDINE and Sevpy, Ilustr. Orn., new ser., No. 1, February,
1837, pl. m1 (Singapore).
One specimen, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 206 mm. ‘‘Iris red;
bill and feet black.”
MICROTARSUS MELANOCEPHALOS (Gmelin).
[Lanius] melanocephalos GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 1, 1738, p. 309 ( ‘‘in insulis Sand-
3 wich maris australis’’ ).
_ Seven adults from Simalur and one from Tapanuli Bay. The Sim-
alur birds do fot differ in color from those of Borneo and the Malay
Peninsula, but the bills are perceptibly stouter. Length, 172-184;
wing, Ti-79 mm. ‘The only bulbul noticed. Common about the
clearings in scrubby jungle” (Simalur).
Ee TRICHOLESTES CRINIGER (Blyth).
é Br{achypodius]? criniger ‘‘ A. Hay’’ Bryta, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt.
2, 1845, p. 577 (Malacca).
. Three specimens are in the collection, from Pulo Mansalar and Tapa-
nuli Bay.
:
506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, |
8 Ee eae
TRACHYCOMUS OCHROCEPHALUS (Gmelin).
[Turdus] ochrocephalus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 821 (‘“Zeylonet
Java’). |
A female, from Loh Sidoh Bay. Length, 267mm. ‘Iris brown-
ish red.” |
PYCNONOTUS ANALIS (Horsfield).
Turdus analis Horsrretp, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1SaiRy
p. 147 (Java). |
One male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. Length, 203 mm. ‘‘Iris dark:
brown; bill and feet black.”
PYCNONOTUS PLUMOSUS Blyth.
Plycnonotus] plumosus Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIV, Pt. 2, 1845;)
p- 567 (Singapore). |
Adults from Tuangku, Mansalar, and Tapanuli Bay. These do not
differ from Singapore specimens. ‘‘ Iris brownish yellow; feet fleshy:
brown.” |
PYCNONOTUS SIMPLEX Lesson.
Pienonotus simplex Lesson,” Revue Zool., I, June, 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra).
Seven specimens, from Loh Sidoh Bay, Tuangku, and Bangkaru.!
It was found to be ‘‘common” on both of the Banjak islands. Length,
from 181 to 191 mm. The irides in six of the skins are noted as
‘‘red,” but in one male from Tuangku are stated to be ‘* brownish.
yellow.”
PYCNONOTUS, species.
|
One pair, from Tapanuli Bay. Length of — 178; of female.
158mm. ‘“‘Iris pale yellow; feet fleshy brown.” !
This species is related to P. s*mplex, but is easily distinguished by
its paler color below, paler sides and under tail-coverts, smaller Size
(or slenderer appearance in the prepared skin), and white or pale
yellow irides. We have about thirty skins of this form and an equa
number of /?. simplex, all nicely prepared and properly sexed, with
color notes, and no difficulty is experienced in dividing them into twe)
lots, except in the case of birds from Subi and Sirhassen, in the Natu!
nas, which have the plumage of the present bird, with the red irides 0}
P. simplex. We have P. simplex, with red irides, from Trong, Pule
Lankawi, the Dindings, the Butang Islands, Singapore, Pulo Tioman,
the Anambas, Indragiri River (Sumatra), Boece Loh Sidoh Bay, ant
the Banjak Islands. The present species (white or yellowish whit
irides, except as mentioned above) is represented from Tapanuli Bay
Lingga Island, Singapore, east coast of Johore, Borneo, Trong, ant
from the Anambas and Natunas. |
aLesson’s description is as follows: ‘‘Corpore supra griseo-luteol4, albo lute
tincto infra; rostro corneo; pedibus bruneis. Hab. Sumatra.’’
ex Xe "9
No. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 507
_ Lesson, in his description of P. s¢mpler, did not give the color of
the irides, but it may be assumed” that he had the red-eyed form.
The status of the white-eyed bird can be properly determined only by
an examination of the types of /. brunneus and P. modestus Blyth,
and of Wicrotarsus olivaceus Moore, any one of which may refer to it.
PYCNONOTUS ERYTHROPTHALMOS (Hume).
I{xos] erythropthalmos Hume, Stray Feathers, VI, 1878, p. 314 (Pakchan, Ten-
asserim ).
One adult male from Pulo Tuangku. Length, 165 mm.
‘Iris red; eyelids orange; angles of mouth and inside of mouth
orange; feet brownish fleshy.”
This is P. pusillus Salvadori (not Hwmatornis pusillus Blyth),
renamed P. salvadori by Sharpe.”
Family TIMALIID.
ANUROPSIS MALACCENSIS (Hartlaub).
Brachypteryx malaccensis Hartuaus, ‘‘Syst. Verz. nat. Sammi. Gesellsch. Mus.,
I, Vogel, 1844,’’ p. — (Malacca).
One pair from Pulo Tuangku. ‘* Common in the forest.”
These are similar to Malaccan birds.
MIXORNIS PILEATUS (Blyth).
Prinia pileata Buyrn, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XI., Pt. 1, 1842, p. 204 (Malay
Peninsula). :
One adult male from Pulo Bangkaru. This is as dark on the upper
surface as MW. everetti, from the Natunas, but in other respects is
similar to Singapore birds.
Mixornis gularis (Motacitla qularis Raffles, 1822) as commonly
applied to this species is preoccupied (Motacilla qularis Shaw, Cimelia
Physica, 1796, p. 61).
CYANODERMA FULVIVENTRIS, new species.
Type.—Adult male, No. 179359, U.S. N. M.; Pulo Tuangku, Banjak
Islands, west coast of Sumatra, February 1, 1902; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Similar to C. erythroptera, but throat, breast, sides of head, and
neck darker slate color; abdomen, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts
deeper fulvous; bill slightly longer and total length a trifle greater.
Length, 146; wing, 59; tail, 50; tarsus, 21; culmen, 17 (bill, from
gape, 20)mm. ‘‘Iris brownish red; naked skin on throat pale blue;
naked skin about eyes dark blue.”
“The type was in the collection of Dr. Abeillé, of Bordeaux, and may still be
extant.
Catal. Birds, VI, 1881, p. 401.
-
508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL.
Two males and two females from Tuangku, all agreeing with
above characters; the females, as in C. erythroptera, being a lit
smaller than the males. ‘‘Common.”
STACHYRIS BANJAKENSIS Richmond.
Stachyris banjakensis RicamMonD, Proce. Biol. Soe. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902,
p. 190 (Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Islands). i
Two adult males from Tuangku.
This species has a longer bill than typical S. maculata; is more!
heavily spotted below, and has a paler nape, back, and wings. Both!
spec ies have a large pale-blue bare space on the ae of the neck, which
is ordinarily hidden by the feathers. ‘
“ALCIPPE CINEREA Blyth.”
‘““Aleippe cinerea, Burro, J. A. S. Beng., XIII, p. 384”’ (Sharpe, Ce Birds
3rit. Mus., VII, 1883, p. 622). |
Anadult male from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 153mm. “*Iris brown
Benes ath.”
Iam unable at present to consult Blyth’s paper; my recollection
that he did not intend to name a new species, but merely included wha
he thought to be Eyton’s Malacopierom cinereus in his new genu:
Alcippe. :
MALACOPTERON MAGNIROSTRE (Moore). j
Aleippe magnirostris Moors, in Horsfield and Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. Eas
- India Co., I, 1854, p. 407 (Malacca). a
Three males from Pulo Mansalar and Tapanuli Bay. The lengtl
of the wing varies from 77 to 81 mm. ‘
MALACOPTERON NOTATUM Richmond.
Malacopteron notatum RicuMonD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 190,
p. 190 (Pulo Bangkaru, Banjak Islands). |
a
Five specimens from Pulo Bangkaru. ‘“‘Iris brown; bill dar
brown, leaden beneath; feet leaden.” It was found to be * common
on both Tuangku and Bangkaru. :
In the original description this species was compared, in part, » wit
‘M. cantori (Moore);” this should have been ‘‘M. magnirosti
(Moore).”
z
CHALCOPARIA SINGALENSIS (Gmelin).
[Motacilla] singalensis Gmewin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 2, 1788, p. 964 (in inst
Zeylon’’). =
One adult female from Tuangku. Length, 108 mm. ‘Iris red.
The lower surface in this specimen is of a brighter yellow than in fou
BONE from the Malay Peninsula. ’
BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICH MOND. 509
f ; Family MUSCICAPID®.
f MUSCITREA GRISOLA (Blyth).
T(ephrodornis] grisola Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XII, Pt. 1, 1843, p. 180*
(‘‘near Calcutta ’’).
One female from Simalur, where it was ‘‘not plentiful.” Length,
165; wing, 86; culmen,14.5mm. This specimen agrees fairly well with
the description of Pachycephala vandepolli Finsch,“ a species from the
Batoe Islands said to be nearly related to JZ. grisola. Our bird, how-
eyer, can be matched by examples from Lingga and the Natunas both
in color and dimensions.
HYPOTHYMIS ABBOTTI Richmond.
Hypothymis abbotti RicaMonD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, p. 189
(Pulo Babi, west coast of Sumatra).
Seven specimens, from Babi and Lasia. Length, male, 178 to 187;
female, 178 mm.
The male, as originally described, is wholly blue, without the black
occipital spot and band across foreneck of //. azurea. The color is
bright light cyanine blue (of Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors),
with a tinge of deep campaznula blue on breast, abdomen, and sides.
Wings and tail black, with a bluish shade above; under wing-coverts
and axillaries, dusky gray, with bluish tips; wing feathers, from below,
with dusky gray edges.
Length (in flesh), 181 mm.; wing, 76; tail, 77; tarsus, 19; culmen,
13 (bill from gape, 20). In another male the wing measures 79 mm.
“Tris blackish; feet dull leaden blue; bill blue, tip and a narrow
line along commissure black; inside of mouth yellow.”
While there is no visible black nape patch, or black band across the
chest, the feathers of these areas have black tips on their wnder
Bitaces.
The female has the head, neck, and throat as in the eae, but duller;
the thighs and bend of wing are of the same color. The remainder
of the plumage is brownish black, with a blue wash, most prominent
on breast and center of abdomen, less so on back, wing-coverts, outer
edges of primaries, and tail feathers. Wing, 78 mm.
The immature male is like the female, but the thighs are dusky,
while the wing-coverts and secondaries (possibly new, adult feathers)
are similar to those of the adult male.
From its solid blue color this spec ies appears to be considerably
larger than 7. azwrea, but in its various dimensions it hardly exceeds
specimens of the latter from the Anambas and Tambelans. £7. abbotti
was **common” on Lasia, and on Babi it was ‘‘the commonest bird.”
aNotes, Leyd. Mus., XX, p. 224.
35
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02
510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE
HYPOTHYMIS AZUREA (Boddaert).
Muscicapa azurea Boppaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 41 (‘‘Philippines’’).
Five specimens, from Tapanuli Bay, Pulo Tuangku, and Bangkaru, —
Males from the Banjak Islands (length, 165; wing, 72-73) are just a |
trifle larger than those from Tapanuli Bay (length, 162; wing, 71-72), |
and have a bluish wash on the under tail-coverts. This species is :
reported as common on the Banjak Islands. at
Feet dull leaden blue; bill blue; tip black; inside of mouth yellow- +
ish green.”
HYPOTHYMIS CONSOBRINA Richmond.
Hypothymis consobrina RicumonD, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., XV, August 6, 1902, ,
p. 189 (Simalur Island, west coast of Sumatra).
Two adult males, from Simalur, where it was “common.” A.
tytler’ has reen recorded from Engano by Salvadori, but the bird from )
that island will doubtless prove to be Z/. consobrina.
‘Bill blue, black at tip; inside of mouth yellow; feet leaden blue.” —
RHIPIDURA JAVANICA (Sparrman).
Muscicapa javanica SpARRMAN, Mus. Carls., Pt. 3, 1788, pl. Lxxv (Java).
One adult male, from Loh Sidoh Bay.
TCHITREA PROCERA, new species.
Type.—Adult male, No. 179415, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west |
coast of Sumatra, December 12, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. This.
species closely resembles 7. nécobarica in the white plumage, but has |
shorter wings, and the color of the head is glossy blue black, without
a greenish sheen.
Length, 445; wing, 86; tail, 320; tarsus, 17.5; culmen, 17 (bill, from)
gape, 26.5) mm. ‘Iris dark brown; eyelids blue; inside of mouth!
ereen; bill blue, tip and commissure black; feet leaden blue.”
The central rectrices in procera are broad, as in nicobarica and floris,
not much narrowed as in affinés and incid. The wings of nicobarica,)
afiinis, incti, floris, sumbainsis, and insularis are 90 mm. or over; in|
procera they vary from 81 to 87 (both sexes). In affinis, inet, nico)
burica, and floris (I have not seen the others) the head is of about the:
same shade of glossy greenish black, but it is glossy bluish black in
procera. In nicobarica the feathers of the mantle are white, almost to
the base, with narrow black shaft lines; in procera they are similar,
but a little darker at the base; in afinds and zncid these feathers are
largely dark gray at the base, with the shaft stripes broader and more
pronounced in the last-named. It has been stated that 7. znezz has no
white plumage, but we have several in this phase from the Malay
Veninsula, and one from north China. .
(0, 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 511
&
The female and immature male (with short tail) of 7. procera
resemble the female of 7. nécobarica, having the back brown (between
wood brown and tawny olive), instead of cinnamon rufous, as in 7:
affinis; the under tail-coverts are russet, and the abdomen, sides, and
flanks are pale buffy cinnamon, like nzcobarica, not white as in affinds.
They may be distinguished from nicobarica by the rather bluer shade
of the cap, while the young male has a gray throat, lores, and sides
of head, as in the females, not glossy greenish black as in the young
male of necobarica. .
The white plumage of 7. znsularis, if it has one, does not appear to
have been described. In the dark phase the cap is gray, instead of
black; it has a longer wing (93 mm.), but shorter tail than 7:
procera.
Six specimens, from Simalur, where it was found to be ‘‘ common.”
PHILENTOMA VELATUM (Temminck).
Drymophila velata TemMinck, Pl. Col., IIT (Pt. 56), March, 1825, pl. cccxxxiv
(‘‘Timor; et isolément ou par paire dans celle de Java’’).
One pair, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 203; wing, of male, 104;
of female, 99 mm.
RHINOMYIAS PECTORALIS (Salvadori).
Alcippe pectoralis Satvavort, Atti. R. Acc. Sci. Torino, III, 1868, p. 530 (Borneo).
One adult, from Pulo Mansalar. Length, 162; wing, 81; tail, 68
mm. ‘Iris brown; bill black; feet purplish fleshy.” This specimen
is very like one from Lingga, in color, but the bill is a little larger.
CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS (Swainson).
Platyrhynchus ceylonensis Swatnson, Zool. Ilustr., 1, No. 3, December, 1820, pl.
xim (Ceylon):
Two males, from Simalur. ‘* Common.”
Family TURDID&.
PRINIA, species.
One male, from Loh Sidoh Bay. ‘‘Iris brownish gray; feet pale
brownish fleshy.”
This bird isin very poor plumage, with the feathers of the tail worn
down to the shafts. It resembles P. flaviventris, but is much less
greenish olive on the back, and has no yellow on the underparts, which
are white with a slight buffy tinge. The tail is very long, measuring
(although much abraded) 85 mm.; wing, 50 mm.
? ORTHOTOMUS ATROGULARIS Temminck.
Orthotomus atrogularis Temmincx, Pl. Col., III (Pt. 101), 1836, text only
(Malacea, Borneo).
“Common” on Tuangku, but no specimens were preserved.
*
a
512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE,
CISTICOLA CISTICOLA (Temminck).
Sylvia cisticola Temminck, Manuel d’Orn, 2d ed., I, 1820, p. 228 (Portugal).
Three males, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common in the paddy
fields and in long grass.”
KITTACINCLA MELANURA Salvadori.
Cittocincla melanura Satvaport, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., TV, 1886, p. baat
pl. vi, fig. 1 (Nias Island).
Five specimens, from Simalur, Babi, and Lasia.
These specimens are smaller than typical A melanura, having a
wing measurement of 86-95 mm.; for the Nias bird Salvadori gives”
95-97 mm. In our birds the outermost tail feather has a bare sug-—
gestion of white at the tip. Length, male, 258-286; female, 216-241,
The two females in this series are slightly paler on the underparts
than the males.
‘‘Tris dark brown; feet dull purplish brown; bill black.” R
On Simalur the species was found to be ‘‘not very common, and —
very shy.” It was ‘‘common, but very shy,” on Babi and Lasia.
KITTACINCLA MALABARICA (Scopoli) .
Muscicapa (malabarica) Scorout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., II, 1786, p. 96 (based ie
on ‘“‘Le gobe-mouche 4 longue queue de Gingi’’ of Sonnerat, Voy. aux
Indes, ete., IT, p. 196; Malabar).
Five adult males, from Pulo Mansalar, Tuangku, and Bangkaru. —
In oe these birds can be iter ee with ee from various
wing measurement ine males) varies ie 95 to 99 mm.
**Common” in the Baujak Islands. ;
The name malabarica antedates both tricolor and macroura, and is |
of unquestionable application, but Scopoli’s reference to *‘ tab. 111”
Sonnerat’s work is erroneous.
COPSYCHUS SAULARIS MUSICUS (Raffles).
Lanius musicus Rarrurs, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt 2, 1822, p. 307.4
Five specimens from Loh Sidoh Bay and Simalur.
It was ‘‘ common Bok clearings” on Simalur.
Seno ee eaten Lanius.
It is one of the few singing birds of India, and its note is pleasing. It is abot at
eight inches and a half in length. In the female the feathers of the throat and
breast are whitish, mottled with grey and brown; and several of the wing-coverts —
are also white with reddish-brown shades. All the colours are duller than in
male.”’
- x0. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 513
————
‘Family HIRUNDINID2.
HIRUNDO GUTTURALIS Scopoli.
Hirundo (gutturalis) Scopout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr, II, 1786, p. 96 (Antique,
western Panay, Philippines) .
Two specimens, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common.” It was also
noted as ‘‘common” on Tuangku.
Family CAMPEPHAGID2.
GRAUCALUS BABIENSIS, new species.
Type.—Adult female, No. 179220 U.S.N.M.; Pulo Babi, west coast
of Sumatra, January 13, 1902; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Head, back, scapu-
lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts gray (No. 7 of Ridgway’s Nomencla-
ture), the feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts indistinctly
edged with grayish white; underparts gray, like the back, but slightly
paler, becoming still lighter on the abdomen, which is unbarred; thighs
gray, like the back; under tail-coverts grayish white, with obscure
grayish bars; under wing-coverts white, with blackish bars; axillaries
pale gray, with dusky grayish bars; wings black, the lesser, middle,
and greater coverts and outer webs of tertiaries, secondaries, and of
primary coverts gray like the back; inner primaries washed on edge
of outer webs with the same color; under surface of wings pale gray,
with a whitish line on edge of inner webs of inner primaries. Tail
black, the middle pair of feathers with a wash of dark gray, the outer-
most pair with grayish tips.
Leneth, 305; wing, 168; tail, 117.5; tarsus, 29; exposed culmen, 28
(bill, from gape, 41); width of bill at base,20 mm. ‘‘ Ivis pale yellow;
bill and feet black.”
A second female measures: Length, 318; wing, 170; tail, 123 mm.
This is a large bird, like G. hannegieter’, but the lower breast and
abdomen are entirely unbarred; there are no 4/ack bars on the upper
tail-coverts, and the iris is pale yellow instead of white. ‘‘ Common.
Larger and differently colored from that of Simalur.”
GRAUCALUS SIMALURENSIS, new species.
Type.—Adult male, No. 179215, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west
coast of Sumatra, November 19, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
This species is very like the female ‘of G. babiens/s (the shade of
gray on the upper and lower surfaces is exactly the same as in
that species), but smaller; the under tail-coverts and axillaries are
unbarred, and there are only a few obscure grayish bars on the under
Wing-coyerts.
Length, 299; wing, 166; tail, 121; tarsus, 26; exposed culmen, 26
(bill, from gape, 39.5); width of bill, at base, 20 mm. ‘Iris pale
greenish white; bill and feet black.”
514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The female differs from the male in having the under wing-coverts —
and axillaries white, conspicuously barred with slaty black; the un
tail-coverts are grayish white, less plainly barred with gray ar
darker slate; the breast is like that of the male, but on the abdomen
and flanks there are almost obsolete bars of gray (the bars being
about the same shade as the breast). Wing, 165-167 mm. a
An obviously younger female has the primaries, primary- covert
and secondaries narrowly edged with white; the rump and upper tail.
coverts are barred with blackish slate and tipped with white; the |
breast and abdomen are white, with slaty black bars, mingled on the |
breast with new, unbarred, gray feathers. .
The male resembles that of G. swmatrensis and G. bungurensis, but
is a little paler, both above and below, and the under wing-coverts are.
obscurely barred. It is larger than G. swmatrensis, and about the
size of G. bungurensis, but ane bill is longer and broader (about 18
mm. broad in bungurensis, and 20 mm. in Een
‘‘Common in the forest, generally in parties of three to five.”
In addition to G. babiensis and G. simalurensis, the following spe-
cies, related to G. sumatrensis, have been deceee from islands off |
the west coast of Sumatra: G. crissalis Salvadori (Mentawei group),
@. enganensis Salvadori (Engano), and G. kannegietert (Bittikofer) |
from Nias. ; P|
CAMPEPHAGA COMPTA, new species.
Type.—Adult female, No. 179222, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west
coast of Sumatra, Noy emis 28, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Top of head, lores, nape, back, annie rump, and upper tail-
coverts bluish slate color, the feathers of the rump and upper tail-
coverts with narrow anit tips, immediately preceded by still nar-|
rower obscure blackish slate bars; some of the feathers of the crown |
with blackish centers; a narrow fringe of feathers on the forehead, a
distinct line over the lores, eyes, and above ear-coverts, white; ear-|
coverts and malar region white, with conspicuous bluish slate stripes
(darker than the upper ee a broad line between ear-coverts and
white superciliary stripe dark bluish slate color; entire under parts,
including sides of neck, under wing-coverts and axillaries, white,
prominently barred with slaty black, with a grayish suffusion on the
sides (thighs almost uniform slate); the black and white spaces on the
under surface are of nearly equal width, except on the axilliaries,
under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts, where the white spaces
are much wider than the cen ones; on the under tail-coverts the
black markings are mainly U-shaped. Wings black, the coverts,
secondaries, and tertiaries with the outer webs washed with bluial
slate color; feathers of the inner greater coverts and secondaries
with a narrow white border on the outer webs; primaries and pri-
mary coverts black, with a narrow dark-gray edging to most 0
}
2 5
Py |
—
*
“No. 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 515
the feathers; secondaries obscurely and very narrowly tipped with
_white; under surface of inner primaries largely white on basal half of
inner webs (some of the secondaries also edged with white). Tail
black, the middle pair of feathers washed with bluish gray, except at
the tip; some of the other feathers edged with gray, and all of them
tipped with white, the middle feathers very narrowly so, the white
becoming more extensive toward the outermost pair, on which there
is a narrow white line bordering the shaft on the outer web, extending
almost to the base.
Length, 203; wing, 101; tail, 85; tarsus, 21; culmen, 14 (bill, from
gape, 21) mm. “‘Iris clear brown; bill black, pale brown beneath,
at base.” :
Another female, apparently a younger bird, is less distinctly barred
on the breast, abdomen, and sides, these areas being much suffused
with gray.
In this species the color of the under parts suggests that of the
lower breast in Graucalus sumatrensis (typical); on the upper parts C.
compta is of a darker and clearer color.
This species is related to C. neglecta, but is darker above, much
more strongly barred below, has a distinct white superciliary stripe,
etc.
PERICROCOTUS FLAMMIFER Hume.
[ Pericrocotus| flammifer Humes, Stray Feathers, III, No. 4, May, 1875, p. 321, note
(Pakchan, Tenasserim).
Ten specimens, from Simalur, where ‘‘common.”
The males are identical in color with P. fammifer from Tenasserim
and Trong, but they average slightly larger. I have no females for
comparison with the three contained in the present collection, but
these appear to be very dark above (almost slaty black, with a slight
gloss), not ‘‘ashy brown tinged with green,” as described by Oates.¢
Length, males, 190-207; wing, 90-94; tail, 81.5-88 mm. Females
are smaller, measuring, length, 190-197; wing, 87-89; tail, 80-82 mm.
‘Tris dark brown; bill and feet black.”
PERICROCOTUS IGNEUS Blyth.
P{ericrocotus] igneus Buytnu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XV, 1846 (1847 ?), p. 309
(Malacca).
Two males, from Simalur.
These have rather long wings (78-80 mm.), and the two middle pairs
of rectrices are wholly black. In the descriptions of P. igneus, given
by both Sharpe and Oates, the two central feathers are said to be
black, the next pair with an ‘‘ orange-red mark at the tip,”? or ‘‘ with
some red at the tip.”°
@ Birds Brit. Burmah, I, p. 237. bSharpe, Catal. Birds, IV, p. 78.
¢Oates, Fauna Brit. India, Birds, I, p. 485.
“ee
516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Lenath, 168-172; wing, 78-80; tail, 75-76; bill, from gape, 17 mm
‘+ Apparently not common, but several that were shot were lost in the
dense underbrush.”
P. igneus has been recorded from Nias. “
Family DICRURIDZ.
DISSEMURUS BRACHYPHORUS (Bonaparte),
E{dolius] brachyphorus ‘‘Temm.’’ Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, I, 1850, Pp
351 (Borneo). 7
Ten specimens, from Loh Sidoh Bay, Simalur, Babi, and Lasia, those
from the last-named island having longer tails and wings than the }
others. The dimensions of this series are given below: q
Measurements of Dissemurus brachyphorus.
Locality. Sex. Length. | Wing. Tail. Billa
Mm. Mm. Mm.
Loh SidOh Bay ....ccccncccacncnccsscasscccnssccenn= Male ... 470 148 301
Sima Oat erate ae lata aetna a atelier aetna Female. 445 136 287
474 139 306
474 138 307
Se Sk ate rare 141) | See cetees
Dees eee V4 ortcis careers
540 153 363
521 152 347
534 154 370
540 152 367
aBill, from gape.
The Simalur birds have less of a ereenish gloss than those from Loh
Sidoh Bay and the Flat Islands, but otherwise the color is about
the same. In length of wing the birds from Babi and Lasia are
approached and even exceeded by others from widely different locali-
ties, but no specimens in our series (from the Natunas and Anambas;_
Pulo Tioman; Lankawi; Lingga, ete.) have tails quite as long as these :
Flat Islands examples.
‘‘Common in the forest” on Simalur; also ‘‘common” on Babi, and
**common, apparently larger than that of Simalur” on Lasia. |
BUCHANGA ATRA (Hermann).
Muscicapa atra Hermann, Obs. Zool., March, 1804, p. 208 (Tranquebaria).
One adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 279; wing, 142; tail,
124 mm.
BUCHANGA CINERACEA (Hope
Edolius cineraceus HorsFietp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 1, May, 1821, ,
p- 145 (Java).
Nee y ; Sie S ari 3
Six adults, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘common about clearings, —
sitting on dead trees. Less common in forest.” Length, 257-2 280 mm.
“ Buttikofer, Motes Leyd. Mus., X VIII, p. 177.
=
x0, 1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 51
“I
‘i Family LANHD&.
| LANIUS TIGRINUS Drapiez.
| Lanius tigrinus Draprez, Dict. Class. d’ Hist. Nat., XIII, 1828, p. 523 (Java).
| Two males, from Simalur, where it was ‘‘not common.” Length,
178mm. ‘Iris dark brown.”
PLATYLOPHUS CORONATUS (Raffles).
Lanius coronatus RarriEs, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. 2, 1822, p. 306
(Sumatra).
Three specimens, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 270 (female) to 280
(male)mm. ‘‘ Feet leaden blue.” :
Family ORIOLID.
ORIOLUS MUNDUS, new species.
Type.—Adult male, No. 179268, U.S.N.M.; Simalur Island, west
coast of Sumatra, November 19, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. General
color bright lemon yellow, inclining to cadmium yellow, especially on
back, breast, and sides of neck; paler on greater wing-coverts, axilla-
Ties, under wing-coverts, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; wing
feathers, including alula, black; third to sixth primaries very narrowly
edged with white on outer webs; secondartes with almost obsolete pale
yellow tips, the yellow extending down the shaft on the innermost
feather; primary coverts all black, without a yellow speculum; under
surface of primaries with a narrow white border oninner webs. Lores,
a line over and under the eye, passing back to and including the nape,
black (the black 11 mm. wide, on nape); middle tail feathers black,
narrowly tipped with yellow, and very narrowly edged with yellow
on both webs for a short distance; remainder of tail black, tipped with
yellow, the outermost feathers black on basal half, the inner ones with
the black extending progressively toward the tips.
Length, 280; wing, 151; tail, 103; tarsus, 26; culmen, 35 (bill, from
gape, 40 mm.). ‘Iris dull red; feet leaden.”
The female is duller than the male, with a greenish-yellow wash on the
back, central tail feathers, wing-coverts, and outer webs of tertiaries.
Oriolus mundus belongs to the black-naped section of the genus, in
the group of species having no wing speculum, but it is not very nearly
allied to any described species. It differs from most, if not all, of the
members of this group in having the back and mantle clear rich yel-
low, not sordid or greenish.
Four specimens, from Simalur.
ORIOLUS MACULATUS Vieillot.
Oriolus maculatus VirwLoT, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XVIII, 1817, p. 194
(Java).
One adult female, from Loh Sidoh Bay. Length, 260; wing, 142
mm. - “* Iris red.”
518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Family CORVID.
PLATYSMURUS LEUCOPTERUS (Temminck).
Glaucopis leucopterus 'TEMMINCK, Pl. Col., TL (Pt 45), Aprils e228
(Sumatra).
ms |
Three adults, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 407-488; wing (male), |
197-199, (female) 181 mm. ‘‘Iris deep red; inside of mouth white.”
; ou
CORVUS COMPILATOR, new name. —
Three specimens, from Simalur, where ‘‘tolerably abundant and not:
at all shy.” Length, 445-457 mm. ‘‘Tris dark brown.” 5
Corvirs tenutrostris Moore,“ used for this form by Biittikofer,” is
preoccupied by C. tenuirostris, C. L. Brehm,’ and as no other name
appears to be available, I have given it a new one.
Family STURNID 2.
AGROPSAR STURNINA (Pallas). |
i
Gracula sturnina Pauuas, Reise Russischen Reichs, II, 1776, p. 695 (“In
salicetis Dauuriae australioris, circa Ononem et Argunum”’ ). )
One immature female, from Simalur. ‘‘A flock seen at Sibabo.”
Family EULABETID 2.
LAMPROCORAX ALTIROSTRIS (Salvadori).
Calornis altirostris SatvAport, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., IV, 1887, p. 553,
pl. rx, fig. 1 (Nias Island). |
Four specimens, from Simalur and Pulo Babi.
Dr. Sharpe thought this form might be closely related to Z. tytlert,”
but ¢ytler? has the small bill of chalybea, with green, rather than
bronzy, upper parts, and differs also in size and in the more prominent
lanceolate feathers surrounding the head. In other words, Z. alti
rostris is allied to L. chalybea rather than to L. tytlerc. :
Lamprocorax altirostris was seen on Pulo Lasia, and ‘‘ common” on
Babi; on Simalur it was ‘‘common, especially on the small islets.”
The measurements of the specimens are given below:
Measurements of Lamprocorax altirostris.
Locality. Sex. Tenth Wing. Taille |
s Mm. Mm. Mm. |
Shnialur Island: ..cssjocec-ciesstes.- 0-2 seeee eee eee eee Male ... 207 100 62.
Pulo Babli cso cco cecc chee ee ee Gomes 213 105 65.
VD os scecetnc eect asec cbs oeussek ne sce oe ee Female. 216 100 62.
DOP reece coeee sedate gs atte cae See eee es do ....| 210 100 | 63.
«Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. Co., II, 1856-58, p. 558. i
b Notes Leyden Mus., X VIII, 1896, p. 185. |
cVollstindige Vogelfang, 1855, p. 57. 4
@ Catal. Birds, XIII, p. 147. =|
0.1318. BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 519
EULABES JAVANUS Cuvier.
Eulabes javanus Cuvier, Régne Animal, 2d ed., I, 1829, p. 377 (Java).
Six specimens, from Simalur, with lappets larger, and the fleshy
portion which passes anteriorly toward the eye wider, than in true
javanus,; but in color and measurements these Simalur birds can be
matched by individuals from various localities. ‘‘Iris dark brown;
feet yellow; wattles bright yellow.” Length, 299-318 mm.
EULABES ROBUSTA (Salvadori).
Gracula robusta Satyapori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 2d ser., IV, 1887, p. 554, pl.
1x, fig. 2 (Nias Island).
Eight specimens, from Babi and Tuangku. Length, 343-372 mm.
‘Iris dark brown; bill red at base, yellow at tip; feet and wattles
yellow; claws horn brown, base whitish.”
_ This species was found to be ‘‘common” on Pulo Babi, and on both
of the Banjak Islands (Tuangku and Bangkaru).
Family NECTARINIID.
ARACHNOTHERA FLAVIGASTRA (Eyton).
Anthreptes flavigaster Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 105 (‘‘Malaya’’).
An adult male, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 197; wing, 97; cul-
men, 39mm. ‘Iris dark brown; bill dark horn brown, paler beneath,
at base.”
ARACHNOTHERA CHRYSOGENYS (Temminck).
Nectarinia chrysogenys TEMMINCK, Pl]. Col., IV (Pl. 65), May, 1826, pt. cccLXX XVIII,
fig. 1 (Java).
Three adult males, from Tapanuli Bay. Length, 178; wing, 87-88
mm. ‘Iris dark brown; bill black, with a narrow dull yellow line on
edges of both mandibles; angles of mouth white; feet pale brownish
fleshy.”
ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS (Latham).
[Certhia] longirostra Laruam, Index Ornith., I, 1790, p. 299 (Bengal).
Three specimens, from Bangkaru and Tuangku. Length, of male,
171-174; wing, 67-69; culmen, 41-43; of female, length, 156; wing,
62: culmen, 37 mm. The bills of these individuals are rather longer
than those of Malay Peninsula birds. ‘‘Common” on Tuangku.
ARACHNOTHERA MODESTA (Eyton).
Anthreptes modesta Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 105 (‘‘Malaya’’).
Three adult males, from Loh Sidoh Bay and Tapanuli Bay. Length,
172; wing, 80-82 mm. ‘“‘Iris dark brown; feet pale brownish fleshy;
bill dark horn brown above, paler beneath.”
z
520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vo
ANTHREPTES MALACENSIS (Scopoli). |
Scopout, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., I, 1786, p. 91 (Mala ca).
Certhia (malacensis )
Five adults, from Simalur, where ‘‘ common about cocoanut planta
tions.” These are perceptibly longer than Malay Peninsula examples,
but color is identical. Length, 134-143 mm.
ARACHNECHTHRA BRASILIANA (Gmelin).
[Certhia] brasiliana Consan, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. 1, 1788, p. 474 (“Brasilia”),
One adult male, from Simalur. Length, 108; wing, 49; ua
16mm. ‘This specimen agrees in all respects, except that of bill,
birds from other localities. Ordinarily the culmen measures abou
12 mm., but in this individual it is 16 mm. Some specimens fr
islands in the China Sea have long bills, but they do not quite mate
this Simalur bird.
‘Not very common.” Also seen on Tuangku.
ZETHOPYGA SIPARAJA (Raffles).
Certhia See Rarrugs, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond., XIII, Pt. 2, 1822, p.%
(Sumatra).
Twelve specimens, from Tapanuli Bay, Simalur, Babi, Lasia, ax
Bangkaru. The males from Babi and Lasia are a little ae ker on
abdomen than any others in our collection, and the color of the fema
is rather brighter ee in those from other localities.
On Simalur it was ‘‘ generally in thick jungle about the edges of:
clearings, and in cocoanut plantations. Most plentiful on Pulo Bal
in Telok Dalam.” It was ‘‘ common at edge of jungle on the shore
of Lasia, Babi, and on the Banjak Islands.
CHALCOSTETHA INSIGNIS ata
“974 (Java).
Four specimens, from Simalur and Tapanuli Bay. On Simalaa
was ‘‘common in the mangroves about Telok Dalam.”
Family DICAID A.
DICZUM TRIGONOSTIGMA (Scopoli).
Certhia (trigonostigma) Scorort, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., Il, 1786, p.7
(‘‘Chine’’).
Three specimens, from Simalur and Lasia. At the first-name
island it was ‘‘common.”
ee
Family PLOCEID ZA.
MUNIA MAJA (Linneus).
[Loxia] maja Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, 1766, p. 301 (Malacca).
Five from Loh Sidoh Bay and three from Simalur. It was foune
‘in large flocks upon the fields of paddy ” on Simalur. ;
BIRDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND.
521
i ierohiera: x fringillarius.
udynanys honorata malayana.
eenicophanis erythrognathus.
a cyon armstrong??.
SIMALUR ISLAND,
Nharadrius dominicus fulvus.
Iehthodromus geoffroy?.
Iehthodromus pyrrhothorax.
fallinago stenura.
Potanus totanus eurhinus.
citis hypoleucos.
ul simonites ruficollis.
Vumenius phxopus.
Arenaria interpres.
Ysacus magnirostris.
Typotzenidlia striata.
{maurornis phenicurus.
trdea sumatrana.
Demiegretta sacra.
Bulorides javanica.
{rdeola, species.
[reron vernans.
Parpophage consobrina.
Myristicivora bicolor.
Jolumba phasma.
Macropygia simalurensis.
Jhaleophaps indica.
Dalenas nicobarica.
Astur soloénsis.
Accipiter virgatus.
‘pizaétus alboniger.
Halizetus leucogaster.
Spilornis abbotti.
aliastur mdus intermedius.
peregrinus ?.
Porn wmbra.
corms fasciatus.
inus abbotti.
Cacomantis sepulcralis.
eurystomus calony..
elittophagus wrica.
ps philippinus.
rgopsis simalurensis.:
lynamys honorata malayana.
OF SPECIES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING CATALOGUE, BY
LOCALITIES.
LOH SIDOH BAY.
INCLUDING
PULO ASU
Pycnonotus simplex.
Rhipidura javanica.
Prinia, sp.
Copsychus saularis musicus.
Dissemurus brachyphorus.
Oriolus maculatus.
Arachnothera modesta.
Munia maja.
AND PULO SIUMAT.
Alcedo ispida bengalensis.
Alcedo meninting.
Ceyx, species.
Halcyon coromanda.
Haleyon pileata.
falcyon chloris?.
Thriponax parvus.
Macropteryx perlonga.
Salangana fuciphaga.
Dendronanthus indicus.
Motacilla melanope.
Budytes flavus leucostriatus.
Microtarsus melanocephatos.
Muscitrea grisola.
Hypothymis consobrina.
Tchitrea procera.
Culicicapa ceylonensis.
Cisticola cisticola.
Kittacincla melanura.
Copsychus saularis musicus.
Hirundo gutturalis.
Graucalus simalurensis.
Campephaga compta.
Pericrocotus igneus.
Pericrocotus flammafer.
Dissemurus brachyphorus.
Buchanga cineracea.
Lanius tigrinus.
Oriolus mundus.
Corvus compilator
Agropsar sturnina.
Lamprocorax altirostris.
Eulabes javanus.
Anthreptes malacensis.
Arachnechthra brasiliana.
Aitthopyga syparaja.
Chalcostetha pectoralis.
Dicxum trigonostigma.
Munia maja.
qn
bo
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, XX
ee
THE FLAT ISLANDS.
PULO BABI AND PULO LASIA.
Halcyon coromanda (1.).
Halcyon pileata (B.).
Hypothymis abbotti (B. ene
Kittacincla melanura (B. L.). via
Graucalus babiensis (B.).
Dissemurus brachyphorus (B. L.).
Lamprocorax altirostris (B. L.).
Esacus magnirostris (B.).
Ardea sumatrana (B.).
Carpophaga consobrina (B. ibe Ne
Myristicivora bicolor (B. L.).
Chalcophaps indica (B.).
Calenas nicobarica (B.).
Accipiter virgatus (L.).
Halixetus leucogaster (B. L.). Eulabes robusta (B.).
Palzxornis major (B. L.). Aithopyga siparaja (B. L.).
Eudynamys honorata malayana (B.-L. ). Diceum trigonostigma (L.).
THE BANJAK ISLANDS.
PULO BANGKARU.
Spizaétus, species..
Halixetus leucogaster.
Syrnium niasense.
Ceyx, species.
Dendronanthus indicus.
Pycnonotus simplex.
Mixorvis pileatus.
Numenius arquatus.
sacus magnirostris.
Ardea sumatrana.
Demiegretta sacra.
Treron, species.
Carpophaga consobrina.
Myristicivora bicolor.
Halixetus leucogaster.
Haliastur indus intermedius.
Loriculus galgulus.
Merops philippinus.
Pelargopsis sodalis.
Alcedo ispida bengalensis.
Alcedo meninting.
Meiglyptes tukki.
Salangana ‘‘francica.”’
Eurylaimus ochromatus.
Pitta moluccensis.
Malacopteron notatum.
Hypothymis azurea.
Kittacincla malabarica.
Eulabes robusta.
Arachnothera longirostris.
Athopyga siparaja.
PULO TUANGKU.
Trena eriniger.
Pycnonotus plumosus.
Pycnonotus simplex.
Pycnonotus erythropthalmos.
Anuropsis malaccensis.
Cyanoderma fulviventris.
Stachyris banjakensis.
Malacopteron notatum.
Chalcoparia singalensis.
Hypothymis azurea.
Orthotomus atrogularis?.
Kittacincla malabarica.
Hirundo gutturalis.
Hulabes robusta.
Arachnothera longirostris.
Arachnechthra brasiliana.
Aithopyga siparaja.
% ~
» fulvicollis.
us leucogaster.
is bacha.
puleata.
hinus galeritus.
hea chrysopogon.
hea mystacophanes.
co duvaucelii.
s porphyromelas.
tes tukki.
ernus brachyurus.
mae Javensis.
TAPANULI BAY, INCLUDING PULO MANSALAR.
r indus intermedius.
RDS OF NORTHWEST SUMATRA—RICHMOND. 523
Pyrotrogon duvauceli.
Macropteryx comata.
Cymbirhynchus lemniscatus.
Chloropsis cyanopogon.
Irena criniger.
Hemixus malaccensis.
Tole olivacea,
Euptilosus eutilosus.
Microtarsus melanocephatos.
Tricholestes criniger.
Pycnonotus plumosus.
Pycnonotus, species (white iris).
**Alcippe cinerea.”’
Malacopteron magnirostre.
Hypothymis azurea.
Philentoma velatum.
Rhinomyias pectoralis.
Kittacincla malabarica.
Buchanga atra.
Platylophus coronatus.
Platysmurus leucopterus.
Arachnothera flavigastra.
Arachnothera chrysogenys.
Arachnothera modesta.
Aithopyga siparaja.
Chalcostetha pectoralis.
524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X3
Filo Tear fu ‘
Fulolasiag
Fulo Babi? Pu See
Fulo
Mirsotar lt
ie
a Ak
NORTHWESTERN SUMATRA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS.
>A REVIEW OF THE SYNENTOGNATHOUS FISHES OF
JAPAN.
By Davip Srarr JorpaNn and Epwin Cuaprn Srarks,
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
_In this paper is given an account of those fishes of Japan belonging
o the suborder of Synentognathi. The material examined belongs to
lhe United States National Museum and to the Leland Stanford Junior
Jniversity, most of it having been collected by Messrs. Jordan and
snyder during the summer of 1900.
Suborder SYNENTOGNATHI.
Lower pharyngeal bones fully united; second and third superior
haryngeals variously enlarged, not articulated to the cranium, send-
g processes forward; the fourth small or fused with the third.
ertebre numerous (45 to 70), the abdominal ones much more
umerous than the caudal. Ventral fins abdominal, without spine,
be rays more than five. Scapula suspended to the cranium by a
post-temporal bone, which is usually simple, furcate in Belonide.
Articular bone of lower jaw with a small supplemental bone perhaps
jorresponding to the coronoid bone. Parietal bones usually absent,
on present much reduced, well separated by the supraoccipital.
Supraclavicle small when present; no interclavicles. No mesocora-
‘oid. Maxillary very close to premaxillary and sometimes firmly
oined to it, the suture always distinct. Basis of cranium double in
'ront, but without muscular tube. No adipose fin. Fins without
pines. Lateral line concurrent with the belly, peculiar in structure.
ir bladder usually large, without pneumatic duct. Intestinal tract
imple, without pyloric ceca. This order is allied to the Haplomi on
the one hand and to the Percesoces on the other, and, like these
yroups, it marks the transition from the soft-rayed to the spiny-rayed
ishes. In their anatomical characters the Synentognath’ most resem-
Mle the latter, but there are never spines in the fins, and the lower
gharyngeals are united. The group is divisible into four closely
elated families, which have usually been regarded as divisions of one
0
4
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1319.
’ Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02-——36 525
526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
family. Erocatide or Scombresocide. The remarkable differences i
the pharyngeals seem to us to permit the division of the group inte
four families.
, ” . ° , o\
(ovr, together; év, within; yvados, jaw.)
a. Third superior pharyngeal on each side scarcely enlarged, not longer than its
anterior process, and armed with comparatively few (about 15) pointed teeth;
fourth superior pharyngeal distinct on each side; lower pharyngeals united inte
a small linear plate, armed with small teeth; vertebrae with zygapophyses; both
jaws produced in a long beak in the adult (the upper short in the young);
teeth in jaws strong, unequal; maxillaries firmly appressed to the premaxilla
_ries: a distinct suture along the boundary; ‘‘coronoid’’ bone (attached to the
articular) evident. Species carnivorous ......-.------------.--- BeELonip#, 1
aa. Third superior pharyngeal greatly enlarged, covered with bluntish, tricuspid
teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal wanting or fused with the third; lowe
pharyngeals large, fused into a thick triangular bone with transversely con
cave surface, covered with blunt, tricuspid teeth; teeth in jaws always small,
conic, or tricuspid; maxillary close to premaxillary, but not suturally joined
to it, there being some open space between; coronoid bone small, but present;
no canine teeth; no zygapophyses to the vertebree.
b. Third superior pharyngeal solidly joined with its fellow to form an ovoid pla
which sends two processes forward; cleft of mouth narrow; the lower jaw
usually produced; teeth of jaws tricuspid; herbivorous species.
HEMIRAMPHID, 2
bb. Third superior pharyngeals more or Jess closely appressed, but not united;
species at least partly carnivorous.
c. Dorsal and anal fins each with several detached finlets; cleft of mouth long,
both jaws being more or less produced ina pointed beak; paired fins small
SCOMBRESOCID®, 3.
cc. Dorsal. and anal without finlets; cleft of mouth short, the jaws not produced
in a beak; pectoral fins more or less produced, forming an organ of flight.
ExoceTip®, 4.
Family 1. BELONIDA.
NEEDLE-FISHES.
Body elongate, very slender, compressed or not, covered with small
thin scales. Lateral line very low, running as a fold along side of
belly. Both jaws produced in a beak, the lower jaw the longer, very
much the longer in the young, which resemble Hemtramphus; max=
illaries grown fast to premaxillaries; each jaw with a band of small,
sharp teeth, besides a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical teeth,
No finlets. Dorsal fin opposite anal, both fins rather long. Air blad-
der present. Lower pharyngeals united to form a long, slender, nar
row plate, with flat surface, covered with small, pointed teeth; uppet
pharyngeals distinct, the third pair little enlarged, each with some 1
moderate, unequal, pointed teeth (Zylosurus marinus); fourth pair
well developed, with similar teeth, but without anterior processes
Vertebre numerous, with zygopophyses. Ovary single. Voracious
carnivorous fishes, bearing a superficial resemblance to the gar pikes;
1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 527
ound in all warm seas, sometimes entering rivers. Their habits are
rdinarily much like those of the pike, but when startled they swim
along the surface with extraordinary rapidity, often leaping above
he water for short distances. When thus leaping the large species
of the tropics are sources of danger to incautious fishermen, sometimes
piercing the naked abdomen of the natives. Most of them are eood
food-fishes, but the green color of the bones of the larger species often
auses them to be avoided, for no good reason.
|
. Gill rakers wanting; no teeth on vomer; anterior rays of dorsal and anal elevated.
Tylosurus, 1.
ie VeOsURUS Coccéo:
Tylosurus Cocco, *‘Lettere in Giornale Sci. Sicilia, XVII,’ 1829, p. 18 (can-
traini=imperialis ).
_ Body elongate, very slender, not much compressed. Both jaws pro-
longed into a beak, the lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the
longer in young fisnes, the very young resembling /Hemiramphus.
Kach jaw armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, beside which is a
series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical, unequal teeth; no teeth on
vomer or palatines. Scales small, thin; lateral line running along the
side of the belly, becoming median on the tail. No finlets. Dorsal fin
more or less elevated anteriorly; caudal fin short, unequally lunated or
forked; pectorals moderate; ventrals small, the latter inserted behind
the middle of the body. Gill rakers obsolete. Bones usually more or
less green. Size comparatively large. Species numerous. Voraci-
ous fishes, chiefly American; one species crossing to Europe; some of
them entering rivers. This genus differs from the Old World genus,
Belone Cuvier, in the absence of gill rakers and of vomerine teeth.
(tv)os, callus; ovpa, tail; in allusion to the caudal keel, on which
the genus was originally based, a character of little importance. )
a. Dorsal rays about 25.
b. Lateral line not forming a black keel on caudal peduncle. Posterior dorsal rays
produced to form a rounded lobe as high or nearly as high as produced ante-
rior lobe, these rays longest in the young. Jaws slender and long; upper jaw
from anterior orbital rim 24 times longer than length of rest of head.
schismatorhynchus, 1
bb. Lateral line extending on caudal peduncle, forming a low black keel.
_¢. Jaws short and stout; upper jaw from anterior orbital rim 13 longer than rest
of head; posterior rays of dorsal elevated; size very large. ----- giganteus, 2.
ce. Jaws slender and long; posterior rays of dorsal short; body scarcely com-
: MCSE Emenee ree ine aco eels cteie see Se wee = See Se ntne= coromandelicus, 3.
aad. Dorsal rays about 18; posterior rays of dorsal short. Body much compressed,
the width one-half the depth; caudal peduncle much compressed, without
keel anastomella, 4
wee eee eee meee wow e ewe eee eee wee ee ee ee eee ee ees ee eee eee eer
528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
See San
1. TYLOSURUS SCHISMATORHYNCHUS (Bleeker).
=<
DATSU.
.
Belone gracilis SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 246, pl. cx, ie -
Nagasaki; not of Lowe, 1839, a species from Madeira.—BLEEKER, Nieuwe _
Nalez., Japan, 1857, p. 116.—Nystrrom, Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1887, p. 4457)
Nagasaki. B)
Mastacembelus gracilis BLEEKER, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., 1866, p. 111. ;
Belone schismatorhynchus BLEEKER, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind., I, 1850, p. 95.—
Buierker, Verh. Gen., XXIV, 1866, p. 15.—Gtnruer, Oat. Fish, VI, 1866,
p. 239; Mozambique, Zanzibar.—IsHiKAwa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Boshu. ,
Mastacembelus schismatorhynchus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Belon., about 1870, —
p. 49; Java, Ternate, Nagasaki.
Head from tip of upper jaw 44 to 4) in length; depth equals post-
orbital part of head; dorsal 24 to 27; anal 25 to 27. .
Body very elongate and rather strongly compressed, the sides ver-
tical and parallel. Dorsal and anal outlines parallel from head to }
dorsal. Jaws very slender and long; upper jaw from anterior orbital |
rim 24 times longer than rest of head. Premaxillary toward base con- -
stricted slightly and strengthened above by a mass of bone along the +
posterior fourth of the length, which ends ina point as viewed from (
above. Diameter of eye equals interorbital width and is contained
2 to 24 in postorbital part of head. Top of head from above eyes |
to ocerput smooth with a translucent cartilage-like tissue. Nostril an |
elongate, somewhat triangular pit containing a simple undivided
papilla. Head apparently naked except a patch of scales above
cheeks and another on top of head from eyes to base of mixillary.
Pectoral equal to postorbital part of head or sometimes slightly |
longer. Ventrals inserted nearer the anterior margin of the eye than)
the base of the caudal by a distance equal to a diameter of the eye, |
their length twice the diameter of the eye. Anal placed well in)
‘advance of dorsal; the base of the sixth ray under the base of the first’
dorsal ray, the anterior part of anal strongly concave on its pos-)
terior margin. Distance of base of last anal ray from base of aux
iliary caudal rays 14 to 1} times the diameter of the eye; the last ray,
reaches a little over half this distance. Distance from front of anal,
to base of ventrals is contained 5 times in length from middle of eye
to caudal base; the anal base exceeds this length by 13 times the
diameter of the eye. Dorsal scarcely so strongly concave behind
the anterior rays as anal; its longest rays are behind the middle.’
When fin is depressed the tip of eighth ray from the last reaches base
of last ray. Distance between base of last dorsal ray and base of
auxillary caudal rays equals diameter of eye; the depressed dorsa.
reaches five-sixths of this distance. Median caudal rays about half the
length of longest rays of lower caudal lobe, which is a little longe))
than the upper. The lateral line is not at all produced as a keel o1
caudal peduncle. |
ve. Length of ventrals contained 24
E
No. 1319.
——
SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 529
~ Color in spirits: A bluish diffused lateral band follows th«
of back, running from the pectoral base to just
of the caudal base, growing narrower posteriorly.
> contour
above the middle
Above lateral band
the body is greenish or brownish: below uniformly bright silvery,
Upper part of head dark, except translucent cartilaginous area; base
of upper jaw black; head otherwise silvery. Distal half of pectoral
black; outer rays and tips of ventrals dusky; anterior rays of
dusky toward tips; dorsal blackish, except bases of ant
rays usually green; caudal dusky.
Here described from specimens from Nag
Other specimens are from Wakanoura.
(GXio ma, split; p'vyyos, snout. )
anal
erior rays, the
asaki 45 cm. in length.
2. TYLOSURUS GIGANTEUS (Schlegel).
OKIZAYORI (OFFSHORE NEEDLEFISH).
?Belone indica Le Survur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1821, p. 131; India.
Belone gigantea Scnuecer, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 245;
Buireker, Ac. Soc. Indo-Nederl., IT, Japan, p: 21.
Belone annulata Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p.
| 447; Celebes, Friendly Islands, Seychelles, Pondicherry.
| Belone annulata Gitnruer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 240; Pinang,
| KAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Tokyo, Formosa.
Mastacembelus annulatus BureKer, Atlas Ichth. Belon., 1870, p. 48; Java, M
, Bawean, Cocos, Sumatra, Singapore, Celebes, Pinang, Batjan,
Amboina, Gilolo.
| ?Belone melanurus Burexer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXII, 1849, p. 11.
_ Belone cylindrica BurrKxer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1851, p. 13,
| ?Belone brachyrhynchus BurrKer, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, p. 61;
young.
Nagasaki.—
China.—Isur-
adura,
Ternate,
Gilolo,
|
| Head from tip of lower jaw 32 in length; depth at ventrals 11 in
dostorbital part of head. Dorsal 23; anal 21.
| Body as wide as deep to within a short distance of dorsal, the
aterorbital space and head above gently convex. Jaws rather short
ynd stout, the lower slightly the longer; their sides nowhere parallel
ut approaching rather rapidly to a point. Length of snout from
terior margin of eye equal to the distance from same point to middle
f longest pectoral rays. Eye one-third of postorbital part of head,
ne-half of interorbital. Interorbital space with two low ridges, sepa-
ated from each other by a space equal to two-thirds diameter of eye,
‘upreceptibly diverging anteriorly. Between them are two narrower,
horter, parallel ridges separated by a space one-third of diameter of
ye. Nostrils broad, triangular, containing a fleshy process divided
ito many folds. Cheeks entirely scaled; scales on top of head before
yes to base of premaxillary.
Length of pectoral equals postorbital part of head and one-third
+ times in space between their
ise and front of anal. Insertion of ventrals midway between middle
580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XX¥E
of eye and base of caudal. Front of anal directly under front of dor-
sal. its base shorter than that of dorsal by three-fourths diameter of .
eye, and equal to the distance between ventrals and anal. Outline of
dorsal and anal deeply concave behind anterior rays. Anterior ray ;
of the latter longer than those of dorsal. Base of the last anal ray”
distant from base of auxilliary caudal rays twice the distance from last
dorsal ray to the corresponding caudal ray. Anterior dorsal rays
longer than the long posterior dorsal rays. When dorsal is depressed
the seventh from the last ray reaches to the base of the last ray and |
the tips of the last few rays barely reach the base of the auxiliary caus -
dalrays. Caudal evidently forked, the lower lobe the longer. Lateral
line strongly produced on caudal peduncle forming a keel. k
rts growing rather gradually ereenis
on back. Top of head and upper jaw black. A long black blotch at
edge of preopercle. Dentate margin of lower jaw black: head other-
wise silvery. Inner face and posterior part of outer face dusky.
Ventrals dark except inner rays. Anterior ray of anal dusky. Dor:
sal and caudal blackish. Lateral line on caudal peduncle black. |
Here deseribed from a single specimen from Nagasaki, 33 inches
Silvery on sides and lower pa
porate:
length.
A young specimen of this or some closely related species from:
Wakanoura differs in having the posterior rays of the dorsal length
ened to well beyond the base of caudal (when the dorsal is depressed),
ly forked and with a black blotch at its base, the eye,
and the general color much darker and without
;
the caudal scarce
of course, much larger
silvery pigment. It is but 12 cm. in length. a
According to Bleeker the type of giganteus examined by him in thé
Leyden Museum is identical with annulatus. The name giganteus ¥
apparently the earlier of the two, but rdzcus, about the pertinence 0
which there is some doubt, is earlier than either. A species appari
ently identical with these occurs in Hawaii and in Samoa.
3. TYLOSURUS COROMANDELICUS (Van Hasselt).
Belone coromandelicus VAN HAssELrT, Alg. Konst., 1823, p. 130; Coromande
according to Bleeker. :
Belone timucoides DE Frrussac, Zool., 1823, p. 372, after Van Hasselt. 4
Belone melanotus BuEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., I, 1850, p. 94.—BLEEKER, Ver
XXIV, 1851, p. 14.—GtnrHer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 239; Ba
>
Genootsch., 2
Indies. =
Mastacembelus melanotus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Belon., 1870, p. 47; Jay
Singapore, Molucca, Celebes. 3
Head 34 in length; depth exceeds postorbital part of head by om
fourth eye. Dorsal 25 or 26; anal 23 or 24. ’
Body scarcely compressed. Head nearly flat between eyes. Ja
rather slender and long. Snout from anterior margin of eye equ ls
twice the distance from same point to edge of opercle. Eye one-hi
o,
oe
a
“tt
7
?
‘No. 1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—J ORDAN AND STARKS. 53 i
postorbital part of head, five-sixths of interorbita] width. Interorbital
rough, with longitudinal striations: a shallow groove along its middle.
Length of pectoral equals depth at ventrals, or 22 in dorsal base.
“3
Length of ventrals contained 2% times in Space between their base and
front of anal. Ventrals inserted midway between caudal base and
posterior third of eye. Anal a little in advance of front of dorsal,
its base shorter than that of dorsal by the diameter of eye. Outline
of dorsal and anal deeply concave behind anterior rays. Anterior
rays of dorsal equal in length to those of anal. Base of last anal ray
twice the diameter of eye distant from base of auxiliary caudal rays.
Last dorsal ray three-fourths eye from auxiliary caudal rays. Pos-
terior dorsal rays not much elongated; the longest scarcely as long as
eye; the third ray from the last reaches base of last ray in reclined
fin; the last ray reaches three-fifths the distance between its base and
base of auxiliary caudal rays. Caudal not deeply forked, the lower
lobe much the longer. Lateral line on caudal peduncle slightly raised
to a keel which is black.
Color in spirits: Greenish on back. silvery below; jaws and teeth
green; pectoral dusky toward tips of rays: axil black; tips of front
J i I
1
{
dorsal rays dusky, and dorsal black behind: tip of middle anal rays
black; dorsal dusky.
Here deseribed from a specimen 78 cm. in length from Tsuruga.
Another specimen is in the collection from Yokohama.
There is no other record of the species from Japan. It is apparently
frequently taken in the East Indies.
(Coromandelicus, from Coromandel. )
4. TYLOSURUS ANASTOMELLA (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
DATSU.
_ Belone anastomella CuvirR and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 446;
China.—Giinruer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 249; Shanghai, Japan, India.—
IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 18; Tokyo.—SreinDACHNER and DO6ODERLEIN,
Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 37; Tokyo.
Tylosurus anastomella JorDAN and Snyper, Check List Fishes, Japan, 1901, p. 61;
Yokohama.
Belonia ciconia RicHarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 264; Canton, on a drawing
by Reeves.
Depth at ventral fins 1} in postorbital part of head, which is 94 in
ength from opercle to base of caudal. Dorsal, 18; anal, 23.
_ Body compressed, the width a little less than half depth. Tips of
aws broken in all our specimens; upper Jaw to eye at least 34 from
‘ame point to base of caudal. Kye 34 in postorbital part of head,
even-eighths of interorbital width. Interorbital with a wide, shallow
thannel along its middle. Base of upper jaw not strengthened by a
pony ridge, but outline of head evenly and slightiy concave from
532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI._
occiput to tip of jaw. Nostril as broad as deep, triangular. Subor-—
bital space equal to depth of eye. Teeth rather slender; no teeth on
palate.
Length of pectoral 14 in postorbital part of head. Ventrals inserted
midway between base of pectoral and base of caudal, their length two-—
thirds that of pectoral. Base of eighth anal ray under first dorsal ray,
Base of anal slightly less than space between its first ray and ventrals. —
Anterior anal rays longer than those of dorsal, or 13 in postorbital part
of head. Base of last anal ray one-half diameter of eye anterior to
base of last dorsal ray. Space between last anal ray and auxiliary
caudal rays equal to length of anterior anal rays. Base of dorsal 1} _
in that of anal. Lower rays of caudal scarcely longer than upper
rays; the caudal scarcely forked, lunate when fin is extended. Caudal _
peduncle compressed, without keel.
‘olor in spirits: A narrow bluish silvery lateral band, following
outline of back, runs from above pectoral to caudal base; above the —
back is abruptly brownish; below the sides and belly are uniformly
bright silvery; top of head dark; a dark band along posterior upper
part of preopercle; tip of pectoral dusky; axil colorless; dorsal and _
caudal dark. Z }
Here described from a specimen 70°cem. in length from Yokohama. —
Other specimens are from Tokyo, Matsushima, and Hakodate. It is —
not certain that the name anastomella is prior to ciconia, but the —
description is better.
(avaotopos, sharp mouthed.) )
Family I. HEMIRAMPHID.
HALF-BEAKS.
Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with large cycloid |
scales; upper jaw short, lower jaw various, sometimes much produced, —
the toothed portion at base fitting against the toothed premaxillaries;
teeth equal, mostly small and tricuspid; maxillaries anchylosed to pre-_
maxillaries. Gill rakers long. Caudal fin rounded, or forked; iff
forked, the lower lobe the longer. Anal fin modified in the viviparous —
species (Zenarchopterus), unmodified in the others and usually similar
to the dorsal; no finlets; air bladder large, sometimes cellular. Third —
upper pharyngeal on each side much enlarged, solidly united with its
fellow to form an oval plate, with slightly convex surface and covered
with blunt tricuspid teeth; this is about as large as the united lowell
pharyngeals, and fits into the concavity of the latter; fourth upper
pharyngeal wanting or grown fast to the third; lower pharyngeal —
large, thick, triangular, with concave surface. Vertebre about 50. —
Herbivorous fishes of the warm seas; mostly shore species; a few
pelagic, a few confined to fresh water. They feed chiefly on green |
alge, and, like the related forms, swim at the surface, occasionall 7
No. 1319, SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 533
leaping into the air. Size rather small, rarely exceeding a foot in
length. The species are closely related to the flying fishes, and the
two families apparently closely intergrade.
a. Lower jaw acute, longer than upper, or more or less produced; teeth small; species
oviparous, the anal fin in the male not modified, the caudal fin unequally lunate.
b. Lower jaw produced in a long, pointed beak, usually longer than rest of head.
Body moderately compressed; pectorals moderate; shore fishes.
ce. Air bladder simple; sides of body more or less convex; ventrals inserted ante-
Morkycwaran advance OL dorsal. :.02...2.5.52 2022.20. Hyporhamphus, 2.
Zw YO RiaA MPH US Gill:
Hyporhamphus Giuu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 131, (tricuspidatus=
unifasciatus ).
Body elongate, moderately compressed, the sides of body not ver-
tical, but more or less convex; the dorsal outline parallel with that of
the belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a slender beak,
bordered with membrane; this beak shorter in the young; premaxil-
laries forming a triangular plate, the teeth of which fit against the
toothed portion of the mandible; maxillaries joined to premaxillaries. |
Teeth feeble, mostly tricuspid. Gill rakers rather long. Head coy-
ered above with large, shield-like scales. Scales large, deciduous.
No finlets; caudal fin more or less forked, the lower lobe the longer;
dorsal and anal similar, opposite each other, not modified in the males;
last ray of dorsal usually short; ventrals small, inserted well forward,
nearly midway between opercle and base of caudal. Oviparous. Air
bladder large, simple, not cellular. Young with the lower jaw short.
Sides usually with a distinct silvery band, as in Aftherina. Species
numerous in all warm seas, going in large schools, but usually re-
maining near shore, feeding chiefly on green alge. Size comparatively
small.
(v0, below; p audos, beak.)
a. Front of anal not behind front of dorsal.
b. Anal and dorsal opposite each other; scales 106.......---------------sajori, 5.
bb. Anal slightly in advance of dorsal; scales 70...-..-.------------- kurumeus, 6.
eoeeeront of anal under middle of dorsal... .200.2-2.-2-2.2 222-2. 5-225 japonicus, 7.
5- HYPORHAMPHUS SAJORI (Schlegel).
SAYORI.
Hemiramphus sajori SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 246, pl. cx, fig. 2;
Nagasaki.—B.LeEEKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., 1853, XX V; Japan, p. 116; Nagasaki.—
Ginruer, Cat.-Fish., VI, 1866, p. 265 (copied ).—SreinpacHner and D6éDER-
LEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 38; Tokyo.—IsHixawa, Prel. Cat., 1897,
p. 18; Tokyo, Toshima.
Hemiramphus occipitalis Gri, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 148; young
specimen from Shimoda.
Head from tip of upper jaw 4% in length; depth 12. Dorsal 16;
anal 17; scales 106. Eye 2 in postorbital part of head.
584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._
Body not much compressed. Mandible not extremely elongate, its
leneth from posterior angle of mouth equal to distance from same
g I S
point to base of pectoral. Upper jaw a little longer than wide. Gill
rakers slender, the longest half the diameter of eye, 8+-21 in number, |
Top of head and tip of upper jaw scaled to tip, the scales more
imbricated than in //. kurwmeus. Sides of mandible with scales; 74_
scales in a median row on back between dorsal fin and occiput.
Dorsal and anal opposite to each other and of about the same length;
base of dorsal equal to distance from tip of upper jaw to posterior of
eye. Ventrals inserted midway between anterior margin of eye and
tips of median caudal rays. Length of pectoral equals postorbital
I : g
part of head and half eye. Lower caudal lobe the longer, as long as.
base of dorsal. The middle rays not quite twice the diameter of eye.
Color in spirits: Brownish above, silvery below lateral stripe; scale —
pouches outlined with dark-brown dots on back. Sides of head sil-—
very; mandible black; top of head and upper jaw dusky or black;
lateral stripe distinct, widest under front of dorsal, outlined above by”
a dusky stripe. Dorsal and caudal dusky, other fins colorless.
Here described from a specimen 25 cm. in entire length from
Aomori. 3
The young of this species agree very well with Dr. Gill’s description
of /7. occipitalis (which was taken from a specimen 4 inches in length)
except that his specimen is alleged to have fewer anal rays and 2 or 3
fewer dorsal rays. Owing to the small size of his type, a mistake of
this sort might easily be made. No species other than /Z. sajord has
been recognized along the coast of Hondo. Specimens were col-
lected in salt water at Nagasaki, Matsushima, Aomori, Same, Tokyo,
Misaki, Wakanoura, Kobe, and Hakata. It is one of the commonest
fishes of Japan, much used for food.
(sayorz, the vernacular name.)
6. HYPORHAMPHUS KURUMEUS Jordan and Starks, new species.
Head from tip of upper jaw 5 in length; depth 10 to 11. Dorsal 15
or 16; anal 17 or 18; seales 70.
Body not much compressed, the depth appearing greatest just behind
opercles. Lower jaw from tip of upper half length of head; upper
Jaw slightly longer than wide. Teeth in upper jaw in a straight band
at extreme sides, becoming broader anteriorly; those in lower jaw in
a hand narrower than the band at front of upper jaw and becoming
narrower anteriorly. Eye equal to interorbital space, and contained
twice in postorbital part of head. Gill rakers slender, scarcely as long
as pupil, 7+19 in number.
Scales on top of head extending to snout. They are scarcely imbri-
cated, circular, and with concentric striations, which form complete
circles; similar scales on sides of mandible: from 47 to 50 scales in a
median series on back between occiput and front of dorsal.
0. 1319. SOME JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 535
Pectoral rather slender and pointed, its length equal to eye and post-
yrbital part of head. Anal beginning slightly in advance of dorsal.
Base of dorsal equal to head from anterior edge of preorbital. The
tip of the last dorsal ray when declined reaches to within a distance
equal to the diameter of the eye of the base of the upper caudal rays.
The ventrals are inserted midway between the base of the caudal rays
and a point at the middle of opercle. The lower lobe of the caudal is
the longer; its length equals that of pectoral, and is two-thirds the
diameter of the eye longer than the upper lobe. The caudal is not
deeply forked, the middle rays equal the postorbital part of the head.
No silvery pigment remains upon the body except along the lateral
stripe, which is very conspicuous, much broader posteriorly than ante-
riorly, and bordered above by a dark line; back sparsely covered with
small dark brown points, which sometimes outline the scale pouches;
they usually arrange themselves in three lines medially along the back;
Fie. 1.—HyPORHAMPHUS KURUMEUS.
opercles bright silvery; top of head and upper jaw dusky, with black
dots; a black blotch on mandible below maxillary: process of mandi-
ble jet black; fins all colorless except caudal, which is dusky.
This species differs from //. intermedius (as described by Dr. Gitn-
ther) in having a slightly shorter anal, smaller eye, more anterior ven-
tral, and pectoral not ‘* blackish.”
This is a fresh-water species. Numerous specimens were taken in
the Chikugo River at Kurume, in the province of Chikugo, island of
Kiusiu.
The type is 175 mm. in entire length and bears the number 7126
Iehthylogical collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Zoolog-
ical Museum.
Dr. Ishikawa further records Hyporhamphus dussumiert (Cuvier and
Valenciennes) from the Riukiu Islands. In this species of the Indian
Ocean the dorsal and anal are nearly scaleless and the ventral midway
between the head and the base of caudal. Sides with a silvery band.
m).15; A. 14. Scales 52.
7. HYPORHAMPHUS JAPONICUS (Brevoort.)
Hemirhamphus japonicus Breyoort, Perry’s Exp. Japan, 1856, p. 280; Loo Choo
(Riukiu) known from a figure only.
_ Tip of lower jaw to edge of opercles 3 times in length from same
point to center of margin of caudal. Tip of upper jaw to edge of
percles half of last, or 6 times in total length. Height of head or
. '
536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
body 9 times, and origin of dorsal to center of caudal a little less than
one-fifth of length. Origin of anal to center of caudal 7 times and to
origin of ventrals 3% in total length. Lower lobe of caudal 64 times in
same distance; upper lobe one-third shorter and much narrower. Eye
24 in depth. Head and beak strong and stout. Body of equal height
as far as ventrals. Pectorals pointed and equal to height of body in
length. Ventrals with emarginate border, first and last ray of equal
length. Dorsal with first ray nearly as long as height of body, with
emarginate border, and last rays quite short. Anal beginning under
middle of dorsal, and resembling it in form, but smaller. Caudal
so deeply forked that it appears separated into two distinct lobes. —
Lower lobe longest and broadest, both pointed. Scales large, appear-_
ing to resemble those of /Zyporhamphus commersonii.
Color bluish, darkest on back, lighter below.
HARGERIA, new genus.
Tesperornis gracilis differs so much from its larger relative that it_
should be placed ip a distinct genus, for which the name //argeria is~
proposed in honor of Mr. Oscar Har ger, who was one of Professor
Marsh’s assistants at the time of his investigations of the toothed birds,
and, as noted in the preface to Odontornithes, rendered valuable aid-
in its preparation. The most important character is the size of the
quadrate and length of the ascending process, and in birds this means |
much, as there is a remarkable constancy in the shape of this bone»
among related forms.
As contrasted with //esperornis the genus Hargeria may be defined |
as follows: Quadrate with a large, upwardly directed lachrymal pro-
cess; processes of nasals short; length of femur more than twice its |
greatest width across the head. ° |
|
NO. 1320. NOTES ON FOSSIL BIRDS—LUCAS. 55S
BAPTORNIS ADVENUS.
The skull of this bird is still unknown, so that we do not know posi-
tively whether or not it had teeth, although this is probably the case.
Neither do we know the relationship between Baptornis and Hesper-
ornis; both were flightless aquatic birds, but the structure of the limbs
shows that at least they belong in separate families.
The body appears to have been stout, the neck long and slender, the
individual vertebre being much more elongate than in Hesperornis,
approaching in this respect Plotus or Podiceps.
The vertebrxe present, unfortunately, are not consecutive, a portion
only of the cervicals being present, while some of the dorsals belong
to the anterior portion of the series and others to the posterior part.
The hypapophyses appear to have been developed, much as in Hesper-
ornis, well forward in the dorsal region, in contrast to what occurs in
modern water birds, such as penguins, auks, and loons, in which the
hypapophyses begin immediately in advance of the sacrum and are
longest about the middle of the series.
This would throw the center of effort farther forward in the old
diving birds than in modern species, and may be due to the use of
the muscles either while capturing fish or in moving about on land.
The synsacrum seems to have comprised ten vertebrie, but this is
not certain, the first of which belongs to the dorsal series and bore a
rib. The sacrum of Hesperornis contained fourteen vertebrae. Noth-
ing of the pelvis is present save the anterior portion of an ilium, and
this, although weathered, resembles the corresponding portion of the
ilium of Hesperornis. The dorsal vertebre were all free, and so were
‘the ossa innominata in both Baptornis and Hesperornis, but this free-
dom is to be regarded as due to the aquatic habits of these birds and
not as morphological characters. While the bones of aquatic animals
are heavier than are those of land animals, ossification and union
between contiguous parts takes place much more slowly, and in such
strictly aquatic birds as the penguin and great auk the dorsal vertebree
and ossa innominata are similarly free.
The coracoid is rather wide and thin, much longer than that of
Hesperornis, and apparently without a precoracoid process or perfo-
ration; an articulation is present for the reception of the clavicle, but
this latter bone was not preserved.
Only the proximal portion of one scapula, the left, is present; this
indicates a stout bone, and there is a suggestion that it may have
expanded distally, as in penguins, but this is suggested, nothing
more.
The humerus is short, round in section, and considerably curved, as
in Apteryx. Although the proximal end is lacking, it seems to have
been not far from 4 inches (100 mm.) long. The radius and ulna are
extremely short, measuring but three-fourths inch (20 mm.) in length.
R54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The e enor y ine Nene them is that ahee as they are they are
perfectly formed and possess the muscular insertions of much larger
bones, while it is evident that the bones of the manus were also pres-
ent. This is quite different from Hesperornis, in
which the humerus is rather long and straight, and
the bones of the forearm and manus absent; it carries”
to an extreme conditions found in the great auk, a_
bird in which the forearm is much reduced, though —
still functional. Baptornis thus pre-
sents the peculiarity of a forearm of
diminutive size, whose bones are per-
fectly formed, bear the muscular im-
pressions of much larger wing bones,
and ae the presence
of quill feathers, and not
improbably the use of the
wings in conjunction with
Fic. 6.—RIGHT CoRACoID AND PporTION or the feet in aquatic loeo-
EE ROE (OF BORE, Pe emotion. ait ket Her spimae
in which the wings have
undergone extensive reduction, such as Rhea and Struthio,
to say nothing of Apteryx, the radius and ulna lack the
well-defined form and muscular ridges of Baptornis.
The femur, while short and stout, has nothing of the
squareness shown by Hesperornis, but resembles rather
that of a loon on a more massive scale. The greater
trochanter is slightly raised above the level of the head
of the femur, and the outer condyle extends below the
level of the inner; the antitrochanter also appears to have
looked slightly downward, so that the position of the leg
in swimming was doubtless like that of existing water-
fowl. This is the ordinary arrangement and would not
be specially mentioned but for the fact that it is the
reverse of these conditions, coupled with the character of
the tibio-tarsal joint that causes the tarsus of Hesperornis
to stand out almost at right angles to the body. The
procnemial process of the tibia is higher than in Hesper-
ornis, and the large patella appears to have articulated
on one side of this, somewhat as in grebes, and not as in
penguins and cormorants, where the patella functions as
a cnemial process. The patella is large, of a modified tri-
hedral form, and has a large perforation for the ambiens.
Fig. 7.—LEFT HU- —
MARUS, RADIUS —
AND ULNA OF
Baptornis ad-_
VENUS, NATURAL |
SIZE. ss
The taxonomic value of such a perforation is lessened by the fact that
among cormorants such a perforation is present in some species and—
absent in others, and while this may prove to be correlated with
other characters the available material does not show this.
i
-|
0. 1320. NOTES ON FOSSIL BIRDS—LUCAS. 555
The tarsus is stout and somewhat compressed laterally; although
veathered there appear to have been no tendinal grooves, much less
ny tendinal foramina, these last marking a degree of tarsal specializa-
ion vastly higher than was possessed by any Cretaceous bird. If it is
permitted to borrow a little of the style of W. K. Parker it might be
said that the early birds show a great deal of reptilian coarseness in
heir articulations, and lack the detail and sharpness of finish that
same later and marks a higher degree of specialization. The lower
ond of the tarsus bears a faint imprint of the presence of the small
first digit, but still as much as exists in some ducks. The phalangeal
articulations are narrow, indicating compressed digits; this is also
shown by the proximal fragment of a median digit. Compressed
digits are now associated with lobate feet, and thus, so far as we know,
the lobate foot preceded the webbed foot in point of time. Our
knowledge of early birds is, however, so trivial that it 1s scarcely
worth while to make any generalizations on this subject, the more that
there is no reason why the two types of foot may not have been evolved
Fic. 8.—RIGHT PADELLA OF Baptornis advenus, NATURAL SIZE,
independently of one another. The waders indeed suggest that the
evolution was independent, as this group shows the beginning of such
feet in such forms as the phalarope and avocet.
In the length of the coracoid and absence of a precoracoid process;
in the-existence of a complete though greatly reduced wing; the short-
ness of the sacrum; proportions of the leg bones and position when in
use, Baptornis is very different from Hesperornis and more like exist-
ing birds. In the slender cervicals, arrangement of tibia and patella,
and general structure of the leg Baptornis is more like a grebe than
is the contemporary Hesperornis, and if, with the small amount of
material available, it is deemed essential to establish any connection
between groups of existing and fossil birds it is suggested that the
ancestors of Baptornis are much more likely to have been also the
progenitors of the Colymbine group than are those of Hesperornis.
It is certain, as said near the beginning of the notes on Baptornis,
that this bird belongs in an entirely different family from Hesperornis,
and if it is ever given to us to know more of the bird it may prove
to belong in a separate order.
ty
>
S
~
:
S
wy
Tdem., p. 136. ¢ Idem, p. 134)
A NEW PROCELSTERNA—FISHER. 5638
A table of measurements of 7 adult Procelsterna sawatilis is here
iven, and for comparison measurements of 3 adult P. cinerea, including
he type, and of the same number of P. cerulea.
Table of measurements.
PROCELSTERNA SAXATILIS.
_ Bil) Depth Middle
- ae 37 | Cul- | from of | Tar-| toe, sas
Number. Sex. | Wing. | Tail. | en.) nos-| billat | sus. | with Locality.
tril. | nostril. claw.
a Li
U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. type Male. TRGM ee lor so) ee Ltn: 5.5 | 25 | 32 | Necker Island.
: |
iginal No. 148 .....---- Male. 186 109 | 25.2 | 17 6.5 | 25 32 Do.
iginal No. 144 .....-.-- Male. 185 | 112 | 26 17 5.5 | 25 | Bent Do.
Driginal No. 147 ......--- - Male. 186 | 115 | 26.5 | 17 5.+) 25 32 Do.
Original No. 146 .....-.--- Male. 183 | 109 | 25 16 5.5 | 25 32 Do.
O riginal INO 4bieS occ Male. 185 | 112 | 25 16.5 5.5 | 29 32 Do.
U. 5. Nat. Mus. Coll. co- | Female. 180 | 110 | 25.—| 16.+ iS 24. + 31 Do.
_ type 188652.
PROCELSTERNA CINEREA.
hil. Weads Scie. Colle |e os san. - DATE De eee Oh eas salen Leelee ee oa East coast Aus-
e 5082. tralia.
_ Acad. Sci. Coll. 5033.|...--...-- a206, +]..---- DS eee oa caeme nee eee se| se eae Do.
U.S. ‘Nat. Mus. Coll. 15466 |.--------- a195. +|------ 27 | 19.5 6.5 | 25.5 33
PROCELSTERNA CERULEA
i phil. Acad. Sci. Coll. 5029.|.......--- 180) | Io Dignan (ea ee Hepa a faces Polynesia.
hil. Acad. Sci. Coll. 5031-.|......---- Bal sess DG nl eons seme seas pases eaeeeer Do.
mes) Nat. Mus. Coll. |.....----- 180s De Hullhill fs sb t eae mae) -t 24 30 | Dog Island, Low
— 131532. Archipelago.
a Wing tip broken.
THE STRUCTURAL*FEATURES OF THE BRYOZOAN GENUS
HOMOTRYPA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES FROM
THE CINCINNATIAN GROUP.
By Ray S. Bassirr,
Of the Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology.
In 1882¢ Mr. KE. O. Ulrich established the genus Homotrypa for a
group of species typified by //. curvata, a common and characteristic
fossil of the lower Lorraine at Cincinnati, Ohio, and vicinity. In
that paper two species were described—the one just mentioned and
LH. obliqua. In subsequent papers this author added twelve species
and varieties. Other authors have described four species which have
been referred to the genus. In the course of their collecting Messrs.
Ulrich and Nickles and the writer have discovered a large number of
forms belonging to this genus, which will eventually include not less
than fifty species. With so great a specific representation /Jomotrypa
may well rank as the most important genus, not only of the Monticu-
liporide, but also of the order Zrepostomata. Moreover, the genus
is interesting from both the geologic and biologic standpoints; geo-
logically, because most of the species are common fossils, usually
of restricted vertical distribution and thus are good horizon markers;
biologically, because many species exhibit remarkably well certain
structures which indicate the bryozoan nature of the monticuliporoids.
It is the purpose of this paper to point out and describe these struc-
tures as studied from thin sections, and to define and tabulate the
species found in the Cincinnatian group.
The number of species of trepostomatous bryozoa is so large and
their external characters often so similar that it appears a hopeless
task to identify them without thin sections, yet it is a mistake to think
that thin sections are always necessary. Sections are desirable, but
are a necessity only when the internal characters of a new species are
being studied. The structures shown in tangential sections are often
@ Jour. Cincinnati Soe. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 240.
ee
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1323.
565
566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
nicely brought out by smoothing the surface of the zoarium with the-
edge of a knife blade or rubbing upon a gritty stone, and after etching
slightly with acid examining with a lens the spot Shae treated, mois-_
tening it slightly. Similarly, vertical fractures when treated in the
same way show the characters seen in v ertical sections. By this ready
method it is seldom difficult to recognize a Homotrypa as the cystic
phragms in the peripheral region are easily detected, if not in the
tangential, then certainly in the vertical section. fecepi in the mate
ter of size, the surface characters of the zocecia are seldom distinctive
of any species of //omotrypa and are more or less similar in all the |
species. For that reason, only the zoarium : and internal characters of |
the species here described are figured and only when the surface chars
acters are out of the ordinary are they described. To obtain the
number of zoccia ina given space a measurement is made from the
center of one macula to the center of one adjoining. The average of
several such measurements gives the correct number, which may be
verified by counting the number of zocecial tubes in the same spas
in the peripheral region of vertical sections.
HOMOTRYPA Ulrich.
Homotrypa Utricn, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 240; Geol. Sur. |
Tllinois, VIII, 1890, pp. 370, 409; Geol. Nenmasnias III, 1893, p. 235; Zittel’s
Textb. Pal. (Engl. ed.), 1896, p. 273.—Foorp, Contr. Gero: -Pal. Cambrai
Sil., 1883, p. 9.—Mruier, North American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 309.—NICKLES |
and Basster, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, No. 173, 1900, p. 29.
The genus has been briefly defined as follows:
Zoarium frondescent or ramose; macule or monticules of larger cell apertures @
characteristic feature; apertures often oblique; zocecia with very thin or finely crenu--
lated walls and remote diaphragms in immature region and cystiphragms, isolated or
in series, confined to mature region; mesopores few, in clusters; acanthopores gen-
erally developed. @ 1
The essential generic characters are the upright zoarium, the pres-
ence of ence in the peripheral region only, and the develop-
ment of few mesopores. The form of the zoarium, the shape and size
of the macule and zocecia, and the number of the latter in a given
space, thickness of zocecial walls, distribution of diaphragms and
cystiphragms, and the number, size, and distribution of acanthopores
and mesopores are the nea variable quantities upon which the
specific characters are based.
The species of Homotrypa may be classed into two well- defined
groups, the presence or absence of diaphragms in the peripheral
region of the zocecial tubes being the distinguishing characteristic,
In te typical section, which may ie designated the //. curvata group;
——
“ Nickles and Bassler, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, No. 173, 1900, p. 29.
Bans, yee
.
te
N0.1393. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 567
diaphragms as well as cystiphragms are present in the peripheral
region. The Warren” beds of the Lorraine formation show the
advent of a group of species in which diaphragms are seldom, if ever,
shown in sections either in the axial or peripheral region of the
zoecial tubes. //. convmunis, an abundant Richmond species, may
be considered the type of the group, and a glance over the appended
table of species will show that this section will include //. bassleri
and 7/. libana from the Lorraine, and //. dawson’, H. communis,
1, nodulosa, IH. austini, I. cylindrica, and IT. richmondensis from the
yarious divisions of the Richmond. Whether the diaphragms were
membraneous and not capable of preservation, or whether they were
not developed at all, can not be determined. Associated species of
the genus show diaphragms well developed in either the peripheral or
in both regions, and this fact. would seem to indicate that their
absence in this group is of structural importance. A subdivision of
‘the 7. communis group is suggested under the discussion of the
eystiphragm.
_ The typical section of the genus, the //. curvata group, includes all
of the described species and the new forms of this paper with the
exception of those mentioned above. It is by far the more important
‘group, and ranges through the Mohawkian and Cincinnatian groups,
while the //. communis section is confined to the upper Lorraine and
Richmond.
| THE CYSTIPHRAGM.
_ The peculiar structures which were termed cystiphragms by Ulrich
are well developed in Homotrypa and constitute a generic feature.
. . . m
These cystiphragms, or cystoid diaphragms as formerly termed, occupy
«The subdivisions of the Cincinnatian group recognized in this paper are those
pubiished by Nickles (Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1902, pp. 49-100). For
convenience of reference the classification is here repeated.
Upper beds.
Richmond. | Middle beds.
Lower beds.
Warren beds.
Mount Auburn beds.
Corryville beds.
Bellevue beds.
Fairmount beds.
Mount Hope beds.
Upper beds.
Wittcae = 252 [sinat beds.
Lower beds.
Cincinnatian..) Lorraine. -- -
‘The Richmond strata exposed in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Manitoba,
and termed the northwestern Richmond in the appended tables, are here correlated
with the Upper beds of Nickles’s classification.
os oe +R
568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
a
gener ally” one side of the zocecial cavity as a series of superimposed
vesicles. When tangential sections cut these vesicles, they show
within and extending across the zocecial cavity, a curved line, the
amountof curvature depending upon the gibbosity of the eystiphragm,
In 7, callosa Ulrich, and 1. ramulosa (see Plate X XV, fig. 3) this lined is
but slightly curved, showing that the vesicle was little rounded. In
the type species the vesicle is of such a shape and occupies so much
space as to cause the cut edge shown in tangential sections to extend
around about two-thirds of ihe circumference of the zocecial chamber,
A different style of cystiphragm occurs in such species as /7/. pulchra |
and I. cincinnatiensis. Were, occasionally, the cystiphragm extends”
entirely around the bounding wall but leaves the central portion of
the zocecial cavity unoccupied, and here ordinary horizontal diaphragms |
are developed. In this case, tangential sections (Plate XX, fig. 12, Plate.
XXI, fig. 7) show the ate agm as a more or less rounded, central |
ring. In vertical sections the ‘cystiphragms appear as semicircular
lines lining usually one side of the zocecial tube, but when the vesicles.
extend entirely around the cell cavity both sides show a series of:
|
|
curved lines.
The portion of the per ipheral region of the zocecial tube not occu-|
pied by the cystiphragms is generally intersected by transverse par-
titions, the diaphragms, w hee may or may not be as numerous as the
cystiphragms, seldom however exceeding them in number. It is also.
to be noticed that in forms showing no diaphragms in the zocecial)
ane the cystiphragms seldom overlap, the lower end of one not)
‘eaching to the next below. If this interpretation is true to nature it)
Ww aan imply that the cystiphragms were open at the bottom. How-'
ever, one or both of the following explanations may account for this)
appearance. The cystiphragms are seen in vertical sections to be)
thickest at the upper end, and often are reduced in thickness to ex-
treme thinness at the point of overlap. In the forms under discussion)
the lower part of the cystiphragm may have been so thin that sections
do not reveal it at all. Another interpretation is that suggested by
Nickles in the description of 7/. bassler/, that calcification in the living
1
BY
state was more or less incomplete.
U pon the basis of the distribution of the cystiphragms the /7. come
munis group of the genus may be further subdivided into two sections,
one in which cystiphragms line the peripheral region of all the zocecia
and another in which the zocecial tubes of the ecules only are pro-
vided with cystiphragms, as seen in sections of ZZ. austind. The
latter, an unusual occurrence, may throw some light upon the fune;
tions of both macule and cystiphragms. Ulrich has considered the
maculx (including the monticules and groups of larger zocecia, all 0}
which are evidently identical in function) of trepostomatous bryoz0t
to be connected in some way with reproduction, these groups perhapj
|
0.1323. §TRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 569
yeing set aside for that purpose. In Certocava ramosa of the Creta-
seous (see Plate XX, figs. 5, 6), ovarian-like vesicles, very similar to
systiphragms, have been found, and this fact leads to the belief that
the cystiphragm also had a reproductive function. Hence the restric-
tion of these structures in this species to the zocecial tubes of the
macule only may have some significance.
THE ACANTHOPORE.
The majority of the species of //omotrypa exhibit these spine-like
structures—the acanthopores. The ordinary acanthopore when show-
ing at the surface is seen to be a blunt spine situated on the cell wall,
usually at the angle of junction of adjoining zocecia.
Tangential sections show that this spine is composed of concentric
rings of laminated tissue inclosing a minute, round canal. A vertical
section brings out the fact that the spine is not a mere surface orna-
ment, but that it is a tube inclosed in the wall substance of the zocecium;
that this tube is developed generally with the mature region and con-
tinues as an independent structure to the surface. In some species
they are well developed and here exhibit their structure most clearly.
The acanthopores of //. nodulosa and LH. cylindrica of this paper show
all that has been learned concerning these structures. That of //.
nodulosa viewed in a tangential section (Plate XXIII, fig. 7) differs from
the ordinary form in haying a comparatively large central space, the
diameter of this sometimes being as much as one-half that of the entire
structure. A vertical section (Plate X XIII, figs. 5,6) shows clearly that
the acanthopore is not only a tube, but that this tube is also crossed by
thin transverse partitions about the tube diameter distant from each
other. Such a section also shows that instead of being limited to the
mature region, the acanthopore may develop in any part of the
immature region, pass through in turn both this and the mature region,
and then, instead of stopping with the zoarial growth to which it belongs,
continue through the immature and mature regions of an incrusting,
secondary growth of the species if this be present. This section also
shows that the concentric rings seen in tangential sections surrounding
the central space are the cut edges of overlapping, conical layers of
tissue forming the wall of the tube. The acanthopore of //. cylindrica
(Plate XXTI, fig. 10) is interesting because it shows to how great an
extent these conical layers may be developed and, in contrast with
preceding species, how minute the central cavity may be. Yet even
in this species, in which the diameter of the tube is generally less than
one-twentieth that of the entire acanthopore, the transverse partitions
may be seen under favorable circumstances.
Possessing such structure, it must be conceded that the acanthopores
were of no little importance to the zoarium. Just what their function
at
570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XX
was is not known, but, as suggested by Ulrich, they may have sup.
ported appendages similar to the avicularia or vibracula of recent
bryozoa. They certainly are not, as considered by Waagen and Wen
zel,@mere thickenings preceding gemmation. Nor do they give rise
to mesopores, which in turn develop into true zoccia as schematicall r
illustrated by these authors. In actual sections such a development |
is not known, and among the thousands of thin sections of trepostoma-
tous bryozoa examined by the writer, not one has been seen that in —
anywise countenanced their interpretation. The zocecia, mesopores, —
and acanthopores of these fossil forms are as distinet and independent
structures as are the polypides, avicularia, and vibracula of recent
chilostomatous bryozoa, whose wholly distinct morphological develop- _
ment has been demonstrated by students of living species.
COMMUNICATION PORES AND INTERMURAL STRUCTURE.
Under certain conditions tangential sections indicate that the zocecial |
walls and the intermural space are seemingly pierced by communica- |
tion pores or connecting foramina. These were first recorded by |
Ulrich in the descriptions of HZ curvata and H. obliqua. Dr. Rom-,
inger, in a critical paper,’ subsequently denied the presence of these,
pores. I have figured tangential sections of [7 worthend and SI. nodu-
losa (Plate XXIV, fig. 12; Plate XXV, fig. 15) which show that such)
structures do exist.in Zomotrypa and are found in other species than
those mentioned by Ulrich. Indeed, they have been found in so many
species of this genus that their presence may be considered a generic)
feature. These pores are best observed when the section is rather
thick. As the section is thinned the pores become less distinct, and
when very thin disappear altogether. This is because the denser!
tissue of the zocecial walls in thick sections brings out into relief the
clearer substance of the connecting foramina, but as the section is,
thinned the substance of the walls becomes more and more translucent,
until, finally, both wall and pore are alike in clearness and the outline
of the latter is lost. 7
Thin sections show that each zocecium has its own bounding wall dis-
tinct from adjacent zocecia, the space between, which is here termed
the intermural space, being occupied by the acanthopores and a dotted
or granular layer, which in sections has a structure very similar te
that exhibited by the parenchymal chord of more recent bryozoa (see
Plate XX, fig. 2). The width of this intermural space varies with the
species and with the age of the zocecia. Sometimes, even in the fully
matured condition, it is represented by merely a fine granular line
(Plate XX, fig. 1), but in some species (see H. austind, Plate XXIV}
—
- $<
“ Paleontologia Indica, 13th Ser., XIII, 1886, pp. 861, 871.
» Studies on Monticulipora, American Geologist, VI, 1890, p. 118,
i
ee
y0.1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 571
ig. 5) its width often equals that of the zocecium itself. Often the
sranules or dots are arranged in regular, transverse lines, and give a
very pretty appearance in sections. Figures 2,3,and 4, on Plate XX,
show similar intermural structure in Retepora columnifera Busk, a
chilostomatous bryozoan, and in “scharopora pavonia (D’Orbigny) a
typical example of the order Cryptostomata.
The following tables, showing the geologic and geographic distribu-
tion and the specific characters, are here introduced to aid in the iden-
tification of the species:
‘od
“StouTTTT
“BUBIPUT
“AyonUey
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“BUBIPUT PUB OTYO
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I
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Torres * esaqyovu “AT
77 ee cenEeel - DSOINUDL “ET
verses ponipurnha "Ay
peels era se iteiels SUDULUMOLE TUAYILOM “FT
DIDIPIIIYUL VUAYJLOM "FT
drape eats abeeNepathaininn, aes yo WMAYILON “FT
ales aici Seo oae UR De
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se)zisie'rinie pnbyqgo "HT
péafiurids s.uojaqoyt “HT
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573
STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER.
No. 1323.
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70.1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 5
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES.
HOMOTRYPA CURVATA Ulrich.a
Homotrypa curvata Unricn, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 242,
pl.-x, figs. 7—7d.
In growth this species is between the cylindrically ramose species
umd the truly frondescent forms as //. flabellaris. Acanthopores,
systiphragms, and diaphragms are present in a moderate degree. The
axternal characters by which the species may be recognized are the
sompressed, flattened branches and smooth surface; in thin sections,
by the average number of acanthopores (three or four surrounding a
Zocecittm), absence of mesopores except in the macule, ten zocecia in
2 mm., the presence of diaphragms in the axial region, and of both
diaphragms and ¢ystiphragms in the peripheral region.
Occurrence. —A common and characteristic fossil in the Fairmount
beds of the Lorraine at Cincinnati, Ohio, and vicinity.
Cat. Nos. 41729-41734, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA CURVATA var. PRAECIPTA, new variety.
Plate XXIII, fig. 15.
This varietal name is proposed for the only H/omotrypa known in
the Utica. It has the internal characters of /7Z. eurvata, but differs in
the growth of the zoarium. Its branches are cylindrical, smooth,
ubout 6 mm. in diameter, and divide at short intervals, while the
zoarium of /7. curvata takes the form of broad, compressed branches,
dividing at less frequent intervals. Thin sections show that the Utica
form generally exhibits more acanthopores, but the number of acan-
thopores varies slightly in every species.
Occurrence.—Rare in the middle division of the Utica at West
Covington, Kentucky. Cumings’ records the same form from the
Upper Utica.
Cat. No. 41735, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA OBLIQUA Ulrich.
Plate X XIII, figs. 12-14.
Homotrypa obliqua Oxricn, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 248,
pl. x, figs. 6-6b.
This abundant Lorraine species in its internal characters is very
much like Z/. curvata. The absence of diaphragms and the slightly
crinkled walls in the axial region distinguish it from ZZ. curvata.
“Under species heretofore described, the reference to the original description only
is given. The complete synonymy is presented in Bulletin No. 173, U. S. Geological
Survey, 1900.
bAmerican Geologist, X XIX, 1902, p. 215, footnote.
576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVE
Externally, however, the two species are readily separated by their
different methods of growth, the ramose zoarium of /Z. obliqgua with
its cylindrical or slightly compressed, more or less tuberculated,
branches being quite characteristic. In the Fairmount beds of the
Cincinnati area a form of the species with strongly tuberculated, cylin-
drical branches seldom over 5 or 6 mm. in diameter, occurs very
abundantly. The succeeding Bellevue beds also hold the species in”
abundance, but here the zoarium is more robust and the branches are
often subeylindrical and nearly smooth. Specimens 6 cm. or more in
length without dividing and 15 mm. in diameter are often found,
The prevailing form of zoarium in the Corryville beds is a rather
broad, somewhat compressed, tuberculated branch, and specimens of
this kind probably led Nicholson to identify /Z. dawsoné at Cincinnati,
The internal structure of these various forms of the species is essen-
tially the same. About 10 zocecia in 2 mm.
Occurrence.—An abundant species of the above-mentioned divisions
of the Lorraine at many localities in the Cincinnati area. The typical
form occurs in the Bellevue beds.
Cat. Nos. 41736-41740, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA CINCINNATIENSIS, new species.
Plate X XI, figs. 4-10.
Zoarium small, generally less than 3 cm. in height, ramose, dividing |
rather regularly at short intervals; branches subeylindrical but with a
tendency to become frondescent, 2 to 4 mm. thick and 3 to 9 mm,
wide. Surface commonly smooth, the clusters of usually larger cells”
rarely forming low monticules. Zocecial apertures angular, direct, |
about nine in 2mm.
No. 1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. Ditct
occasionally larger expanded fronds occur - that do not seem to inoscu-
late. Surface with very distinct clusters of large cells, usually raised
into low monticules, but sometimes sharp tubercles. Zocecial apertures
angular, direct or nearly so, inclosed by thin walls, seven to eight in
2mm. Mesopores few, usually restricted to the cell clusters. Acan-
thopores seldom showing at the surface, but tangential sections reveal
a limited number, best developed in the clusters. Zocecial tubes with
walls thin and less crinkled than usual in the axial region and thick-
ened slightly in the peripheral region, where a few diapkragms and
rather large cystiphragms are developed.
The characteristic features of this species are its thin walls, compar-
atively large zocecia, and conspicuous clusters. //. c/ncinnatiensis,
with which this form might be confused, is distinguished by a different
mode of growth, smaller zocecia, less conspicuous clusters, and more
abundant mesopores and acanthopores.
Occurrence.—Rather rare in the Fairmount beds of the Lorraine
formation at Covington, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio.
Cat. No. 41741, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA PULCHRA, new species.
Plate XX, figs. 11-14.
Zoarium large, consisting of expanded fronds, subdividing or send-
ing off other fronds,and ranging from 5 to 10 or more em. in height;
fronds 3 to 5 mm. in thickness and sometimes as much as 8 cm. in
width. Surface smooth, the clusters scarcely ever rising above the
general surface, but nevertheless conspicuous on account of the large
size of their cells. Zocecial apertures thin walled, angular, direct,
seven to eight in2mm. An occasional mesopore is developed, but
only in the clusters. Acanthopores are apparently always wanting,
although the thickenings sometimes seen at the angles of junction sim-
ulate these structures. Diaphragms from 1 to 14 tube diameters apart
in the axial region and four or five times as numerous in the periph-
eral region. Cystiphragms in an increasingly crowded series in the
peripheral region and extending close to the surface.
This fine species can be readily distinguished externally by its hand-
some mode of growth, smooth surface, large and thin-walled zocecia,
and conspicuous clusters; internally, by the absence of acanthopores
and the unusual development of diaphragms and cystiphragms, of which
the outermost are commonly visible at the surface. It is scarcely nec-
essary todistinguish this from other species. //. cwrvata bears a slight
resemblance in growth, but differs in all other features.
Occurrence.—A characteristic and common fossil restricted to the
Platystrophia lynx horizon of the Mount Auburn beds, Lorraine for-
mation, at Cincinnati and Lebanon, Ohio, and other localities. At
Cincinnati this bed occupies the tops of the highest hills.
Cat. Nos. 41747, 41748, U.S.N.M.
578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. a
HOMOTRYPA GRANDIS, new species.
Plate XX, figs. 7-10.
Zoarium large, 10 cm. or more in height, subcylindrical or com-
pressed, branching rather frequently, an average example being 2 cm,
‘n width and half as much in thickness. Surface generally smooth,
but sometimes exhibiting low rounded monticules. Apertures polyg-
onal, direct, thick walled, nine in 2 mm. Mesopores restricted to the
macule. Acanthopores inconspicuous at the surface, but in thin see-
tions they are seen to be small and very numerous, as Many as SiX-
teen sometimes surrounding a zocecium. Intermural space finely
dotted, the dots often arranged in transverse rows. In tangential
sections the polygonal zocecia with their numerous, regularly arranged
acanthopores and intermural dots present a very, pretty appearance,
In vertical sections the zocecial tubes show thin crinkled walls in the
axial region, and develop diaphragms only as the peripherai region is
approached. In the early part of the latter region, especially in the
bend from the axial to the peripheral, numerous cystiphragms and
diaphragms are developed, but in the remainder of the long mature
region only an occasional cystiphragm is seen, while diaphragms con-
tinue as numerous as before. :
In the mode of development of diaphragms and cystiphragms this
species resembles Homotrypella, but otherwise it has the characters of
Homotrypa. The large subcompressed branches, the numerous, small
acanthopores, the intermural structure, and the unusual disposition of
diaphragms and cystiphragms are characteristic of the species.
Occurrence. —Abundant in the Platystrophia lynx horizon of the Lor-
raine formation exposed along Lumsleys Fork, 2 miles west of Good-
lettsville, Davidson County, Tennessee.
Cat. No. 41764, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA BASSLERI Nickles.
Homotrypa bassleri Nrcxurs, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1902, no. 2, ps
103, figs. 1-5.
The small, cylindrical or slightly flattened tuberculated branches,
small zocecia (ten in 2 mm.), and internally the presence of cysti-
phragms unaccompanied by diaphragms characterize this species.
Occurrence. —A rather common and characteristic fossil of the upper
part of the Warren beds, Lorraine formation, at Lebanon and Ore-
gonia, Ohio.
Cat. No. 34330, U:S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA LIBANA, new species.
Plate X XII, figs. 1-3.
Zoarium, composed of small, thin, flat fronds, the most complete
example seen being 5 cm. high, 3 cm. at its greatest width, and less
No. 1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 579
than 3 mm. in thickness. Surface smooth, with macule of decidedly
larger zocecia. Apertures thin walled, direct, eight to nine in 2 mm.
Acanthopores not observed at the surface. Mesopores of not infre-
quent oceurrence both in the maculz and among the ordinary zocecia.
Internal characters: Diaphragms practically wanting in both regions.
Axial region with thin crinkled walls, which are but : slightly thickened
in the short peripheral zone. A series of generally four cystiphragms
is developed in the peripheral region of each zocecial tube. Acantho-
pores rather few and inconspicuous, generally situated at the junction
angles of the zocecia.
The smooth, thin, flat fronds will distinguish this neat species from
the associated //. basslert. There is no other species sufficiently
related to require comparison.
Occurrence.—Not uncommon in the Warren beds of the Lorraine
formation at Lebanon, Ohio.
Cat. No. 34329, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA FRONDOSA, new species.
Homotrypa frondosa (neither Monticulipora frondosa D’OrBiaNy nor Chetetes
frondosus Epwarps and Harmer.) Cumines, American Geologist, X XIX,
902,upy 208, plex, figs. 11,125 pl. x1, figs. 2, 5; pl. xu, fig. 1.
In 1850 D’Orbigny proposed Monticulipora frondosa,“ based on
specimens said to have been found at Cincinnati and Oxford, Ohio.
In 1851 Milne-Edwards and Haime redefined and figured the species
as Chetetes frondosus,’ basing their description it seems upon the same
specimens used by D’Orbigny. Since the internal characters are not
described in either case, and as there are several forms of different
genera with which J/. frondosa might be identified, it is probably
impossible without the aid of the type specimen to definitely fix upon
D’Orbigny’s species. The status of the species was further complicated
by Nicholson in redefining D’Orbigny’s Monticulipora mammulata,’
since, as shown later by Ulrich, he really described a species more like
MM. frondosa. Recently Cumings identified D’Orbigny’s, or rather
Edwards and Haime’s, species with a rare form of Homotrypa, found in
the ‘“‘very top of the Lorraine or base of the so-called Richmond
formation.”
An effort to find D’Orbigny’s type specimens is now being made, and
should this succeed the standing of his species will be adjusted. How-
ever, for the present I prefer to adhere to Ulrich’s identification of
We Hieulinora Frondosa, and Cumings’s Homotrypa frondosa is here
recognized as a new species, preserving that writer’s name.
@Prodr. de Pal., I, p. 25.
bPol. Foss. Ter. Pal., 1851, p. 267, pl. x1x, figs. 5, 5a.
¢Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 1874, p. 508.
;
580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVr,
Homotrypa frondosa belongs to the typical group of the genus and
should be compared with //. flabellaris. The flabellate growth, large
rounded monticules, few acanthopores, and the presence of both dia-
phragms and cystiphragms in the peripheral region are characteristie
features.
Occurrence.—Rare in the Warren beds of the Lorraine formation in
Indiana and Ohio. Harmans Station, Indiana, is the type locality.
HOMOTRYPA FLABELLARIS Ulrich.
Homotrypa flabellaris Utricn, Geol. Sury. Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 411, pl. xxxm,
3-3¢c.
This species with its varieties has quite a range, both geologically
and geographically, specimens being found, generally abundantly, in
the Lorraine and Richmond at many localities in the Mississippi
Valley. The species was described from specimens found in the
tichmond at Wilmington, Illinois. The figured sections illustrating
the internal structure were prepared from a colony in which the
mature region was not fully developed. Mature specimens show a
moderately crowded series of cystiphragms and diaphragms in the
peripheral region. If the large acanthopore was omitted from our
fig. 14, on Plate X XI, it would show the characters seen in a vertical
section of this species. The specific characters are the flabellate
growth, smooth surface, nine zocecia in 2 mm, few small acantho-
pores, mesopores tabulated, numerous in the maculz and not uncom-
mon among the ordinary zocecia, a moderate number of diaphragms
in the axial region and a well-developed series of diaphragms and
cystiphragms in the peripheral region.
Occurrence.—A common species in the Lorraine and Richmond
formations of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and
Wisconsin.
Cat. Nos. 40217-40223 Harris collection, 41772, 41774 41777, 41780-
41782, U.S.N.M
HOMOTRYPA FLABELLARIS var. SPINIFERA, new variety.
Plate X XJ, figs. 11-15.
This variety agrees with //. flabellaris in all essential characters
save one, namely, that at rather regular intervals among the zocecia
very large acanthopores are developed, the place of a zocecium often
being occupied by one. This gives the otherwise smooth surface of
the zoarium a spiny aspect. The acanthopores often originate in the
axial region and proceed to the surface irrespective of the course of
the zocecia.
Occurrence.—Abundant in the Fairmount beds of the Lorraine at
Cincinnati, Ohio, and vicinity, and in the Richmond at Richmond, .
Indiana, Oxford and other localities in Ohio.
Cat. Nos. 41773, 41778, 41779, 41783, U.S.N.M.
}
|
no. 1323. = STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 581
HOMOTRYPA DAWSONI (Nicholson).
Plate X XV, figs. 9, 10.
Monticulipora (Heterotrypa) dawsoni Nicnoison, 1881. Genus Monticulipora,
p. 141, pl. v, 3-3 f.
With the exception of one feature this fine species was well described
and figured by Nicholson. His vertical section (Plate V, fig. 3e)
shows complete diaphragms in the mature region, and in his descrip-
tion he says of that region, ‘‘a moderate number of complete hori-
zontal tabule being developed;” and again, ‘‘tabule are in all cases
complete and approximately horizontal.” The normal condition of
the species, as seen in vertical sections, is shown in our figure 9 of
Plate XXV. The cystiphragms are here seen to be large and rather
irregularly developed or altogether absent, but in the zocecial tubes of
the macule a full series is usually present. Diaphragm-like struc-
tures occur, particularly in the outer part of the peripheral region,
but these are probably cystiphragms, which, extending almost across
the cell cavity, give in certain sections the appearance of true dia-
phragms. In the section, figured by Nicholson, apparently all of the
cystiphragms presented this appearance. An entire zoarium, with its
broad frond and prominent, closely set monticules, is a handsome
cabinet specimen.
Occurrence.—A characteristic but rather uncommon fossil of the
Lower Richmond in Ohio and Indiana, Waynesville, Ohio, being the
type locality. The species has been recorded as coming also from.
Cincinnati. This is now known to be erroneous, the Lorraine form
so identified being a broad, monticulated variety of 77. obliqua, exter-
nally quite similar, but internally very different.
Cat. Nos. 41749-41752. U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA COMMUNIS, new species.
Plate X XIII, figs. 1-4.
Zoarium of subcylindrical or more commonly compressed branches
from 5 to 10 cm. high and 4 to 8 mm. in thickness. Surface smooth,
with clusters composed of larger cells and mesopores. Apertures
direct, polygonal, rather thick-walled, with about nine in 2 mm.
Acanthopores seldom seen on the surface, but sections show a zoce-
cium to be surrounded by from four to seven. Walls thin and
erinkled in the axial region, much thickened in the peripheral. Dia-
phragms wanting in both regions. Cystiphragms few, generally
restricted to the region transitional to the mature condition.
Externally this species sometimes resembles //. curvata, but inter-
nally is very different. The only associated form with which it might
be confounded is Bythopora mech? (James), which often bears a super--
ficial resemblance. Sections show the two species to be very distinct.
Oceurrence.—A common fossil in the lower part of the Richmond
582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. =
ie
formation at Oregonia, Waynesville, Clarksville, Hanover, and other
localities in Ohio and at several localities in southeastern Indiana. |
Cat. Nos. 40234-40236 Harris collection, 41755, 41756. U.S.N.M. |
|
HOMOTRYPA RICHMONDENSIS, new species. |
Plate XXIV, figs. 1-4. :
‘ . |
The more or less prominent tubercles, few mesopores, numerous,
acanthopores, and absence of diaphragms are characteristic of this.
species. The zoarium consists of ramose, somewhat flattened branches, ;
varying from smooth to slightly tuberculated. Zocecia thin-walled,
eight in2 mm. Acanthopores numerous, small. Mesopores few, as.
a rule restricted to the clusters. Diaphragms wanting; cystiphragms.
well developed.
Although resembling several species in one or more details, the
combination of characters readily distinguishes this form. For exam-
ple, specimens of ZZ. wortheni, with the tubercles poorly developed,
are very similar externally, but internally are distinguished by the
presence of diaphragms.
Occurrence. —Not uncommon in the lower and middle divisions of
the Richmond formation at Richmond and Versailles, Ind.; and at
Hanover, Oxford, and other localities in Ohio.
Cat. Nos. 41784-41787. U.S.N.M. |
HOMOTRYPA NODULOSA, new species.
Plate XXIII, figs. 5-11; Plate XXV, fig. 15.
Zoarium ramose, growing from an expanded base attached to other
organisms; branches cylindrical or slightly compressed, 2.5 to 6 mm
in diameter. Surface with small, well-marked, sharp tubercles, ana
bristling with large acanthopores. Apertures irregularly polygonal
direct, thin-walled, about nine in 2mm. At the surface there are twe
sets of acanthopores, one set very large, perforated, and distributec
at rather regular intervals, the other much smaller and more numer
ous. Tangential sections seldom show the smaller set because of thei
shortness. Mesopores numerous, though less so when the acantho
pores are greatly developed. Walls thin in the axial region ant
considerably thickened in the peripheral. Cystiphragms sparingl)
developed and restricted to the early portion of the mature region:
Diaphragms wanting in the zocecial tubes, but abundant and muc/
thickened in the mesopores. Vertical sections show that the larg
acanthopores may arise in the axial region and proceed at variow
angles to the surface, and are crossed by thin, transverse partitions
The structures supposed to be communication pores are often seen i
tangential sections. |
'
No. 1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 583
This species is particularly interesting because of the unusual devel-
opment of acanthopores and mesopores. Some specimens, however,
exhibit few mesopores at the surface, and these in vertical sections
show that as the surface is approached the mesopores close, while
tangential sections have a strong development of acanthopores. Other
specimens show at the surface few acanthopores and many mesopores,
so that some relationship seems to exist in the development of these
structures. Externally the acanthopores form the distinguishing
character, producing the sharp, knotty tubercles and the spinulose
surface. Under a lens the tubercles are seen to be clusters of a few
slightly larger cells, scarcely raised above the general surface and
bearing one or two large perforated acanthopores at their summits,
these acanthopores causing the knotty appearance.
Occurrence.—A common form in the lower part of the Richmond
formation at Hanover, Ohio, and less abundant in the middle division
at Richmond, Indiana.
Cat. Nos. 40227-8 Harris collection, 41753-4, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA WORTHENI (James).
Plate XXIV, figs. 10-14.
Monticulipora (Monotrypa) worthent James, Paleontologist, No. 6, 1882, p. 50;
No. 7, 1883, pl. 1, fig. 2.
James’s description and figures of J/. wortheni are scarcely sufficient
to recognize the species or even to place the form generically. The
following description is based on material identical with specimens of
MM. wortheni in the collections of the U. 8. National Museum with Mr.
James’s label attached.
Zoarium ramose, branches cylindrical, usually about 6 mm. in diam-
eter and dividing frequently and rather regularly. Surface marked
with strong, prominent tubercles, usually 2 mm. apart. Apertures
polygonal, direct, rather thick walled, about nine in 2 mm. Meso-
pores in the typical form few, although in the variety described below
they are quite numerous. Acanthopores numerous, often inconspicu-
ous at the surface, but blunt when present.
In tangential sections the striking characters are the thick walls,
numerous acanthopores, and wide intermural space with its dotted
structure. Here also communication pores are well shown. Vertical
sections show that the walls in the axial region are thin and rather
straight, but become greatly thickened in the peripheral, where a
series of cystiphragms larger than usual is developed with a corre-
sponding number of diaphragms.
The sharply tuberculated branches of this fine species readily dis-
tinguish it from associated forms. /. bassler is quite similar exter-
nally, but the different internal characters, the few acanthopores, and
584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
~ absence of diaphragms especially, will distinguish it. //. tubereula
Ulrich, from the Black River shales of Minnesota, also has a simil
zoarium, but in other respects is quite different. |
Occurrence. —A. very abundant and characteristic fossil of the mi 1
dle division of the Richmond in Ohio and Indiana. James’s specimens |
were recorded from Lynchburg, Highland Connty ee Ohios Other :
localities are Oxford, Waynesville, and Oregonia in Ohio and Rie
mond, Indiana.
Cat. Nos. 40224, 40226 Harris collection, 41765, 41766, U.S.N. M. ot
;
HOMOTRYPA WORTHENI var. INTERCELLATA, new variety.
Plate XXIV, fig. 17.
This seems to be a constant and well-marked variety, agreeing with
H. wortheni in its general zoarial characters, but differing in having
the walls more crinkled in the axial region aa an abundance of meso-
pores and small acanthopores in the peripheral. Viewed under a lens,
the zocecia at the surface with the numerous mesopores and small)
acanthopores resemble those of H/omotrypella, but otherwise the strue-/
ture is that of Homotrypa. f
Occurrence.—Abundant in the Richmond near Osgood and near}
Versailles, Indiana.
Cat. Nos. 41768, 41769, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA WORTHENI var. PROMINENS, new variety.
Plate XXIV, figs, 15, 16.
The very prominent, elongated monticules will distinguish this
variety. The zoarium also differs from the cylindrical branches of
HI. wortheni by forming broader, subcompressed to flat fronds.)
Internally this variety and species are practically identical. |
Occurrence.—Abundant in the highest beds of the Richmond along,
Elkhorn Creek near Richmond, ines
Cat. No. 41767, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA AUSTINI, new species.
Plate XXIV, figs. 5-9.
The branches of this neat species are small, cylindrical, 4 to 8 mm)
in diameter, and divide rather frequently. Sar face smooth. Zoceei:
small, polygonal to rounded, thick walled, nine to ten in 2 mm
Acanthopores numerous, four or more often surrounding a zoceciuD
and generally visible at the surface as blunt spines. Mesopores)
except an occasional one in the macule, wanting. The zocecia in th’
axial region are without diaphragms and have thin, crinkled walls, thi
greatest amount of crinkling occurring just Gees the periphera,
10,1323. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 585
region is reached. As a rule, both cystiphragms and diaphragms are
bsent in the peripheral region of the ordinary zocecia, but in those of
she macule there is an abundance of the former.
_ This species is named after its discoverer, Dr. George M. Austin,
of Wilmington, Ohio, who, notwithstanding arduous professional
duties, finds time for enthusiastically collecting and studying the
fossils of that region.
— Occurrence.—Abundant in the middle division of the Richmond for-
mation at Dutch Creek, 45 miles northwest of Wilmington, Ohio, and
at Cowans Creek, 7 miles southwest of the same place.
Cat. No. 41762, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA CYLINDRICA, new species.
Plate XXII, figs. 8-13.
Zoarium ramose, branches long, cylindrical, from 4 to 15 mm. in
diameter, dividing dichotomously at intervals of from 3 to 4 em.
Surface varying from smooth to tuberculated, the macule or monti-
cules generally somewhat transversely elongated. Zocecial apertures
thick walled, usually angular, direct, about nine in 2mm. Mesopores
few, seldom occurring outside of the clusters. Only well-preserved
examples show at the surface the numerous and very large acantho-
pores characteristic of the species. The walls of the zocecia in the
axial region are thin and but little crenulated, but in the mature
region they become so thickened as to almost equal in breadth the
diameter of the zocecial cavity. Cystiphragms well developed. Dia-
phragms very few, if present at all, the structures simulating them
probably being large cystiphragms.
The large and numerous acanthopores and the thickness and minute
structure of the walls give a very characteristic, even bizarre, appear-
ance to tangential sections. The number of acanthopores varies, the
normal number being four to five when they are large to five to nine
smaller ones around a zocecium. In vertical sections the acanthopores
are seen not only to proceed directly to the surface parallel with the
zocecial walls, but they also sometimes cross them obliquely.
Oceurrence.—Richmond formation, Richmond and Versailles, Indi-
ana, and Oxford, Ohio.
Cat. Nos. 41757-41759, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA RAMULOSA, new species.
Plate X XV, figs. 1-4.
Zoarium consisting of subcylindrical or somewhat compressed stems
from which branches proceed frequently and without regularity; an
average example is 8 cm. high and 8 to 12 mm. in thickness. Surface
es
|
e
we
586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
with low broad monticules, the center of each usually occupied by a
star-like cluster composed of mesopores only and surrounded by cells
slightly larger than the average. Apertures polygonal, direct, ten to
eleven in2 mm. Mesopores restricted almost entirely to the clusters,
Acanthopores few and rather small, although now and then one of.
large size may be present, and these in vertical sections have thin:
transverse partitions. Diaphragms are developed in the zooecial tubes)
as the peripheral region is approached and are quite numerous near
the surface. Cy stiphragms of rather small size line the tubes as usual
in the peripheral region; ina tangential section they appear much less,
curved than is generally the case, sometimes showing as a straight)
line across the cell cavity.
The small cells and much branched growth externally, and the
strong development of both diaphragms and cystiphragms in the)
peripheral region, are characteristics which readily distinguish this
form from other Richmond species.
Occurrence.—Middle division of the Richmond formation at Ver-
sailles, Indiana.
Cat. No. 41760, U.S.N.M.
HOMOTRYPA NITIDA, new species.
Plate XX, fig. 15; plate X XV, fig. 5-8.
Zoarium of small, frequently branching, more or less cylindrica |
stems, usually 4 or 5 mm. in diameter. Surface smooth. Macula
large, composed of zocecia, which are often twice the diameter of the
ordinary cells; 10 zocecia in 2 mm. Diaphragms few in the axia,
region, not very abundant in the peripheral region, where also the
cystiphragms are large but not abundant. Acanthopores small, few:
usually wanting. /
This species is closely related to //. gelasinosa, and may be only.
a variety of that form. The larger macule and acanthopores anc
flabellate growth of the latter are deemed of suflicient value to dis’ |
tinguish it from /7. nétida.
Occurrence.—Richmond formation, near Osgood, Indiana. |
Cat. No. 41771, U.S.N.M. 4
HOMOTRYPA NICKLESI, new species.
Plate XXII, figs. 4-7. |
In growth and external features this species resembles /7. communis,
but is readily distinguished by the less robust growth and the tendeney
to branch more frequently. The internal structure further distin:
guishes the two, since //. nicklesi is of the ZZ. curvata group, while 2
communis is of the group to which it gives its name. Surface smooth)
with regularly disposed macule of larg ger cells and mesopores. Zocecié
STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 587
vith moderately thick walls, about nine in 2 mm. ae anthopores Tot
‘resent at the surface and usually also absent in sections. Diaphragms
‘bsent in the axial region, appearing in the transitional zone to the
‘eripheral region and increasing in number toward the surface.
tystiphragms in a moderately crowded series in the peripheral region.
| The well-developed diaphragms and cystiphragms and the almost
omplete absence of acanthopores, together with the growth and sur-
ace features, characterize this species. The specific name is in honor
# Mr. John M. Nickles, who collected the species.
| Occurrence.— Rather abundant in the Richmond at Raywick,
Sentucky.
| Cat. No. 34328, U.S.N.M.
i
(
HOMOTRYPA GELASINOSA Ulrich,
Homotrypa gelasinosa Utricn, Geol. Sury. Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 411, pl. xxx1,
2-2d.
) The very pronounced elongate maculz characterize this species. In
srowth and general characters it is near /7. flabellaris, but the smaller
oecia, of which there are ten in 2mm., few acanthopores and elongate
nacule, separate it from that form. The nearest relative is probably
T. nitida, which see for comparison.
Occurrence.—Rare in the Richmond, at Wilmington, Illinois.
| Cat. No. 41770, U.S.N.M
: HOMOTRYPA SPLENDENS, new species.
Plate X XV, figs. 11-14.
Zoarium flabellate, an average example measuring 4 to 5 cm. in
‘eight, 8 to 4 cm. in width, and 3 to 4 mm. in thickness. Surface
vith strongly elevated monticules, 2.5 to 3 mm. apart, measuring
rom center to center. Apertures varying from subpolygonal to sub-
ircular, with very thick walls, about seven in 2 mm. Acanthopores
parently wanting. In the axial region the walls are very thin and
he diaphragms rather numerous, averaging a little more than their
liameter apart. In the peripheral region the walls are very much
hickened and both cystiphragms and diaphragms are abundant.
This splendid species, with its large cells and thick walls, requires
10 detailed comparison with other forms. The associated //. flabellaris
esembles it in zoarial growth, but the difference in the size of the
ells of the two species can be seen with the unassisted eye. Sections
how that a great deal of calcareous tissue is deposited along the tube
valls and even on the cystiphragms. This accumulation often obscures
he eystiphragms and the boundaries of the cells. The unusual thin-
1ess of the walls in the axial region is in marked contrast with their
sreat thickening in the peripheral region. The apparent absence of
T
acanthopores in this well-developed species of Llomotrypa is alsa
noteworthy.
Occurrence. —Not uncommon in the Richmond formation at Wil.
mington, Illinois.
Cat. No. 41761, U.S.N.M.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLaTE XX.
Homotrypa dumosa, new species, p. 576. (See also Plate X XI, figs. 1-3.)
Fig. 1. Tangential section < 39, showing the thin walls, small acanthopores, ana
narrow intermural space.
Lorraine formation, Covington, Kentucky.
Retepora columnifera Busk, p. 571.
2. Tangential section of this recent chilostomatous bryozoan, showing structury
of walls and parenchymal chord.
Escharopora pavonia (D’Orbigny), p. 571.
3. Vertical section X 365. -
4. Tangential section X 35.
Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Ceriocava ramosa D’ Orbigny, p. 569.
5,6. Vertical and tangential sections of this cyclostomatous bryozoan, showin
vesicles supposed to be homologous with the cystiphragms. (After Ulrich.
Cretaceous of France.
Homotrypa grandis, new species, p. 578.
~I
. Tangential section x 20.
8. Vertical section X 20, showing only a portion of the axial and peripheré
regions.
9. Tangential section < 50 of a single zocecium.
10. Natural-size view of a fragment of a zoarium.
County, Tennessee.
Homotrypa pulchra, new species, p. 577.
phragms.
12,13. Tangential section * 20, and a small portion of same X 50.
14. A small but nearly complete zoarium, natural size.
Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Homotrypa nitida, new species, p. 586. (See also Plate XXV, figs. 5-8.)
15. Tangential section of several zocecia & 40.
Richmond formation, near Osgood, Indiana.
STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTRYPA—BASSLER. 589
. Puate X XT.
Homotrypa dumosa, new species, p. 576. (See also Plate XX, fig. 1.)
1. Fully matured region of a tangential section x 20.
2. Vertical section * 20.
3. A complete zoarium, natural size.
Lorraine formation, Covington, Kentucky.
Homotrypa cincinnatiensis, new species, p. 576.
4-6. Three nearly complete zoaria, natural size, exhibiting variations in growth-
7,8. Tangential and vertical sections x 20.
9,10. Tangential sections x 50 of zocecia in the peripheral region in different
stages of maturity.
Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Homotrypa flabellaris var. spinifera, new variety, p. 580.
11. Portion of a frond, natural size.
12,13. Nearly complete zoaria, natural size, of a narrow form of the variety.
14,15. Vertical and tangential sections x 20.
Lorraine formation, Covington, Kentucky.
PuaTeE XXII.
Homotrypa libana, new species, p. 578.
. Vertical section x 20.
. Tangential section « 20.
. Tangential section of several zocecia < 40, showing the intermural structure
and the small acanthopores.
Lorraine formation, Lebanon, Ohio.
one
Homotrypa nicklesi, new species, p. 586.
4,5. Vertical and tangential sections 20.
6. Tangential section of several zocecia x 40.
7. Natural-size view of a fragment of a zoarium.
Richmond formation, Raywick, Kentucky.
Homotrypa cylindrica, new species, p. 585.
8,9. Tangential and vertical sections < 20, illustrating the internal characters of
the species.
10. Tangential section of several zocecia < 40, showing the intermural structure
: and the large acanthopores with the small central tube.
11. Vertical section * 50, exhibiting structure of walls and cystiphragms.
12,13. Natural-size views of two nearly complete zoaria.
Richmond formation, Richmond, Indiana.
PratE XXIII.
Homotrypa communis, new species, p. 581.
‘igs. 1,2. Tangential and vertical sections X 20.
3. Tangential section of a single zocecium X 50, showing the characters in the
fully matured region.
4. Natural size view of a small zoarium.
Richmond formation, Oregonia, Ohio.
| Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 40
590
Homotrypa nodulosa, new species, p. 582. (See also Plate X XV, fig. 15.) a
Fig. 1
On
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a
1
oO =~
~_
10.
Nitze
13, 14.
15, 16.
IY.
. Three fragments, natural size.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL.
Vertical sections * 20 and x 30, illustrating the internal characters.
Tangential section < 20, showing large acanthopores and few mesopores)
Tangential section < 20, with numerous mesopores. a
Richmond formation, Hanover, Ohio.
Homotrypa obliqua Ulrich, p. 575.
Vertical section * 20.
Natural size view of a complete zoarium of the form found in the Fai
mount beds.
Natural size view of the prevailing form in the Bellevue beds.
Lorraine formation, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Homotrypa curvata var. precipta, new variety, p. 575.
Fragment of zoarium, natural size. Utica formation, West Covingtot
Kentucky.
Prats XXIV.
Homotrypa richmondensis, new species, p. 582.
. Tangential section < 20, through the fully matured region.
Vertical section 20. 2
Tangential section X 50, illustrating the structure of the walls and acanth
pores.
Richmond formation, Hanover, Ohio.
Specimen of the natural size.
Richmond formation, Richmond, Indiana.
Homotrypa austini, new species, p. 584.
Tangential section 20, showing the wide intermural spaces.
Vertical section < 20, illustrating the distribution of the cystiphragms. .
Fully matured condition of a single zocecium X 50.
Fragments of zoarium, natural size.
Richmond formation, Dutch Creek, near Wilmington, Ohio.
Homotrypa wortheni (James), p: 583.
Vertical section x 20.
Tangential sections x 50 and 20, illustrating the characters of the matu
region, the latter showing communication pores. ‘a
Fragments of zoaria, natural size, showing variations in size and surfa
characters. F
Richmond formation, Richmond, Indiana.
Homotrypa wortheni var. prominens, new variety, p. 584.
Natural size views of two fragments. Richmond formation, Elkho
Creek near Richmond, Indiana.
Homotrypa wortheni var. intercellata, new variety, p. 584.
Tangential section x 35, through mature region. Richmond formatic
near Osgood, Indiana.
ee
UCTURAL FEATURES OF HOMOTR YPA—BASSLER, 591
PLATE XXV.
Homotrypa ramulosa, new species, p, 585.
Vertical and tangential sections x 20, illustrating the internal characters.
_ 3. Tangential section 50, through fully matured region of several zocecia.
4, Natural size view of a nearly complete zoarium.
__ Richmond formation, Versailles, Indiana.
; _ Homotrypa nitida, new species, p. 586. (See also Plate XX, fig. 15.)
a: Tangential section x 20.
. Vertical section x 20, showing form and distribution of cystiphragms
diaphragms.
. Natural size views of fragments.
Richmond formation, near Osgood, Indiana.
and
Homotrypa dawsoni ( Nicholson ), p- 581.
Vertical section X 20, showing distribution of cystiphragms.
Tangential section < 20, through fully matured region.
Richmond formation, Waynesville, Ohio.
Homotrypa splendens, new species, p. 587.
. Vertical and tangential sections >< 20, illustrating the internal characters
of the species.
13. A single zocecium > 50, as seen in tangential section.
14. Natural size view of a fragment of a frond of this species.
_ ___ Richmond formation, Wilmington, Illinois.
trypa nodulosa, new species, p. 582. (See also Plate XNXITI, figs. 5-11.)
Tangential section of a single zocecium < 35, showing communication
pores. Richmond formation, Hanover, Ohio.
Ma
| Ue S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XX
COSC
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CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 588.
PROCEEDING VOL. XXVI PL. XXI
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CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 589.
——
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXII
CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 589.
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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXIII
CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 589-590.
7
U. S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXIV
a:
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CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 590.
7
. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI FL. xxv
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AF
CINCINNATIAN SPECIES OF HOMOTRYPA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 591.
_——
agains
=) a
A REVIEW OF THE ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES OF
JAPAN.
By Davin Starr JorDAN and Henry W. Fower,
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
In the present paper is given a record of the species of Elasmobran-
chiate fishes, sharks, rays, and chimeras, known to inhabit the waters
of Japun. It is based on the collections made by Messrs. Jordan and
Snyder during the summer of 1900, and on the material contained in
the Japanese museums and in the United States National Museum,
some of which were collected by the U. 8. Fish Commission Steamer
Albatross. The accompanying figures are chiefly by Mr. William
Sackston Atkinson.
Subclass SELACHII.
This includes among recent fishes the sharks and the rays, marine
fishes mostly of large size, abounding in all seas.
We begin the group with the archaic type, the order or suborder
Notidani, proceeding thence from the more generalized sharks to the
specialized skates. The true sharks form an almost perfect gradation
into the skates, but there are no forms extant which connect the Noti-
dani with modern sharks.
_ (eflayos, shark; the word originally meaning cartilage.)
ORDERS OF SELACHII IN JAPAN.
a. Gill-openings 6 or 7; dorsal fin single; vertebral column imperfectly segmented,
each segment being equivalent to 2 vertebrae, and bearing 2 neural arches; anal
lash Se NOTIDANI, I.
aad. Gill-openings 5; vertebral column well segmented, each segment forming a neural
arch and 1 centrum.
-b. Vertebree each with the internal calcareous lamelle radiating from the central
Bemamaliian present... 22...-..+...-.---+-2-2+-- 2! ASTEROSPONDYLI, LI.
6b. Vertebre with the internal calcareous lamelle not radiating, but arranged in
one or more concentric ¢ircles or series around the central ring; no anal fin;
palatoquadrate arch not articulated to the skull.
¢. Gill-openings lateral; dorsal fins 2 ....-.--.-------- TECTOSPONDYLI, III.
ee, Gill-openings ventral; dorsal fins small and posterior, or wanting; body and
pectoral fins forming a depressed disk... ---------------- BATOIDEI, IV.
eee oe EE ee ee ——
ee
a PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1324.
a ve > 5938
— .
; ?
gaa.
594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
Order I. NOTIDANI.
Sharks with the branchial apertures in increased number, 6 or 7;
only one dorsal fin. Vertebral column imperfectly segmented so that |
from each segment 2 neural arches and 2 vertebral bodies arise,
Among existing sharks this group contains 2 families. Numerous |
genera represented by fossils seem allied to these and to the Cestra-
ciont types.
(Votidanus, votidavos, dry back, the Greek name of some shark,
1 Athenzeus. )
a. Palatoquadrate apparatus articulated with the postorbital processes of the skull;
body moderately elongate; teeth in the two jaws unlike; mouth inferior.
HEeXxANcuHIDa, I.
aa. Palatoquadrate apparatus not connected with the skull; body greatly elongate,
almost eel-shaped; dorsal, anal, and yentrals close together on posterior part of
body; teeth in the two jaws alike; mouth anterior..CHLAMYDOSELACHID&, IL,
Family I. HEXANCHID.
Body moderately elongate, somewhat depressed anteriorly, tapering |
toward the caudal fin. Head depressed, oblong, with the snout pro-
jecting. Eyes submedian or anterior, without nictitating membrane. —
Mouth subinferior, large, arched in front; no labial fold. Teeth in
the two jaws unlike; in the upper jaw | or 2 pairs of awl-shaped teeth, |
the next six teeth broader and each provided with several cusps, one |
of which is much the strongest. Lower jaw with 6 large comb-like |
teeth on each side, besides the smailer posterior teeth. Spiracles )
small, on the side of the neck. Only one dorsal fin, without spine, .
opposite the anal, and similar to it. No pit at the root of the caudal. |
Gill-openings wide, 6 or Tin number. Viviparous sharks, sometimes |
reaching a very large size. Species of the warm seas.
|
|
|
|
a. Gill-openings, #on eachiside . j i220 5e0_ ee See Heptranchias, 1. |
1. HEPTRANCHIAS Rafinesque.
Heptranchias RA¥FINESQuE, Caratteri, 1810, p. 14 (cinereus). 4 1
Notorhynchus Ayres, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 1856, p. 72 (maculatus).
Heptanchus of Aurnors. j
Gill-openings 7 on each side. Lower teeth uniform in size or)
decreasing toward corners of mouth; cusps on the cutting edge more (
or less regularly graduated. |
(é2Ta, seven: Bpayyia, gills.) |
a. Norornyncuus. Median tooth of lower jaw with the central cusp small or wanting. t
b. Color, gray; cusps of most teeth growing smaller from the second ..--- deani, 1..
| —a
Le
aA
No. 1324. KELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 595
1. HEPTRANCHIAS DEANI Jordan and Starks.
\ ABURAZAME (FAT SHARK).
Heptranchias deani JonDAN and Starks, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1901, L, p. 348;
Misaki.
Head, 6 in length; width of body at pectorals, 14 in head; eye about
44; snout about 3; width of mouth at corners, 24; pectorals, 14; base
of ventrals, 2; depth of caudal peduncle, 44 in head.
Body very elongate, more or less rounded, though somewhat
depressed in front; tail compressed, elongate, tapering. Head elon-
gate, pointed, compressed, broader than deep; snout produced, com-
pressed above, flat, roundly pointed; eye large, anterior, lateral, supe-
ior; mouth large, triangular, narrowly rounded in front; symphysis
of mandible a little before eye, which is over anterior part of mouth;
lips not especially thick; corners of mouth forming a long groove
equal to one-half length of exposed dental margin of mandible; teeth
in upper jaw sharp, long, pointed, hooked backward, without lateral
cusps; a median tooth at symphysis of mandible with two or three
small cusps on each side; teeth in mandible 4 on each ramus, each
tooth with a serrated cutting edge composed of 6 or more cusps; first
cusp with a very small notch in front, second enlarged, and all arranged
in the formula 1+1+3+1,1+1+4+41, 1+1+5+1, 1+1+6-+1, accord-
ing to individual size; while the cutting edge is continuous it is not
uniform and even, as depth of each tooth is a little less behind, edge
above a trifle oblique; inner buccal fold in mandible thick and fleshy;
tongue not free from floor of mouth; nostrils large, about midway on
snout below, between its tip and front of eye; interorbital width con-
vexly flattened. Spiracles small, superior, and about midway between
eye behind and gill-opening. Gill-openings large, broad, becoming
progressively smaller behind, all entirely in front of root of pectoral.
Body very finely roughened.
Dorsal fin small, its greater portion before origin of the anal; anal
low, its base long; pectorals small, edges posteriorly slightly emargi-
nate; ventrals low, base long, origin nearer origin of anal than origin of
pectoral; caudal very long, lower lobe deep in front, then very narrow
till near end, where a terminal notch is formed. Caudal peduncle
compressed, somewhat triangular in cross section, flattened above.
Color in spirits dark gray brown above and on the upper parts of
fins, below pale or whitish; in a photograph in the Imperial University
a few whitish spots are shown.
Length 382 inches (98 cm. 3 mm.).
This description from the original type, a female, No. 12620, ichthy-
ological collections, Leland Stanford Junior University Museum. It
’
596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. |
was taken at Misaki by Kumakichi Aoki, with hook and line, in deep
water.
The species is not rare on the coast of southern Japan.
(Named for Bashford Dean.)
Family 1. CHLAMYDOSELACHIDE.
FRILLED SHARKS.
Body very elongate and slender, the tail tapering to a point. Head |
very broad and depressed. Snout broad. Eyes lateral and without |
nictitating membrane. Nostrils large, the nasal cavity separate from |
the mouth. Mouth anterior, the jaws almost equal. ‘Teeth in oblique
rows, the bases extended backward, and the cusps slender. Spiracles :
present. Gill-openings six. Dorsal fin posterior, without spine; anal |
fin well developed. No pit at root of caudal. First gill-membrane »
not free across the isthmus, but joined by median and rather thick |
membrane. Intestine said to have a spiral valve. Anterior basi-
branchial cartilages present.
2. CHLAMYDOSELACHUS Garman.
Chlamydoselachus GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Jan. 17, 1884, .p. 47 (anguineus).
Chlamydoselache GUNTHER (variant in spelling).
Opercular flap forming a broad frill over first gill-opening. Eyes »
rather small; mouth very large, extending far beyond the eye. Teeth }
similar in the jaws, each with three slender, curved, subconical cusps, ,
separated by a pair of rudimentary denticles, on a broad base; no |
median series of teeth above like that on the symphysis of the mandi-
ble. Mouth larger than broad, and with no labial folds at angles. .
Pupil horizontally elongated. Fins broad, rounded; caudal without a
notch. |
Of this genus but a single living species is known. It inhabits the |
open sea in waters of some depth, and is most abundant in the Kuro |
Shiwo or warm current on the east coast of Japan. |
(yAauds, mantle or frill; eéAayos, shark.) |
2. CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS Garman. _ |
RABUKA; KAGURAZAME (SCAFFOLD SHARK).
Chlamydoselachus anguineus GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Jan. 17, 1884, p. 47, with |
figs.; Japanese seas; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1885, XII, No. 1, with plates
and account of anatomy; off Japan.—Giinrner, Deep Sea Fishes Challenger,
1884, p. 2, with plates; Japan.—Couuert, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1890,
p. 219; Funchal, Madeira.—Jorpan and EvermMann, Fish N. M. America, I, |
1896, p. 15 (after Garman ).
Head about 74 in length; depth about 12%; tail 14 in trunk and head;
>
eye 84 in head; snout 4; maxillary 13; interorbital space 2+; width of |
| No.13%4. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 597
»
' mouth at corners 24; internas: al space |
1 in interorbital space.
Body very elongate and tail greatly compressed, roughened, and
_tapering to a point. Head rather small, oblong, greatly depressed,
broad, and its greatest depth two-thirds its width; snout depressed,
broadly rounded, and projecting but little beyond mandible; eye small,
its posterior margin about first two-fifteenths of length of head; nostrils
large, lateral, on sides of snout and a little low in position; mouth
very large, more than half the head; teeth tric uspid, spaces between
er cusp with a small denticle at base, similar in both jaws, and i
ee on faa an obi:
ormula 774443 Well separatec in oblique rows, with not more
2s pec iota Ih; internasal space
than 6 teeth in each row; tongue small, slightly elongate, point rounded,
and a little free in front; inside of mouth roughened, especially the
tongue. Gill-openings very large, first the largest, the others pro-
gressively smaller; inner edges of branchial arches roughened; gill-
dilaments flattened, adnate to interbranchial septa except at tip; pharynx
jlong and broad; gill-membrane joined to isthmus medially by a thick
membrane.
Scales very small and sharp, a little enlarged along lateral line, most
of edges of fins, and jaws, becoming especially large at angle of the
latter.
Dorsal small, its origin about over that of anal; anal about twice as
large as dorsal; pectoral small, broad, with a very blunt angle; ven-
trals large, broad, and rounded; caudal with broad lower lobe, tapering
to an elongate and sharp point, upper rays very short and uniform.
Color in spirits uniform brown.
Length 39¢ inches (99 cm. 6 mm.).
This description from a Misaki specimen.
Kuro Shiwo, off Izu, Sagami, and Awa, on the east coast of Japan;
our three specimens from off Misaki, in Sagami. It has also been
taken off Madeira and off Norway in deep water, and it is probably
widely distributed.
Our largest example measures 594 inches (148 cm. 6 mm.).
(anguineus, from anguis, the slow worm, the word allied to Angutlla=
éyxehus, eel.)
Orden cASTEROSPONDYLI.
TYPICAL SHARKS.
The essential character of this order is in the structure of the verte-
bre. The calcareous lamelle within each vertebra radiate from the
central ring. The group contains the great body of living sharks,
including all of those with 5 gill openings, 2 dorsals, and an anal fin.
(aornp, star; o70vdv\os, vertebra.)
1
598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
FAMILIES OF ASTEROSPONDYLI.
cu
iy
uf
>
~“
I. Crsrracionres. Palatoquadrate apparatus articulated to preorbital part of skull;
dorsal fins with spines; head short and blunt; teeth of differing forms in the
same individual ’.22. 2.2... 2. -c.22 5-06 4202 eee ee Herreropontips, IIT,
II. GaAuer. Palatoquadrate apparatus not articulated with skull; no dorsal spines;
head more or less pointed in profile; teeth not differing widely in form in the |
same individual.
(t. A irst dorsal fin over or behind ventrals; spiracle present; no nictitating membrane,
. Tail not bent upward; nostrils not confluent with the mouth.
ce. Sharks oviparous:.-. 2-2/2 $22 225.ce- are ee ee ScyLIORHINIDA, IV.
ce. Sharks 'OVOvIVIparous= oie c02 = eee ee eee Hemiscy Lup», V.
aa. First dorsal fin inserted more or less in advance of ventrals.
d. First dorsal fin high, highest anteriorly, its base wholly in front of that
of ventrals.
ee. Caudal fin not lunate, its upper lobe two or more times length of lower,
with a notch below toward its tip; side of tail not keeled.
f. Last gill-opening above base of pectoral.
g. Tail moderately developed, forming less than one-third of the total |
length; eyes with nictitating membranes.
h. Head normally formed...-22 42-52 seeeraeee ae CarcHarup®, VI,
hh. Head hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped by the extension of its
sides {Se te 8 ee SpHyrnip#, VII.
gg. Tail exceedingly long, forming about one-half the total length;
eyes without nictitating membrane. ..-..-..---- Aopiipm®, VILL.
jf. Last gill-opening entirely in front of pectoral; snout ending in a long |
flat (bladej 2. = ei ee te Se Mrrsuxurinipx, IX.
ee. Caudal fin lunate; caudal peduncle with a keel on each side; size large.
i. Last gill-opening entirely in front of pectorals. |
j. Gill-openings moderate; teeth large and sharp..Lamnipm, X.
jj. Gill-openings very wide, nearly meeting under throat; teeth |
very small and numerous; size enormous.
CrroRHINIDE, XID
ii. Last gill-opening above base of pectorals; teeth small; size «
large... ee eee Rarnopontip#, XII. |
|
|
|
|
Family II. HETERODONTID 28.
CESTRACIONT SHARKS.
Body elongate; obtusely trihedral, gradually tapering backward;
head high, with the forehead declivous, and little prominent. Mouth!
rather narrow, the upper lip divided into 7 lobes, the lower with a:
fold; dentition similar in both jaws, small hie facth; in front, and:
the lateral teeth molar-like and enlarged. Nostrils confluent with the:
mouth. Gill-openings 5. Spiracles small. Dorsal fins 2, and each!
provided with a strong spine. Caudal fin usually notched at tip.)
Oviparous, the egg-cases very large, subconical, without tentacles, :
and spirally twisted. Small sharks now inhabiting the Pacific Ocean. |
Species supposed to belong to the same family are widely distributed
as fossils in the Mesozoic and earlier periods.
a
ae
‘$s
N . 1324. HLASMOBRANCHTATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER.
Or
-_—
c©
38. HETERODONTUS Blainville.
Heterodontus BuatnvitiE, Nouy. Bull. Scien., 1816, p. 121 (philippi).
Cestracion Cuvier, Régné Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 129 (philippi).
_ Gyropleurodus Gii1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 489 (francisci).
} Tropidodus Giiu, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 489 (pantherinus).
_ Body elongate, thick and heavy anteriorly, and the tail tapering.
| Head thick, oblong, broad. Snout bluntly rounded, rather long, and
| protruding. Eyes small, high, with the ridges above more or less
| prominent. No nictitating membrane. Mouth rather small and
_ narrow; teeth small and obtuse in front, in the young pointed, and
provided with 3 to 5 cusps; the posterior teeth molar-like, twice as
broad as long, and arranged in oblique series, one series being formed
by much larger teeth than those in the other series. Spiracles small,
a short distance from the lower part of the eye. Gill-openings rather
narrow. Scales small, sometimes cruciform. First dorsal opposite
_ the space between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal in advance of
| anal; pectorals very large and below gill-openings; caudal fin mod-
|
erate, more or less bent upward. Species about 5, and usually placed
in one genus, //eterodontus, often called by the later name of Cestracion.
e ee “~ . 2 /
(étepos, differing: odovs, tooth.)
3. HETERODONTUS JAPONICUS (Dumeril).
NEKOZAME (CAT SHARK).
Heterodontus philippi var. gaponica Dumerii, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 1870, p. 424;
Japan.
Cestracion japonicus Mixtouno-Macuay and Macuray, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.
Wales, VIII, p. 428, pl. xx; Japan.—Isurkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 61; Tokyo.
Heterodontus japonicus SvEINDACHNER, Reise Aurora, 1898, p. 224; Kobe.
Heterodontus zebra Burexer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, p. 127; Nagasaki
(not of Gray). ;
Head 61; depth 64 in length; width of body at pectorals 1} in head;
eye 54; snout 14; mouth about 3; interorbital space 2; width of mouth
13; ventrals 13.
Body elongate, thick, heavy, compressed anteriorly; tail rounded,
tapering backward. Head broader than deep, oblong, elevated above;
snout very blunt, flattened above, much longer than interorbital space;
cheeks rounded, convex, full, swollen; eye very full, elongated hori-
zontally, high, and nearer gill-opening than tip of snout; snout pro-
trudes so that mouth is not terminal; teeth tricuspid in front, median
cusp largest, but posteriorly becoming molar-like, rounded and large;
lips very thick, fleshy, with a deep fold at corners of mouth; nostrils
large and confluent with mouth; interorbital space broad, concave, and
superorbital ridges elevated on both sides. Spiracles very distinct, a
short distance below posterior margin of eye. Gill-openings in front
4
600 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
at first, then rising above hase of pectoral, first largest, equal to 14 i
the interorbital space, the others progressively emailer to last, which
is one-half the length of first. :
Body rough on the top of head and back. Fins large, first ane
second dorsal each with a strong, sharp-pointed spine, as origin oft:
first midway between tip of snout and origin of the second dorsal; first —
dorsal higher than second, its margin concave and its height a little
less than head; second dorsal with its origin midway between origin
of first dorsal and tip of caudal, low, and with its margin also concave;
anul smallest fin, posterior to second dorsal; pectorals very large, equal —
to caudal, broad and with margin straight; origin of ventral nearer —
first dorsal than second dorsal, short, blunt behind, and margin straight;
caudal with lower lobe broad. Caudal peduncle long, compressed, —
flattened above and below, its least depth equal to its ice adth a trifle |
more than eye or about 24 in interorbital space. |
Color in spirits pale brown, dark above; across snout a broad pall
bar, then one behind eye, crosswise, above, two narrow pale hans
between eye and first dorsal, then two more from first dors sal, two
more between first and en dorsal, two from second dorsal, a brome |
a
pale one on middle of caudal peduncle, and then another at junction of ©
caudal and caudal peduncle; pectorals and ventrals pale above. e
Leneth 194 inches (48 em. 5 mm.). .|
Described from a specimen from Nagasaki. |
Coasts of Japan; generally common southward. Our specimens
taken at Misaki, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Hakata, and Nagasaki. _
It is close to the Australian /Zete mollonpan philippr, differing at least
in the coloration. To the Chinese species //eterodontus zebra” it is |
still nearer, but according to Steindachner it differs in coloration, 1 in
the form of the head, sae of the individual fins.
Family IV. SCYLIORHINIDZ. it
4]
CAT SHARKS. y
nt
Dorsal fins 2, both rather small, without spines, the first more or 7
less behind the ventrals; anal fin present, usually before the second —
dorsal; caudal fin rather long, usually with a basal lobe; the tail not
keeled and not bent upward. Spiracles present, close behind eye; no
nictitating membrane; gill openings small, the last one above the root
of the pectorals. Mouth usually broad, with small teeth, several series” hi
being in function; teeth small, each with a median cusp and 1 to i
small cusps on each side; nostrils near mouth, not confluent with it,
sometimes provided with cirri. Gill openings 5, nearly equidistant.
Mucous pores about head numerous, especially on lower side of snou
Oviparous. Ege cases large, quadrate, with prehensile tubes at the
angles. Small sharks, the species rather numerous in warm seas.
q
“Cestracion zebra Gray, Zool Miscel., 1831, p. 5; Canton.
| wo. 1324. HULASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 601
. ScyLiorHiNIN®. Nasal and puccal cavities separate; spiracles close behind eye;
gill openings nearly equidistant; teeth small, usually tricuspid.
b. Nostrils separated from each other by a broad isthmus.
ec. Scales on upper margin of the tail little if at all enlarged, usually similar to
those on rest of body, or at any rate not forming a serrated edge.
d, Head not very broad; stomach not inflatable; second dorsal behind ana\,
TDW ELN Tis SE Tos igo h neice ho 00 E2) | ne Halaxlurus, 4.
dd. Head extremely broad; stomach capable of great inflation; second dorsal
over anal...... Eee tt Nein eR aie Seat nib Sie Cephaloscyllium, 5.
4. HALASLURUS Gill.
Halelurus Gru, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 407 (biirgeri).
Body and head slender; spiracle small, close behind eye; nasal and
buccal cavities separate; nasal valves simple, without lobe or groove,
the nostrils separated by a broad interspace; teeth small, tricuspid.
First dorsal behind ventrals, second dorsal behind anal, which is far
from caudal.
Very small spotted sharks, allied to Seyliorhinus and Catulus.
(@\s, sea; ailoupos, cat.)
]
|
.
1
4. HALAZXLURUS BURGERI (Miller and Henle).
Seyllium burgeri MtuLER and HENLE, Plagiost., 1837, p. 8, pl. 1m; Nagasaki.—
SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 301; Nagasaki.—BierKker, Act.
| E Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl., I, 1856, Amboyna, p. 69; Amboyna.—GiinrHER, Cat.
Fish Brit. Mus., VIII, 1870, p. 404; Japan, Formosa, Amboyna.—Dumgri1,
-Hist. Nat. Piss., I, 1870, p. 320; Nagasaki.
Halxlurus burgeri Gitt, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 407.
_ Head 73; depth about 125 in length; width of head 1} in its length;
snout 25 in head; interorbital space 24; width of mouth about 2; eye 4;
eye 13 in snout; 13 in interorbital space; pectoral 14 in head; base of
anal 2.
Body very elongate, depressed somewhat in front, and tail long and
tapering. Head small, rather broad, but not as broad as long, and
depressed above; snout depressed, produced, lateral profile pointed,
but when seen from above, broadly rounded; eyes rather large, lateral,
about in center of length of head; mouth very broad, mandible begin-
ning in front of eye, and corners below posterior part of eye; teeth
small, numerous, tricuspid in both jaws; nostrils rather large, nearer
eye than tip of snout, but not confluent with mouth; interorbital space
broad and flattened like top of head and snout. Spiracles large and _
directly behind the eye at a very short distance. Gill-openings small,
lateral, and above base of pectorals.
__. Body very finely roughened.
_ First dorsal much larger than second, its origin much nearer base
of lower caudal lobe in front than tip of snout, and behind ventrals;
eend dorsal entirely behind anal and distant from first dorsal 3 times
Ye
602 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX)
the latter’s base; anal small, low, its origin a little nearer origin |
ventrals than origin of lower caudal lobe; pectorals larger than othilat
fins, broad, and with their margin nearly straight; ventrals rather.
long; caudal equal to space between origin of its lower lobe, which is _
not very deep. :
Color light brown, a trifle darker above; small round black spots |
irregularly grouped in double rows over back, on the sides, and
between them more or less of a warmer tint; lower parts pale,
immaculate, except on tail, where there are one or two dark spots; ;
spots on caudal small.
Total length 154 inches (39 em., 4 mm.). A
This description is from a dried aaa taken at Nagasaki by M. Yahiro. »
Coast of Japan and southward, not common; seen at Misaki andl
Nagasaki. i
(Named for M. Burger, who collected specimens and paintings |
about Nagasaki for onqaiielee and Schlegel.) be
.
53. CEPHALOSCYLEIUM Gill: Re
Cephaloscyllium Gin, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 407 (laticeps).
This genus differs from Catudus in the very broad head, and in the)
power or habit of inflating the stomach when disturbed.
(xedady, head: Scyllium.)
4
5. CEPHALOSCYLLIUM UMBRATILE Jordan and Fowler, new species. —
NANUKAZAMI (SEVEN DAY SHARK); OSEIBUKA (CROWD SHARK).
Cephaloscyllium laticeps Nystrom, Kong. Svensk Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 49; Nagasaki—
IsHrkawa, Prel Cat., 1897, p. 62; Tokyo (not Scyllium laticeps Dumeéril, |
which is an Australian species). :
Head 64 in length; depth about 8; depth of head 14 in its length; i
snout 23 in head; interorbital space 2; width of mouth about 2; eye’
34 in interorbital space; mouth 2 in head; pectoral 14; depth of
caudal peduncle about 3 in interorbital space. :
Body elongate, more or less depressed anteriorily, tail narrow,
tapering downward. Head rather large, broad, its breadth a little less:
than length; snout produced, bluntly rounded, flattened above; eye
small, lateral, nearer tip of snout than first gill-opening; mouth large, ’
rather broad; teeth small, numerous, tricuspid; soseeile nearer tip of
snout than eye, not confluent with mouth; interorbital space broad, |
flat; spiracles small,-behind eye, and a little below, or for space ted
than diameter of the eye; gill-openings 5, posterior smallest. and a
little above base of pectoral. 4
Scales small, rough .
First dorsal much larger than second, behind ventrals; space betw
it and second dorsal much greater than base of first. Aorist; origin of
10. 1324, ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 603
econd dorsal nearer first dorsal then base of caudal lobe; anal fin balow,
and a trifle in front of second dorsal; pectorals large, nearer tip of
nout than origin of ventrals; ventrals rather low, their origin nearer
origin of anal than that of pectoral; caudal longer than head.
' Color pale brown, very light below, marbled above with shades of
dark and deep fee on back five broad cross bars of pale ruddy
brown, with blotches of darker brown, first behind the eye, next over
base of pectoral, next between it and first. dorsal where another is, and
finally last at second dorsal; on caudal, two broad cross bars, one at
base of caudal, the other near its tip. Length 384 inches (98 em).
Type a dried skin, No. 12693 Ichthyological collections, Stanford
University Zoological Museum.
_ Locality, Nagasaki.
|
7 Fic. 1.—CEPHALOSCYLLIUM UMBRATILE,
Coast of Japan southward, apparently quite rare, as we have
obtained only one specimen from Nagasaki, collected by Mr. Yahiro.
From the same locality it is also recorded by Nystrom.
(umbratilis, shaded.)
: Family V. HEMISCYLLIUD.
This group is closely allied to the Scyliorhinide, differing mainly
in being ovoviviparous, the young being brought forth alive as in
most sharks. The nasal and buccal cavities are confluent, the anal is
behind the second dorsal, the large spiracles are more or less behind
the eye, and the body is usually marked with dark cross-bands.
a. HEMIscyLLIn®. Sides of head with no dermal flaps or cirri; spiracles very dis-
tinct below the eye; anal far behind second dorsal .......----- Chiloscyllium, 6.
aa. ORECTOLOBIN®. Sides of the head with dermal flaps or cirri; spiracles wide,
» oblique slits behind and below the eye.......--..------------- Orectolobus, 7
% 6. CHILOSCYLLIUM Miiller and Henle.
ee Chiloscyllium Miter and HENie, Plagiostomen, 1837, p. 17 (plagiosum).
_ Synchismus Gitt, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 408 (tuberculatus).
Spiracle very distinct, below the eye. Nasal and buccal cavities con-
fluent; nasal valve folded, with a cirrus. Lower lip well developed,
continuous across the symphysis. Teeth small, triangular, with or
without lateral cusps. Last two gill-openings close together. Dorsal
604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X
fins two. the first behind the front of ventrals. Anal far behind |
second dorsal, close to caudal. East Indies.
(veiAos, lip; Scyl/éwn, a related genus of sharks.)
6. CHILOSCYLLIUM INDICUM (Gmelin).
Squalus sp. Gronow, Mus. Ich., I, p. 61, No. 133; India (from a specimen in |
which the anal fin was cut away ).
Squalus indicus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 1503 (after Gronow).
Chiloscyllium indicum Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 411; China, Japan, ||
India, Cape Seas, Java, Ceylon, ete. (and of most recent authors).—JoRDAN |
and EverMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1902; Formosa.
Squalus gronovianus Lackpkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 1798, p. 280, pl. x1, fig. 1 }
(after Gronow).
Squale dentelé Lactrkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1798, p. 281, pl. x1, fig. 1.
Sgualus tuberculatus Buocn and Scunemer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 137.
Synchisinus tuberculatus Grit, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 408.
e yim plagiosinD aN ccs of Raffles, 1830, p- 694.
em obe 1870, p- 328 Gnd of various shore
Seyllium ornatum Gray, Ind. Zool., HI, 1830-35, pl. c, fig. 1; India.
Chiloscyllium griseum MGLLER and HENLE, Plagiost., 1837, p. 19.
Chiloscyllium margaritiferum BLEEKeR, Ned. Tyds. Dierk, I, 1851, p. 243.
Sceyllium hasselti BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, Plagiost., p. 19.
Scyllium phymatodes BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen. Plagiost., p. 21.
Squalus caudatus Gronow, Syst., Ed. Gray, 1854, p. 8.
Head 8 in length; depth 13; snout 23 in head; interorbital space 235)
width of head 14 in its length; eye 3 in interorbital space; base of pec-)
toral 24 in head; base of anal 14.
Body very elongate, slender, tail long and tapering. Head long,,
depressed, broadly rounded above, flattened below; snout broadly,
depressed, produced, and rounded above so that lateral profile isi
bluntly pointed; eyes small, high, lateral, rather far apart, in middle!
of length of head; mouth very broad, transversely straight, nearer
eye than tip of snout; mandible with a broad, undivided flap, pos
terior edge undulated; teeth pointed, with a basal cusp on each side, ||
numerous, rather small; nostrils large, confluent with corners of,
mouth, and each with a pointed barbel; interorbital space elevated a
little, very broad, flattened. Spiracles very large, below and behind)
eye. Gill-openings about equal, the posterior above root of pectoral, |
and last two very close together.
Seales rather large and coarse.
Origin of first dorsal a little nearer tip of snout than or igin of lower)
caudal lobe, similar to second dorsal, and only a trifle larger, space
between two fins about equal to he: ad; anal short, far behind second)
dorsal and only separated from caudal by a deep notch; pectorals:
broad, a little shorter than head, and nearer the tip of snout than origin.
of ventrals; ventrals before first dorsal, their tips reaching nearly to!
9.134. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 605
niddle of its base; caudal at font up, upper be. ee straight, and
ower lobe long, deeper than upper and with a notch near its tip.
Back with a low median keel.
_ Color in alcohol pale brown above, whitish beneath, and with
thirteen broad deep brown cross-bars above, between which on median
line of back a deep brown spot; sides of body and broad cross-bars
with a number of light spots, of more or less irregular size, and some
of those on sides of eeienier greatly enlarged.
Head with a number of pores.
| Length 264 inches.
This description from a male from Formosa, loaned us by Dr. Shin-
iieuke Matsubara.
Coasts of China and Formosa, recorded once from Nagasaki by
Ginther.
Fic. 2.—CHILOSCYLLIUM INDICUM.
‘The synonymy above given is from Giinther; we have no means of
valuing the nominal species included by Gunner under the name of
Chiloseylli cum indicum.
L OREECTOLOBUS Bonaparte.
Bs Orectolobus BoNAPARTE, Selach., 1836, p. 11 (barbatus).
_ Crossorhinus Miiter and Hen1e, Plagiost., 1837, p. 21 (barbatus).
‘Spiracle a wide oblique slit behind and below the eye; nasal and
buccal cavities confluent. Head broad, flat, the snout very obtuse;
mouth wide, partly anterior, a free nasal cirrus; sides of head with
numerous skinny flaps; chin with or without barbels. Lips well devel-
oped. Anterior teeth rather large, long, and slender, without lateral
lobes; lateral teeth smaller, tricuspid in few series; last two gill-open-
ings close together. First dorsal behind ventrals, the second before
anal, which is very close to caudal. Tail short,
Mcpexrés, stretched out; Adfos, lobe).
i Proc. N, M. vol. xxvi—02——41
606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
7. ORECTOLOBUS BARBATUS (Gmelin).
Squalus barbatus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 1493; New Holland (after Barbu |
of Broussonet, Act. Paris, 1780, p. 657).
Crossorhinus barbatus Miter and HENLE, Plagiost., 1837, p. 21, pl. v.—ScHuEeE., |
Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 301; Nagasaki.—Dumgrin, Elasmobr,, I,
1870, p. 338; Australia, Japan, China.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870,
p. 414; Japan, Tasmania, Australia.—Macueay, Australian Fishes, 1881, p.
301; Port Jackson.
Squalus maculatus BONNATERRE, Kneycl. Meth., 1788, p. 8 (after Broussonet;
Coll. Capt. Cook).
Squalus appendiculatus Suaw, Naturalists’ Miscellany, 1809, p. 727.
Head 64 in length; depth 9; depth of body 13 in head; depth of head |
about 1% in its length; length of head 14 in its width; eye 9% in head; |
2 in spiracle; 35 in snout; 43 in interorbital space; snout 3 in head, 14 |
in interorbital space; 1? in space between spiracles; width of mouth 2
in breadth of head; pectoral about 14; base of ventral 13 in length of |
pectoral; caudal peduncle 3 in space poreece spiracles.
Body elongate, very much depressed and broadened anteriorly; tail |
rather narrow, compressed, tapering. Head very broad, flattened, |
its breadth greater than length; snout broad, profile very blunt, trun- |
cate, with rounded edges, upper surface flat; eyes very small, superior,
superorbital ridges slightly elevated and broadly flattened; jaws nearly |
equal, upper projecting beyond but little; teeth without cusps, sharp, |
elongate, pointed; lips very thick, fleshy, fringed inside; nostrils con-/
fluent with mouth, lateral, far apart, inferior; pe with deep labial.
groove at corner, which is a little in front of eye; tongue broad, flat,
compressed, little free in front; sides of fee fe snout each with 9.
compressed dermal flaps or appendages of different sizes, first pair
from nostrils are largest; interorbital space like rest of top of head, \
flat. Spiracles very large below and behind eyes. Gill-opening rather)
small, above pectorals. |
Scales small, rough when stroked backwards. |
First dorsal the larger, higher than second; space between its base.
and that of second vo Haina length of its own base, and its origin:
over posterior part of base of anal; origin of second dorsal nearer;
origin of ventral than tip of anal; anal smallest, beginning directly
behind second dorsal; pectorals large, broad, margin truncate; ven-
trals nearer origin of anal than first gill- “opening; caudal moderate,
with a notch near tip, equal to space between origin of first dorsal and)
base of second posteriorly.
Color in spirits pale brown, whitish beneath; upper surface beauti-|
fully marbled and variegated with darker brown; crosswise about ten|
broad dark bars made up of similar mottlings; a whitish spot bebind)
the corner of spiracle.
Length 33 inches (84 cm. 2 mm.).
Described from a female taken at Hakata.
}
:
e
‘.
NO. 1324. HLASMOBRANCHTATE 1 FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 607
rn
iapan to Australia, rather common 1 -t0 the southward. Our speci-
mens from Neaeacaki. and one from Hakata, where it was found abun-
dant. The identity of the Japanese species with the Australian
Orectolobus barbatus is yet to be proved.
(barbatus, bearded.)
Family VI. CARCHARIID.
TYPICAL SHARKS.
_ Sharks with two dorsal fins, the first short and high, entirely before
the ventrals, the second comparatively small, opposite the anal; no
spines; gill-openings moderate, the last above the base of the pectorals;
tail more or less bent upward from the base of the caudal fin; sides of
tail not keeled; eyes with nictitating membranes; head not hammer-
shaped, the snout longitudinally produced, as usual among sharks.
piracles small or obsolete. Species oviparous.
A large family, found in all seas. The species are often closely
related and difficult of determination.
1. MusreLinx: Teeth flat and paved, without cusps or ridges; spiracles present; no
pit at root of tail; labial folds well developed.
PMECUMEVORVIOIUNe seats seen os 2s). ello. oft oll eed Mustelus, 8.
1d. CaRCHARUN#: Teeth more or less compressed, with entire or serrate sharp edges.
| c. Spiracles present.
| d. Root of tail without pit.
| e. Teeth rather small, each with a medium cusp and one or two small lateral
cusps on each side.
f. Teeth larger, with sharp cusps; snout of moderate length; embryo not
aitached toouterus by a placenta ...-..222-.--.-5.-----2.< Triakis, 9.
ee. Teeth larger, with a single cusp, oblique, notched and coarsely serrated
OUR NST OMLEGHMANOUI: =e ee eee) Pe leisy ela ees Galeus, 10.
dd. Root of tail without conspicuous pit above; teeth all coarsely serrate, alike
in both jaws, and all with a deep notch on outer margin; caudal fin with
a double motehwes.-.--<2.o.0-5- a ETS ee ede ec Ses Galeocerdo, 11
ce. Spiracles obsolete; lower teeth narrower than upper teeth.
g. Angle of mouth without groove or with merely a slight depression,
which does not extend along either jaw.
h. First dorsal fin inserted posteriorly, nearer ventrals than pectorals;
embryo not joined to the uterus by a placenta; slender sharks,
with very strongly serrated teeth -......-.-----.-- Prionace, 12.
hh. First dorsal inserted anteriorly, nearer pectorals than ventrals;
embryo (so far as known) attached to the uterus by a placenta.
i. Teeth all serrate more or less (entire in the very young).
Carcharias, 13.
| gg. Angle of mouth provided with more or less distinct groove, which
extends along one or both jaws; teeth entire, or very nearly so,
more or less obliquely placed, their points turned away from the
median line; embryo (so far as known) with placenta.
Scoliodon, 14.
608 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
8. MUSTELUS Guvier:
DOG SHARKS.
Mustelus Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 128 (mustelus). |
Pleuracromylon Giut, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 148 (/zvis). a}
Galeus JorpAN and EvermMann, Fish. N. Mid. Am., I, 1896, p. 29 (after Rofineaae
1810).
Body elongate, slender; snout comparatively long and flattendidy
mouth crescent-shaped, with well-developed labial folds; teeth small,
many rowed, flat and smooth, rhombic, arranged like pavement, alike
in both jaws, and blunter than in any other sharks; eyes large, oblong;
spiracles small, just behind the eyes; pectoral fins large; first dorsal
large, not much behind pectorals; second dorsal somewhat smaller;
anal opposite second dorsal and. still smaller; ventrals well developed;
basal lobe of caudal almost obsolete, the tail nearly straight; embryo
attached to the uterus by a placenta, or else without placenta, those so
attached belonging to the subgenus Pleuracromylon. Small sharks,
among the smallest of the American species. |
(mustelus, a weasel or marten; the same word used for shark, as is
the synonymous word ga/eus.) E |
8. MUSTELUS MANAZO Bleeker.
MANAZO; HOSHIZAME (STAR-SPOTTED SHARK); HOSHINOKURI (STAP
CHESTNUT).
Mustelus vulgaris ScuuEcEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 303, pl. CXXXIV_
Nagasaki (not of Miiller and Henle).—Nysrrom, Kéng, Svensk, Ak. Vet.
1887, p. 50; Nagasaki.
Mustelus manazo Bureker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, Japan, p. 126; Naga’
saki.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 887; Japan.—Dumerin, Elasmoi
branches, I, 1870, p. 403 (after Rleeker).—Isarkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 62)
Hokkaido, Boshu, Tokyo.—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.)
1900, p. 336; Tokyo, Hakodate. i
Head 64 in length; depth 114; width of head 14 in its length; depth
of head 2; snout 24; width of mouth 8; interorbital space 23; eyt
47; space between Spas 18; pectoral about 14; height of comm
12; caudal peduncle 1} in eye.
Body long, slender, back elevated in front; tail long, taporifiel
Head broad, broader far greatest depth of bade depressed in front:
(
t
elevated behind; snout greatly produced, depressed, flattened, rathe)
broadly rounded; eyes elongate, lateral, in middle of length of head
mouth obtusely angular, breadth much greater than either of rami)
and tip of mandible not before eye; teeth small, pavement-like, i),
many rows; lips thin, at corners of mouth a fold on each side; nostril,
very large; on lower surface of head, nearer eye and mouth than ti)
of snout; interorbital space broad, flattened. Spiracles small, ver)
near posterior margin of eye. Gill-openings rather small, posterior!)
above base of pectoral in front.
0.134. KHLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 609
- Body everywhere very finely roughened.
First dorsal larger than second, nearer origin of pectoral than that
of ventral; origin of second dorsal nearer that of first dorsal than tip
of caudal, and with greater part of its base in front of anal; anal
smallest nearer caudal than ventral; pectorals a little larger than
first dorsal, broad, very slightly emarginate; ventrals small, origin
nearer that of anal than pectoral; caudal short, a little less than space
etween two dorsals. Caudal peduncle rather long, least depth
tex than least width.
_ Color in spirits uniform grayish-brown, much darker above, pale
below; upper surface of body anteriorly, also along the lateral line,
marked with small, round, whitish spots.
_ Length 22 inches (56 em.).
_ This description taken from our largest example, a male, secured
at Tokyo.
_ Coasts of Japan, generally abundant in shallow bays, especially to
the southward, our specimens from Hakodate, Aomori, Matsushima,
Tokyo, Misaki, Kobe, Onomichi, Hiroshima, and Hakata. It is a
small shark, reaching a length of about 23 feet, and is used for food.
In young specimens the tips of the caudal and dorsals are blackish.
— (Manazo, the Japanese name.)
9. TRIAKIS Muller and Henle.
|
| Triakis Miitter and Henin, Magazine of Natural History, II, 1838, p. 36,
(seyllium).
Triacis, corrected spelling.
| Body compressed, elongate; mouth large, crescent-shaped, with
well-developed long labial folds; teeth moderate, numerous, similar in
both jaws, each with a longer median cusp, and one or two smaller
ones on each side; eyes small, with nictitating membrane; spiracles
small, behind the eyes; no pit at the root of the caudal; no lower
lobe to the caudal; first dorsal fin opposite the space between the pec-
toralsand ventrals. Embryo without placenta. Coloration variegated,
black and gray. Pacific and Indian oceans.
| (rpéeis, three; axis, point).
9. TRIAKIS SCYLLIUM Miiller and Henle.
\9 KOROZAME (KORO, INCENSE BURNER; ZAME, SHARK).
| Triakis scyllium Miter and Hen.r, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 63, pl. XXxvI;
Nagasaki.—Dumerint, Elasmobr., 1870, p. 397 (after Miller and Henle).—
Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 336; Tokyo.
Triacis scyllium Giinruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 384 (after Miller and
Henle).—Isnrxawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 62; Tokyo, Sagami.
Head 62 in length; depth 8; width of head 1} in its length; depth
of head 2; snout 24; interorbital space a trifle over 2; eye 64; width
of mouth 24; snout to mouth 23; space between spiracles 1{; base of
dorsal 14; base of anal 2.
, 3
ny
610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
Body long, slender, back elevated, and tail compressed, tapering
Head depressed, flattened below, much broader than deep; snout in
profile pointed, rounded, when seen from above very broadly rounded
and flattened; eye small, lateral, with nictitating membrane; mouth —
very broad, crescent-shaped, not angular, so that it begins in front of )
eye and ends below middle; teeth small, numerous, sharp-pointed,
tricuspid; labial fold at the corner of mouth on each side; nostrils
large, on lower surface of head, nearer mouth than tip of snout; inter-
orbital space broad, flattened. Spiracles small, directly behind eyes:
Gill-openings lateral, posterior above base of pectoral.
Body entirely roughened, the prickles coarser above.
First dorsal large, a little nearer origin of second dorsal than tip of
snout, also nearer origin of pectoral than that of ventral; second |
dorsal midway between posterior base of first dorsal and anterior base
of lower caudal lobe; anal well behind second dorsal; pectoral shorter
than head, its posterior margin slightly emarginate, reaching beyond
middle of space between its own origin and that of ventral; ventrals”
nearer origin of anal than posterior base of pectorals; caudal small, .
+ in total length. Caudal peduncle narrow, compressed above anc 1
beneath. Lateral line present along sides, superior.
Color dark gray brown, with a number of indistinct broad blackish
cross-bars; in the upper surface of body a number of scattered, indis
tinctly defined, blackish spots; lower surface of body pale: sides and
lower portions of pectorals and ventrals grayish brown.
+ ;
a
B |
Length 165 inches (47 em.).
This description from an example from Tokyo.
Coasts of southern Japan; rather common in the Inland Sea. A’
small shark, reaching a length of about 25 feet. Our specimens from
Tokyo, Tsuruga, Onomichi, and Hakata. 23
(scyllium, the cat shark; from oKUA@, to rend.) ,
10. GALEUS Rafinesque.
TOPES. te
Galeus¢ RA¥FINEsQus, Caratteri Aleuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 13, in part (gale
ete., although that species is not explicitly mentioned, the first species mene -
tioned being a species of Pristiurus, P. melastomus) .
“From the definition, and from Rafinesque’s custom of taking Linnean specifie
names as generic, making such species always the types of his genera, we may infer
that Squalus galeus was his type of Galeus. At least this arrangement may
accepted pending an agreement as to the generic nomenclature of sharks. In
the name Galeus is finally used for Pristiurus or for Mustelus, the present genus W
become Galeorhinus. Ina private notebook belonging to Rafinesque, now preserved
in the Smithsonian Institution, he refers to Galeus, Carcharias, and several other
genera named by Cuvier in 1817, as ‘‘ described by me in 1810, but don’t you tell
it!’ Pending a decision of the application of Galeus and Carcharias we retain them ~
for the groups to which Rafinesque obyiously intended the names to apply.
0, 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 611
Galeorhinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Sci. Philom., 1816, p. 121 (galeus).
Galeus Cuvier, Régne Animal, 1st ed., 1817, p. 127 (galeus).
| Hugaleus Gri, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 148 (galeus).
_ First dorsal opposite the space between the pectorals and ventrals;
mouth crescent-shaped, with the teeth alike in both jaws, oblique,
notched, and serrated; spiracles present, small; nictitating membrane
present; no pit at the base of the caudal; caudal fin with a single
notch. Tropical seas.
(vadéos, a kind of shark, like a weasel.)
10, GALEUS JAPONICUS (Miller and Henle).
YERAKUFUKA.¢@
Galeus japonicus MiLLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 58, pl. xxir; Naga-
saki.—DumeErIL, Elasmobranches, I, 1870, p. 391 (after Miiller and Henle).—
GintuER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 380 (after Miller and Henle).—Nysrrom,
Kong, Svensk, Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 50; Nagasaki.
Head 64 in head; depth 9$; width of head 1% in its length; inter-
orbital space 24; snout 22; pectoral 14; width of mouth 24; eye 2$ in
interorbital space.
Body elongate, back elevated in front, sides compressed. Head
greatly depressed, elongate, convex above, flattened beneath; snout
pointed in profile; when viewed from above, roundly pointed, flattened;
eyes elongate, lateral; nictitating membrane large, well developed;
mouth crescent shaped, though rather bluntly obtuse at symphysis of
| andible; corners of mouth each with a well-developed labial fold;
teeth very oblique, without serrations on their edges, and with several
short cusps behind; nostrils laterally inferior, moderately large, nearer
mouth than tip of snout; interorbital space broad, slightly elevated
and flattened in middle. Spiracle a small slit a short distance behind
eye. Gill openings 5, in front of the base of pectoral above.
Surface of body finely roughened.
_ Dorsals similar, far apart, origin of first much nearer tip of snout
than origin of second; origin of second dorsal much in advance of anal,
nearer first dorsal than. tip of snout, and midway between origin of
ventral and origin of lower caudal lobe; anal small, its origin nearer
caudal than ventrals; pectorals large, with emarginate edges, reaching
beyond origin of dorsal; ventrals behind first dorsal, their origin
nearer that of anal than origin of pectoral; caudal much larger than
head, with a notch near tip so that terminal portion is one and two-
thirds the lower lobe. Caudal peduncle long, much deeper than broad,
flattened above and below, without any pit.
Color in alcohol light gray-brown, below lighter or whitish.
- Length 26% inches.
“Yeraku, the antefeudal period; fuka, shark. Yeraku is the name of the period
in Japanese history preceding the feudal period, or Tokugawa. It closed about 1600.
612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, X:
Described from a very large specimen from Nagasaki, where e
amples, 15 feet or more long, were seen. 4
A very large shark, reaching a length of 25 feet and a weight of |
nearly 2,000 pounds: The head of a huge specimen is in possession of f
M. Yahiro, proprietor of a natural-history shop in Nagasaki. It has ;
the snout very short, nostrils midway in its length; teeth serrate, _
alike in both jaws, those in back deeply notched; width of jaws much. 4
exceeding snout; jaws with short labial fold; spiracles small; second i
dorsal a little smaller than first, slightly before anal; caudal considerably ¢
less than space e between dorsals. 7.
This species was taken at Onomichi, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, and
it appears to be generally common on the shores of Kaeo
1. GALEOCERDO Muller and Henle.
Galeocerdo MiituErR and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 59 (tigrinus).
Boreogaleus Grit, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1861, p. 411 (areticus).
Mouth crescent shaped; teeth alike in both jaws, large, oblique, |
coarsely serrated on both margins, with a deep notch on outer margin;
spiracles present; caudal fin with a double notch; a pit on the tail —
above and below at the base of the caudal fin; first dorsal opposite the —
space between pectorals and ventrals. Large sharks, found in most |
seas. - r
(yaXeds, 2 kind of shark, like yady, the weasel; Kéod@, a fox or |
weasel. ) .
11. GALEOCERDO TIGRINUS Muller and Henle.
Galeocerdo tigrinus MitLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 59; Pondicherry.— ~
Ginter, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 378; Japan, East Indies.—Dumerm, .
Elasmobranches, I, 1870, p. 393; Pondicherry (Coll. Dussumier).
Head, 7} in length; depth, about 10; snout, 34 in head; interorbital
space, 14; width of mouth at corners, about ie eye, 53 1n the inter-—
orbital space; space between nostrils, 2. |
Body elongate, tapermg to caudal. Head very much broader than
deep, depressed; eyes small, lateral, nearer snout than gull opening; |
snout broad, short, rounded; mouth very broad, evaiiede teeth |
numerous, rather large, compressed, with several basal cusps, and — |
with edges more or less serrated; a labial fold at corners of mouth;
nostrils large, inferior, about midway between tip of snout and eye; |
interorbital space very broad, flat. Spiracles very small behind eye.
Gill openings large, posteriorly above base of pectoral. ;
Body very finely roughened. 3.
First dorsal beginning about first fourth of interspace between /
origin of pectoral and that of ventral; second dorsal small, a little
nearer origin of first dorsal than tip of caudal; anal small, beginning |
behind origin of second dorsal; pectorals rather long; enn —
Hl
a
1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 613
| puch ar pond than peetorels; caudal y very ple. (emake lobe pro-
5 Blox eth Ehove, whitish or oe pele upper surface marbled or
lotched with dark brown.
_ Length about 51 inches.
‘This description from a dried skin, a young male from N: agasaki,
Mlected by M. Yahiro.
East Indies, rarely northward to southern Japan. Dr. Giinther
records a young specimen from Japan. It is probable that com-
parison will show that the American species, Galeocerdo maculatus
(Ranzani), is distinct from G. tigrinus.
(tagrinus, tiger-like.)
i IONAGE Cantor:
Prionodon Mister and HeENux, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 36 (glaucus, ete., name
preoccupied) .
Prionace Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 399 (substitute for Prionodon Ne
Cynocephalus (Kuri) Gi, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (glaucus).
Large sharks, with the body and head slender; no spiracles; the
teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in the adult, those in the upper
jaw broad, those below narrower, str: uight, and claviform; first dorsal
large, i inserted midway between axils of pectorals and ventrals; second
dorsal much smaller, usually not larger than anal; embryo not attached
to the uterus by a placenta. Sprcies rather few; large, slender, swift,
voracious sharks of the warm seas.
_ (xpia@v, saw; axis, point.)
12, PRIONACE GLAUCA (Linnzus).
Squalus glaucus Linn xs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 235; seas of Europe.
- Carcharias glaucus GintTHeEr, Cat. Fish., VITI, 1870, p. 364; England, St. Helena,
Pondicherry, Port Arthur, Australia. —Dumiri, Elasmobr., 1870, p.353; New
Zealand.
Carcharhinus glaucus JorDAN and GiLBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 22; San Francisco,
z Monterey.
_ Prionace glauca JorpDAN and EvrerMann, Fish North and Middle America, I, 1896,
p. 33; San Francisco, Monterey.
_ Squalus ceruleus BuatNvitiE, Fauna Frangaise, 1828, p. 91; Mediterranean.
Squalus hirundinaceus VALENCIENNES, in Miter and Hen ix, Plagiostomen, 1838,
p- 37; Brazil.
Snout very long, nostrils rather nearer to mouth than to extremity
of snout; no labial fold except a groove at angle of mouth; teeth of
ipper jaw oblique, scarcely constr icted near base; lower teeth slender,
Viangular in young examples, lanceolate, with a broad base, in old
omnes. Pectoral fin long, falciform, extending to dorsal, which is nearer
entrals than root of pectorals. Color light bluish gray above, paler
delow.
614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
A large shark of the warm seas, occasionally taken in Kurope and
on the coasts of Japan and California. A mounted specimen from off
Misaki is in the Imperial Museum of Tokyo, and a photograph is in the
Imperial University, taken from a large specimen secured at Misaki
We have no specimens. Whether this species is really identical with
the European g/auca is uncertain.
(vyhavKos, grayish blue.)
18. CARCHARIAS Rafinesque.
Carcharias RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Alcuni, Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 10 (in inten- |
tion; the only species named being C. taurus, an Odontaspis); Squalus care
charias RAFINESQUE, not of Linnzeus, being the intended type as shown by
the Indice d’ Ittiologia Siciliana, 1810, p. 44, where the Pesce-Cane of Sicily is
ealled Curchariaslamia. The definition of Rafinesque, copied from Lacépéde
is intended to cover the sharks allied to C. lamia.
Carcharias Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 125 (carcharias, expressly
identified with Canis carcharias of Bélon [de Aquatilibus, I, p. 60], which is —
the species commonly called, after Rafinesque, Carcharias lamia). 5
Carcharinus BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, p. 264 (commersoni, a name based |
on Lacépede’s figure of ‘Squalus carcharias;”’ it apparently represents Car= {
|
charias lamia).
EBulamia Gru, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (Jamia).
Platypodon Gi, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (menisorrah).
Isogomphodon Grit, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (ovyrhyncus )
Lamiopsis Grit, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 401 (temmincki). rE
*
ce |
3ody rather robust. Head broad, depressed; mouth inferior; teet iM
in both jaws strongly serrated in adult, less so or entire in young;
those in upper jaw broad or narrow, those below narrow, straight and |
nearly erect. No spiracles. First dorsal large, placed not far behind |
pectorals; pectorals faleate; second dorsal small. Embryos attached |
by placenta to the uterus, as in Scoliodon, Triakis, and Gal Oy
Species very numerous and difficult of separation. Voracious sharks -
of the warm seas. 2
If the name Carcharias be transferred to Odontaspis, the present
venus must be called Carcharhinus. 3
(kapyaptas, an old name of (. lamia, from yapyapos jagged; the
name first applied to Squatina, from its rasp-like skin. ) si
13. CARCHARIAS JAPONICUS (Schlegel).
MEJIRO (WHITE EYE); WANIZAME (CROCODILE-SHARK).
Prionodon japonicus ScutEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss , 1850, p. 302; Nagasaki.
Head 5% in length; depth about 7; snout 2% in head; width of mout
2°; interorbital space 13; pectoral about 13; snout from tip to tip of
mandible 24; eye + in interorbital space.
Body rather elongate, back high, elevated, tail compressed and
tapering. Head very broad, depressed, flattened, neck and back
‘apidly becoming elevated behind; snout in profile elongate, more Or
af |
|
not Pernine Seema ait Aetna like rest of ae of cranium; eyes
jmall, lateral, nearer tip of snout than first gill-ope ning; breadth of
Eipnth much greater than length of either of rami of mandible, which
‘orm a rounded angle at symphysis; teeth finely serrate, upper rather
oroad, compressed, lower more elongate; nostrils large, on lower sur-
face of snout, nearer tip of mandible than tip of snout; interorbital
pace very broad, flat, slightly convex in middle. Gill-openings
rather small, last above base of pectoral.
| Body finely roughened.
First dorsal about midway between tip of snout and origin of
second dorsal, elevated, its height a little greater than interorbital
space; second dorsal small, low, much nearer origin of first dorsal than
ap of caudal; anal small, its origin nearer that of pectoral than tip of
vaudal, a little before second dara pectoral large, nearer tip of
mout than origin of ventral; ventrals rather low, much nearer anal
han pectoral; caudal three and three-tifths in ae lower lobe low.
D audal peduncle rather thick, rounded, flattened above and below,
ind with deep pit at its base above.
| Color in alcohol deep gray-brown above, lower surface of body
vhitish; terminal portions = fins more or less white.
MiLength 17s inches (43 cm. 5 mm.).
This description from a small specimen from Kawatana.
Coasts of Japan. A large shark, generally common. Specimens
were seen at Hakodate, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kawatana, and Nagasaki.
head in Yahiro’s collection is from a specimen 25 feet long, and said
‘A have weighed 2,000 pounds. It presents the following characters:
| Snout rather shor t, acute, bluntish at tip; nostrils midway between
ip of snout and mouth; ihe eye much nearer angle of mouth; width
xf mouth almost twice length of snout; teeth not large, uppermost
faintly serrate, subtriangular, without distinct notch on lower margin,
and lower teeth erect, ee entire, long, narrow.
In young of 3 na the snout is obtuse, and a little longer than
nouth is broad; eye about midway between angle of mouth and snout:
eth weakly serrate, small, upper broad, not notched, nearly erect,
and lower narrow; second oreo small, smaller than anal; pectoral to
gear end of dorsal, long, narrow; first dorsal not dusky; second dor-
sal, pectoral, and nee lobe of caudal tipped with black.
This species has been identified with Carcharias gangeticus, Car-
tharids melanopterus, and Carcharias bleekeri, Wut it seems to be dis-
anct from all other East Indian and Polynesian species, and there
seems to be no evidence that any of these occur in Japan. Curchar/as
nelanopterus of Polynesia has the fin lobes much blacker than in
C. japonicus.
| One small specimen from Nagasaki differs only in haying a slightly
more pointed snout.
616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
14. SCOLIODON Miiller and Henle.
Scoliodon Mituuer and Henir, Wiegmann’s Archiv. f. Naturg., 1837, I, p. 397 |
(laticaudus. ) 3
|
Teeth entire, or very nearly so, oblique and flat, the points directed |
toward the sides of the mouth, so that the inner margins are more or
less nearly horizontal, the teeth in front more nearly erect; teeth not
swollen at the base, each of them with a deep notch on the outer ma
gin below the sharp point; lips with conspicuous grooves. Otherwise
as in Carcharias, from which the genus is scarcely distinct. Si
small.
(oKoli0s, oblique; odovs, tooth.)
a. Length of the anal nearly equal to its distance from ventrals; outer angle of p
torals almost a right angle; pectorals black; upper jaw without labial fold.
laticaudus, 14,
aa. Length of anal much less than its distance from ventrals; outer angle of pectorals
acute. oF
b. Upper jaw without labial groove; length of snout about equal to distance of ;
eye from ‘gill opening 225.20 S220 Sec eee ee acutus, 15.
bb. Upper jaw with a short labial grodve; cleft of mouth much broader than
long soe: 2 tae get so So 8 a eee eee walbeehmi, 16.
; ?
14. SCOLIODON LATICAUDUS (Miiller and Henle).
Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus M@Lurr and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 8
pl. vii; East Indies.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, II, 1870, p. 348 (samu
types). 4
Carcharias laticaudus GénrueEr, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 358; Bengal, East Indies, »
China, Amoy, Japan. a
Carcharias (Scoliodon) macrorhynchus BurEKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1851
Plagiost., p.31, pl. 1, fig. 1; Bataviaa—Dumrrin, Elasmobranches, II, 18
p. 343 (after Bleeker).
Snout from front margin of mouth equal to, or a little more than,
distance of eye from gill-opening; a very short labial groove at angle
of mouth, not extending on upper jaw, and for a very short distan
only on lower. Pectoral fin with posterior margin nearly straight,
upper angle nearly a right one, not extending to first dorsal; base of
anal equal to, or but little less than, its distance from ventral, and i
pointed lobe terminates at a distance from root of caudal; terminal)
lobe of caudal obliquely truncated. Pectoral fins black. Length, 18.
inches. (Giinther.) :
Kast Indies; noted by Dr. Giinther from Jamrach’s Collection i
Japan, a record which needs verification.
(Jatus, broad; cauda, tail.)
15. SCOLIODON ACUTUS (Riippell).
Carcharias acutus Riiprrny, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 1837, p. 65, pl. XVI,
fig. 4; Red Sea.—Giinruer Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 358; Cape Seas
Pinang, Vizagapatam, Japan.
ai
|
|
. 1324. ELASMOBLANCHIATE FISHES
JORDAN AND FOWLER. 617
a Carcharias ESoiiadon) acutus Mit LLER a Hr NLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 29.—
Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 399._—Dumiern, Elasmobranches, II, 1870,
p. 345; East Indies, China.
i Snout from front margin of mouth equal to, or a little less than,
‘distance of eye from gill-opening; very short labial groove at angle
of mouth, not extending on upper jaw, and for a very short distance
only on lower. Pectoral with posterior margin slightly concave,
upper angle pointed, extending to, or somewhat beyond, origin of
dorsal; length of base of anal one-half, or less, its distance from ven-
‘tral; its pointed terminal lobe terminates not far from root of caudal;
terminal caudal lobe tapering. Posterior margin of pectoral whitish,
‘upper margin of caudal blackish. Length 17 inches. (Giinther.)
_ East Indies: Noted by Dr. Giinther as collected by Mr. Jamrach in
Japan. This record needs verification.
re 16. SCOLIODON WALBEEHMI (Bleeker).
Carcharias (Scoliodon) walbeehmi BurEKer, Nat. tyds. Ned. Ind., X, 1856,
* p. 353; Bintang.—Doumerrit, Elasmobranches, II, 1870, p. 344 (after Bleeker).
| ; Carcharias walbeehmi GténtueER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 359; Bintang, Japan.—
Nystrom, Kong, Svensk. Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 50; Nagasaki.
Scoliodon walbeehmi JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XX V, 1902,
p. 318; Formosa.
A Snout from front margin of mouth, more than distance of eye from
‘gill- -opening; a short labial groove at angle of mouth extending for a
‘short distance on upper jaw as well as lower; distance between outer
angles of nostrils equal to that of nostril from extremity of snout.
Pectoral fin with posterior margin slightly concave and upper angle
pointed, extending somewhat beyond origin of dorsal fin; the length
of base of anal fin is about two-fifths of its distance from ventral, and
‘its pointed terminal lobe terminates at some distance from root
of caudal; terminal caudal lobe tapering. Coloration uniform.
| (Ginther.)
_ Coasts of southern Japan, not common. This or some related spe-
cies was seen at Nagasaki, and at Kawatana on the bay of Omura,
but no specimens were secured. We have examined a specimen from
Formosa.
(A personal name.)
Family VU. SPHYRNIDZ.
HAMMER-HEADED SHARKS.
General characteristics of the Carchar‘ide, but the head singularly
formed, kidney-shaped or ‘‘hammer”-shaped, from the extension of
its sides, the nostrils being anterior and the eyes on the sides of the
“hammer;” mouth crescent-shaped, under the ‘“‘hammer;” teeth of
both jaws similar, oblique, each with a notch on the outside near the
x
618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
base; no spiracles; last eill- -opening over the pectoral; first dorsal an
pectorals large, the dorsals nearer pectorals than ventrals; second
dorsal and anal small; a pit at the root of the caudal; caudal fin wi
a single notch toward its tip, its lower lobe developed. One ge
with 5 species, inhabiting most warm seas. Large sharks, known
once by the singular form of the head, which is not quite the same-
any two species.
15. SPH YRNA Rafinesque.
Sphyrna Ravinesque, Indice d’Ittiol, Siciliana, 1810, p. 60 (zygena).
Cestrorhinus BUAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, p. 264 (zygzna).
Zygena Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 127 (zygena; name preoccupie
in Insects).
Platysqualus Swanson, Classn. Anim., I, 1839, p. 318 (“‘tiburo”’ =tudes).
Cestracion Kuetn (pre-Linnzean) in Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V
1861, p. 412 (zygeena).
Eusphyra Giut, Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, p. 412 (blochit).
Reniceps Giuu, Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, p. 412 (éburo).
Characters of the genus included above. In the form of the head,)
there is a perfect gradation among the species, from the narrow ham-|
mer of WS. dlochii, with the lobes three times as long as broad and
deeply grooved along the anterior edge, to the kidney-shaped head oi |
S. téburo, in which the anterior grooves are obsolete.
(cAvpa, hammer.)
SPHYRNA:
a. Nostril with a well-developed groove, which extends along the front of th
hammer-shaped head, the anterior and posterior outlines of which are nearly
parallel os 22 2h oc55. 7 Jo be Be Oe ee zygena, V7.)
|
by
a |
1
SHINOKUZAME (HAMMER SHARK): KASEBUKA (CROSS-STAFF cHARigh
a5
Squalus zygena Lixn.xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 234; Europe, America.
Cestracion zygena Dumérit, Elasmobranches, TI, 1870, p. 382, a
Sphyrna zygena JORDAN a GILBERT, Senonne 1883, p. 25.—JorpDAN and Ey
MANN, Fish. North and Mid. Am., I, 1896, p. 45; Cape Cod, Point Con-
ception. 4 |
Squaleus malleus Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, p. 34; Nice.
Zygena malleus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1847, p. 306, pl. cxxxvin; N
saki.—Srorer, Fish. Mass. , 1867, p. 238.—Gitnraer, Cat., VIII, 1870, p. 38L—
Nystrom, Kong, Svensk, Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 49; Nae
? Zygeena lewini Lorn, in Griffith, Agua kangen X, 1834, p. 640; Leeuw
Australia. a
Zygena subarcuata Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1848, p. 70; bee Cod. a
nostril close to eye; prolonged into a groove which runs along nea iy
the whole front margin of head; first dorsal large; second quite smal
smaller than anal; pectoral rather large. Color gray.
A large voracious shark, reaching a length of 15 feet or more, foun
1 - ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND Shee 619
in all warm seas; occasionally northward to Galeton h, M: assac phase
and France, rather common in Japan, as far northward as Tokyo.
Our specimens from Nagasaki, Misaki, and Wakanoura. The species
needs comparison with the Hammer-head shark of Atlantic.
Fe (Cvyaiva, Zygena, the ancient name, from Cvyor, yoke.)
Family VIII. ALOPIIDA.
THRESHER SHARKS.
Body moderately elongate, the snout rather short; mouth crescent-
shaped; teeth equal in both jaws, moderate sized, flat, triangular, not
serrated; the third tooth of the upper jaw on each side much smaller
than the others; gill-openings moderate, the last one above the root of
the pectorals; no nictitating membrane; spiracles just behind eye,
minute or absent; first dorsal large, midway between pectorals and
ventrals; second dorsal and anal very small; caudal fin exceedingly
long, about as long as the rest of the body, a pit at its root, a notch
on the upper lobe near its tip; lower lobe moderately developed; no
caudal keel; ventrals rather large; pectorals very large, faleate. A
single species, reaching a large size, inhabiting most seas, known at
once by the great ipaeth of tite tail.
16. ALOPIAS Rafinesque.
Alopias RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 12 (macrouwrus=vulpes) .
Alopecias MGLLER and Hentz, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 74 (amended orthography) .
The characters of the genus are included above.
(@ands, afox; Latin, vulpes. A. vulpes was known to the ancients
as ahonextas, fox-like. )
.
18. ALOPIAS VULPES (Gmelin).
ONAGAZAME (LONG-TAILED SHARK); NADEBUKA (SMOOTH SHARK);
| NEZUMEZAME (RAT-TAILED SHARK).
|
Squalus vulpes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 1496; Mediterranean (after
Pennant).
Carcharias vulpes De Kay, New York Fauna, IV, Fishes, 1842, p. 348, pl. Lx1,
fig. 199.
Alopias vulpes DumériL, Elasmobr. I, 1865, p. 421.—Day, Fishes of India, Supple-
ment, 1888, p.810.—JorDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 27.—JoRDAN and
EVERMANN, Fish. North and Middle America, I, 1896, p. 45.
Alopecias vulpes GintueER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 393.
Squalus vulpinus BONNATERRE, Tableau Encycl. Ichthy., 1788, p. 9; Mediterranean
| (after Pennant).
| Alopias macrourus Ra¥INEsQue, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 12; Sicily,
| Squalus alopecias Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 1854, p. 7
_ Body fusiform, cylindrical, thickest before dorsal fin; back regu-
larly arched from above pectorals to end of snout, and gradually
decreasing in size posteriorly to caudal. Head short, bluntly conical;
f
Bed
‘ ri
620 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xx
snout blunt; eye rather ree: iene horse-shoe shaped, teeth ah |
re » hy »
L9-++19
smaller than others. Spiracles very small or wanting. Last
openings above or slightly in front of pectorals.
a more or ‘Tess tone ee
_third or fourth tooth on either side of center of upper ia
with small process Per, eens cee than ts nearest. first
dorsal: caudal nearly as long or longer than body, composed of three
bluish spots; pupils a longitudinal slit, edged with golden.
Length, 12 feet.
A large shark, abounding in all warm seas, common on the east
coast of Japan. It was seen at Misaki, nena Tokyo, and Yok
hama. No one has yet compared specimens of the Japanese fish witl
those from California or the Mediterranean, and the species may
prove different.
(vulpes, fox.)
Family IX. MITSUKURINID.
Skeleton flexible; snout produced in a flat, flexible blade varying ii
leneth; spiracles large; teeth acicular, only the lateral ones with small
basal cusps; last gill-opening above base of pectorals; fins all low, th
ventral with very long base; the claspers very small; lower lobe 0
caudal long; no pit at root of caudal; first dorsal well advanced;
second shorter and higher than anal.
Two genera are known: Mitsukurina, and the extinct genus Scapa
norhynchus of the Eocene. Dr. Arthur Smith Woodward rega
Mitsukurina as identical with Scapanorhynchus. In the latter genus
minor differences are apparent.
The family is closely allied to the Odontaspidide, differing in
produced snout.
17. MITSUKURINA Jordan.
Mitsukurina Jorpan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1898, p. 200 (owstont).
Characters of the genus included above.
(Named for Kakichi Mitsukuri, professor of zoology in the Imperta)
University of Tokyo.)
*|Z9 39vd 338 3LV1d 4O NOILYNV1dx3 HO4
“"NvGYOr INOLSMO VNIYNXNSLIIA
PL, XXVI
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI
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j0.184. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 62]
4
19. MITSUKURINA OWSTONI Jordan.
Mitsukurina owstoni JordAN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1898, p. 200; Misaki.
Length of specimen, apparently young male, 42 inches. Head (to
irst gill-opening) 4% in length; depth about 10; snout from eye 12
n head; from front of mouth 24; length of blade of snout from its
nsertion below 14; length of gill area 23; depth of last gill 6; eve
(2 in snout from eye; interorbital area 23; spiracle a little smaller
than eye; length of one mandible 23 in head; length of maxillary 22;
sectoral base 1# in length of pectoral fin, which is 23 in head; first
lorsal base 1? in its height, which is 2? in head; second dorsal base
[in its height, which is 3 in head; ventral base 2 times its height,
ength of base 3 in head; claspers very short (perhaps immature),
nearly 12 in head; anal base 24 times its height and 24 in head;
r»audal, measured from above, 24 in length of body; greatest height
of lower lobe nearly 3 in head.
Body elongate, compressed behind, flesh and skeleton extremely
limp, folding like a wet rag. Head moderate; snout produced in a
long, flat, flexible, leaf-like blade, somewhat like that of Polyodon
spathula but narrower, more limp and more pointed; median line of
snout with a thick, rounded median keel; lower side of the blade free
for a considerable distance backward from upper jaw, almost to eyes;
eye small, without nictitating membrane; mouth inferior, with elon-
gate cleft; dentary bones broad, loosely connected, movable, capable
of being spread wide apart, but normally lying close together and
nearly parallel; a notch at symphysis, tip of lower jaw strongly cury-
ing upward and inward; similar notch at tip of upper jaw between
rather loosely joined maxillary; middle of each jaw without teeth in
front; teeth few-rowed, about +3 on each side, all needle-shaped, very
slender, pointed, more or less curved backward and inward; each tooth
with a two-rooted base, large teeth in front simple, smaller ones on
sides of jaws each with two small basal cusps; second and third tooth
of lower jaw longest; the second about as long as eye; first and second
tooth of upper jaw similar to these but somewhat shorter; lateral teeth
of both jaws progressively smaller, but all slender and sharp; nostrils
large, about as large as eye, their distance from eye twice the eye;
each nostril with a small notch on lower edge and a free flap within.
Spiracle large. Gill-openings about equal in height, the last above
base of pectoral.
Skin everywhere rough, the scutes very small, granulated No
lateral line or conspicuous mucous pores.
Fins all thin, flexible, papery, the broad bones somewhat exserted
from soft flesh; first dorsal short, moderately high, not emarginate,
the insertion above axil of pectoral, second dorsal lower, remote from
first, interspace 1$ in head, the insertion nearly midway between
aes :
» Le
622 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV)
os
ventrals and anal; anal much longer than second dorsal, rather lower
pectorals short, narrow, rounded flexible rays longest; ventrals wit)
very long base; no caudal keel; no pit at root of caudal; lower lobe o
caudal long and rather high, with a sharp notch near its tip.
Color light reddish gray, brownish above; fins darker brown; nuchal
region a little darker; belly paler. (Jordan.) |
The type specimen, now in the Imperial University of Tokyo, wai
captured in deep water off Misaki and presented by Capt. Alal
Owston, of Tokohama, for whom it is named. Captain Owston ha/
had engravings of this species made, and scattered them far and widi
specimen and no one who knew the fish. Ina recent letter (Novem
ber, 1902) he announces the acquisition of another specimen.
Family X. LAMNID.
MACKEREL SHARKS.
Sharks of large size, with the body stout, the mouth wide, wit)
large teeth, and the tail slender, the caudal fin lunate, the two lobe
not very unequal, the upper lobe strongly bent upward; cauda
peduncle with a strong keel on each side; gill-openings wide, all i
front of the pectorals, entirely lateral, not extending under the throat
first dorsal large; pectorals large; ventrals moderate; second dorse’
and anal very small; a pit at the root of the caudal; spiracles minut
or absent. Numerous fossil species are known. In this family th
dentition, as well as the muscular system, reaches its highest degre’
of specialization known among sharks.
a. LAMNIN®. ‘Teeth slender and sharp, with entire edges.
b. Teeth without basal cusps, long, flexuous, acute; first dorsal inserted nearl
midway between pectorals and ventrals ..............--------- Isuropsis, lv
bb. Teeth each with one or two basal cusps; first dorsal not far behind pectorals.
Lamna, i
aa. CARCHARODONTINE: Teeth with serrated edges, compressed, triangular in forn
without’ basal. cusp, « ...J..22¢4.3 426) eee Carcharodon, 2\
1s: ISUROPSITS Gilt
Isuropsis Git, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y , VIII, 1861, p. 153 (glaucus).
Snout rather long and pointed; the body formed much lke that ¢
a tunny or mackerel; first dorsal large, inserted, entirely behind peq
torals, nearly midway between pectorals and ventrals; pectorals large
second dorsal and anal yery small; caudal peduncle slender; teet
long, lanceolate, with sharp, entire cutting edges and no basal cusps
(?G0s, equal; ovpa, tail; the two lobes of the tail being nearly equa,
oypis, appearance. From /suwrus it is separated by the backward inse
tion of the dorsal.) |
ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 693
=
zo. ISUROPSIS GLAUCA (Miiller and Henle).
AOZAME (BLUE SHARK); MOROZAME.
Oxyrhina glauca MéLirr and Hens, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 69, pl. xxrx; Naga-
saki (erroneously stated to be from Java).—Scnircer, Fauna Japonica,
Poiss., 1850, p. 303; Nagasaki.—Dumérix, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 409 (after
Miller and Henle).
Lamna glawea GiNTHER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 391; Cape Seas, St. Helena.
Snout long, pointed; teeth in four rows, very lone, tlexuous, with-
out denticles at base. Spiracles very small. First dorsal inserted
‘vell backward, midway between pectoral and ventral, scarcely longer
than high, its upper angle rounded. Color dark blue, white below.
| Coasts of Japan and southward, rather common about Nagasaki.
Many jaws and a stuffed foetus are in possession of Mr. Yahiro.
A specimen 7 feet long was taken by Jordan and Snyder at Matsu-
shima, the head having been preserved.
(glaucus, hoary blue.)
19. LAMNA Cuvier.
Lamna Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 126 (cornubicus).
Lamia Risso, Eur. Merid., III, 1826, p. 123 (cornubicus, name preoccupied ).
Selanonius FLEMING, British Animals, 1828, p. 169 (walkeri=cornubicus) .
_ Body short and stout, the back considerably elevated; snout promi-
nent, pointed; teeth triangular, pointed, entire, each one with a small
cusp on each side at base; one or both of these sometimes obsolete on
some of the teeth in the young; gill-openings wide; dorsal and pectoral
fins somewhat falcate; second dorsal and anal fins very small, nearly
opposite each other; first dorsal close behind the root of the pectorals.
This genus is very close to /swus, with which fossil forms seem to
connect it. Perhaps the two should be united under the older name,
Lsurus.
(Aapva, a kind of shark, from lapia, a horrible anthropophagous
monster, a bugbear used by the Greeks to frighten refractory children.)
21. LAMNA CORNUBICA (Gmelin).
SALMON SHARK; MACKEREL SHARK; PORBEAGLE.
Squalus cornubicus GmeE.in, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 1497; shores of Cornwall
(after Beaumaris of Pennant).
_ Lamna cornubica Giinruer, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 389.—Jorpan and GILBERT,
Synopsis, 1883, p. 30.—Jorpan and Evermany, Fishes North and Middle
Am., I, 1896, p. 19 (and of most authors).
Snout conical, pointed, rather longer than cleft of mouth; teeth
1444 on each side; third tooth on each side in the upper jaw small;
first dorsal beginning over axil of pectorals. Color bluish gray. A
large and fierce pelagic shark reaching a length of 10 feet. (Jordan
and Evermann.)
“e
624 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI..
Common i 1 Europe and rather frequent on the coast of southern
Alaska, shed re it is very destructive to the salmon, thence southward
to California. It has been ascribed to Japan he Dr. Giinther, and
may occur in Japanese waters, but no authentic record exists, and no)
specimens are in Japanese museums. It is unknown to naturalists at
Nagasaki, but it may be looked for at the mouths of salmon rivers, as
the Ishigari, in Hokkaido.
(cornubicus, from Cornwall, from which region the species was early!
described. )
20. CARCHARODON Smith.
MAN-EATER SHARKS.
Carcharodon ANDREW SmitH, Proc. Geol. Soc. London, V, 1837, p. 86 (capensis=:
carcharias).
General characters of /swrus and Lamna, but with a different denti-
tion, the teeth being large, flat, erect, regularly triangular, their
edges serrated; first dorsal moderate, nearly midway between pecto-
rals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal very small; pectorals large,
ventrals moderate; caudal peduncle rather stout; spiracles minute or’
absent. Sharks of very large size;-the strongest and most voracious
of all fishes; pelagic, found in most warm seas.
(kapyapos, jagged; odo0vs, tooth.)
22. CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS (Linnzus).
MAN-EATER SHARK; GREAT WHITE SHARK.
Lamia Ronvetet, Hist. Poiss., 1558, p. 305; Nice, Marseilles (good figure).
Squalus carcharias Lrxynmus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 235; Europe (after
Artedi; not of most later authors).
Carcharodon carcharias JORDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis, 1883, p. 875.—JORDAN andi
EvERMANN, Fish. North and Middle Am., I, 1896, p. 50.
Carcharias verus AGAssiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1836, p. 91. |
Carcharodon rondeleti Miitier and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 70; Mediter-
ranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean (after Rondelet).
Carcharodon rondeleti GiNrHER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 392.
Carcharias atwoodi Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1848, p. 71; Province-
town, Massachusetts.
Carcharodon capensis Smitu, IIT, Zool. 8S. Africa, 1842, pl. rv; Cape of Good Hope.
Carcharodon smithi BONAPARTE, Selach. Tab. Anal., 1839, p. 9 (after Smith).
Body stout; depth about 5} in total length; mouth very large; both
jaws with five rows of large, triangular, serrated teeth, those in lower
Jaw narrower, about 3$ in each row; first dorsal somewhat behind
pectorals; caudal fin large and strong. Color leaden gray; tips and
edges of pectorals black. One of largest of sharks, reaching a length
of 30 feet. It is found in all temperate and tropical seas, and 1s ocea=
sionally taken both in the Atlantic and Pacific. One caught near
Soquel, California, was about 30 feet long and had a young sea lion,
184. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—. JORDAN AND FOWLER. 625
weighing about L100 pounds, in its stomach. fiecdins aa Ev. ermann.)
_ A large pair of jaws is preserved in the museum of the Imperial
University, taken somewhere off the east coast of Hondo, near Misaki.
| This constitutes the only record of the species from Japan.
(kapyapias, an old name of Carcharias lamia and of other man-
eating sharks. )
Family XI. CETORHINIDZ.
BASKING SHARKS.
Sharks of immense size with the gill-openings extremely wide,
extending from the back nearly to the median line of the throat, all of
_ them in front of the pectorals; mouth moderate, the teeth very small,
numerous, conical, without cusps or serratures; no nictitating mem-
brane; spiracles very small, above the corners of the mouth; first dorsal
large, midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal
small; caudal fin lunate, the upper lobe considerably the larger;
caudal peduncle keeled; pectorals and ventrals large. Brain very
small. o252 =e —e ee Somniosus, 30.
29. DALATIAS Rafinesque. -
Dalatias Rarinesqur, Caratteri di Aleuni Generi, 1810, p. 13 (sparophagus;
description very incorrect) .
Scymnus Cuvirr, Régne Animal, lst ed., 1817, p. 130 (lichia; preoccupied in
insects).
Scymnorhinus BoNAPARtTE, Cat. Pesci. Europ., 1836, p. 16 (lichia).
Mouth transverse, a deep straight groove at each angle. Teeth in
jaws close set, the upper small, pointed; the lower much larger, dilated,
erect, triangular, not very numerous. Skin uniformly covered with
minute scales. Two short dorsal fins, without spine, the first at a
considerable distance from the ventrals; no anal fin. No membrana
nictitans. Spiracles wide. Gill-openings narrow. _ (Giinther.)
(Caos, torch, the name unexplained.)
get. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 6387
bv rs — —$——$_—— es
¢
{
| 31. DALATIAS LICHA (Bonnaterre).
YOROIZAME (ARMOR SHARK).
Squaleus licha® BonNnaTERRE, Encycl. Ichth., 1788, p. 12 (after La Liche ou
Gatto, Proussonet, Mem. Ac. Sci., 1788, p. 677; ‘‘Le Cap Bréton,”’ in south-
ern France).
Scymnorhinus licha GARMAN, Deep Sea Fishes, 1899, p. 31.
| Squalus americanus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 1503 (after Broussonet, ‘‘Cap
| Bréton’’ being assumed to be in Nova Scotia).
Acanthorhinus americanus BuAINVILLE, Fauna Francaise, 1828, p. 63, pl. xv, fig. 2.
Squalus nicxensis Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, p. 43, pl. ty, fig. 6; Nice.
Dalatias sparophagus RarrNesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 13;
Palermo (description very incorrect, but certainly referring to this species).
Scymnus lichia Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817.—Dumérit Elasmobranches,
1870, p. 452; Mediterranean.—GtnTHER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 426; Nice;
Madeira (and of writers generally ).
Dalatias lichia Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 75.
Snout rather projecting, anterior edge of mouth before front of eye;
ceeth of upper jaw narrow, lanceolate, close-set; lower teeth triangu-
ar, margins somewhat convex and slig htly serrate. Skin covered
with a shagreen of fine, sharp, close-set spinous scales. First dorsal
inserted nearer Peel than ventrals by a distance equal to length
of pectoral; second dorsal a little before posterior end of base of ven-
trals; distance from second dorsal to beginning of caudal, 24 in distance
between dorsals. Color black. Length 650 mm. (253 inches).
This incomplete description is from a stuffed specimen? in the
Imperial Museum in Tokyo. The specimen, being hastily compared
with Miiller and Henle’s figure, showed no evident difference, though
its relations may appear on close examination.
Mediterranean Sea and neighboring waters, and, as above recorded,
once taken in Japan.
(licha, the meaning of the name unexplained. )
380. SOMNIOSUS Le Sueur.
Somniosus Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, I, p. 222 (brevipinna=
microcephalus).
Leiodon Woop, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1847, p. 174 (echinatum=micro-
cephalus).
Lemargus Miter and Henix, Plagiostomen, 1858, p. 93 (borealis = micro-
cephalus).
Rhinoseymnus Gru, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 264 (rostratus).
Body thick and clumsy ; mouth transverse, little arched, with a deep,
straight groove running backward from its angle; nostrils near the
extremity of the snout; jaw feeble; teeth in upper jaw small, narrow,
conical; lower teeth numerous, in two or more series, ie point so
@The name licha, of the same date as americanus, is muc *h ie 498 Inappropriate.
bIshikawa, Prel. Cat., p. 61, as Scymnus lichia.
638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
much turned aside that the inner margin forms a cutting edge, whick
is entire; spiracles moderate; no nictitating membrane; gill-openings
narrow; fins all very small, the ventrals between the dorsal fins; skir
uniformly covered with minute tubercles. Tail short, much bent
upward. Eggs large, soft, globular, without shell, dropped in the
ooze on the sea bottom. Species of the northern seas.
(somniosus, sleepy.)
32. SOMNIOSUS MICROCEPHALUS Bloch and Schneider.
Squalus microcephalus Buocn and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 135, northern
seas,
Somniosus microcephalus JORDAN and EvErRMANN, Fish North and Middle Amer,,
I, 1896, p. 57.
Somniosus brevipinna Le Surur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1818, p. 122; Massas
chusetts.
Scymnus brevipinna Storer, Fishes Mass., 1867, p. 255.
Squalus borealis ScorEsBy, Arct. Reg., I, 1820, p. 538, pl. xv, figs. 3 and 4; Arctie |
Ocean.
Lemargus borealis GéNTHER, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 426.
Squalus glacialis Farr, Fische Isl., 1829, p. 23; Iceland.
Squalus norwegianus BLAINVILLE, Faune Frangaise, 1828, p. 61; Norway. |
Leiodon echinatum Woop, Proc. Bost. Sov. Nat. Hist., II, 1847, p. 174. Massa=
sa
chusetts.
Body robust, rapidly tapering behind; greatest depth little more
than one-fifth length; head somewhat less; mouth moderate, upper
jaw with 5 rows of small, sharp teeth, which are incurved, lancet-
shaped; lower jaw with 2 rows of broad, quadrangular teeth, divided
in their centers by perpendicular ridge, directed outward, about 26
teeth on each side; fins small, first dorsal about as large as ventrals,
larger than second dorsal; pectorals short, caudal short, bluntish,
Length about 25 feet. Arctic seas south to Cape Cod, Oregon, France,
and Japan. !
A huge, clumsy shark, not rare northward; an enemy to the whales, —
biting out large masses of flesh from their bodies. |
The only Japanese record is that of a large example, seen by Jordan —
and Snyder in the market of Tokyo, in June, 1900. Specimens from
the Pacific have never been compared with those from the Atlantic, —
and may belong to different species. ‘
(uiKpos, small; Kedadn, head. )
Family XV. PRISTIOPHORID.
SAW SHARKS.
Body elongate, covered with fine, smoothish scales, forming shagreen}
snout produced in a long, flat blade, with sharp teeth on each side pro-
jecting at right angles, these of unequal lengths; a pair of barbels on
0.134. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AMD FOWLER. 689
ev
ower part of snout near its middle; teeth small, close-set, each with
sharp cusp ona broad base; nostrils inferior, with conspicuous valves;
ayes large, no nictitating membrane; spiracles large; pectorals rather
arge, distant from head; first dorsal in front of ventrals; second dorsal
arge; no dorsal spine; no anal fin; gill-openings moderate, all before
pectoral; lower caudal lobe narrow. Species few; found from Japan
co Australia, resembling the saw fishes (Pr/st/didx) of the New World,
but smaller in size and different in details of structure.
S31. PRISTIOPHORUS Muller and Henle.
Pristiophorus Méuuer and HENxE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 97 (cirratus).
~ Characters of the genus included above.
, /
(zptotis, saw; Pope@, to hear.)
33. PRISTIOPHORUS JAPONICUS Giinther.
" NOKOGIRIZAME (SAW SHARK); HOKABUKA (HALBERD SHARK);
| DAIGIRIZAME (SAW SHARK).
Pristiophorus cirratus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1847, p. 105, pl. cxxxvi;
| Nagasaki.—Ricuarpson, Ich. China, 1846, p. 317.—BirrKer, Nieuwe Nalez-
| ing, Ichth. Jap., 1854, p. 128; Nagasaki (not of Latham, 1794).
| Pristiophorus japonicus Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 43; Japan.—Isnt-
KAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 61; Sagami Bay.
| Head a trifle less than 3 in body; tip of snout to eye 3% in head;
greatest width of head 4% in its length; interorbital space 85 in head;
spiracle 23 in interorbital space; eye 15; pectoral 3 in head; height of
first dorsal 44; caudal 24.
Body elongate, moderately thick. Head small, except for elongate
depressed snout, or saw, greatly depressed and flattened, both above
and below; saw rather broad, thin, becoming narrow at tip, truncately
rounded; in each margin of saw a series of sharp teeth of uneven size,
the larger with one, two, or three smaller between; on lower marginal
surface of snout a single series of small, backwardly hooked teeth,
each at some distance apart; in lower surface of saw, near edges,
a pair of flattened tentacles about equal in length to width of head in
front of eyes; teeth on edge of saw become smaller posteriorly and
extend halfway in space between eye and first gill-opening; mouth
broadly obtuse below posterior part and behind eye; teeth small,
pointed, in many rows in jaws; nostrils area trifle closer together than
‘eorners of mouth, nearer latter than tentacles, or about in last third
of space between; interorbital space more or less flattened, though
‘there are slight supraocular ridges; eye elongate, lateral, placed less
than its diameter posterior to nostrils. Spiracles very large, half the
eye, placed directly behind its posterior margin. Gill-openings mod-
erate, in front of base of pectoral.
Entire body finely roughened.
640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. xxvi,
Origin of first dorsal nearer tip of caudal than tip of saw, nearer.
origin of ventral than that of pectoral, nearer posterior margin of eye
than second dorsal; two dorsals are similar, of about equal size, second |
with posterior part of its base midway between first dorsal and tip of
caudal; pectorals large, broad, blunt, rounded, nearer origin of second;
dorsal than tip of saw; ventrals behind first dorsal and nearer origin |
of second dorsal than that of pectorals; caudal not very broad, upper:
lobe much broader than lower, whole fin a little more than space between :
dorsals. Caudal peduncle rather long, thick, flattened above and below,
its least depth one and one-half in interorbital space. A lateral keel
along each side of tail from ventrals to caudal inferiorly. No pores;
in lateral line.
Color, pale gray-brown above; below, whitish.
Length, 404 inches. |
This description from a large example from Aomori. |
Coasts of Japan; our specimens from Aomori and Nagasaki, the
latter received from Mr. Yahiro. A specimen is in the museum of
Aomori, taken at Ajigasawa on the Japanese Sea. |
The teeth are placed somewhat differently from those represented ;
in Schlegel’s figure, but the species is doubtless the same. a |
Family XVI. SQUATINIDA. |
ANGEL SHARKS. |
Ray-like sharks. Body depressed and flat, the snout obtuse, the:
mouth anterior; teeth conical, pointed, distant; pectoral fins very
large, expanded in the plane of the body, but not adherent to the side’
of the head, being deeply notched at the base; ventral fins very large;
dorsal fins 2, small, subequal, on the tail behind the ventrals; no anal)
fin; caudal small; gill-openings wide, partly inferior, partly hidden)
by the base of the pectoral; spiracles wide, crescent-shaped behind:
the eyes; nostrils on the front margin of the snout, with skinny flaps;:
males with small prehensile appendages; vertebrae tectospondylous.
A single genus among living forms, with but one species certainly
known; a small shark of singular appearance, found in most warm)
seas. In appearance, as in structure, this family is strictly interme-)
diate between the sharks and the rays. Its nearest living allies are’
probably the Dalatiide.
32. SQUATINA Dumeril.
ANGEL FISHES.
Squatina DumEriL, Zool. Analyt., 1806, p. 102 (angelus=squatina).
Rhina RA¥iNesque, Caratteri Aleuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 14 (squatina).
Rhina Kix, in Avauste Dumérit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 464 (squatina). —
Characters of the @enus included above.
|
| =
No. 1324, ELASM OBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 641
_ (squatina, the ancient name, akin to the English words ‘‘ skate”
and ‘‘squat.’’)
34- SQUATINA JAPONICA Bleeker.
TEGAIZAME (CANOPY-SHARK); KASUZAME (CHAFF SHARK);
KOROZAME.
Squatina vulgaris SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 305, pl. cxxxv1;
Nagasaki (not of Risso).
Squatina japonica BureKer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo. Neerl., 1857, III, Japan, IV, p.
40; Nagasaki.
Rhina squatina IsHikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 61, Tokyo (not of Linnzeus).
Head 5 in length; space between spiracles 14 in head; interorbital
space, 24; eye 33 in interorbital space.
Body broad, flattened, width of disk equal to one and five-eighths
total length. Head very broad, flattened, its length a trifle more
than two-thirds its width; snout very broad, short, obtuse, projecting
| very slightly beyond mandible; eyes small, a little closer together
than spiracles, directed upward; snout well separated from mouth
below by a deep furrow; jaws with about three rows of sharp, pointed
teeth, upper projecting slightly beyond mandible; lips rather broad, a
flap at the corner of mouth; inferior margin of head with a narrow,
thin flap; nostrils closer together than eyes, on edge of snout in front;
‘Interorbital space broad, concave, this concavity extending to poste-
rior part of head. Spiracles less than eye, and about diameter of
latter distant. Gill-openings very large, septa with broad dermal
lamine crowded together before base of pectoral.
Above rough, especially along edges of dorsal and caudal; down
middle of back a series of small, sharp tubercles; a number of small
tubercles over eye between nostrils above; lower surface of body per-
fectly smooth, with exception of anterior borders of pectorals and
ventrals and lower surface of tail.
Dorsals small, of about equal size, first just behind tips of ventrals,
second about midway between origin of first and origin of upper
caudal lobe. Pectorals with length of base about one-half of length
of anterior margin, the latter not equal to breadth of head; ventrals
from their origin to tip behind, shorter than anterior edge of pectoral;
caudal about half head; tail broad at first, then tapering, its width in
front not equal to space between outer edges of spiracles.
Color in alcohol gray-brown above, marked with very numerous,
‘small, dark spots, so that lighter color between forms a reticulated
network; toward edges of fins spots become smaller and crowded;
dorsals and caudal with a few, indistinct, dark spots; lower surface of
body creamy; outer edges of pectorals, deep gray-brown, blackish
posteriorly, also some brown spots about bases of former, on breast,
throat, a large blotch before the vent, and two streaks down tail.
642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, a
z : f
This description is from specimens obtained at Kobe and Nagasaki,
where it is abundant.
Coasts of Japan, common southward.
Duméril unites the Japanese species with the European Squatina
aculeata, While Dr. Giinther unites both with Squatina squatina. The
several species of this genus, if really distinct, have yet to be defined.
Order'‘LV. BATOPDSEE
THE RAYS.
Gill-openings inferior, slit-like, 5 in number; spiracles present; no
anal fin; dorsal fins, if present, inserted on the tail; body typically
disk-like, broad, and flat, the margin of the disk being formed by the
expanded pectorals; tail comparatively slender, the caudal fin small or
wanting. Vertebra cyclospondylous. With the exception of the
Rajide, most or all of the rays are ovoviviparous.
(Baros, a ray; €70os, likeness.)
a. Sarcura. ‘Tail comparatively thick, with 2 dorsals and a caudal fin; no serrated
candal spine.
b. Snout not saw-like. b
c. Electric organs absent; skin not perfectly smooth.
d. Species ovoyviviparous; young developed within body of parent; disk pass-
ing gradually into long, stout tail; pectorals not extending to snout.
Rurvopatips, XVII.
dd. Species oviparous; eggs deposited in quadrangular, leathery egg cases,
with a projection at each corner; disk abruptly contracted at base of tail;
pectorals extending,to snout. i222 Aue ee eee eee Rasp”, X VILL.
cc. Electric organs present; a structure composed of honeycomb-like tubes
between pectoral fins and head; skin perfectly smooth.Narcopatip™, XIX.
aa. Masricura. Tail comparatively slender; dorsal fin single or wanting; back of
tail usually with a serrated spine.
e. Pectoral fins uninterrupted, confluent around snout; teeth small. |
DasyaTipm, XX.
ee. Pectoral fins interrupted, one portion forming detached appendages on |
the snout (‘‘cephalic fins’’).
jf. Teeth very large, flat, tessallated, tew in number..Myniopatipm, X XI. —
jf. Teeth numerous, very small, flat or tubercular; size of body enormous;
cephalic fins conspicuous, resembling horns .----- Mosuuips, XXII. |
Se |
Family XVI. RHINOBATID.
GUITAR-FISHES.
Shark-like rays. Trunk gradually passing into the long and strong —
tail, which 1s provided with 2 well-developed dorsal fins, a caudal fin
. . . fi
and a conspicuous dermal fold on each side; disk not very broad, the —
Fs t
rayed portion of the pectoral fins not being continued to the snout; no |
conspicuous spines, the skin being nearly smooth, or with warty tuber- |
w
cles; no electric organs. Warm seas; distinguished from the Rajide
ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 648
shiefly by the fact a the eggs are hatched within the Hod: “The
First dorsal opposite to ventrals; caudal with lower lobe well developed.
b Snout shortand rounded, not much longer than interorbital width... Rhina, 33.
bb. Snout narrow, produced and pointed, its length much greater than interor-
ee DUN TPeR RM a ee ee eee oe Rhynchobatus, 34.
;, First dorsal much behind ventrals; anterior nasal valves not confluent: disk sub-
triangular or rhombic; snout more or less produced; skin covered with fine
a shagreen, usually with somewhat larger spines on the back of tail.
Rhinobatus, Shs
83. RHINA Bloch and Schneider.
| Rhina Buocn and Scunerwer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 352 (ancyclostomus; not of
Aristotle and Klein, who, before Linnzeus, used the name for Squatina).
Rhamphobatis Grit, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 408 (ancyclostomus) .
Body depressed, the snout very broad and obtuse, its length not
auch greater than interorbital width, its anterior outline semicircular;
pack with large tubercles. Pectoral fins with the anterior margin free,
rot extending to the head. Gill-openings narrow, inferior, below the
ase of the pectoral. Spiracles wide behind the eye. No nictitating
nembr ane. Nostrils inferior; oblique, wide slits. Teeth, obtuse.
ranular, the dental surfaces of the jaws undulate. First dorsal oppo-
site Saale: lower caudal lobe well developed.
(pivn, a shark.)
35. RHINA ANCYLOSTOMA Bloch and Schneider.
Rhina ancylostomus Brocn and Scuneier, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 352, pl. uxxit;
Coromandel.—RicHarpson, Ichth. Chin., 1846, p. 195; Canton, and of numer-
4,
* ous authors.
" Rhamphobatis ancyclostomus Gitu, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., , p. 408.—
5 Dumerr., Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 482 (after B ee f
| Rhyncobatus ancyclostomus GintHER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 440; Madras, China,
: Seychelles, Pinang.—Day, Fishes of British India, I, 1889, p. 41.
) Snout very broad, obtuse, with semicircular outline; ‘large, com-
pressed tubercles form longitudinal ridges, one on each side of upper
part of head, one on median line of trunk; an incomplete series of
smaller tubercles round front margin of eye and below spiracle; two
short series of small tubercles on each side of trunk may be regarded
4 continuations of those on head; teeth 77-75, twenty-two vertical
tows in center of upper and twenty- -seven in center of lower jaw, sur-
ace deeply undulated, with one large median and a smaller lateral
alevation on the lower jaw, and vith corresponding emarginations in
upper; the teeth are largest on summit of each elevation, and all are
obtusely rounded with several longitudinal ridges across each. Color
dull brown, lighter beneath; body and sometimes fins, covered with
itish a oceasionally some tortuous black lines. (Giinther,
day.)
644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xx .
East Indies; a single specimen was obtained at Kinkwazan, an island:
off Matsushima Bay, in September, 1900, by Professor Mitsukuri.
2 i
(ayxvios, undulate; @7o“a, mouth.)
|
34. RHYNCHOBATUS Muller and Henle.
Rhynchobatus MULLER and HENuE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 111 (/evis.)
]
.
:
|
.
This genus differs from /2A7na chiefly in the form of the snout, whieh
is produced and pointed as usual in LAcnobatus. ‘The tuber cles on the
back are arranged much as in Azra, but are very small. |
(pvyyo os, snout: Batos, skate.)
36. RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS (Forskal).
TONGARI (SHARP-POINTED RAY); KOTAINOZU; SAKATAZAME; KASUKA;
SUKINOSAKI (PLOW-POINT); SAKAFUTE; SUKINOSAZAKI.
Raja djiddensis ForsKkAu, Deser. Anim., II, 1775, p. 15, figs. 1, 2; Djidda, Red
Sea.
Rhynchobatus djeddensis GéNTHER, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 441; Red Sea, Zanzi-
bar, Seychelles, Sumatra, India.
Rhinobatus levis Buocn and ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 354, pl. ux x1; Coro-
mandel.—ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japenica, Poiss., 1850, p. 306, pl. cCXxxx1x;
Nagasaki, in open sea. |
Rhyncobatus levis DumERtL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 484; Malabar, Pondicherry.
Rhyncobatus duhameli BLAINVILLE, Fauna Frangaise, 1828, p. 48 (after Duhamel).
Snout elongated, distance between mouth and end of snout equals
one-fourth to one-fifth of entire length, excluding caudal fin, shortest
in adults; eyes rather large; teeth oval, wider than broad, with a hori-
zontal cusp across center of each, 40— 42-40- 42, twenty to twenty-five
vertical rows across the middle of jaws, and dental plate with a cen-+
tral, and a smaller lateral elevation; corresponding emarginations exist
in upper jaw. Spiracle close behind eye. Scales minute, of irregulan
shapes and sizes, keeled; a number of tubercles, directed backward,
exist in rows in some parts of body; a supraorbital row extends from
anterior margin of orbit round its upper edge to above spiracle; a
second passes from a central point between termination of last two
and proceeds along back to base of first dorsal, tubercles on it much
farther apart than in other lines; from slightly behind beginning of
dorsal line of spines, a short, diverging row on either side, also a row
on shoulder, and two or three spines on scapula. Second dorsal begins
opposite extremity of first dorsal; smaller than latter fin; its shape
the same. Lateral keel begins a little above termination a ventrals.
In color, immature specimens dull-gray above, whitish, sometimes
tinged with red beneath; a dark or black band on the upper eyelid,
anda dark spot beneath on either side of snout; also usually, but not
invariably, a black spot at root of pectoral, which may have several
small white ones around it; body, and sometimes pectoral fin, spotted
-
:
J B24, ELASMOBRANCHIATE FIS
-DAN AND FOWLER. 645
vith whitish, or light gray; iris peoldere adult ae a dull gray above
nd lighter on abdomen: _ (Day).
| East Indies, north to Japan; seen by Jordan and Snyder at Onomichi,
Tiroshima, Tsuruga, and Hakata.
_A large ray, measuring 4 feet.
We have half of the head and a portion of the disk of a large exam-
le from Tsuruga. There is a small black spot on each side of the
nout at tip; two blackish spots over the eye, and another at base of
yectoral, with a couple of light spots near it.
(Named for Djidda in Arabia.)
35. RHINOBATUS Bloech and Sehneider.
__ Rhinobatus Buocu and Scunemer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 353 (rhinobatus).
_ Leiobatus Rarinesque, Caratteri Alcuni Generi, 1810, p. 16 b (uondapaian
Syrrhina MtéuuER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 113 (column).
\ Glaucostegus BONAPARTE, Catologo Metodico, 1846, p. 14 (rhinobatus).
| Body depressed, gradually passing into the tail. Cranial cartillage
Meduiced into a iene rostral process, the space between the process and
he pectoral fin being filled by membrane; spiracles wide, behind the
»ye; nostrils oblique, wide; anterior valves not confluent; teeth obtuse,
vith an indistinct, transverse ridge. Dorsal fins without spine; both
‘ar behind the ventral fins; caudal fin without lower lobe. Claspers
lender and pointed. Species numerous in warm seas, varying con-
Misrably as to the form of the snout; those with the snout shortened
md the nasal valves broader, constituting the subgenus Le/obatus,
Syrrhina), to which the Japanese species belong.
- (pivn, a shark; fartos, a skate.)
I Lerozatus. Anterior nasal valve continued toward median line.
6. Anterior nasal valve slightly continued toward median line by a short fold, far
c from meeting its fellow of other side; snout produced; dorsal tubercles obso-
| jete; color uniform brown; young with brown spots. ------------: schlegeli, 37.
_ 5b. Anterior nasal valve continued toward median line, nearly meeting its fellow
of other side; snout moderately produced; back with a median series of very
small tubercles; back with dark rings. ------ Se me See polyophthalmus, 38.
| 37. RHINOBATUS SCHLEGEL Miiller and Henle.
SAKATAZAME (SKATE-SHARK).
_ Rhinebatus schlegeli MitteR and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 123, pl. XLIt;
Nagasaki.—ScuLeGceEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 207; Nagasaki.—RicHarp-
son, Ichth., China, 1846, p. 95; Nagasaki.—BLreKer, Act. Sci. Neerl., III,
1857, Japan, p. 41.—Gitinruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 445; Japan, For-
mosa.—DumeERIL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 497.—IsHikawa, Prel. Cat.,
1897, p. 30; Boshu.—Srempacuner, Reise Aurora, 1898, p. 225; Kobe.
JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 337; Tokyo.
_ Tip of snout to spiracle 4} in length; width of disk 33 in body; space
setween spiracles 44 in space between tip of snout and spiracle; inter-
646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX!
orbital space 34; with across pany e origin of ventrals 13; width of
mouth 33; space between nostrils 7 in snout; eye 7. ‘
Body elongate and greatly depressed. Head and disk broadly)
lar, long, narrow, its tip narrowly rounded; eyes rather small; mow
small, below posterior margin of eye, almost straight across; tee
small, pavement-like; nostrils large, each inclined obliquely towai
space flat, a supraocular ridge at each side above eye.
large, und very near posterior margin of eye. Gill-opening small.
Body very finely roughened on upper surface, more or less smooth
below, with a very obsolete trace of a median keel down back ¢
slightly enlarged denticles.
Dorsals rather large, second only a trifle smaller than first; first
dorsal ne arer sec ond ae origin of f ventral; ae cores nearer first st
of eye cad origin ee corand eal ota broad, idee a
length two in snout. Sides of tail each with a strong, lateral keel)
below. -
Color in alcohol, light brown above, below whitish; young speci-
mens are marked with little bunches of blackish brown spots.
Length, 274 inches.
Described from a male specimen.
Coasts of Japan; not uncommon. This species was seen at Tokyo,
Wakanoura, Onomichi, Hakata, and Nagasaki. We have specimens
from Hiroshima, Hakata, Nagasaki, and Wakanoura; also one from
Tokyo, taken by K. Otaki. In this latter specimen, the lower surface
of the snout is dark brown. |
(Named for Professor Schlegel.)
38. RHINOBATUS POLYOPHTHALMUS Bleeker.
Rhinobatus polyophthalmus BureKer, Nieuwe Nalezing, 1854, Japan, p. 1295
Nagasaki; Nat. Tyd. Ned., Ind., VI, 1854, p. 423; Act. Soc. Sci. Ind@
Neerl., II], 1857, Japan, LV, pl. ty,
Rhinobatus column STEINDACHNER, Reise Aurora, 1898, p. 225; Kobe (not,
Bonaparte).
Head 44 in length; snout 64 in head; eye 5 in snout; width of disk
27 in its length. Snout acute, processes of rostrum not distinets
nares more than their leneth, distant, continued below till narrowly
separate; nasal flap fringed; lips without suleation above, continu-
ous below; mouth scarcely undulated, remote from margin of dis
Spiracle close to eye. Orbital ridge armed in front with some spine
down center of back im front of first dorsal. Dorsals subequal
scarcely emarginate, much higher than length of their bases, ant
0.1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 647
ppout double their length distant; peotor: ul broadly cous ay ventrals
subrhomboid anteriorly, and obtusely rounded, acute behind: above,
ae green, with oblong and rounded rings of olive-violet, fre-
quently interrupted with numerous spots; holon , whitish.
Nagasaki. (Bleeker.)
Length, 312 mm.
Coasts of Japan. This species was seen by the senior author at
Wakanoura, Hiroshima, Hakata, and Nagasaki. It may be identical,
as Duméril indicates, with 2. annulatus Smith, from the Cape of
Good Hope, but this should not be admitted without comparison of
specimens. According to Steindachner, it is the young of the East
Andian RAsnobatus columne Bonaparte.
| (zodvs, many; offadp0s, eye.)
%
| Family XVII. RAJIDAS.
| ; SKATES.
| Disk broad, rhombic, the skin more or less roughened with spines
eg, with a longitudinal fold on each
side; usually 2 dorsal fins and sometimes a caudal fin present, all on
the tail; pectoral fins extending to the snout; ventrals large; no ser-
rated spine on the tail; no electric organs. Oviparous, the eggs being
laid in large, leathery egg cases, 4-angled, with 2 long, tubular ‘*horns”
-ateach end. Found in all cool seas, some of the species in deep water.
| or prickles; tail stout, rather long
a. Caudal fin well developed; ventral fins separate; pectoral fins confluent around
| Sy Geen ee eee eee Lily ei se le et owed. eee Discobatus, 36.
aa. Caudal fin rudimentary or absent; pectorals not confluent around the snout;
| Sei CC MbVMAOLCNeO. 06.2 = oo2c 28h tc cet ee os bcp ok ee seers se Raja, 37.
386. DISCOBATUS Garman.
Platyrhina Méuter and HeEnte, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 125 (sinensis, name pre-
occupied ).
Discobatus GARMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 522 (sinensis).
Disk rhombic, the snout rounded in front; tail very distinct, with a
fold on either side, and with two dorsals and a well-developed caudal.
Body rough, with spines above. Pectoral fins united in front, form-
ing fore part of snout. Ventral fins separate.
39. DISCOBATUS SINENSIS (Bloch and Schneider).
he UCHIWAZAME (FAN-FISH).
Raie chinoise Lackrzpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, pp. 34, 157, pl. 1, fig. 2 (from a
Chinese painting).
Rhina sinensis Buocu and ScuneipeER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 352 (after Lacépede).
Platyrhina sinensis Mitten and HeENiE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 125, pl. XL;
Nagasaki (on a figure of Burger).—ScuirceL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 307
(no description).—Dumérit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 576; Cochin China.—
GtnrTHeR, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, p. 471; China,
( 4 5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
Snenty (2in ie sad; space between spiracles 1} in snout; space between
nostrils ne in snout; eye 7 in snout. :
Disk very broad, much broader than long. Head greatly flattened;
snout confluent with pectorals; eyes small; mouth nearly straight, andl
not quite as wide as space between outer margins of eyes; teeth |
numerous, small, and flattened, or molar-like; roseuils large, oblique | |
toward mouth, and either equal to space between; anbecsteniadl space
flattened, even a trifle concave, and a supraoral ridge on each side, |
somewhat broad; spiracles directly behind eye, and rather round and
deep. Gill-openings small.
Upper surface of body very rough with small prickles; a median —
series of small bucklers from behind the head to first dorsal, and
between the latter and second dorsal; several small bucklers over eye—
in front, and over the spiracles; several bucklers on each side of the —
body near the base of pectoral; lower surface of the body very finely
roughened.
Dorsals small and posterior on tail, alike in shape, and posterior a_
little larger; origin of first dorsal nearer that of ventrals than tip of ;
caudal; second dorsal a short distance from first, its origin a little
nearer tip of ventral than tip of caudal; pectorals very broad, and —
with snout form a very blunt angle in front; space between ventrals—
below greater than snout; caudal equal to snout and eye. Sides of
tail below, with a fold on each side, running from ental to caudal.
Yaudal peduncle very short.
Color in alcohol muddy brown above, white below; bucklers over
eyes, and spiracles, together with those on sides, and the first four of
the median row, cream white.
Length 202 ingles:
This description frum an example taken at Hiroshima.
Coasts of Japan and China; not rare. We have specimens obtained |
at Wakanoura and Hiroshima. 1
* (sténensis, Chinese. ) :
Se RIAA imimise tts:
Raja Linn xvs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 231 (batis). ae
Dipturus RaAFINESQuE, Caratteri Aleuni Generi, 1810, p. 16 (batis). i
Platopterus RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, p. 93 (batis). :
Dasybatus BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, p. 260 (communis).
Propterygia Orro, Nova Acta Acad. Ozes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Curios, 1824, p. ie
(hyposticta; monstrous example, with fins not adnate to head). .
Leviraja Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, X XV, 1839, p. 180 (oxyrhynchus). oh
Uraptera MiLLER Ba HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 155 (agassizi; species with-
out caudal fin). ¥
Batis Bonaparte, Cat. Metod., 1846, p. 12 (radula; no description). 4
Malacorhinus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, 1881, p. 236 (plutonia; —
species with imperfect rostral cartilage; probably recognizable as a valid
genus when the species are better known).
Raia various authors, change of spelling.
0.1324. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN A ND FOWLER. 649
I
io
I
This genus, as here understood, comprises all those Raj/dee which
ave the pectoral fins not continued around the snout, the ventrals
leeply notched, and the caudal fin little developed, or wanting. The
ail is very distinct from the disk, and is provided with 2-rayed dorsal
ins. The skin of the body is usually more or less spinous; the denti-
jon differs in the two sexes, and the male is usually provided with a
lifferentiated patch of spines on each pectoral. Species numerous,
nostly of the northern seas.
(raja or raia, a ray, or skate.)
», Snout not produced.
_ 6. Dorsal fins united; a single row of spines on back of tail; everywhere rough-
! ened above; no spines on supraorbital ridge. ..--..--.--------- isotrachys, 40.
| bb. Dorsal fins well separated; skin above mouth smooth.
ce. Angle of disk posterior to middle of its length; several rows of spines on hack
of tail (only 1 row in young); spines on supraorbital ridge.
MLE CEeInesUMOWS eSIZC LALGC= 5-2-0550 s es aeons ee ei scie sees fusca, 41.
ieeethninedl rows» size moderate. -2..-cs-55022.5-2------ meerdervoorti, 42.
bb. Angle of disk about opposite center of its length, and its anterior margin
| broadly convex; 5 irregular rows of spines on back of tail; teeth in 45 rows.
| kenojei, 43.
1a. Snout very long, produced, tapering to a narrow point; teeth in 88 rows.
lengu, 44.
40. RAJA ISOTRACHYS Gunther.
Raja isotrachys GéNTHER, Deep Sea Fishes, Challenger, 1887, p. 7, pl. 11; south
of Japan.
Snout rather produced, anterior margins meeting at nearly a right
angle; distance between outer margins of nostrils equals their distance
from end of snout; teeth small, each with a point directed backward
toward interior of buccal cavity. Body and tail entirely covered on
upper surface with minute asperities, each with a stellate base; no
spines on superciliary margin; a single small spine in middle of back;
a series of rather strong spines (eighteen) along the median line of tail,
none on sides. Outer pectoral angle rounded, margins of fin would
meet ata right angle. Upper parts uniform, brownish-gray; lower
parts smooth, brownish-black. A female taken at Station 235 in 365
fathoms. (Giinther.)
This species we only know from Giinther’s description. The plate
represénts the dorsals as joined at base.
South of Japan, in deep water; one female known, 224 inches long.
(toos, equally; tTeayvs, rough.)
41. RAJA FUSCA Garman.
Raja fusca GARMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 42; Japan.
(Type. No. 26542, Mus. Comp. Zool.; taken from the eve case. )
a 9 7 Pez
| Avery young specimen of some large skate, resembling Raja meer-
dervoorti, taken from the egg case, 1s thus deseribed by Mr. Garman:
_ Length, 4% inches; width, 2; length of pectorals, 13 inches.
I Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—-02 44
i.
650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Disk three-fourths as long as wide. Snout moderately prominent. General out:
line similar to that of Raja ocellata. Tail from vent equals the length of the disk
including the ventrals; depressed, rather broad at the dorsals, behind which it —
extends in a long point that probably is much reduced in comparative length in the
adult. Teeth in 30 series. Eyes moderate; interorbital space nearly haif their
distance from the end of the snout. Mouth broad, with a slight forward curve.
space between always less than their distance from the margin of the
disk. ‘They are more or less uniform in color like our adult male
from Kobe. One from Tokyo is very dark, or soiled, below. 7
mouth is nearly straight.
In a smaller specimen than any yet mentioned the spots and mar-
blings above become more distinct, especially the two large spots at the )
base of the pectorals. However, there are still three rows of tubereles_
on the upper surface of the tail. -
from the margin of the disk. The lower black spots on the pectoral
above disappear, and the light spots at the base of the same fin vary
from narrow-rimmed ocelli to deep blackish blotches. The tail is—
seldom with more than a single median row of tubercles above. .
Coasts of Japan, very abundant. Our specimens from Tokyo,
Nagasaki, Kobe, Wakanoura, and Hakodate. It is possible that more
than one species is included in our series.
(Named for J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort, who collected for
Dr. Bleeker.)
43. RAJA KENOJEI Miller and Henle.
GANGI-EI (SEA-WALL RAY); KENOEI, KASUBE, SEBITA (FLAT- BA
IGA-EI (SPINY RAY); RENTE-EI. ;
Raja kenojei Méuter and Henig, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 149, pl. xiv«rr; Nagdl F
saki.—ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 308; Nagasaki.—RIcHARDSON, ©
Ichth. Chin., 1846, p. 197; Canton.—B.LerKer, Act. Soe. Sci. Ind. Neerl.,”
III, 1858, Japan, IV, p. 42; Japan, VI, 1859, p. 65.—Dumérin, Elasmo-
branches, 1870, p. 557; Nagasaki.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 4635
Japan.—Nysrrom, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Ak., 1887, p. 51; Nagasaki.—Isar
KAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 60; Tokyo.—JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat
Mus., 1900, p. 337.
Raja japonica” Nysvrom, Kongl., Svensk: Vet. Ak. nes p. 52; Nagasaki.
“Raja japonica is characterized thus by eon
“Distance from middle of forehead between eyes to tip of snout less than half
breadth of head at same point; distance between outer angles of nostrils somewhat
» 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 658
— Interorbital space 1J in snout; width of mouth 2 Sian an of first
Morsal, a little more than 4; caudal 2%; eye 3$ in arr bital space.
Body rhomboid, very broad, width of the disk much ereater than
its length. Head till, snout very little produced, though ending in
a small point; anterior margin of disk full, slightly undulated, and
eyes nearer to it than their space between; mouth large, slightly
‘undulate; teeth in about 45 rows in upper jaw, small, rounded; nos-
trils very large, broadly separated, but not equal to width of mouth
at its corners, with which it is also confluent; nasal flaps large, poste-
‘rior margin fringed; length of nostril to corner of mouth equal to two
and one-half in space between latter and tip of snout; interorbital
‘space concave, though flattened in middle, and supraorbital ridges
little elevated. Spiracles rather large, a little smaller than eye,
oblique, directly posterior. Gill openings very small. .
Body almost perfectly smooth, with exception of some roughness
on snout, several small tubercles on supraoral ridges, one in center of
back in front, and 5 irregular rows of thorns on back of tail.
_ Dorsals separated, distance between about one-sixth base of first:
second dorsal confluent with small caudal, only separation a deep
notch, and equal to first dorsal in size; angle of pectoral would fall at
about middle of length of disk; ventrals moderate.
Color in spirits, brown above, whitish beneath; upper surface
marked with small, blackish spots; at bases of pectorals, two large,
blackish rings above, below which, though farther apart, also two
indistinct, imperfect rings, and still posterior on last rays, a small,
black spot; nine indistinct, blackish cross-bands on upper surface of
tail; lower surface of body whitish, soiled with brown, pores with
grayish borders.
Length 17% inches.
_ Coasts of Japan, rather common. We have specimens from Misaki,
‘Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Tsuruga, and Nagasaki. As this species
is mature at about the length of the specimen described, the rays ** de
taille enorme” noticed by Schlegel must belong to Raja tengu or some
other species. In our young specimens the spots on the back form
more or less distinct ocelli, and the mottlings above are distinct, fre-
quently with a number of light spots. The lower surface is white,
but the outer third of the pectorals broadly bordered with pale brown,
which in the adult is paler.
(keno-e7, the Japanese name. .)
less than their distance from Fn of snout; snout somewhat rounded; mouth Ww ith 40
rows of teeth; interorbital space concave. A few small tubercles about eyes; rest of
body smooth, except for a large tubercle behind eye and a row of larger or smaller
ones along middle of back. Color dark brown, with larger and smailer yellowish
spots. Described from a specimen 23 cm. long, taken at Nagasaki.”
|
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol,
44. RAJA TENGU Jordan and Fowler, new species.
TENGU-EI (LONG-NOSED RAY).
Interorbital space 3 in snout; width of mouth 23; length of fi
dorsal 44; caudal 6; eye 43 in interorbital space. |
Body very broad, width of disk much greater than its length. He
large; snout greatly produced, tapering to a sharp point; eyes sme
rather far apart, though farther from margin of disk than this intery;
mouth large, slightly curved or arched, with 38 rows of large tee th
jaws; upper lip not free in middle; nostrils very large, broadly sey
rated at corners of mouth, with which they are confluent, and with
\
Fic. 8.—RaJA TENGU.
large flap, the posterior margin of which is broadly fringed; spa
between anterior part of nostril and corners of mouth 5, in spa
between former and tip of snout; interorbital space broad, conea
the supraoral ridges large, broad and convex. Spiracles smaller th
eye, oblique, directly posterior. Gill-slits small.
Snout roughened above; a number of small spines in front of ar
over eye, several on back behind head; a single row of spines dow
middle of tail above, a row on each side of same, and all rest of up
surface perfectly smooth; lower surface of body, except ventrals an
tail, roughened, especially on snout.
First dorsal a little larger than second, from which it is well sepé
‘ated, intervening space equal to two-thirds length of second dor
H
*
;
No. 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 655
second dorsal and caudal separated by a notch; angle of pectoral
obtuse; ventrals small.
Color in spirits brown, more or less finely mottled with lighter, and
lower surface like upper; pores below blackish.
Length 44 inches.
Type No. 7138, Ichthyological collections, Leland Stanford Junior
University Museum. Locality, Matsushima Bay.
Cotypes are in U. 8S. National Museum, from station No. 3770.
Matsushima, where they were dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission
steamer A/batross.
The type is a young female, but is easily distinguished from other
species by the elongate snout, which is, however, not so long as that
of the adult; distance between eyes less than their distance from the
margin of the disk; a pair of stout spines in front of each eye, a single
one behind each, and a single one on the middle of the back, in front;
middle of the tail with a single row aboye, and all the rest of the body,
both above and below, smooth. Color more or less deeper brown
above, marbled with darker; below, brownish; the pores on the under
surface of the head, bordered with blackish. Length 8} inches.
Coasts of Japan, especially northward; rather common. It was
obtained at Aomori, Hakodate, and Matsushima.
(Named from Zengu or Tegu, in Japanese mythology, a comical
being with a very long nose, which he is fabled to thrust into the busi-
ness of other people.)
Family XIX. NARCOBATID.
ELECTRIC RAYS.
Trunk broad and thick, covered with perfectly smooth skin. Tail
comparatively short and thick, with rayed caudal] fin, and commonly
2 rayed dorsal fins, the first of which is over or behind the ventrals; a
longitudinal fold on each side of the tail; anterior or nasal valves con-
fluent into a quadrangular lobe; a large electric organ, composed of
many hexagonal tubes between the pectoral fins and the head. Rays of
moderate or large size, noted for their power of giving electric shocks;
found in most warm seas. According to Fritsch the torpedoes pass
through three distinct phases of development—a shark-like, a ray-like,
and finally a torpedo-like stage. The very young have long, external
gills.
a. Dorsal fin single; spiracles close behind eye; tail with a fold on each side.
Astrape, 38.
38: ASTRAPE Muller and Henle.
Astrape Miuter and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 130 (capensis).
Dorsal fin single. Disk rounded, not emarginate in front; snout
short, not keeled; spiracles with entire edges, near the eyes; mouth
narrow, protractile, surrounded by a circular fold of skin, joined to the
656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
nasal valve by a cartilaginous frenum; teeth flattened, quadrangular,
at base, not occupying the whole cleft of mouth. Skin smooth.
(aotpazn, lightning.)
45. ASTRAPE JAPONICA Schlegel.
SHIBIREI (SHOCKED RAY).
Astrape japonica” SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850; p. 307, pl. cxi; Nagasaki.
Astrape dipterygia Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 60; Tokyo, Sagami Bay, Ajiro in j
Izu (probably not of Schneider) . |
Disk round and equal to tail, which is broad, compressed, and taper- ’
ing. Head very small; snout short, equal to space between spiracles;
eyes very small; 4 in space between spiracles; nostrils large, rather |
close together, median flap only separated slightly by a thick frenum;
mouth not very broad, about one-half width between spiracles, and -
jaws with flattened pavement-like teeth; interorbital space nearly flat.
Spiracles larger than eye, and with their edges elevated.
Body perfectly smooth, but with many pores, especially along —
outer portions of pectorals.
First dorsal, when depressed, reaching base of caudal, and equal to
half its length; length of base of ventral is equal to width of caudal
at base; tail greatly depressed, broad, and along sides, a rather narrow,
lateral fold.
Color in alcohoi, brown above; caudal, dorsal, and middle of tail,
deep brown; lower surface with greater portion soiled with pale brown,
remaining portions whitish.
Length, 7 inches.
This description from a male from Wakanoura. a
Coasts of Southern Japan, not common. Our single example is
from Wakanoura.
Family XX. DASYATID.
STING RAYS.
Disk usually more or less broad than long; the pectoral fins uninter-
ruptedly confluent in front, forming the tip of the snout; tail variously
formed, usually whiplike, sometimes short and stout, sometimes bear-
ing a single dorsal or caudal fin, but never with two dorsals; usually
one or more vertical folds of skin on tail, rarely a lateral fold. Tail
generally armed with a large, sharp, retrorsely serrate spine on its
upper surface toward the base; 2 or 3 spines occasionally present.
Ventral fins not emarginate. Skin smooth, or variously prickly or
spinous, roughest in the adult; no differentiated spines on the pectorals
in the males, the sexes being similar. Mouth rather small; teeth
“ Narcine timlei, a related species, is ascribed to Japan by Ginther, following Rich-
ardson. There is no evidence that it has ever been taken in Japan. Perhaps
Astrape has been mistaken for it.
Fe
Rp
no. 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 657
small, paved, usually more or less pointed « or tabere ular ar. Nostr ils
close together; nasal valves forming a rectangular flap, which is joined
fo the upper jaw by a narrow frenum. Spiracles large, placed close
behind the eyes. Skull not elevated, the eyes and spiracles superior.
Species ovoviviparous. Found in most warm seas, some of them in
the fresh waters of the northern parts of South America. The laree,
jagged spine on the muscular tail is capable of inflicting a severe and
even dangerous wound.
a. UroLtopoin®. Tail stout, provided with a rayed caudal fin; no dorsal fin; disk
roundish; caudal spine strong. -.--- See are ee rte ees vase Urolophus, 39.
aa. DasyaTIn®. Tail slender, without caudal fin; pelvis without sword-shaped
process. (Marine species. )
b. Tail whiplike, longer than disk, which is rhomboid, or roundish; caudal spine
SSI) Uh eee MRE eee aertete oS Tl S2 Se SEs Bin nic on sk ee ee Dasyatis, 40.
bb. Tail very short, shorter than the very broad, transversely rhombic disk; caudal
spine weak, often wanting; no trace of dorsal fin........__-- Pteroplatea, 41.
39. UROLOPHUS Muller and Henle.
Leiobatus® BuarnviuLE, Jour. Phys., LX XXIII, 1816, p. 262 (cruciatus; not
Leiobatus, Rafinesque, 1810).
Leiobatis BuAINVILLE, Faune Frangaise, 1828, p. 48 (no type named).
Urolophus M@LLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 173 (aurantiacus=cruciatus) .
Urotrygon Gitu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 173 (mundus).
|
Disk oval or rhombic, the length and breadth not very unequal;
snout rounded or the tip exserted; skin smooth or more or less prickly.
Tail rather short, little if any longer than the disk, muscular, provided
with a distinct rayed caudal fin; no dorsal fin. Upper part of the tail
with a strong, serrated spine. Warm seas. Sting rays of small size,
the most vigorous and most dangerous of the group, mostly confined
to tropical America.
(ovpa, tail; Addos, crest.)
46. UROLOPHUS FUSCUS Garman.
JUNORUI.
Urolophus fuscus GARMAN, oie U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 41; East Coast of Japan
(Type No. 7058, U. 8. Nat. Mus. )
Urolophus tullbergi Nysrrom, Kongl. ene Vet. Akad., 1887, p. 53; Nagasaki
(Coll. Dr. W. Tullberg).—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900,
p- 338; Tokyo.
Disk round, angles of pectorals about opposite first two-fifths its
length. Head small, snout produced only ina short point; anterior
edge of disk broadly convex; eyes rather small, 5 in snout and 34 in
interorbital space; nostrils large, confluent with mouth only separated
in middle by a thick frenum; mouth small, 13 in interorbital space;
@In the Riese BeAnCning: 1828, Blainville changes ‘‘batus’’ in this and all similar
names to ‘“‘batis,’”’ thus Leiobatis, Aétobatis. In this form the name Li iobatis has pri-
ority over Urolophus, but being not a new name, but a mere variant in spelling, it is
_ perhaps not necessary to adopt it as the name of this genus.
4
2
658 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X
jaws with flattened, pavement-like teeth; interorbital space conea
supraocular ridges little elevated. Spiracles large, much greater tha
than eye.
Body perfectly smooth, with many pores.
Base of ventral about equal to snout; caudal rather broad, rounded
lower lobe beginning before upper, and width of fin 2% in snout; tai
depressed, its width at base 2 in snout, armed with a strong, COMpTessec
spine with serrate edges. |
Color in alcohol, light brown above, pores with blackish borders
caudal fin, a blotch below each eye and upper surface of tail blackish:
lower surface whitish, except lower surface of tail, which is blac Is |
edges of ventrals and of disk broadly edged with blackish or brownish:
Leneth, 14% inches.
This description from a female from Tokyo.
Southern Japan, generally common. Our specimens are from Toky
Kobe. Hiroshima, Hakata, and Wakanoura.
(fuscus, brown, duswy.)
40. DASYATIS Rafinesque.
STING_RAYS.
Dasybatus KLEIN, missus, 1742 (pre-Linnzean ). |
Dasyatis Rarrnesqur, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, p. 16 (wus
= pastinaca). |
Urovis RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiol. Sicil., 1810, p. 61 (wus).
Trigonobatus BLAINVILLE, Jour. Phys., 1816, p. 261 (vulgaris).
Trygon ADANSON, in Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., 1817, p. 136 (pastinaca).
Hemitrygon MGLLER and HeniE, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, p. 90 (bennetti).
Himantura MLLER and Henig, Wiegmann’s Archiv., 1837, p. 400 (warnak).
Pastinaca Swainson, Classn. Anim., 1839, p. 319 (olivacea).
Anacanthus EHRENBERG, in Swainson, Classn. Anim., 1839, p. 319 (orbicularis
Pastinaca Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 1842, p. 373 (pastinaca).
Dasibatis GARMAN, in Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 65 (pastinaca; ed
rected orthography ).
Disk oval, flat, with rounded angles. Tail very long and slender,
whip-like, without fin, but often with 1 or 2 vertical, membranous
folds; a strong serrated spine toward the base of the tail. Skin mol
or less spinous or prickly, rarely smooth. Teeth small, paved;
few papille usually present in the mouth behind the lower jay
Species about 30. Sting rays of large size, abundant in warm seé
Many of the spinous species are nearly or quite smooth when young
becoming rough with age. Some of the species are yet imperfee
known and much of the synonymy is uncertain.
(Saous, shagey or rough; faris, a skate; abbreviated from Da
batis.)
a. Dasyaris: Tail with cutaneous folds.
b. Snout not long and produced.
i ea
No. 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 659
c. Twoappendages at bottom of mouth inside; tail } larger than disk; under side
Gicimertayemirnout redwanelites = <2 yk ed sh eel ee see kuhlii, 47.
ce. Three appendages at bottom of mouth inside; under side, pale orange red in
i Re eS te a aaa tes bo bos eee e wee akajei, 48.
bb. Snout long and produced, so that greatest width of disk would be about Ooppo-
eu MUeTe teSNenethys. 4 2 22. 22 see ok 2c sae leauge, 49.
aa. Himantura: Tail without cutaneous folds; three times length of disk.
gerrardi, 50.
47- DASYATIS KUHLII (Miiller and Henle).
Trygon kuhli Méuver and HEnte, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 164, pl. cr; Vanicoro,
New Guinea (drawing from a specimen from Nagasaki).—Scnutece., Fauna
Japonica, 1850, p. 308; Nagasaki.—BLrrKer, Verh. Bat. Gen. Plag., XXIV,
1852, p. 73.—DumeriL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 603; Amboina, Java, Vani-
coro, New Guinea.—GitinrueEr, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 479; Zanzibar.
The margins of snout form an obtuse angle; only two appendages
at bottom of mouth, behind teeth. Body entirely smooth, or with a
series of spines, pointing backward along the median line of back to
caudal spine. Tail with a distinct cutaneous fold above and below,
about one-half larger than disk.
Coasts of Japan and southward, not common, readily known from
D. akajet by the grayish, not reddish, coloration of the lower side.
Our specimens from Hakodate, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Ono-
michi, and Hiroshima.
(Named for the naturalist, M. Kuhl.)
48. DASYATIS AKAJEI (Miller and Henle).
AKA-EI (RED SKATE).
Trygon akajei MGLLER and Hen eg, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 165, pl. Lim, Nagasaki.—
ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 308; Nagasaki.—BLreEKeEr, Act. Soc. Sci.
Indo.-Neerl., III, 1857, Japan, IV, p. 44.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, 1870,
p. 604; Nagasaki.
Disk broadly oval; widest part about second fifth of its length.
Head moderate, snout produced into a short, though very blunt point,
and anterior edge of disk very broadly convex; eyes small, elevated a
little, and 5 in interorbital space; nostrils large, confluent except for
the thick, cartilaginous frenum; mouth small, more than one-half
snout; teeth flattened, pavement-like; lower lip with narrow folds;
interorbital space broad, flat. Spiracles not quite twice eye.
Body smooth, except a patch of asperities between and posterior to
each eye, and a median series on back, developing posteriorly, into
large thorny spines to caudal spine; end of tail rough; rest of body
perfectly smooth.
Base of ventral less than interorbital space; tail much larger than
disk, tapering rapidly till very slender, its width at base more than
half interorbital space; spine on upper part of tail inserted a little
before first third of its length, longer than snout, and serrate on both
660 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X
edges on outer half; a small keel on tail above, behind spine, and
long one runs along lower surface.
Color in alcohol dark, dusky brown above, becoming lighter
outer and marginal portions of disk; lower surface of body a creat
white; a creamy buff bar in front of and below eye, also another abo
spiracles, above and at corners; sides of tail whitish, also edges
claspers. The belly is more or less bright orange red in life.
Length, 27% inches.
Here described from an adult male from Tokyo.
Young specimens are perfectly smooth above, without any asperit
or thorns, the colors more pronounced, the outer half of the tail blaek
and the lower surface of the body more or less tinged with creamy
light buff.
Fig. 9.—DASYATIS AKAJEI.
Coasts of Japan, very common southward in sandy bays. Our spe¢
mens from Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Hir
shima, Tsuruga, Hakata, Kawatana, and Nagasaki.
(aka-c7, ved skate, in Japanese.)
49. DASYATIS ZUGEI (Muller and Henle).
ZUG-EI.
Trygon zugei MéLLER and HENtE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 165, pl. L111; Nagasaki,
SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 309; Nagasaki.—Cantor, Malayan Fishe
1850, p. 426.—Bierker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, Plagiost., p. @
Macao, Pondicherry.—DumériL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 606.—GitnTHE
Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 481; Japan, Pinang, Madras.
Disk as deep as broad; its greatest width about opposite middle |
its length. Head large, with produced, pointed snout; snout abo
.184. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 661
92 in disk, and anterior margins of disk, concave: eyes very small,
slightly elevated, and about equal to 54 in interorbital space; nos-
trils large, confluent, except for thick cartilaginous frenum, and
with edges of flap fringed; mouth small, about 14 in space between
nostrils, and 4% in snout; teeth in somewhat roughened, pavement-
like patches in jaws; interorbital space concave in middle, elevated
a little on both sides, and equal to 3 in snout. Spiracles very large,
rounded, and equal to 2} eye diameters. Gill-openings moderately
small.
Body entirely smooth, with exception of upper surface of tail behind
spine, where it is roughened.
- Base of ventral about 12 in interorbital space; tail very lone and
slender, greatly exceeding leneth of disk; width of tail at base, 24 in
interorbital space; spines on upper pari of tail, less than interorbital
space, sharp, slender, serrate on both of outer edges, and inserted
about first fifth the leneth of tail; rather low keels on tail, one above
short, and behind spine, the lower much longer.
_ Color in alcohol, brown above, more or less uniform, and below,
whitish.
Length, 293 inches.
This description from a specimen from Kobe.
In a young specimen, with two caudal spines, the eyes are larger, the
fail is smooth and with keels long, and the color darker above, and
more or less mottled indistinctly.
Coasts of Japan and southward, known by the long snout. Our
specimens from Tokyo, Kobe, Wakanoura, Onomichi, and Hiroshima.
(eug-e, the Japanese name.)
50. DASYATIS GERRARDI (Gray).
-Trygon gerrardi Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 116; India.—Gtnrner, Cat. Fish,
VIII, 1870, p. 474; Japan, East Indies.
Trygon macrurus BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, Plag., p. 74; Java,
Sumatra.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 588 (after Bleeker).
Disk broader than long. Snout rather obtuse, margins forming an
obtuse angle. One or more large tubercles in center of back, round
which, or in front of which, generally smaller tubercles are grouped,
forming a small patch or short band, and not extending beyond central
portion of disk. Tail without cutaneous fold, exceedingly Jong and
slender, about thrice as long as disk, without tubercles at base. Color
brown, with round, yellowish spots, limited to posterior parts in
young examples, which have tail ornamented with alternate brown
and yellow rings. (Giinther.)
India, East Indies, and a half-grown specimen recorded from Japan
by Dr. Giinther. We have seen no Japanese specimens. A related
*
;
662 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVL
species D. nudus (Giinther), known by the smooth skin, is listed by
Bleeker as from Japan, but no locality is given.
Duméril finds 2 buceal papillee.
(Named for M. Gerrard.)
41. PTEROPLATEA Muller and Henle.
Pteroplatea MéLLER and HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 168 (altavela).
Disk much broader than long, its anterior margins meeting ina very
obtuse angle, its outer angles more or less acute, the form, therefore,
transversely rhombic. Tail very short and slender, shorter than the
disk, without fin, armed with a very small, serrated spine, which is
often wanting. Skin smooth, or very nearly so. Size rather large.
Warm seas. The species are closely related.-
(zTEpor, fin: wAatus, broad; an ancient name of Pteroplatea alta-
veld.)
51. PTEROPLATEA JAPONICA (Schlegel).
TSUBAKUROEI (SWALLOW RAY); YOKOSAEI (CROSS-WISE RAY).
Pteroplatea japonica SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 309, pl. cx 1;
Nagasaki.—BLerKker, Act. Soe. Sci. Indo. Neerl., III, 1857, Japan, IV,
p. 45.—Dumerit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 614.
Dasyatis micrura var. japonicus Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 122; Japan, Canton.
Pteroplatea hirundo, Isu1kawa, Prel. Cat. 1897, p. 60; Tokyo, Boshu; (not of
Lowe).
Disk very broad, its length only a little more than half its width; its
greatest width would fall about opposite last fourth of its length.
Head very broad, and flattened; snout only a small, blunt point, and
its length equal to two-thirds interorbital space; anterior margin of
disk broadly convex; eyes small, somewhat elevated, 7 in inter-
orbital space; nostrils large, well separated, with large flaps; mouth
moderate, equa! to its length from tip of snout, undulate; teeth in
broad, pavement-like patches in jaws; interorbital space very broad,
flattened. Spiracles directly behind eye, much larger than the same.
Gill-openings moderate.
Body entirely smooth.
Base of ventral 1 in interorbital space; tail very small, short, its
length about twice interorbital width; a small, weak spine on upper
surface of tail at its first third.
Color in alcohol, olivaceous brown above, marked with very fine,
numerous, darker punctuations, tail whitish with eight dark rings
about as broad as interspaces; lower surface of body whitish.
Length, 94 inches.
Here described from a female from Wakanoura.
Coasts of Japan, rather common. It was taken at Tokyo, Waka-
noura, Hiroshima, Hakata, Kawatana, and Nagasaki,
-
24. EHLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 663
Sn aa <
Family XXI. MYLIOBATIDZ.
EAGLE RAYS.
isk broad; the pectoral fins not continued to the end of the snout,
ceasing on the sides of the head and reappearing in front of the
ut as 1 or 2 fleshy protuberances (cephalic fins), which are sup-
ted by fin rays. Tail very long and slender, whip like, with a
zle dorsal fin near its root, behind which is usually a strong,
rorsely serrated spine. Nasal valves forming a rectangular flap,
hb the posterior margin free, attached by a frenum to the upper
rf. Skull less depressed than usual among rays, its surface raised
that the eyes and spiracles are lateral in position. Teeth hexangu-
large, flat tessellated, the middle ones usually broader than the
ers. Ovoviviparous. Skin smooth; no differentiated spines on
pectorals in the males, the sexes being similar. Ventrals not
arginate. Large sting rays; inhabiting warm seas, feeding chiefly
mollusks, which they crush with their large, grinding teeth.
2
Teeth in several series, the middle series very broad.
SPUN ZZLCTONI Ie Perea ae emt: shy (rae 20% Pays eho ew islaisre ones tases Myliobatis, 42
42. MYLIOBATIS Dumeéril.
|
!
| Myliobatis DumEriL in Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed., I, 1817, p. 137 (aquila).
Holorhinus Giri, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331 (vespertilio=californicus).
Disk broad, the outer angles acute. Cephalic fins, forming a soft,
Wex appendage in front of snout. Jaws about equal. Median
th very broad, much broader than long in the adult, proportionally
rrower in the young. Several series of narrower teeth on each side
the median series; teeth changing considerably with age. Free
re of the nasal valve not deeply emarginate. Tail very long and
nder, with a small dorsal fin, and one or more serrated spines.
in smooth, or nearly so. Size large. In all warm seas.
vos, grinder; Paris, ray.)
icienwO-lmrasgasilonosas DrOAd .. 0.22.2). oct hec beste creases wes tobijei, 52.
Prkeuilcaracunrontmas lone =o. 325 2 oy 22 ashe t te one Shes nieuhofi, 53.
52. MYLIOBATIS TOBIJEI Bleeker.
TOBI-EI (KITE RAY, OR FLYING RAY).
Myliobatis aquila ScuirceL, Fauna Japonica, 1847, p. 310, pl. exuu; Nagasaki
(not of Linnzeus).
Myhobatis tobijei BuerKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, Nieuwe Nalez. Japan,
p. 130, Nagasaki.—Dumérit, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 640 (after Bleeker).
Myhobatis cornuta Ginruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 490; Japan.—Isuikawa,
Prel. Cat 1897, p. 60, Matsushima.
Head 3 in body (from tip of snout to base of ventrals behind); snout
n head, eye 6 1n interorbital space; spiracles 24; w idth of mouth 24.
664 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xvi
a —
Disk very broad, length of body from tip of snout to tip of ventral
. little more than 1$ in its greatest width. Head thick, depressed and
ene above; nour flexible, inferior, flattened, and rounded; eyes
small, lateral, at some distance in advance of spiracles; nostrils large,
rather close together, separated by thick, cartilaginous and fleshy
frenum, which is coarsely papillose or warty; lips and nasal flaps very
thick and fleshy; teeth in pavement-like plates; interorbital space
broad, fontanelle hollow in middle, and on each side of this
little elevated and flattened. Spiracles large, oblique. Gill-openings
moderate.
Body smooth.
Dorsal fin small, its base a little less than length of spiracle, inserted
behind ventrals; caudal very long, filamentous; upper surface of tail
with a compressed, pointed spine with serrated edges a little less in
length than space between spiracles; ventrals long and free, bases
rather narrow.
Color in alcohol, dusky brown above, with many rather large,
whitish spots, distinct posteriorly; lower surface chalky white; tail
blackish. -
Total length, 545 inches; without tail, about 10 inches.
Description from a male taken at Tokyo.
Coasts of southern Japan, not uncommon. Our specimens from
Hakodate, Tokyo, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata, and Nagasaki. Some
of these have the dermal thickening, or horn, over the eye, said to
characterize J/. cornuta, and others are without it. This is evidently
nota specific character.
(tobi-ev, Flying Ray in Japanese.)
53. MYLIOBATIS NIEUHOFI (Bloch and Schneider).
Raja nieuhofii BLocn and ScHNErDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 364; Indian Sea (after
Zee-Vleermuis of Nieuhof, in Willughby, Appendix, p. 6, pl. x, fig. 3).
Myliobatis nieuhofii Cuvier, Régne Anim., Ist ed., 1817, p. 138.—Mituoee and
Herne, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 177.—DumériL, Elasmobranches, 1870, p. 638;
Pondicherry.—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 491; Pinang, Moluccas,
Japan.
Raja fasciata Suaw, Gen. Zool., III, 1804, p. 286, pl. cx (after Schneider).
Body smooth, disk about twice as broad as long. Fleshy prolonga-
tion of snout, short; no horn on orbit. Dorsal situated at beginning
of base of tail, opposite end of insertion of ventrals, no spines poste-
rior to it; tail about three times as long as disk. Color, olive superi-
orly, tinged externally with a reddish hue, and a dark, outer margin
to disk; young have about seven blue bands across disk and two more
between or close to eyes; as fish creases in size first bands on head
disappear, and finally those on body. (Gunther, Day.) |
Indian Ocean and archipelago; a half-grown specimen in the British |
%
a ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. _ 665
Museum, said to be from Japan (coll. een The r ree cord i is very
loubtful, but the species, if occurring in Japan, may be recognized
py the anterior position of the dorsal fin, nearly over the root of the
ventrals and by the very broad disk. It was not seen by us.
(Named for Dr. Jean Nieuhof, of Batavia, died in 1671, once gover-
1,0r of Ceylon, author of Voyages par mer et par terre a differens
jeux des Indes Orientales, with 20 plates of fishes.
Family XXII. MOBULIDE.
SEA DEVILS.
Rays of enormous size, with the disk broader than long, and the
yectoral fins not continued on the sides of the head, the anterior or
cephalic portion being separate, developed as 2 long horn-like or
sar-like appendages. Mouth wide, terminal or inferior. Teeth very
small, flat or tubercular, in many series; those of the upper jaw some-
imes wanting. Eyes lateral. Nostrils widely separated, their valves
inited, forming a flap as wide as the cleft of the mouth. Tail long
ind adr, Ww hip- like, with a single dorsal fin at its base, and with or
without a serrated spine. Vent “al fins not emarginate. Skin more or
less rough. Males without differentiated spines on the pectorals, the
sexes similar. Ovoviviparous. Largest of all rays and among the
largest of all fishes; the species few, found in the tropical seas.
1. Teeth in both jaws; mouth UGUIEY AIG 5 es ey cat AR a Se SN a er I ee Mobula, 43
43. MOBULA “© Rafinesque.
Mobula Ravinesque, Indice @’Ittiol. Sicil., 1810, p. 61 (auriculata=edentula).
Apterurus Rarinesque, Indice d’Ittiol. Eicill, 1810, p. 62 ( fabroni=edentulus).
Cephalopterus Dumérit, in Risso Ichthyol., Nice, 1810, p. 14 (giorna=edentula;
not of Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809, a genus of birds).
Dicerobatus BLAINVILLE, Jour. de Phys., 1816, p. 262 (mobular=edentula).
Cephaloptera (Duméril) Cuvrer, Régne Animal, Ist ed., IT, 1817, p. 138 (giorna).
| Pterocephala Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 1839, p. 321 (giorna).
Head free from pectoral fin, truncated in front, with the cephalic
fin on each side developed as a straight, horn-like appendage, pointing
forward. Nostrils widely separated. Mouth inferior, wide. Teeth
fe both jaws very small, flat, or tubercular, in many series. Tail very
slender, with a dorsal fin between the ventrals; the serrated spine
Mont or absent. Species about 5, in tropical seas, reaching an
enormous size and therefore not well known.
| (Mobular is a name said to be used for the European species, Jobula
edentula (Briinnich), ‘le diable des aes ” in the rOres)
«The name Aodon, accepted for mis genus by Jordan and Ev ermann, was origi-
nally based on a shark of the Red Sea, Aodon massasa, said to have microscopic,
serrated teeth, and very large pectoral fins. It may belong to the Scylorhinide.
| Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 45
666 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
54. MOBULA JAPONICA (Miiller and Henle).
ITOMAKI-EI (SPOOL RAY).
Cephaloptera japonica Méiupr and HeEnuE, Plagiostomen, 1836, p. 185; Na
saki.—ScuHLEceL, Fauna Japonica, 1850, p. 310; Nagasaki.—Dumern, E]
mobranches, 1870, p. 659 (after Muller and Henle).
Dicerobatis japonica Gténrugr, Cat. Fish, VIII, 1870, p. 496 (after Miller
Henle).
Teeth very minute, obtuse tubercles, extending laterally to t
angles of the mouth. Back rough. Tail nearly thrice as long
Fic. 10.—MoBvuLA JAPONICA (from a foetus).
body. On each side of tail, a series of small, white tuberel
(Ginther, after Miller and Henle.) |
Coasts of Japan, occasionally taken. A fetus, 224 inches long, W
obtained by us from Kumakichi Aoki of Misaki. ‘Two mounted spe
mens are in the museum at Hakodate, both from Voleano Bay. T
largest Is 8 feet across, the tail about twice the length of disk, wh
is a little more than twice as broad as long.
i
i
no.1324. HULASMOBRANCHIAT. FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 667
I Subclass HOLOCEPHALI.
CHIM ARAS.
| Skeleton cartilaginous. Gull cavity with four clefts within, but hav-
,ing one external opening only, which is covered by a fold of skin.
No spiracles. Mouth inferior. Jaws with teeth, confluent into bony
‘plates; upper jaw, palate, and hyomandibular, coalescent with the skull;
intestine with a spiral valve. Pectoral fins normally developed, placed
low; ventral fins abdominal, with claspers in the male; a cartilaginous
hook, with a brush of teeth at the tip (frontal holder) on the forehead
of the adult male. Derivative radii sessile on the sides of the basal
bones of the limbs. Skin scaleless, its muciferous system well devel-
oped. This group contains a single order, Chimeroidei, among exist-
ing fishes; many extinct forms belong to it, and the group is perhaps
not less ancient than that of the sharks.
(OXos, solid; «edadn, head.)
Order V. CHIMA=ROIDEI.
CHIMAROIDS.
Characters of the order, included above. The group includes three
existing families, Rhinochimeeride (Bassalian), Chimeeridee, and Callo-
rhynchide (Antarctic). The two families found in Japan are thus
defined by Mr. Garman:
a. Proboscis long and pointed; lateral canal system subtubular; notochord with
rings; cerebral hemispheres distant from both olfactory and optic lobes.
RHINOCHIM ©RIDH, X XII.
aa. Proboscis absent; lateral canal system, sulcate; notochord with ring-like seg-
ments; cerebral hemispheres fused with the olfactory lobes, and distant from
HOVE Oh OVE MRO) Beis cs Ss aS eee Sed ee eee CHIM®RIDE, XXIV.
Family XXII. RHINOCHIMARID A.
Snout very long, with a cartilaginous midrib, and foliaceous lateral
expansions of the skin at the base. Two dorsal fins, the anterior one
with an immense triangular spine, finely serrated on its lateral edges.
Tail very elongate, with filamentous tip. Frontal region in the adult
male with a ‘‘frontal holder,” as in Chimera. Ventral claspers small
and simple, gill-openings separated by a wide isthmus. Lateral canal
system subtubular; notochord with rings; cerebral hemispheres dis-
tant from both olfactory and optie lobes. Two genera—//arriotta
in the deep waters below the Gulf Stream, and PAcnochimera in
similar situations in Japan. //arriotta has teeth much like those
of Chimera. Rhinochimera is the most primitive of existing
Chime-roids,
668 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
44. RHINOCHIMAZRA Garman.
Rhinochimera GARMAN, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1901, II, p. 75 (pacifica).
Teeth without tritors or dental lamina, much like the horny covers
of the jaws of tortoises or birds. Snout stronger and more compressed
than in//arriotta. Japan, in deep seas.
(piv, snout; yiuaipa, chimera.)
55. RHINOCHIMZRA PACIFICA (Mitsukuri).
Harriotta pacifice, Mrrsuxuri, Zool. Mag., June, 1895, pl. xv1; Kurihama, near
Misaki. 1
Rhinochimera pacifica GARMAN, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1901, p. 75 (specimen”
bought in Japan).
No detailed description of this species has yet been given. Mitsu
kurt’s paper reads as follows:
The reader’s attentioy is called to Plate XVI, giving the figures of individuals of
the Chimeeroid group. The lower figure is copied, somewhat reduced, from the
April number of the American Naturalist, and represents the new chimeroid Ha
otla raleighana, which Messrs. Goode and Bean discovered among the collection made
by the Albatross. Its habitat is said to be the coasts of Virginia, Maryland, and
Delaware, 707-1080 fathoms.
The upper figure represents a chimieroid which has been for some years in the
possession of the Zoological Museum of the Science College in the Imperial Univer-
sity of Tokyo. Thespecimen (male) was bought in the Tokyo market and is marked
as from Kurihama, province of Sagami. There can be no doubt that fishermen of that
village caught it in the deep water (200 fathoms or more) contiguous to Misaki. Its
unique characters had not been noted by us.
Unfortunately, | am not yet in possession of the original description of Harrio
raleighana by Messrs. Goode and Bean; but the short description, the extremely
elongate muzzle, and the feeble claspers, as well as a comparison of the two figures,
leave no doubt in my own mind that the individuals figured belong to the same genus
There can be very little question that they belong to different species. (1) The
general shape of the body, (2) the shape and size of the pectoral and ventral fins,
(3) the point to which these fins reach when back, (4) the shape and disposition of
the dorsal fins, (5) distribution of lateral-line sense system, all seem to point to the-
specific distinction of Atlantic and Pacific specimens. The name of Harriotta pacifica
will be appropriate to the Japanese species. 4
IT hope to return to the subject and to give fuller notes at no distant date. The
occurrence of this interesting genus in both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans is, howeve ’
an interesting fact well worthy of being placed on record as speedily as possible.
Of this species a few specimens have been obtained by Professor
Mitsukuri in deep water off Misaki. These the senior author h
examined, but has not minutely described.
‘amily XXIV. CHIMAIRID &.
CHIM RAS.
deeply notched. Nostrils confluent with the mouth, separated by a
narrow isthmus; jaws with the teeth confluent into 4 bony lamine
4
-
no.1324. HLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 669
(tritors) above and 2 below. No spir: eles P Aten als fred. pls aced low;
_yentral fins abdominal, many rayed, provided i in the male with claspers,
the male also with ‘ < frontal holders” on the forehead. Dorsal fin-usu-
ally divided, anteriorly with a very strong spine, which is grooved
behind; caudal fin low, fold-like. Skin naked, rarely, somewhat
prickly. Lateral line present, usually with numerous branches ante-
riorly, the canal system, sulcate. Notochord with ring-like segments.
Cerebral hemispheres fused with the olfactory lobes, and distant from
the optic lobes. (Garman.)
Three free gills and 2 half gills, 1 on each side; isthmus moderate;
gill-rakers small. Oviparous, the eg@ cases long, elliptical, with silky
filaments. Fishes of singular appearance, found only in the seas of
the cold regions.
45. CHIMA®RA Linnzeus.
ELEPHANT FISHES
Chimera Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 286 (monstrosa).
Hydrolagus Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331 (colliei).
Head somewhat compressed, the snout bluntish, protruding, fleshy,
not armed at tip with an appendage. Eyes very large, lateral. Teeth
rather strong. Lips thickish, the lower witha frenum. Lateral line
simple on the body, but forking anteriorly, forming several series of
mucous tubes on the head. Male with a club-shaped, cartilaginous
hook on the head above the snout; this hook is curved forward and
downward, and is armed at its tip with decurved spines, its tip fitting
into a depression in front of the eyes; females without this appendage.
Gill-opening small. Pectorals moderate; ventrals rather large, with
large bifid or trifid claspers in the male, the form partly dependent
on age or season; male also with rough appendages at the base of the
ventrals, protruding from a sheath of skin. First dorsal triangular,
preceded by a strong spine, which is grooved behind and serrated on
its edges; second dorsal and caudal fins low, often more or less notched.
Tail extending in the line of the axis of the body, often more or less
produced ina filament at tip. Skinsmooth. Fuishesof singularappear-
ance; mostly of the northern seas; not valued for food.
(yivaipa, chimera, a fabulous monster, with the head of a lon, body
of a goat, and tail of a serpent.)
56. CHIMAZRA PHANTASMA Jordan and Snyder.
GINZAME (SILVER SHARK).
Chimera monstrcsa SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1850, p. 300, pl. exxxt;
Nagasaki (not of Linnzeus).
Chimera phantasma JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 338;
Tokyo.
Body very elongate, tapering from head into the long, filamentous
tail. Head deep, oblong, its width about three-fifths its length, its
670 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
depth less than ieee Pact very deep. blunt, rounded, short,
eyes oblong, large, high, a little anterior, their fences in head ined r
ured from surrounding cartilages); hook on tip of head in front of —
snout, depressible in sockets, and with its lower rounded extremity
beneath, beset with many sharp spines, directed backward; mouth —
small, inferior, with thick lips; teeth of 10 laminee in upper jaw, form-
ing a serrate cutting edge in front, and posteriorly broad, oblique,
molar-like teeth are found; in mandible, 16 lamin, forming a serrate
cutting edge in front, laminz becoming broad posteriorly and with a_
concave space in front at symphysis; no broad, posterior, molar-tike —
teeth on mandible, edges of jaws elevated and enameled; nostrils large, —
close together, confluent with corners of mouth; space between eyes —
narrow, less than their diameter. Gill-openings small, in front of and | ;
below base of pectoral; isthmus broad, with a fold of skin across.
First dorsal arising directly behind oan armed with a long, i
compressed, pointed spine, much longer than fin, when depressed, 7
times length of pupil, triangular in cross section, keeled in front, with —
a serrate edge, posterior edge, from its separation from the soft part
of fin, grooved in middle, and with each of edges finely serrate; first
dorsal is depressible ina deep groove; second dorsal long, even, of uni-
form height to base of upper caudal lobe; upper caudal lobe not so
high as second dorsal, shorter than lower lobe, sinking on fin anterior
to it; pectorals very long, broad at base, Sana not eich tips of
claspers; ventrals inserted behind tip of dorsal spine, broad, rounded,
about equal to length of head; lateral line running around eye above —
and below, over the top of head, joined behind eyes and along sides —
superiorly.
Color in aleohol, brown above, white below, and washed with sil-—
very; fins with their outer portions blackish.
Total length, 202 inches; without caudal filament, 192 inches.
This description is from a male taken in Sagami Bay. It differs
from two other specimens from the same locality, and from the original
type, in having the anal and caudal lobe below, confluent, and forming
a single fin.
This species is not rare in rather deep water along the coast of —
Japan. We have secured three specimens from Misaki, besides the —
original type found by Mr. Otaki in the market of Tokyo
(davraopa, x vision.)
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.
*
In a recent letter (January, 1903) Dr. K. Kishinouye notes the dis-
covery of the East Indian shark, Stegostoma tigrinum (Gmelin), on —
the coast of Japan, near Tokyo. It belongs near the Hemiseyllindae,
being remarkable for the very long tail, half the length. Body wit
brown spots or bands.
r 1324. ELASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 671
SUMMARY.
Class ELASMOBRANCHII.
Subclass SELACHII.
Order I. Norrpant.
Family I. Hexancuip®.
1. Heptranchias Ratinesque.
1. deani Jordan and Snyder; Aburazame; Misaki.
Family Il. CHLAMYDOSELACHID®.
2. Chlamydoselachus Garman.
2. anguineus Garman; Rabuka, Kagurazame; Misaki.
Order IT. AstrrospoNnDyLtI.
Family III. Hereropontip®.
3. Heterodontus Blainville.
3. japonicus (Duméril); Misaki, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Hakata, Nagasaki.
Family [V. ScyLiorHINIpD®.
4. Halelurus Gill.
4. burgeri (Miller and Henle); Nagasaki.
5. Cephaloscyllium Gill.
5. umbratile Jordan and Fowler; Nanukazame, Oseibuka; Nagasaki.
Family V. Hemiscy.uiip».
6. Chiloscyllium Miller and Henle.
6. indicum (Gmelin); Keerun in Formosa.
7. Orectolobus Bonaparte.
~I
. barbatus (Gmelin); Nagasaki, Hakata.
7a. Stegostoma Muller and Henle.
7a. Tigrinum (Gmelin); not seen.
Family VI. CarcHarips.
8. Mustelus Cuvier.
8. manazo Bleeker; Hoshizame; Hakodate, Aomori, Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki,
Kobe, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata.
9. Triakis Miller and Henle.
9. scyllium Miller and Henle; Korozame; Tokyo, Tsuruga, Onomichi, Hakata.
10. Galeus Rafinesque ( Galeorhinus Blainville) .
10. japonicus (Miller and Henle); Yerakufuka; Nagasaki, Onomichi, Hiroshima.
11. Galeocerdo Miller and Henle.
ll. tigrinus Miller and Henle; Nagasaki.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL.
13.
14.
15.
16.
18.
19.
21.
23.
24.
25.
12. Prionace Cantor.
. glauca Linnzeus; Misaki.
13. Carcharias Rafinesque ( Carcharhinus Blainville).
japonicus (Schlegel) ; Mejiro, Wanizame; Hakodate, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kawa-
tana, Nagasaki.
14. Scoliodon Miller and Henle.
laticaudus (Miller and Henle); not seen,
acutus (Riippell); not seen.
walbeehmi (Bleeker); Nagasaki, Kawatana.
Family VII. Spoyrnip#.
15. Sphyrna Ratinesque.
. zygeena (Linnzeus); Shimokuzame, Kasebuzame; Misaki, Wakanoura, Nagasaki,
Family VIII. ALoprmpa.
16. Alopias Rafinesque.
vulpes (Gmelin); Onogazame, Nadebuka, Nezwmezame; Tokyo, Yokohama
Nagasaki.
Family IX. Mirsukurinip®.
17. Mitsukurina Jordan.
owstoni Jordan; Misaki. |
Family X. LamMnip&.
18. Isuropsis Gill.
. glauca (Miller and Henle); Aozame, Morozame; Matsushima, Nagasaki.
19. Lamna Cuvier.
cornubica (Gmelin); not seen.
20. Carcharodon A. Smith.
. carcharias (Linneeus); Misaki.
Family XI. CrrorHInip®.
21. Cetorhinus Blainville.
maximus (Gunner); Ubazame, Tenguzame, Bakazame, Zozame; not seen, but
reported on good authority.
Family XII. RaiNnEopontTip&.
22. Rhineodon A. Smith.
typicus Smith (pentalineatus Kishinouye); not seen.
Order III. TrcrosponDy Lt.
Family XIII. SquaLip».
23. Squalus Linnzeus.
mitsukurii Jordan and Snyder; Aomori, Misaki, Awa, Kagorhima, Boshu.
1324. HDLASMOBRANCHIATE FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 673
24. Lepidorhinus Bonaparte
? 26. foliaceus (Giinther); Misaki.
aN 25. Deania Jordan and Snyder.
27. eglantina Jordan and Snyder; Totomi Bay.
: 26. Zameus Jordan and Fowler.
28. squamulosus (Ginther); Misaki.
27. Etmopterus Rafinesque.
29. lucifer Jordan and Snyder; Bozuzame; Misaki.
28. Centroscyllium Muller and Henle.
30. ritteri Jordan and Fowler; Misaki.
Family XIV. Davarinp».
29. Dalatias Rafinesque.
31. licha (Bonnaterre); Yoroizame; Misaki.
30. Somniosus Le Sueur.
32. microcephalus (Bloch and Schneider); Tokyo.
Family XV. PristiopHoRID®.
31. Pristiophorus Miller and Henle.
33. japonicus Gunther; Nokogirizame, Hokobuka, Daigirizame, Aomori, Nagasaki.
Family XVI. SQquaTINID#.
32. Squatina Dumeéril.
34. japonica Bleeker; Tengaizame, Kasuzame, Korozame; Nagasaki, Kobe.
Order ITV. Barorpet.
Family XVII. RarNopatip®.
33. Rhina Bloch and Schneider.
35. ancyclostomus Bloch and Schneider; Kinkwazan, Matsushima Bay.
34. Rhynchobatus Miller and Henle.
36. djiddensis (Forskal); Tongari, Kotainozu, Kasuka, Shinosaki, Sakafute; Onomi-
chi, Hiroshima, Hakata, Tsuruga.
35. Rhinobatus Bloch and Schneider.
37. schlegeli Miller and Henle; Sakatazame; Tokyo, Wakanoura, Onomichi,
Hakata, Nagasaki.
38. polyophthalmus Bleeker; Wakanoura, Hiroshima, Hakata, Nagasaki.
Family XVIII. Rasim».
36. Discobatus Garman.
39. sinensis (Bloch and Schneider); Uchiwazame; Hiroshima, Wakanoura.
TS
674 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
37. Raja Linneeus.
40. isotrachys Ginther; not seen.
41. fusea Garman; not seen.
42. meerdervoorti Bleeker; Sebita; Tokyo, Nagasaki, Kobe, Wakanoura, Hakodate.
43. kenojei Schlegel; Kenoei, Gengiei, Kasube, Igaéi, Rentiei; Misaki, Tokyo, Wake
noura, Kobe, Tsuruga, Nagasaki.
44. tengu Jordan and Fowler; Tenguei; Aomori, Hakodate, Matsushima.
Family XIX. Narcospatip®.
38. Astrape Miiller and Henle.
45. japonica Schlegel; Shibireei; Wakanoura.
Family XX. Dasyatip®.
39. Urolophus Muller and Henle.
46. fuscus Garman; Junoruei; Tokyo, Kobe, Hiroshima, Hakata, Wakanoura.
40. Dasyatis Ratinesque. |
47. kuhlii (Miller and Henle); Tokyo, Misaki, Hakodate, Wakanoura, Onomichi,
Hiroshima.
48. akajei (Muller and Henle); Akaéi; Matsushima, Tokyo, Misaki, Wakano
Onomichi, Hiroshima, Tsuruga, Hakata, Kawatana, Nagasaki.
49. zugei (Muller and Henle); Zugei; Tokyo, Kobe, Wakanoura, Onomichi
Hiroshima.
50. gerrardi (Gray); not seen.
41. Pteroplatea Muller and Henle.
D1. japonica (Schlegel); Tsubakuraéi, Yokosaéi; Tokyo, Wakanoura, Hiroshima
Hakata, Kawatana, Nagasaki.
Family X XI. Myxropatrip®.
42. Myliobatis Duméril.
52. tobijei Bleeker; Tobiei; Hakodate, Tokyo, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata,
Nagasaki. .
53. nieuhofi (Bloch and Schneider); not seen.
Family X XII.. Mopunip®.
43. Mobula Rafinesque.
D4. japonica (Miller and Henle); Jtomakiei; Misaki, Voleano Bay.
Subclass HoLocepnatt.
Order V. CHIMaROIDET.
Family XXIII. Raryocnmrrim®.
44. Rhinochimera Garman.
5). pacifica (Mitsukuri); Kurihama, Misaki.
Family XXIV. Camcerm».
45. Chimera Linneeus.
56. phantasma Jordan and Snyder; Ginzame; Sagami Bay, Tokyo.
aw
THE CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE ATLANTIC WALRUS.
By Prerre A. FIsn,
Of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Through the courtesy of the officials of the U. S. National Museum
there were sent to me, for examination and description, two walrus
brains obtained for that institution by R. Stein at North Greenland,
August 10, 1901. The specimens had been preserved in a fluid of
which formaldehyde was apparently a constituent. In both brains the
cerebellum had been removed by a sectica through the brain stem at
the level of the junction of the optic thalami with the mesencephal, so
that in the process of removal the epiphysis (pineal body) remained
attached to the cerebellar portion; the two hemicerebrums were then
divided by a median section.
The two brains differed quite markedly in size, the one being but
slightly more than half as large as the other. The smaller of the two
brains had suffered quite material mutilation during its removal from
the cranium, a considerable portion of the brain substance having been
lost from the right hemicerebrum. In the process of hardening all of
the hemicerebrums had undergone considerable distortion. The mesal
surface in each case, instead of being relatively flat, was very dis-
tinctly convex in its cephalo-caudal direction, and on this account
the gyres (convolutions) and fissures of the lateral aspect were closely
crowded together, rendering the study of these parts more difficult.
On this account, also, it was decided not to photograph the brains, as
the relationship of the parts would be misleading and tend to cause
error and confusion to the observer. The figures which illustrate
this article were sketched free-hand, the parts at the same time being
manipulated so as to bring them as nearly as possible to their normal
relations. By carefully verifying each part on the brain itself as the
drawing progressed, it is believed the figures may be accepted as
representing with approximate accuracy the normal relationship of
the more important parts.
Weight.—Turner“ gives the weights of three walrus brains ** after
«Challenger Reports, Zoology, XX V1, 1888, pp. 89-154.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum. VoL. XXVI—No. 1325.
675
676 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the removal of Aen me ambenen and hardening in spirit.”
weighed 24 ounces 7 drams avoirdupois; B 133 ounces, and C 26
ounces. In the specimens examined by me only the larger of the two.
brains was weighed, all of the membranes having been removed from |
the cerebrum, but not from the cerebellum and the brain stem adja--
cent to it, the pia and arachnoid still adhering. The total weight of {
the brain under these conditions was 29 ounces avoirdupois. The>
weight of the cerebrum without the pia was 22% ounces, leaving aj
weight of 64 ounces for the cerebellum, oblongata, mesencephal, and |
epiphysis, the latter having adhered to the eercoiae Turner has:
called attention to the remarkable size and leaf-like or pyriform shape :
of the epiphysis (pineal body) in the walrus, but does not mention its:
weight. In my specimen it weighed 1 dram, 1 scruple, and 3 grains,
,
Q2
or a total of 83 grains.
FISSURES AND GYRES.
The olfactory fissure is scarcely represented; a slight, short depres- .
sion at the attachment of the olfactory peduncle is all that can be found,
The olfactory bulbs were missing, but the peduncles have about the.
same size as those in Callorhinus and Monachus, and are relatively
much smaller than in the bear.
The rhinal fissure is well developed. The olfactory peduncle for:
most of its length lies in this fissure. At the base of the peduncle
the rhinal swerves obliquely in a caudo-lateral direction and is lost in
the depths of the sylvian. It reaches a considerable depth under the
presylvian lobe (sub-opereulum).
The post rhinal is represented upon the ventral surface as a short!
spur or outcrop of the submerged postica, resembling in this respect
the condition found in Zalophus, Callorhinus, and Monachus. In Ursus
and Phoca the post rhinal is a continuation of the rhinal caudad of the
sylvian.
Lateral aspect.— The sylvian points in the usual dorso-caudal direc-
tion on the lateral surface. It is a straight fissure, and does not bifur-
cate at its end. It measures 60 millimeters in length, and has a depth
ranging from 20 to 30 millimeters. It is the deepest fissure of the brain, |
extending to within 5 millimeters of the lateral ventricle (paraccele). On_
opening the sylvian fissure one sees a fissure, the presupersylvian, quite
near the lateral surface of the hemicerebrum. The two fissures run
nearly parallel with each other, but diverge dorsally where the presu-
persylvian becomesan ordinary surface fissure. From three to six minor
submerged fissures are found in the cephalic wall of the sylvian. These
pass upward toward the surface, and some have a superficial connec-
tion with the presupersylvian, but the majority usually do not appear
upon the lateral aspect of the brain. Submerged minor fissures also”
appear in the caudal wall of the sylvian. These in general have the
0.
1325. CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 677
same form and direction as those in the cephalic wall. One striking
exception with regard to the direction of the submerged fissures I have
called attention to ina preceding paper.” This fissure I have compared
with the postica. It corresponds to a fissure of the same name in the
feline brain, but differs in this instance, in that it is submerged in the
sylvian. Ursus, Zalophus, Callorhinus, and Phoca also show this pecu-
liarity. The postica differs from. the other submerged fissures of the
sylvian by extending in a direction at nearly right angles to them, that
is, dorso-ventrally, paralleling approximately for a short distance that
of the sylvian itself.
The true insula is but scarcely developed in the walrus, and appears
merely as a slight elevation in the bottom of the sylvian fissure. The
submerged gyre formed by the postica fissure may easily be mistaken
for a well-developed insula, as it has approximately a suitable location.
Whether the submerged gyre later forms a closer relationship with the
true insula, and is the precursor of the more complicated insula found
in the higher forms, is a question that can not be answered here.
Ziehen? describes in the walrus a well-developed insula divided by fis-
sures into three gyres.
Supersylvian fissurc.—TVhis fissure arches around the distal end of
the sylvian in the usual way. Its frontal portion—the presupersyl-
vian—passes close to the sylvian, converging gradually until near the
base of the sylvian the presupersylvian becomes a submerged fissure,
cropping out later to a slight extent upon the ventral surface. There
is no evidence of a shallow or vadum indicating a separation of the
presupersylvian and the supersylvian proper, as sometimes occurs in
the fur seal. In Phoca the two fissures are entirely distinct and are
without evidence even of a superticial connection. In the walrus the
two fissures are continuous with each other, as in the dog and bear,
and the differentiation is therefore an arbitrary one.
Perhaps the most puzzling feature regarding the fissures of this
specimen of the walrus brain is the relationship of the supersylvian
with the postsupersylvian. The conditions appear very much as in
the brain of the sea lion (Zalophus). The apparent postsupersylvian
is four times as far removed from the sylvian as is the presupersylvian.
In this wide area between the sylvian and postsupersylvian Zalophus
shows a few minor fissures extending horizontally. In the walrus
there are also minor fissures present in this area but also a fairly well-
developed fissure nearly vertical in its direction, almost connecting
with the supersylvian on the right hemicerebrum, but totally discon-
nected on the left hemicerebrum. This vertical fissure seems to be too
well developed to be classed with the minor fissures and its position
and relations suggest the possibility of its being a poorly developed
aFish, The Brain of the Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus), Report of the Fur Seal
Investigation, 1896-97, pt. 3, pp. 21-40.
b Anatomischer Anzeiger, V, 1890, pp. 692-709.
678 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV
and disconnected postsupersylvian fissure. In the cat there is usually
a disconnection between the supersy lvian and postsupersylvian, and
occasionally this disconnection is seen in Callorhinus and Monachus.
On the other hand, the vertical fissure is much shallower than the
supersylvian, and the latter is continuous with a deep and well-
developed fissure apparently corresponding with the postsupersylvia
of the sea lion, Phoca, bear, and dog.
The matter is further complicated by the fact that if this be regarded
as the postsupersylvian, it is longer than usual, since it passes down
from the lateral surface and appears upon the ventral aspect, and lies,
in part, in the situation generally occupied by the ectolateral fissure.
The ectolateral generally occupies a position between the postsuper-—
sylvian and lateral fissures; sometimes it connects with the lateral, but
rarely with the postsupersylvian, although such a connection was once
observed by me on the hemicerebrum of a young fur seal. The exam -_
ination of a» number of brains shows that the ectolateral is a more |
variable and inconstant fissure than the postsupersylvian, and in the
present specimen of the walrus brain it seems safer to infer that the
postsupersylyian and ectolateral have run together to form a long”
and continuous fissure and that the vertical fissure above mentioned is”
an unusually well-developed minor fissure. In the sea lion, where this
region is so similar to that of the walrus, the postsupersylvian is a-
shorter fissure and is entirely disconnected from the ectolateral.
The sylvian gyre is that arch-like portion of the cortex around the-
sylvian fissure included within the boundary line formed by the super-
sylvian and pre- and post-supersylvian fissures. The cephalic limb of —
the gyre is narrow and completely submerged in the ventral third of !
the sylvian fissure. The caudal limb has a much greater area, being —
easily four times as wide as the cephalic. A few minor fissures branch
out from the sylvian into this frontal limb. The caudal limb has a
greater number of these fissures, and one in particular is developed to_
er an extent as to suggest the possibility of its representing the
postsupersylvian.
Lateral jfissure.—This fissure is unequally developed on the two.
hemicerebrums. The well-defined arch which it forms in some car-_
nivorous and seal brains is not well represented in the walrus. On~
the left hemicerebrum it is apparently an interrupted fissure; a plé de
passage or told of cortex separates it a little in front of the level of
the sylvian. From this point on it arches forward and downward.
Caudally it does not extend beyond the level of the caudal end of the.
supersylvian. On the right hemicerebrum, instead of arching in a
caudal direction it extends toward and ne: irly reaches the mesal surface. —
A short fissure having the direction the lateral should take is separated
from the lateral proper by a narrow pli de passage. The lateral”
fissure of the sea lion accords quite closely with that of the walrus, in”
ee
“No. 1325. CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 679
that its cephalic portion is much better developed than the caudal.
‘In Ursus, Callorhinus, Phoca, and Monachus, on the other hand, the
lateral is the longest fissure of the brain.
Ansate jissure.—No distinct line of separation exists in the walrus
between the ansate and the lateral, and the separation into individual
fissures is therefore an arbitrary one. A like condition exists in the
sea lion, bear, and dog. In Phoca, Callorhinus, Monachus, and the
cat some differentiation exists.
Coronal fissure.—In the left hemicerebrum of the walrus there is
no line of demarcation between the coronal, ansate, and lateral fissures.
and the three together appear as a long, continuous fissure reaching
over upon the ventral aspect. On the right hemicerebrum the coronal
is an independent fissure, being separated from the ansate by a p// de
passage or isthmus 6 millimeters in width. On each hemisphere the
extent of the coronal upon the ventral aspect is quite remarkable.
It reaches nearly to the rhinal fissure just in front of the sylvian.
In the bear and sea lion the relation of the coronal, ansate, and lateral
fissures is quite similar to that of the walrus.
Supersylvian gyre.—This gyre surrounds the sylvian gyre and is
bounded on the one side by the supersylvian and pre- and post-
supersylvian fissures; on the other side by the coronal, ansate, and
lateral fissures, and caudo-ventrally by a fissure which corresponds, in
position, to the medilateral fissure. The frontal and dorsal portions
of this gyre are well developed, averaging 30 millimeters in width.
Numerous minor fissures, having a direction, in general, perpendicu-
lar to the boundary fissures, break up the supersylvian gyre intoa
number of secondary gyres. The caudal limb of the supersylvian
tapers until it reaches a width of only about 20 millimeters, this con-
dition probably being due to the extraordinary width (40 millimeters)
of the sylvian gyre in this region.
Lictolateral jfissure.—This fissure has already been discussed in con-
nection with the postsupersylvian fissure. In the allied forms studied
the ectolateral may or may not extend over to the ventral surface
of the brain. It may or may not connect either with the lateral or
postsupersylvian, or lie between the two fissures. The fact that the
postsupersylvian does not as a rule reach to any extent upon the
ventral aspect makes it seem probable that if the ectolateral is at all
represented upon the walrus brain it has fused with the postsuper-
sylvian. On the left hemicerebrum it reaches nearly to the post-
rhinal fissure. On the right hemicerebrum it is shorter and a minor
fissure intervenes.
Medilateral fissure.—In some forms the name is particularly appro-
priate if it has any connection with the relation of the fissure to the
median and lateral aspects of the hemicerebrum. Its situation is
neyer very far from the edge or margin separating these two aspects,
6380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
In some cases it lies exactly along this margin (Monachus); in other
cases it lies partly upon the lateral and partly upon the mesal surface
(Callorhinus), or, as in Zalophus, it may be better seen upon the
mesal aspect. In the walrus it is better seen upon the lateral aspect.
On the left hemicerebrum it arches forward to the vertex, but does
not quite reach the mesal margin. At this point another fissure 55”
millimeters in length continues forward from the mesal margin in the
same direction that the medilateral would take if it were longer. The
inference is that it is properly a portion of the medilateral cut off by
a narrow isthmus of the cortex.
Another fissure, 70 millimeters in length, separated (from the fissure
just described) by an isthmus 13 millimeters, continues forward and
downward upon the mesal aspect as far as the cruciate fissure, and has
a slight superficial connection with it. The appearances indicate that
the medilateral on the left hemicerebrum is divided into three por-
“tions—the caudal portion, 90 millimeters long, located on the lateral
surface; the middle portion, 55 millimeters, lying in the margin between
the mesal and lateral surfaces; and the cephalic portion, 70 millimeters
long, lying entirely upon the mesal aspect. On the right hemicere-
brum the medilateral lies upon the dorso-lateral aspect and begins far
down on the caudal portion of the hemicerebrum, arching upward and
forward as far as the vertex. It lies very close to the meso-lateral
margin but recedes from it gradually until the vertex is reached. It
is interrupted at this point by a cortical isthmus 5 millimeters wide.
The cephalic portion of the fissure begins a little mesal to the termi-
nation of the caudal portion. As it arches forward and downward it
recedes from the mesal margin and extends to a point a little beyond
the cruciate. Turner“ figures the medilateral upon the lateral aspect
of both hemicerebrums of the walrus as a long uninterrupted fissure,
quite close to the mesal margin caudally but receding from it as it
arches downward and forward. In my specimen the medilateral is
divided into two portions onthe right hemicerebrum, both lying on the
dorsolateral surface. On the left hemicerebrum it is divided into three
portions and the frontal portion lies upon the mesal surface. If it
were a continuous fissure it would be by far the longest fissure of the
brain.
Cruciate fissure. —This fissure just cuts through the mesal margin
and extends only 12 millimeters upon the frontal portion of the lateral
surface. On the left hemicerebrum there is a postcruciate fissure,
triradiate in form, represented. The precruciate is not well repre-
sented except by a short fissure lying in the mesal margin, which
fuses into the cruciate. On the right hemicerebrum the postcruciate
is not represented as a distinct fissure. It may have become fused
“Report on the seals collected during the voyage of H. M. 8. Challenger, in the
years 1873-1876, Zoology, XX VI, 1888, pp. 89-134.
NO. 1325. CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS
FISH. 6 8 1]
with the medilateral, which at this point has a superticial connection
with the cruciate. There is no distinct evidence of a precruciate
upon this hemicerebrum. On this account there is no area that may be
correlated in any way with the ‘* Ursine Lozenge” thought by Mivart
to be of considerable importance in showing a relationship between
the seals and the carnivora. In the walrus the cruciate area is quite
similar to that of Phoca. In Monachus a slight or rudimentary
“Ursine Lozenge” may be detected. In Ursus, Callorhinus, and
Zalophus the ‘‘lozenge” is well developed. The sigmoid gyre sur-
rounds the frontal portion of the cruciate fissure.
Superorbital fissure.—This fissure occupies the usual position upon
the ventro-lateral surface of the frontal portion of the brain. On the
left hemicerebrum it is about 50 millimeters in length. It arises near
the rhinal fissure not far from the base of the olfactory peduncle. It
euryes laterally and then back again toward the mesal aspect so that
‘its termination is covered by the olfactory bulb. At the lower third
of its course it gives off a short and very superficial lateral branch.
On the right hemicerebrum the fissure is very similar to that on the
left, except that the lateral branch is much smaller.
Lateral gyre (Mediolateral convolution of Turner).—In the pres-
ent specimen this gyre is not well represented upon the caudal portion
of the brain. The short length of the lateral fissure brings about the
unusual condition of having the mediolateral fissure form a portion of
the boundary of the supersylvian gyre. In this case, therefore, the
medilateral gyre begins well up toward the vertex in a tapering
manner and gradually becomes wider as it arches toward the frontal
portion of the brain, attaining a width of from 30 to 40 millimeters in
its widest parts. Like the supersylvian gyre, it contains a number of
minor fissures.
Marginal or sagittal gyre.—On the left hemicerebrum this is a very
narrow gyre and is represented only on the caudal portion. — It dis-
appears at the vertex. This disappearance is due to the fact that the
frontal portion of the interrupted medilateral fissure lies upon the
mesal aspect. Two or three traces of minor fissures appear in the left
saggittal gyre. On the right hemicerebrum the gyre has a fair width
in its caudal portion, but becomes narrower, until at the vertex it
almost disappears, but it gradually widens again until in the frontal
portion it attains the width of 17 millimeters. On this hemicerebrum
there are a number of quite well-developed minor fissures present,
which in almost every instance extend over upon the mesal surface.
Pre and post sylvian areas.—The post sylvian region comprises the
unusually wide caudal limb of the sylvian gyre, the supersylvian gyre,
and the narrow marginal (or sagittal) gyre. The presylvian region
includes the very narrow frontal limb of the sylvian gyre, and the
wide frontal limbs of the supersylvian and medilateral gyres. On the
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 46
682 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. Xx
=e 2
right hemicere oe um hel mi: arginal gyre ahead he included. The pre-
sylvian has a greater area than the postsylvian region. The former is -
made up mostly ot the medilateral and supersylvian gyres and the
latter by the sylvian and supersylvian gyres.
MESAL ASPECT. A
Ilippocampal fissure.—This occupies the usual position. It is Seen |
arching from the splenium of the callosum around the optic thalamus ;
to the tip of the pyriform or temporal lobe.
Callosal fissure.—As its name indicates, it is closely related to the >
‘allosum. It separates the callosum from the adjacent cortex. It is :
deepest in the region of the splenium and gradually grows shallower
until as it curves around the genu it becomes flush with the surface. ,
On the right hemicerebrum it diverges somewhat from the genu of {
the callosum.
Sple nial fissure.—This fissure is well developed in the walrus and |
occupies the usual position upon the tentorial surface of the brain. It |
arches upward and forward, curving around the splenium on the mesal
surface. On the right hemicerebrum it is a continuous fissure and
extends as far as the frontal portion of the callosum; it then extends
upward almost vertically nearly to the dorsal margin of the hemicere-
brum. On the left hemicerebrum the fissure is interrupted. Its ten-_
torial portion stops at the level of the splenium. The mesal portion |
begins as two small superficial fissures converging in a fork-like man- -
ner to form the mesal splenial proper. At the level of the genu it |
terminates in a fork, the lower branch passing nearly to the frontal
margin of the hemicerebrum. In neither case did the splenial con-—
nect with the cruciate, as described by Turner in his specimens. On),
the right hemicerebrum there was a slight indication of a superficial.
connection, but a submerged gyre or buttress shut off any free |
communication.
_-
|
[Tippocampal gyre.— ~is gyre lies upon the tentorial surface of Ha
brain. It forms the mos; of the mesal portion of the pyriform or hip-)
pocampal lobe. It takes the same general direction as the hippocampal
fissure (which forms its »phalie or inner boundary), arching upward:
to the level of the sple: 1am. Its caudal boundary is formed by the:
tentorial portion of the.gplenial fissure. The hippocampal gyre aver-'
ages 15 millimeters in width and possesses a few minor fissures, which|
in the main are offshoots fror: the splenial and have a horizontal diree-
tion. On the left hemicerekrum, lying in the hippocampal gyre just!
caudal to the splenium, is a \j yry shallow sulcus corresponding in posi-
tion to the fissura sublimicas +; Kiikenthal. It is not noticeable upon!
the right hemicerebrum. aj
Callosal gyre.—This, as the ame indicates, lies just dorsal to the:
allosum. It is a narrow gyre and its average width is about 10 mulli-
CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 6838
meters. Only one or two faint eee a minor eee are evident.
It is the simplest gyre of the brain and is continuous with the hippo-
campal gyre etpand the splenium of the callosum.
Presplenial fissure.—TVhis fissure is not well represented on either
hemicerebrum of the walrus. On the right hemicerebrum a shallow
and short vertical fissure may indicate it. On the left hemicerebrum
the only representative of it would be the upper branch of the frontal
portion of the splenial. Neither Turner nor Ziehen figures or describes
its presence. ‘The fissura sublimica anterior is not shown at all unless,
as in Kiikenthal’s diagram, it is confused with the cruciate.
Postsplenial fissure.—_In Phoca and Callorhinus the tentorial portion
of the splenial terminates ina bifurcation, the caudal horizontal branch
of which is called the post splenial. This is not the case in my speci-
men of the walrus brain. Respecting this region in the walrus, Turner
Says:
Behind and below the end of the specimen the splenial fissure gave off a postero-
horizontal fissure, which, running horizontally backward, extended almost to the
posterior border of the hemisphere. * * * The post-splenial fissure of Krueg
was situated behind the ascending part of the splenial fissure and ran backward and
upward nearly to the posterior border of the hemisphere below the postero-horizontal
fissure. It was separated from the splenial fissure by the splenial convolution, which
is consequently bounded in front by the splenial and behind by the post-splenial
fissure.
On the left hemicerebrum of my specimen there is a small fissure
15 millimeters in length which corresponds in position to the postero-
horizontal of Turner. On the right hemicerebrum a mere spur 5
millimeters long from the splenial represents it.
With regard to the post splenial there is found on the right hemi-
cerebrum a well-developed vertical fissure branching out of the splenial
not far from its tentorial origin. This I regard as the post-splenial
fissure, although its direction is vertical anc not horizontal. On the
left hemicerebrum there is no connection between the splenial and
what I regard as the post splenial. The fissire is’ not So well devel-
oped as that described by Turner, unless in: y specimen it is an inter-
rupted fissure. An unnamed but well-dev oped fissure extending
dorsally is separated from what I consider the ost splenial by a cortical
isthmus of only 4 millimeters’ width. Tht! thppe: ances suggest an
interrupted fissure. Turner does not descr™c any connection between
the post-splenial and splenial fissures, but calls the intervening space
the splenial convolution (gyre).
Marginal jfissure.—In Zalophus, Phees, and Callorhinus this is a
well-developed fissure lying between, a: approximately parallel with,
the splenial and medilateral fissures. " seems to correspond in many
cases with the suprasplenial fissure of i .ueg, and in some special cases
with the combined post and supra sylenial of the same author. In
the walrus the marginal is not especially well developed. On both
684 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_
hemicerebrums there is a fair-sized fissure occupying the proper loca-
tion. The appearances are very suggestive of those in Monachus,
where the fissure is relatively short and undeveloped and sometimes
appears interrupted. On the left hemicerebrum where the splenial is
interrupted there is a fissure dorsal to, and running parallel with, the
callosal portion of the splenial. From its position the name supra-
splenial would be very appropriate, although in some respects it differs:
from Krueg’s. On the right hemicerebrum it is not represented.
Marginal gyre.—This, in general, refers to the cortical area lying:
between the splenial and medilateral fissures, and would therefore
include, in the walrus, the dorsal margin of the hemicerebrum, on:
account of the extended development of the medilateral fissure. :
What I have described as the marginal fissure lies within this gyre, :
and the name therefore seems appropriate.
Collateral fissure.—This fissure appears upon the tentorial surface, '
and is perhaps best seen on the ventral or mesal aspect. Its form is:
somewhat arched, and it les ventrally to the origin of the splenial.|
It begins not far from the hippocampal, and its termination caudally)
is usually more or less closely associated with either the lateral or)
medilateral fissure, so that in some eases, at least, it may appear upon;
the ventro-lateral aspect of the hemicerebrum.
Genual fissure.—This is commonly a shallow fissure, lying in front)
of and is more or less closely associated with the genu of the callosum,
from which fact it takes its name. It is found in both hemicerebrums)
of the walrus. On the left it has a short frontal branch which con-)
nects superficially with an unnamed minor fissure. On the right hem1-|
cerebrum it is farther removed from the genu, and ventrally it fuses
with the rostral fissure. |
Rostral fissure.—This is also a shallow fissure and lies nearer to the;
frontal margin of the hemicerebrum. On the left it is a straight fis-’
sure 30 millimeters long. On the right hemicerebrum it is of the:
same length, and its dorsal end reaches the margin. On account of:
the convergence of the rostral and genual fissures the basal or ventral,
third represents a combination of these two fissures.
The lateral ventricle (paracoele).—On removing the dorsal portion of
the hemicerebrum just dorsal to the callosum the lateral ventricle is
revealed. The cavity dips cephalo-ventrad, ending blindly, to form the
precornu; it also dips caudo-latero-ventrad to form the medicornu,)
The striatum (caudate nucleus) is a convex and well-defined body;
forming the most of the floor and lateral side of the precornu. Paral
lel with the oblique caudal margin of the striatum is the fimbrial mar-
gin of the hippocamp, which, extending down into the medicornu,
forms with the hippocamp the floor of this cavity. Between these
two margins (striatum and fimbria)—the rima (great transverse fissure),
the choroid (para) plexus—a continuation of the velum enters the floor
of the medicornu. The rima is narrow and the thalamus does not
No. 1325, CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH. 685
appear at all in the floor of the ventricle. A slight caudal projection
of the cavity, at the beginning of the medicornu, extending just
beyond the level of the splenial fissure, represents the postcornu. In
his dissection of the walrus brain, Turner shows no indication of a
|postcornu, but in the text he states: ‘‘ Where the cavity of the ven-
tricle curved downward and outward into the horn, an indication of a
recess was seen in its posterior horn, but it did not amount to a cornu
and there was no elevation which could be called a hippocampus minor.”
‘In Ursus there is no postcornu. In Callorhinus a slight caudal spur of
the cavity indicates its position. Zalophus was not examined in this
region. In Monachus there is a fairly well-developed postcornu.
Murie describes a well-developed postcornu in the Manatee and Otaria,
and in both a well-developed hippocampus minor or calear. In Phoca
vitulina the postcornu is relatively large, and the hippocampus minor
is well developed, being correlated with the splenial fissure and making
of it, for a portion of its course at least, a total fissure.
Terminology.—A dificulty of some importance is the selection of
the terms to be employed in the description of the fissures and gyres,
particularly in the brain of the Pinnipedia, where the literature is not
especially abundant. The literature on the carnivorous brain is more
extensive, but as many authors have employed terms of their own
without reference to the nomenclature used by others, some confusion
has naturally resulted. It has therefore seemed best in the present
case not to follow the terminology of any one author, but to use those
terms which, by their special fitness, seemed most appropriate. On
this account the priority of terms has not been especially considered,
for in some cases later investigations have shown that some of the
earlier terms were not the best to use in considering the homologies
between the various forms.
Some of the more common synonyms of the names of the various
fissures used in this article are as follows: The supersylvian is very
commonly called the suprasylvian. Turner and Gratiolet have appar-
ently confused this fissure with the lateral in Phoca. I have preferred
the term postsupersylvian, as used by Krueg, Turner, and others, to
postsylvian, as recommended by Owen and Wilder. The term pre-
supersylvian has been introduced to apply to what is commonly
described as the anterior or frontal portion of the supersylvian or the
ectosylvia antiea of Ziehen. The superorbital of Flower and Wilder
is preferred to the intraorbital of Turner and Langley. This fissure has
also been designated as the presylvian by Krueg and others. The
term presylvian has also been applied by some writers to describe what
commonly appears to be the coronal fissure. Cruciate is retained, as is
done by most writers, although frontal fissure is the term originally
suggested by Owen. I have also employed the term marginal fissure,
as used by Owen and Wilder, instead of suprasplenial, as used by Krueg
and Turner.
686 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SUMMARY.
ment of the fissures in the brain of carnivorous animals. As in the»
eat, dog, and bear, the presylvian area is greater in length than the
postsylvian. In the sea lion the two areas are about equal. In Mon. -
achus, Callorhinus, and Phoca the postsylvian area is longer than the
presylvian.
The epiphysis is very highly developed 1 in the walrus, and in the seals i
it is much better developed than in carnivora. The olfactory bulbs -
and peduncles resemble those of the seals and do not attain as relatively”
ereat development as in carniyora. The postrhinal resembles the con- |
ditions in Zalophus, Callorhinus, dnd Monachus. The fissure postica |
resembles that of Ursus, Zalophus, Callorhinus, and Phoca. The
2
supersylvian resembles that of the dog and bear. The postsupersyl-
vian is correlated more closely with that of Zalophus than in any of-
the other forms studied. The ectolateral, by fusing with the post-
superylvian, differs from any of the-other forms. The lateral fissure |
corresponds with Zalophus in that it is relatively short. The ansate
fissure resembles the condition found in Zalophus, Ursus, and Canis.
The coronal is quite similar to that in Ursus and Zalophus. The”
medilateral differs from that of the other forms in that it is interrupted;
if considered as a continuous fissure it would be the longest fissure of —
the brain. The cruciate resembles the conditions found in Phoca and-
Monachus. The splenial accords more closely with the conditions”
found in Zalophus and Monachus. The marginal fissure resembles
that of Monachus; it is not especially well developed. The develop-
ment of the postcornu suggests a condition between that found in
Callorhinus on the one hand and Monachus on the other. ;
As a matter of convenience, a table of the more important regions —
in the representatives of the different groups examined is herewith
appended: d
i eae Es 2. a
j 4 *
No.| Region. Ursus. Callorhinus, | Zalophus. Rosmarus. | Monachus. Phoea. .
besh| 1 i ee? br ate 24) fees : oa }
| | .
1 | Subfissure | Present..... | Presenteess: Present.---- | Present..--- Not very : Present.
postica(?). | distinet. |
2 | Postrhinal..| Continua- | Connects | Connects | Connects | Mere trace, | Contin was
tion of with pos- | with pos- with pos- | very. su-| tionofrhi-
rhinal, tica. |. itiea: tica. perficial, nal.
ex cep- connec-
tionally tion with
postica. postica.
3 | Presuper- | Continuous | Sometimes | Continuous.) Continuous. Continuous... Disconnect-
sylvian. With su- discon- | ed.
persyl- nected. | :
vian. ,
4) Postsuper- | Continuous | Mayormay | Continuous.) Continuous.| Mayormay | Usually con-_
sylvian. with su- not becon- notbeeon- tinuous.
| persyl-|_ tinuous. tinuous.
vian.
*
=
¢
CEREBRAL FISSURES OF THE WALRUS—FISH.
687
No.) Region. Ursus. | Callorhinus. | Zalophus. | Rosmarus. | Monachus. Phoca.
= |
5 | Precruciate.| Mostly dor- | Dorsal ---- = Dorsalie.-- -: Presence | Mesal and | Not clearly
“ sal. | doubtful. dorsal. shown.
6 | Cruciate....| Dorsal....-. Dorsal’; >. .-- HeDorsal sese2 2 Mesal and | Mesal and | Mesal and
| dorsal. dorsal. dorsal.
7 | Posteruciate| Present..... | Present... .- Present....- | Sometimes | Rudimen- | Present.
| not dis- tary.
} tinct.
8 | Medilateral.| Present... .. Present ..... Present... -. | Long and | Present-..... A series of
| discon- small dis-
nected. connected
| fissures.
9 | Marginal ...| Absent -..-.. |; Present... - Jeeresento=-.- | Present. ...- Short,inter- Present.
| rupted
| | fissures.
10 Collateral ..) Absent ..-.. Present..... | Rudimen- | Present...-.- Present..... Present.
| tary. |
ie) Manor fis- | Rare......-. Quite nu-| Not many -..| Numerous..| Quite nu- | Quite nu-
sures, merous merous. merous.
fe Urs in e | Present... .. Present. ..-- Present....- Not distinct.) Small.....-. Absent.
Lozenge.”
a3 | Postcornu -.| Absent -.-.- Rudimen- | (2) j ommalliaeaaes| Fair size....| Large.
tary.
14) Calcar.| Absent ....- Absent ..-.- | (?) Absent ...:- Indistinct ... Very dis-
(Hip po- tinct.
campus
minor. )
i> | Insula -.: .-- Slisnt).- 2-5. Shieh. +. --< Welighte cess Slishte 2. -- | Slight ...-.. | Slight.
16} Pre andj] Presylvian | Postsylvian | The two, Presylvian | Postsylvian | Postsylvian
post sylvi- area lon- longer. areas ap-| area lon- longer. | longer.
an areas. ger. proxi-|_ ger.
mately |
equal. |
1
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
In the preparation of this article I have made free use of the follow-
ing works:
1899. Fiso, P. A. The Brain of the Fur Seal, etc.
Report of Fur
Seal Investigations, 1896-97, Pt. 3, pp. 21-41; also Journal of Com-
parative Neurology, VIII, 1898, pp. 57-98.
1899. Fuatau and JAcOBSOHN.
tems, I.
i880. Krurc, JULIUS.
der zonoplacentalen Siiugethiere.
Zoologie, XX XIII, pp. 595-672.
1889. KGKENTHAL, WILLY.
1888. TurNER, Sir WILLIAM.
Anatomie des Centralnerven-Sys-
Ueber die Furchen auf der Grosshirnrinde
Zeitschrift. fiir wissenschaftliche
Untersuchungen an Waltieren.
Brain of Elephant Seal, and Walrus.
H. M. S. Challenger Report, 1873-1876, Zoology, X XVI, Pt. 3, pp.
89-134; also Journal of Anatomy, X XV, 1891, pp. 105-153.
1886. Witper, B. G., and Gags, 8. H. Anatomical Technology.
1890. ZreneN, THEODOR. Zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Hirn-
windungen mit spezieller Berticksichtigung der Gehirne von Ursus
maritimus und Trichecus rosmarus. Anatomischer Anzeiger, V, pp.
692-709.
For a more complete bibliography of literature pertaining to the
brain of the Carnivora and Pinnipedia, consult the work of Flatau and
Jacobsohn or Turner’s Challenger Report.
688 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
ans. = Ansate fissure. ml. = Medilateral fissure.
cal. = Callosum. per = Postcruciate fissure.
c.g. =Callosal gyre. ph. = Postero-horizontal fissure.
él. = Callosal fissure. prspl. = Presplenial fissure.
col. = Collateral fissure. prss. | = Presupersylvian fissure.
cor. = Coronal fissure. pspl. = Postsplenial fissure.
cr. = Cruciate fissure. pss. = Postsupersylvian fissure.
el. = Ectolateral fissure. te = Rostral fissure.
q- = Genual fissure. 80. = Superorbital fissure.
h. = Hippocampal fissure. spl. = Splenial fissure.
h. g. = Hippocampal gyre. syl. = Sylvian fissure.
l. = Lateral fissure. 88. = Supersylvian fissure.
l.g. = Lateral gyre. syl. g. =Sylvian gyre.
marg. = Marginal fissure. ss. g. —=Supersylvian gyre.
m.g. = Marginal gyre.
PLATE. XX VIII.
Fig. 1. Lateral aspect of the left hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus. The vario
fissures were sounded and the numbers represent the depth in millimeters of the fi
sure at that point.
Fig. 2. Lateral aspect of the right hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus. The num
bers represent the sounding of the fissures as in fig. 1.
PLATE X XTX.
Fig. 3. Mesal aspect of the left hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus.
Fig. 4. Mesal aspect of the right hemicerebrum of Rosmarus rosmarus.
a
|
_U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXVIII
LATERAL ASPECT OF BRAIN OF WALRUS.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 688.
‘
ied
: iy
t«
=
- ay ra
=4
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXIX
MESAL ASPECT OF BRAIN OF WALRUS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 688.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SCULPIN FROM
JAPAN.
By Davin Srarr JorpAN and Epwin CHaptn Starks,
Of the Leland Stanford Junior. University. j;
In the present paper is given a description of a new species of
Sculpin belonging to the genus Cottunculus, dredged by the U. S.
Fish Commission steamer A/batross in Japan.
COTTUNCULUS BREPHOCEPHALUS Jordan and Starks, new species.
Head 24 in length without caudal; depth 34. Dorsal VI-16; anal
12. Eye 44 in head; maxillary 23.
Head considerably wider than deep, flat on top; the nape somewhat
produced, the rostral region evenly rounded; jaws equal or the lower
very slightly included; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye;
rather sharp villiform teeth in moderate bands on jaws and yomer;
the bands of equal width on premaxillaries and mandible, wider in
front than at sides; vomerine patches small, narrower than those on
jaws, and having a wider interval between than that between pre-
maxillary bands. Interorbital space wide and flat; between iris 24
in head, the bone only half as wide. Nostrils ending in short tubes,
the anterior separated from the posterior a distance equal to half the
length of eye. Head without spines; a pair of very slight tubercles
may be felt between eyes and one on upper part of preopercle, but
the occipital, the suborbital, the preopercle, and the other spines as
possessed by Cottunculus microps and C. thompsoni are entirely
absent.
Origin of dorsal directly above upper end of gill-opening, the
length of the fourth spine 43 in head, the rays toward the posterior
end the longest, 24 in head, the tips of the last rays, when fin is
depressed, reach to the rudimentary caudal rays, or slightly beyond
the tips of anal rays. Origin of anal midway between tip of lower jaw
and anterior third of caudal rays, its posterior or longest rays a little
shorter than those of dorsal. Pectoral reaching to above base of fourth
PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1326.
689
690 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX
anal ray, its upper 6 rays branched, its lower (14) rays simple. Lengt
of ventrals 2% in head. Caudal truncate, rounded at its outer corners, —
Skin entirely smooth.
Color in spirits: Back and dorsal dusky, with fine blackish points
surrounding light spots; under parts and lower fins without color,
probably pinkish or red in life; a row of 6 or 7 large light spots along
side from opercle flap to base of middle caudal rays; light clouded
COTTUNCULUS BREPHOCEPHALUS.
areas above and on dorsal; a dusky band extending downward and
backward from eye, and some dusky, irregular spots on opercle; top
of head colorless; caudal crossed by a broad band of dusky, the tip
colorless. Peritoneum black; inside of gill-covers white. |
This species may be known by the absence of blunt spines and by
the coloration.
The type was dredged by the U.S. Fish Commision steamer A/batross
in Suruga Bay in 94 fathoms, Station 3704. It is 13 em. in length,
and bears the number 50591, U.S.N.M.
i"
ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF A SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS
FROM THE PHILIPPINES.
-By JosEpH Henry Marpen,
Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
In the Botany of the United States Exploring Expedition during
the years 1838-1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. 8.
Navy,” there is given’ an account of a plant found near Caldera,
Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands. Leaves and fruits were .
available, and Asa Gray says, ‘‘I thus record the plant under the name
Eucalyptus multiflora Rich, given by Mr. Rich? in the collection.”
Bentham refers” to this specimen in the following words:
A fifth species of Eucalyptus from a still more distant region, Mindanao, one of the
Philippine Islands, is described by A. Gray in the Botany of the American Explor-
ing Expedition, ¢ under the name of EF. multiflora Rich, from a specimen in leaf, and
witha panicle of old fruits from which the calyx limb and operculum, if any, are
fallen away and the open capsules have lost all their seeds. The four-celled (not
three-celled) capsule is the only character leading us to suppose that it may be a
Eucalyptus rather than a Tristania or a Metrosideros. No mention of it occurs in
Blanco’s Flora.
It will thus be seen that the very identity of the genus of this plant
was doubted by an eminent authority.
A short time ago, through the kindness of the Secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington, D. C., I was able to examine Gray’s
specimen. It is No. 25483 of the U. S. National Herbarium, and as
it turns out to be identical with Aucalyptus naudiniana F. v. Miiller,
FE. multifiora Rich, must fall because the name is preoccupied (£.
multifora Poiret, probably a synonym of 2. pilularis Smith).
@Phanerogamia by Asa Gray, I, 1854.
» Page 554.
© William Rich, botanist of the U. 8. ship Relief. In Captain Wilkes’ narrative
Mr. Rich’s name is given as one who made an excursion from Manila, and he
speaks of ‘our botanical gentlemen botanizing in the forests of Mindanao.”’
a@Journ. Linn. Soc. (Botany), X, p. 148.
€ Page 554.
See DC. Prod., ILI, p. 217, under EF. persicifolia Lodd.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1327.
691
692 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
There are so few Fue aly pti found outside Australia that the question
of the identity of one found beyond the limits of that continent is of
interest. and the occurrence of the genus in the Philippines is now se
at rest and doubtless its range in that group will be ascertained ry
American botanists. 7
E. naudiniana ¥F. vy. Miller is so little known that the following
notes in regard to 4 may be acceptable. It was described by Mill
in the Australasian Journal of Pharmacy,“ under the title 0;
Description of a hitherto unrecorded speciesof Kucalyptus from New
Britain. New Britain is of course now a German possession undey
the name of Bismarck Archipelago. 5
A correspondent in that group writes to me: |
Eucalyptus naudiniana is common in~New Pommern, though not in the Ralun
district, where I live. It grows especially on the rivers, from the coast to the moun
tains, and is so common in the forests that two sawmills have been started especial
for this timber. The timber is not so hard as the Australian Eucalyptus but still |
good, useful timber.
I know of no locality for the species other than that indicated in thi
paper.
aJuly, 1886
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON BLEEKERIA MITSUKURI,
AND ON CERTAIN JAPANESE FISHES.
By Davip Srarr JORDAN,
President of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
!
_ Inthe present paper are given a few notes supplementary to different
papers on Japanese fishes recently published in these Proceedings.
EMBOLICHTHYS MITSUKURII (Jordan and Evermann).
In Notes on a Collection of Fishes from the island of Formosa, in
these proceedings,“ Jordan and Evermann have described a new species
of Ammodytoid fish from Giran, Formosa, under the name of LZech-
Fig. 1.—EMBOLICHTHYS MITSUKURII.
eria mitsukurit. ‘This species differs from the type of Bleekeria in
having ventral fins. These are small, jugular in position, and com-
posed of a short spine and three slender rays. There are 115 sc ales
in a horizontal series. The presence of ventrals may define a distinct
genus, Linbolichthys Jordan and Eyermann, of which Bleekeria mitsu-
hurii is the type. The presence in this species of jugular v entral fins
with the rays fewer than I, 5, shows that the Ammodytide have no
affinity with the Percesoces, nor with the extinct family of Cobitopside.
Their place must be near the Ophidiidex, as supposed by earlier and
some recent writers.
a Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX V, 1902, p. 333.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MusEUM VOL, XXVI—No. 1328.
Proce. N. M. vol. xxvi—02
693
694 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
ZEN ITEA (Jordan and Fowler).
In the review of the Chetodontide and related families of fishe
found in the waters of Japan by Messrs. Jordan and Fowler,’ a ney
species of Zeid is described from Suruga Bay, Japan, under the nam
of Cyttopsisitea. ‘This species differs from the type of Cyttopsis (rosea
Fig. 2.—ZEN ITEA.
in having the ventral rays I, 9, and in having the breast flatand broad, |
imperfectly shielded. This is the type of a new genus, Zen Jordan,
the species standing as Zen dtea.
HENIOCHUS DIPHREUTES.
In the same paper? a Japanese fish from Wakanoura and Nagasaki
is described under the name of Heniochus macrolepidotus. From this
well-known East Indian species, the Japanese form differs in having
the posterior black band from soft dorsal to anal not extending for-
ward to cover the anterior part of the anal fin. It seems to be a
distinct species, which may receive the name of /Zeniochus diphreutes
Jordan. The type is No. 7247, Ichthyological Collections, Stanfore
University. The description of Hendochus macrolepidotus Jordan a
Fowler? applies to this species. The accounts given by Schlegel’ ane
—
@Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, p. 519.
bTdem, p. 542.
¢ Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 82, pl. xiv, fig. 1.
0.1328. CERTAIN JAPANESE FISHES—JORDAN. 695
|
| - . . z r i
by Steindachner,“ refer also to Heniochus diphreutes. Schlegel’s speci-
mens, like ours, came from Nagasaki; Steindachner’s came from
Kochi, in Shikoku. Hentochus macrolepidotus has not been taken in
Japan.
The plate here given is drawn by Kako Morita.
Fic. 3.—HENIOCHUS DIPHREUTES.
TEUTHIS DUSSUMIERI.
The specimens of Zeuwthis recorded from Nafa, Umesawa, and Misaki,’
under the name of Zvuthis argenteus, seem to belong to Teuthis dus-
sumieri (Cuvier and Valenciennes). There are seve ‘al Polynesian
species closely related to this, and their synonymy is much complicated.
The larval specimens from Hawaii, named Acanthurus argenteus by
Quoy and Gaimard, may have belonged to any one of half a dozen
species, although most resembling Zeuthis dussumier?. We have just
such specimens from Hilo, and as we can not positively identify them
aFische Japans, II, 1883, p. 24.
b Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XV, 1902, p. 553,
696 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
with one species rather than another, it is probable that i
should not be used for any species of Zeuthis.
CHASMICHTHYS GULOSUS (Guichenot).
misakius© was earlier named Saccostoma gulosum by Sauvage.?
then made the type of the genus Saccostoma. This name, as well a
the first name suggested by us, Chasmias, 1s Peer arienl and th
genus must retain “the still later substitute name of Chasmichthys
The known species of the genus are Chasmichthys qulosus (misakius
and Chasmachith Ys dolineunae US.
noe. U.S S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, Pp.) (OL:
»>Guichenot MS., Bull. Soc. pipe VIL, 1882, p. 171; Japan.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXX
CHASMICHTHYS GULOSUS (MISAKIUS).
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 696.
THE USE OF THE NAME TORPEDO FOR THE ELECTRIC
CATFISH.
By THreopore GILL,
Honorary Associate in Zoology.
In the Proceedings of the U. 8. National Museum for 1895 (p. 161)
the name Torpedo was revived for the electric vatfish, generally known
as Malapterurus electricus, This view has been adopted by several
authors (Jordan, Evermann, etc.) and doubtless will be generally by
those who adhere strictly to rules of priority. It has alr sxady been
indicated that the application of the name to the electric rays by the
ancients was secondary and not primary, and that the term was as
applicable to the electric catfish as to the electric rays. I was not
aware, however, that it had been so applied by any other than Forskal.
Recently my attention was accidentally drawn to the fact that in 1543
Heckel had indicated that the catfish was mentioned under the name
Torpedo by Athenus and Purchas.
L have searched in vain in the Deipnosophiste of Atheneus for any
mention of the Torpedo or vapKy which could be referred to the elee-
trical catfish. All the notices found (VII, c. 95; VII. c. 120; VII, c. 140)
relate to a sea fish, avowedly or in all probability. In an imperfect
list of ‘‘the chief fish found in the Nile” (VU, ¢. 92), only sixteen“
species are named, but it is remarked that ‘there are also a great
number of others.” Unfortunately Heckel has given no reference to
the chapter of Athenzeus which led him to suppose that reference to the
catfish was meant; his only citation (in the Abbildungen und Beschrei-
-bungen der Fische Syriens) under ‘‘Atheneus” is ma chronological
summary of authors treating of Egyptian fishes, where, in a list of
sixteen species (p. 218), the following reference is made: ** Torpedo.
Malapterurus electricus Lacep.??” In the systematic list of species,
under Malapterurus electricus (p. 230), “Torpedo Athenzxus ?” is also
named.
4This list 1s exclusive of species which Athenzeus had just before mentioned in the
same chapter; that is, the Latos, different Coracini, and the Motz. Incidentally, it
may be added that Athenceus says that the Latos ‘‘is like the fish called the Glanis,
which is found in the Danube’?! The Coracini doubtless included the celebrated Bolti
(Tilapia nilotica).
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuseuM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1329.
697
i a
698 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy
F
he
In Purchas His Pilgrimes, published in 1625, two notices of ¢
electric cathish or Raad of the Nile appear. :
In the seventh booke Abyssinia, called then Abassia, is described,
and a notice of Abassine animals is given (p. 1183). iF
In thefe Riuers and Lakes is allo found the Torpedo, which if any man hold in hig
hand, if it [tirre not, it doth produce no effect: but if it moue it felfe neuer fo little, ;
it fo tormenteth the body of him which holds it, that his Arteries, Joints, Sinewes, &
all his Members feele exceeding paine with a certaine numbneffe; and as foone as it |
is let go out of the hand, all that paine and numbneffe is alfo gone. The Superfti- |
tious Abaffines beleeue that it is good to expell Deuils out of humane bodies, as if it]
did torment Spirits no leffe than men. They fay, if one of thefe aliue bee laid)
amongit dead Fithes, if it there ftirre it felfe, it makes thofe which it toucheth to’
{tirre as if they were alive. There is great {tore of this kind in Nilus, in the furtheft {
parts of Goyama, where there is a Meere or Fenne without bottome, welling and
admirably boyling forth waters continually, whence Nilus {pringeth.
In the twelfth booke, in which the present country of Mozambique
is described (p. 1545), the Torpedo is named in the margin, and the;
following notice of it appears:
In the Riuer of Sofala is ftore of Fifh fat and sauorie, as Mullets, Needles, Dol-!
phins, &e. One f{trange fifh in qualitie is common in thofe Riuers, which the Portu-:
gals call Tremedor, and the Cafres, Thinta, of fuch nature that no man can take it in)
his hand while it is alive, for it filleth the hand and arme with paine, as if every ioint |
would go afunder; but being dead is as another fifh, and much efteemed for good
meate. The Naturals fay, that the skin of this fifh is vfed to forceries. It is medic.
inable againft the Cholick, rofted and ground to powder and drunke in Wine. The)
biggeft of them is two [pannes and halfe long, the skin blackifh, rough and thick.
It is quite likely that Forskil may have read these accounts, and |
thence been influenced in appropriating the name Torpedo as the>
generic designation of the fish in question.
A REVIEW OF THE CEPOLIDA OR BAND-FISHES OF
JAPAN.
By Davip Starr Jorpan and Henry W. Fow er.
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
In this paper is given a review of the species of Band-fishes or Cepo-
lide known to inhabit the shores of Japan. The material studied is
in the museum of Leland Stanford Junior University and in the
United States National Museum. It was chiefly collected by Messrs.
Jordan and Snyder during the summer of £900.
Family CEPOLID 4.
BAND-FISHES.
Body very elongate, compressed, band-like, covered with small
cycloid scales, lateral line obscure. Head obtuse; cleft of the mouth
wide and oblique; teeth moderate on jaws only; eyes large, lateral;
gill-openings wide, the membranes not united, free from the isthmus;
gills 4; pseudobranchie present; b ranchiostegals 6; air-bladder large;
pyloric ceca few. Skull well ossified. Dorsaland anal fins each very
long, composed of slender rays, which are either simple or branched
and more or less distinctly articulated; both fins more or less joined
to the caudal; ventral fins thoracic, their rays I, 5.
Coasts of tropical Europe and Asia; shore fishes of a deep red color;
a peculiar group, having something in common with the Ophidisde,
but with the normal ventrals thoracic, in position of the ordinary
percoid fishes. Its relations are perhaps nearer the Lati/idz than any
other of the better known groups.
a. Preopercle unarmed; dorsal rays more or less distinctly articulate, usually branched.
Cepola, 1.
aa, Preopercle with 4 to 8 blunt spinous teeth; dorsal rays indistinctly articulated,
ME Wraeed. aos Sane See as ae eee etre s sr iene {canthocepola, 2.
PrRoceEeEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1330.
699
700 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1. CEPOLA Linnzus.
Cepola Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, 1769, p. 445 (tenia).
This genus includes the Cepolide which have the preoperde|
unarmed; dorsal rays rather distinctly articulate, and in typical species:
also distinctly branched. i
(cepola, a name unexplained, probably of Italian origin.) :
| d
”
>
1. CEPOLA SCHLEGELI Bleeker.
AKADASHI (RED WEASEL). %
Cepola krusensterni SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1845, pl. uxxt, fig. 1; Naga-!
saki, not description.—Nysrrom, Svensk, Ak. Handl., 1887, p. 39; Nagasaki.
Cepola schlegeli BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1854, Japan, p. 412; Kaminoseki; |
Verh. Bat. Gen., XX VI, 1854, Japan, p. 110; Act. Soe. Sci. Ind. Neerl., Vj]
1859, p. 256.—GintHeR, Cat. Fish., II, 1861, p. 488.—Srernpacaner and D6é-"
DERLEIN, Fische Japeue IV, 1887, p. 12; Tokyo, Kochi, Tango. —IsHIKAWaA, |
Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 32; Bingo.—JorpaNn and Snyper, Check List, Fish, Japa
1901, p. 111.
|
Head 10 in length; depth 12; D. more than 70; A. more than 60;)
P. 18: V. 1-5: scales more than 300; eye 3 in head; width of head 13 in)
height. Pectoral 13 to 1% in head. Body elongate, strongly com-|
pressed. Head obtusely convex, longer than high; snout half the)
length of the eye, profile convex; maxillary Porenine below posterior
part of eye, oblique; teeth in jaws uniserial, curved and conic; preo-)
percle without spines; opercle a little over 3 in head. Scales very)
small, present on opercles. Lateral line concurrent with back. Dor-
sal, anal, and caudal continuous; pectoral rounded. 7
Color, body and fins rosy; the membrane between premaxillary andi
maxillary with a black spot. 7:
Leneth 212 mm. Kaminoseki, in the sea. (Bleeker.) In young;
examples, the spines on the lower margin of the preoperculum are}
sharp and pointed, and the body is much shorter and deeper in com-|
parison with the length of the head. In most all of the specimens the
dark spot hidden between the maxillary and intermaxillary is evident.)
No specimens were taken by us, although the species is said to be
not rare in southern Japan. Our description is condensed from that.
of Dr. Bleeker, made from a specimen from Kaminoseki on the inland:
sea.
2. ACANTHOCEPOLA Bleeker.
Acanthocepola BureKxer, Versl. Ak. Amsterd., VIII, 1874, p. 369 (krusensternt).
This genus includes those Cepolide in which the preopercle is ar med.
with 4 to 8 blunt spines. The dorsal rays are simple and indistinctly
articulate. Color bright red.
(axavéa, spine; cepola.)
0.133. THE BAND FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 701
h. Scales small, about 150 in a longitudinal series; D. 80, A. 76; no black dorsal spot,
| so far as known; preopercle with about 5 blunt spines; dorsal and anal fins
| margined with blackish. -.-..--------------------------------- krusensterni, 2.
i Scales minute, about 300 in a longitudinal series. Preopercle with about 7 blunt
spines. D. 104; A. 105; a black spot in front of dorsal; dorsal not conspicu-
' ously margined with blackish; anal brown-edged .....------------ limbata, 3.
2, ACANTHOCEPOLA KRUSENSTERNI (Schlegel).
SAKENOUWO (WINE-FISH); AKATACHIUWO (RED BLENNY) ;
RINGUROTAIMATSU.
| Cepola krusensterni SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1845, p. 130 (not figure) ;
Nagasaki.—Buerker, Verh. Bat. Gen., Ichth. Japan, X XV (1854), “p. 39;
Natursk. Tijds. Nederl. Ind., VI, 1854; p. 411; Verh. Bat. Gen., XXVI,
Japan, 1854, p. 108; Act. Soe. Se. Indo. Neerl., III, Japan, 1859, pl. 11, fig.
1.—GitnrHer, Cat. Fish., III, 1861, p. 488, Japan.—SremNDACHNER and
DéperLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 32; Tokyo.—Isnikawa, Prel. Cat.,
1897, p. 32 ; Wakayama, Nagasaki.
| Cepola hungta Ricwarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 277; Canton.
Head 113 in length; depth 132; D. 80; A. 76; P. I-17; V. 1-5; scales
164, 28 in a vertical series in front. Body very elongate, compressed,
and covered with cycloid scales, which are very small on the anterior
part of the body. Head longer than deep, compressed; eye larger than
‘the snout, in the front of the head above, 34 in the head and 1 in the
‘maxillary; snout very bluntly rounded, with the lower jaw produced;
‘mouth very oblique, superior, and the jaws each with a single series
of strong teeth; lips moderately fleshy; maxillary extending to below
the middle of the eve; interorbital space flattened, 14 inthe eye. Gill-
opening large; the gill-rakers numerous, long, and slender; lowe1
margin of the preoperculum armed with five blunt and rather broad
spines. Dorsal, caudal, and anal confluent, the origin of the former a
little in advance of the posterior margin of the gill-opening; dorsal
low, more or less equal in height; caudal produced into a filamentous
point; the origin of the anal at the tips of the pectorals, and, like the
dorsal, the fin low; pectorals in the lower half of the body behind the
gill-opening and about 1} in the head; ventrals below, a trifle behind
pectorals and nearly equal in length, but produced into a point.
Color in spirits, almost uniform pale brown, the anal and caudal
narrowly margined with blackish, with some spots a little deeper in
color; no black spot on dorsal. In life bright cherry-red, with spots
of rather deeper shade.
@ According to Mr. Edgar R. Waite (in lit.), the dates of publication of the differ
ent parts of the volume on Fishes of the Fauna Japonica are as follows:
Decade I, pp. 1-20, 1842.
Decades II-IV, pp. 21-72, 1848.
Decades V-VI, pp. 73-112, 1844.
Decades VII-IX, pp. 173-269, 1845.
Decades X-XIV, pp. 173-269, 1846.
Decade XV, pp. 270-324, 1850.
7092 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEOM. VOL. Xx¥I
Length 20;'5 ence! Here described from Nagasaki specimens.
This species is common through Southern Japan, being far more:
abundant than Cepola schlegeli. Our specimens are from Tokyo,
Misaki, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Nagasaki, Mogi, and Obama.
(Named for the traveler, Krusenstern.)
3. ACANTHOCEPOLA LIMBATA (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Cepola limbata Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 1835, p. 402
Japan, after Krusenstern, pl. Lx, fig. 2 (dorsal and anal bordered with deey
red; a small black spot on front of dorsal; sides of body with red points).—
Ginrner, Cat. Fish, III, 1861, p. 489, copied. —Nysrrom, Svensk, Vet. Handl. M
1887, p. 89; Nagasaki. (D. more than 80; head 9 in body.) fi
Cepola marginata Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 1835, p. 402
Japan, after Krusenstern, pl. Lx, fig. 1 (brick red, dusted ath ane points, fir
bordered with brick red; dorsal spot black, smaller than in the preceding).=
GiinTHER, Cat. Fish, III, 1861, p. 489. Copied.
Cepola mesoprion BLEEKER, Vern Bat. Gen., XX VI, Japan, 1854, p. 109; Nag
saki.—Gitnrner, Cat. Fish, III, 1861, p. 488.
Acanthocepola mesoprion JORDAN peel EVERMANN, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., XX Vy
1902, p. 363; Giran, Formosa. :
ACANTHOCEPOLA LIMBATA,
Of this species, distinguished by the very small size of the scal
and the very large number of the fin rays, we have examined one:
specimen from Giran, Formosa. This specimen is certainly typical
of Acanthocepola mesoprion and A. limbata is probably the same.
A description and good figure (see above) of this specimen has been
published Jordan and Evermann.¢
“Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, p. 363.
A GENEALOGIC STUDY OF DRAGON-FLY WING
VENATION.
By James G. NEEDHAM,
Of Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois.
INTRODUCTION.
| This is a new study of one of the oldest subjects in entomology. It
is an application of the methods of comparative morphology to the
interpretation of some external characters universally employed in
systematic work upon insects.
The richly veined wings of dragon-flies have been carefully studied
by many able entomologists; their interesting peculiarities are well
known; the homologies of the various parts of the wing have been
‘determined throughout the order; and there already exists a consider-
‘able body of evidence as to the nature and extent of variation in
yenational characters. There has been as yet no serious effort to use
‘these characters to determine genealogic succession within the order.
'It is the main purpose of this paper to translate the records of natural
‘selection as written in the abundant characters of these wings..
At the outset I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the follow-
ing gentlemen, who have all aided me generously: To Prof. J. H. Com-
“stock, of Cornell University, 1 am indebted first of all for constant
advice throughout the progress of this study; to Mr. Samuel Henshaw,
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, for free use of the Hagen
Collection of Odonata during a stay of two months in Cambridge; to
Dr. R. T. Jackson, of Harvard University, for similar privileges in
the study of the fossil Odonata of the same museum; to Dr. P. P.
Calvert, of the University of Pennsylvania, for the loan of valuable
specimens; to Monsieur R. Martin, of Le Blane, for the gift of speci-
mens; and to Dr. 5. H. Scudder, for the privilege of examining the
types of fossil Odonata in his collection, and also some of his original
unpublished drawings.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. XXVI—No. 1331.
703
704 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
I, THE ONTOGENY OF THE VENATION.
HIsToRICAL.
It is pleasant to find that the first contribution to the knowledge
developing veins was made by Dr. Hagen. In 1846 he publishe a
little paper, a page in length, entitled Ueber die Bildung des Geédders;
der Libellen-fliigel.“ In this he wrote that by simply rubbing the:
expanding wing of a transforming dragon-fly between the thumb andi
finger the two membranes of the wing may be slipped apart, and it
will be readily seen that the venation is double, i. e., developed alike;
in both membranes, and that the double network thus formed is united:
and exactly coincident along the courses of the wing trachee. At this!
day one who wishes to see the relation of veins to trachez can hardly!
do better than repeat this simple experiment. Thus he may at leasts
see, a thing too little comprehended hitherto, that the trachez passing:
out from the body cavity into the wing cavity are essentially internal)
organs as compared with the cuticular (hypodermal) thickenings formed:
about them constituting the veins.
Oswald Heer appears to have been the first to use the wings of)
dragon-fly nymphs as an aid to interpreting the homologies of the adult!
venation.” He made no use of trachew, however, but only of the:
veins marked upon the exterior of the wing sheath, these being essen-)
tially the same as the veins in the adult only served to confirm him in)
an erroneous interpretation of homologies.
Roster first figured the tracheation of a nymphal wing.¢ His figure’
(of .2schna cyanea) was made to show tracheal distribution without)
reference to venation. It is in several points incorrect, and a chance:
remark in the text shows that Roster did not perceive the order which!
exists in the arrangement of the traches.¢
In 1888 Brauer and Redtenbacher published a paper on immature:
insect wings, using mainly a species of Aischna to show the fallacy of:
Adolph’s theory of alternating convex and concave veins.¢ Of the:
“Stettiner Ent. Zeit., VII, pp. 115-116. A similar paper by Dr. Hagen, Kurze:
Bemerkung ueber das Flugelgeiider der Insecten (Wien. Ent. Zeit., V, pp. 311-312)
was called out in 1886 by the theories with which Adolph and Redtenbacher had |
encumbered their useful works upon the homologies of the wing veins in general.
Then in 1889 he published (Spaltung eines Fligels um das dopplete Adernetz zu:
zeigen, Zool. Anz., XI, pp. 377-878) a similar article with a figure, showing the main |
facts set forth in all these papers. 5
» Heer, Oswald, Die Insectenfauna der Tertiargebilde von Oeningen und yon)
Badoboj in Croatien, Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Ges., XI, 1850, Libellulidee, pp.)
06-89, pl. Iv.
“Roster, D. A., Contributo all ’anatomia ed alla biologia degli Odonata, Bull. Soe.
Ent. Ital., X VII, pp. 256-268, 2 pls.
“ Mandando in questo percorso cinque o sei diramazioni che innervano intrecciandost
in vario modo, la superficie dell ’ala. [The italics are mine.—J. G. N.]
¢ Kin Beitrag zur Entwickelung des Fliigelgeiiders der Insecten, Zool. Anz., XI,
pp. 443-447.
. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 705
|
yranches of a single main trachea, some were shown to be incorporated
nto convex and some into concave veins. Thus disappeared the fun-
lamental difference which had been assumed to exist between the two
kinds of veins.
Brauer and Redtenbacher also affirmed that the homology of veins
n remotely related insects is only to be determined by the study of
heir developnient—a suggestion which has until quite recently been —
renerally commended in theory and more generally disregarded in
practice.
_ Brogniart, in his Etude sur la nervulation des ailes des insectes,“
igures both the tracheation and the venation in careful detail, and
points out the close correspondence between the two. He fails to
‘ecognize the individuality of the veins and trachez, however, desig-
ating mere branches as independent veins, and he confuses the
identity of one branch (/¢s) by giving it a different designation in the
BS stages.
The foregoing papers have shown (without expressly stating) the
following points: (1) The precedence of the trachez and the subse-
quent development of the veins about them, through hypodermal
elevations becoming paired troughs, which by fusion become hollow
tubes inclosing the trachez; (2) the difference in kind, and (3) the
correspondence in arrangement between the two structures: and (4)
the fact that simpler conditions are found in the earlier stages.
[have traced the development of the venation through a series of
nymphal stages and have published recently, in collaboration with
Professor Comstock, a preliminary account of it,’ but must for present
purposes review the matter more af length.
| ONTOGENY IN GOMPHUS DESCRIPTUS.
For the present I pass by all points of histological structure, not as
being uninteresting or unimportant, but as being unessential to the
‘specific problem now in hand. I shall deal in this paper with facts
‘that may be observed without the aid of sections, and, for the most
part, with no special preparation whatever.°
Six principal trachez traverse the wing of a dragon-fly in all stages.
These arise very early in the budding wing, springing separately from
a longitudinal thoracic tracheal trunk which makes a slight bend
outward to meet the base of the wing. These trachew and their cor-
a Recherches sur les insectes fossiles, etc., Paris, 1894. See especially pp. 204-208,
and pl. vii.
- b Comstock, J. H., and Needham, J. G., The Wings of Insects, Amer. Nat., XXXII
and XXXIII, 1898 and 1899; Art. Odonata, XXXII, pp. 903-911, 9 figs.
¢The only preparation necessary to demonstrate the facts cited in the following
pages is that of the wings of nymphs, which should be removed fresh, mounted
quickly in glycerin jelly, and cooled suddenly (to retain the air in the trachez ), and
are then ready for observation.
'
706 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE
responding veins will be fae ssignated, beginning a the ‘anterior margin:
of the wing, by the following names and abbreviations:
lL. Costa ( Gi ). 4. Media (Ube
2. Subcosta (Se. ) 5. Cubitus (Cu. e
3. Radius (R.). 6. Anal veins (A.).
Typical branches will be designated by added numerals (as JZ, Jf,’
M,, and _W/,, designating from front to rear the branches of the media),
except the posterior division of the radius, which has received thei
special name of ‘‘radial sector” (/¢s.). Accessory and secondary’
branches will be designated by small letters added in the order of the;
development of the branches (as /?s,, /’s,, /¢s,, etc., for the secondary;
branches of the radial sector).
Fig. 1 represents the trachez in two early stages of the development
of the nymphal wing of Gomphus descriptus. A is from a nymph less:
than one-fourth grown, the wing 1 mm. long. The trachez so closely)
resemble those in the developing wings of insects of many other orders
there can be no doubt as to their homology. The radial sector is),
|
Fic. 1.—TRACHEATION OF THE WINGS OF TWO NYMPHS OF Gomphus descriptus BANKS, TWO BARLY |
STAGES. FOR EXPLANATION OF LETTERING SEE TEXT; ALSO, 2 = NODUS AND sf = SUPERTRIANGLE. |
simple—it is generally branched in other orders—and there is a single.
anal vein. In other orders there are oftenest three.“ Otherwise the
trachexw are entirely typical at this stage. It is worthy of note that:
at this stage the wing is somewhat bilaterally symmetrical and a
trachex are of almost equal size and length.
Fig 1. Bis from an older nymph with wings 3 mm. long. The two
marginal trachez are reduced or, rather, outstripped by their com)
petitors, the wing has become quite unsymmetrical, and the radial
sector has come to lie across the distal end of the media. |
Fig. 2 represents the tracheation of both fore and hind wings of a)
grown nymph of the same species. The costal trachea is so dwarfed
as hardly to enter the costal vein. The radial sector lies back of the)
two anterior branches of the media which it crosses. The other
trachew, also, are assuming their definitive positions, and some of them
are becoming strongly angulated at the middle and toward the base of
the wing.
These three stages show clearly how the Deus insect wing has.
af
“Probably the three terminal branches of this fae represent the typical first,
second, and third anal tracheze fused together.
0.1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 707
peen modified to produce the Odonate type, in which the most anom-
lous thing is the crossing of the radial sector over two branches of
he media. I can not now suggest even a possible reason why this
hould have taken place. It is apparently a character quite dis-
inetive of the order Odonata.
| A photograph of fore and hind wings of a grown nymph of the
‘ame species, showing the trachew and the veins together as they
pepe during the last nymphal stage, is reproduced in Plate XXX,
ig. 1. This will assist greatly in comparing the adult wings shown in
ig. 3 with the preceding figures. This also shows that certain well-
xnown features of the dragon-fly wing are due to strong cuticularisation
Fic. 2.—FoRE AND HIND WINGS OF A GROWN NYMPH OF Gomphus descriptus, SHOWING TRACH EX.
THE PERMANENT VENATION WHICH SHOWS DISTINCTLY AT THIS STAGE IS OMITTED.
between the trachee. Such are the stigma (s/.), the nodus (7.), and
parts of the arculus (a7.) and triangle (7.).
~ The radial sector.—In the adult wing (fig. 3) the radial sector appears
to be a branch of the media. It has always been so interpreted. The
only indication of its connection with the radius is the persistent
obliquity of an apparent cross vein between veins J/, and Rs. This
is in fact not a cross vein, but a part of the radial sector, while the
longitudinal trunk (/7.) extending proximally from this point to con-
nect vein Rs with vein J442% is not homologous with any principal
vein, but is a secondary structure developed for mechanical advantage.
There will be seen in the plate a recurrent tracheal twig preceding this
structure.
@The plus sign is thus used as a convention for indicating united branches or
trachex, the numerals it connects designating the branches conjoined.
48
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02
708 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XxyI
Arculus and triangle.—Vhe radius and the media tend from the first
to unite at the base, and in the adult wing appear to form a single veir
as faras the arculus. But even in the adult wing this vein may be
seen, as pointed out by Brogniart, to be composed of two, whose unior
he aptly compared to that of the barrels of a gun. Media suddenly,
bends away from the radius and is met by a cross vein from the cub
tus, and thus the arculus is formed. A similar deflection of the cubita
trachew just beyond the arculus makes a place for the development of
the triangle, which is completed by two cross veins approximated upor
vein J/,. Thus only the upper end of the arculus and the inner side
of the triangle are formed from principal veins.
PITT! LO
{)
A 02%
EY
a 4 Oy SR
VETERE
XY? OM
EE
meee Sc a= ro or 8 Care
ea
9 g Co, ala INTER.
m\ ] to Tet Fala Lote Lae
are SHH Eee
Names , Oa BSS NH sad xy
es 1) 2
HH ROA ES SSSR Sr
y ‘ IS HX? RSL AOI
A} See Oee: SELES ie |
2 Oxy ‘XK E
ato eres i
Cu Cu,
FIG. 3.—VENATION OF THE IMAGO OF Gomphus descriptus.
Trachee and cuticular thickenings thus combine to produce a unique
insect wing, whose chief peculiarities arise from three transverse.
unions of its veins, at stigma, nodus, and arculus, respectively. Addec
to the usual thickening of veins and corrugation of membrane at the |
front border, these three unions make the part of the wing whiel
cuts the air and supports other parts very strong. It will be observec|
that at the stigma but two or three veins are thus conjoined, at the
nodus, more, and at the arculus (by means of parts accessory to ta
arculus) all the principal veins are bound together across the basa:
part of the wing. A line drawn from the outer end of the coal
to the hind angle of the triangle divides the wing into two areas I .
the anterior of which includes the strong framework of the wioail
while the other is yielding membrane with weak venation, adapting the
wing for that rapid seulling action in air by which forward motion i —
produced. |:
| No. 1381. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 709
Il. THE STUDY OF THE WING BY AREAS.
| These three points of transverse bracing are also the points about
which have played the forces which have evolved the dragon-fly wing.
They are the points about which one can best follow the shifting of
veins and trachew. Ina study of genealogy one can hardly do better,
therefore, than to discuss the wing by areas with these points as
centers, drawing freely upon ontogeny, comparative anatomy, and
paleontology for evidence of the changes that have taken place.
THE AREA OF THE STIGMA.
‘The stigma is developed upon the cutting edge of the wing at the
point of greatest impact against the air. It would seem to serve the
aS Th: tp >
[ivanseneestsape
LUT
WT 7
q U
Fic. 4.—PTEROSTIGMAS; p, OF Anax junius DRURY; g, OF Miathyria marcella SELYS; r, oF Neogomphus
molestus SELYS; s, OF Uropetala carovei SELYS; t, OF Agrion mercuriale CHARPENTIER; u, OF Anoma-
lagrion hastatum SAY; v, OF Thore gigantea SELYS; w, OF Mecistogaster Lucretia DRURY; x, Calopteryx
maculata BEAUVOIS; , Microstigma sp?; 2, Microstigma rotundatum, SELYS, HIND WING.
double purpose of firmly uniting the veins of the front margin and of
increasing the efliciency of the wing stroke by adding weight at this
( 710 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, |
str iking point. Its shape and extent vary considerably and are often)
characteristic of groups; but the stigma seems not to contain in itself
such characters for the critical determination of the course of speciali-
zation as are furnished by surrounding parts.
In the wings of the more generalized members of several families:
of Odonata there is between veins 7, and J/, a series of cross veins, :
several of which fall directiy under the stigma, and all of which are;
nearly or quite perpendicular to the veins they connect. One of these
cross veins which happens to lie at the proximal end of the stigma:
waxes stronger than its feilows, and is set in an oblique position in such!
way as to strongly brace the stigma against vein J/,. Three not.
remotely related Gomphinz will illustrate the stages in the develop-),
ment of this strong brace from an ordinary cross vein. In Epigom-
phus paudosus (fig. 8) the proximal end of the stigma has no cross;
vein exactly in line with it; in Cyclophylla diphylla (Plate XX XTV,j }
fig. 1) it is in line, but little strengthened; but in Gomphus dilatati|
(Plate XX XIII, fig. 1) it has become a strong and evident brace. A)
parallel series might be pointed out among the A%schnine (compare:
such genera as Stawrophlebia (Plate XXXIX, fig. 2), Basieschna |
(Plate XX XVII, fig. 2), and Gynacantha (Plate XX XIX, fig. 3), and)
the Agrioninz offer another parallel, with the addition of an interest-_
ing feature, which is illustrated by a series of such genera as Lestes)
(Plate Tali fig. 1), Phdlogenia (Plate LIL, fig. 4), Avgza (Plate LIL, -
fig. 5), and Vehallennia (Plate LIV, fig. 8). In this series there is:
the same development of a brace from a cross vein; and, correlated |
therewith, a progressive angulation of vein J/, at the base of this:
cross vein, forming a triradiate brace at that point.
An entirely different method of bracing the front of the wing at the:
stigma has prevailed in a few forms (Zore, fig. 4, v, etc.). The cross:
vein below vein /2, is not utilized, but the two veins bounding the:
proximal and posterior sides of the stigma are deflected so as to meet)
vein 2, ina strong Y-shaped brace, ie doubtless, serves a pur pose:
analogous to that served by the other triradiate brace described above.
Fig. 4 shows at p the normal stigma of Anaxv junius, greatly;
enlarged. It shows, also, a few common forms of stigma, both!
braced and unbraced (g to 4), and a few uncommon and more or less’
degenerate forms (7 to z), which will be discussed under another!
———
heading.
THE REGION OF THE NODUS.
i
Here at once we come upon very peculiar wing features.
The nodus is the stout cross vein near the madd of the costal bor-.
der of the wing, joining the costa, the subcosta, and the radius. It is.
traversed by a more or less evident suture, making a flexible and)
elastic joint which, without loss of strength in the parts which need
i
.
No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. M11
rigidity, would seem te tiene more effective flexion of the distal parts
of the wing.“
We have already seen the trachea Rs descending at the nodus and
—erossing trachez J/, and J/,. The veins formed about these tracheze
bind them all solidly together. For convenience of reference we now
designate that portion of the radial sector which unites the lower end
of the nodus with the median vein as the suwhnodus (sn.) and the short
oblique portion of the radial sector appearing as a cross vein behind
vein JW, as the oblique vein (0), and the trunk secondarily developed
to connect the radial sector proximally with vein /,,, as the
bridge (br).
In the suborder Anisoptera we may then note that the radial sector
fuses with vein J/, for a little way, carrying the oblique vein a varia-
ble distance beyond the subnodus. The bridge is outlined in trachez
of two very different types, which are almost characteristic of the two
families of the suborder. (1) In all the Aschnine of which I have
had nymphs for examination the antecedent trachea is simple, and
springs from the radial sector near what will be the distal end of the
bridge (fig. 5) and extends in a direct line proximally toward vein
M,+,. (2) In most Libellulide the trachea which precedes the bridge
springs from the radial sector near the origin of the latter (fig. 6),
descends to the level of the bridge that is to be, forks, and sends its
branches in opposite directions to meet veins J/,,, and 7s respec-
tively. In the Macromiine, however, it is formed by a modification
_of the latter type, as shown for Didymops transversa in fig. TA. Fig.
7 B shows how, by a further division of the radial sector near its base,
two oblique veins are formed in the Cordulegasterine and Petalurine.
Compare also with fig. 28
In the suborder Pa reptera. so far as known to me, trachea /s
appears as a branch of the media, the subnodus, while formed in the
usual place, being destitute of a tracheal trunk. The Zygopterous
nymphal wing figured herewith (Plate X XX1, fig. 2) shows that the
trachea 2s has, in this (well grown) stage, at least, no direct commu-
nication with the radius at all. But if we compare the adult wings
of the two suborders there can be no question as to the identity of
the vein /?s, or of its homology in the two groups.
The explanation of this at first rather surprising state of the tra-
chez I believe to be that the trachea As has been detached from the
radius and attached to the media. There are every where between the
principal traches ee open channels of communication, formed by the
«This suture seems to have cut voH fie eee ae hea, or else to have dwarfed
and diverted its tips. In the cicada the subcostal trachea crosses the nodal suture;
and doubtless it once did so in Odonata, for the adult vein extends a little way
beyond in three living genera of Aschninze (compare Stawrophlebia, Plate XX XIX,
fig. 2), and was well developed beyond in the fossil genus schnidium. The nodus
when present in other orders is nearer the wing apex than in the Odonata.
~
alee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_
universal anastomoses of the smallest tracheoles. Any one of thege:
FIG 6.—TRACHEATION OF THE NODAL REGION OF THE NYMPHAL WING OF Libellula pulchella DRURY.)
open air-passages might become enlarged, should necessity arise for
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
the entrance of the air from a new quarter.
vase the necessity may have arisen from the thinning of the wing
cases of the slender Zygoptera, whereby the communication of the
radial sector with the radius would be gradually pinched off.
the decrease of the air supply from the original source an iner
amount must needs come from the medial trunk through tracheoles,
some of which would be
attain the proportions of a tracheal branch,
adial sector would atrophy.“
ko. 1881. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. Gls
And I think that in this
With
sased
enlarged and one of which might finally
while the base of the
Either the attachment of the radial sec ast to media was made at three
>
eo WAN NN D. a
Scs me HY X } y f j
a
—— oe
bey
aN
Sc
a mene ad AC! 4 Rs
‘ : : * "4,07
A, oF Didymops transversa SAY; B, OF
Fic. 7.—TRACHEATION OF THE NODAL REGION OF THE WING.
Cordwegaster diastatops SELYS; THE LATTER SHOWING THE MODE OF ORIGIN OF
VEINS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CORDULEGASTERINE AND PETALURIN&.
’ THE TWO OBLIQUE
different places, or else, since its reattachment, it has taken a different
course in each of three different series within the suborder Zy goptera.
In the Lestin we find it separating from vein J/, far be yond the sub-
nodus, the point of its departure mar ked by a more or less evident
oblique vein, and a long bridge formed about numerous approximated
tracheoles, mainly derived from neighboring branches of the media.
In the Agrionine (s. st.) it separates from vein J/,,. near the nodus,
and there is neither bridge nor oblique vein. In Calopteryx it sepa-
a Bich Sarance ie tr:
Another instance will be cited further on in the case of the bri
A case of the attachment of trachea M, to the radius in Pieris has been
LIII, 1892, fig. 24, and Ender-
acheal prancbes in insects wings are not unprecedented.
anches of the anal
trachea.
clearly indicated by Spuler (Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool.,
lein (Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Anat., XVI, 1902, pl. 11, fig. 20. )
714 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. aM.
rates from vein Miss far.to the proximal side of the nodus, and about
in the more usual position of the proximal end of the bridge.”
In this group bridge and oblique vein are lost; but similar parts are
found, as will be noted later, extending the attachment of the radial
sector to the media still nearer the arculus.
THE REGION OF THE ARCULUS.
Across the base of the wing a strong transverse union of all thé
principal veins is effected by means of arculus in the middle, triangle
at the rear, and antenodal cross veins at the front. Distinct tra,
cheal twigs precede the antenodals of the first (costal) series, while
those of the second (subcostal) series are of independent cuticular
origin.” Specialization is to be traced among these cross veins Ini!
their reduction in number and matching in position in the two series,|
and in the hypertrophy of some of them to form stout triangular
trusses, which entirely fill, in section, the furrow between the costal
and the radius. Two antenodals, some distance apart, are thus hyper-
trophied in most ‘Mschnide, one at either side of the arculus; in the,
Thorine, but one, and that one meeting the arculus; in Synthemis
alternate antenodals are thickened, but to a less degree. Theit
pednevioni in numbers will be discussed under the general subject e
‘cross veins.’
We have already seen that arculus and triangle are formed where
bends in the media and the cubitus, respectively, are met by strong cross.
veins. We have seen that the medial and the cubital trachez are at)
first straight or slightly curved as in other insects, and that the bend-|
ing takes place late in nymphal life, at the time when the veins are’
forming. The genus Ana (Plate XL, fig. 3), while highly specialized:
in many ways, has preserved a rather primitive condition of the
arculus. It is composed here largely of cross vein, which the media’
bends but slightly to meet, and the veins J/,; and J/, depart from it)
in straight lines. Media fends to descend the arculus, and the veins)
M.; and JM/,, departing from it, become arched strongly toward the
radius. In the Libellulide the branches of the media become fused’
at the base while arching upward. This may be traced in the stages
attained by such genera as Veocordulia (Plate XLU, fig. 1), Raphismia,
(Plate XLIV, fig. 3), and Pachyduplac (Piate XLVI, fig. 1). The
“Indicating that in this group at least a recurrent peeeoe ae as ete the
bridge in the Eschnidee, may have developed into the basal attachment of the radial!
sector to the media.
“Tn other orders of insects cross veins are generally wanting from this space, and
where present are very few in number.
It will be observed that the tracheal twigs which precede the antenodals of the
first series are derived from the subcosta; those of the postnodals of the first series, |
from the radius. These tracheal branches are clearly the homoiogues of the longer’
anterior branches of the subcosta and the radius in the Neuroptera and the
Orthoptera. |
|
|
|
| NO. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 715
‘upward arching of the medial branches reaches its climax in some
‘Calopterygine, when J/,,,. after separating from J/, again rejoins the
(radius; its basal part then appears as a cross vein, and when its trunk
jagain frees itself it appears asa branch of the radius. Psewdophaca
(Plate LII, fig. 3), Calopteryx (fig. 34), and Vestalis (fig. 41) have pre-
served the steps by which such condition has been attained.
In Apigomphus (fig. 8) there is a curious tendency for these medial
branches to become conjoined just after their separate departure from
. the arculus.
| In ail these tendencies cuticularisation outruns tracheation; the
"veins become sharply angulated; the trachew much less so. This will
be clearly seen by comparing nymphal (Plate XXXII, figs. 2 and 3)
and adult (Plate NORE: fig. 3) wings of Lanthus parvulus.
See
TT TRS
— DERE
r SSS oe Ge
CaO Soe
Fig. 8.—WINGS OF EPIGOMPHUS PALUDOSUS SELYS.
The triangle has been called by several writers the ‘‘cardinal cell,”
and worthily, for it is a feature of cardinal importance in the Odonate
wing.“ We have already observed that it is ordinarily formed in
Gomphus and others of the suborder Anisoptera, between an oblique
deflected portion of the cubitus and two cross veins approximated
upon the hindmost branch of the media. Between the proximal one
of these two cross veins and the arculus is a narrow space which may
conveniently be termed the ‘‘supertriangle” (s., of all the figures;
also called elsewhere ‘‘ supratriangular space”).
The quadrangle of the Zygoptera.—n the suborder Zygoptera tri-
angle and supertriangle bear different relations to each other and to
surrounding parts of the wing. Together they constitute a unit of
wing structure. They are placed in line, not directed apart by an
aIt is not always triangular, but the exceptions are few. The name is a very con-
venient one and in general use, and I use it in a strictly technical sense without
regard to shape.
>
716 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, ||
obtruding angle of the cubitus, and are oftenest confluent through the
atrophy of the middle cross vein. To the four-sided figure, which
together they always present, we will apply the technical term ‘‘ quad-
rangle” (g, of all the figures; also called elsewhere ‘‘ quadrilateral, and)
FIG. 9.—WINGS OF A FOSSIL, UNDESCRIBED, AGRIONID GENUS, IN T
HE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.)
quadrangular space”). The fossil Agrionid genus illustrated in fig. 9°
offers easy transition from the conditions just seen in the Anisoptera’
to those of the Zygoptera, and renders homologies plain. Com-)
paring this wing with the fore wing of 7?trathem/s (fig. 10) with respect.
ICAO
TERRES
}
Fia. 10.—WInNGs oF Tetrathemis hyalina KIRBY. {
. . . . . ® |
to the points in question, triangle and supertriangle are recognizable
readily in both (though in 7etrathems the latter is elongated and cons)
tains an extra cross vein), and both may easily be derived from ordinary
rectangular cells.
|
} ;
: wo. 1381.
I
ee
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. (
17
| In Agrionidx (Plates LIII and LIV) the quadrangle is undivided, the
middle cross vein being absent. In the Calopterygidee (Plate LI1) the
middle cross vein is occasionally wanting, as in An/soplewra and /pal-
lage, but in general the quadrangle is elongated and contains numerous
extra cross veins, among which the identity of the typical one is lost.
The quadrangle is gener-
ally rectangular in this
family, but in //eterina
(Plate LI, fig. 4) it is wid-
ened distally and convex an-
‘teriorly; in Thore (fig. 35)
and its allies, exactly the
reverse. These facts are
illumined when one sees
what has been the behavior
of the cross vein which
terminates the quadrangle
‘in this family. Vein Cw,
separating from vein Cx, at a right angle, and as suddenly bending
again distally, sets off a transverse basal portion which is in direct line
with this cross vein. The two thus joined rotate together about the
hind angle of the triangle as an axial point, while the two forms of
quadrangle described above are developing. In //efeerina (Plate LI,
fig. 4) and Zazs the medial end of the
cross vein has proceeded distally, while
the base of Cz, has been retracted; in
Thore (fig. 35), Rhinocypha, Lestes,
Fig. 11.—DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE
QUADRANGLE IN THE CALOPTERYGIDH. SOLID LINES, A
SOMEWHAT PRIMITIVE QUADRANGLE; LINE OF DOTS, THE
QUADRANGLE OF Helxrinad; LINE OF DASHES, THAT OF
RHINOCYPHA; ARROWS INDICATE THE OPPOSITE COURSE
OF ROTATION. COMPARE WITH PLATES LI AND LII.
“ etc., the reverse rotation has taken
L392 Kk place, as illustrated in the accompany-
l \ ~ sd ing diagram (fig. 11).
NOES, The triangle of the Anisoptera.—Ke-
Cu,
Fig. 12.—DIAGRAM SETTING FORTH THE
BEHAVIOR OF THE TRIANGLE IN THE SUB-
ORDER ANISOPTERA. THE HEAVY LINES
BOUND A SOMEWHAT PRIMITIVE TRIANGLE,
4°32
turning now to the suborder Anisop-
tera, and to the triangle as an individ-
ual feature of the wing, we may follow
1,2,3,4, AND 5 ARE STAGES IN THE DESCENT
OF THE UPPER CROSS VEIN. 1’, 2’, 3’, AND
4’ REPRESENT SUCCESSIVE STAGES IN THE
RETRACTION OF THE CUBITUS AT THE TRI-
ANGLE. 1”, 2”, 3’, AND 4” REPRESENT
STAGES IN THE RETRACTION OF THE BASE
OF VEIN Cao. 1/’’, 2’”’, 3’, AND 4/// REPRE-
SENT STAGES IN THE ASCENT OF THE VEIN
Cu, UP THE OUTER SIDE OF THE TRIANGLE.
and to follow the shiftings of
with the aid of fig. 12 the changes that
have taken place in it, bringing it
from the condition of an ordinary rec-
tangular cell to its present estate. It
will be convenient to begin with a
triangle hardly more generalized than
that of the fore wing of Zetrathemis,
its parts severally.
1. The angulation of the cubitus.—At the dividing cross vein of the
quadrangle, the cubitus tends in all Anisoptera to form an angle,
which pushes triangle and supertriangle out of line, thus destroying
the unity of the quadrangle, in making of it two elements of wing
7
aS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy
structure. The increasing angulation at this point may be followe
in the fore wings of a series of Libelluline genera, such as Microdipla
(fig. 13), Anatya (Plate XLIV, fig. 2), Mesothemis (Plate XLV, fig. 3
and Perithemis (Plate XLITI, fig. 3). It is only.a little less evidey
in such Gomphine genera as Agriogomphus (tig. 27), Gomphoidy
(Plate XXXII, fig. 2), and Gomphus (Plate XX XIII, fig. 1). It wil
be observed that this deflection of the cubitus results in the widenini
of the space between veins J/, and Qu, beyond the triangle. Th)
may be seen in the aforementioned genera. .
2. The deflection of the middle cross vein of the quadrangle.—It iF
this process that makes the distal half of the quadrangle triangulay
Successive positions of the cross vein are shown at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 c\
figure. Such genera as Zetrathemis (fig. 10), Anatya (Plate XLIV )
fig. 2), Macrothemis (Plate XLVI, fig. 1), and Ephidatia (Plat
XLVI, fig. 2) exhibit these stages. A similar but less striking serie.
will be seen in such Gomphine genera as Agriogomphus (fig. 27
=~
aS
cot ee
EET ES
[aa
ly
oH SO
t
FIG. 13.—WINGS OF MICRODIPLAX DELICATULA SELYS.
}
Gomphoides (Plate XXXII, fig. 2), and Hagenius (fig. 23). Thi
cross vein has become greatly elongated in most Achnide, resultiny
in the elongation of the whole triangle, as seen in such genera a
Gomphxschna (Plate XX XVII, fig. 1), Brachytron (Plate XXXVI}
fig. 2), and Vasieschna (Plate XX XIX, fig. 1). Thus this cross vei |
has come to lie in such position that it appears in the adult wing ti
be a continuation of the cubital trunk, and it has generally been s:
interpreted. @ |
_ — — ——e &
@ Pentathemis membranulata Karsch (Ent. Nachr., XVI, 1890, pp. 33-35) presents»
somewhat unusual condition of this cross vein, in that it is declined to the maximun
and bent upward in the middle at its junction with a cross vein in the supertriangl |
which has migrated outward upon it half the length of the triangle. This condition.
very like that seen in the hind wing of Tetrathemis (fig. 10), only a little i)
advance of that, has resulted in the triangle, after once attaining triangular form |
becoming again four sided. Clearly, it is not five sided as Karsch thought. Hi
alternative explanation (same reference, p. 35), rejected because the triangle woul
not reach vein M, and the supratriangle would be in contact with the discoida.
areolets—a condition seen in the hind wing of Necordulia and Hemicordulia (Plat
XLII, figs. 1 and 3) and in many Libellulinee—is the right explanation, and th’
name Pentathemis is the result of a misinterpretation.
1
i
(0. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 719
| 3. The ascent of vein Cu,.—The cubital fork is in all Odonata at the
aind angle of the triangle. When the distal end of the anal vein
neets the cubitus squarely at this point, a struggle ensues between
she branches of the cubitus for the maintenance of this strong point
»f support. In a series of genera Cu, wins, and Cv, is starved and
srowded out, becomes much the weaker vein. and is forced to ascend
‘he outer side of the triangle. This has happened in both fore and
aind wings of Pseudophlebia minima (Plate XLY, fig. 1). The sue-
sessive positions it assumes are epitomized in the diagram; they may
be verified in the hind wings of such genera as Agrionoptera (Plate
XLIV, fig, 1), Mesothemis (Plate XLV, fig. 3), Diplacodes (Plate XLV,
‘ig. 2), and Microdiplax (tig. 13).
| 4. The descent of vein Cu,.—A happier solution of the struggle just
mentioned is found when vein (x, is left in possession of the hind
angle of the triangle, vein Cv, descending at a right angle from the
fork, carrying the tip of vein A,
Maenetor its own support... We «—— "Qc
have already seen that a very
perfect adjustment of this sort a
exists throughout the Caloptery- om
gide, where vein ('v, appears as
4
the direct continuation of vein A,.
Our diagram illustrates the manner Cu,
in which this adjustment is brought Cu,
about in the Libellulide. This will Fie. 14.—DraGRram SHOWING BASE OF TYPICAL
be better understood by examin, ee ne ee i
the fore wings of such genera as ING ALSO QUADRANGLE (q), SUBQUADRANGLE
Agrionoptera (Plate eV, fig. L}2 See in (s), TRIANGLE (ft), AND
Anatya (Plate XLIV, fig. 2), 2a-
phismia (Plate XLIV, fig. 3), and Ephidatia (Plate XLVU, fig. 2).
Differentiation between fore and hind wings at the triangle.—Primi-
tively, fore and hind wings of Odonata were alike, and the arculus
was a little beyond the triangle in both, with the anal vein extending
to the hind angle of the triangle (conditions still preserved in Cordu-
legaster (fig. 25)). The above diagram of these parts (fig. 14) will
therefore stand for either wing.
In the space between the cubital and anal veins before the triangle
‘are two crossveins which may fairly be considered typical, and which,
because of the frequent necessity for reference to them. we will des-
ignate as the first and second cubito-anal crossveins (@ and } of all the
figures). The part of the cubital space beyond the first cubito-anal
erossvein will be seen to lie directly beneath the quadrangle (which it
much resembles). It may be conveniently designated as the ** subquad-
rangle” (sg), and the part of this beyond the second cubito-anal cross-
vein as the subtriangle (¢’ of all the figures; called also, elsewhere,
“‘subtriangular space” and ‘‘internal triangle”).
720 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
Differentiation between fore and hind wings has been most com
pletely carried out in the Libellulidee,“ and, fortunately, almost all th:
steps are still to be seen in living genera. In this family two ver
different processes have operated in the two wings:
A. The PLOCESSLON of the triangle in the fore wing.—In all but th:
more generalized Libellulides the anal vein seems to run directly t
the antero-internal angle of the triangle, while retaining in the hind
wing its usual course to the hind angle. This is a puzzle; but the ke:
to the puzzle is found in the behavior of the second cubito-anal cross:
vein and the anal vein. The accompanying diagram (fig. 15) epital
mizes what has taken place.
The anal vein formerly went directly to the hind angle of th:
triangle in the fore wing. Then, through the simultaneous deflectio
of crossvein and anal vein, the latter came to appear forked—a stag),
it has reached and still maini
tains in’ most til a
Then the basal part of th”
anal trunk was carried io
m._ Ward into direct line wit |
the still further deflecte
second cubito-anal cross
veins, so that the latter ap
pears as the continuation ¢ |
the vein, and not at all as i
crossvein, while the disté
end of the anal vein is almos
Fig. 15.—DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE PROCESSION OF THE lost ee the one ca oF
TRIANGLE AND THE DEFLECTION OF THE ANAL VEIN AND the proximal side of the tr _ |
SRO) BEEBE CROSSVEIN IN THE FORE vance OF angle. Thus it is that th
LIBELLULID®. a, THE FIRST, AND b, THE SECOND CUBITO-
ANAL CROSSVEINS; 1, 2, 3, AND 4, SUCCESSIVE POSITIONS. anal vein seems to join th
front angle of the triangl:
With the acquisition of new responsibilities, the second cubito-ant
crossvein has waxed stronger and longer, and has pushed the inne
angle of the triangle toward the outer, making the triangle narrov
and bringing about by this means its apparent remoteness from th
arculus. Such genera are illustrated in Plates XLII], XLV, an
XLIX, and show the steps in this ee SS. Simviliueceee tk
em :
“Their differentiation in function was area Scents by Girard (186)
Note sur divers experiences relatives a la fonction des ailes chez les insectes, Am)
Soc. Ent. France, (4), 11, pp. 153-162). His results that are of most interest he i
were gotten by simply clipping off one pair of wingsata time. Thus he showed thi!)
in Agrion, with fore and hind wings practically alike, flight is fairly well sustaine
with either pair of wings alone: Libellula can fly with the fore wings only, but wi
the fore wings removed the hind wings alone will not sustain it in the air. I hay)
verified these results, using Hnallagma and Sympetrum. I have also made some ne!
experiments to determine the utility of certain structures. Brief reference will }
made to my results farther on.
NM,
INO. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 791
~
deflected portion of the cubitus (the inner side of the triangle) has
ibeen elongated, producing the very narrowly elongate triangle of
Lnbellula (Plate XLVIII, fig. 3) and its allies.
’B. The recession of the triangle in the hind wing.—The behavior of
the triangle in the hind wing has consisted simply in its retraction
through the successive position shown diagramatically in fig. 16, and
jillustrated in such genera as Agrionoptera (Plate XLIV, fig 1),
\Raphismia (Plate XLIV, fig. 3), Uracis, (Plate L, fig. 2), and Pantala
(Plate L, fig. 3). Doubtless this recession of the triangle of the hind
iwing could only be advantageous in connection with the developments
‘deseribed under the next heading and discussed again farther on.
- The anal area.—In the Odonata there is no anal furrow or suture,
jas in most other insects, sharply delimiting an anal field. The anal
\vein, except in a few fossil forms (/sophlebia, fig. 31, etc.), is solidly
joined to the cubitus, as already shown. We now pass to notice the
‘distribution of the anal
branches in the small area
back of the cubital deflec-
tion.
| Probably in the early
Odonata the anal tracheal
trunk occupied the posi-
‘tion of the anal vein, weil
back of the cubitus. On- cu,
togeny (see figs. 1 and 2) FIG. 16.—DIAGRAM REPRESENTING THE RECESSION OF THE
and analogy with insects Bran et Ree Seah om a ee ey
of other orders would both
support this view. But in such recent forms as I have had for study
this anal trachea is closely approximated to the cubitus beyond the
base, and, midway to the triangle, descends to the level of the anal
vein, and sends branches both proximally and distally, about which
that vein is formed (fig. 2, and Plate XX XI, figs. 1-3). Even in
the thick wings of nymphs of Anisoptera the contorted position and
decreasing size of the anal trachea indicate that, like the costal trachea
of the opposite wing margin, it is suffering from lack of room; or, per-
haps, outstripped by the intervening trachew that are better situated
in relation to air supply. At least we find, especially in thin and
narrow wing cases, the anal trachea dwindles, and loses successively
all its branches, which then become incorporated into the cubital air
system. The best developed anal trachea we have seen is that of slncx
(Plate X XX], fig. 3), in which it will be noticed that the terminal branch,
A,, is continued beyond its position of fusion with the cubitus in tl
recurrent position. In the hind wing of Gomphus (Plate X XX, fig. 1)
it will be observed that this recurrent portion is attached to vein Cu,;
A,, apparently, wanting; A,, strongly developed. In the fore wing
of the same nymph A, has also been transferred to the cubitus, being
+
oe PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. xxv,
attached to the cubital trunk at the place where the anal vein bends,
strongly away from it. In all the Zygoptera I have been able to!
examine. all the branches of the anal vein have been transferred to!
the cubitus in both wings, the anal trunk being very greatly reduced
or wanting (see Plate XX-XI, fig. 2).
Such transference of the branches of the anal trachea lends the:
strongest support to the assumption already made regarding the trans-,
ference of the trachea 72s to the media, in which case possible reasonsi
for shifting and reattachment were much more clear. |
The anal loop.—Owing to such shiftings of trachea, owing also to the:
expansion of this region in some wings, occasioning the development:
of accessory tracheal branches and its reduction in others, causing all
the branches to disappear, the homologies of those branches which are:
oftenest present are followed with difficulty. Two of them, however
(designated as A, and A, in the figures), must be considered here, since
they together form an inclosure, which becomes one of the strongest:
i
"i
|;
J
Fic. 17.—FORMS OF THE ANAL LOOP IN THE ANISOPTERA: 1, ANAL LOOP OF CYCLOPHYLLA DIPHYLLA, ”
2, oF Gomphoides stigmatus; 3, OF Gompheschna fureillata; 4, oF Gomphomacromia paradoxa; 5, Ob
Syncordulia gracilis; 6, oF Agrionoptera insignis; 7, OF (?) Nannophya maculosa; 8, OF Ephidatio
longipes; 9, oF Hydrobasileus extraneus. +
of the supporting structures of the expanded anal area of the hing.
wings of the Anisoptera. This inclosure may fitly be designated as”
the anal loop (al. of all the figures). Fig. 17 will serve to show some
of its more common and characteristic forms. '
In some Aeschnine genera we find a supplemental loop (a/’) devel
oped between veins A, and Cu,,. Fig. 3 of Plate XX XI shows how
this is brought about; it is another accompaniment of the widening 0j f
the base of the wing. Since in the Libellulide the anal loop extends 7
from vein A, to vein Cv,,, it is to be considered as the equivalent 0) 7
both loops in Ana». Of the characteristic foot-shaped loop of the
commonest Libellulide the ‘‘ toe” is of later development, and result
from the concurrent elongation of veins A, and Cv., with the expan)
sion of the hind angle of the wing.
After considering these changes severally, if we again compare fore
and hind wing in any of the more specialized Libellulidee we shall se
No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 123
‘that only the part of the wing which lies back of the median vein has
been affected by them. But that part has been modified profoundly;
in it entirely different ends have been wrought out in the two wings,
and by different means. The fore wing is characterized by greater
‘modification of parts present in the primitive wing; the hind wing, by
ithe greater development of new parts.
Ill. SOME GENERAL FEATURES OF THE WING.
VEIN SHIFTING AND VEIN DIFFERENTIATION.
' There are two kinds of specialization occurring simultaneously in
insect wings, not clearly delimited, but, nevertheless, distinct enough
_ to enable us to understand in a measure the reasons for the success of
| both. First, there is the shifting of veins for the mechanical advan-
tage of position and the development of strong cross veins to aid in
| maintaining favorable positions. These developments have occupied
our discussion hitherto. We have seen that the course of specializa-
tion is traceable in each part, and we shall see further on that the
parts, varying independently or being modified together, collectively
furnish most excellent characters for interpreting the genealogy of the
group.
Second, there is a specialization which is not confined to any par-
ticular part of the wing or to any particular structure, but which con-
sists in the progressive differentiation between veins and membrane,
in the concentration of strength-giving wing material within the sup-
porting veins, and in the reduction of cross veins. Although less tan-
gible, perhaps, and certainly less useful for tracing genealogies, this
kind of specialization is none the less real. The first furnishes char-
acters differing in kind; the second, only those differing in degree.
The first, rather than the second, is characteristic of fossil species,
some fossil forms having carried the shifting of veins already described
to extremes unparalled at the present time. The second, rather than
the first, is characteristic of those modern genera which belong to the
cooler regions of the globe. The first is often accompanied by very
abundant“ venation. The second is indicative of keener competition
in recent times and in temperate climates, necessitating greater
economy of wing-building substance.
A comparison of the wings of Veurothens (fig. 18) and Letragone uUria
(fig. 19), two genera of Libellulide that may fairly be taken as expo-
nents of the two kinds of specialization, will make the difference
between them clear. In Veurothemis we have venation ‘* run wild ”—
the vein-building material scattered with great prodigality throughout
the membrane, forming a very irregular and inconstant mesh work,
aQOne might almost say luxuriant. Possibly the advantage of the new position
attained by the shifting of parts is so great that over development results from it at
first.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 49
nO4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
such as was common to many early fossils of other orders and such as |
is still characteristic of the tegmina of the Locustide. In 7etragoneuria —
Pe
1,
LT SSO
RUS
Ss Lio o>
SE TRE
PRP NSS
ais! Xe se
eto
EERO
AY) ret) TB {>
eye! TT RROD RS
SURREY ID BRAS
TORRY SRR EER
9:
SE Oo
Fic. 19.—WinGs oF Tetragoneuria cynosura SAY.
order is wrought out of this seeming confusion in the wing membrane.
The veins are strong, the membrane is thin and more transparent,
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 725
eross veins are reduced so as to leave those that remain in such position
thateach seems to bear its individual share in the stress upon the wing.
Instead of a dozen, more or less, of inconstant cross veins in the space
between veins 72, and J/, between nodus and stigma, as in Vewrothem/s,
there are but three, and these three are constant, and so for other
parts. In and about the triangle of Vewrothemis are many veinlets
which have been sacrificed to make the triangle itself stronger in
Tetragoneuria. An actual count of the cells in a hind wing of WVewro-
themis gives the number 2,695; in a hind wing of Zetragoneuria, 265,
the latter wing being at the same time a little larger. Vewrothemis
has far outrun Zetragoneuria in all those adjustments of parts in the
region of the arculus, already described, as characteristic of the spe-
cialization of the Libellulide; but Zetragoneuria, having attained a
fair measure of mechanically advantageous arrangement of parts, has
attained success by disposing of its strength-giving wing material
where it is most effective. Zetragoneuria is vastly superior in flight —
is, indeed, one of the fleetest and most agile of winged creatures.
CROSS VEINS.
The vein-building substance of which we speak is of course hypo-
dermis. The insect wing is essentially but a flat evagination of the
body wall, with a few trachea grown out into it. During early devel-
opment the hypodermis of the wing does not differ in any essential
respect from that of other parts of the body. As elsewhere, it con-
sists of a single layer of cells which secrete a protecting external
Jayer of chitine. At the time of transformation, when the hypodermis
of the two walls of the wing sac is bound together by fused internal
processes, blood is forced out into the wing, greatly extending it lat-
erally. The hypodermis is thus spread out in a very thin layer. As
soon as a definitive layer of chitine is deposited, the hypodermal cells
(which, of all cells known to me, possess the greatest capacity for
speedy and extensive shifting and re: adjustment) begin to be segregated
into groups along the lines of the veins that are to be, and there
deposit additional chitine, which differentiates veins from membrane.
Doubtless in the earliest insect wings the segregation of the hypo-
dermal cells was such as to give a membrane crowded with somewhat cir-
cular areoles, such as we find in the expanded lateral margins of the
pronotum of the Tingitide, in the tegmina of the Locustide, in almost
the entire wing of the fossil dragon fly .7%chnidium, and in the wider
spaces of the wing of Wewrothemis. The principal veins first would
become strongly marked by the accumulation of the hypodermal cells
about the trachexw. Cross veins would emerge from the meshwork, as
they seem to be emerging in the wing of Vewrothemzs, in the spaces
between veins 2, and J/,, between J/, and J/,, etc., by the dropping
«J venture this unqualified statement without having seen Newrothemis fly.
726 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. Xxvn,
out of veinlets that are longitudinally placed; or, as illustrated in the
following diagram (fig. 20).
A few strong cross veins for binding the longitudinal veins together
would be developed first. In the wider spaces between the longitudinal]
veins the cells would take on hexagonal form as soon as necessity for
economy in the disposition of vein-forming substance arose, and hexa-
gons would, of necessity, fall into regular series or rows. This con-
dition would early be attained—has been attained or surpassed by
almost all living Odonata. Meanwhile the reduction among cross
veins goes on apace, and the fundamental thing in this reduction con-
sists in the better marshaling of the hypodermal cells at the proper
moment of transformation.
This brings us to the practical point, that cross veins are constant in
number and position only when they have attained individual responsi-
bility—when each has its own share in the stress of the wing stroke.
Utility determines survival among cross veins as.among species. No
better illustration could be found than the two conecannl cross veins
before the triangle in the wings of the Libellulide. The first of these
is formed, as we have seen, about the eae portion of the anal
SSDI es So i NOs ea
ae Oe LO AIT
——— — —eOoOoo eo eo eee eee
Fic. 20.—DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE EMERGENCE OF STRONG CROSS VEINS.
trachea, and that is a sufficient reason why in the reduction of cross
veins it never disappears. The second in the fore wing becomes braced
against the front angle of the triangle and acquires new responsibility,
which insures its preservation; one would as soon expect to miss those »
other cross veins which bound the triangle. But in the hind wing
this same cross vein acquires no such importance—rather loses through
the recession of the triangle any importance it may have had to begin
with, so it early disuppears In the more generalized Libellulidee it
is always present; in the more specialized it is uniformly absent, but
ina few, in this respect transitional genera, it is present or absent
indifferently. Similarly in the more specialized Libellulide but one
cross vein persists in the space which the bridge incloses, and there is
avery good reason why that one never disappears—it is formed about
the descending trachea which precedes the bridge.
Very similar are the antenodal and postnodal cross veins, of which
so much use has been made in systematic work. In the fore wing of
Neuraeschna the antenodals are more than forty, the number being |
inconstant; in Pachydiplax they are always six. In the hind wing of
feuraeschna the antenodals are about twenty-five; in that of Zetra-
;
|
|
se 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ToC
igoneuria they are four. Those antenodals which early chance become
| ‘“matched” across both costal and subcostal spaces brace the deepening
}
|
subcostal furrow better and are more sure to be preserved.
Then there is a reduction of cross veins which seems not solely
directed toward strengthening those that remain, but rather toward
clearing out of spaces between the points of transverse union of longi-
‘tudinal veins.“ This clearance takes place in different places in Libel-
lulidee and in Gomphine, correlated with the difference in shape and
position of the triangle in the two groups. In the former the cross
veins disappear (see Pachydiplax, Plate XLVII, fig. 1) from the spaces
adjacent to the subnodus and the oblique vein and under the stigma.
In the latter (see Gomphus dilatatus, Plate XX XIII, fig. 1) from the
spaces just beyond the arculus. In the A%schnine, with triangles
similarly disposed, while the cross veins do not actually disappear just
beyond the arculus, we find sometimes (as in Avnar, Plate XL, fig. 3)
OY a
a EE
FEE EEE
Fig. 21.—DIAGRAM SHOWING HOW HEXAGONAL CELLS BECOME RECTANGLES AND HOW CROSSVEINS
BECOME MATCHED IN TRANSVERSE LINES ACROSS THE WING.
all the veins on the anterior side of the base of vein J/,, between 1t
and the radius, so dwindled that little more than thin membrane
remains. This is much more evident in the actual wing than in the
figure. ;
We have already referred to the matching of nodal crossyeins. In
the Agrionine this process is carried so far that all the crossveins of
the body of the wing become arranged in transverse lines. A com-
parison of the wings of Archilestes (Plate LI, fig. 6), Lestes (Plate EE
fig. 1), Argia (Plate LILI, fig. 5), and Vehallennia (Plate LIV, fig. 8) will
illustrate the progress of this tendency.
@ Allowing, perhaps, for readier flexion of the portion of the wing posterior to the
cleared spaces, though of this I am not sure. In Myrmeleonidie (Plate XXXVI
fig. 2) subcosta and radius are strongly bound together at base and at stigma, while
the long narrow space between is free from cross veins. It would seem, since the
wing is easily flexed behind this space, the costal margin remaining rigid, that an
imaginary axis of flexion joins the two strong yet elastic terminal points of union.
798 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
a
The accompanying diagram: (fig. 21) shows fie steps by which cross-
veins may be brought into line. All these steps may be seen in the)
wines of Agrionine represented in the plates and better still in fig. 9,
In ( None ass sina are so numerous it seems to oa tan
(en citainial far rowing os ne base of dhe wing a Ge extended to the
margin.
SECTORS AND SUPPLEMENTS.
< 4
The areole, or cells, of the wing membrane are potential hexagons, i}
Where bordered on one side by a straight vein they are converted into 7
pentagons by the elimination of one angle; where Teen in a single »
row between two veins they become quadnilncemie through the elim- -
ination of two angles. Even in the broader areas of the wing their
hexagonal regularity is early disturbed by two more or less distinet |
means: (1) by the development of new tracheal branches, which pene- -
trate into the broader spaces, straightening out certain broken lines of |
crossveins and converting their bordering hexagons into pentagons; |
(2) by the development of longitudinal veins, independently of the:
tracheee—yveins which traverse the same spaces in a direction generally
more or less transverse to that of the accessory trachee and complete :
the havoc of the hexagons. By the first means are produced extra)
branches of principal veins, which so appear in the adult wing. Some:
of the most important of these are designated JZ, Fs,, Cus,, ete., im)
the figures. By the second means are developed curved veins, which)
are generally opposed in position to the principal veins bounding the:
wider spaces anteriorly. These may be called supplements. Both are:
well shown, and the difference between them is clearly demonstrated by ;
Plate XXXII, fig. 1 of Anax Junius. The principal trachea shown)
is the radial sector, whose branches are accessory; the strong, develop-
ing vein that sets across them, bending toward the radial sector at both;
its ends, is the radial supplement (R. suppl. of all the figures). It will)
be seen to be a purely cuticular vein, without trachea of its own,
Behind vein J/, is an exactly similar vein, the median supplement (JZ.
suppl., of all the figures). Behind vein J/, and proximal to vein M/,,,,
though often joined to the latter, is another, the apical supplement (@p..
suppl.), wellshown in 7ramea (Plate XLIX, fig. 3) and its allies. From)
the outer side of the triangle there starts another, the trigonal supple-_
ment (¢r7g. suppl.) well shown in Hagendus (fig. 23), and in most Atsch- }
nin (Plates XXX VII-XL). :
Both supplements and extra branches, being relatively recent)
|
acquirements, are well developed only in the more specialized mem-
bers of the several groups.
0. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM.
UNEQUALLY DEVELOPED WINGS IN THE SAME SPECIES.
1. The specialization of fore and hind wings to an unequal degree,
vhen hoth (or the parts concerned of both) are following similar lines. aaa
\ single illustration of this will suffice. In Chalcopterys (tig. 22)
he fore wing has in several points outrun the hind. For instance,
ein M, separates from vein J/, in the hind wing at the subnodus, as
s usual; but in the fore wing J/, has fused with J/, for the space of
everal cells’ length beyond the subnodus. Again, in the space
yetween veins MW, and J/, there are a number of interpolated sectors,
1 of which are independent of the veins in the hind wing, but in the
‘ore wing the next to the longest of these has become attached to vein
M, in such position that JZ, now appears forked. It will be seen at a
TIT Log
eee ental arse
mo CLL
como rik ee CLT Oe
oS i eS
q088e
ere TTT rr ey
poarch TTT TTT TET eae
DLL LETTE ach ER aS
SQA pele ss
SSIES
Peers ots
5 ae ne rreeea aes ee eR eee
Sr TT TT ATT PA) |) WDE
CEST TT THT TY GRE Ea
LO 2 TTT] ET TSI PNR
AN Re CS
Cah SM AIT REH Ls Sith
LK LOR IPERS LISS LX
EES EIN EEY
~e S
REISE
glance that the anterior branch of this fork is the same thing as the
independent sector occupying the same position and relations in the
hind wing. First, a broken line of crossveins became straightened
out longitudinally to form the sector: then, one of the crossveins
lying below its proximal end in the fore wing became declined to
brace the sector against vein J/,. But the bracing of the wing tip did
not stop with this. The upper branch of the fork has acquired a lesser
fork of its own, whose anterior branch is in like manner developed
out of avstill shorter sector, which has remained independent in the
hind wing. Again, the longer of the two sectors in the space between
veins 2s and J/, in both wings become attached to vein J/,; a sym-
metrical fork has thus been developed in the fore wing, but in the
hind wing the adjustment is still imperfect.
730
ep Unequally dev loped WINGS in the two sexes.—The wing's of the.
male often outrun those of the female.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
r
VOL. XXYVI, |
The best-known instance is.
the frequent angulation of the anal area of the hind wing in the male, |
the hind angle of the female always remaining rounded.
) it will be seen that the difference in conformation of the anal,
92
aw
(fig.
angle has slightly affected the form
In that part of the Calopterygine series in which the stigma is lost)
it is retained longest in the females.
In Agrion (fig. 4, ¢.) it retains a much more primitive form in the;
The curious stigma of the fore wing of the male of Anom-.
alagrion (tig. 4, uv.) has outsttipped that of the hind wing, but even:
the latter is somewhat less primitive than either stigma in the female,
female.
CTL Cs
Ld
CoS
= REG
ry
Barry
In [agenius:
of the anal loop also.
TNO
DORSET
UTR
NH ORE
C2
SS
J ‘S
Se
FIG, 23,—WINGS OF Hage
nius brevistylus SELYS.
The reason for the greater specialization of the wings in the male is,
of course, so well known as to need only passing mention.
males, and not the females, seek their mates and compete for them)
often amid great riv
wing
upon the 2,
The
alry.
SUMMARY OF THE MORE GENERAL TENDENCIES OF VEIN EVOLUTION WITHIN THE ORDER.
The facts of ontogeny and comparative anatomy hitherto presented |
seem to warrant a number of conclusions as to the development of the’
several parts, which conclusions may be expressed in tabular form as:
follows:
Generalized condition.
Subcosta long; nodus remote from
wing base.
Antenodal and postnodal cross veins
numerous, weak, irregular (not matched ),
and none of them hypertrophied.
Stigma without special support.
Developmental tendencies.
|
/
Subcosta becoming shortened and the
nodus retracted.
Antenodal and postnodal cross veins |
becoming reduced in number, stronger, |
more regular, sometimes matched in
position or differentiated among them-
selves.
Stigma becoming supported, proxi-
mally by a brace vein (hypertrophied
cross vein), and distally by a_ sector
(M,,)-
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 731
Bridge weakly or incompletely devel- Bridge becoming strong and caecoly
joped; oblique vein remote from the sub- attached to vein M,+,; oblique vein, re-
nodus. tracted toward the subnodus.
All principal veins straight or gently Some principal veins becoming strongly
curved and evenly forking. angulate at points of special bracing.
| Media at the top of the arculus. Media descending the arculus.
| Veins M,-; and M, at their departure - Veins M,-; and M, becoming fused, or
‘from the arculus, separate and straight. strongly arched upward, or both.
| Triangle, supertriangle, subtriangle, Triangle, ete., becoming strong and
iete., ordinary quadrangular areoles (per- highly differentiated inclosures.
haps traversed by weak cross veins) .
Cubitus somewhat symmetrically Cubital fork becoming strongly uni-
forked. lateral.
[ : :
, Anal angle of the wing unsupported. Anal angle becoming supported by the
junction of veins Cu, and A, and, some-
times, by the development of an anal
loop.
_ Cross venation dense, irregular, and Cross veins becoming fewer, stronger,
inconstant. more definite and regular, and the mem-
brane, thinner.
Fore and hind wings alike. Fore and hind wings differentiating (1)
by following parallel paths with unequal
speed, and (2) by following different
paths.
IV. LINES OF SPECIALIZATION.
Hitherto we have been discussing wing characters more as individual
entities than as mutually dependent parts of a single organ. The
illustrations of the steps in the development of each, drawn from adult
wings, have been selected arbitrarily, and have not always been drawn
from a single line of development. They have served the purpose of
illustrating in a general way the progressive modifications of each part,
confirming the ontogenetic record. In their application to this end
we have necessarily overlooked the lesser individual peculiarities of
each. Correlated characters varying independently preserve, some
here, some there, bits of the ancestral record, but with more or less of
individual alteration of it. It is probable that every one of the char-
acters discussed in this paper would be found on closer study to pos-
sess distinctive features in each genus—earmarks of the genus. This,
of course, applies not to wing parts alone, but to every other part as
well.
We come now to consider these same characters in their ensemble.
Their individual records, of course, do not agree. Did they agree, we
should have a single lineal series, very well adapted to book making.
We should have a wing exhibiting the generalized characters just
mentioned with which to begin the series. But while it has been easy
to show by concurrent ontogeny and comparative morphology that
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY
~J
we
©
~
t
the characters there presented are relatively primitive for the grow
and while each of these characters is exhibited in some of the mot
eeneralized forms, it is quite impossible to find a single wing embody}
ing them all. Let us therefore now carefully compare the sever
records and discover, if we may, the history of the principal Odonate
wing types.
THE FIRST DICHOTOMY.
The first dichotomy has been already indicated, or, at least, implied
Aside from the crossing of the radial sector, respecting which ull
dragon-fly wings are in essential agreement, the quadrangle has cer-
tainly played the most important rdle in the evolution of these wings.
Upon the quadrangle two distinct tendencies have operated, producing
the suborders Zygoptera and Anisoptera. In the former the tendency |
has been to preserve the quadrangle as a unit of wing structure, tO
continue vein Cu, outward from it in direct line, and to set off Cu,
squarely upon the distal end of vein A,. In the latter the tendeney
has been to divide the quadrangle into triangle and supertriangle, and
to differentiate between fore and hind wing. Supplements are devel-
oped only in the latter, while the tendency toward the matching of |
cross veins and the reduction of the base of the wing are characteris
only of the former.
SUBORDER ANISOPTERA.
Again, in the two great families of this suborder two dominant tend:
encies are almost equally plain. In the Auschnide these are toward:
(1) the similar elongation of the triangle in both wings; (2) the develop-
ment of strong supplements; (3) the hypertrophy of two antenodal -
cross veins; (4) the development of a brace to the stigma, and (5) the
angulation of the hind angle of the hind wing in the males. In the
Libellulidx there is the single, more definite, and more exclusive tend-
hind wings at the triangle.
A. schnide.—The family Aischnide isa bundle of remnants. I )
it are found no less than eight fairly distinct types of venation. The
types represented by //eterophlebia, Stenophlebia, and Akchnidiw
are extinct. That of Peta/ura was much more abundant in past times
than now. Chlorogomphus and Cordulegaster are represented by but
a few isolated species. Only the groups of Gomphus and dischna are
« Attention should be called here to the peculiar and altogether isolated type of vena
tion found in Zschnidium. In wings, otherwise like those of the A&schnide, t
shifting of the anal vein up toward the inner angle of the triangle is completely carried
out in both fore and hind wings. In this, and also in the secondary developments for
supporting the expanding anal angle, Zschnidium far outran all living forms. In the
matter of differentiation between veins and membrane, however, and the reduction
of cross veins, it remained very generalized indeed.
!
| 1831. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ieee
hterial to be had for tracing genealogies, and we will attempt to
pint out only the more important venational features, comparing
fem. with the conditions we believe to be primitive for the order.
| Chlorogomphus.—This (tig. 24) is an isolated living type, specialized
the extensive differentiation -between fore and hind wing by the
evelopment of an expanded anal area upon the latter, generalized in
js unbraced stigma and in its retention of cross veins in the space
}fore the arculus. It parallels Macromia moore? in the peculiar form
| its anal loop, and Hemianax ephippiger (Plate XXXVI, fig. 3) in
fe circuitous course of vein Cu,. It is unique among the Odonata
nown to me in that the triangle of the hind wing has been elongated
‘ansversely to the axis of the wing, while that of the fore wing is
i uilateral.
XQ ee ree Si Vo RRS
TST TTT BoE
CERO Oe eee
rh vl LEO RTS
| Ce
moe Straaene aera
rs TT tH
at) TT Se
2 “Sack Lore te (RAR
TS SELES SOE SS er
ohh
L esi) ma
Ca oR TT
<>
J
FY
oe
Ly
eal
C2 i I
Els
“oH
ome
AH
eo iseis
oy
Su
A
TY
a
.
if
eee
©
oe
eee
s
a
(AI
co
y
rs
ee
ee
o
s
oy
]
g
ooze
ee
he
RO
po
mu
at
cau
Lees
S
HR
Se
HA
i
ry
rl
5
es
i
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i Fic. 24.—Wrncs oF Chlorogomphus magnificus SELYS, FEMALE.
| The Corduleqaster group.—This small group has retained some decid-
»dly primitive features. Anal vein and second cubito-anal cross vein
jaye retained their primitive position and relations in both wings.
The triangles are alike, and only moderately elongated. No supple-
ments are developed; and there is no brace to the stigma, or only a
very imperfect one in /ta/ia and its allies. There is, however, a mod-
rate enlargement of the base of the hind wing, and this becomes
agulate in the males. Cordulegaster say? (fig. 25) and Phyllopetalia
‘ipicalis (fig. 26) represent the divergence of the group; there is uni-
formity in the more important wing characters. There has been a
slight development of accessory branches upon the radial sector, and
in the wing of Phyllopetalia will be noticed the undulate course taken
on by veins J/, and Ps, and by WV, and J/,; but the reduction of redun-
|
|
|
}
}
i
104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy
dant cross veins, and the strengthening of the principal veins and braee
seem to have been the means whereby these wings have attained thej,
ceoodly measure of efficiency.
dischnine.—W e come now to a group that is flourishing in our ow)
time the world over. It contains the largest of our common dragon.
St
Se GamR
i ‘ eee ~
Ei eens bY aS
So EL TREES
P| ee ae RR Soe
tS SP RS “7 a
aS | PERRO
TY ~ Rea
reyes
90,908
LNs
Ee
LIS
a Rt AE
FIG. 25.—WINGS OF Cordulegaster sayi SELYS.
flies, all strong-flying species, composing many genera. In the mori
spevialized genera are many species. There is great variety in thi
details of the luxuriant venation of the group. Here, then, we hays
opportunity to apply the facts of development previously outlined td
the unravelling of a bit of genealogic history.
—T |Llidm titi
San bo Sa
QO Lr
CASS SSI
SOOO
SSE SS
OS CRISES AS
Rose
Fig. 26.—WiNGs OF Phyllopetalia apicalis SELYS.
The most characteristic features of the Zischnine wing are (1) the
approximation of veins J/, and JZ, brought about by the bending:
forward of vein J/, at the stigma, (2) the development of strong and
broadly curved supplements, and (3) the elongation of the triangles im
the direction of the axis of the wing. These will be seen in their best.
development in such genera as &schna and Anax (Plate XL.)
i
0.1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 735
| Doubtless, the most generalized group within the Aeschnine series
s composed of Cymatophlebia (fossil), and Gompheschna (Plate
XXXVII, fig. 1), which have the triangle little elongated, all supple-
ents but little developed, the anal loop small and compact, with no
supplemental loop, and the anal angle of the hind wing, therefore, not
vreatly dilated, but which always have the stigma braced against vein
MW, opposite a forward bend in vein J/,. These all exhibit affinities
vith the preceding and the next following groups. Even the upward
vend of vein J/, at the stigma is hardly more marked in Gompheschna
han in Phyllopetalia (tig. 26).
_ Passing by these two genera, we next come upon a number of
others which have a more pronounced A¢schnine aspect, as Boyeria
Plate XX XVII, fig. 3), Basiexschna (Plate XXXVII, fig. 2), and
Hoploneschna (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 1). These have vein J/, more
strongly bent toward the stigma, the triangles longer, radial and
nedian supplements well developed, and trigonal supplement and sup-
slementary anal loop developing. In these genera the radial sector is
10t forked.
In #schna and its nearest allies (Plate XL) we see the further
orogress of these tendencies. There is this added feature—the radial
sector has become forked. It will be observed that the anterior
oranch of this fork is separated from vein J/, by a single row of cells,
und that in the same place in Bastxschna (Plate XX XVII, tig. 2) there
sa line of cross veins tending to straighten out. The anterior branch
of the fork is developed out of this line of cross veins. In the Aus-
tralian Aschna brevistyla (not figured herein) all stages of its com-
pleteness and incompleteness may be found in a series of specimens.
In the nymphal wing of Anaw junius, a strong trachea is seen to pre-
sede only the posterior branch of the fork. Thus the anterior branch
of the fork is clearly a relatively recent acquisition of such genera as
Axchna, Gynacantha and Anax, the dominant genera of the subfamily.
In tracing this relatively simple developmental line that leads to the
highest specialization of this kind to be found, we have purposely passed
by several lateral offshoots. The one of these which seems nearest
ullied to Akchna is represented by Neureschna and Staurophlebia
(Plate XX XIX, fig. 2), which, having retained the tip of the subcosta
which extended beyond the nodus and many cross veins in important
spaces, are not to be derived directly from forms in which these have
been lost; lacking a brace to the stigma, can not have sprung directly
from such genera as those of the Boyeria group in which this useful
structure is well developed, but may well have sprung from the com-
mon ancestor of LBoyerta and dischna.
Furthermore, Anawx (Plate XL, fig. 3), while very highly specialized,
has retained the most primitive position of the media at the arculus to
be found in the group, and has the hind angle of the hind wing rounded,
736 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and not arial tede A fe male. These characters, together
others found in other organs, give cause for ars apart Anax
mental line from the one in which aoe is found.
Then there is the important Brachytron group of genera (Brachy
tron (Plate XXXVIU, fig. 2), -Aschnophlebia (Plate XXXVIL, fig
3), Planeschna, Calizese ae Nasieschna (Plate XXXIX, ee L
Epivschua, etc.), which seems at first sight so closely allied to "Excl
which was set apart by Karsch“ for systematic purposes, on exceller|
venational characters, the manner and the purport of whose develop
ment remain to be indicated. The radial sector is forked in these, bu
after the anterior branch is acquired the whole sector does not, a.
in <2xschna, bend anteriorly, arching away from the radial supplement
which becomes bent in the opposite direction, but both remain straigh#
and the tendency seems to be toward strengthening and deepening th’
fork. As a consequence, vein J/,, is allowed in the Brachytron grow
to occupy its accustomed place and to bear its share in the stress ¢
the wing stroke, not being crowded out, as in the Auschna group, b/
the encroaching distal end of vein JZ. |
Boyerva seems to stand near where was the parting of the ways thé
led to the development of these two groups. One may see that eithe:
form of radial sector might readily have been derived from that ¢
Boyeria (Plate XX XVII, fig. 3): ;
The study of the trigonal supplement adds force to such opinior
In Loyeria it might be interpreted as joining the median supplemen)
or as passing below it with a single row of cells between; its positio!
is not decided. But in the A’schna group it distinctly joins th
median supplement, and in the Brachytron group it distinetly exteatl
below by one row of cells.
The behavior of the distal ends of veins J/, and J/, offers. stil
further corroborative testimony. Beginning with a condition lik
that found in Loyeria, where there are several rows of cells include
between these two veins for the distal third or fourth of their length
the veins themselves being parallel, development takes place alon
two distinct lines. In the Brachytron line these veins remain paralle
and specialization consists in the progressive reduction of the cel
between them to a single row. In the A¢schna line, vein J/, become) —
bent away from vein J/, at a point opposite the proximal end of fl
radial supplement, while reduction proceeds as usual on either side th!
place. (See 22 californica, Plate XL, fig. 1, and 4. ingens, Plai
XL, fig. 2.) It will be observed that the vein J/, finally appears to rv’
into vein /,. This is wholly due to the increasing deflection of ve:
M, and to the straightening out of two cross veins which happen >
lie opposite the point of deflection. These cross veins first are 1
“ Kritik des Systems der Aschniden, Ent. Nachr., XVII, pp. 273-290.
a
2
} é
ka DRA ee Y WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. ob
laced as to cause vein J/, to appear Eaeeed (Gee E oe nica, Plate
KL, fig. 1), when they appear as the upper branch of that fork; finally
jhey appear as the true continuation of the vein. As the anal vein is
switched upon the second cubito-anal cross vein in the Libelulide,
so here vein J/, is switched into an entirely new position upon two
“ross Veins.
_ It is worthy of passing remark that this shifting is an accompani-
4 of differentiation between longitudinal veins in very highly
specialized Hschnine. This will be much more clearly seen in actual
wings than in the best of figures. A glance at such wings as those of
Anax junius or Axchna californica will discover that ei is strong,
Uy, is weak; J/, is strong, J/, is weak; Cw, is strong, Cu, is weak.
The strong vein bounds posteriorly the space in which the weaker one
ies. The cross veins just discussed, which join vein J/, so solidly to
vein J/,, together with several lines of cross veins descending from the
strongest part of the radial sector, complete the boundary of the space
in which the weakest part of vein J/, is included.
But to return to our theme, we have seen that the behavior of radial
sector and supplement, of trigonal supplement, and the distal ends of
veins MW, and J/, furnish cumulative testimony to two divergent lines
of development, which, starting with forms a little less A¢schna-like
than Boyeria, have evolved the groups of Brachytron and A&chna.
And we have shown that, with respect to venation at least, the groups
of Neureeschna, Anax, t anol Gompheschna are successively more remote.
| Gomphine.—In this group we come upon another type of schnid
venation, a type which is chiefly characterized by the similar shifting
of the anal vein in both wings, but only to such extent that that vein
appears more or less symmetrically forked. There are few venational
specialties. Neither the shifting of veins for advantage of position
nor the reduction of cross veins Ee e proceeded very far. That vena-
tion is at a standstill is indicated by the unusual constancy of mechan-
ically unimportant cross veins, such, for instance, as the one traversing
the supertriangle. Variation from the type is slight, considering the
large number of genera in the group; and such as there is, it does not
lend itself readily to.serial arrangement. The very moderately
widened anal angle of the hind wing is supported mainly by straight
and parallel anal and cubital branches, as in the more generalized
Aischnine. An anal loop is developed in many genera, but has so
different aspect in several of them it seems quite j ossible it may have
been developed several times independently. (See Lanthus, Plate
XXXYV, fig. 3; Cyclophylla, Plate XXXIV, fig. 1, and //agenius, fig.
23.) A strong trigonal supplement is developed in //agenius. The
declined portion of the cubitus (inner side of the triangle) becomes
elongated in the fore wing more than in the hind in Cyclophyl/a and
Aphylia(Plate XXXII, fig. 3). Accessory sectors of unusual strength
738 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX)
oe
y*
MW
are developed upon the posterior side of veins ’s and JZ, in Gomphidi
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 3). Possibly these features indicate the tips o
numerous short developmental twigs. The brief records of the severai
parts are certainly contradictory; and the parts themselves, which on
might use as bases for the first divisions of the group, seem so nearly
of equivalent importance that one may hardly choose between ther
with assurance. Probably the records of other organs will, be mor
easy of interpretation.
The South American genus Agriogomphus (tig. 27) exhibits vena
tional characters that are quite as generalized as are to be found in th
group. Triangle and subtriangle are still four-sided, the cubital an
anal veins before them being but moderately augulated, the stigma i
weakly braced, there is no anal Joop and there are no supplements.
FIG. 27.—WINGS OF Agriogomphus SP?
We may remark, in passing, that the Gomphine, having attained
fair measure of advantageous vein arrangement, and a fair (or, in tk
strongest species, even a superior) degree of vein differentiation, seer
to have turned toa specialization of another sort. The imagoes are o
the wing less constantly than other Odonata and fly for a shorter perio¢
During this time their chief concern is with reproduction, hence W
find the external genitalia highly specialized. The shortening of tk
period of imaginal life is correlated, also, with extreme specializatio
of the nymph. In fact, the struggle for existence has been main)
transferred to nymphal life.¢
“T have discussed this mattter more at length in my paper, Preliminary studies
North American Gomphinze, Can, Ent., X XIX, 164-168, 1897.
| ¢
xo. 1381. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 739
| Petalurine.—The type of venation presented by this singular group
parallels, rather remotely, the Libellulidx in the behavior of the anal
yein, shifting as it does upon the second cubito-anal cross vein to brace
che antero-internal angle of the triangle in the fore wing, retaining a
more direct course to the hind angle in the hind wing. It parallels
the fossil Stenophlebia in the curvature of the wing outlines, tending
soward a somewhat sickle-shaped wing apex. The very peculiar, nar-
cowly linear stigma is directly correlated with the wing form. It will
pe observed in the genera Uropetala (fig. 4, s) and Phenes, in which the
costal space is most narrowed and the stigma most curved and elon-
ated, the brace vein has
nigrated away from the
stigma toward the nodus.
{n this group the anal loop
is often not well differen-
ciated (fig. 28). Except-
ing at the base of the
wing, reduction of cross-
veins has not been carried
very far. Tachopteryx
hageni (fig. 29) seems to
be the most generalized
living member of the
zroup (compare with Plate
XXXVI, fig. 1). Itwill be
observed this one is most
like the Gomphine, the
subfamily which is doubt-
less nearest akin. The
sroup is a very small one,
upparently on the wane.
It is well represented Fig. 28.—BASES OF WINGS OF Petalura gigantea LEACH, AND
unong the Tertiary fossils A DETAIL FROM THE REGION OF THE NODUS, SHOWING THE
of Europe. Of living spe- BRIDGE WITH TWO OBLIQUE VEINS, O/ AND O.
cies there is one in the eastern United States, one in Nevada, one in
Japan, and there are several each in Chile and the Australian region.
B. Libellulide.—This family, unlike the 7schnide, exhibits a single
type of venation, whose dominant tendency is toward the differentia-
tion between the wings, by means of the procession of the triangle, and
the switching of the anal vein in the fore wing, and in the hind wing
the recession of the triangle and the elongation of the anal loop.
The stigma is never braced, and the bridge remains shorter than in
the Aischnide, with fewer included cross veins.
Macromiine.—Members of this group (Plate XLI, figs. 1 and 2)
have followed these tendencies a little way, and have then gone off on
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 50
lines of their own, specializing highly. The shifting of the anal vei
in the fore wing, the fusion of the branches of the media beyond the}
arculus, the development of a strong anal loop (of almost Cordulegas- |
terine form, to be sure), the retraction of the nodus in the hind wing, |
and especially the general reduction of cross veins and the narrowing {
of the apex of the wing, mark this as a peculiar group, more distinet.
than any other within the Libellulid series, and well worthy of sub-)
cy
a
family rank. iq
Tibi Uuline, including Corduline, 8. str. —Passing JMJacromia, and |
passing also a few isolated forms with triangles in the fore wing four
sided and in the hind wing often little retracted and with the anal loop ;
short, indistinct, or wanting“—all lateral offshoots, I believe, from:
near the bottom of the Libellulid series—we come upon a series of)
closely related forms, the most extensive and flourishing in the order, |
It were idle to attempt to indicate all the lines of specialization to he)
a
Mate aee
rH
EEE = a —6
Sea aie ee Sse WOT
ER ah
LET EES IPL AA a
IP MST EES
Fic. 29.—WINGS OF Tachopteryx hageni SELYS, DETAILS IN PART OMITTED IN FORE WING.
found in the wings of this series. We will endeavor to point out only
afew of the leading tendencies that are superadded to the more gen-|
eral ones already noticed. |
It is most interesting to note, in this series, how the two venation-:
evolving processes already discussed, vein adjustment and vein differ-’
entiation, have alternately held sway. Thus, in the first instance, vein!
adjustment has been carried out to a very moderate extent, vein differ-’
“1 pass these by because I have not found the genetic thread that will bind)
them into a natural series. I have seen but few of them ( Tetrathemis, fig. 1G
Nannodythemis, Nannothemis (Plate XLIII, fig. 2), Nannodiplax, and Nannophyd), |
and in this paper we are dealing only with lines of development. These are among}
the rarest of specimens in collections, and differ so much among themselves thati
there are of them almost as many genera as species. They have all the earmarks of)
developmental remnants. If Karsch’s group Nannophye (Ent. Nachr., XV, pp.)
245-263) should be made to include all these forms, it should include also Cordulephya:
and perhaps Jdyonyr, which have more affinity with some of these than with any of)
the Cordulinze proper. :
.
at
ie
|
No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. T41
entiation to a remarkable extent, and the result has been the evolution
of the Corduliine, s. stv. (Plate XLII.) The branches of the media
are never extensively fused at their departure from the arculus. The
true course of the anal vein behind the triangle is never obscured.
‘The anal loop never becomes distinctly foot shaped. It is short in
\Gomphomacromia (Plate XLII, fig. 1); longer and shaped like the
conventional diagram of a simple gland in Oxygastra (Plate XLII, fig.
2), truncated on the end but not widened in Neocordulia androqgynis
(Plate XLII, fig. 1); squarely truncated and slightly widened in the
undescribed Veocordulia shown in fig. 30; and obliquely truncate and
increasingly widened on the ‘‘ toe” side in Hemicordul/a (Plate XLIU,
fig. 3), Somatochlora, etc. In short, the vein shifting of the Libellu-
lide is far from reaching its maximum in this group, but a fairly
Fic. 30.—WINGS OF AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF Neocordulia FROM BRAZIL.
advantageous arrangement of the veins has been attained, and reduc-
tion of unimportant and strengthening of important veins has pro-
ceeded until the Corduline wing has become the equal in efliciency of
the best of insect wings and the superior of most others in its own
family.
Among Libelluline proper, Agrionoptera and its nearest allies seem,
‘on the whole, about as generalized as any (Plate XLIV, figs. 1-3) in
having cubitus and anal vein very moderately angulated before the
triangle in the fore wing, slight recession of the triangle and a short
anal loop in the hind wing, and in the form of the wing as a whole.
_ Passing up the series we find the triangles progressing along lines
we have already pointed out, the anal loop becoming foot shaped, and
extending a support for the ever-widening anal area. When it was
just becoming foot shaped, with a rudimentary ‘‘ toe” meeting the hind
742 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
margin of the wing, the hind angle only moderately enlarged, special
ization by reduction seems again to have dominated, producing a group |
of genera of which Macrothemis is a good exponent (Plate XLVI,
fig. ; Ji): a
Then there is the important group of genera allied to Lzbellula, in ;
which the branches of the media at their departure from the arculus ;
are hardly fused, in which the narrowing and transverse elongation of |
the triangle and the deflection of the anal vein before the triangle haye (
progressed very far, but in which only a very moderate reduction of |
cross veins has occurred (Plate XLVIII). The tendency of vein J, |
to become undulate is also a feature of this group. |
There is also the heterogeneous group of genera allied to Veurothemis. :
These will at least agree in exhiieine the highest degree of vein;
adjustment together with the lowest degree of vein reduction to be (
found in the series (fig. 18).’
At some point in this series not remote from Céeithemis (Plate |
XLVI, fig. 2) may have set in the extensive reduction of cross veins ;
characteristic of a very large number of genera allied to Sympetrum. |
(See Plate XLVI, fig. 3, and Plate XLVI, fig. 1.)
Another offshoot from near the same place, combining in a high!
degree both kinds of specialization, culminates in Zramea and its.
allies (Plate XLIX), which I regard the most specialized of Libel-
luline, if not of all Odonata.
In the three last-mentioned groups there is a pretty adjustment of |
the second cross vein in the space between veins J/, and JZ, in oppo-)
sition to the proximal end of the radial supplement. Plates XLV and)
XLVI and fig. 2 of Plate XLVII will show its increasing definiteness |
and obliquity of position and the perfecting of the brace of which it:
is a third part, the other parts being the supplement and the oblique (
vein. A trivial character this? Indeed it is but a straw, yet it shows:
the way biologic winds blow.
ZYGOPTERA.
In this suborder we have again two families, the more generalized:
abounding, as before, in venational experiments (if I may so speak), |
some of which have been abandoned in recent times, the more special-|
ized, being more homogeneous, characterized by a single principal)
trend in its wing development. The suborder as a whole has retained!
in recent times two primitive characters, in the similarity of fore and;
hind wings” and in the total lack of supplements.
A. Calopterygide.—There are four fairly distinct types of venation!
in this family, the most peculiar of which is represented by the fossili
genus /sophlebia (tig. 31). In this type the hind wing was as much|
dilated at the base as in the Ania but by very different means. |
aF or this reason we figure in tint cases but one wing.
No, 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 743
The support for the expanded area developed upon vein Cv,, which
was set off from vein Cu, by a long posteriorly directed stalk; see-
ondary branches developed upon the posterior side of vein Cv, radiating
‘to the wing margin. The anal vein did not join vein Cu,. The stigma
was unbraced, and the wings were decurved at the tips, much as in the
| Petalurine.
Among living Calopterygide the tendency has been to match cross
veins in lines parallel with the veins, thus producing a large number
‘of interpolated sectors between the principal veins. This has been
earried so far that few vestiges of the primitively hexagonal form
of the cells remain. This has facilitated (perhaps we should say has
accompanied) the throwing
of the wing membrane into
longitudinal furrows, and we
find the sectors, in some
forms, alternately convex
and concave even to the dis-
tal margin of the wing. In
those forms in which the
furrowing of the membrane
is most general we find the
least tendency toward re-
duction of cross veins. Per-
haps the fanlike folding of
the membrane enabled it to
resist bending and rendered
unnecessary the differentia-
tion of stronger veins for
that purpose.
Epallagine.—This group
comprises the more general-
ized living members of the ENR. Fae
: : : Fie. 31.—BASEm OF WINGS OF Isophlepia (FOSSIL) IN PART
family, especially in the Le- AFTER DEICHMULLER.
gion Euphea of de Selys,
wherein the nymphs, so far as known, have paired gill filaments along
the sides of the abdomen and have biramous mandibles. In this group
the media tends to descend to the middle of the arculus, the nodus to
recede moderately toward the base of the wing, and the quadrangle to
lose the dividing cross vein. The quadrangle behaves similarly in both
fore and hind wings. Pseudopheea seems, on the whole, as primitive
as any genus of the group (fig. 32). RA‘nocypha and its allies (Plate
LU, figs. 1, 2, and 5) constitute a short lateral series. De Selys long
ago showed, from characters not drawn from the wings, that they
constitute a distinct subordinate group, but he did not point out the
-venational characters in which they are peculiar. These will be dis-
covered by observing the behavior of the medial and cubital branches
just after their separation. Just beyond the arculus veins J/4. and.
M, separate by arching in opposite directions, forming a symmetrical |
fork. At the end of the quadrangle vein J/, arches forward, vein |
Cu, sometimes arching with it, and vein Cu, arches backward, the \
two thus becoming set in opposing positions. Vein Cu, remains ;
'
simple.
TT RAT L Ty
PTR
PIP ALR TA SO
ROR
Fra. 32.—WING OF Pseudophxa sp?
744 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. XXXVI
|
|
Throughout the group the stigma is well developed. In the space
between veins J/, and J/, the longest of the sectors occupies an inter- .
mediate position, with shorter sectors on either side of it. The South |
American Cyanochar/s (Plate LI, fig. 3) and Dicterias parallel the:
next following group in the fusion ef vein J/,_, with the radius beyond |
the arculus, but in general the group is wholly lacking in those;
peculiar developments that characterize the two next groups.
Anisopleura, Epallage (Plate LI, fig. 2), Bayadera, Cyanocharis (Plate (
FIG. 33.—BASE OF FOREWING AND A BIT OF HINDWING OF Rhinocypha sp? 0, OBLIQUE VEIN THAT’
WORKS THE POINT OF SEPARATION OF THE TRACHEA OF THE RADIAL SECTOR.
LI, fig. 3), Diphlebia, and Philoganga (fig. 44) illustrate a tendency}
toward the reduction of the base of the wing, and toward a consider-'
able degree of vein differentiation throughout the membrane. The:
general result is analogous to that arrived at in the Agrionina,
discussed below.
Vestaline.—In all this extensive group the media descends the:
arculus and departs from it in a line that is continued directly by)
vein J/,, while vein J/,,. arches strongly from its anterior side. The:
|
| 7
No. 1331. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 745
fork is thus unilateral. In such genera as Calopterye (fig. 34) and
Vestalis (fig. 41), vein J/,,. reunites with the radius—completely fuses
with it—only to separate again, after which its base appears asa cross
vein and its distal end as a branch of the radius.“ The longest of the
‘sectors between veins J/, and J/, closely parallels vein J/,, with all
the shorter sectors before it. The stigma tends to atrophy, more
rapidly in the males. The quadrangle becomes unusually elongated,
and is almost always convex on its anterior side and traversed by a
number of cross veins, among which the identity of the typical one is
never evident. Vein Cw,, just beyond the quadrangle, sets off a recur-
Senn ee Wr
i NR
nnnnnne
an Ty i >
HEE TN
rH TT
TTL SgpunNnn Ti Ae rT na th nin na
seats Sea sa MM Mae
r at u mara
Sanaa casa TAL Tae cecaaT ToT TT He He a so
RINE Ri a HO me ith BT He
USNR TD mee rl
a ES Ri ey
Ted HE BE SE
CPOE Be A iS
SE a S
ttt
aaa
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
NG
oo
oo bdo
—
co bo
—
oo bo
~
Co t
owe
. Small portion of wing of a nearly grown nymph of Anax junius Drury, with
. The basal part of the fore wing of a nymph of Lanthus parvulus Selys, show
. Wings of Gomphus dilatatus Rambur.
. Wings of Gompheschna furcillata Say.
. Wings of Nasixschna pentacantha Rambur.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLrare XXXII. Nymphal wings (photomicrographs).
Wings of Gomphus descriptus Banks, nymph full grown. a
Wing of Lestes rectangularis Say, grown nymph, showing the radial sector
attached to the median trachea.
Portion of hind wing of young nymph of Anax junius Drury, previous to the
development of any veins, showing the first indications of bridge, triangle
and anal loop.
PLiare XXXII. Nymphal wings (photomicrographs).
veins developing, showing the formation of the radial supplement (2.
suppl.) and of the brace vein between veins J7/, and JZ,.
ing the formation of the arculus and the triangles.
The nodal region of the same wing, showing the formation of the bridge and
the oblique vein.
Prats XXXL.
Wings of Gomphoides stigmatus Say.
Wings of Aphylla producta Selys.
PLATE XOXORIV.
Wings of Cyclophylla diphylla Selys.
Wings of Progomphus obscurus Rambur.
Wings of Gomphidia sp?
~Prare XXXV.
Wings of Gomphus vulgatissimus Linneeus.
Wings of Hemigomphus ochraceus Selys.
Wings of Lanthus parvulus Selys.
PLATE XOOSVEL.
Wings of Tuchopteryx thoreyi Selys.
Wings of Ulula sp ? (from Brazil).
Hind wing of Hemianax ephippiger Burmeister.
PLATE XOXXVAl:
Wings of Basiwschna janata Say.
Wings of Boyeria irene Fonscombe.
Piate XXXVI.
Wings of Hoplonxschna armata Hagen.
Wings of Brachytron pratense Miller.
Wings of 4’schnophlebia anisoptera Selys.
PLATE ENCXOXGEXE
Wings of Staurophlebia reticulata Burmeister.
Wings of Gynacantha trifida Rambur.
0, 1381. DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION—NEEDHAM. 763
PHATE XL:
Fig. 1. Wings of 4schna californica Calvert.
| 2. Wings of 2schna ingens Rambur.
3. Wings of Anax junius Drury.
PuatTe XLI.
. Wings of Synthemis brevistyla Selys.
. Wings of Didymops transversa Say.
. Wings of Paleophlebia superstes Selys, female.
one
PLATE XLIT.
Fig. 1. Wings of Neocordulia androgynis Selys.
| 2. Wings of Oxygastra curtisii Dale.
3. Wings of Hemicordulia tau Selys.
PuaTE XLITII.
Fig. 1. Wings of Gomphomacromia paradoxa Brauer.
2. Wings of Nannothemis bella Uhler.
- 3. Wings of Perithemis domitia Drury.
Puate XLIV.
. Wings of Agrionoptera insignis Rambur.
. Wings of Anatya guttata Erichson.
. Wings of Raphismia bispina Hagen.
oo bo Re
PLATE XLV.
. Wings of Pseudophlebia minima Kirby.
. Wings of Diplacodes parvula Rambur.
. Wings of Mesothemis simplicicollis Say.
won ee
Puate XLVI.
. Wings of Macrothemis celeno Selys.
. Wings of Celithemis eponina Drury.
. Wings of Leucorhinia intacta Hagen.
Prate XLVI.
. Wings of Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister.
. Wings of Ephidatia longipes Hagen.
. Wings of Paltothemis lineatipes Karsch.
Puate XLVIII.
. Wings of Orthemis ferruginea Fabricius.
. Wings of Belonia uniformis Kirby.
. Wings of Libellula pulchella Drury.
PLATE XLIX.
. Wings of Schizopyga luctifera Selys.
. Wings of Tauriphila iphigenia Hagen.
. Wings of Tramea onusta Hagen.
764
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
ob
OU He CoO bo
“1m
ie)
OU He Oo bo et
N~IP op ooh a
oe Oo NS
“ID
io 8]
. Wings of Trithemis sp?
. Wings of Uracis sp?
. Wings of Pantala flavescens Fabricius.
. Wing of Lestes tricolor Erichson.
. Wing of Palemna sp? (from Trinidad).
~~"
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Puate L.
Puate LI.
. Wings of Pseudophza ochracea Selys.
. Wing of Epallage fatima Charpentier.
. Wings of Cyanocharis valga Needham.
. Wing of Hetzrina sp? (from Brazil).
. Wing of Rhinocypha trifasciata? Selys.
. Wing of Archilestes grandis Rambur.
. Wing of Megalestes major Selys.
. Wing of Mecistogaster lucretia Drury.
Pirate LIT.
. Wing of Micromerus blandus Selys.
Wing of Libellago caligata Selys.
Wing of Pseudophza sp?
Wing of Epallage fatima Charpentier.
. Wing of Rhinocypha sp?
Puate LE.
Wing of Platysticta maculata Selys.
Wing of Philogenia sp?
. Wing of Argia fumipennis Burmeister.
. Wing of Heteragrion flavovittatum Selys.
. Wing of Agriocnemis pulverulans Selys.
. Wing of Amphipteryx agrioides Selys.
PLATE LTV:
Wing of Tatocnemis malgassica Kirby.
. Wing of Disparoneura sp? —
. Wing of Idioneura ancilla Selys.
Wing of Cxnoneura carnatica Selys.
Wing of Hesperagrion heterodoxum Selys.
Wing of Enallagma annexum Hagen.
. Wing of Erythragrion saleum Hagen.
. Wing of Nehallennia irene Hagen.
i
|
:
5
/
|
/
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXI
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762.
r $ )
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI
i ra
Ft
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762.
PL. XXXIil
.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXxXiIIb
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXIV
ae eae
ee
PI
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PASE 762.
|S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. xxxv
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762.
}
U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI_ PL. XXXVI
|
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762,
U. S) NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXVII
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXVIII
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762.
S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XXXIX
Ropers se a ot yy
Ciera)
ECiseieb i Pl re
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 762.
). Ss. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XL
TT MCG
cos eS ga a OS
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 763.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XLI
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DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 763.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XLII
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 763.
U. &. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. XLIII
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 763.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI
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DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 764.
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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XxvI
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FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 764.
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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. Lin
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FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 764.
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'U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. xxvI_ PL. Liy
DRAGON-FLY WING VENATION.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 764,
‘A REVIEW OF THE COBITIDA, OR LOACHE
Ss). OF “REE
RIVERS OF JAPAN,
By Davip Starr Jorpan and Henry W. Fowter,
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
In the present paper is given an account of the species of Cobitide,
small fishes known in English as loach, in Japanese as Dojo, recorded
from the streams and lakes of Japan. It is based on the collections
made by Messrs. Jordan and Snyder in 1900, preserved in the U. 8.
National Museum and in the collections of Leland Stanford Junior
University. The plates are by Mrs. Chloe Lesley Starks.
Family COBITID.®.
Body more or less elongate, oblong, compressed, or cylindrical, but
“never depressed. Head depressed or compressed; snout more or less
fleshy, blunt, inferior; the lips fleshy and furnished with from 6 to 12
barbels. Pharyngeal teeth few, in one row and in moderate number:
“no pseudobranchix. Scales small, rudimentary, or entirely absent:
eyeloid, when present, usually immersed in mucous skin, and rarely
present on the head. Lateral line single; air vessel entirely or par-
tially inclosed in bone. Vertical fins spineless, the dorsal rays varying
from 8 to 30, the anal with about 7 or 8, and the ventrals sometimes
absent. Small fishes confined to the rivers of the Old World in Europe
and Asia. They are used as food.
a, No erectile spines below the eye.
b. Barbels 10 or 12; 4 about the mandible; dorsal, short; caudal rounded: lateral
enerapet es ee eg Visgurnus, 1.
ce. Barbels 8, a pair of nasal barbels being present; dorsal short; caudal rounded;
Parcemeburtananlete sy kt Elxis, 2.
cc. Barbels 6, no nasal barbels being present; dorsal fin short; caudal fin trun-
eee tera alvenmedian 22%) 22240220. eo ee er. Orthrias, 3.
aa. An erectile spine below the eye.
dd. Caudal fin deeply forked.
e. Barbels 6; body rather robust; lateral line complete; dorsal rather lon
oe
=:
oO.
d. Caudal fin rounded; lateral line incomplete; dorsal short ..._-.- Cobitis, 4.
|
Hymenophysa,
2 PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. XXVI—No. 1332.
765
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
1. MISGURNUS Lacépéde.
Misgurnus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 16 (fossilis).
Body elongate, compressed. Head triangular, elongate, an
snout projecting; mouth inferior, with fleshy lips; barbels 10 or 12,
which 4are mandibular; eye small. Gill-openings lateral; lateral ‘|
complete. No spine below the eye. Body with small scales, excep:
on the head, which is naked. Origin of the dorsal about in the middk
of the length of the fish, over the ventrals; anal entirely behind dot
sal; pectorals more or less equal to the head; caudal nearly equal t
head, and rounded. Air- bladder in a bony capsule. |
. vernacular name used by Willughby for Jsg erm
(misqur TU ax
fossilis.)
a. Barbels 12, 4 belonging to the mandible - ------------------------- polynemus, ~ 1
aa. Barbels 10, 4 belonging to the mandible. .-.--.-------------- anguillicaudatus, i
1. MISGURNUS POLYNEMUS (Bleeker). ;
ae
ee polynema BurEKEr, Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Neerl, VIII, 1860, p. 90, P
, fig. 3; (Seddo=Tokyo).
ate me Te GUNTHER, ae Fish. Brit. Mus., VII, 1868, p. 346 (ate
Bleeker). ool. Japan, III, 1901, p. 45.
DS10. AS TY 6: eri 54 anes to the mandible. Seale
conspicuous. Origin of the ae midway between the root of th
caudal and the eile -opening; pectoral fin shorter than the head. Colo!
nearly uniform brownish, tail and caudal fin with scattered blackis
spots. Jeddo. (Ginther.)
Not seen by us.
(zo\vs, many; v7a, thread.)
we
2. MISGURNUS ANGUILLICAUDATUS (Cantor).
DOJO.
Cobitis anguillicaudata Canror, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 1842, p. 485.—Ric)
ARDsON, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 300; Canton.
Misqurnus anguillicaudatus GéntueEr, Cat. Fish, VI, 1868, p. 345; China, Chusai
Japan, Formosa.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 45.
Cobitis bifurcata McCieLLanp, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist:; TV, 1844, p: |
xxi, fig. 1; India.
Cobitis pectoralis MCCLELLAND, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist., IV, 1844, p. 400, 5
xxi, fig. 3; India. (Specimens with long pectorals. )
Cobitis rubripinnis SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 220, pl. cri, fig. |
near Nagasaki. E:
Cobitis maculata ScuuEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 221, pl. cr, fig.
near Nagasaki. .
Cobitis micropus CuvrER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X VIII, 1846, p.2
China.
Cobitis psammismus Ricuarpson, Ichthy. China, 1846, p. 300; Canton. e
Cobitis decemcirrosus BasttewsKy, Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose., 1855, p. 2395 ; ne
Peking. &
‘2
*
zm
rr
| No. 1332. LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 767
Cobitichthys enalios BurrKer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., VIII, 1860, Japan, VI
p. 88, pl. u, fig. 4; Japan; specimens with long pectorals. ,
Cobitichthys dichachrous BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., VIII, 1860, Japan;
IV, p. 89, pl. 1, fig. 2; Yeddo (Tokyo); specimens bicolor, the two shades
sharply defined.
Misgurnus dichachrous Gtinruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 346; Yeddo:
specimens.
same
Head 6 “in length; depth 63; D. 9; A. 8: P. I. 9: V. 6: width of
‘head 2 in its length; eye 3 in snout, 13 in interorbital space; snout 24
‘In head; pectoral 13; ventrals 25; scales about 150:
_ Body elongate, greatly compressed. Head small, triangular, and
‘compressed; snout long, obtuse, rounded and produced; eyes small,
anterior and superior; mouth inferior, with thick fleshy lips; barbels
10, of which 4 are on the lower jaw; nostrils close together and in
front of the eye, the first pair in a short tube; interorbital space
slightly convex, much less than the length of the snout; cheeks not
swollen. Gill-openings lateral, joined below in front of the base of
the pectoral.
| Head naked, the trunk covered with small cycloid scales.
_ Origin of the dorsal about midway in the length of the body,
including caudal, and directly over the ventrals, the fin short; anal
entirely behind the dorsal, and nearer the origin of the ventrals than
‘the base of the caudal; caudal oblong, broad, rounded, and about equal
‘to the head; pectorals short and low; ventrals short. Caudal peduncle
long and deep, its depth about three-fourths the head. Lateral line
medium along the sides to the base of caudal.
Color in alcohol dark gray-brown, above spotted and marbled with
darker, the spots smaller on the tail, and those on the caudal and
‘dorsal fins very small; sides of the body with many narrow more or
less even longitudinal blackish stripes; lower parts of the body together
with the ventrals and anal, pale; pectoral pale, except some dusky on
‘the upper part of the longer rays.
Length 72 inches.
| This deseription from a specimen from the Yodo River in Osaka.
Of this species, which is very abundant in all the rivers and lakes
of Japan we have many examples. They are from Junsai Lake in
‘Aomori, Hakodate, from the Sapporo Museum, Tsuchiura, Niigata,
Aomori, Sendai, the Yodo River in Osaka, the Iwai River at Ichino-
jseki, and at Morioka, Misaki, Tokyo, Nagasaki, and Formosa.
' In this large series we are unable to distinguish more than one
species, subject to great variations. In some examples the lower sur-
face of the body is mottled or spotted like the back. We also notice
many examples, as Dr. Giinther has observed, with deep bodies and
adipose layers along the rudimentary caudal rays, perhaps better fed
than usual.
(anguilla, eel; caudatus, tailed.)
768 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
2 ELXIS Jordan and Fowler. b
Elvis Jorpan and Fow.er, new genus (nikkonis).
Body moderately elongate, compressed; head elongate, sometimes |
depressed; eyes small; snout produced and rounded; mouth inferior, —
with fleshy lips and four rostral, two maxillary, and two nasal barbels,
none on the mandible; scales large and cycloid; lateral line incomplete; ;
caudal rounded, sometimes longer than the head; pectorals variable; ;
gill openings lateral; color variegated with blotches and mottlings, and |
usually a dark spot at base of caudal. Small loaches, of the waters of [
Japan. |
(€ASts, a trailing.)
3. ELXIS NIKKONIS Jordan and Fowler, new species. |
Head 44 in length; depth 64; D. 8; A. 7; P. 12; V. 6; scales about}
56: width of head 14 in its length; snout 3 in head; interorbital space |
94; pectoral 13; ventral 13; eye 2 in interorbital space.
Fic. 1.—ELKIS NIKKONIS.
Body elongate and rather slender, the tail compressed. Head broad,
depressed, and elongate; snout broad, depressed, rounded, and pro-
duced; eyes small, anterior, lateral; mouth rather broad, inferior and
with fleshy lips; barbels 8, of which there is a nasal pair, and the maxi
lary pair is the longest, though there are no mandibulars; interorbital
space very broad and depressed like the top of the head, flattened;
nostrils large, in front of the eyes above. Gill openings rather large,
lateral and joined below the base of the pectoral in front.
Scales on the body rather large and eycloid, none on the head.
Origin of the dorsal nearer the tip of the caudal than the tip of the
snout, about equal to the height of the body, and its length, wher
depressed, about three-fourths the length of the head; anal entirely!
behind dorsal and reaching two-thirds of the space between its origit)
and the base of the caudal; caudal less than head, and rounded; pees
torals small, low, reaching about two-fifths in the space between thei
origins and those of the ventrals; ventrals a little before the origin 0%
the dorsal, nearer the gill opening than the base of the caudal, ang
reaching more than half the distance between their own origins an¢
that of the anal, Caudal peduncle long, equal to head without snout)
~ NO. 1332. LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 769
ee —— -
‘and its greatest depth 23 in the leneth of the head. Lateral line
absent.
Color in alcohol brown, dark on the back, and top of the head, with
small blotches and mottlings of deeper; alone the sides a rather irregu-
larly defined longitudinal dark band, ending in a blackish spot at the
base of the middle caudal rays; all the fins more or less spotted with
‘dark brown, deepest, best defined, and largest on the dorsal and caudal;
lower surface of the body pale or whitish.
Length 243 inches.
Type No. 7848, Ichthyological Collections Leland Stanford Junior
University Museum. Locality, Chitose, in Iburi, Hokkaido.
Of this species we have a number of examples from the province of
Shimotsuke, near Nikko, and from Chitose, in Iburi, Hokkaido, the
latter received from the Sapporo Museum.
3. ORTHRIAS Jordan and Fowler.
Orthrias JORDAN and FowLer, new genus (oreus).
Allied to Nemacheilus Van Hasselt.
Body elongate and compressed. Head sometimes depressed, and
with the dorsal profile nearly horizontal; no spine below eye; mouth
small, inferior, and with fleshy lips; barbels 6, none on the mandible.
Dorsal fin short, and situated over the ventrals. Ventral rays 8. Air
bladder more or less inclosed in a bony capsule. Caudal rounded or
truncate, not forked. Lateral line complete. Fresh waters of Eastern
Asia, the species apparently numerous.
This genus is related to Vemachetlus, but the original type of that
group (VV. fasciatus) has about 13 dorsal rays and the caudal forked.
The Japanese species with a short dorsal and a truncate caudal is
therefore made the type of a distinct genus, Orthrias, to which numer-
ous Chinese and other Asiatic species apparently also belong.
(cpOpi0s, of the dawn; hence Japanese. )
4. ORTHRIAS OREAS Jordan and Fowler, new species.
Head 43 in length; depth 9; D. 10; A. 8; P. 14; V. 8; width of
head 1¢ in its length; snout 24 in head; interorbital space 4; eye 2 in
snout; pectoral 14 in head; ventral 12.
Body moderately elongate and compressed, the tail compressed.
Head elongate, broad, depressed; snout long, blunt, obtusely rounded
and produced; eyes small, a little anterior and superior; mouth small,
Inferior and with thick fleshy lips; barbels 6, none on the mandible,
and the maxillary pair the longest; nostrils close together and in front
of the eye, and the anterior inasmall tube; interorbital space like the
top of the head, broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings lateral, and
the membranes joined below the base of the pectoral in front,
fe
t
770 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. You, 2
Scales minute, and pinboddedat in nde skin; bead. apparently naledi
Oriein of the dorsal midway between the tip of the snout and th
base of the caudal; the height of the dorsal is greater than the dept
of the body, and when depressed its length is only a little less tha
that of the head; anal entirely behind the dorsal, and reaching mo
than half the space between its own origin and the base of the caudal
caudal about equal to the depressed dorsal, truncate, its margin straight t,
and with sharp corners; pectorals rather long, hoe fourths the length
of the head, and halfway in the space between their own origins ané
those of the ventrals; ventrals below and just a trifle behind the origin
of the dorsal, and reaching more than halfway in the space between
their own origins and that of the anal. Caudal peduncle long, com
pressed, 1 its leneth about equal to the pectoral and its least depth about
24 in the head. Lateral line continuous, median along the sides.
Color in alcohol pale brown above, on about 15 large blotches o
deep brown; a dark streak from eye to tip of snout; head finely mote
tled with dark brown above; dorsal and caudal re with broad,
Fic. 2.—ORTHRIAS OREAS.
deep, brownish cross bars; pectorals, anal and ventrals whitish, wit
dusky blotches, indistinct on the latter fins; lower surface on Ae hea
and trunk w mae
Length 3,7; inches.
Type, a so ‘imen in the museum at Sapparo, kindly loaned to us by
Mr. S. Nozawa. Locality, Chitose, in Iburi, a province of Hokkaide
This specimen, received from the Sapporo Museum, is the only example le
of the species we have seen.
(Opetas, of the hills.)
4. COBITIS (Artedi) Linnezeus.
Cobitis Arrep1, Genera, 1738 (nonbinomial).
Cobitis Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 303 (tenia).
Acanthopsis AGAssiz, Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, I, p. 36 (tania, not of Va
Hasselt, 1823).
Body elongate, more or less compressed, and the back not archet
Head elongate, compressed; eyes small; snout produced, blunt an
rounded; mouth small, inferior, and with six barbels about the uppé
No. 1382. LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. a
jaw; below the eye, an crectile bifid spine. Dorsal fin about over the
jentrals; anal behind dorsal; caudal rounded or truncate: pectorals
less than the head; ventrals below dorsal. Air-bladder inclosed in a
bony capsule. Lateral line incomplete. Small fresh-water fishes of
Europe and Asia. Probably all the species described, will be referred
to the widely distributed and variable form described below.
(cobitis, a loach.)
5. COBITIS TZENIA Linnezus.
TAKANOHADOJO (HAWK-WING LOACH), SHIMADOJO (STRIPED LOACH).
Cobitis tenia Linnamus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 303; Kurope.—Cvuvier and
VALENCIENNES, Hist. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 58.—Giinrner, Cat. Fish., VII,
1868, p. 362; Holland, Bavaria, Sweden, and of authors generally.
Cobitis tenia japonica SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., p. 222, pl. cru, fig. 3,
+1846; near Nagasaki (not Cobitis japonica Houttuyn).
Cobitis caspia Ercuwawp, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose., 1838, p. 133; near Caspian Sea.
Cobitis elongata HEcKEL and Kner, Siissenwasserfische Oester., 1858, pp. 164, 305;
Austria.
Cobitis larvata De Fitipr1, Mem. Accad. Torin., XTX, p. 71; Italy.
Cobitis sinensis SAuvAGE and Dr Turersant, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6) 1875, I, p. 8;
Setchuan, China.—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 182.
Cobitis biwe JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1901, p. 748; Lake Biwa,
substitute for Cobitis japonica, prec atk
| Head 42 in length; depth 53; D.8; A. 7; P.10; V.8; width of head,
ja little over 2 in its length; snout 24 in head; pectoral 1$; ventrals 12;
eye 53; interorbital space 53.
Body elongate, compressed. Head elongate, much compressed,
and with the upper profile convex; snout long, produced, and bluntly
rounded; eyes small, superior, lateral, and nearer the tip of the snout
‘than the gill-opening; mouth small, inferior, and with fleshy lips, the
‘lower divided and with two lobes; barbels 8, two of which are mandi-
bulars; nostrils nearer the eye than the tip of the snout, close together,
and the anterior pair in a short tube; interorbital space narrow, about
‘equal to the eye and convex. Gill-openings large, lateral, and the
‘gill-membrane joined below the base of the pectoral in front.
Seales very small on the trunk, none on the head.
Origin of the dorsal nearer the base of the caudal than the tip of
the snout and a little in front of the ventrals; length of dorsal when
depressed a little less than the length of the head and the height of
‘the fin much less than the greatest depth of the body; anal entirely
behind dorsal and reaching two-thirds the space between its origin
and the base of caudal; caudal equal to depressed dorsal, and rounded;
pectoral 12 in head, and 24 in the space between its own origin and
that of the ventral; ventrals 2 in the space between their own origins
and that of the anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, its length equal to
the pectoral, and its depth a little less than 2 in the head. Lateral
line short, only running a little beyond the middle of the pectoral.
le Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02
5g
~J
~I
©
t
PROCES en OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,_
two rows a narrow ane marbled ne eon 6 blotehes of dar!
brown between occiput and origin of dorsal, and 7 more between the
latter and the base of caudal; base of caudal above with a jet-black spots |
dorsal and caudal barred broadly with blackish brown; head marbled |
and spotted with brown above, and a blackish Heal from eye to.
snout; lower surface of the body, pectorals, ventrals, and anal, pale or)
whitish. ;
Leneth 31% inches.
This description from an example from Kawatana, on Omura Bay,?
Fresh waters of Japan; our yery numerous series from Aomori, |
Kitakami River, lake near Sendai (collection Awano), Nugata in Ech-
igo (collection Eitaro Tijima), Tamagawa in Tachikawa, Kinu, River,:
in Utsunomiya, Iwai River in Ichinoseki, Tokyo, Tsuruga, Nagoya in)
Owari (collection K. Otaki), Yodo River at Osaka, Chikugo River ati
Kurume, Kawatana, and Lake Biwa. j
In this series great variation occurs. The examples from Lake
3iwa are very much more elongate and have the brown blotches on)
the sides merged into a continuous longitudinal band, and the space
between it and the superior dorsal row of spots, which is also more or;
less continuous, light and plain colored, like the lower surface of the,
body. The colors are altogether more distinct and sharply defined, |
and the dorsal and caudal are with only one or two blackish bars.:
This form has been described from near Nagasaki under the name)
of **Cobitis tenia japonica” by Schlegel. As the name japonica isi
preoccupied in Cob/t’s, Jordan and Snyder have substituted for it the:
name of Cobitis biwae. But there seems to be no permanent value in
these differences in color and form. Examples from Kawatana and.
the Chikugo River at Kurume, collected together in both localities,
contain both this striped form and those at the lateral bands broken:
up into spots.
We can not find any difference between the Japanese species and the
Loach of Europe, and hence retain for it the ancient name of Cobitis,
tenia. Should the Asiatic species prove distinct, the name Cobitis
sinensis may be retained for it.
a>
oe
- caek
(ratvia, ribbon.)
5. HYMENOPHYSA MeClelland.
Hymenophysa MCCLELLLAND, Indian Cyprinide, 1838, p. 443 (hymenophysa).
Syncrossus Buyrn, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1860, p. 166 (berdmoret).
Body short, deep, and compressed. Head elongate, compre cosa
and pointed, the snout long, pointed and its tip bluntly rounded;
eyes small; mouth inferior and with fleshy lips; barbels 6, the max
illary pair long, and the others close together at the tip of the snout
LOACHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 173
”
oO Dental barbels; a strong eel spine below the eye in front. Gill
ppenings lateral. Scales very small. Dorsal inserted in adyance of
the origin of the ventral; caudal deeply forked. Air-vessel ¢ onsisting
of two divisions, an anterior inclosed in a partly osseus capsule and a
posterior which is free-in the abdominal cay ity.
This genus differs from Lotia (= Schistura= Diacuntha) in the pres-
pace of but six barbels instead of eight.
(vuny, membrane; ¢vd0s, sw ollen.)
|
6. HYMENOPHYSA CURTA (Schlegel).
AYAMADOKI; AYABATA.
Corbitis curta ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 223, pl. ext, fig. 4:
,
near Nagasaki.
Botia curta GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 368 (after Schlegel).
Head 4 in length; depth 42; D. 12; A. 9; P. 14; V. 8; scales 130:
width of head 23 in its length; snout 23 in the head: pectoral 12;
ventral 12; eyes 24 in snout; 14 in interobital space.
| Body oblong, rather deep and compressed. Head oblong, com-
ipressed and pointed in front; snout long, pointed, and compressed,
ithe tip bluntly rounded and slightly projecting beyond the mouth;
leyes moderate, anterior, superior and with the eyelid freely circular;
mouth small, inferior, and with fleshy lips; barbels 6, the maxillary
‘pair reaching the eyes, and the remaining 4 are close together at the
tip of the snout; nostrils close together, a little nearer the eye than
the tip of the snout, and the anterior pair in a short tube: interorbital
‘space convex. Gill-openings large, lateral.
' Body and sides of the head covered with very small cycloid scales.
Origin of the dorsal about midway between the tip of snout and base
of caudal, its height about equal to the length of the pectoral; anal
‘entirely behind dorsal and reaching about two-thirds in the space
‘between its own origin and the base of the caudal; caudal nearly equal to
the length of the head, deeply forked and the lobes pointed; pectorals
marrow, lobate, nearly two-thirds the length of the head, and equal to
about half the distance between their own origins and those of the
ventrals; ventrals behind the origin of the dorsal, and their tips not
Yeaching as far as the tip of the depressed dorsal, or about two-thirds
the space between their own origins and that of the anal. Caudal
peduncle very deep, compressed, its length about equal to the ventral
and its depth a trifle more but not equal to the length of the pectoral.
Lateral line straight along the sides to the base of the caudal.
Color in alcohol more or less uniform brown, the back slightly
darker; anterior edge of dorsal blackish-brown, and the fin with an
indistinctly defined broad brown cross-bar; anal with a brown cross-
bar, and two on each caudal lobe.
Length, 543 inches.
(74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. x:
our specimens all from Kibama, in Omi, presented by the Imperi
University at Tokyo. .
(curtus, short.)
SUMMARY.
Family Coxsrrip®.
1. Misgurnus Lacépede.
1. polynemus (Bleeker). |
2. anguillicaudatus (Cantor); Junsai Lake in Aomori, Hakodate, Tsuchiura, Niigata, ;
“Sendai, Yodo River at Osaki, Iwai River at Ichinoseki, Morioka, Misaki, Tokyo, |
Nagasaki, Formosa. d
2. Elxis Jordan and Fowler.
3. nikkonis Jordan and Fowler; Shimotsuke, near Nikko, Ohitnce in Iburi.
3. Orthrias Jordan and Fowler.
4. oreas Jordan and Fowler; Chitose in Apert j
4. Cobitis Linneeus. }
5. tania Linnzeus; Aomori, Kitakami River at Sendai, Niigata, Nagoya, Yodo River
Lake Biwa, Chikugo River at Kurume.
5. Hymenophysa. McClelland.
6. curta (Schlegel); Kibama in Omi.
| sat
NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA FROM COLORADO, NEW MEX.
|} }1CO, ARIZONA,. AND TEXAS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW SPECIES.
By AnpRrEew NEtson CaupeE LL,
Of the Department of Agriculture.
The following paper deals with three separate collections: (1) a
large collection from Colorado, including a few from just across the
line in New Mexico, made by Dr. H. G. Dyar and myself during the
months of May, June, July, and August, 1901; (2) a small collection
made in Arizona, mostly at Williams and Hot Springs, by Messrs.
Schwarz and Barber during the summer of 1901; and (3) a small col-
lection made by the writer in Texas in June and July, 1902. This
material forms part of the collection of the U. S. National Museum.
The Colorado collection, which furnishes material for the greater
part of this paper, but partially confirms the result reached by
Dr. Dyar regarding the life zones of that State as recently described
by him“—that is, that there are four faunal regions in Colorado:
prairie, foothill, alpine, and western slope. The orthopterous fauna
indicate the first three zones only, which are in most cases quite
sharply defined, but there are a number of species that occur in two
or more of the zones. The line between the prairie and the foothill
faunas is exceedingly well defined at some places, while at other places
the transition from one to the other is more gradual.
The primary aim of the Colorado expedition was to work out the
life history of Lepidoptera, and not to collect Orthoptera, and in conse-
quence it was not possible to visit all parts of the State. Therefore
the range worked over is not extensive and does not include places
inaccessible by rail. A few specimens from Middle Park were pur-
chased from E. J. Oslar, a professional collector of Denver, and are
included in this paper.
The various localities visited by the writer in Colorado, their alti-
tude, location, and notes on the vicinity are given in the following
alphabetical list:
Baileys, Park: County; altitude, 7,7 14 feet.—This place is some miles
up the Platte canyon. One day only was spent there and but nine
species of Orthoptera were taken.
@Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, p. 369.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1333. ae
776 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL.
Boulder, Boulder County; Glitiude ne 350) 25 feet. aes trips were made —
to this place and a little collecting done in and along the base of the
foothills just back of the town. Insects were not at all numerous at |
the time the visits were made and but five species of Orthoptera
were taken. 7
Chama, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, altitude, 7,863 feet.—Halt |
an hour only was spent here, six species being taken, of which Dés- ,
sosteira carolina was the most common. i
Chimney Gulch.—See Golden.
G’ ripplecreeh, Teller County, altitude, ISIC Jeet. —Half a day was
spent at this interesting locality out near the Golden King gold mine.
Circotettix undulata was the common species.
( wmnbre Sie Conejos County; altitude, LOIS) Jeet.—One hour of prof- f
itable collecting was put in here when it began to rain, and a wet)
afternoon was utilized in riding down the western slope of the moun-
tains on a freight car rather than wait in a section house for the pas-
senger train next day. Five species only were taken, all alpine forms,
one of them a new species.
Delta, Delta County; altitude, 4,980 feet.—Several hours were spent
across the river from this place, mostly in investigating garden insects. |
Two species of -Zbloplus were taken. At this place some damage was |
threatened by JJelanoplus differentialis.
Denver, Arapahoe County, altitude, 5,198 feet.—Most of the colleet-
ing in the vicinity of Denver was done in two localities, one south of |
the city, on the prairie just beyond the city park, and the other on the ‘
opposite side of the city. Nearly forty species and many specimens »
were taken here.
Durango, La Plata County; altitude, 6,520 feet. isk few hou
were spent collecting north and east of this town. The limited time
prevented the discovery of the excellent collecting grounds said by
Mr. Oslar to exist in that vicinity.
Fort Collins, Larimer County; altitude, 4,972 jfeet.—Two visits
were made to this productive locality and many desirable specimens +
taken, mostly north and west of town. No opportunity presented
itself to go up into the neighboring foothills, and the specimens taken
were therefore all prairie forms, or ones common to two or more
faunal regions. One species only, Hremopedes balli, may be consid: -
ered as belonging strictly to the foothill fauna. Forty-eight species
were taken at this place.
Glenwood Springs, Garfild County; altitude, 5,758 Jeet.—Three |
stops were made at this place, but little collecting was done. A few
specimens were taken out east of town a half mile or so and also a)
few in town near the station. But seven species were taken, of which |
four belong to the genus J/elanoplus.
Golden, Jefferson County, altitude, 5,667 feet.—This is a good col-
lecting ground and very accessible from Denver, being about 13 miles +
r 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 777
es
w west of there near the Paounnils, The collecting Was done on the
srairie between the town and the foothills, Jess than a quarter of
mile in width, and up the canyon known as Chimne ‘vy. Guleh to ie
_ top, about a thousand feet higher. Over fifty species were collected
at this locality. The prairie and foothill faunas are here quite dis-
tinctly and abruptly divided.
— Grand Junction, Mesa County; altitude, 4,594 feet.—Two stops of
short duration were made here. The collecting was done northeast
of town and also in town just across the railroad from the station.
where many fine specimens of J/elanoplus differentialis were taken.
Mancos, Montezuma County; altitude, 7,008 feet.—Two species were
taken near the station while the train stopped, Mdanoplus femur
rubrum and Stenobothrus curtipenn’s.
Montevista, Rio Grande County, altitude, 7,665 fect.—X bie -yele trip
several miles out of town was taken August 13. Insect life of all kinds
was very scarce and but nine species of Orthoptera were taken, the
most desirable one of which was probably Vemobius utahensis.
Montrose, Montrose County, altitude, 5,811 feet.—Half an hour’s col-
lecting in the vicinity of the station resulted in the capture of nearly
a dozen species.
Morrison, Jefferson County; altitude, 5,753 feet.—Several visits were
made here. Just south of the station, across the creek beyond and
to the right of the schoolhouse, grasshoppers were found to abound
in countless numbers. Collecting trips were made to and beyond the
picturesque red sandstone formations northwest of town and up
‘the canyon into the foothills. But two species were collected in the
foothills, however, Zrimerotropis similis and Gomphocerus clavatus.
The bulk of the specimens taken on the prairie at this place was
Melanoplus occidentalis.
Palisade, Mesa County; altitude, 4,741 feet.—At this little town,
12 miles from Grand Junction, -40loplus chenopodii was taken in
considerable numbers on the plants just across the railroad from the
station. A few other species, including a new species, were taken
the immediate vicinity.
Pikes Peak, kl Paso County; altitude, 8,913 feet.—-A day was spent
here and the ascent of the peak made.“ ‘The shoe e altitudes is that of
the halfway house, and it is to that locality which all the Pikes Peak
labels refer unless otherwise specitied.
Pine Grove, Park County; altitude, 0.738 Fect.—This is a sm: all resort
some miles up Platte Canyon, and there a eae of days were spent
collecting along the railroad and up a side canyon for a mile or so,
leading up probably a thousand feet above the town. A dozen species
were taken here, mostly true foothill forms.
Platte Canyon, Douglas County; altitude, 5,492 feet.—Numerous
trips were Hes to eS pee e, W ae is but a station at the mouth of
“See account in Pree Ent. Soc. Wash., V, 1902, pp. 74-82.
7178 ee OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.
Platte Canyon. Collecting was ones up the canyon as far as a smal
side gulch known as Mill Gulch, and up that gulch for more than a_
mile, as well as up other gulches for lesser distances. But most of
the Orthoptera were taken near the mouth of the canyon. But ten )
species were taken here.
Rico, Dolores County; altitude, 8, FOU: cet.—Insects were very scarce |
here, two hours’ collecting resulting in but three species of Orthoptera }
and practically nothing else. The Orthoptera were all alpine forms. .
Salida, Chafice County, altitude, 7,050 feet.—Two weeks were spent
here, including a couple of visits. Other duties prevented much time
being devoted to collecting Orthoptera, and nearly every afternoon
it rained, but still quite a number of good things were taken. By far |
the most productive locality was the side of the large hill, called
Tenderfoot Mountain, just across the railroad from the station. .
Here ZLoloplus plagosus and Derotmema haydent occurred in num-
bers. Leprus cyaneus was also taken here, though not so numerous
and usually some distance farther up the hill.
Sedalia, Douglas County; altitude, 5,835 feet.—This small town is :
a few miles south of Denver, and is in a broad valley formed by the »
foothills on the west and high mesas on the east. Collecting was done |
across the entire valley, but only eleven species were taken.
At the above localities over a hundred species of Orthoptera were |
taken and the collections from Arizona and Texas bring the number —
up to one hundred and fifty-four. All are here mentioned, even if —
only for the value attached to record of exact locality, but many of the |
species are represented by a considerable number of specimens and-
thus usually furnish some notes of value on variation or distribution.
Family BLATTID ®.
1. PHYLLODROMIA GERMANICA Linnzus.
Blatta germanica LINN ¥us, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., II, 1767, p. 688.
One nymph of this species was taken at Glenwood Springs on
August 18.
2. BLATTA ORIENTALIS Linnzus.
Blatta orientalis L1NN.xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 424.
[wo specimens, both males, one at Denver and one at Pueblo in
August, the latter by E. J. Oslar.
3. ISCHNOPTERA UHLERIANA Saussure.
Ischnoptera uhleriana Saussurn, Rey. Mag. Zool., XTV, 1862, p- 169.
One specimen at Victoria, Texas. in June.
“I
cl
co
NO. 1833. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELT,
4. PERIPLANETA AMERICANA Linnzus.
Blatta americana Linn xs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, 1758, p. 424.
This insect is very common in southern Texas, indeed amountine to
avyeritable pest. It comes into the houses through the open windows
and but for the ever-present canopy of netting over the beds in that
part of the country would very probably establish itself as an unwel-
come and very uncomfortable spiny bedfellow. Happily the netting
prevents this, but unhappily the Acuntha lectularia is not so easily
‘excluded.
A razor case left for a couple of weeks in a drawer in one of
Victoria’s leading hotels, had the covering nearly all eaten off by this
large roach. The ordinary house species, Phy/lodromia germanica and
Blatia orientalis, do not appear to be common in localities where this
species thrives.
5. PERIPLANETA TRUNCATA Krauss.
Periplaneta truncata Krauss, Zool. Anzeiger, XV, 1892, p. 165.—Saussure and
ZEHNTNER, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orth., I, 1893, p. 74.
_ Two female specimens of this species were collected in the laboratory
of the boll weevil investigation at Victoria, Texas, in the early part of
July, 1902. This is a new insect to the United States, but there can
be but little doubt of the correctness of the identification. It is the
variety ‘‘a” of Saussure and Zehntner.
6. HOMGEOGAMIA APACHA Saussure.
FHomeogamia apacha Saussure, Rey. Suisse de Zool., I, 1893, p. 396.
The collection of the U. 8S. National Museum contains specimens of
this species from Texas, Colorado, Arizona, and California. This is
the first record of this species from the United States, though it seems
to be not at all rare. Homaogamia subdiaphana Scudder seems some-
what allied to this species, but Mr. Rehn, who has taken suhd/aphana
in New Mexico, says they are distinct.
Family MANTIDE.
7. YERSINIA SOLITARIA Scudder.
Yersinia solitaria Scupper, Can. Ent., XX VIII, 1896, p. 209.
Two immature specimens of this species were taken, one at Fort
Collins and one at Golden, the former on August 9 and the latter on
July 17.
3
~
.
730 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX
8. LITANEUTRIA MINOR Scudder.
Stagmatoptera minor ScuppER, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Nebr., 1871, p. 251.
Females of what I take for this species were taken at Golden and:
Fort Collins in August. The greedy habits of this species were
recently noted.”
Family PHASMID /#.
9. DIAPHEROMERA DENTRICUS Stal.
Diapheromera dentricus SvAL, Ree. Orth., I11, 1875, p. 76.
One male, June 21, at Victoria, Texas. This specimen was on we
by the roadside. Mr. Mitchell tells me that this tine large walking
stick is not uncommon at times on grape vines in the river bottoms. —
Family ACRIDIIDE.
Subfamily CTH TTIGIN-A.
10. TETTIX CRASSUS Morse.
Tettia crassus Morsk, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., VII, 1899, p. 201.
Two specimens of what Professor Morse thinks is probably this
species were taken at Platte Canyon on May 10. The median carina
of the insect.
11. TETTIX INCURVATUS Hancock.
Tettix incurvatus Hancock, Amer. Nat., X XIX, 1895, pp. 761-762, fig. lL
Five specimens, Platte Canyon May 10, in company with 7) crassu
Dr. Hancock verified this determination. wy
12, PARATETTIX CUCULLATUS Burmeister. a
Tetrix cucullatus BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, 1838, pp. 658-659. ¥
One female at Fort Collins August 11. Professor Morse examine é
this specimen and pronounced the determination correct.
Subfamily TRY XALIN A.
13. MERMIRIA TEXANA Bruner.
Mermiria texana Brungr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 53-54, pl. 1, fig.
One pair at Fort Collins on August 9, and one male nymph, whick
is 8 prob ubly of this species, at Salida on August 2.
@ Ent. Noa XI, 1902, p- 60.
=
NO.1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CA UDELL. Te
14. SYRBULA ADMIRABILIS Uhler.
Stenobothrus admirabilis UHLER, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., IT, 1864, p. 553
0.
Both mature and immature specimens of both sexes taken at Victoria
‘in June and July.
15. ACROLOPHITUS HIRTIPES Say.
Gryllus hirtipes Say, Amer. Ent., ITI, 1828, p. 78, pl. xxxtv.
| |The “green fool,” as Dr. Dyar and I christened this handsome insect.
i is very common along the eastern foothills, more than a hundred being
taken, mostly at Golden. Young nymphs were taken early in May,
‘and mature individuals began to appear about the middle of July.
I 16. ERITETTIX NAVICULA Scudder.
Gomphocerus navicula ScuppEr, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 506.
Three males, seven females, Sedalia June 12; Denver May 7; Boul-
| der May 27; Golden June 5. One of the females taken at Golden on
_June 5 is placed here with some hesitation. It is remarkable in hay-
ing the pronotum uniformly fuscous dorsally and without a trace of
supplementary carinz on the pronotum, though they are present on
the head and diverge anteriorly to meet the raised margins of the
vertex. The upper half of tlhe lateral lobes of the pronotum is pice-
ous, a coloration unlike any other specimen of any spec ies of this genus
| that I have seen. The original description of navicula offers no dis-
tinguishing features to separate it from /. tricarinatus, which was
described from the female sex alone. In fact, the females of the two
“Species, as I have them determined in the collection of the U. S.
National Museum, are inseparable, but the males are very readily dis-
tinguished, those of navicula having the antenne gradually enlarged,
the club composing about one-third of the entire length, while in ¢77-
carinatus the enlargement of the antennz is abrupt, the club composing
no more than one-sixth of the entire length. The Museum contains
specimens of naweula from Wyoming and Colorado in considerable
numbers. 7Zricarinatus does not appear to occur in Colorado, all the
Museum material being from Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas.
17, AMPHITORNUS BICOLOR Thomas.
Stenobothrus bicolor Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr.; V, 1872, p. 465.
Three males, eight females, Golden June 6 to 27; Fort Collins
August 9 and 11; Denver July 7 and 16.
18. OPEIA OBSCURA Thomas.
Oxycoryphus obscura Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1871, p. 466.
One male, eleven females, Golden August 21; Fort Collins
August 10.
$
i
19. CORDILLACRIS CINEREA Bruner.
Ochrilidea cinerea Bruner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 52-53.
Three males, one female, Salida August 21; Morrison June 25.
20. CORDILLACRIS CRENULATA Bruner. :.
Ochrilidea crenulata Bruner, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 51-52. b
Five males, two females, Montevista August 13; Morrison June 29;/
Denver July 16. i
21. CORDILLACRIS OCCIPITALIS Thomas.
Stenobothrus occipitalis THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1873, p. 81.
Fourteen males, eleven females, Morrison June 23; Fort Collins;
August 9 and 11; Denver July 17.
22. PHLIBOSTROMA QUADRIMACULATUM Thomas.
Stenobothrus quadrimaculatum THomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., II, |
1871, pp. 166, 280.
Thirty-seven males, forty-four females, Golden July 12 to August 21.
23. ORPHULELLA PELIDNA Burmeister.
Gomphocerus pelidna BurMetsterR, Handb. Ent., II, 1838, p. 650.
One male at Victoria, Texas, in June, 1902, and two males from)
widely separated localities in Colorado, one from Grand Junction on}
August 17 and one from Fort Collins on August 10. The specimen)
from Texas is a little over the usual size, measuring as follows:
Length of body, 20.5 mm.; elytra, 18 mm.; hind femora, 12 mm.
The larger males of this species ane: lally resemble the dark|
form of the males of Syrbula admirabilis very closely. |
24. ORPHULELLA PICTURATA Scudder.
Orphulella picturata ScuppeErR, Can. Ent., XX XI, 1899, pp. 178, 182.
Many specimens of both sexes collected at Victoria, Texas, in June!
and July, some of them taken in cotton fields. This is a very variable)
species and there are both green and brown forms.
25. ORPHULELLA SALINA Scudder.
}
Orphulella salina ScuppEr, Can. Ent., XX XI, 1899, pp. 179, 185-186.
am |
Two specimens from Colorado, one male at Montrose on August MW,
and one female at Grand Junction on July 7.
| No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL, 783
| 26. DICHROMORPHA VIRIDIS Scudder.
Chloealtis viridis ScuppER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. 455.
Chloealtis brunnea ScuppErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VII, 1875 p. 510
Both sexes of this species, together with the nymphs, were found
plentiful at Victoria, Texas, in June and July. This species varies in
the character of the lateral carinz of the pronotum, some having the
earine parallel and others quite noticeably bowed out in the center,
both forms occurring together. One specimen before me from Florida
has the vertex abnormally acute. 1 have carefully studied the type of
brunnea in the Museum collection and compared it with brown forms
of w7idis and find no appreciable difference not covered by variation.
I have therefore included it as a synonym.
27. STENOBOTHRUS CURTIPENNIS Harris.
Locusta curtipennis Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 1835, p. 56.
J .
— One female at Montevista on August 13, one at Mancos on August
~ @ y =
16, and one male and two female specimens from Cumbres on August
‘14. The females from Cumbres have the elytra very short, but little
more than half as long as the abdomen.
:
1
|
28. GOMPHOCERUS CLAVATUS Thomas.
Gomphocerus clavatus THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1873, p. 96.
| Gomphocerus carpenterti Tuomas, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, No. 2, ser.
1874, p. 65.
Gomphocerus clepsydra ScupDER, Daws., Rept. Geol., 49 Par., 1875, p. 344.
Fourteen males and 17 females from the following points in Colo-
-vado: Baileys June 30 and July 3; Morrison on June 20, at an eleva-
tion of about 7,000 feet; Boulder June 9; Rico August 16; Pine
Grove July 18; Pikes Peak July 21; and at Chimney Gulch on
‘July 21.
From a study of these specimens and a long series in the United
‘States National Museum, it seems very clear that there is but one
species. There is considerable variation among the different indi-
viduals, especially the males, but no characters present themselves
that warrant the retention of more than one name. MeNeill, in his
revision of the Tryxanine, recognizes two species and gives a table
for their separation, using the character of the anterior tibie being
clavate and distinctly sulcate externally and size small, about 14 mm.,
to separate clavatus from clypsedra, which is described as having the
fore tibi but slightly and regularly expanded apically and size larger,
about 18 mm. With these characters in mind I carefully examined
the type material in the collection of the United States National
Museum, which is composed wholly of male specimens. The type of
davatus is 16.5 mm. long and the anterior tibixw is moderately
an
ab
784 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
expanded, not aise tly cance ea is very distinctly sulcate exter.
nally, but this sulcation is quite oby iously due to shrinkage as the left
tibix is more conspicuously suleate than the right one. aac shrink-.
age is not remarkable as the specimen was alcoholic and described.
after drying. The describer gives the length as 0.56 inch in length,
which is practically 14 mm, But, as above stated, the type really |
measures 16.5 mm. in length. Why Thomas gave this erroneous |
measurement is not clear, nor is it clear why MeNeill used it as a
synoptic character when fe had the original type before him.
The type of carpenter?/, which is an admitted synonym of clavatus, isi
18 mm. in length, the fore tibie strongly clavate and not at all suleate}
externally. The type of c/ypsedra is not at present in the United:
States National Museum as mentioned by MeNeill, nor is the original
type a male from New Mexico, but females from farther north on the:
Souris River. .
The range of variation presented by the types of clavutus and car-)
penteri/ more than covers all variation found among the specimens of)
clepsydra. Therefore if clavatus and carpenteri’ are synonymous, and)
I agree with McNeill in so considering them, c/ypsedra must also be a
synonym. That this is a valid conclusion is pretty evident when
a long series of specimens from different parts of the country and from;
various altitudes is examined. The anterior tibie of the males vary
considerably in the amount of apical expansion, though none examined:
are quite so conspicuously clavate as in the type of carpenterii. The
elytra of the males are also variable, reaching quite to the tip of the;
abdomen in some specimens and in others falling noticeably short of it.
The elytra of the females also vary in length, but never nearly reach
the tip of the abdomen, generally only about as long as the pronotum,
:
|
29. BOOPEDON NUBILUM Say.
Gryllus nubilus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1V, 1825; p. 308.
SI
This species was found quite abundant in open woodlands in the
vicinity of Victoria, Texas, during the latter part of June and in July,
Only mature individuals were seen. |
30. STIRAPLEURA DECUSSATA Scudder.
Stirapleura decussata ScuppER, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 510.
Nine males, 15 females, Golden May 29; Sedalia June 15 and 21
Denver May 10 to July 16; Baileys July 13; Boulder June 9. 5
The foveole of this species, according to MeNeill’s tables in his
revision of the Tryxaline, are as long again as wide. Therefore thest
specimens could be called delécatula as justifiably as they are wide
decussata for the foveole are usually but little longer than wi e
Decussuta and delicatula may prove to be forms of one species.
¥
=>
masini owe Re
NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL.
oe |
31. AGENEOTETTIX SCUDDERI Bruner.
Aulocara scudderi Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 63-64.
Sixteen males, twenty-eight females, Golden June 19 to July 27:
Denver July 16; Fort Collins August 10; Cripple Creek July
Montrose August 17.
32. AULOCARA ELLIOTTI Thomas.
_ Stauronotus elliotti THomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 82.
| This large series of fresh specimens shows a remarkable range of
peeiion, both sexes ao greatly oe in color and size. The
ercurs in the Cae sex. The ee fee vary facie 10 to m
'millimeters i in the males and in the females the color ranges from
‘reddish yellow to fuscous and the elytra of both sexes vary from
almost immaculate to quite conspicuously spotted with black. Some
jof the rufous tinted females approach pord//e/win somewhat, inasmuch
33. AULOCARA FEMORATUM Scudder.
Aulecara femoratum ScuppEr, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XX XV, 1899, pp.
Four males and eight females referable to this species were taken
at Fort Collins on August 19 and one pair at Denver on July 11; the
latter were taken en copula. They all agree in having the elytra much
more abbreviated than in e///ott7 and the pronotum is more generally
less angulate. The tegmina of the males are immaculate but those of
the females are noticeably spotted with black, sometimes however quite
dimly so.
| SUBFAMILY (HDIPODIN 4.
34. ARPHIA ARCTA Scudder.
| Arphia Arcta Scupper, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1876, p. 263.
_ Arphia teporata ScuppER, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 508.
Eleven males, seven females, Golden May 23; Pine. Grove July 8
and 18; Baileys July 13; Platte Canyon May 10; Sedalia June 15;
Denver May 10. Also collected at Williams, Arizona, on May 27,
ae June 9. The color of the hind tibial vary in color from clear
786 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, X
I feel quite sure af fae corree stiiese of ihe abou synonomy, andl a
inclined to believe that A. fr/gidu is but a red- winged form of the |
same species. The type of teporata has yellow wings.
35. ARPHIA LUTEOLA Scudder.
Arphia liteola Scupprr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, p. 515. i
Quite common in cotton fields about Victoria, Texas.
|
36. ARPHIA PSEUDONIETANA Thomas. a |
Tomonotus pseudonietana Tuomas, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1870, p- 82.
Oedipoda tenebrosa ScuppER, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Nebr., 1871, p. 251.
Tomonotus tenebrosa THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1873, p. 107.
Arphia sanguinaria Svar, Rec. Orth., I, 1873, p. 119.
Arphia ovaticeps SaussurE, Add. Prodr. Oedip., 1888, pp. 165-166.
Sixteen males, nine females, Denver July 16; Golden June 19 tol
August 21; Fort Collins August 10.
From a study of this series of specimens and as many more in the)
collection of the U.S. National Museum I have decided upon the)
above synonomy, believing the changes warranted. That ovaticeps,
is but a variety of tenehrosa is obvious to anyone who has seen this
species in numbers, and that the name pseudonietana of Thomas was
applied first to the species under consideration and should take prece-
dence over tenchrosa, described a year later, also seems clear upon
investigation of the original descriptions.
When in motion this is one of our most showy locusts, the bright
red wings showing very conspicuously as the insect flies before th
collector. a
37- ARPHIA FRIGIDA Scudder.
Arphia frigida ScuppER, Daws., Rep. geol. 49th par., 1875, p. 344.
Forty-one males, five females, Golden May 29 to June 17; Sedalia
June 15; Denvei - May 10 to June 17; Platte Canyon May 10 to ’
Boulder May 22; Morrison June 29.
38. CHORTOPHAGA VIRIDIFASCIATA DeGeer.
mee
Acrydium viridifasciatum DeGrerR, Mem., III, 1773, p. 498, pl. x11, fig. 6.
Both green and brown forms of both sexes occurred quite com
monly around Victoria, Texas, in June and July. From specim
observed at this place it would Bie that brown individuals oce
more often in the male than in the female sex. In Colorado twelve
males and eighteen females were taken at Denver, Platte Canyon, anc
Golden. All these specimens were taken peeved May 10 and Fun
10 and were all of the brown form, except four females, and they w
pi tially brown. Some variation exists in the amount of apical swell
ing of the male antenne.
NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 187
39. ENCOPTOLOPHUS COSTALIS Scudder.
(Sdipoda costalis ScuppER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. 473.
Found in cotton fields at Victoria, Texas. in June and Talc
numerous. Six males and two females were taken at Fort Collins on
August 9, and two males and two females at Golden on Aucust 21.
The males of this species bear quite a superficial resemblance to
| Camnula pellucida, but the reddish yellow tibiz of the latter will
| serve to readily separate them. The smaller size, low median carina
_and, especially in the male, the proportionately broader elytra separate
costalis from sordidus.
i 40. CAMNULA PELLUCIDA Scudder.
(Edipoda pellucida ScuppeER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p.
Tee
_ Sixty-eight males, forty-six females, Cumbres August 14; Mont-
jrose August 16; Baileys July 13; Rico August 16; Pikes Peak
duly 21; Cripple Creek July 26; Chama, New Mexico August 14;
Pine Grove July 18.
| Thisisa common insect throughout the elevated regions of Colorado.
4 41. HIPPISCUS MONTANUS Thomas.
r (Hdipoda montanus Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1872, p. 462.
a Three males, two females, Denver May 10. Identified by Professor
Brover, Except for the obscured markings this species is very
a to [7 zupotecus.
42. HIPPISCUS NEGLECTUS Thomas.
(Edipoda neglectus Tuomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1870, pp. 81-82.
Nineteen males, seven females, Baileys July 13; Chama, New
“Mexico August i: Pine Grove July 8; Morrison June 29; Platte
Canyon May 25; Chimney Gulch July 27; Pikes Peak July 21.
Three of the Siiles: one from Pikes Peak and two from Baileys,
have the posterior tibiz pale yellowish with scarcely a trace of red.
43. HIPPISCUS SAUSSUREI Scudder.
___-Hippiscus saussurei ScuppER, Psyche, VI, 1892, pp. 268, 302.
~ One female specimen at Victoria, Texas, in June.
5 44. HIPPISCUS TUBERCULATUS Palisot de Beauvois.
Acridium tuberculatum Patisov pk Brauvors, Ins. Afr. Amer., 1817, p. 145, pl. Iv
fig. i.
One female at Sedalia on June 15.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—0?2 53
788 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX
45. HIPPISCUS ZAPOTECUS Saussure.
Nanthippus zapotecus Saussurn, Prodr. Cidip., 1884, p. 91.
Four males, three females, Denver May 10 to June 17. Professor |
Bruner is the authority for this determination.
46. LEPRUS CYANEUS Cockerell.
Leprus cyaneus COCKERELL, Ent. News, XIII, 1902, p. 305.
Seven males, one female, Salida August 2-9. |
The wings of Z. wheeler are a bright yellow, as plainly shown by
the types. Therefore, the reference of blue-winged specimens te
that species, as has so often been done, is erroneous. LL. cyaneus 18 a
good species.
47. DISSOSTEIRA CAROLINA Linnzus.
Gryllus (Locusta) carolina Linn xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 433.
Common throughout Colorado, specimens being taken on both sides
of the mountains from Denver to Grand Junction.
48. DISSOSTEIRA LONGIPENNIS Thomas.
and is ee to come ue ae to light at night.
49. SPHARAGEMON AXQUALE Say.
Gryllus «quale Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., IV, 1825, p. 307.
Four males, three females, Denver July 16; Golden August
Fort Collins August 9. The specimens from Denver, two males, are
not typical. They were identified by Prof. A. P. Annee The rae »
scarcely at all on the metanotum, which is flat. The change from
elevated prozona to the scarcely carinate metazona is very abru
These specimens are also more slender than usual.
50. SPHARAGEMON ANGUSTIPENNE Morse.
Spharagemon angustipenne Morsr, Psyche, VII, 1895, pp. 295, 298.
One female from Denver on July 16.
51. SPHARAGEMON COLLARE Scudder.
(Edipoda collare ScupprEr, Rept. U. 8S. Geol. Surv., Nebr., 1871, p. 250.
Two females from Golden on June 1.
7
No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CA UDELL. T89
52. SPHARAGEMON CRISTATUM Scudder.
Spharagemon cristatum ScuppeEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist:, XVII, 1875. p. 470.
Several specimens at Victoria, Tex., in June and July.
53. SPHARAGEMON HUMILE Morse.
Spharagemon humile Morse, Psyche, VII, 1895, p. 292.
Two males, one female, Golden June 18 and Aucust 21.
54. SPHARAGEMON WYOMINGIANUM Thomas.
(Edipoda wyomingianum THomas,. Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872
3 2,
p. 462.
Three males, Fort Collins August 10; Golden June Ls.
55. DEROTMEMA CUPIDINEUM Scudder.
Derotmema cupidineum Scuvver, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 513.
Five males, six females, Montrose August 17; Grand Junction
August 17; Palisades July 8.
Not so common as J). haydeni, from which it may be separated by
the narrower fuscous bands of the wings.
|
.
| 56. DEROTMEMA HAYDENI Thomas.
(Edipoda haydeni Tuomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1871, p. 460.
Thirty-three males, twenty-seven females, Salida August 2 to 6;
‘Montrose August 17; Durango August 15; Denver July 16; Fort
Collins August 10; Golden June 19 to August 21; Montevista August 13.
Both redand yellow winged specimens, male and female, were taken.
This species is very common in most localities throughout the State.
Individuals with yellow wings were the more numerous.
! 57. MESTOBREGMA BOREALE Saussure.
Psinidia ( Trachyrachis) boreale Ssussur®, Prodr. (idip., 1884, p. 164.
One female, Golden June 5.
The conspicuous character of this species is the unusually rugose
pronotum. The topof the headis marked with several tortuous carine
and the frontal costa is traversed by a carina just below the ocellus.
‘The wings are yellow at the base and the tip is hyaline; transverse
black band a fourth as wide as the length of the wing with the costal
shoot extending three-fourths of the way to the base; elytra regularly
moitled with quite large fuscous spots. The posterior tibie are
yellow.
58. MESTOBREGMA FUSCIFRONS Stal.
Psinidia fuscifrons StAL, Ree. Orth., I, 1873, p. 154.
Specimens of this species were collected in cotton fields at Victoria,
les °
Texas, in “une.
4
1
59. MESTOBREGMA KIOWA Thomas. e
i
(Edipoda kiowa Taomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 461.
Specimens, both mature and immature, were taken on the summit |
of Pikes Peak on snow fields, and a number of mature individuals of -
both sexes were taken at the following places in Colorado and New |
Mexico: Montevista August 13; Chama, New Mexico August 14; Fort |
Collins August 9; Denver July 16; Golden June 19; Morrison June 23, |
But one specimen, a female, was taken at Montevista, and its wings :
are pale citron basally. The same is true of four males from Channa,
New Mexico, but all the others have the base of the wings hyaline, ;
This appears to be quite constantly the case with specimens from|
opposite sides of the divide.
60. MESTOBREGMA PLATTEI Thomas.
4
.
i
|
(Edipoda plattei THomas, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1873, p. 123.
Seven males, seventeen females, Denver July 26; Chimney Guleh:
July 27; Pine Grove July 23; Golden June 6 and ie 21.
The distinguishing feature of this species seems to be the pallid!
coloring of the inferior posterior part of the lateral lobes of the thorax:
and the bands of the tegmina extending only across the costal half,
The elytral markings resemble those of 77imerotropis pseudo fasciatus.
61. MESTOBREGMA PULCHELLA Bruner.
Mestobregima pulchellum BrunEr, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, p. 64-65. —
One male at Fort Collins August 9. This specimen agrees in every!
particular with Bruner’s type in the U. S. National Museum. This
species was omitted from Scudder’s catalogue. It is a true Jesto-
bregma, and is very closely allied to JZ kiowa in markings, and may;
prove to be a synonym of that species. The color is its most distin-
guishing feature, and that may be due to environment. The food
plant from which it was described, Hwrotia lunata, is recorded as occurs
ring from the ‘* Northwest Territories to western Nebraska, New
Mexico, Nevada, and California.” .
62. METATOR PARDALINUM Saussure.
(BE idipoda pardalinum SAUSSU RE, Rev. Mag. Zool., oR 1861, p- 324.
Nineteen males, twelve ara Fort Collins August 11; Morrigin
June 29; Golden June 19 and 3
Nine males and six females — aving the base of the wings yellow, but
in every other particular like the red-winged specimens, were taker
i
at the same localities and on the same dates. Very probably the
yellow-winged forms are the Mestobregma maculosum of Saussure.
No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 791
63. PSINIDIA SULCIFRONS var.-AMPLICORNUS, new variety.
(Plate LV, fig. 2.)
| Superficially resembling P. sw/e/frons, but differing from typical
“specimens in several particulars. Color grayish mottled with fuscous:
ihead as in swlczfrons,; the antenne are fuscous and greatly depressed
la both sexes, and nearly twice as broad as those of typical sulci trons:
/pronotum and elytra about as in swle/frons, except that the posterior
‘margin of the pronotum of the female is apparently more sharply
jangulate. Wings with the black band usually somewhat wider than in
sulcifrons, leaving slightly less of the tip free, the tip infuscated, more
so in the male. Posterior femora slender and more flattened. the
‘dorsal carina much more elevated and thinner than in typical si/e7-
Jrons; the posterior tibie are quite uniformly blue, paling somewhat
basally, those of the female much lighter colored than those of the
male. The color of the tibia may be expected to vary considerably
in coloration when a number of specimens are examined. The size
‘is about the same as that of su/eifrons, the measurements of the type
‘specimens being as follows:
Length of body, male, 21 mm., female, 28; antennie, male, 12 mm.,
‘female, 13 mm.; elytra, male, 19 mm., female, 24 mm.; posterior
femora, male, 13_mm., female 16 mm.
One male, one female, Victoria, Texas, June, 1902.
Type No. 6602, U.S.N.M.
64. CONOZOA WALLULA Scudder.
Psinidia wallula ScuppEr, Rept. U. 8. Ent. Comm., II, app., 1881, pp. 27-28, pl.
xvul, figs. 13, 14.
Thirteen males, four females, Grand Junction July 7 and August
17; Montrose August 17.
65. TRIMEROTROPIS BRUNERI McNeill.
Hadrotettix gracilis ScuppER, Psyche, IX, 1900, pp. 67-68.
Trimerotropis bruneri McNeixt, Psyche, IX, 1900, p. 31.—Scupper, Proc. Davenp.
Acad. Nat. Se., IX, 1902, p. 37.
Two females, Sedalia July 11.
66. TRIMEROTROPIS CITRINA Scudder.
Trimerotropis citrina ScuDDER, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1876, p. 265.
This species has been taken at various places in Colorado. One
male specimen taken at Golden has the black band on the wing some-
what broader than usual.
;
T99 PROCEE DINGS ( OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV
67. TRIMEROTROPIS GRACILIS Thomas.
Oedipoda gracilis Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1871, p. 461.
Derotmema lichenosum ScuppER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XX XV, 1900, pp,
394-395. E
Kight males, four females, Durango August 15.
The color of this insect makes it almost invisible when at rest on the
naked ground.
68. TRIMEROTROPIS LATICINCTA Saussure. \
Trimerotropis laticincta SaussurE, Prodr. Cfdip., 1884, pp. 169, 170.
Two males, three females, Fort Collins August 19; one male, two
females, Montrose August 13; one male, Grand Junction August 17;
two females, Denver July 16; one female, Baileys July 30; two males,
Golden August 21.
The males are somewhat variable in size, the measurements of the
elytra ranging from 24 to 29 mm. It was quite unexpected to find
this species so common and widely distributed. By the table given by
MeNeill these specimens run very persistently to this species.
69. TRIMEROTROPIS MODESTA Bruner.
Trimerotropis modesta BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, p- 72
Six males, two females, Durango August 13; and Golden July 27.
The type of this species has the elytral bands quite distinct, decid-
edly more so than the greater number of specimens. At Golden it
occurred up in the gulch in the foothill fauna. This is the first rec-
ord of its occurrence east of the Rocky Mountains.
7o. TRIMEROTROPIS MONTICOLA Saussure.
Trimerotropis monticola SavssureE, Prodr. Cfdip., 1884, p. 170.
Seven males, five females, Cripple Creek July 26; Baileys July 13;
Golden June 17 and July 27; Pikes Peak July 21; Denver July 22.
One of the females from Baileys has the black transverse band of
the wing scarcely one-sixth as broad as the length of the wing and
interrupted along the first anal vein. This specimen is also smaller —
than usual, the elytra measuring 25 mm. and the posterior femora 12_
mm. All the specimens are from the foothill fauna except those from r
Denver. These Denver specimens, however, agree perfectly with
specimens from Pikes Peak and other high altitudes.
71. TRIMEROTROPIS PSEUDOFASCIATA Scudder.
Trimerotropis pseudofasciata ScuppER, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 514. ,
Kight males, four females, Chimney Gulch July 27; Pine Grove —
July 23; Salida August 1; Durango August 15.
‘tal
.
2
;
3°
*
NOTES ON pe ORTE jRA—CA UDELL. 7938
The posterior tibiee of this species vary in color from yellow to dis-
tinctly blue. The type, according to McNeill, should be in the collec-
tion of the National Museum but can not now be found.
72. TRIMEROTROPIS SIMILIS Scudder.
Trimerotropis similis ScuppER, Rept. Us S. Ent. Comm., IT, app., 1881, p. 27
“wd.
Ten males, three females, Platte Canyon May 23; Pine Grove July
8; Palisades July 8; Salida August 6; Golden July 11; Chimney Gulch
‘July 27; Morrison June 27. ;
All hess specimens were taken in the foothill fauna, and they do
|not seem to occur on the prairie. There is some variation in the
elytral bands, some specimens having them much more contrasted than
others.
| 73. TRIMEROTROPIS VINCULATA Scudder.
Trimerotropis vinculata ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VIII, 1876, p. 270.
Twenty males, fifteen females, Platte Canyon May 25 and July 10;
‘Sedalia July 11; Montrose August 17; Monteyvista August 13; Salida
August 6; Palisades July 8; Delta July 9; Fort Collins August 9;
Denver June 21; and Grand Junction July 7.
fr 74. CIRCOTETTIX AZURESCENS Bruner.
Trimerotropis azurescens BRuNER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 69-70.
Trimerotropis perpleca Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, pp. 74-75.
One male, Montrose August 17; one female, Fort Collins August 10.
This is a true circotittix, the radials of the wings being distinctly
swollen. The above synonymy is based upon a study of type speci-
mens.
75. CIRCOTETTIX CARLINIANUS Thomas.
(Hdipoda carlinianus THomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 81.
Six males, eight females, Fort Collins August 10; one male, Morri-
son June 29.
One of the male specimens has the hyaline portion of the wings
extending quite to the base in the anterior and middle fields,
76. CIRCOTETTIX SUFFUSUS Scudder.
Trimerotripis suffusus ScuppER, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., II, 1876, p. 260.
Trimerotropis columbia Scupper, Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., XXIII, 1893, p. 77.
Three males, one female, Chama, New Mexico August 14.
77. CIRCOTETTIX UNDULATUS Thomas.
(Edipoda undulatus Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1871, p. 460.
Twenty-six males, twenty females, Chimney Gulch June 19; Baileys
July 13; Pine Grove July 18 and 27; Golden, in foothills, July 27;
sat
-
»
T94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This common species is one of the noisiest insects that inhabit t
canyons.
78. CIRCOTETTIX VERRUCULATUS Kirby.
Locusta verruculatus Kirsy, Faun. Bor. Amer., IV, 1837, p. 250.
Eight males, one female, Pine Grove July 16 and 23; Platte Canyon
May 25.
This is even a more noisy species than C. wadulatus. They fly du
ine the hottest part of the day and the sharp crackling noise made b
their wings may be heard for long distances. On quiet days I have
distinctly heard them for almost or quite half amile. Often they will
remain suspended almost stationary in the air, making the welkin ring
with their shrill crackling.
79. HADROTETTIX TRIFASCIATUS Say.
Gryllus trifasciatus Say, Amer. Ent., III, 1828, p. 78, pl. xxxtv.
One female at Victoria, Texas on July 10, and many specimens of —
both sexes, both mature and immature, in Colorado at Denver, Goldeai
and Fort Collins from June 7 to August 10. z
This is apparently not 2 common imsect in southern Texas, though —
farther north it is very common, as indicated by the above records. —
At Victoria I saw but the one specimen and no nymphs. at
ag
80. HELIASTUS GUANIERI, new species. e|
t
(Plate LV, fig. 3.) t
Of small size, pale testaceous, scarcely paler below. Head promi-—
nent, nearly smooth, face almost perpendicular; eyes small, subglobu-
lar, about half as lone as the infraocular part of the gene; antenne
long, about four-fifths as long as the posterior femora, fine and filiform
in the female, coarser and slightly flattened apically in the male. {
Pronotum constricted mesially, flaring both in front and behind, —
anterior margin slightly rounded, mesially subimmarginate, posterior —
margin obtuse-angularly rounded; median carine almost obsolete except
on the metanotum where it is present as a fine raised line; lateral
carine present only posterior of the typical suleus and there very
rounded; descending lobes of the pronotum apically subtruncate, in’
no wise descending below the free pleural lobes anterior to them. The
tegmina extend to or slightly beyond the tips of the hind femora and
ure quite broad, about one-fifth as broad as long, the tips well rounded:
and the anterior and posterior margins about equally rounded, uni
formly pale testaceous or with more or less maculation, along the
posterior margin generally with separate and distinct fuscous spots.
Intercalary vein absent. Wings hyaline, veins greenish. Fore and
D
NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL.
middle legs more or less distinctly banded with black, posterior femora
pale testaceous, paler below and on the inner side, dorsally and on the
upper part of the outer face marked by two oblique dark bands, one
median and one subapical; hind tibize red, paling somewhat on the
basal fourth; spines red at the base, the apical half black.
Length of body, male, 14 mm.; fem: 19-20 mm.; antenne, male.
7.5 mm.; female, 8 mm.; elytra, male, 11 mm.; female, 15-16 mm.:
hind Peon. male, 9 mm. ; female, 0 mm.
Type.—No. 6600, U.S Sun, M. Described from specimens from Colo-
rado collected by G. Guanier at Pueblo many years ago. I collected
one specimen, a female, at Fort Collins, on August 11, and the U. S.
National Museum contains specimens from Douglas County, Kansas,
and others labeled Colorado.”
This species is probably the nearest allied to Hel/astus minimus, but
the long antenne and the red hind tibie, together with the habitat,
will serve to separate them.
Regarding the posterior tibie of 7. mindmus, Professor Morse
writes me as follows: ‘* Hind tibize of Heliastus minimus are luteous—
pale yellowish buff—probably almost ivory white in life.”
81. BRACHYSTOLA MAGNA Girard.
Brachypeplus magnus GrRARD, Marcy, Expl. Red River, 1853, p. ,260, pl. xv,
figs. 1-4.
Several specimens, mature and immature, at Golden, on poppy
plants in July. Brachypeplus virescens Charpenter is very probably
a synonym of this species. If such should prove the case, the name
virescens would have preference, being established several years
previous to magna.
Subfamily ACRIDIIN 4.
82. TZENIOPODA PECTICORNIS Walker.
Yes
Rhomalea pecticornis WALKER, Cat. Derm. Salt., III, 1870, p. 538.
_ Texniopoda picticornis Sra, Rec. Orth., I, 1873, p. 51.—THomas, Rept. U. 5.
Geol. Surv. west 100 merid., V, 1875, p. 898.—ScuppEr and CocKERELL,
Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., IX, 1902, p. 39.
- Specimens of this fine insect were sent to the Division of Entomology
by Mr. E. Meyenberg, of Pecos, Texas, with the statement that they
were taken at the base of the foothills of the Guadalupe Mountains.
_ This species does not appear in Scudder’s catalogue.
o
. a 83. DICTYOPHORUS RETICULATUS Thunberg.
Dictyophorus reticulatus THUNBERG, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., V, 1815, p. 259.
_ This handsome insect is quite common in some cotton fields about
Victoria, Texas, where it matures about the end of June. The con-
spicuously marked nymphs are no less striking in appearance than the
mature individuals, in fact being easier seen at a distance than the
imagoes.
the field. Both sexes, but especially the males, when disturbed make
a distinct simmering or bubbling sound, high-noted, but of small vol-—
ume. Upon investigation, this sound was found to proceed from a
eland, probably a modified spiracle, opening from the side of the body
above and slightly behind the middle coxe. ‘The sound is produced
by the insects forcing out very minute bubbles of a clear liquid, cause
ing a sound sufticiently loud to be heard for some distance. Whether »
this liquid has repelling properties and the resulting sound purely ~
mechanical, or whether the production of sound is the main object of ”
the mechanism, was not determined.
er
84. SCHISTOCERCA ALUTACEA Harris.
—=
Acridium alutacea Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 1841, p. 139.
One female specimen at Grand Junction August 17, and one male by
Oslar, labeled ** Colorado.”
85. SCHISTOCERCA AMERICANA Drury.
Gryllus americana Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist. TiO} sp 28 Sip lexan ome
This species is quite common at times in the cotton fields of Texas,
Several specimens were taken at Victoria in June and July.
86. SCHISTOCERCA OBSCURA Fabricius.
a th Dee Bg: om eo ee Paes
Gryllus obscura Fasricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 194.
“meee
One large female from Quero, Texas July 11.
87. SCHISTOCERCA SHOSHONE Thomas.
Acridium shoshone Tuomas, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1873, p. 165.
Two large females from Yuma, Arizona, and one male from Phoe-
ae Ar izona. EES On in ulconaly seems to cucu ee insects tay
of hind ea Bon; be to oe
88. PARAIDEMONA MIMICA Scudder.
Paraidemona mimica Scupper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX, 1897, pp. 42, 43 44.
pl. 11, fig. 10.
Many specimens of both sexes in cotton fields in the vicinity of Vie
toria, Texas, in Juneand july. This seems to be the common specie
in that section of the State, no other species being represented amo
the many specimens examined. It is quite variable, both in size and
coloration.
| No, 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELT, 797
89. HYPOCHLORA ALBA Dodge.
Pezotettix alba Dopar, Can. Ent., VIII, 1876 p. 10.
_ Two males and three females at Fort Collins
| August 9, and one
female at Boulder on August 13.
90. HESPEROTETTIX PRATENSIS Scudder,
Hesperotettix pratensis Scupper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX, 1897, p
piv, fig. 3.
p. 57, 64-66,
Four males, two females, Pine Grove July 18, and Grand Junction
July 7.
gt. HESPEROTETTIX SPECIOSUS Scudder.
Pézotettix speciosus ScuppEr, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Nebr., 1871, p. 250.
Found quite common in long grass in southern Texas in June and
daly. It apparently matures in that section about the end of June.
A number of specimens were taken in cotton fields.
92. HESPEROTETTIX VIRIDIS Thomas.
Caloptenus viridis Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Surv. ern. Vi, 1872, pane;
pie, fig. 3.
_ Ten males, nineteen females, Pikes Peak July 21; Golden June 19
to August 21; Fort Collins August 11; Denver July 16.
_ Males of this species are quite variable in size.
92. ZHOLOPLUS CHENOPODII Bruner.
Pezotettix chenopodii Bruner, Ins. Life, VII, 1894, pp. 41-42.
_ Numerous specimens of. this interesting species were taken at Pali-
sade July 8 in a patch of low prickly shrubs just across the railroad
from the station, which I suppose is the Chenipodaceous plant on
which the species was originally recorded as feeding. Specimens were
also taken at Grand Junction and Delta. They were seen mating at
the latter place on August 17, and on the latter date some apparently
full grown nymphs were taken. These nymphs were uniformly light
yellowish in color and the thorax more tectiform than in mature indi-
viduals. Among the mature specimens taken were some individuals
Umost unicolorous, without fuscous markings.
94. AZOLOPLUS PLAGOSUS Scudder.
_-Pezotettix plagosus ScuppEr, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 504.
| Numerous specimens from the side of Tenderfoot Mountain, just
veross the railroad from the station at Salida from August 1 to 7.
They were very common and frequently found mating. One female
specimen was also taken at Sedalia and the color of that specimen is of
:
798 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
a decidedly yellowish cast, radically different from the dark-bro
eolor that characterized all the Salida specimens except one which was:
colored similar to the Sedalia specimen. ;
95. AAOLOPLUS REGALIS Dodge. |
‘Caloptenus regalis Dopar, Can. Ent., VIII, 18765 pps iy ai2: 9
Four males, four females, Fort Collins August 10.
Some specimens have the elytra greenish, but generally they are
brownish. One pair was taken mated.
96. A OLOPLUS TURNBULLI Thomas.
Caloptenus turnbulli Toomas, Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Sury. Terr., V., 1872, p. 452,
pl. 1, fig. 10.
One male, one female, Delta July 13.
These specimens are unusually brachypterous, the elytra covering |
but little more than half of the abdomen. The female is also smaller:
than usual, but otherwise both specimens are typical. The posterior);
tibix: are variable in color, those of the female greenish yellow with
a pallid subbasal annulus, while those of the male are testaceous)
merging into pale reddish on the basal third. The measurements of)
these two specimens are as follows: a |
Length of body, male and female, 16 mm.; antenne, male, 5 mm.; |
female, 4 mm.; pronotum, male and female, 3.5 mm.; elytra, male and;
female, 7 mm.; posterior femora, male, 7.5 mm.; female, 8 mm.
97- MELANOPLUS ALTITUDINUM Scudder.
Pezotettix altitudinum ScuppeEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 86.
Melanoplus huroni Buarcauuey, Psyche, VIII, 1898, pp. 195, 196.
Seven males, eight females, Pine Grove July 18, at the head of a
side gulch nearly a thousand feet above the town. Also one pair from)
Pikes Peak July 21, one female above Boulder June 9, and one male
above Golden June 17.
The elytra of these specimens are somewhat variable in length, in
the male sex varying from 4.75 to 6 mm. There are several speei-
mens of this species in the United States National Museum named z
Dr. Scudder, and the male tegmina vary from 5.5 to 9.5 mm. and
female tegmina vary from 7.5 to 11 mm. in length. But these highe
measurements seem exceptional, the usual length of elytra being baa
6mm. in the males and 7 mm. in the females. Types of Melanoplus
huront Blatchley are in the National Museum and seem to be identical
with specimens of a/#/tud/num from various localities in the West. It
is not clear why Dr. Scudder placed this species in the Borchii se es
of the genus, as it surely does not belong there.
+ ;
NO. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELI, 799
98. MELANOPLUS ATLANIS Riley.
Calopienus atlanis Rirey, Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., VII, 1875, p. 169.
This species was taken at various points in Colorado on both sides
‘of the divide. Specimens were also taken on the summit of Pikes
/ Peak on snow fields on July 20. The color of the posterior tibiw y: wy
from bright red to yellow and blue.
99. MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS Say.
Gryllus bivittatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., IV, 1825, p. 308.
| Six males, twelve females, Denver July 16; Golden June 19 and
| August 21; Fort Collins Aucust 10.
| A pair from Fort Collins is brachypterous, the wings covering but
little more than half of the abdomen. The male is quite small, meas-
uring as follows:
Length, 22 mm.; elytra, 9 mm.; hind femora, 12 mm.
100. MELANOPLUS BOWDITCHI Scudder.
Melanoplus bowditehi ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 72.
Two males, six females, Fort Collins August 9; Salida August 6;
also one male from Williams, Arizona. The Colorado specimens have
the male furcula shaped considerably like those of JZ pictus as illus-
trated on Plate XI of Scudder’s Revision of the Melanopli. The speci-
men from Arizona has these organs more rounded out on the inner
‘side than usual. Some specimens from Salida are in the collection of
the Colorado Agricultural College labeled ‘‘bowditchi or n. sp.”
or. MELANOPLUS COCCINEIPES Scudder.
Melanoplus coccineipes ScuppEr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXXVI, 1897, pp.
26, 34,
' Thirteen males and eleven females from Golden, Denver, and Fort
Collins from July 11 to August 23.
102. MELANOPLUS COLLINUS Scudder.
| Melanoplus collinus ScuppErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1878, p. 285.
| ; 2 : eet ;
One male specimen taken at Fort Collins August 10. This speci-
men is indistinguishable from specimens from Virginia and Canada.
‘It has not, I believe, been recorded from Colorado before.
103. MELANOPLUS COLORADUS, new species.
(Plate LV, Figs. 1, 1¢.)
_ One male specimen from Palisade July 8.
Of medium size, testaceous, very closely related to J/. propinguus
e general appearance. Head quite prominent, flavo-testaceous, darker
ri t
800 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXYI, ©
above with a se: arcely discernible trace of a postocular band, though -
with more specimens there would probably be some variation in this
respect. The vertex is tumid and slightly elevated above the thorax; |
interspace between the eyes about as broad as the basal segment of
the antenne; frontal costa subequal, flat, biseriately punctate above -
the ocellus, below shallowly sulcate, just failing to reach the clypeus;;
eyes moderately prominent, a little longer than the infracular part of |
the genx; antenn flavo-testaceous, about three-fourths as long as the:
posterior femora. Pronotum very slightly enlarging from in front)
backward, the carine as in JZ. propinquus, color testaceous with a
black postocular band on the prozona, not extending onto the meta-}
zona; front margin truncate, scarcely at all flaring, hind margin’
obtusangulate. Prosternal spine and mesosternal foramine as in
propinquus. Tegmina considerably passing the posterior femora, |
very slender in form and uniformly testaceous, immaculate. Fore and
middle femora considerably swollen, hind femora very pale testaceous |
above, paler below, without bands, but with black genicular ares, :
Posterior tibie uniformly red, spines wholly black, eleven in number:
in the outer series. Extremity of abdomen quite noticeably clavate, |
moderately recurved, the supraanal plate strongly depressed apically,
almost hidden by the more than usual developed pallium, lateral mar-)
gins moderately elevated, median sulcus moderately deep with narrow,
elevated margins; furcula two-thirds as long as the supraanal plate, |
broad and touching at the base fora third of their length and quite
thin, narrowing abruptly to half their basal width and continuing as)
cylindrical oval terminating fingers, slightly curving inward; cerei:
relatively broader than those of propingquus, tapering more on the)
upper side than on the lower and obliquely truncate apically, the upper)
edge of the apex bluntly acute; subgenital plate as in propinquus.
Length of body from head to tip of the abdomen, 21 mm., antenna, ’
8 mm., elytra, 18 mm., hind femora, 12 mm.
Type.—No. 6599, U.S.N.M.
The broader cerci, pallid lower surface of the posterior femora, and)
the habitat will serve to separate this species from its nearest ally,
M. propinquus. It belongs to the femur rubrum series. i
104. MELANOPLUS DIFFERENTIALIS Thomas. Pi
Acridium differentialis Tomas, Trans. Ill. St. Agric. Soc., V, 1865, p. 450.
Many. specimens at Victoria, Texas in June and July and on both!
sides of the divide in Colorado. At Grand Junction I took a number:
of fine large specimens of both sexes on August 17 that were unk!
formly brownish in color and very large. In Texas they were very)
numerous along roadsides in rank weeds, flying up in swarms at t
approach of the buggy. In the streets of Denver black individuals!
were taken on several occasions.
NO. 1333, NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 80]
¥ 105. MELANOPLUS FASCIATUS Walker.
Caloptenus faciatus WALKER, Cat. Derm. Salt., [V, 1870, p. 680.
Two males at Pine Grove on July 18.
106. MELANOPLUS FEMUR-RUBRUM De Geer.
Acridium femur-rubrum Dr GEER, Mem., III, 1773, p. 498, pl. xin, fig 5.
Two males, twenty-seven females, Montevista August 13; Golden
August 23; Fort Collins August 10; Denver July 16; Montrose
August 13; Glenwood Springs August 18; Grand Junction August 17;
Palisade July 8; Mancos August 16.
‘
107. MELANOPLUS FLABELLATUS Scudder.
Melanoplus flabellatus ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, pp. 82-83.
This species was found mating in considerable numbers in the edge
of an open piece of woods near Victoria, Texas on June 28.
108. MELANOPLUS FLAVIDUS Scudder.
Melanoplus flavidus ScuppErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 74.
Nine males, thirteen females, Golden June 19 and August 21; Fort
Collins August 11.
Some of these specimens are quite brightly yellowish and others are
quite uniformly brown, except the posterior tibix. Some specimens
have the lateral lobes of the pronotum with a black postocular band
and some are unicolorous. All have the hind femora bifasciate with
fuscous above.
109. MELANOPLUS GLADSTONI Scudder.
Melanoplus gladstoni ScuppER, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XX XVI, 1897, pp. 23, 33.
Eleven males, ten females, Golden August 21; Fort Collins August 9.
The specimens from Colorado and Nebraska mentioned by Scudder
on page 230 of his revision of the Melanopli agree exactly with this
lot from Colorado, otherwise these would have been treated of here
as conspersus, for gladstoni and that species must be very similar, in
fact, Colorado specimens in the collection of the Colorado Agricul-
tural College are labeled as conspersus. The cerci of some of the
‘specimens, both of the present lot from Colorado and those mentioned
‘above from Nebraska, are apically bent inward at almost a right
‘angle. It may be that they are the true conspersus, and gladstoni
occurs only further north. Or, still more likely, g/adston? and con-
“spersus are forms of one variable species. To settle this the type of
| eonspersus, OF typical examples, must be seen.
a
&
&
a;
S802 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
110. MELANOPLUS INFANTILIS Scudder.
Melanoplus infantilis ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, pp. 65-67.
Fort Collins August 10; Morrison June 27; Denver July 16.
rrr. MELANOPLUS INTERMEDIUS Scudder.
Twenty males, nineteen females, Montrose August 17; Glenwood
Springs August 18.
112. MELANOPLUS LAKINUS Scudder.
Pezotettix lakinus ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, pp. 79-80.
Six males, four females, Fort Collins, August 9. One pair matin r,
113. MELANOPLUS LATIFERCULA, new species.
(Plate LV, fig. 4, 4a.)
One male from Cumbres, Colorado, August 14.
A brachypterous species of small size and very dark fuscous in
color; head moderately prominent, dark fuscous above and on the
upper portion of the gen, elsewhere dark ashen except for a broad
piceous postocular band; vertex elevated considerably above the pro-
notum, somewhat tumid; interspace between the eyes noticably broader
than the basal segment of the antenne; frontal costa but slightly
ocellus, just failing to reach the clypeus; eyes neither large nor pro
inent, a little longer than the infraocular part of the gene. Antenn
fuscous, two-thirds as long as the posterior femora. Pronotum sub-
extend on to the metanotum; the disk passes into the perpendicular
lateral lobes with an abrupt turn, making the lateral carine wel
spine short, erect, subquadrate, and bluntly rounded at the apex:
interspace between the mesosternal lobes quadrate, metasternal lo
approximate. Tegminaabbreyviate, but little longer than the pronotun
overlapping and apically pointed, immaculately fuscous; fore and m
dle femora quite strongly tumid, the anterior ones the more so; hind
to the base, ten in number in the outer series. Tip of the abdome
scarcely clavate, considerably upturned, the supraanal plate apically,
= EvOrES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. S03
’ the ample pallium and with the sides partially hidden
neath the sie broad infracercal pk: utes which overlie the borders of
the supraanal plate in this species; the median suleus narrow with
“moderately elevated margins; furcula well deve loped, half as lone as
‘the supraanal plate and very broad, nearly half as broad as pa
touching at the base and narrowed distally to a broadly rounded apex,
the narrowing more on the inner side; cerci very broad, about twice
as long as the basal width, tapering but little and that on the under
side of the apical third, the tip broadly rounded, the whole ge ntly
upeurved but scarcely inclined inwards; subgenital plate black, the
‘tip elevated a little above the lateral margins and narrowly and shal-
lowly but distinctly notched. :
_ Length of body, 16 mm.; antenne, 6.5 mm.; pronotum, 4+ mm.;
elytra, 5 mm.; hind femora, 9.5 mm.
Type.—No. 6601 U.S.N.M.
This species appears to belong to the mancus series.
|
i
}
114. MELANOPLUS MINOR Scudder.
| Caloptenus minor ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VII, 1875, p. 478:
| Sixteen males, sixteen females, Glenwood Springs July 5; Sedalia
dune 15 and 21; Denver July 16.
115. MELANOPLUS. OCCIDENTALIS Thomas.
Caloptenus occidentalis Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p.
453, pl. u, fig. 2.
Seventy-four males, forty-nine females, Cripple Creek July 26; Mor-
rison June 29; Golden June 19 and July 11; Boulder June 9; Durango
June 12; Denver July 16; Pikes Peak July 21; Fort Collins August
10; Baileys July 30; Sedalia June 21; Glenwood Springs July 5
Though the type of both this species and J/. cuneatus are in the
Museum collection I can find no stable character for separating them.
The latter is the larger species, considering only the types, but with a
series, such as the one now before me, that is seen to be inadequate
for their separation. As for the tubercled subgenital plate of occ/-
dentalis, as given by Scudder for the separation of that species from
euncatus, I must confess an inability to make anything out of it. The
eerci of cuncatus seem however to be shorter and inferiorly more
lobed than in oce¢dental’s.
The males of this species, as represented by this series, vary in
measurements as follows:
Length of body, 19 to 23 mm.; elytra, 8.5 to 16 mm.; hind femora,
10 toil mm. The specimen from which the minimum measurement
of the elytra was taken was collected at Glenwood Springs on July 5,
and is an unique specimen of its kind so far as recorded, no other
known individual having elytra less than 12 mm. in length.
a Proc.-N. M. vol. xxvi—02 5A
804 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
116. MELANOPLUS PACKARDII Scudder.
Melanoplus packardii ScuppER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1878, p. 287.
One female specimen in cotton field at Victoria, Texas, in late June;
apparently not very common. In Colorado specimens of both sexes
were taken at the following places: Denver July 16; Golden August
21 and Morrison June 28.
117. MELANOPLUS PLUMBEUS Dodge
Caloptenus plumbeus Doper, Can. Ent., IX, 1877, p. 12.
Seventeen males, nine females, Denver July 16.
The elytra of some specimens are almost fuscous and distinetly
maculate, and the general color varies from fuscous to flavous. But the”
flavous stripe on a darker background is constant, and specimens of
this species can be separated from femur-rubrum with considerable
certainty by that character and the general appearance. But those two
species are very close and may prove to be forms of the same thing.
118. PHOETALIOTES NEBRASCENSIS Thomas.
Pezotettix nebrascensis THomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 455.
Seven males, six females, Fort Collins August 10. One pair is
macropterous, but all the rest are brachypterous.
119. PAROXYA FLORIDANA Thomas.
Caloptenus floridana Tuomas, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1874, pp. 2, 68.
Two females, Victoria, Texas, in June, 1902. These specimens are
typical in having the fuscous stripe of the lateral lobes of the pronotum:
abruptly terminated at the posterior sulcus. Specimens of this species
taken in numbers at Rosslyn, Virginia, usually have this stripe per-
current, though behind the posterior sulcus it is not generally so wel
defined.
120. DACTYLOTUM PICTUM Thomas.
Pezotettix pictum Tuomas, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 78.
A few specimens of both sexes, also nymphs, at Denver, July 265
Golden, July 27; and Fort Collins, August 10.
Family LOCUSTID.
121. ARETHA®A PHALANGIUM Scudder.
Agipan phalangium Scupper, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1877, p. 40.
Three females were taken in the vicinity of Victoria, Texas, in the
latter part of June, 1902. They were all flying in open prairies, and
other specimens were seen but not taken. They do not usually take
long flights, generally no more than 50 or 100 yards. There is some
variation in the radial branches of the elytra, the multiramosa of
Brunner representing such variation.
i
No. 1333. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CA UDELL. SsO45
122. SCUDDERIA CURVICAUDA De Geer.
Locusta curvicauda De Grrr, Mem., III, 1773, p. 446, pl. xxxvit, fig. 3.
| One pair at Victoria, Texas, in June.
123. SCUDDERIA FURCATA Brunner.
Scudderia furcata BRUNNER, Monogr. Phaner., 1878, p. 239, pl. v, fig. 72a.
One mature female by E. J. Oslar, marked ‘‘ Colorado.” and one
immature specimen which probably belongs to this species was taken
at Golden on July 18.
| 124. SCUDDERIA TEXENSIS Saussure and Pictet.
| Scudderia texensis SAussuRE and Picrer, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., 1897, 1, pp. 328,
i. 329; 3380; pl. xv, figs. 18, 19.
One female at Victoria in June, 1902.
125. AMBLYCORYPHA HUASTECA Saussure.
Phylloptera huasteca SAussurE, Rey. Mag. Zool., XI, 1859, p. 205.
Quite common in lowlands in southern Texas. A number of speci-
mens were taken near Victoria, and in early July I saw hundreds of
them taking short flights over a piece of low prairie.
126. AMBLYCORYPHA UHLERI Stal.
Amblycorypha uhleri Svst, Bih. Sv. Vet.-akad. handl., IV, 1876, No. 5, p. 57.
Several specimens at Victoria in June.
127, MICROCENTRUM LAURIFOLIUM Linneus.
Gryllus ( Tettigonia) lawrifolium Linx xus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 429.
~ One male at Durango, by E. J. Oslar.
128. CONOCEPHALUS ENSIGER Harris.
Conocephalus ensiger Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 1841, p. 151.
_ Three males and two females, by E. J. Oslar, marked ** Colorado.”
One of the specimens, a male, is brown, all the others green.
129. CONOCEPHALUS TRIOPS Linnzus.
Gryllus ( Tettigonia) triops LiNN&us, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 480.
At Victoria, Texas, a mature male and an apparently half-grown
| cd ee
nymph were taken on July 10 in grass near an old irrigating reservoir,
| 130. ORCHELIMUM HERBACEUM Serville.
| Orchelimum herbaceum SERVILLE, Orth., 1859, p. 524.
.
_ Specimens of this species were taken in Texas, where it is not as
‘common as the next species, with which it was found associated.
Specimens were also taken in Colorado, by EK. J. Oslar, but are with-
out locality or date.
*
.
iz
S06 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
131. ORCHELIMUM LONGIPENNE Scudder.
Orchelimum longipenne ScupvER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, 1862, p. 453.
Quite common in the vicinity of lakes or water courses in southern
Texas. The species differ from herbaceum in having a slightly longe
ovipositor, and the form is not nearly so slender, especially in the males.
The presence or absence of a dorsal stripe on the pronotum is not ai
very stable character for the separation of species in this genus, as there |
is considerable variation in this respect.
i
132. XIPHIDIUM FASCIATUM De Geer. ki
ae i
Niphidium fasciatum Dr GEER, Mem., LI) W733 pe 408) ols oxy ose N
A common and widely spread species. It often comes to light,
sometimes in considerable numbers. Many specimens of both sex
were taken at Victoria, Texas, in June and July, and one male speci--
men was taken at Montevista, Colorado, on August 13.
133. XIPHIDIUM SALTANS Scudder.
Niphidium saltans SCUDDER, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Nebr., 1871, p. 249.
One male and six females at Fort Collins, August 10, in rank grass, .
134. XIPHIDIUM STRICTUM Scudder.
Xiphidium strictum ScupprEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VII, 1875, p. 460.
1 es ]
ae EE eae et et EES,
Several females were taken near Victoria, Texas in June, 1902.
They were in reeds near a swamp and both mature and immature
I #
specimens were taken. No males were seen,
135. XIPHIDIUM VICINUM Morse.
Syed Ss ERED Meret eee. ee
Niphidium vicinum Morse, Can. Ent., XX XIII, 1901, p. 203.
Three males and two females of this species were taken at Fort Cok
lins on August 10, in rank grass. The females and one of the males.
are of the form called productum by Professor Morse.
st ah egy Sle ay ll
136. CAPNOBATES FULIGINOSUS Thomas.
a
Locusta fuliginosus Tuomas, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, 1872, p. 3,
pl. 1, fig. 9:
ry . . . 5
Two males at Bright angel; Arizona on July 13, in the Colorado
Canyon at an altitude of 3,000 feet. The spines on the outer inferior;
side of the fore femora of some specimens of this species are whol
wanting, their location being indicated by piceous spots.
137, ANABRUS COLORADUS Thomas. ;
Anabrus coloradus Triomas, Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Sury. Terr., V, 1872, p. 440. :
Six males, five females, Cumbres, August 14; Pikes Peak, July 21
and South Park, by Oslar,
“No. 1333. _ NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELL. 807
= At Cumbres the males were eatilet ating about 10 o’clock in the
morning, and that led to their capture. They were in the erass and
would never have been discovered but for their sone. But evenwhen
once discovered their capture was not at all assured, for they blended
ip color with the grass so perfectly and were so active in e ‘luding the
“grasp that many would escape when almost in the bottle.
138. ANABRUS PURPURASCENS Uhler.
Anabrus purpurascens UHLER, Proc. Ent. Soe. Philad., IT, 1864, p. 950,
One pair, Fort Collins, August 10, on the prairie out half a mile
from the foothills. The males were stridulating.
139. EREMOPEDES BALLI Caudell.
Eremopedes balli CaupE.1, Can. Ent., XX XIV, 1902, p. 100.
_ Six males, three females, Fort Collins, August 19; five males and
three females, Williams, Arizona, from June 6 to July 30, and one
male at Flagstaff, Arizona, on July 4. The specimens from Wil-
diams were found under bark, quite a surprising fact considering the
habitat of the type specimens. In the more immature specimens the
lateral lobes are persistently striped with a longitudinal blackish stripe
which extends across the thorax and nearly to the end of the abdomen.
On the thorax the stripe is sharply defined above and fades out gradu-
ally below. At Williams they appear to mature about a month earlier
than at Fort Collins, the mature specimens being taken at the former
place on July 1. The mature individuals from Arizona have the pos-
terior femora marked externally by two black stripes, as mentioned
under the next species.
‘ 140. EREMOPEDES UNICOLOR Scudder.
Hremopedes unicolor ScuppER, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII, 1899, p. 97.
— One female from Hot Springs, Arizona June 12. This specimen is
somewhat larger than the type and the pronotum is somewhat infus-
-eated, the infuscation confined to a little more than the anterior half
and not reaching to the inferior margins of the lateral lobes, though
there is a dash of black next the margin just above the sinus. The
posterior femora have two longitudinal black streaks, converging
“somewhat als hae The measurements are as follows:
Length of thorax, 8.5 mm.; fore femora, mm.; hind femora, 26
‘mm.; ovipositor, 19 mm.
41. PLAGIOSTIRA ALBONOTATA Scudder.
Plagiostira albonotata ScuppEr, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1876, p. 901.
_ One pair of this handsome insect was taken at Williams, Arizona,
on July 24. They were found on sagebrush.
=
.
808 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
142. ATELOPLUS NOTATUS Scudder.
Ateloplus notatus ScuppeEr, Proc. Davenp.-Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII, 1899, p. 98.
One mature female and three nymphs at Hot Springs, Arizona July |
13 to 22. Thesmallest nymphs were collected on the earlier date. The —
mature specimen agrees with the type specimen in the collection of |
the National Museum except that there is no dorsal stripe present.
.
143. CEUTHOPHILUS DEVIUS Scudder.
Ceuthophilus devius Scupper, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XXX, 1894, pp. 30)
99-100.
A mature individual was taken at Durango by Oslar.
144. CEUTHOPHILUS VALGUS Scudder.
Ceuthophilus valgus ScuppEr, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XXX, 1894, pp. 27a
74-75.
Several specimens of both sexes in South Park, by Oslar.
145. CEUTHOPHILUS VINCULATUS Scudder.
Ceuthophilus vinculatus ScuppER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., XXX, 1894, pp.
29, 91-92.
Specimens of what I take to be the young of this species were taken |
at the head of Chimney Gulch, above Golden, May 13. They were
found in an old decaying stump.
146. UDEOPSYLLA ROBUSTA Haldeman.
Phalangopsis robusta FALDEMAN, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., II, 1850, p. 346.
One female by E. J. Oslar, marked ‘‘ Colorado.”
Family GRYLLIDZ.
147- MYRMECOPHILA NEBRASCENSIS Scudder.
Myrmecophila nebrascensis ScuppErR, Psyche, VIII, 1899, pp. 425, 427-428.
Several specimens of this species were taken at Williams, Arizona
»
on May 26 and June 3.
148. CYCLOPTILUS SQUAMOSUS Scudder.
Cycloptilus squamosus ScuppEr, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1868, p. 142.
One female specimen on cotton at Victoria, Texas in late June.
149. NEMOBIUS FASCIATUS De Geer.
Gryllus fasciatus Dk GrEer, Mem., III, 1773, p. 522, pl. xxiu, fig. 5.
r . Raise .
Phe macropterous form of this species occurred in large numbers at
light in Victoria, Texas during the latter part of June, many hun
dreds being easily gathered in one evening from the various lights
< 1333. _ NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA—CAUDELLI. 809
‘scattered around through the fon. But few brachypterous forms
were seen at light. In Colorado but a single specimen of the mac rop-
terous form was seen, one by Oslar without date or locality. Brac hyp-
7
terous specimens of bet sexes were taken at Fort Collins on Aucust 10.
150. NEMOBIUS UTAHENSIS Scudder.
Nemobius utahensis ScuppEr, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., TV. 1896. pp. 99, 103-104.
; ; : : :
— One male of what is evidently this species was taken at Sedalia June
15, and a freshly matured one at Montevista Aucust 13.
151. GRYLLUS ABBREVIATUS Serville.
Gryllus abbreviatus SERVILLE, Orth., 1839, p. 336.
One male referable to this species was taken at Fort Collins August
a, and one at Sedalia June 15. The one from Fort Collins was freshly
Me ctured when found. An immature female was also taken at Fort
Collins August 10.
'
| 152. GRYLLUS PENNSYLVANICUS Burmeister.
;
i Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister, Handb. Ent., I], 1838, p. 734.
_ The nymphs of what is evidently this species occurred in the cotton
fields about Victoria, Texas in late June. Mature macropterous
females were taken in woods under logs in early July. Brachypterous
males and females were collected in Colorado at Golden, June 5: Den-
yer, June 17; Platte Canyon, June 10, and Grand Junction, July 7.
M:. Oslar ee a macropterous female at Canyon City. A. pair of
—Gryllus neglectus, which may be considered a variety of this species,
was taken at Canyon City in July by Oslar.
153. GRYLLUS PERSONATUS Uhler.
Gryllus personatus Unter, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., II, 1864, p. 547.
Two males, three females, Grand Junction, by Oslar, all macrop-
terous; one brachypterous male was taken at Winslow, Arizona, by
Messrs. Schwarz and Barber.
154. 2ECANTHUS QUADRIPUNCTATUS Beutenmiller.
(Ecanthus quadripunctatus BevreENMULLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894,
pp. 250-251, 271, fig. 5.
This species is quite common in the cotton fields of southern Texas.
Specimens were also collected in Colorado at Fort Collins.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LV
Fig. 1. Melanoplus coloradus, new species, male.
Melanoplus coloradus, new species, male, end of abdomen.
2. Psinidia sulcifrous var.-amplicornus, new variety, female.
3. Heliastus guanieri, new species, female.
4. Melanoplus latifercula, new species, male.
Melanoplus latifercula, new species, male, end of abdomen.
ae
ONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LV
SOME AMERICAN ORTHOPTERA.
’
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 809.
A REVIEW OF THe CYPRINOID FISHES OF JAPAN.
By Davin Starr Jordan and Henry W. Fowier,
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
In the present paper is given an account of the Cyprinids, or carp-
like fishes, known to inhabit the rivers and lakes of Japan. In Japan,
as in most other regions outside of Polynesia, Australia, and South
America, the Cyprinide far outnumber all other fresh-water fishes,
and probably numerous species yet remain undescribed, especially in
the rivers of Kiusin. This paper is based on material belonging to the
United States National Museum and to the museum of Leland Stan-
ford Junior University. Most of it was collected in 1900 by Pro-
fessors Jordan and Snyder. The illustrative plates are drawn by Mrs.
Chloe Lesley Starks and Mr. Charles Bradley Hudson.
Family CY PRINID.
CARPS.
é EP Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries alone; lower
Pharyngeal bones well developod, falciform, nearly parallel with the
gill arches, each provided with 1 to 3 series of teeth in small number,
4to 7 in the main row, and a less number in the others, if more are
present. Head naked; body usually scaly. Barbels 2 or 4, often
absent. Belly usually rounded, rarely compressed, never serrated.
Gill openings moderate, the membranes broadly joined to the isthmus.
Branchiostegals always 8. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudo-
‘branchiz usually present. No adipose fin. Dorsal fin short or elon-
gate. Ventral fins abdominal. Air bladder usually large, commonly
divided into an anterior and a posterior lobe, not inclosed in a bony
‘capsule, rarely wanting. Stomach without appendages, appearing as
a simple enlargement of the intestines. Fishes:mostly of moderate or
small size, inhabiting the fresh waters of the Old World and of North
America, ae abundant where found, both in individuals and
species. The spring, or breeding dress, of the males is often peculiar.
iB oP of the head, and often the fins or various portions of the body,
ered with small tubercles, outgrowths from the epidermis.
= == >|:
PROCEEDINGS U. S. Ta eNe RSeUNE VOL. XXVI-No. 1334
a
812 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. X
The fins and ion er parts of the body in the spring males are of
charged with bright pigment, the prevailing color of which is red
although in some genera it is satin-white, yellowish, or black.
a Dorsal fin short, of 8 to 15 rays, usually without serrated spine; no anal spine; aii
bladder normally placed.
bh Ruoprr». Intestinal canal elongate, usually more than twice length of body
teeth one-rowed, with grinding surface; lips thin; body compressed; perite
neum black; species herbivorous.
¢ Barbels none; body deep, compressed; scales rather small, closely imbricated
about 55 in lateral line; teeth 5—5, with serrate edges; anal fin rather
long. soon e8e di oe os Ee ee ee ee Pseudoperilampus, 1,
cc Barbels present, at the end of each maxillary; scales large, 36 to 40.
d Body rather deep, rhomboid, compressed.
e Teeth serrate; dorsal long, of about 15 rays..--...--.- Paracheilognathus,
Teeth with entire edges; dorsal moderate, of about 12 rays.
Acheilognathus, 3
dd Body rather elongate, lanceolate in outline; dorsal short, of about 10 rays
teeth.entire. . 202 22h. 4 eee eee es Gnathopogon,
bb Intestinal canal short, less than twice length of body; teeth one, two, or thre
rowed; peritoneum usually pale. Species more or less carnivorous.
J Teeth hooked, slender, none of them molar, the grinding surface,
present, very narrow. Q
g Barbels present, well developed, one of them terminal on the maxil-—
lary.
h Barwin. Dorsal fin with its first developed ray thickened or spine-
like. t
i Barbels two on each side; teeth three-rowed; lips thick; head with h
mucous cavities [uo SP ees ee ee Hemibarbus, 5.
hh Gosiontn&. Dorsal fin without spine-like ray; scales large.
) Teeth 1, 2 or 3, 5—6 or 5, 3, 2 or 1, two-rowed.
k Lips thin; mouth, terminal, oblique; dorsal nearly over ve
trals ~ 2s S55. hcie eg See ee eee Leucogobio,
kk Lips broad and papillose; mouth small, protracted down-
Ward< 2.2230. lo os See ee Pseudogobio,
jj Teeth one-rowed, 5—5. ]
/ Mouth inferior; lips rather thick, ventrals behind front ol
dorsal.
m Dorsal fin low, its median rays not produced; head
rounded above <2 a2 === eee Sarcocheilichthys,
mm Dorsal fin high, its median rays produced in males
- head flattened: aboyeloss==eeee sae eee Abbottina,
// Mouth terminal, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; hea
depressed: and pointed =--2 2 =se— eee ae Zezera, 10
gg Levciscixe. Barbels wanting.
n Teeth one-rowed, 5—5; a notch on shoulder gird
below, inside gill opening; scales large.
o Snout very blunt, rounded; mouth inferior. Biwia, 11
oo Snout long; mouth small, terminal, nearly verti-
Cal ono ye ee ee Pseudorasbora, 12
nn ‘Teeth two-rowed; 2, 5—4, 5, or 6, 2 or 1.
p Lateral line straight; teeth 2, 5—5, 2; mouth ter
minal, very oblique; scales large, about 4
Otakia, 1
pp Lateral line curved downward.
JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 813
q Dorsal fin inserted in adyance of ventrals: scales
small, about 75; dorsal fin short; teeth 2,
DO ee Vee ee re ee ean 14.
qq Dorsal inserted behind ventrals; teeth 2, 4 or
d—9, 2 or I.
r Lateral line complete_......._._. Leuciseus, 15
rr Lateral line incomplete; teeth 2, 5—4 or. 5
ieee SE Rey | Meio Fen oe Phoxinus, 16
2 : nnn Teeth three-rowed.
s Abdomen behind ventrals, its edge rounded,
as usual; anal in male elevated.
t Upper jaw normal, without deep notch;
teethrdsiory 264) -4%or <5—5: | 4Ror 1:
Gales AOE i00 sae ee ne oe eee Zacco, AT
tt Upper jaw produced, with a deep notch;
teeth 2,4,5—5,4,2. Scales about 50_-.
Opsartichthys, 18
ss Abdomen behind ventrals, compressed to
an edge; before ventrals rounded; anal
elongate of 15 rays; first dorsal ray more
or less enlarged and spine-like; teeth 2,
4, 5—5, 4, 2; scales small, about 70..__.-
; Ischikawia, 19
1 CypRININe. Dorsal fin many-rayed, preceded by a strong, serrated spine; anal
‘spine present; teeth molar.
uw Barbels none; teeth 4—4, one-rowed_.-
Carassius, 20
uu Barbels two on each side; teeth three-
rowed, 1, 1, 3—3, 1, 1_-- Cyprinus, 21
i SO Om Le AV PU sS Bleeker:
Pseudoperilampus BLEEKER, Versl. Med. Ak. Vet. Amst., XV, 1863, p. 235, (typus).
- Body short, deep, and rhomboid. Head small, and the upper profile
cave over the eyes; eye large; snout bluntly pointed; mouth small,
ique; no barbels; teeth 5—5, the sides serrate: interorbital space
ad. Intestine long. Peritoneum black. Scales small, and very
owly imbricated, about 55 in lateral line. Origin of dorsal nearer
e of caudal than tip of snout, its base rather long, with 10 deyeloped
‘s; anal with 10 developed rays; caudal emarginate; ventrals inserted
ore dorsal. Lateral line nearly straight and continuous.
Herbivorous fishes of the Japanese streams and lakes, resembling
he bream (Abrams).
- (hevdns, false; perilampus, a related genus. )
1. PSEUDOPERILAMPUS TYPUS Bleeker.
ZENITANAGO (COIN-MINNOW); NIGABUNA (BITTER CARP).
_ Pseudoperilampus typus Burexer, Versl. Ak. Vet. Amst., XV, p. 235; Tokyo;
Ned. Tyds. Dierk, I, p. 382.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. O81: from
Japan, same type.
_ Pseudoperilampus sp. Isurmawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 12; Tokyo, Tegauma.
ead, 32; depth, 24; D. ILI, 10; A. III, 10; P. 12; V. 8; scales, 55
) the fagaced line; 12 scales between origin of dorsal and ie ral line,
S14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X
and 10 between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5),
width of head, 1$ in its length; snout, 42 in head; eye, 33; interorbital
space, 24; pectoral, 13; ventral, 13. |
Body rather short, deep, rhomboid, and compressed. Head small,
compressed and bluntly pointed; upper profile of head concave oye
the eyes; snout less than eye, rounded above and bluntly pointed; eye
rather large, anterior; mouth small, oblique, the maxillary protractile
and reaching below the nostrils, but not to the anterior edge of eye;
lips rather thin; pharyngeal teeth compressed, with a narrow grindi
surface; the sides serrate, and the tips slightly hooked; nostrils cle
together on the snout in front of eye; interorbital space and top
head broad and slighly convex. Gill openings rather large; gill-rake
small and weak; pseudobranchial present. Intestine long, with ma
conyolutions. Peritoneum black.
Fig. 1.—PSEUDOPERILAMPUS TYPUS.
Seales rather small, and all more or less very narrowly imbricated,
so that they are much deeper than long; no pectoral flap; ventral flay
present.
Origin of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, the ante
rays the highest, the base of the fin about equal to the head, and the thi
rudimentary ray stronger than the others; anal beginning about mid:
way between origin of pectoral and base of caudal, or a little before the
middle of base of dorsal, and its base a trifle more than head withow
snout; caudal emarginate, the lobes pointed; pectoral reaches to witl
ashort distance of ventral; origin of ventral well before that of fi
dorsal, or nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, and reaching with
a short distance of origin of anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, a
its least depth a little over 2 in head. Lateral line slightly decury
and continuous.
0, 1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 81h
Color in alcohol, dark brown above, pale or silvery below, and each
of the scales above and on the sides with a narrow brown m: irgin, form-
ing a reticulated appearance; top of head and snout dark brown: dor-
sal and anal grayish, with 2 longitudinal pale or whitish bands: can-
dal and pectoral grayish; ventrals pale; sides with a pale lateral streak,
becoming more distinct and darker along the sides of caudal peduncle;
a dark blotch above and behind gill-opening.
_ Length 2% inches.
This description from a specimen from Tsuruga.
_ This species is represented in our collection by many examples from
‘Tsuruga in Echizen, Tsuchiura near Tokyo, Matsushima in Rikuzen,
and the Tokyo market. It is generally common in the streams of
morthern Japan. From the species of Acheilognathus it is readily dis-
tinguished by its small scales.
(ru70s, type.)
2. PARACHEILOGNATHUS Bleeker.
Paracheilognathus BuErKxer, Atlas Ichth., [1], 1863, p. 33 (rhombeus).
_ Body short, deep and rhomboid. Head small; eye moderate; snout
pointed and slightly projecting; mouth small, inferior, the maxillary
not reaching eye; a small maxillary barbel, generally less than half
the eye; teeth 5—5, the edges serrate; interorbital space broad. Intes-
tine long. Peritoneum dark or blackish. Scales large, some of those
on the sides strongly imbricated, 37. Origin of dorsal midway between
tip of snout and base of caudal, base of fin long, with 14 developed
rays; anal with 10 developed rays; caudal deeply emarginate; ventrals
inserted a little before origin of dorsal. Lateral line slightly decurved,
and continuous. Short, deep-bodied fishes of the rivers of Japan.
x (napa, near; acheilognathus.)
2. PARACHEILOGNATHUS RHOMBEA (Schlegel).
' TABIRA (SHINER); AKABABIRA (RED-SHINER); BOTE TANAGO¢
; (POTBELLY).
Capoeta rhombea ScuieGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 205, pl. c, fig. 6;
& streams near Nagasaki.
_ Acheilognathus rhombeus BLrrKer, Prodr. Cypr., 1860, p. 299
Paracheilognathus rhombeus Buerxer, Atl. Ichthyol. Cypr., 1863, Deco:
Achilognathus rhombeus Giinruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 279; Nagasaki, from
one of Schlegel’s types.—Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 12; Tokyo, Lake
Biwa, Yamashiro.
_ Achilognathus steenackeri Sauvace,? Bull. Soc. Philom, Paris, 1885, p. 9; Lake
3 Biwa.
& “The name Tanago is used alike for the deep-bodied shiners shes for the surf-fish,
Ditrema temmincki.
>The following is the description given by Dr. Sauvage:
> “D. 14-15: A. 11-12; L. lat. 38. auteur du corps contenue prés de trois fois et
demie dans Ja longueur totale; longueur de la téte cing fois et un tiers dans la meme
S16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM. . VOU. xx
Head, 44; dapthes 24 ie ile ia es Als 10;P., 143) V., 8-see
37 in lateral line; 6 se lee between origin of dorsal and later al line
and 7 scales between latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth, 5—5
width of head, 12 in its length; snout, 4 in head; eye, 4; interorbital _
space, 24; pectoral, 14; ventral, 14. A
Body deen rhomboid, and greatly compressed. Head short ang
compressed; snout pointed, convex above, and slightly projecting |
beyond the jaws; eye moderate, anterior about equal to snout; mouth |
small, inferior, and protractile, the maxillary not reaching as far |
posteriorly as the front margin of eye; lips somewhat fleshy; a small
maxillary barbel generally less than half the eye; pharyngeal teeth |
serrated, and hooked over at tips; nostrils together, nearer eye than }
tip of snout; interorbital space broad, elevated a little, and flattened
in the middle. Gill openings large; gill rakers short, weak, and rather -
few in number; pseudobranchiz well developed. Intestine very ne
and with numerous convolutions. Peritoneum dark or blackish.
Seales large, cycloid, and some on the middle of the sides strongly
imbricated; no pectoral flap; ventral flap rather short.
Origin of dorsal about midway in the length of the body without)
caudal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin a little over ~
3 in body without caudal, the third rudimentary ray as long as first —
developed ray, thick and strong, and the margin of the fin convex; |
origin of anal about midway in the base of dorsal, or the space ~
between the origin of ventral and base of last anal ray, the anterior
rays the highest, the base of the fin equal to head without snout, and —
the margin of the fin nearly straight; caudal deeply emarginate, the —
lobes pointed; pectorals rather small, low, and reaching two- ed: the |
distance to origin of ventrals; ventr als inserted a little before the origin
of dorsal and reaching almost to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle —
moderately long, and its least depth 2 in head. Lateral line continu-—
ous and nearly straight along the sides to base of caudal. '
Color in alcohol, dark brown above, the scale edged with darker; )
below pale, washed with silvery; sides more or less brassy; a dark,
blackish streak, narrow at first and becoming wider posteriorly along
the sides, continued along eG raudal peduncle, but not to a base of |
dimension. Museau aussi long que l’eeil, dont le dame ee est compris trois fois i
demie dans la longueur de la téte; espace interorbitaire plus large que le diamétre de F
l'oeil; barbillons trés courts; dents pharyngiennes non dentelées; de gros pores autour
de la partie supé rieure de lceil et sur le museau chez les males, anleeter les femelles. |
Dorsale insérée a égale distance du museau et de la base de la caudale chez les femel-_
les, un peu plus prés de la base de la caudale chez les males; pectorales s’étendant A
l’origine des ventrales chez les femelles, un peu plus courtes chez les males. Corps!
de couleur argenté; chez les femelles une bande cérulescente sur le pédicule caudal;
chez les males des lignes cérulescentes !cngitudinales dans la partie posterieure d
corps. Un long tube externe urogéniia. chez les femelles. Longueur, 0, 100. Nom
vulgaire, Puna; Akababira.
JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 817
the caudal ; a dark spot above the ell opening; dorsal and caudal dark
or Botackish with indistinct narrow bands, the other fins paler, but all
jof them more or less tinted with brownish.
| er in Be steel blues ies eet ees with silver luster;
Me encth, 4 inches.
This description from a specimen from Lake Biwa at Matsubara.
Of this species we have very many specimens from Matsubara on Lake
‘Biwa, from the Yodo River at Osaka, from the Chikugo River at
Kurume, from the anes of popey® ido in rare eo Yoeo near
jtion of K. one oka near fc on ae Bia It is the iarenet
of the minnows of its tribe, and is almost everywhere common south
of Tokyo, in me larger streams and ponds. In life it is brightly
38. ACHEILOGNATHUS Bleeker.
Acheilognathus Burexer, Ichth. Archipel. Indic. Prodr., II
(melanogaster ).
1860, p. 228
’
Body more or less deep and compressed; head short; eye more or
less large; snout rather short and blunt; mouth small, the maxillary
not reaching the eye; maxillaries each with a barbel; teeth 5—5,
smooth, with a narrow grinding surface; interorbital space rather broad.
Intestine long. Peritoneum black. Scales large, some of those on
the sides imbricated, 36 to 39. Origin of dorsal about midway in the
length of body without caudal, base of fin moderate, with 8 to 10
developed rays; anal with 8 to 10 developed rays; caudal deeply
emarginate; ventrals generally inserted a little before origin of dorsal.
Lateral line slightly decurved, and continuous.
| Small fishes of the streams and lakes of Japan, Formosa, and China,
tering from Paracheilognathus in the shorter dorsal and smooth
edged teeth.
| (a, without; ye7Aos, lip; yvadgos, jaw.)
@ Shoulder with a more or less distinct, dark shoulder spot above gill-opening; sides
_ with a more or less distinct longitudinal band posteriorly; belly black in adults,
the color of the peritoneum showing through.
b Barbels short, seldom more than half the eye; shoulder spot and lateral band
Sara N (a EERE Ty Slag ee on AA cod on wa eiee venice limbata, 5.
bb Barbels long, somewhat less than the eye; shoulder spot and lateral band very
Manni nGheT SENG So oe eee ew eee ence en ee lanceolata, 4.
‘aa Shoulder without dark spot above gill opening; a longitudinal dark band hegin-
ning abruptly in-a dark blue spot over pectoral on the sixth scale from head
Pndecontimuedstorbase ot caudal. 22.2. ..25..50.0--se00ccts eee ese cyanostigma, 6.
818 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY
3. ACHEILOGNATHUS LIMBATA (Schlegel).
ZAKO; TANAGC.
Capotta limbata ScuiEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss, 1846, p. 203, pl. c, fig.
Streams near Nagasaki.
Achilognathus limbatus Génruer, Cat. Fish., VI, 1868, p. 277; Nagasaki, fro
one of Schlegel’s types. ;
Acheilognathus intermedium JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXII
1901, p. 344; Lake Biwa (not of Schlegel).
eo
Head 4; depth 3; D. III, 10; A. III, 10; P. 15; V.8; scales 36 in lateral |
line; 6 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 6 scales bee
tween the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width of |
head 1? in its length; snout + in head; eye 3; interorbital space ee
pectoral 14; ventral 13. e
Body rather elongate, moderately deep, and compressed. Head |
short, and compressed; snout short, rather blunt and not produced; ;
eye rather large, anterior; mouth small, oblique, and reaching below }
the nostril; maxillary protractile, and furnished with a small barbel |
which is seldom more than half the eye in length; pharyngeal teeth |
with a narrow grinding surface, smooth, and without serrations; nos-
trils close together, and near the upper part of the eye; interorbital |
space rather broad, slightly elevated and flattened medianly. Gill —
openings rather large; gill rakers short, weak, and few in number;
pseudobranchial present. Intestine with numerous convolutions. .
Peritoneum black. ae
Scales large, cycloid, and narrowly imbricated in the costal region; |
no pectoral flap; a short, scaly, ventral flap. f
Origin of dorsal about midway, or a trifle in advance, in the length |
of the body without caudal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of
the fin about 44 in body without caudal, the third rudimentary ray as
long as first developed ray and rather strong, and the margin of the
fin straight; origin of anal below the middle, or a trifle posterior, base
similar to dorsal in shape, with the anterior rays the highest, the base
of the fin less than head without snout, and the margin of the fin
nearly straight; caudal very deeply emarginate, the lobes well devel-—
oped and pointed; pectorals equal the head from anterior nostril to
reaching beyond the origin of the anal. Caudal peduncle rather long,
its least depth 24 in head. Lateral lines nearly straight, and contin b
ous along the sides to the base of caudal. ~
Color in alcohol, dark brown above, tinged with olivaceous, and)
0.1341. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 819
‘ing much wider upon the sides of the caudal peduncle; a dark spot
labove gill-opening; dorsal grayish, with 3 darker longitudinal bands:
jcaudal grayish, with several darker cross bands; pectorals orayish:
-yentrals and anal black, with white edges; lower surface of the head
pale or whitish.
Length, 3 inches.
| This description from a specimen from Lake Yoeo in Mino, above
Lake Biwa.
| Fresh waters of central and southern Japan, very abundant. We
have a very numerous series from Lake Biwa at Matsubara and Kara-
\saki, from the river at Tsuchiura, the Iwai River at Ichinoseki. from
‘near Nagoya, and the Kitakami River at Morioka.
It is the only species of the group common in northern Japan. It
‘is known by its more elongate form, as contrasted with Paracheilo-
\gnathus rhombea, though with a similar color pattern, with the addition
‘of a black abdomen, and dark pectorals, and ventrals, in some adults.
| Thedorsal radii are fewer than those of 7. rhombea and the pharyn-
geal teeth are smooth.
(imbatus, bordered.)
4. ACHEILOGANTHUS LANCEOLATA (Schlegel).
ZAKO.
Capoéta lanceolata SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1846, p. 202, pl. c, fig. 3; streams
about Nagaski.
Acheilognathus lanceolatum JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIII,
1901, p. 344; Lake Biwa.
Acheilognathus melanogaster BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo. Nedrl. Japan, VI,
p- 92, pl. u, fig. 1; Tokyo.—Savuvaae, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 3; Lake
Biwa.—GinrueEr, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 278; Tokyo, from one of Bleeker’s
types.—IsHIKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 12; Lake Biwa, Owari.—Gtnruer,
Shore Fishes, Challenger, 1880, p. 72; Lake Biwa.
Capoéta intermedia SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, p. 208, pl. c, fig. 4; streams about
Nagasaki.
Acheiloganthus intermedius GiinrHER, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 278, copied.—
SauvaGe, Bull. Sci. Philom., 1883, p. 3; Lake Biwa.—Isnixawa, Prel. Cat.,
1897, p. 12; Tokyo; Yodo R. at Kyoto; Maebara and Matsubara on Lake
Biwa. .
mead tt depth 3; 1. Il, 9; A. III, 9; P. 15; V. 8; scales 38 in the
lateral line; 6 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line;
and 6 scales between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth
5—5; width of head 1} in its length; snout 44 in head; eye 34; inter-
orbital space 23; pectoral about 13; ventral 15.
_ Body rather elongate, moderately deep and compressed. Head
short, compressed; snout short and bluntly rounded; eye moderately
large, anterior; mouth small, oblique, the maxillary reaching to the
mostril, and protractile; maxillary barbel long, but little shorter than
t e eye; pharyngeal teeth smooth, and with a narrow erinding sur-
face; nostrils close together in front of the eye above; interorbital
~ Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—0zZ
oo
S90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSE UM. VOL, XX
space broad, slightly ele rated, and flattened in the middle. Gill-open-.
ines rather large; gill-rakers short, weak and few in number; pseudo-
branchiw well developed. Intestine with numerous convolutions,
Peritoneum black.
Seales large, cycloid, and some narrowly imbricated on the side
no pectoral flap; ventral flap small.
of the body, without caudal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of
the fin 44 in body without caudal, the third rudimentary ray more or)
less stiff and strong, and the margin of the fin nearly straight; orig
of anal below the posterior dorsal rays, and about midway betwee
the origin of ventrals and base of last anal ray, similar in shape to t
dorsal, the anterior rays the highest, the base of fin less than hea
ventrals inserted a little before origin of dorsal and reaching to wi
a short distance of origin of anal. Caudal peduncle rather long an
its least depth about 24+ in head. Lateral line slightly decurved, a id
continued to base of caudal. 5
along the sides above the lateral line, and posteriorily; dorsal and:
anal grayish, with several longitudinal dark bands across the former,
and the latter broadly edged with whitish; caudal and pectorals grayish,
Length, 3,°; inches. 4
Here described from an example from Tsuchiura. i
The species is very abundant in central and southern Japan. O ir
many examples from Tsuchiura, the Chikugo River at Kurume, the
Yodo River at Osaka, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, Katata in Omi, Lake
Yogo in Mino, Funayado in Kiusin, Wakanoura, in Owari near Nagoya
This species is distinguished chiefly by its long barbel and plain cok
oration. The young are marked with a more or less distinct lateral
stripe, but are without a dark spot above the gill opening. b
(Janceolata, lanceolate.) i
5. ACHEILOGNATHUS CYANOSTIGMA Jordan and Fowler, new species.
Head, 4; depth, 3;4;; D. IIL, 8; A. IID. 6:)P 216: 0Ve3--dealess
in lateral line; 6 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and 6
scales between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—dj)
width of head, 2 in its length; snout, 33 in head; eye, 4; interorbi al
space, 2%; pectoral, 14; ventral, 12.
Body moderately deep, and compressed. Head rather small, com
pressed; snout rather bluntly pointed and a trifle produced; eye small
1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER.
821
anterior; mouth small, inferior; maxillary short, reaching to the nos-
‘tril and protractile; maxillary barbel very short: pharyngeal teeth
smooth, and with a narrow grinding surface: nostrils close
jand near the upper part of the eye; interorbital space rathe
‘i
slightly elevated and flattened medianly.
together
r broad,
| Gill-openings rather large;
|gill-rakers short, few, and weak; pseudobranchix present.
| Intestine with numerous convolutions. Peritoneum black.
"Scales moderately large, cycloid, and some of them imbricated on
‘the sides; no pectoral flap; ventral flap small.
- Origin of dorsal about midway in the body without caudal, the ante-
‘Tior rays the highest, the base of the fin about 5 in body without caudal.
and the upper edge of the fin nearly straight; origin of anal below the
{posterior dorsal rays or about midway between origin of ventral and
1 * . . F . .
ibase of last anal ray, the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin
‘about 5 in body without caudal, and the upper edge of the fin nearl y
| Fig. 2.—ACHEILOGNATHUS CYANOSTIGMA.
straight; origin of anal below the posterior dorsal rays or about mid-
way between origin of ventral and base of last anal ray, the anterior
rays the highest, the base of the fin 12 in head, and the margin of the
fin nearly straight; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes pointed;
pectorals reaching about two-thirds of the distance to origin of ven-
trals; ventrals inserted below the origin of the dorsal, and reaching
the origin of the anal. Candal peduncle rather long, a trifle shorter
than head, and its least depth about 24 in head. Lateral line slightly
decurved and continued to the base of caudal.
_ Color in alcohol, brownish above, pale beneath; dorsal and caudal
grayish black, the former with several darker longitudinal cross bars;
anal grayish, with a broad marginal, whitish band; pectorals grayish;
ventrals grayish black; snout dark brown; sides with a longitudinal,
blackish band beginning abruptly in a black spot on the upper part of
the sides about over the middle of the pectoral, and on the sixth scale
from the head; no dark spot aboye gill opening.
_ Length, 2? inches.
822 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE
Type No., 779A, Ichthyologie: al Collections, Leland Stanford Junior
University Museum. Cotypes are in the United States National
Museum. Locality, Lake Biwa at Matsubara in Omi. :
We have many specimens of this species from Lake Biwa at Matsus
bara and its tributary, Lake Yogo in Mino. — It is distinguished chiefly
by the dark, distinet, and nearly uniform lateral stripe beginning on—
the sixth scale from the head in a dusky bluish spot. In young speci -
mens. the character is readily seen, and they are easily separated from i
the young of other species. |
(Kva veos, blue; OTivpa, spot.)
4. GNATHOPOGON Bleeker.
Gnathopogon BureKker, Ichth. Archipel. Indic. Prodr., II. 1860, p. 454 (elongata).
Body elongate and compressed. Snout depressed and without bony |
prominence in front; eyes superior, not covered with eyelids; jaws -
with thin and simple lips; maxillary oblique, ending before the eye; |
two maxillary barbels. Abdomen not keeled. Dorsal with few rays
before ventrals and ending in front of anal; anal with few rays. Lateral
line slightly decurved. (Bleeker.) .
No species of Gnathopogon was obtained by Jordan and Snyder, -
The genus isa doubtful one, perhaps not distinct from Acheclognathus,
An East Indian species, javanicus, is referred by Dr. Bleeker to_
Gnathopogon.
(vvados jaws TOY GV, beard.)
a Scales Bese ce as ctorals not reaching root of ventrals ....-.-----=-- elongatus, 6.
: pectorals reaching ventral eae) =e eee gracilis, T.
aa Scales
6. GNATHOPOGON ELONGATUS (Schlegel).
MUGITSUKI.
Capotta elongata ScutEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 200, pl. c, fig. Ty
streams about Nagasaki. .
Gnathopogon elongatus JORDAN and Snyper, Check List Fish. Japan, 1901, p. ATs
Lake Biwa.
Barbus homogenes GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 136 (after Schlegel, the name |
clongatus being preoccupied in Barbus).
Head 4 in length of body, between tip of snout and emargination of
caudal, and somewhat more than depth of body; D. III, 7; A. I, 63)
P. 15; V. 1, 7; about 38 scales on the lateral line; 5 scales between
the back and the lateral line; diameter of the eye equal to the length!
of snout, which is + in head. Mouth somewhat spacious, its cleft
very oblique, and extending nearly to the tip of the snout; maxillary}
prolonged posteriorly for three-fourths the length of the snout; diam-
eter of the suborbitals equal a third of the eye, but the length of th
posterior nearly twice that of the others; length of maxillary barbe
ere
%
of
(Sno. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 898
scarcely exceeding half the diameter of the eye; nostrils only sepa-
rated by a thin lobe which covers the posterior orifice, opening upon
the lower sides of the snout midway between the intermaxillary and the
eye; interorbital space considerably more than the diameter of the eye.
The edge of the opercle forms a somewhat obtuse and rounded angle.
Upper part of the head rounded upon the sides; its upper profile
straight until the snout, which is somewhat convex. Line of demar-
cation between head and neck nearly straight; the skin of head and
opercles smooth.
Scales with their surfaces marked with fine strive, very compact and
somewhat divergent.
Insertion of dorsals slightly before the ventrals and nearer the head,
the second and third rudimentary rays like the first and second of the
anal, but the size of the fins a third larger than the latter; margin of
anal straight, equals, or somewhat more than ventrals, and preceded
by a weak spine less than half the length of the slender and flexible
ray which follows, and which is also longer than the first divided ray
of the fin; caudal emarginate, lobes pointed, and their length about
half the fin; pectorals equal to head without snout and not reaching
to base of ventrals by a space equal to half their own length; ventrals
a fifth shorter than pectorals and almost reach the anus. Anus entirely
after the origin of the anal and about two-thirds of the distance
between tip of snout and base of caudal.
Color in spirits brown above with silvery reflections, below pale;
opercles pure silvery white and the fins uniform yellowish; scales
sprinkled with numerous minute black dots; a broad and ill-defined
band of bluish-silvery extending along the sides of the body.
Two specimens, one 3 inches and the other 33 inches in length, taken
‘in some stream near Nagasaki. (Schlegel.) The specimen taken by
Otaki at Karasaki on Lake Biwa has been sent away.
(elongatus, elongate.)
7. GNATHOPOGON GRACILIS (Schlegel).
Capoéta gracilis ScuHiEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 201, pl. ¢, fig. 2;
streams near Nagasaki.
Barbus homozonus Ginruer, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 137, after Schlegel, the
name gracilis preoccupied in Barbus.
Form elongate; depth 54 in the length of the body between tip of
snout and emargination of caudal. Body posterior to dorsal slender.
Head longer; eyes much larger; snout bulky and convex aboye;
mouth cleft horizontal. Suborbitals narrower; barbels somewhat
longer; pectorals very long and reaching nearly to the base of the
ventrals; lateral line slightly decurved; anus remote from the anal fin;
the scales much larger, only 25 in the lateral line; 4 rows of scales
between lateral line and back and 5 rows between the former and the
$24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
abdomen. The form of the fins and the number of their rays, the
color, and all the other characters, are common with Gnathopogon
¢ longatus.
Length 24 inches. (Schlegel.)
From a stream near Nagasaki; perhaps identical with Gnathopogon
é longatus.
(yracilis, slender.)
5. HEMIBARBUS Bleeker.
Hemibarbus Burrxer, Prodr. Cyprin., 1861, p. 281 (barbus).
Body elongate, rather slender, and compressed. Head elongate, ~
somewhat pointed, and with many mucous cavities about the eyes and —
along the edge of the preoperculum; snout long, blunt at the tip; eye
rather large, high; mouth inferior, the maxillary not reaching eye; —
lips fleshy; each maxillary with a barbel as long as the eye; teeth 5, —
3, 1—1, 3,5. Gill-rakers short; intestine short. Peritoneum silvery; J
scales cycloid, about 49. Dorsal inserted nearer tip of snout than —
base of caudal, and armed with a slender, sharp, strong, and smooth
spine; anal inserted far behind tip of depressed dorsal; caudal deeply
emarginate, the lobes pointed; ventrals inserted behind origin of the
dorsal. Lateral line slightly decurved and continuous.
Large fishes of the streams of Japan and Formosa, allied to the ;
European Barbel (Barbus barbus). a
(42, half; barbus.)
ip
8. HEMIBARBUS BARBUS (Schlegel). ve
“h
SOI, NIGOI. ;
Gobio barbus TemMIncK and SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 198, pl. 4
xcix, fig. 1; near Nagasaki. ; :
Hemibarbus barbus BuerKer, Prodr. Cypr., 1861, p. 281.—Jorpan and SNYDER,
Check List Fish. Japan, 1901, p. 46; Yokohama.—Jorpan and EVERMANN, |
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1902; Formosa. i
Barbus schlegeli Géxrurr, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 134; Formosa.-—IsHikawa,
Prel. Cat. 1897, p. 15; Tokyo, Ise. am
re!
Head 3%; depth 44; D. III, 7: A. III, 6; P. 20; V. 9; scales 49 in if}
; Gok é 3 3 Cee , “
the lateral line; 7 scales in an oblique series between origin of dorsal _
and lateral line, and 7 scales between the latter and middle of belly; {
pharyngeal teeth 5, 3, 1—1, 3, 5: width of head 2+ in its length; snout :!
27 in head; eye 5; interorbital space 37; pectoral 14; ventral 14; eye :
2 in snout.
Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, greatly
_
compressed, with many mucous cavities around the eyes, and below ;
and behind the edge of the preoperculum; snout long, pointed, and
produced; eyes moderately large, anterior and superior; mouth small,
inferior, and with the upper jaw produced; lips fleshy and not broad;
a slender maxillary barbel equal to the diameter of the eye; pharyn-
bo
a
s
i844. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 8:
geal teeth in 3 rows, several with grinding surface, and compressed,
and those in the inner row small; nostrils together, in front of the
eye and about over the base of the maxillary barbel so that they are
much nearer the eye than the tip of the snout; interorbital space
broad and flattened like the rest of the top of the head. Gill-open-
ings large; gill-rakers 7—12, some of the lower ones rudimentary;
those which are well developed short and fleshy. Intestine short,
Peritoneum silvery.
Seales large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; no scaly
pectoral flap; ventral flap moderate.
_ Dorsal fin inserted nearer the tip of the snout than the base of the
caudal, armed with a long, straight, smooth spine, the anterior dorsal
rays the longest, so that when the fin is depressed the first reaches
‘beyond the others; anal entirely behind dorsal and midway between
the origin of the ventrals and the base of the caudal; caudal deeply
forked, the lobes pointed; pectorals reach three-fourths the distance
to the ventrals; origin of ventrals behind that of dorsal, about mid-
“way between tip of snout and base of caudal, and reaching a little
‘more than half the space to anal; caudal peduncle compressed, its least
depth a little over 3 in head. Lateral line continuous and slightly
-decurved in front.
Color in alcohol, brassy-brown above, the sides and lower surface
| silvery.
Length, 9% inches.
This description from an example from the Yodo River, in Osaka.
Fresh waters of Japan. Of this species we have examples from
Lake Jinsaburogata at Nishitsugaru, Aomori (collection Sotaro Saito),
the Yodo River at Osaku, the Chikugo River at Kurume, and from
near Tokyo (Albatross collection).
a
(barbus, the European barbel.)
6. LEUCOGOBIO Gunther.
Leucogobio Ginruer, Ann. Ac. Sci. Pétersburg, 1896, p. 212 (herzensteini).
Body oblong, slightly compressed. Head elongate; eye moderate;
‘snout not projecting; mouth oblique, the jaws about equal, and the lips
“narrow and simple; the maxillary barbel sometimes as long as the eye;
teeth 6 or 5 and 3, 2 or 1—6 or 5—5—3, 2 or 1; interorbital space
broad; nostrils close together. Intestine short. Peritoneum generally
‘silvery. Scales large, cycloid, and not imbricated. Dorsal inserted
‘midway or in advance of space between tip of snout and base of
caudal; caudalemarginate. Lateral line nearly straight or only slightly
decurved and continuous. This genus is related to Gobio, differing in
its mouth, which is like that of Zewc/scus. It embraces two Chinese
“species, Leucogobio herzensteini and Le ucogobio teniatus, and four
_ Japanese species.
# (AevKos, white; gobio.)
>
826 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVIa|
a Dorsal generally inserted midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the —
caudal; young with a black spot at base of caudal. -
Lb Body deep; caudal emarginate; sides with longitudinal brown bands. z
giintheri, 9.
bb Body more elongate; caudal very deeply emarginate; a bluish-black lateral” |
panda 2. <2 ok a et See jordani, 10,
aa Dorsal always inserted much nearer the tip of the snout than the base of caudal; |
young without black caudal spot; coloration more or less silvery.
c Body deep; eye 4 in head; color silvery: ---- = 2222225) Sees ae mayede, 11, —
cc Body elongate, rather slender; eye a little over 3 in head, above with a few
PLOW SPOUS) 2 se See crete ae ea a biwe, 12
9. LEUCOGOBIO GUNTHERI Ishikawa.
Leucogobio giintheri IsH1tkKAwa, Annot. Zool. Japon., III, Pt. 4, April 30, 1901;
p. 161; Maibara, Matsubara, ete., on Lake Biwa.
Head 33; depth 32; D. TI, 7; A. IM, 6; P5155°V. 8: scales" 3S aime
the lateral line; 6 scales in an oblique series between origin of dorsal —
and lateral line, and 6 scales between the latter and middle of belly;
pharyngeal teeth 5, 8—8, 5; width of head 14 in its length; snout 3}
in head; eye 44; interorbital space 2£; pectoral 13; ventral 1%.
Body moderately elongate, compressed, and rather deep. Head
elongate, and pointed bluntly; snout bluntly rounded, a little longer
than the eye and not projecting beyond the mandible; eyes anterior,
moderately large, and 1} in snout; mouth rather large, oblique, so
that the jaws meet in front on a level with the middle of the eyes and
the maxillary reaches behind nearly to the front margin of the eye;
lips somewhat broad and fleshy; a slender maxillary barbel about
equal to the eye; pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows, several of the larger
ones with grinding surface and those in the inner row small; nostrils ~
together, in front and nearer the eye than tip of snout; interorbital —
space broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings large; gill-rakers —
short, and weak; pseudobranchie large; gill-filaments long. Intestine
short. Peritoneum silvery.
Seales large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; no pectoral
flap; ventral flap present.
Origin of the dorsal in most cases midway between the tip of the ~
snout and the base of the caudal, though when depressed not reaching —
over the origin of the anal; origin of the anal nearer that of the ven- ~
tral than base of caudal, and when depressed reaching more than half —
way to the latter; caudal emarginate; pectoral about three-fifths of
space to ventral; origin of ventral about under that of dorsal, and the —
fin reaching three-fifths the distance to anal. Caudal peduncle com-
pressed, deep, and in its least depth 2 in head. Lateral line contin-
uous, nearly straight, only very slightly decurved in front.
Color in aleohol dark brassy olivaceous brown above, and below pale —
or whitish with silvery reflections; along the sides are a series of pale —
‘
-
0.1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. go”
longitudinal stripes following in the series of scales, and that along the
lateral line very much darker than the others; at the base of the eaudal
_a blackish spot; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral brownish, the other fins
pale; lips brownish.
Length, 3,°; inches.
This description from an example from Matsubara on Lake Biwa
in Omi.
Fresh waters of central Japan. Our very numerous series of speci-
mens are from Matsubara on Lake Biwa in Omi, Nagoya in Owari.
Katata in Omi, and the Chikugo River at Kurume.
From Ishikawa’s description of Leucogobio jordan we see little to
distinguish it from the present species, although we hesitate to unite
the two without further material. We have also not seen any speci-
“mens with 6 teeth in the larger row.
(Named for Dr. Albert Giinther.)
| 10. LEUCOGOBIO JORDANI Ishikawa.
Leucogobio jordani Isurkawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., II, Pt. 4, April 80, 1901, p-
163; Lake Biwa at Shiwotsu and Matsubara.
|
| Head 3 (in total); depth 6 (in total); D. 10; A. 7; V. 8; seales in
Jateral line 39—40; scales transversely 54-44; pharyngeal 6 or 5, 3—3,
5 or 6; eye 14 in interorbital space.
Head relatively long with the snout a little longer than the eye,
which is a little less than the length of the head; mouth anterior,
deeper than wide, its corner being halfway between the end of the
snout and the anterior border of the eye; barbels minute, about two-
thirds the diameter of the pupil. Pharyngeal teeth hooked at the end.
Intestinal tract with only a single convolution. Peritoneum with a
few pigments of brownish color. Number of vertebrae 33, of which
14 enter into the tail.
There are about 3 series of scales between the lateral line and the
ventral fin.
Origin of the dorsal slightly in advance of the root of the ventral,
and just in midway between the end of the snout and the root of the
caudal; caudal fin very deeply emarginate; pectoral fin about half the
length of the head, without snout and terminating a long way from
the root of the ventral; ventral shorter than the pectoral and
terminating in front of the vent.
Color silvery; back dark brownish, and a bluish-black band on the
side of the body; a small triangular spot of a deeper color at the root
of the caudal is very distinct in small individuals.
Length 78 mm. (about 3;/; inches).
Shiwotsu and Matsubara on Lake Biwa. (Ishikawa.)
This species, not seen by us, is said to differ in a marked way from
Leucogobio giintheri by its slender form, its longer head, and its longer
828 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVE
and deeper emarginated caudal. According to the figure the pectoral”
the posterior margin of the gill-opening.
(Named for Dr. David Starr Jordan.)
11. LEUCOGOBIO MAYED# (Jordan and Snyder).
Gobio mayedx JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 3429
pl. 1x, fig. 2; Lake Biwa, near Karasaki.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check-List |
Fish. Japan, I11, April 3, 1901, p. 46; Lake Biwa.
Head 44; depth 44; D: I, 7; A’ TM Gs PF. 16-V38-) sealen in |
teeth 5, 3—3, 5: width of head a little less than 2 in its length; snoug |
32 in head; eye 4; interorbital space 33; pectoral 12; ventral 13. 7
ar
Fic. 3.—LEUCOGOBIO MAYED#.
Body elongate, oblong and compressed. Head elongate, com-_
pressed; snout rather bluntly rounded, and a trifle longer than the
eye; eyes moderate, anterior; mouth oblique, protractile, the jaws
about equal and the maxillary not reaching to the front of the eye; _
lips somewhat fleshy; a small maxillary barbel; pharyngeal teeth in:
the larger row with narrow grinding surface, and some of them
slightly hooked; nostrils close together, in front of the eye above and_
also a little before the end of the maxillary; interorbital space broad
and slightly convex. Gill-openings large and the membrane rather
broadly joined to the isthmus; gillrakers short, few, and weak; pseudo
branchize large; gill-filaments rather long. Intestine short. Perito-
neum silvery.
Seales rather large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; head
naked; no pectoral flap and the ventrals with a well developed flap.
Origin of dorsal much in advance of the middle of the body without
caudal, and the tip of the first developed ray reaching as far poste-
riorly as the tip of the last when the fin is depressed; origin of anal
entirely behind dorsal and when the fin is depressed it does not reach
quite half the distance to base of caudal; caudal deeply emarginate,
JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 899
d the lobes pointed; pectoral falling rather in front of the or igin of
irsall, and about three-fifths of the space to ventrals; origin of yen-
als a trifle behind the origin of the dorsal, and reac ‘hing about three-
ths in the space to the origin of anal. Caudal peduncle ¢ ompressed,
ther long, and its least eae 2; in head. Lateral line continuous
png the sides, and almost straight.
Color in alcohol brown, pale or whitish below, and the body more
iless silvery on the sides and lower parts; a pale longitudinal band.
icoming darker along the caudal peduncle, alone the sides: fins tinted
th brown, except the ventrals and anal, which are pale like the lower
rface.
ength 42 inches.
This description from a specimen from Lake Biwa at Matsubara.
Fresh waters of southern Japan, very abundant in Lake Biwa.
Our many specimens are from near Karasaki, Lake Biwa ( (cotypes),
0. 6272, Ichthyological collections Leland Stanford Junior Uni-
rsity Museum (collection K. Otaki)) Lake Biwa at Matsubara and
ze, the Yodo River at Osaka in Settsu, the Chikugo River at
irume, and from near Nagoya in Owari.
In young examples the fins are longer, and the lateral band more
tinct posteriorly but without a dark spot at the base of the caudal.
(Named for Kinichiro Mayeda, a Japanese student in Leland Stan-
rd Junior University.)
12. LEUCOGOBIO BIW (Jordan and Snyder).
| Gobio biwe Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 1900, p. 340, pl.
| rx, fig. 1; Lake Biwa near Matsubara.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List Fish.
Japan, III, April 8, 1901, p. 46; Lake Biwa.
Head 2 scepun about 6; 1D. Ill, 7; A. ILI, 6; P. 17; V. 83, scales
in the lateral line; 4 Ele between the origin of dorsal and Jateral
ie, and 6 scales between the latter and middle of pres pharyngeal
ath 5, 83—3, 5; width of head 2 in its length; eye a little over 3;
, Pr bital space 44; pectoral 14; ventral 13.
Body elongate, rather slender and compressed. Head elongate, com-
essed, and somewhat pointed in front; snout rather long, bluntly
unded, and a little shorter than the eye; eyes large lateral and ante-
x; mouth oblique, inferior, protractile, the jaws equal, and the max-
ary reaching almost to the front of the eye; the jaws meet about level
th the lower margin of the eye; lips somewhat fleshy; a maxillary
rbel equal to about two-thirds the orbit; several pharyngeal teeth in
2 larger row with narrow grinding surfaces; nostrils together and
ar the front of the eye; interorbital space broad and flattened. — Gill-
enings large; gillrakers short, few, and weak; pseudobranchie well
veloped; gill-filaments rather long. Intestine short. Peritoneum
th a little dusty coloring.
8380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X
“Scales rather large, of more or less uniform size, and cycloid; hea
naked; no pectoral flap; ventral flap small.
Origin of dorsal much in advance of the middle of the body withou
caudal, and the tip of the first developed ray reaching as far poster
orly as the tip of the last when the fin is depressed; origin of ana
behind tip of depressed dorsal a trifle nearer the origin of the ventre
than base of caudal, and the fin reaching about halfway in the spae
between; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes pointed; pectoral
reaching almost to the origin of dorsal and about three-fourths in the
space to origin of ventral; ventral behind origin of dorsal, and about
three-fifths in the space to anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, rather:
long, and its least depth about equal to the eye. Lateral line continu
ous along the sides, very shghtly decurved in front.
Color, in alcohol, brown, pale or whitish washed with silvery below;
above the lateral line and upon the upper surface of the head with fine
Fic. 4.—LEUCOGORIO BIW.
black dots grouped together on the edges of the scales in small spots
and distributed irregularly; lateral line with a row of dark spots; a
median lateral pale brown longitudinal band; all fins except ventrals
with some dark color. |
Length, 312 inches.
Described from No. 6273, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford
Junior University Museum, cotype, from Lake Biwa, near Matsubara,
from collection of C. Ishikawa.
This species is only known to us from Lake Biwa, near Matsubara.
With the exception of the two specimens before us and the type,
know of no other specimens.
(Broa, the samisen, also the loquat tree, the name of the largest lake
in Japan.)
%. PSEUDOGOBIO Bleeker.
Pseudogobio BurrKker, Atlas Ichthyol., Cyprin., 1863, p. 29, (esocinus).
Body elongate, rather slender and tapering behind. Head elongate
pointed; snout long, concave above, and slightly produced, with it
¥ 7 .
tip bluntly rounded; eye small, nearer posterior edge of opercle thai
”)
11334 JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 55]
p of snout; mouth small, protractile downwards, inferior, the max-
Jary not reaching nostrils; lips broad, fleshy, and covered with well-
eveloped papille; a rather short, thick, maxillary barbel; teeth
mall, G6 or 5, 2—2, 5 or 6; interorbital space broad and concave.
ntestine short. Peritoneumsilvery. Scales moderate, cycloid, about
2. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; origin
of anal far behind tip of depressed ventral; caudal emarginate; ven-
vals inserted well behind origin of dorsal. Lateral line almost straight
yr very slightly decurved and continuous. Dorsal and caudal with
istinct narrow blackish cross-bands.
Streams of Japan and Formosa.
| (yevys false; gobio.)
|
KAMASUKA (SCYTHE FISH): KAWASAKT (RIVER-POINT).
| 13. PSEUDOGOBIO ESOCINUS (Schlegel).
|
| Gobio esocinus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 196, pl. xcrx, fig. 2,
near Nagasaki.
Pseudogobio esocinus GinTuHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 175: from one of Schlegel’s
| types.—Sauvaae, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1883, p.3 reprint; Lake Biwa.—
| IsHtKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 15; Yeshigo, Tama, Chichibu, Suwa, Shinshin,
Owari, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, Katsuwa R., Yamashiro, Kyoto, Kuruma.—
JorpAN and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 46; Lake Biwa.
Head 32; depth 6: D. 1], 8; A. Ll, 7; P. 16; V. 8; scales 42 in the
lateral line; 5 scales in an oblique series between origin of dorsal and
lateral line, and 5 scales between the latter and middle of belly; phar-
yngeal teeth 6 or 5, 2—2, 5 or 6; width of head 2 in its length; snout
2 in head; eye 5; interorbital space 44; pectoral 13; ventral 13.
Body elongate, rather slender, tapering behind, and somewhat com-
pressed. Head elongate, pointed, and compressed; snout long, com-
pressed, concave above, and slightly produced beyond the mandible,
the tip bluntly rounded; eye rather small, 25 in snout, high, and
nearer the posterior edge of opercle than the tip of the snout; mouth
small, protractile downwards, and inferior, the maxillary not reaching
posteriorly as far as the nostrils; lips very broad and fleshy, and cov-
sred with well-developed papille, a rather short thick maxillary
parbel equal to two-thirds the eye; pharyngeal teeth small, slender,
compressed, hooked, and those in the lesser row very small and feeble;
aostrils together and nearer the eye by two-thirds the length of the
snout; interorbital space broad and concave, and the top of the head
also coneave. Gill-openings large and the membranes broadly united
to the isthmus, forming a rather fleshy flap on cach side below: gill-
vakers developed as. numerous soft stumpy excrescences; oill-filaments
long and very numerous. Intestine with a single convolution. Pert-
coneum silvery.
Scales large and cycloid, none on the breast; no pectoral flap;
ventral flap present. :
R29 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
OZ
eee a the cae of ae snout; the aiteriae developed dora r
extending beyond the tips of the last when the fin is depressed, and
the upper edge of the fin straight or emarginate; origin of the anal,
about midway between the tip of the depressed dorsal and the base
of the caudal, and the fin reaching two-thirds the distance to base.
of caudal; caudal deeply emarginate and the lobes pointed; pectoral,
broad, rounded, and reaching beyond the origin of the dorsal, and
almost to the origin of the venta origin of ventral well behind the
origin of the dorsal, and when one extending for half the space,
to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle rather short and compressed, its’
least depth about 4in head. Lateral line nearly straight and conta
ous to the base of the caudal.
Color in alcohol dark brown above, pale or whitish below and ws ashil
with silvery; upper surface of the body speckled with darker brown,
spots, the sides with a series of about 12 large brownish spots along
the lateral line; dorsal and caudal with 5 or 6 narrow blackish cross
lines; pectoral with a few brown spots, the ventrals and anal pale;
barbels and lips pale.
Length 714 inches.
This description from an example from Lake Biwa at Matsubara.
Of this species we have numerous specimens from Lake Biwa at
Matsubara, the Kitakami River at Morioka, Matsushima, the Kinu
River at Utsunomiya, the Chikugo River at Kurume, Tsuruga in
Echizen, the Yodo River in Osaka, Kawatana in Hien, the Iwai
River at Ichinoseki, Kaminutani River in Omi, and an example from
the collection from Karasaki, Lake Biwa, from K. Otaki.
It is one of the commonest of Japanese fishes, lying on the bottom
among the rocks or weeds, in the fashion of the American species of
[ybopsis.
(esocin US, pike-like.)
8. SAARCOCHEILICHTHYS Bleeker.
Sarcocheilichthys Burrker, Cyprin. Prodr., 1860, p. 426 (rariegatus). q
Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head elongate, bluntly
pointed, and compressed; snout blunt and obtusely rounded; eye
small; mouth small, inferior; lips rather thick and fleshy; a very small
and short maxillary barbel; teeth, 5—5; interorbital space, convex.
Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales rather small, 42. Ori-
gin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; anal inserted
below tip of depressed dorsal; caudal emarginate; ventrils inserted a
little behind origin of dorsal. Lateral line almost straight and con
tinuous. Breeding males with horny tubercles on snout and sides of
head. Japanese species, resembling those of the American genus
Semotilus. 3
(caps, flesh: yeidos. lip; ius, fish.)
vo
eno. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 8833
. 14. SARCOCHEILICHTHYS VARIEGATUS (Schlegel).
HIGOI (SCARLET CARP), ABURAHAE (FAT MINNOW).
Leuciscus variegatus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 213, pl. cr, fig.
2; Nagasaki.
Pseudogobio variegatus Gintuer, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 175; after notes of
Bleeker on Schlegel’s type.—Isuikawa, Zool. Mag. Tokyo, VII, August,
1895, p. 125; Otsu, Matsubara, and Maebara on Lake Biwa; Prel. Cat., 1897,
p- 15; Lake Biwa, Maebara; Matsubara, Zensho, Tsuyama, Minasuka R.,
Kii.—SauvaGe, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 2, Lake Biwa.
Sarcocheilichthys variegatus JORDAN and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 46; Lake
Biwa.
Head-32; depth 4; D. Ill, 8; A. II, 7; P. 15; V. 8; scales 42 in
the lateral line; 5 scales between origin of dorsai and lateral line, and
' 6 scales between the latter and middle of beily; pharyngeal teeth 5—5;
_ width of head 14 in its length; snout 27 in head; eye 53; interorbital
| space 34; pectoral +4; ventral 15.
m Body elongate, oblong, moderately deep and compressed. Head
elongate, bluntly pointed and compressed; snout moderately long,
compressed, very blunt, obtusely rounded and not protruding beyond
_ the jaws; eye small, rather high, 2 in snout, and anterior in the head,
- mouth small, inferior and protractile, the maxiliary reaching as far
| posteriorly as the posterior nostril; lips thick, rather broad and fleshy,
- and the lower broadly separated by the hard, rounded, horny symphy-
_ sis; a very small and short maxillary barbel; pharyngeal teeth hardly
i hooked, and with broad grinding surfaces: nostrils rather Jarge, close
~ together, and much nearer the eye than tip of snout; interorbital space
_ broad and convex, and the top of the head also convex. Gill-openings
large, and the membranes broadly joined to the isthmus; gill-rakers
_ few, short, and weak; pseudobranchice well developed. Intestine with
a single convolution. Peritoneum silvery.
Seales large, cycloid, and imbricated along the sides; no pectoral
flap; ventrals with a scaly flap at base.
Origin of the dorsal nearer the tip of snout than the base of the
caudal hy a space a little less than snout, the upper edge of the fin
straight on, only very slightly concave, so that when depressed the tip
of the first developed ray reaches posteriorly as far as the tip of the
last; anal beginning much nearer the origin of ventrals than base of
caudal, and the fin reaches more than half way to the latter; caudal
forked and the lobes pointed; pectoral rounded and extending two-
thirds the distance to base of ventral; ventrals entirely behind origin
of dorsal, and extending posteriorly two-thirds the distance to anal.
Caudal peduncle rather long, compressed, and its least depth 24 in
head. Lateral line continuous and nearly straight along the sides.
| Color in aleohol, dark brown above, below pale, or whitish washed
with silvery, the sides more or less brassy; edges of most of the scales
above and on the sides marked with brown; the sides along the lateral
$34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
ae ce a Sather oe brassy-brown longitudinal band, becoming
most distinct along the aude peduncle; a black spot behind edge of
opercle; fins all more less tinged with brown, the dorsal with a trace
of a dark cross bar. Male deep steel blue in life, a dark lateral shade
interrupted on tail to form a caudal spot. Dorsal rosy tinted above. —
Caudal and anal bright yellow; pectoral and ventral with a se: arlet—
3
.
area, head pink below.
Leneth, 7,°; inches.
This description from an adult male taken at Matsubara on Lake ©
Biwa.
Fresh waters of southern Japan, very abundant, our many speck |
mens from Matsubara on Lake Biwa, the Yodo River at Osaka in |
Settsu, the Chikugo River at Kurume in Chikugo, Lake Yogo near
Nagoya, Funayado in Kiusiu, Tsuchiura, and Tero ;
The young of this species differs in color from the adult, as the |
markings are much more distinct. The dorsal fin is pale, like the ven-_
trals or anal. and is crossed by a jet black bar. The lateral band is-
also very distinct and generally results in a black blotch at the base of —
the caudal. As they grow older these markings become more indis-
tinct. During the breeding season the snout of the male becomes—
covered with horny tubercles like those found in certain species of
Hybopsis, Notropis, ete. -
The following notes are given in a ‘* Preliminary Note on the Fishes —
of Lake Biwa:” “
Young with yellowish ocher above, the dorsum bluish tinted; scales of sky-blue in
front of dorsal; irregular sepia-brown markings, forming a straight line along lateral ~
line, below which the ground color of the body fades away into a pale blue; sepia-_
brown blotches along the back; head with sepia-brown markings on upper jaw, inter-
orbital space, and neck. Pupil, indigo-black, surrounded by sky-blue; fins yellowish
ocher, the ends of dorsal, ventral, anal, and middle of caudal lighter; a row of elon-
gated black streaks on upper third of dorsal between fin-rays.
Larger specimens brown above and on caudal; sides of head bluish, passing gradu-
ally to light crimson toward the ventral side; lips pale blue; pupil black witha
crimson ring; dorsal third of body darker brown with traces of indigo; dorsal two-
thirds of body covered with sepia-colored scales; dorsal, pectoral, ventral, and anal
light brown with indigo on anterior parts of dorsal and ventral; ventrals and anal
edged with light indigo; basal third of caudal with longitudinal streaks of brown.
Upper half of body deep indigo-blue, with scattered, darker-colored scales; below
yellowish, quite light on ventrum, and with scattered golden yellow scales; ground
color of head reddish yellow, the dorsal portion dirty green; eye deep indigo with
crimson and indigo streaks around; dorsal and caudal greenish ocher; ventrals and
anal white, with yellow stripes.
(variegatus, varied. )
“Zool. Mag., VII (Tokyo), Aug., 1895, pp. 125- 197, by Dr. Ishikawa.
4
a
Ino. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 8835
9. ABBOTTINA Jordan and Fowler.
Abbottina JorpAN and FowteEr, new genus (psegm«).
| Body elongate, oblong and compressed. Head elongate, pointed;
snout elongate, compressed, concave above, and slightly produced, with
ithe tip bluntly rounded; eye small, high, and midway in head; mouth
small, inferior, protractile downward, and the maxillary not reaching
eye; lips fleshy, not papillose; barbels moderate, one ont Chechen
lary; teeth 5—5; interorbital space flat. Intestine short. Peritoneum
lsilvery. Scales large, about 388, none on breast. Origin of dorsal
‘nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, and inserted far behind base
of last dorsal ray; caudal emarginate; ventral inserted a little behind
‘the middle of the base of the dorsal.
Lateral line slightly decurved on the first 3 or + scales, after which
itis straight and continuous. Dorsal and caudal with several dark,
well-defined crossbars, as in Pseudogobio, which it resembles, but is
easily distinguished by its smooth lips. Breeding males have the
; median dorsal rays enlarged, so that the fin is very large.
(Named for James Francis Abbott, late of Stanford University,
since professor in the Japanese Military Academy at Etajima, who
assisted Professors Jordan and Snyder in their work on Lake Biwa,
Lake Yogo, Yodo River, and at Tsuruga and Misaki.)
15. ABBOTTINA PSEGMA Jordan and Fowler, new species.
ifead. 3%; depth, 44, D. Il, 8; A. I], 8; P. I, 11; V. 8; scales 38
in the lateral line; 5 scales in an oblique series between the origin of
the dorsal and about 6 between the latter and the middle of the belly;
pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width of head 1% in its length; snout 24 in
head; eye 5; interorbital space 34; pectoral a little shorter than the
_ head; ventral 1.
Body elongate, oblong, moderately deep, and compressed. Head
elongate, pointed, and compressed; snout elongate, compressed, con-
cave above and shghtly produced beyond the mandibles, the tip bluntly
rounded; eye small, 24 in snout, high, and about midway in the length
of the head; mouth small, inferior, and protractile downward, the
maxillary reaching posteriorly beyond the nostrils, but not to the
anterior margin of the eye; lips moderately broad, thick, and fleshy,
but not covered with distinct papille, as they are perfectly smooth;
barbel short, thick, and about equal to two-thirds the diameter of the
eye; pharyngeal teeth small, weak, with a narrow grinding surface
and slightly hooked; nostrils together, rather large, and nearer the
eye than the tip of snout; interorbital space broad and flat, the top of
the head also rather flat. Gill openings large, the gill membranes
forming a rather fleshy flap on each side below; gill rakers short,
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02
56
836 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX}
weak, fleshy, end in moderate number; gill filaments long; pseud¢
branchiz well developed. Intestine with a single convolution. Peri
toneum silvery.
Scales large and cycloid, none on the breast; no pectoral flap; ven
tral flap short.
Origin of the dorsal nearer the tip of the snout than the base of the
caudal by the length of the snout, and the upper edge of the fin greath
convex on account of the great length of the median rays, so that)
when it is depressed it reaches posteriorly nearly to the base of thei
penultimate anal ray, and its length is equal to 2? in the body with
out caudal; origin of anal at about the last two-fifths of the space
between origin of dorsal and base of caudal, and when depressed)
reaching about to the latter; caudal rather deeply emarginate, and)
the lobes pointed; pectoral long, the first rudimentary ray stout and)
strong, and the tip of the fin reaching beyond the origin of the dorsal,
Fic. 5.—ABBOTTINA PSEGMA.
but not quite to the base of ventral; ventrals inserted a little nearer
origin of anal than that of pectoral, and reaching for two-thirds the
space to the former. Caudal peduncle rather short and compressed,
its least depth 2% in head. Lateral line slightly decurved on the
first 3 or 4 scales, after which it is straight and continuous. 1
Color inalcohol, dark, rich brown above, below whitish and silvery,
and the sides and upper surface specked and spotted with dark brown,
very distinct on the latter; dorsal and caudal with narrow, blackish
crossbars, the pectoral also with blackish spots above, and the ven-
trals and anal pale; axil of pectoral with a black spot; lips and barbels
pale; length 42 inches. |
Type No. 7721, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford Junior
University Museum. Locality, Yodo River at Osaka in Settsu.
Cotype No. 50765, United States National Museum and Nos. 7721,
7148, Leland Stanford Junior University. 7
xo. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 837
of
We have many specimens from the Yodo River at Osaka in Settsu.
the Chikugo River at Kurume, and the Iwai River in Ichinoseki in
Rikuchu.
In nonbreeding males, females, and young, the middle dorsal rays
are not elongated, the upper edge of the fin being straight, and ‘ya
sides are marked with rather large and distinct dark blotches.
(péy wa, dust.)
10. ZEZERA Jordan and Fowler.
Zezera JORDAN and FowLeEr, hew genus (hilgendorfi).
Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather small,
depressed, and pointed, the upper and lower profiles straight; snout
long; eye rather small; mouth small, terminal, oblique; upper lips
rather broad; barbels 2; rather long, but shorter than eye; teeth
small, 5—5; interorbital space broad and flattened. Intestine short.
Peritoneum silvery. Scales small, cycloid, and not imbricated; 42 in
the lateral line. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and
base of caudal; anal inserted behind tip of depressed dorsal; caudal
emarginate; ventral inserted slightly before origin of dorsal. Caudal
peduncle rather deep and compressed. Lateral line straight and
continuous. |
(Zezera, Japanese name of a small minnow, from Zeze, a village at
the head of the Yodo River on Lake Biwa, remarkable for its very
long bridge, one of the “seven wonders of Omi.”)
16. ZEZERA HILGENDORFI (Ishikawa).
Sarcocheilichthys hilgendorfi IsHikAWA, New species of Japanese fishes Ms. 1902.
Head 44; depth 32; D. I, Wee El. 6; RP: 16: V-.85-scales; 42 in
the lateral line; 6 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line, and
6 between latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 5—5; width
of head 14 in its length; snout 3 in head; eye 41: interorbital space 24;
pectoral 13; ventral 14.
Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather small,
depressed, elongated, pointed, and the upper and lower profiles straight;
snout long, pointed; eye rather small, anterior, and about 1} in snout;
mouth small, terminal, very oblique, the mandible slightly produced
in front, the maxillary protractile and not reaching the nostril; upper
lips rather fleshy and dilated, the edge of the mandible more or less
horny in the middle; maxillaries each with a barbel that is less than
the eye; teeth small, weak, and hooked; nostrils close together on the
sides of the snout and nearer the posterior extremity of the maxil-
lary than the anterior margin of the eye; interorbital space broad and
flattened, or only very slightly convex. Gill- opening rather restricted;
gill-rakers small, few and weak; pseudobranchize present. Intestine
short. Peritoneum silvery.
838 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Scales moderate, cycloid, and not imbricated; no pectoral flap; ven-
tral flap present.
Origin of the dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal,
the anterior rays the longest, and when depressed, the tip of the fin
does not reach the origin of the anal; anal inserted a little nearer base
of caudal than tip of pectoral, the fin short and reaching half way to
base of caudal; caudal rather deep, emarginate; pectorals reaching
about two-thirds the distance to origin of anal; ventral inserted slightly —
before the origin of the dorsal, or a little nearer the origin of the anal
than that of the pectoral, and reaching two-thirds the distance to former.
Caudal peduncle deep and compressed, its least depth about 1% in
the head. Lateral line straight and continuous.
Color, in alcohol, dark brown, tinted with dull olivaceous above,
below pale or whitish; the lateral line is within a broad, deep brown,
lateral band, which really begins on the snout, passing through the
eye and backwards, even upon the middle caudal rays: lips pale; some
of the scales on the lower portions of the sides tinted with pale brown;
dorsal, caudal, and pectorals grayish, the other fins pale like the belly.
Length 42 inches.
We have but two examples of this species, the specimen described
(No. 7722 L. 8. Jr. Univ.) above from Funayado, in Kiusiu, the other
in the U. S. National Museum, from the Kamo River, in Yamashiro,
from the collection of the Imperial University. Dr. Ishikawa’s speci- —
mens, the types of the species, came from the Ahasi River, in Mimisaku.
(Named for Dr. Franz Hilgendorf.)
11. BIWIA Jordan and Fowler.
Biwia JORDAN and Fow er, new genus (zezera.).
Body elongate, compressed, rather thick, and somewhat broad for-
ward. Head small, and below, together with the interorbital region,
broad and flattened; snout bluntly rounded and produced; eye rather
large; mouth small, inferior, the broad suborbitals overlapping on
each side; no barbels; teeth, 5—5; interorbital space more or less
flattened. Inside of gill-opening with a deep notch below. Intestine
short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales large, imbricated, cycloid and
about 33; no scales on the breast. Origin of dorsal midway between —
tip of snout and base of last anal ray, the radii 7; anal short, the ~
radii 6, and its origin behind tip of depressed dorsal; caudal emar-
ginate; ventrals inserted about opposite the middle of the base of
dorsal. Lateral line straight after the ‘first 3 or 4 scales, and con-
tinuous. This genus is close to Pseudorasbora, the latter differing
principally in the deep notch inside the gill-opening below. iiwia
differs also in the form of the mouth, which is small, inferior, and
ensheathed on each side by the broad suborbitals.
(Named for Lake Biwa.)
wt) 5.
a Ee
no. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. &39
17. BIWIA ZEZERA (Ishikawa).
ZEZERA.
Pseudogobio zezera IsutKAwa, Zool. Mag., VII, 1895, p. 127, with plate; Lake
Biwa at Otsu, Maebara and Matsubara; Prel. Cat., 1897
ties; also Zensho and Tsuyama River.
Head 43; depth 42; D. III, 7; A. II], 6; scales 33 in the lateral
line; 4 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line, and
5 between the latter and the middle of the belly; pharyngeal teeth not
examined, but probably 5—5; width of head 14 in its leneth; snout 4
‘in head; eye 33; interorbital space 3; pectoral a little less than head;
ventral 14.
Body elongate, compressed, and somewhat broad forward. Head
rather small, thick, and below, together with the inter-pectoral region,
broad and flattened; snout very bluntly rounded and produced; eye
moderate, high, anterior, and a little longer than snout; mouth small,
inferior, the broad suborbitals overlapping on each side; lips very
thin; no barbels; nostrils large, close together, on each side of the
snout, and the internasal space much less than the interorbital space;
top of head and interorbital space flattened, the latter much broader
than the eye. Gill-openings moderate, inside and below with a deep
notch, gill-rakers very small and weak; pseudobranchiz small. Intes-
tine short. Peritoneum silvery.
Scales large, cycloid, of more or less even size, and those on the
sides imbricated; no scales on breast; no pectoral flap; no ventral flap.
Origin of dorsal about midway between tip of snout and base of last
anal ray; the anterior rays the highest; the base of the fin about 14
in the head; the length of the fin, when depressed, 34 in body with-
out caudal, and the margin of the fin convex; anal beginning well
behind tip of depressed dorsal, or about midway between the origin
of the ventral and the base of caudal, the anterior rays the longest,
the base of the fin short, and when depressed, the tip of the fin
reaches two-thirds the distance to base of caudal; caudal emarginate;
pectorals with the outer rudimentary ray enlarged and stiffened and
reaching three-fourths of the distance to ventrals; ventrals inserted
about opposite the middle of base’of dorsal, or a little nearer the base
of caudal than tip of snout, and reaching three-fourths of the distance
to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2 in
head. Lateral line almost straight, only slightly decurved upon the
first three or four scales of 1ts course.
Color in alcohol, brown, darker above, the lower surface pale or
silvery; top of head and snout brownish; edge of each scale dark
brown, so that a well-defined reticulated color pattern is present; fins
all more or less grayish, the dorsal and caudal with some dark brown
mottlings or blotches; a series of round dark blotches along the sides.
Length, 2;%; inches.
, p- 16; same locali-
840 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVr,
= = = —
This description from an example from the Yodo River at Osaka,
the only locality where the species was obtained by us. We do not
hesitate to identify these specimens with Ishikawa’s Pseudogobio ZEZET Ag
as the characters in the main agree. However, he does not mention a
notch inside the gill opening, a character also shared with Pseudorasbora.
The original description is as follows:
Head a little less than 5; depth 5; D. I, 8; A. I, 7; scales 38 ing
the lateral line, transversely 43 above and 3 below; pharyngeal teeth —
5—5d; eye 3% in head; snout with the front end abruptly turned down,
forming a rounded angle with the upper side; eye large; mouth infe-—
rior, horseshoe shaped, very small; barbels none; lower jaw with —
pendant, lateral lips; pharyngeal teeth arranged in two groups of ‘
3and2. Origin of dorsal fin much nearer to end of snout than base
of caudal. General color, shining, yellowish ocher, below silvery; a f
series of round, blackish blotches along lateral line; a similar blotch —
sometimes present on the occiput, and also along the dorsum; 3 to 4_
series of small black spots on the dorsal and the ventrals. Otsu, Mae-
bara, and Matsubara, Lake Biwa (Ishikawa).
Rein
het
12. PSEUDORASBORA Bleeker.
*
.
:
Pseudorasbora Burrker, Act. Soc. Indo-Neerl. Japan, VI, 1860, p. 97 (parva). —
iw as
qi
Body elongate. Head pointed, compressed; snout bluntly pointed;
eye rather large; mouth terminal above, oblique, the mandible pro-
jecting, and the maxillary not reaching nostril; no barbels; teeth 5—5;
interorbital space broad and flat. Inside of gill opening with a notch
helow. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Seales large, cycloid,
and about 38; breast scaled. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout
than base of caudal; origin of anal begins below tip of depressed dor-
sal; caudal emarginate; ventrals inserted below origin of dorsal.
Lateral line slightly decurved and continuous. Breeding males with
the snout and sides of the head with horny tubercles.
Small fishes of Japan and China. 4
(ipevons, false; rasbora, a related genus.)
18. PSEUDORASBORA PARVA (Schlegel).
MOROKO: HAYA. 2
.
~
Lewciscus parvus Scuiecer, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 215, pl. cr, fig. 3;
streams about Nagasaki. ,
* Pseudorasbora parva K NER, Novara Fische, 1867, p. 359, pl. XVI, fig. 2: Shanghai y
(called Opsarus parvus on plate).—GinrHEr, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 186; x
Japan, Chi Kiang, China.—Isnixawa, Zool. Mag., VII, 1875, p. 128; Otsu, @
Maebara, Matsubara; Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 14; same localities, also Yodo —
River, Yoga Lake, Shima and Zensho.—JorpDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 344; Karasaki, Lake Biwa; Annot. Zool. Jap.,
IIT, 1901, p. 48; Lake Biwa.
Leuciscus pusillus SCHLEGEL
Nagasaki.
, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., p. 216, pl. cu, fig. 4; near
:
3
0.1834. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 541
Head 44; depth 4; D. III, 7; A. II, 6; P. 1, 18; V. 8; scales 38 in
the lateral line; 5 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line,
and 5 between the latter and the middle of the belly; pharyngeal
teeth 5—5; width of head 13 in its length; snout 3: in head; eve 38:
9
yA 7)
interorbital space a little less than half the head; pectoral 14; ven-
tral 15.
Body elongate and compressed. Head pointed (compressed), the
upper and the lower surface and the sides more or less flattened; snout
bluntly pointed; eye rather large, anterior; mouth obliquely vertical
and projecting in front the maxillary protractile, and not reaching
front of nostril; no barbels; pharyngeal teeth rather small and hooked;
nostrils close together in front of the eye above; interorbital space
-proad, nearly flat. Gill-openings moderate, lateral; gill-rakers merely
fleshy rudiments; pseudobranchiz developed. Intestine short and
with few turns. Peritoneum silvery.
Seales rather large, of more or less even size, and cycloid; pectorals
with a narrow, fleshy flap; ventral flap moderate, pointed.
_ Origin of dorsal anterior, nearer tip of snout than base of caudal,
the anterior rays the highest, the base of the fin 14 in head, and the
margin of the fin slightly convex; origin of anal much nearer tip of
‘pectoral than base of ‘audal, small and similar to dorsal in shape;
eaudal emarginate, the lobes roundly pointed; pectorals reach about
two-thirds the distance to ventrals; ventrals inserted below the origin
of the dorsal and reaching two-thirds the distance to origin of anal.
Caudal peduncle rather long; compressed, and a trifle more than the
space between origins of pectoral and ventral. Lateral line almost
straight, or only very slightly decurved, and continuous.
Color in alcohol, very dark grayish brown or black above, the sides
and lower surface more or less silvery, each scale with a brown spot;
sides with a pale, slaty gray lateral band, most distinct posteriorly;
all the fins grayish brown or black, and more or less indistinctly
spotted or speckled with darker.
In life the adult is golden yellow, the male with nuptial tubercles.
Length, 3,4; inches.
Here described from an example from Tsuchiura, near Tokyo.
This very abundant minnow is represented in our collections by very
many series of specimens from Tsuchiura, near Nagoya in Owari,
Lake Yogo near Nakanogo in Mino, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, the
Iwai River at Ichinoseki, the Chikugo River at Kurume, the Yodo
River at Osaka, and several examples from the collection of K. Otaki,
from Karasaki on Lake Biwa.
(parvus, small).
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
13. OTAKIA Jordan and Snyder.
Otakia JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 345 (rasborina).
Body elongate; head elongate, eye large, anterior; mouth ver
oblique, lower jaw included, the maxillary protractile, and not reach-
ing eye; no barbels; teeth 5, 2—2, 5, slender, hooked, and with
scarcely discernable grinding surface in two rows. Gill-rakers on
first arch slender, pointed; pseudobranchie present. Air-bladder
large, with a median constriction. Alimentary canal short. Perito-
neum silvery. Dorsal inserted a little in advance of ventrals, of 8
developed rays, the anterior rays weak, and the edge of the fin cons
cave; anal of similar shape, with 7 rays; caudal deeply notched, the
tips pointed. Lateral line straight after the first 4 or 5 seales, where
it is slightly decurved, and then continuous. ‘
Color, light, with a silvery, lateral band.
Species of small size. |
(Named for Keinosuke Otaki, a former student of the senior author;
now professor in the Imperial Military Academy at Tokyo.)
19. OTAKIA RASBORINA Jordan and Snyder,
Otakia rasborina JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 345, pl. 1x79
fig. 3; Lake Biwa.
Head 4; depth 44; D. 8; A. 7; scales 40 in a lateral series, 10 ina
transverse series above ventral, and 17 between insertion of dorsal —
and occiput; eye 4 in head; snout 84; interorbital space 34; height of —
D. 5} in body; anal 73; caudal 33; pectoral 6; ventral 63. |
FIG. 6.—OTAKIA RASBORINA.
Body elongate, its depth about twice that of caudal peduncle. Head
elongate; eye large, nearer tip of snout than posterior edge of operele,
a distance equal to half its diameter; mouth very oblique, the lower -
jaw included, the maxillary protractile, and not extending posteriorly —
to the edge of the orbit: no barbels, teeth slender, hooked and with a $
scarcely discernible grinding surface in two rows. Gill-rakers on first _
arch slender, long, pointed, and about 16 in number; pseudobranchie —
present. Air-bladder large, with a median constriction. Alimentary
canal short. Peritoneum silvery.
Scales large.
yee
ho. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 848
Dorsal inserted a little anterior to the ventrals, the anterior rays
weak; 8 developed rays, the first the longest and preceded by a shorter
slender, closely-adnate, simple ray, the other rays oradually shorter
and the edge of the fin concave, giving a somewhat falcate appearance
when depressed; anal similar in shape to dorsal, the first developed
ray preceded by a weaker, simpler, adnate ray, the second ray the
longest and the others shorter; caudal deeply notched, the tips pointed;
pectorals obtusely pointed; ventrals not reaching vent. Depth of
caudal peduncle about 2 in depth of body. Lateral line extending
along middle of body and caudal peduncle and straight, with the excep-
tion of a slight upper curve of the anterior 4 or 5 scales.
Color light; a silver lateral band, and a faint dark spot at base of
caudal: a narrow, dark, medium dorsal band extending from head to
base of caudal; upper parts with minute dots, especially upon the
edges of the scales; dorsal fin a little dusky, the others without color.
Our specimen, probably young, 73 mm. (about 24 inches) long.
Karasaki, Lake Biwa (Coll. K. Otaki) No. 49401 U.S.N.M.
The above description is from Jordan and Snyder. No specimens
were taken by Jordan and Snyder in 1900.
(Name, a diminutive of Rasbora, a related genus. Rasbora is the
Hindu name of [ashora rasbora.)
14. TRIBOLODON Sauvage.
Tribolodon SAuvaGE, Bull. Soc, Philom. Paris, 1883, p. 16 (punctatus).
Barbels none; mouth small; suborbitals not dilated; pharyngeal
teeth 5—2, recurved and hooked. Pseudobranchie present. Peri-
toneum sprinkled with black points. Scales small. Dorsal with at
least 9 divided rays, short and opposite the ventrals; anal short.
Scales small; lateral line decurved and low, but terminating at middle
of caudal.
Of the group Danionina. (Sauvage. )
(rpiBora, harrow: 0d0vs, tooth.)
20. TRIBOLODON PUNCTATUS Sauvage.
Tribolodon punctatum SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883, p. 6; Lake
Biwa.
Head 54 in total; depth 63 in total; D. 9; A. 10; scales 75 in the
lateral line. Body elongate; snout much longer than the eye, whose
diameter is 34 in head; interorbital space very much larger than eye.
Dorsal midway between tip of snout and origin of caudal and a little
in advance of the ventrals; caudal emarginate. Top of head black;
small black points upon the scales; a bluish band along the back;
extremity of dorsal black; ventrals yellow. Length 95 mm. (about
32 inches). Lake Biwa (Sauvage).
This species was not taken by Jordan and Snyder.
(punctatus, spotted. )
844 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
-
15: Lb UCIsGUssGimaer
Leuciscus (Klein) Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ist ed. 1817, p. 194 (dobula, rutilus,
leuciscus, alburnus, and phoxinus), leuciscus, the natural type.
Dobula Rarinesquk, Ich. Oh., 1820, p. 45. (No type mentioned; dobu
understood. )
Leuciscus RAFINESQUR, Ich. Oh., 1820, p. 45. (No type mentioned; Jeucis
understood. ) {
Leuciscus AGAssiz, Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Neufchaétel, 1835, p. 38 (leuciseus), (no
Leuciscus Heckel, and of Giinther, which is Rutilus of Rafinesque, the type
being’ rutilus).
Squalius Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1837, p. 6 (tyberinus).
Leuciscus BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, 1837, p. 6 (argenteus-leuciscus).
Telestes BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, 1837, p. 6 (muticellus).
Cephalus BONAPARTE, Catol. Metod., 1846, p. 39 (cephalus; no diagnosis).
Microlepis BONAPARTE, Catol. Metod., 1846, p. 39 (turskyi; no diagnosis).
Richardsonius Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 201 (balteatus).
Tigoma GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 205 (pulchella).
Cheonda Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 207 (cooperi).
Siboma GrraRD, Proc. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 208 (crassicauda).
Clinostomus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 211 (elongatus).
Protoporus Corr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Montana for 1871, 1872, p. 473
(domninus).
Body oblong, compressed or robust. Head moderate; mouth usually
large and terminal; lips normal; no barbels; teeth 5, 2—2, 4, usually
5, 2—2, 5 in the European types, hooked and with rather narrow grind-
ing surface or none. Intestine short. Scales moderate or small.
Dorsal posterior, usually behind ventrals; anal basis short or more
or less elongate; caudal emarginate. Lateral line decurved, complete
or variously imperfect. Size generally large, some species very
small. A very large group, one of the largest current genera in
ichthyology, represented by numerous species in the rivers of Europe,
Asia, and North America.
The Japanese species belong to the typical subgenus, Zeuwe/scus.
(AevKos, white.)
a Caudal peduncle not very stout, its least depth not two-thirds the head; scales not
closely imbricated; dorsal usually inserted behind: ventrals.
b Seales large, 35 to 45.
e Scales.about 38 ....2. 22.02.22. 2 ee japonicus, 21.
ec Seales 45 2.2.2.2. 20.2 eee ee ceerulescens, 22.
bb Seales small, 60 to 100.
d Seales 60 to 66.
e Snout 33 in head. Sides nearly plain silvery........... phalacrocorax, 23. }
dd Scales 70 to 78 ..--......--=--) scene hakuensis, 24.
fee cece ee tos be ee taczanowskti, 25. -
aa Caudal peduncle very deep and compressed, its least depth nearly equal to the
depth of head. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals, much nearer base of caudal
than tip of snout; scales loosely imbricated, 63 to 72; sides of body mottled
with darker scales.
f Snout 34 in head: teeth 2, 5—4, 9°72 re ee jouyi, 26.
ae
i
0, 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 845
21. LEUCISCUS JAPONICUS (Sauvage).
“j iy a 17, > —! Ty An Ve . . ° ;
Squalius japonicus SAUV AGE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris., 1883, p. 4; Lake Biwa,
| Head 42 in total; depth 54 in total, D. 9; A. 8; V. 8; scales 38 in
the lateral line; pharyngeal teeth 5—3. Snout slightly more than eye,
which is 34 in head; no pores on snout; suborbitals narrow; interor-
bital space flat, more than eye. Dorsal inserted nearer tip of snout
than caudal peduncle, and somewhat behind ventrals; caudal emargin-
ate. Lateral line straight. Color silvery; black points upon back
and upon each scale of lateral line. Length 85 mm. (about 3,°; inches).
Lake Biwa. (Sauvage.)
_ This species has been observed only in the collection sent from Lake
Biwa to Dr. Sauvage by Dr. Steenacker. It was not seen by Jordan
and Snyder.
22. LEUCISCUS CAZRULESCENS (Sauvage).
Squalius czrulescens SauvaGs, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1883, p. 3; Lake Biwa.
Head 54 in total; depth 54 in total; D.9; A. 8; scales 45 in the lateral
line; pharyngeal teeth 5—2. Snout somewhat shorter than the eye,
which is 4 in head; a few pores upon the snout; suborbitals narrow;
interorbital space convex, and somewhat more than the diameter of the
eye. Dorsal inserted somewhat nearer the extremity of snout than
base of caudal, and somewhat behind the ventrals; caudal emarginate.
Lateral line straight. Color silvery, clouded upon the back, and upo:
the top of the head; a bluish band along the lateral line. Length 120
‘mm. (about 4 44 inches). Lake Biwa. (Sauvage. )
~ This species is known only from the description of Dr. Sauvage.
(cxrulescens, bluish).
23. LEUCISCUS PHALACROCORAX Jordan and Fowler, new species.
Head 33; depth 42; D. III, 7; A. Il, 8; P. 17; V. 9; scales about
62 in the lateral line; 12 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral
line, and 12 between latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth 2,
5—4, 3; width of head 2 in its length; snout 3} in head; eye 43; inter-
orbital space 3; pectoral about Ly; ventral 1%.
Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, com-
pressed, the sides somewhat flattened, and the upper profile slightly
convex; snout rather long; pointed and slightly convex and produced;
eye small, anterior, and 14 in snout; mouth nearly horizontal, only
slightly inclined, the maxillary protractile, and reaching posteriorly
to the anterior margin of the eye; lips fleshy, not dilated; pharyngeal
teeth with narrow grinding surface, scarcely hooked; nostrils close
together on the snout above and nearer the eye than tip of snout;
interorbital space and top of head convex. Gill-openings large; gill-
rakers short, and firm; pseudobranchie present. Intestine short.
Peritoneum black.
846 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, X
Scales, cycloid, rather large, more or less even, and not imbricate
no pectoral flap; a small ventral flap. 1
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caud
the first developed ray the highest, reaching beyond the others to th
origin of the anal when depressed, the base of fin 12 in its height, ;
its upper edge nearly straight; origin of anal a little nearer tip o
pectoral than base of caudal, the first developed ray the highest, reach
ing beyond the others when the fin is depressed, and its base 1} i
its height, and its margin nearly straight; caudal deeply emargina
pectoral reaching a trifle over two-thirds the distance to origin of
tral; ventral seven-ninths the distance to origin of anal. Ca
peduncle rather long, compressed, and its least depth 25 in head.
eral line slightly decurved, and continuous.
C\
FIG. 7.—LEUCISCUS PHALACROCORAX.
Color in alcohol dark slaty brown, whitish or silvery beneath; dor
and caudal brownish, pectorals also tinted with brown, all the other
fins pale; a dark blotch along gill-opening above base of pectoral,
Length, 5% inches. :
Type No. 7723, Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford J unio:
University Museum. Locality Tana River at Tachikawa. ;
Cotypes 50784, United States National Museum.
Of this species we have a number of specimens from the Tana Rive:
at Tachikawa, Koshyu (Imperial Museum), and the Kinu River in
Utsunomiya. The specimens from the Tana River were obtained by
us, through the efforts of trained cormorants, procured by Dr. Mit-
sukuri, Dr. Watase, and Dr. Tijima.
(phalacrocorax, ‘bald raven.” the cormorant. )
24. LEUCISCUS HAKUENSIS Giinther.
UGUI; AKAHARA (RED BELLY).
Leuciscus hakuensis GtnrHer, Shore Fishes Challenger, 1880, p. 72, pl sax
B; Lake Hakone (misprinted ‘‘ Hakow’’ ).—SreInpacHNER, Ichth. Beitr.
1881, p. 15; Japan.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 48; Yokoham
Squalius hakuensis Sauvace, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 4; Lake Biwa.
Leuciscus hakonensis Isuikawa, Zool. Mag., Tokyo, 1895, p. 129; Otsu on Lak
Biwa.
= aye
113. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 847
Sede: depth 4; D. Ill, 7; A. Ill, 7; P. 12; V. 8: scales 74 in
teral line; 14 scales between the origin of dorsal and lateral line, and
between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal teeth, 4, 2—2, 5;
idth of head about 14, or a little less than 2 in its length; snout 34 in
ead; eye 54; interorbital space 3; pectoral 13; ventral 14.
Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, and com-
ressed, the sides flattened, and the upper profile almost straight to
ip of snout; snout rather pointed, somewhat broad and very slightly
produced; eye small, anterior, 14 in snout; mouth moderate, the max-
Hary protractile, reaching posteriorly almost to the anterior margin of
he eye, and not very oblique; lips fleshy, not dilated; pharyngeal teeth
vith grinding surface, not hooked; nostrils close together on the sides
xf the snout, and about half an eye diameter distant from the eye;
nterorbital space and the top of the head slightly convex. Gill-open-
ngs rather large; gill-rakers rather short and pointed, 4+-9; pseudo-
pranchie present. Intestine short. Peritoneum pale gray.
_ Seales cycloid, moderately small and of rather even size; no pectoral
ap; ventral with a small fleshy flap.
| Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal,
pointed, the first developed ray the highest, r saching beyond the others
to origin of anal, when depressed, its base 14 in its height, and its
pper edge nearly straight; anal inserted midway between tip of pec-
toral and base of caudal, the first developed ray the highest reaching
beyond the others when the fin is depressed, the hase of the fin is 14
in its height and its margin straight; caudal deeply emarginate, the
lobes pointed.
Pectoral two-thirds the distance to ventrals; ventrals inserted +
little nearer the origin of the anal than that of the pectoral, and a
trifle over three-fifths the distance to the former. Caudal peduncle
rather long, its least depth 24 in the head. Lateral line slightly de-
curved and continuous.
Color in alcohol dark brown, slightly olivaceous above and pale
below: inside of gill-openings above dark: ventrals and anal pale or
whitish; dorsal and caudal brown, the edges of the fin darker; pectoral
grayish-brown.
~ Length, 134 inches.
This description from an adult female from Take Jusan in Omori.
This is the most abundant species of Cyprinide in Japan, reaching
a large size and often entering the sea. It ranges far to the north-
ward, farther than any other of the Cyprinide except Leuciseus tac-
zanowskii. Our many specimens are from Lake Jusan in Omori
(collection Sotaro Saito), Kawajiri in Rikuchu (collection Mitonobu
Irako), Kitakami R., Katase River near Enoshima, Matsushima Bay in
Rikuzen, Same in Rikuoku (in salt water), Aomori in Rikuoku, Kita-
kami River in Morioka, Sendai, Niigata in Echigo, Iwai River in Ichi-
‘noseki, Tsuruga in Echizen, Kinu River at Utsonomiya, Hakodate,
4
a
848 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVis)
Otaru, Lake Biwa at Karasaki, Noyshiro (collection K. Otaki), Hie.
oshima. a lake near Oide (collection Jouy), and Yokohama (collection
Jouy). The species freely enters salt water.
(Name from Lake Hakone on the mountain between Izu and Sagami.)
25. LEUCISCUS TACZANOWSKII Steindachner.
KUKI.
Leuciscus taczanowskii Srr1NDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., X, 1881, p. 16; Sea of Japan. |
(Pectoral 14 in head, misprinted ‘‘33.’’)
Head 4; depth 4%; D. III, 7; A. IIL, 8; P.17; V. 10; scales 93 in thigy
lateral line (17 scales between the origin of dorsal and lateral pa and:
14 between the latter and middle of belly; phate teeth 5, 2—2, 4%.
width of head 24 in its length; snout 34 in head; eye 53 in head: inter-
orbital space a little over 3; pectoral 13; ventral 2
Body elongate and compressed. Head elongate, pointed, com-
pressed, and the sides flattened; upper profile of head almost straight
to tip of snout; snout long, rather blunt and scarcely projecting beyond:
the mandible; eye small, anterior, 1? in snout; mouth moderate, the
maxillary protractile, not reaching posteriorly as far as the eye, and
not very oblique; lips fleshy, not dilated; pharyngeal teeth with grind-
ing surface, slightly hooked; nostrils close together on the upper sides:
of the snout, and much nearer the anterior edge of eye than tip of the:
latter; interorbital space and top of the head rather broad and slightly
convex. Gill-openings large; gill-rakers short, 4+ 10; pseudobran-
chi present. Intestine witha single convolution; peritoneum silvery. |
Scales very small, cycloid, and of more or less even size; no pectoral |
flap; a small ventral flap.
Origin of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, the first!
developed ray the highest reaching beyond the others to the origin of |
the anal when depressed, the base of the fin 13 in its height and its-
margin nearly straight; anal inserted midway between tip. of pectoral |
and tae of caudal, the first developed ray the highest reaching beyond |
the others when depressed, the base of the fin 14 in its height, and its.
margin nearly straight; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed. |
Pectoral reaches about two-thirds the distance to ventral; ventral |
inserted slightly before the origin of the dorsal, and reaches two-thirds -
the distance to anal. Caudal peduncle long, its least depth 23 in head. .
Lateral line slightly decurved, and continuous.
Color in alcohol dark brown, slightly olivaceous above, the lowell
surface of the body pale or whitish; dorsal, caudal, ona pectorals -
grayish or brownish black, the other fins pale.
Length, 102 inches.
Fresh waters of Japan. We have a number of examples of this
species from Lake Jusan, in Aomori, Noyshiro (collection, K. Otaki), .
and Junsaburogata (Nishitsu River), in Aomori (collection, S. Saito).
Its distribution is probably mainly northern.
(Named for Professor Tae ‘zanowsky, its discoverer.) =
i
-
| No. 18. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 849
26. LEUCISCUS JOUYI Jordan and Snyder.
Leuciscus jouyt JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1901; Sasuna, island
of Tsushima, Straits of Korea.
Head, 4; depth, 33; D. IJ, 7; A. II, 7; P., 16; V., 9; scales, 68
| in the lateral line; about 18 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral
line, and about 16 between the latter and middle of belly; pharyngeal
teeth, 2, 5—4, 2; width of head, about 1{ in its length; snout. 32 in
head; eye,a little over 4; interorbital space, 24; pectoral, nearly 14;
| ventral, 13.
Body elongate, rather deep, and compressed. Head small, pointed,
depressed, and its width equal to its depth; snout pointed, rounded,
| and slightly produced; eye moderate, anterior, about 14 in snout:
mouth slightly oblique, the maxillary protractile, and reaching poste-
riorly to anterior edge of eye; lips somewhat fleshy, not dilated;
several pharyngeal teeth of the outer row with narrow grinding sur-
face, and others slightly curved; nostrils close together on sides of
snout, nearer front of eye than tip of snout; interorbital space and top
of head broad and slightly convex. Gill-openings large; gill-rakers
| short and pointed, 2+6; pseudobranchiz present. Intestine short.
Peritoneum silvery.
Seales large, cycloid, and of rather even size; no pectoral or ventral
flap.
Origin of dorsal much nearer the base of the caudal than tip of
snout, and when depressed it reaches within a short distance of the
base of the last anal ray; origin of anal about midway between tip of
_ pectoral and base of caudal; caudal broad and deep, emarginate and
the lobes rounded; pectoral about three-fifths to ventral; ventral
inserted well before the dorsal, and much nearer the tip of pectoral
than origin of anal. Caudal peduncle very deep and compressed,
the least depth about equal to the depth of the head. Lateral line
slightly decurved and continuous.
Color in alcohol brown, a little darker above and somewhat paler
_ beneath, the sides mottled with scales darker than the others.
Leneth, 5,1; inches.
This description from one of the cotypes, No. 6376, Ichthyological
Collections Leland Stanford Junior University Museum. Locality,
Sasuna, island of Tsushima.
Of this species we have a number of specimens from Sasuna, island
of Tsushima (cotypes), and we refer to it others from Kaminutani River
near Lake Biwa, province of Omi.
Most of our examples have a dark median band running along the
back from the occiput to dorsal and then continued behind the fin to
‘caudal. Some are also more or less finely mottled with brown and
_ have pores about the head.
_ (Named for its discoverer, Pierre Louis Jouy.)
é
;
850 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
16. PHOXINUS (Rafinesque) Agassiz.
Phoxinus RAFINESQUE, Ich. Ohiensis, 1820, p. 15 (no species mentioned; phowinus
understood).
Phowinus AGAssiz, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neufchatel, 1835, p. 37 (phowxinus).
Hemitremia Corr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1870, p. 462 (vittata).
lotichthys JoRDAN and EvERMANN, Fish. N. M. Amer., I, 1898, p. 243 (phlegethontis),
Europe, and Asia, differing from Leucisews only in the incomplete lat-
eral line. The scales are usually small, and the fins of the breeding”
males bright red in the spring.
(fo&0s, tapering).
This genus contains small, brightly colored minnows of s
27. PHOXINUS STEINDACHNERI Sauvage.
ABURAMUTSU (FAT CHUB).
Phoxinus steindachneri SAvuvaGe, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa, —
Head 5% in total; depth 63 in total; D. 9; A. 9; scales 80 in the
Jateral line. Snout longer than eye, which is 4% in head; interorbital
space greater than eye. Dorsal beginning at an equal distance from —
caudal peduncle and center of eye; caudal emarginate, yellowish, with
numerous clouded black points; a blackish band from eye to caudal;
dorsal and caudal dark; top of head and tip of snout black.
Length 170 mm. (about 644 inches). Lake Biwa. (Sauvage.)
This species is known solely from the account given by Dr. Sauvage.
(Named for Dr. Franz Steindachner.)
ea el
7a we
17. ZACCO Jordan and Evermann.
Zacco JORDAN and EvERMANN, Fishes of Formosa, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., X XV,
1902, p. 322 (platypus).
Body moderately elongate and compressed; head compressed; snout —
conical, pointed; eyes moderate; mouth oblique, not notched; no—
barbels; teeth 5 or 4,4, and 2 or 1—1, or 2, 4 and 4 or 5; interorbital
space convex. Intestine short. Peritoneum black. Scales cycloid,
narrowly imbricated, and 40 to 60 in the lateral line. Dorsal nearer
tip of snout than base of caudal, or midway between, and its developed —
rays 7; anal inserted below, or a trifle before tip of depressed dorsal;
its basis long, and composed of 9 or 10 developed rays; caudal emargi-
nate; pectorals sometimes reaching ventrals; ventrals inserted a little
before or below the origin of dorsal. Lateral line continuous and
decurved. Breeding males have the head, the lower surface of the
caudal peduncle, and the anal fin furnished with horny tubercles,
not as numerous as those in Opsardichthys, and larger in proportion,
a
e 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 851
The anal fin also has the developed rays fcloneats d aad with adipose
expansions.
(Zako, a Japanese name for river minnows, notably for Ach, logna-
thus lanceolata.)
(@ Scales about 43; teeth in inner row 2—2; sides with broad, dark cross bars.
5 latypus, 28
I . . U YI Ae
aa Scales about 52, teeth in inner row mostly 1—1; a dark lateral band most distinct
SESE (lene ete ee ee temminchki, 29,
aaa Scales about 60; a dark longitudinal stripe most distinct posteriorly.
b Maxillary not extending to opposite pupil, teeth 4, 4, 1—1, 4, 4
s
sieboldi, 30.
28. ZACCO PLATYPUS (Schlegel).
i ‘ HAE (MINNOW); OIKAWA.
Leuciscus platypus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1840, p. 207, pl. cr, fig. 1;
streams of Nagasaki.
Opsariichthys platypus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 296; Japan and For-
mosa.—SauvaGE, Bull. Soc. Phil., 1883, p. 8; Lake Biwa.—Isurkawa, Zool.
Mag., 1895, p. 121; Hikone, Matsubara on Lake Biwa; Prel. Cat., 1897,
p-11; Tega Lake in Shimosa, Fukiage, Tokyo, Chi R. in Musashi, Chichibu,
Suwa Lake, Ise, Kishin, Lake Biwa, Zensho, Kyoto, Tsuyama R.
Barilius platypus JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 344,
Lake Biwa; Coll. K. Otaki; Check List Fishes of Japan, III, 1901, p. 47; Lake
Biwa.
Leuciscus macropus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japanica, Poiss., p. 209, pl. cr, fig. 2;
Nagasaki.
; Leuciscus nunor SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japanica, Poiss, p. 210, pl. ct, fig. 83; Nagasaki.
Head 4; depth 34; D. II, 7; A. III, 9; P. 13; V. 10; scales 43 in
the lateral line; 8 scales between the origin of the dorsal and lateral
line, and 5 scales between the latter ee middle of belly; pharyngeal
teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 4; width of head 13 in length; snout a little over
3 in head; eye 43; interorbital space 27; pectoral 1; ventral 14.
- Body elongate, compressed. Head moderate, compressed; snout
slightly conical, pointed and not projecting; eye rather small, anterior
and superior; mouth very oblique; the jaws rather thin and about
equal; maxillary protractile, and not extending to the anterior margin
of eye, but a trifle beyond the nostrils; no Barbells: pharyngeal teeth
without grinding surface, and slightly hooked; nostrils close together
on the sides of the snout and nearer the eye than the tip of the former;
interorbital space and top of head rather broad and convex. Gill-
rakers short and pointed; pseudobranchie present. Intestine short
and with few turns. Peritoneum black.
Scales rather large. and somewhat narrowly imbricated upon the
sides; pectorals with a small, fleshy flap; ventrals with a small, scaly
flap. Origin of the dorsal much nearer the tip of the snout than the
base of eh dal: when depressed reaching beyond the origin of anal,
and the base er the fin a little more than half the head; anal inserted
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02
57
852 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
a little nearer base of caudal than the origin of pectoral, and the base
of the fin equal to three-fourths the length of the head; caudal deeply
emarginate and the lobes sharply pointed; pectorals long, reaching
the origin of the ventrals; ventrals inserted below the origin of the
dorsal &nd reach to the origin of the anal. Caudal peduncle about ag_
long as the ventrals, and its least depth about half their length. .
eral line strongly decurved and continuous to base of caudal. ;
Color in alcohol, dark bluish black above, the lower surface of the ~
the other fins whitish with the anal tinged with grayish; sides of the
head more or less grayish black. In life steel blue, the male with
crimson fins.
Length, 54% inches.
where we found it abundant and highly colored. ‘
One of the most abundant of Japanese Cyprinide. It is represented —
in our collections by very numerous specimens from Tsuchiura, the _
Kinu River at Utsonomiya, the Yodo River at Osaka, the Chikugo—
River at Kurume, the Yabe River at Funayado; abundant in the clear
water and very brilliant, Nagoya in Owari, Tana River at Tachikawa _
(caught by tame cormorants), Kawatana near Nagasaki, and Lake
Biwa at Matsubara. j
Breeding males are proyided with numerous large and hard, horny
tubercles. They have the anal fin enormously developed, so that it
extends beyond the base of the caudal, and it is also sometimes fur-
nished with tubercles like those found upon the head. The colors of
these males are also much brighter than others in which the coloration
is more silvery. Young specimens are silvery and with distinct gray-—
ish or pale brownish lateral bands posteriorly. .
(zhatVs, broad; zovs, foot.)
tyne a ae
i
te
“~
j
:
rt
%
29. ZACCO TEMMINCKII (Schlegel).
KAWAMUTSU (RIVER CHUB).
Leuciscus temminckii SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 210, pl. ct, fig., 45m
Nagasaki. é
Opsariichthys temminckii Gixruer, Cat. Fish, VII, 1868, p. 295, from ene of |
Schlegel’s types.—Sauvacr, Bull. Soc. Philom, 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa.— ;
Isnrkawa, Zool. Mag., 1895, p. 121; Hikone, Matsubara, Otsu; Zool. Mag., 5
VII, 1895, p. 121; Hikone, Matsubara on Lake Biwa. ;
Barilius temmincki JorvAN and Snyper, Check-list Fishes Japan, 1901, p. 47;_
Lake Biwa.—IsuiKawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p- 11; Ise, Zensho, Kishin, Mat-_
subara on Lake Biwa.
Head 33; depth 33; D. III, 7; A. III, 10; P. 1, 15; V. 9; scales 52°
in the lateral line; 11 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the
=—
Ovo
INO. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 853
‘lateral line, and 6 scales between the latter and the middle of the belly.
pharyngeal teeth 5, 4, 1—1, 4, 4; width of head 2 in its leneth: snout
4 in head; eyes 4; interorbital space 3; pectoral 14; ventral 1%.
Body moderately elongate and compressed. Head moderate and
compressed; snout slightly conical, pointed and not projecting; eye
| moderate, anterior and superior; mouth oblique, the jaws moderately
_thick-and about equal; maxillary protractile and reaching beyond the
| anterior margin of the orbit; no barbels; pharyngeal teeth without
grinding surface and slightly hooked; nostrils close together on the
sides of the snout and nearer the eye than the tip of the former; inter-
orbital space and top of head rather broad and convex. Gill-rakers
short and pointed; pseudobranchie present. Intestine with few turns.
Peritoneum black.
- Scales moderate and somewhat narrowly imbricated along the sides;
pectorals with a small, fleshy flap; ventrals with a pointed, scaly flap.
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal;
when depressed reaching slightly beyond the origin of the anal, and
the base of the fin 24 in head; origin of anal inserted a little nearer tip
of pectoral than base of caudal and its base 2 in head; caudal deeply
emarginate and the lobes pointed; pectorals long and terminating near
the origin of the yventrals; ventrals reaching for three-quarters the
distance to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle 1% in head and its least
depth 22 in head. Lateral line strongly decurved and continuous to
base of caudal along lower. .
Color in alcohol dark brown above, pale or silvery below; sides with
a distinct deep brown, lateral band, broader and darker posteriorly;
dorsal and caudal grayish, the former with dark streaks between the
fin rays, and the other fins more or less pale.
Length, 44 inches.
This description from a male taken at Kawatana. This locality,
together with the Mogi River, near Nagasaki, are the only places
where the species was obtained by Jordan and Snyder. We have
numerous specimens from Mogi.
This species is close to Zacco séeboldi, and is distinguished chiefly
by its larger scales and having the maxillary reaching to or slightly
beyond the anterior margin of the eye. Breeding males have horny
tubercles on the sides of the head and about the snout.
(Named for Prof. C. J. Temminck of Leyden, the associate of
Schlegel.)
854 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
30. ZACCO SIEBOLDI (Schlegel).
Leuciscus sieboldii ScuteGe., Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 211, pl. ct, fig. 5;
Nagasaki.
Opsariichthys sieboldii GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 295 (copied ).—SauvaGg, —
Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa.
Head 4; depth 32; D. Hl, 7; A: III, 10; P. 1, 11; V. 9; scales Glam
in the lateral line; 13 seales between the origin of the dorsal and
the lateral line, and 5 between the latter and the middle of the belly; Z
pharyngeal teeth 4, 4, 1—1, 4, 4; width of head 14 in its length; snout —
34 in head; eye 43; interorbital space 23; pectoral 14; ventral 13.
Body moderately elongate and compressed. Head pointed and com-_
pressed; snout somewhat conical, pointed, but not projecting; eye —
rather small, anterior and superior; mouth very oblique, the jaws —
moderately thin and about equal, the maxillary protractile and reach-—
ing posteriorly almost to the anterior margin of the eye; no barbels; —
pharyngeal teeth without grinding surface and slightly hooked; nos- —
trils close together, on the sides of the snout, and nearer the eye than —
the tip of former; interorbital space broad and very slightly convex.
Gill-rakers short and pointed; pseudobranchie present. Intestine —
short and with few turns. Peritoneum black.
Seales small, cycloid and somewhat imbricated upon the sides; pec- —
torals with a short, fleshy flap; ventrals with a small, scaly flap.
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal,
when depressed reaching beyond the origin of the anal, and its base 2
in head; anal inserted a little nearer the tip of the pectoral than the
base of caudal, and the base of the fin 14 in head; caudal deeply
emarginate, the lobes pointed; pectorals moderate, reaching about
two-thirds the distance to origin of ventrals; ventrals inserted before
origin of dorsal, broad and bluntly rounded, and reaching three-
fourths the space to origin of anal.
Caudal peduncle about equal to ventrals, and its least depth about
two-thirds their length. Lateral line strongly decurved, continuous,
and running along the lower part of caudal peduncle. —
Color in alcohol, dark brown above, pale or whitish below; a dis-
tinct median, longitudinal, dark, brownish-black band, becoming
broad posteriorly, and continuing to the base of the caudal; dorsal
grayish with a blackish streak between each pair of rays, forming a
broad band across the fin, the upper edge whitish; caudal grayish, the
edges dark; anal pale, with grayish black markings between the rays;
pectorals and ventrals pale, tinged with grayish.
Length, 5% inches.
This description from an adult breeding male from Lake Biwa at
Matsubara.
Of this species we have many specimens from Lake Biwa at Matsu-
bara, the Chikugo River at Kurume, near Nagoya in Owari, Kibami
TRE re a ee nt eR ae eT Le ee et
a o> i RY OS take hie er aime oh +
NO. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN ADD FOWLER. 855
‘in Omi (collection in Imperial Museum), Funayado in Kiusiu. and
Odd
*
-Karasaki on Lake Biwa (collection K. Otaki).
Breeding males, like those of Zacco platypus, have the sides of the
head furnished with many large, horny tubercles, also the lower sur-
face of the caudal peduncle and the anal fin. The rays of the anal are
expanded and elongated. The color cf the head is deep blackish-
brown. Young specimens always have a blackish lateral band.
(Named for Philip Fredrik Siebold, of Leyden, who collected about
_ Nagasaki and Omura, and under whose direction the Fauna Japonica
was prepared.)
18. OPSARIICHTHYS Bleeker.
Opsariichthys BLEEKER, Atl. Ichthyol. Cyprin., 1860, p. 28 (awncirostris).
Body elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather pointed,
_ greatly compressed, and the sides flattened; snout long; eye small,
=?) a
high; mouth large, very oblique, the maxillary reaching anterior mar-
gin of eye, and with a deep notch into which each ramus of the mand-
ible fits; no barbels; teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 5, on long, thin, pharyngeal
bones; interorbital space broad and flat. Gill-rakers short, 3+-9.
Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales moderate, about 50, and
more or less narrowly imbricated; a short pectoral flap. Origin of
dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; anal basis
long, with 9 developed rays, and its origin falling a little anterior to
the tip of the depressed dorsal; caudal deeply emarginate; ventrals
inserted below the origin of the dorsal. Lateral line continuous, and
decurved. Breeding males have the head, lower surface of the caudal
peduncle, and the anal fin furnished with numerous small horny tuber-
cles. The anal fin has its rays elongate and more or less adipose.
Species of large size, inhabiting the Japanese lakes, especially deli-
cate as food.
(opapior, a little fish; 2VOUC, fish.)
31. OPSARIICHTHYS UNCIROSTRIS (Schlegel.)
HASU.
Leuciscus uncirostris ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 211, pl. cu,
fig. 2; near Nagasaki.
Opsariichthys uncirostris GintHer, Cat. Fish., VII, 1868, p. 295 (copied ).—
Sauvace, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883, p. 5; Lake Biwa—IsHikawa, Zool. Mag.,
VIL, (Tokyo) 1895, p. 121, figs. 1, 2, 3; Lake Biwa in Omi—Isuikawa, Prel.
Cat. 1897, p. 12; Nagahama and Matsubara on Lake Biwa—Jorpan and
SnypeEr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 1900, p. 344; Lake Biwa; Coll. Kk.
Otaki—Jorpan and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, III, (Tokyo) 1901, p. 47;
Lake Biwa.
Head 33; depth 32; D. II, 7; A. Il, 9; P. I, 16; V. 9; scales
50 in the lateral line; 10 scales between the origin of the dorsal and
the lateral line, and 5 between the latter and the middle of belly;
856 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
pharyngeal teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 5; width of head 2} in its length; snout
34 in head; eye 7; interorbital space 34; pectoral 14, ventral 14;
eye 2 in snout, .
Be dy elongate, oblong, and compressed. Head rather pointed,
ereatly compressed, the sides flattened, and the upper profile almost
straight; sides of snout rounded, and the tip blunt and truncated; eye
small, anterior and superior; mouth large, very oblique, maxillary
reaching the anterior margin of the eye, protractile, ensheathed above, |
and with a deep notch along the sides, into which the rami of the
mandible fit; lower jaw projecting, and the symphysis fitted into a
notch in the upper jaw; pharyngeal teeth on thin and long bones, more
or less conical, several in the larger row with narrow grinding surface,
and all rather small; nostrils close together on the sides of the snout, —
and about a half an eye diameter distant from the upper front of the—
eye; interorbital space and top of the head broad and flattened, the —
former very slightly elevated. Gill-openings moderately large. Gill-_
rakers 3-+9, short and firm; pseudobranchix present. Intestine with —
few turns, short. Peritoneum pale or silvery. |
Seales large, cycloid, and more or less narrowly imbricated; a short, —
fleshy pectoral flap; ventrals with a scaly flap at base.
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal.
when depressed, reaching beyond the origin of the anal, the base of
the fin 24 in head, and its upper edge straight; origin of anal a little
nearer the base of caudal than middle of pectoral, and the base of the
fin 13 in head; caudal deeply emarginate, and the lobes pointed; pec
torals long, reaching four-fifths the distance to origin of ventrals:
origin of ventral below that of dorsal and reaching to within a short —
distance of the origin of the anal. Caudal peduncle 12 in head, and
its least depth 3 in head. Lateral line continuous, inferior, and running —
along the lower part of the caudal pedu cle.
Color in alcohol, dark brown above, the lower portions of the body
pale; dorsal with the membranes between the rays and the tips of the —
posterior rays, grayish black, the rest of the fin paler; anal and caudal
more or less grayish; pectorals and ventrals pale. Male with rosy |
shades in life. ,
Se ae eel
i .
Length, 124 inches.
This description from an adult male from Lake Biwa.
Of this species we have numerous specimens from Lake Biwa, at the
little fishing hamlet of Matsubara, near Hikone, Lake Yogo, im
Mino, the Yodo River at Osaka, and a few examples from the collec-
tion of K. Otaki, from Karasaki, on Lake Biwa. ‘
This and numerous other species were collected also at Otsu, the —
chief town on Lake Biwa, by Prot. James F. Abbott.
Breeding males have the sides of the head, snout, mandible, lower
surface of caudal peduncle, and anal fin provided with horny tubereles.
o
wt we ee Se
no. 1334. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 857
“The anterior anal rays are elongate and extend to the base of the
caudal.
The species, known locally as Hasu, reaches a larger size than any
‘other Japanese minnow, except Jshikauia steenacker’. \t 1s vere
delicate and finely flavored when boiled, and is much appreciated by
_ Japanese epicures. It is also eaten raw.
(uncus, hook; rostrum, snout.)
19. ISCHIKAUIA Jordan and Snyder.
Ischikawia Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 346 (steenackeri).
Body elongate, compressed and deep. Head small, compressed, the
upper profile nearly straight; snout and eye about equal, the latter
about in the middle of the depth of the head; mouth very oblique, the
maxillary protractile and reaching nostril; no barbel; teeth 5, 4, 2—
2, 4, 5; interorbital space convex. Gill-rakers short and weak, about
4+9. Intestine short. Peritoneum silvery. Scales small, cycloid,
about 70. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of
caudal; first developed ray of dorsal stiffened, spine-like; anal inserted
behind tip of depressed dorsal, its base long, of 15 developed rays;
caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed; ventral inserted below
origin of dorsal. Lateral line greatly decurved and concurrent with
the lower profile of the body to the caudal.
Size large, color dusky.
This genus seems to be allied to the Chinese genus Xenocypris, dif-
’ fering in the smaller numbers of the teeth. (Named for Chiyomatsu
Ishikawa, director of the Imperial Museum at Tokyo, who first sent
us the species from Lake Biwa.)
32. ISCHIKAUIA STEENACKERI (Sauvage).
WADAKA; WATAKO (COTTON-THING); UMANO.
Opsariichthys steenackert SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Poiss., 1883, p. 3; Lake
Biwa.
Ischikauia steenackeri JorpAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 346,
pl. x; Lake Biwa.
‘Genus? species? Wadaka”’ Isurxawa, Zool. Mag., 1895, p. 129; Otsu, Hikone,
Nagahama.
Head 5; depth 38; D. III, 7; A. Ill, 15; P. 17; V. 9; scales 70 in
the lateral line; 12 scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lat-
eral line, and 7 between the latter and the middle of the belly; pharyn-
geal teeth 5, 4, 2—2, 4, 5; width of head 12 in its length; snout 4 in
head; eye 4; interorbital space 23; pectoral about 1s; ventral 14.
Body elongate, compressed and deep. Head small, compressed, and
the upper profile nearly straight; snout about equal to eye, bluntly
pointed; eye large, anterior, and nearly in the middle of the depth of
the head; mouth very oblique, the jaws nearly equal, the maxillary
Fig. 8.—ISCHIKAUIA STEENACK ERI,
2 as 2
0.18%. JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 859
oo nue reaching below . the nostril; lips fleshy; pharyngeal
teeth compressed, and those in the outer rows with a narrow grinding
surface; nostrils close together on the sides of the snout and near the
eye; interorbital space broad and convex. Opercles striated. Gill-
openings large; gill-rakers short, pointed, 4+ 9%; pseudopranchive
present. Intestine rather short; peritoneum gray.
Scales large, cycloid and of even size; a small pectoral flap; ventral
flap present.
_ Origin of dorsal midway between the tip of snout and base of caudal;
when depressed reaching almost to origin of anal, the base of the fin
12 in its height, and its upper margin straight; anal inserted nearer
origin of ventral than base of caudal; the base of the fin long, about
equal to the length of the ventral, and its edge straight; caudal deeply
emarginate, and the lower lobe the longer; pectoral a little more than
two-thirds to origin of ventral; ventral three-fifths to anal. Caudal
peduncle deep, compressed, and its least depth 2 in head. Lateral line
decurved, and concurrent with the lower profile of the body to the
caudal.
Color in alcohol, dark brown above, below silvery or whitish; dorsal
and caudal brownish; pectorals tinted with brown, the other fins pale;
posterior edge of each scale upon the sides and upper surface with a
dark spot.
Length, 12 inches.
Described from No. 6247 Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford
Junior University Museum (collection K. Otaki).
Of this species we have many specimens from the collection of K.
Otaki from Karasaki on Lake Biwa, Maebara on Lake Biwa, and the
neighboring village of fisheries, called Matsubara; the Yodo River at
Osaka, Noyshiro (collection K. Otaki), and Matsubara on Lake Biwa
(collection C. Ishikawa).
This fish is known only from Lake Biwa and its outlet, Yodo River,
being locally very abundant, and known commonly as Wadaka. It
grows to a large size, and is sold in the markets of Maebara, Otsu, and
Osaka, but it is little valued as food.
(Named for its discoverer, Francisque Steenacker.)
20. CARASSIUS Nilsson.
Carassius Nitsson, Prodromus, Ichthy. Scand., 1832 (carassius).
Body oblong, compressed and elevated. Mouth terminal, without
barbels. Teeth 4—4, molar, but compressed. Scales large. Lateral
line continuous. Dorsal fins very long, with the third ray developed
into a stout spine, which is serrated behind; anal short with a similar
spine. Ventrals well forward. Large species of the fresh waters of
Europe and Asia; often domesticated.
(carassius, a Latinization of the vernacular names Karass or
Karausche, applied to the European Crucian carp, C: CUPUSSLUS. )
860) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV1
33. CARASSIUS AURATUS (Linnzus).
FUNA, HIWARA, GENGOROBUNA (JOHNNY CARP).
Cyprinus auratus Lrnnaxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 323.
Carassius auratus Gonruer, Cat. Fish., VII, p. 32, and of all recent authors.
|
D. II, 18; A. II, 7; Scales, 26; teeth 4—4. Body stout, covered with |
large scales. Dorsal and anal ince eee spines strong, coarsely
serrated. Coloration olivaceous, usually orange, or variegated in )
domestication. t
Length, 12 inches.
Common everywhere in the streams of Japan and China. Our very
numerous specimens of the common goldfish are from Chikugo River»
at Kurume, Tsuchiura, Same, Matsushima, Lake Biwa at Matsubaras,
Yodo River in Osaka, Wakanoura, Rome Nagasaki, Owari near.
Nagoya, Lake Yogo at Mino, Aomori, Migata, Monge Sendai, Tokyo
Kawatana, Tsuruga, and Tokyo. In its native condition the species)
is plain dark olivaceous. ‘i
(auratus, gilded.) ,
21: CY PRINUS) GArteG?) Pimms us:
5
Cyprinus (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 320 (carpio).
Body robust, compressed. Mouth moderate, anterior, with + long’
barbels. Snout blunt, rounded. Teeth molar, broad and truncate, 1,
1,3—3,1,1. Scales large. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin very
long, with a stout spine, serrated behind; anal fin short, also with a_
;
spine. Large fishes of the fresh waters of Asia; introduced into~
Europe and America as food-fishes.
(cumpiyo€, the ancient name of the carp.)
34. CYPRINUS CARPIO Linnezus.
KOT.
Cyprinus carpio Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 320.—GiinrHER, Cat.,
VII, p. 25, and of all authors.
Dorsal ITI, 20; A. TH, 5; scales 5==38 "Se teeth 1) eno see
30dy stout, more or less compressd, heavy anteriorly. L. 18 inches
or more. Fresh waters of central Asia; introduced as a food-fish into
Europe and America. In domestication, it has run into many varie-
ties, distinguished by differences in form, squamation, and develop-
ment of fins.
The carp, or koi, is common throughout southern Japan, having
doubtless been introduced from China. although much less common
than the goldfish, or Funa.
(carpio, carp.)
ee
JAPANESE CYPRINOID FISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. — 8
~~
;i_
SUMMARY.
Family Cyprinip».
1. Pseudoperilampus Bleeker.
1. typus Bleeker; Tsuruga, Tsuchiura, Matsushima, Tokyo.
2. Paracheilognathus Bleeker.
2. rhombea (Schlegel) ; Matsubara and Karasaki on Lake Biwa, Yodo River, Chikugo
River, Funayado, Lake Yogo.
3. Acheilognathus Bleeker.
limbata (Schlegel); Lake Yogo, Iwai River at Ichinoseki, Nagoya, Kitakami
River at Morioka.
. lanceolata (Schlegel); Tsuchiura, Chikugo River, Yodo River, Lake Biwa at
- Matsubara and Katata, Lake Yogo, Funayado, Wakanoura, Nagoya.
5. cyanostigma Jordan and Fowler; Lake Biwa at Matsubara, Lake Yogo.
4. Gnathopogon Bleeker.
| 5. elongatus (Schlegel); Lake Biwa.
. gracilis (Schlegel).
5. Hemibarbus Bleeker.
8. barbus (Schlegel); Yodo River, Lake Jensaburogata in Aomori, Chikugo River,
Tokyo, Formosa.
6. Leucogobio Gunther.
9. giintheri Ishikawa; Matsubara, Lake Biwa, Nagoya, Katata, Kurume.
10. jordani Ishikawa.
11. mayede (Jordan and Snyder); Karasaki, Zeze, and Matsubara on Lake Biwa,
. Yodo River, Nagoya.
12. biwe (Jordan and Snyder); Matsubara on Lake Biwa.
7. Pseudogobio Bleeker.
. esocinus (Schlegel); Karasaki and Matsubara on Lake Biwa, Kitakami River at
Morioka, Matsushima, Kinu River, Tsuruga, Yodo River, Kawatana, Iwai River
at Ichinoseki, Kaminutani River.
8. Sarcocheilichthys Bleeker.
. variegatus (Schlegel); Matsubara on Lake Biwa, Yodo River, Chikugo River,
Lake Yogo, Nagoya, Tsuchiura, Funayado, Tokyo.
9, Abbottina Jordan and Fowler.
. psegma Jordan and Fowler; Yodo River, Osaka, Chikugo River, Iwai River.
. 10. Zezera Jordan and Fowler.
. hilgendorfi Gala); riverat Funayado in Kiusiu, Kamo River in Yamashiro.
11. Biwia Jordan and Fowler.
. zezera (Ishikawa); Yodo River at Osaka.
862 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXY¥
12. Pseudorasbora Bleeker.
18. parva (Schlegel); Tsuchiura, Nagoya, Lake Yogo, Lake Biwa at Matsubara an
Karasaki, Iwai River, Chikugo River, Yodo River.
13. Otakia Jordan and Snyder,
19. rasborina Jordan and Snyder; Karasaki on Lake Biwa.
14. Tribolodon Sauvage.
ZO: punctatus Sauvage.
15. Leuciseus Cuvier.
21. japonicus (Sauvage).
22. cerulescens (Sauvage).
23. phalacrocorax Jordan and Fowler; Tana River at Tachikawa, Koshyu, Kinuw)
River at Utsonomiya.
24. hakuensis Gunther; Lake Jusan, Kawajiri, Kitakami River near Morioka, Ka
tase River near Enoshima, Matsushima, Same, Sendai, Niigata, Iwai River a
Ichinoseki, Tsuruga, Kinu River at Utsonomiya, Hakodate, Otaru, Noyshingl
Hiroshima, Oide, Lake Biwa at Karasaki. ;
25. taczanowskii Steindachner; Lake Jusan in Aomori, Nishitzu River, Aomori, Noy-
shiro.
|
26. jouyi Jordan and Snyder; Sasuna, Tsushima, Kaminutani River. :
16. Phoxinus (Rafinesque) Agassiz.
27. steindachneri Sauvage. a
17. Zacco Jordan and Eyermann. |
28. platypus (Schlegel); Tsuchiura, Kinu River at Utsonomiya, Yodo River at Osaka,
Chikugo River at Kurume, Yobe River at Funayado, Nagoya, Tana River at
Tachikawa, Kawatana, Lake Biwa at Matsubara
29. temmincki (Schlegel) ; Kawatana, Mogi.
30. sieboldi (Schlegel); Lake Biwa at Matsubara and Karasaki, Chikugo River at
Kurume, Nagoya, Kitami, Funayado.
18. Opsariichthys Bleeker.
31. uncirostris (Schlegel); Lake Biwa at Matsubara and Karasaki, Lake Yogo, Yodo
River.
19. Ischikauia Jordan and Snyder.
32. steenackeri (Sauvage); Lake Biwa at Maebara, Matsubara and Karasaki, Noyshiro,
Yodo River at Osaka.
20.. Carassius Nilsson. .
auratus (Linneeus); everywhere in central and southern Japan.
21. Cyprinus Linneeus.
carpio (Linnzeus); throughout southern and central Japan, probably introduced.
w
RHE PHASMIDA, OR WALKINGSTICKS, OF THE UNITED
| STATES.
By ANDREW NELSON CAUDELL,
Of the Departinent of Agriculture.
The Phasmide is one of the most interesting families of the order
Orthoptera. It is poorly represented in the United States, and the
species, being mimetic in nature, are not commonly met with. Our
forms are all apterous and are confined in their distribution to the
southern half of the country, with the exception of the species of the
genus Diapheromera, one otf which extends into Canada. The name
* walkingstick ” is commonly applied to these insects, and the common
northern species, Diapheromera femorata Say, is the best known rep-
resentative of the family. There is a popular belief extant in some
parts of the country that these insects are very poisonous to stock when
eaten by them. For this reason they have been called the ‘mule
killer,” though this name is more often applied to species of the family
Mantide, which are said to be especially fatal to that useful animal.
Among other popular names given to the walkingsticks are Devil's
riding horse, Prairie alligator, Stick bug, Witch’s horse, Devil’s darn-
ing needle, Scorpion, and Musk mare, the latter applied only, I believe,
to the species of the genus An/somorphu.
~ Nowhere do we find more striking instances of protective resem-
plance than those afforded by members of this family of curious insects.
Tn the tropics, where these insects abound, such amazing adaptations as
the wonderful Walkingleaf, Phy//ium scythe, and other large, winged
forms are found. In the United States the species are all wingless
‘and mimic different kinds of twigs, especially so the more slender
‘species of the genera Diapheromera, Bacunculus, and Parabacilus.
The Phasmide are insects of very deliberate motion, especially the
females. They do not depend upon locomotion for protection from
‘their enemies, but to their deceptive resemblance and, in some cases,
to the power of emitting an offensive spray from special glands situated
on the prothorax.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1335.
863
ean
S64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
The species are exec celusively hevuimonene none being known to take
animal food. One exception is recorded where some partially starve
leaf insects nibbled at the foliaceous expansions of their fellows, but.
not enough to injure them in any way. The female of one of ow
species has been recorded as eating off the head of the male while.
under the influence of sexual excitement, but the insect in question
was most surely not a Phasmid but a Mantid, as this habit is not at all
uncommon among some members of that family. *
Regeneration of limbs is quite common among the Ph: asmides,
Such limbs are much smaller and may always be distinguished by the
absence of one tarsal joint, all regenerated limbs being tetramerous. .
According to Seudder, if the leg be removed nearer to the body than)
the trochantero-femoral articulation the limb will not be replaced.
The eggs of our species are dropped at random on the ground, .
Oviposition takes place in the fall of the year with our common north-
ern species and the eggs lie over winter, and sometimes even through
a second, before the nymphs issue. When the young walkingstick j
is in the egg, ready to emerge, the meso- and metathorax are not!
remarkably elongate, but before the little creature is fairly out of its
narrow prison the thoracic segments. assume their usual proportions.
It is said to be a most curious sight by those who have observed this.
almost instantaneous development. .
In my studies of these insects specimens of all of our species have:
been examined, except Diapheromera mesdlana and carolina and)
Psendosermyle stramineus. The material of the U.S. National Museum)
forms the basis of this paper. Specimens were loaned for study by the +
Colorado and Oklahoma experiment stations. For various kindnesses :
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professors Scudder and Bruner |
and Mr. J. A. G. Rehn.
The family Phasmidze may be defined as follows:
Body elongate, subcylindrical; abdomen with ten segments, the»
basal one usually coalesced to the posterior part of the metathorax, .
sometimes entirely invisible;“ all of the legs equally ambulatory;,
wings wholly absent in the United States species, the location of the:
metathoracic pair, and sometimes the mesothoracic pair also, gener-
ally indicated by a stationary wing-liké pad, bearing a gland, presum-
ably a scent gland; tarsi five jointed, except in Z/meonc, terminated |
by two claws, between which is a large arolium; ovipositor concealed |
by the subgenital plate; cerci inarticulate.
“In deseriptive work the first abdominal segment is spoken of as the intone
segment and the abdomen is considered as consisting of nine segments. Thus the
basal or first abdominal segment as used in the following pages is really the true
second one. Likewise the seventh, eighth, and ninth segments are, respectively,
the eighth, ninth, and tenth ones. The generally inconspicuous nature of the true
basal segment, which is sometimes even wholly invisible, makes this nomenclature
seem advisable.
iiss. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 865
—_*
—
- The species occurring in the United States fall into four er oimilice
separated as follows.
a. Antennze not more than one-half as long as the anterior femora. -_---CLrruM NIN»
aa. Antenne distinctly longer than the anterior femora.
i . = e = =
: b. Mesothorax never less than four times as long as the prothorax, generally more;
tibize not furnished at the apex beneath witha sunken areola. -BacuNncuLin ©
| bb. Mesothorax never more than three times as long as the prothorax, generally
less; tibiae furnished at apex beneath with a sunken areola.
c. Coxze visible from above; tarsi five jointed...-.-..--.------1 \ NISOMORPHINE
ec. Coxze invisible from above; tarsi three jointed.............-.-.--- TIMEMINE
Subfamily CLIULTUMNIN 44.
.
The insects representing this subfamily in the United States are
very slender wingless walkingsticks with antenne much shorter than
the anterior femora in both sexes. The legs are slender and unarmed
and the tibiz are carinate beneath to the apex. The median segment
is short and inconspicuous. Pronotum short as in Lacunculine.
Cerci moderate, incurved in the male and straight in the female.
We have but one genus, which is here characterized as new.
| PARABACILLUS, new genus.
12.
| Bacillus ScuppER (not Latreille), Psyche, VI, 1893, p. 3
Antenne less than one-half as long as the anterior femora, composed
of six or seven segments in the male and probably about that number
in the female, but there, as also sometimes in the male, the segments
are so closely connate as to be inseparable, except the first and second,
which are very distinct.“ Head subpyriform, horizontal. Eyes small,
-yound. Thorax with the pronotum about one-fifth as long as the
-mesonotum. Legs, smooth, unarmed, long and slender. Cerci as in
— Diapheromera.
_ Dr. Scudder considered the species of this genus to belong to the
subfamily Bacillinee and placed them in the old world genus Laci//us.
- But the absence of an areola at the apex of the tibiv below refers them
to the subfamily Clitumnine. In many particulars the genus seems
closely allied to the genus Puraclitunmus of Brunner von Wattenwye.
We have a single species of the genus.
PARABACILLUS COLORADUS Scudder.
Plate LVII, fig. 1; Plate LVIII, fig. 1.
Bacillus coloradus ScuppEr, Psyche, VI, 1893, p. 372; Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci.,
IX, 1902, p. 21, pl.1, fig. 4.
Bacillus carinatus ScuppER, Psyche, VI, 1893, p. 372.
ar, belongs to this genus, but the antenne are composed
The Bacillus palmeri of the author, recently described
« Bacillus hispanicus Boliv
of sixteen distinct segments.
3
_ from Mexico, is also a member of this genus.
-
;
S66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX
The following description is that of the author.“ which is quoted i
full:
Bacillus coloradus Scudder (pl. 1, fig. 4), Baker’s ranch, Beulah, Sapello Canyo
8000’ on Monarda stricta (Willmatte P. Cockerell); La Trementina (Alice Blake),
The following description was taken from the first specimen, which is that figured:
Testaceous, more or less clouded with fuscous dorsally. Head striped feebly with
fuscous, especially above and with five subequidistant delicate longitudinal caring
whole thorax and abdomen similarly carinate, but otherwise smooth except for very
minute rather sparsely scattered ferruginous granules between the dorsal and sub-
dorsal carinve; second joint of antennze small and globular, the remainder consistin:
of a hardly articulate, slightly depressed, lanceolate, bluntly pointed mass.
Length of body, 48 mm.; antennze, 4.5 mm.; mesothorax, 10.5 mm.; metathorax, —
8.5 mm.; abdomen, 25 mm.; hind femora, 12 mm.; width of metathorax in middle, —
1.5 mm.
The above description is from a female specimen. The males : are
more slender, with longer antenne and legs.
From a study of a series of specimens, both male and female, from |
Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California I conclude 7
that there is but one species. They show a certain amount of varia-
tion in color and size, but afford no specific characters. The antenn
of a mature pair from California measure 5 mm. in the female and a
mm. in the male. One male from Arizona has antenne measuring
12 mm. in length. The color varies from almost wholly infuscated to
alight brown. One female from California has an extreme length of
very nearly 70 mm. But there are all stages of gradation between
these extremes of color and size and no characters present themsely es
to warrant the recognition of more than the one species.
Subfamily BACUNCT LIN.
i ggg en gale he
The members of this subfamily are long, slender, stick-like insects |
with the mesothorax at least five times as long as the prothorax;
antenne, except in Sermyle, more than twice as long as the anterior |
femora; tibiz without a sunken areola at apex beneath. i
The slender body at once distinguishes this subfamily from the
others of our fauna except Clitumnine. The long antenne, however, ;
readily separates it from that group. We ee four genera of
Bacunculinee occurring in the United States. The collie table |
will serve to separate them: :
a. Head subquadrate or subcylindrical, usually distinctly longer than broad, attached
obliquely or horizontally. (Plate LVII, fig. 4.) Male cerei subequal through- |
out or apically trifid.
b. Middle femora of the male not much swollen, not thicker than the posterior —
ones; posterior femora unarmed in both sexes. ‘
f
z
’
5
ce. Male cerci apically trifid, head carinate or longitudinally rugose between the
eyes; antennie rarely twice as long as the anterior femora. «
Pseudosermyle, new genus. —
cc. Male cerci simple; head smooth; antennze more than twice as long as the”
anterior femora --......2......2.42 Bacunculus Burmeister,
“Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1902, p. 21.
WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 867
bb. Middle femora of the male much swollen, distinctly thicker than the px Sate
}
i“ ones; posterior femora armed beneath on the median line near the apex
with a single spine, in the male very prominent, in the female often very
- small and sometimes wholly absent ---.--------------- Diapheromera Gray
ad. Head ovate, short, scarcely longer than broad, attached vertically (Plate LVII
fig. 27); male cerci spatulate, much broader apically than at the base (Plate
WR Deep) ee an = ne nme eee end
Vegaphasma, new genus.
PSEUDOSERMYLE, new genus.
Head subcylindrical, distinctly longer than broad, horizontally
attached to the thorax and in front between and behind the eyes either
carinate or longitudinally rugose; antenns no more, or but little more,
than twice as long as the anterior femora; legs unarmed; basal seg-
ment of the abdomen generally subquadrate in the female, twice a
more than twice as long in the male. Cerci of the female simple, of
the male apically trifid.
This genus, of which 7. banks: may be considered the type, 1s most
nearly allied to Sermyle Stal, but differs in the character of the male
cerci, which are simple in the latter genus.” The head of the only
species of Sermyle examined, a female from Guatemala, is very much
shorter in proportion than found in the species of Pseudosermyle. It
is also somewhat closely allied to Bacunculus, and the most stable
character for its separation from that genus, exclusive of the male
~ genital characters, seems to be the dorsally carinate or rugose head.
The males of Pseudosermyle strigata and arbuscula are unknown and
it may be that these species will eventually prove to belong to Sermy/e,
but until the male sex is made known it is deemed safest to include
them here.
Pseudosermyle is represented in the United States by five species,
which may be separated by the following tables. The first table is
based wholly upon the characters of the female:
a. Body multicarinate or longitudinally rugose.
b. Cerci short, no more than three times as long as the greatest width; supraanal
plate subtruncate or obtusangulate at the apex.
¢. Femora short and stout (Plate LVIII, fig. 4), the posterior ones about nine
TEE nee oe = 2 arbuscula Rehn.
cc. Femora longer and more slender (Plate LVIJI, fig. 34), the posterior ones
about twenty mm. in length--.----------------77"7" truncata, new species.
bb. Cerci long, six times as long as the greatest width; supraanal plate acutely
pee eaten apex. 9--<---- === --= 2222 n renee strigata Scudder.
stramineus Scudder.
Pseudosermyle banksiit does not appear in the above table for the
reason that the female is unknown. The species of which the males
aThe male of Sermyle mexicanus Saussure, the type of Sermyle, is not positively
known, but a male specimen that Stal thought quite surely belonged to that genus
had simple cerci, as in Bacunculus. Besides this, other Mexican species referret to
this genus haye simple cerci.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——958
868 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX
are known may be separated by the following table, which is based
wholly upon the characters of that sex:
a. Seventh abdominal segment distinctly inflated on the posterior half.
b. Long and slender, length about 60 mm .........--.--.--.- banksii, new species.
bb. Shorter and less slender, length about 40 mm-_.......__- truncata, new species.
aa. Seventh abdominal segment not inflated --..............-.- stramineus Scudder.
PSEUDOSERMYLE ARBUSCULA Rehn.
Sermyle arbuscula Rerun, Can. Ent., XX XIV, 1902, p. 273.
The following description of this species is taken in full from the
author’s article referred to above:
Type, female, San Diego, California, May 7, 1901.
This species does not seem to be very closely related to any of the previously —
known species of the genus. From azteca Saussure, it is differentiated by having the
femora carinate and striate; from saussurit Stal, by the nonampliate sixth abdominal —
segment; and from strigata Scudder, by the more robust limbs and the less strongly
striate body. With mexicana and linearis Saussure, no affinity exists.
General form slender, the thoracic portion rather robust. Head rather elongate,
bearing two central longitudinal rugee, which become obscure caudad, the whole
surface of the head rather tuberculate, the tubercles being longitudinally disposed;
eyes subspherical, slightly exerted; antennze longer than cephalic femora; the prox-
imal segment large and broad, with the distal section contracted, this segment over
twice as large in bulk as the next. Pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum tuber-
culate, the tubercles resolving into longitudinal series, this being more apparent on
the metanotum, the mesonotum and metanotum being centrally carinate; pronotum
rather narrow, not quite equaling the head in length; mesonotum long (with pro-
notum equaling the cephalic femora), the lateral margins slightly tuberculate; meta-
notum very considerable shorter than the mesonotum, comparatively robust,
expanding in the caudal portion. Abdomen rather slender, multistrigate, none of the
segments exhibiting any special ampliation; ventral surface between the sixth and
seventh segments exhibiting a pair of flattened longitudinal processes. Cephalic
femora heavy, with the proximal diastema (found in many representatives of this
family) rather well marked, the remaining section of the segment being inflated and
with three prominent angles; tibiae as long as the femora, quadrate slightly taper-
ing; first tarsal joint about as long as the succeeding ones. Intermediate femora
short, triangular in section, equaling the metanotum (and median segment) in
length; tibize depressed, about equaling the femora in length; first tarsal joint con-
siderably less than the succeeding joints in length. Caudal femora short, reaching
the middle of the third abdominal segment, roughly triangular in section; tibice
rather longer, reaching to the apex of the first segment. General color, reddish
brown, washed with ashy gray on the cephalic limbs.
Measurements.
mm.
Length of body .-..-..... 2... 2.9.05 24. 12 ee 54
Length of pronotum...... 2. 22.22.2002 ee 3
Length of mesonotum ..../2....--.-1.0.2 ee 12
Length of metanotum (with median segment) |. oi22 2 S85 8.7
Length of abdomen .... 20.2... .2.<-0002.-- 2 ee 28
Length of cephalic femora .............-.:.... eee 14
Length of intermediate femora ........:....-... ea 7.5
Length of caudal femora............-..:2.....4). 2 8.7
a a a a
0.1885. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 869
» The supranaal plate of this species is shown at Plate LVII, fig. 3. ae
for this drawing I am indebted to the describer. This species seems
remarkable for the extreme brevity of the posterior femora.
PSEUDOSERMYLE TRUNCATA, new species.
Plate LVIII, figs. 3, 3a, 30.
Color grayish brown. Head above with two pairs of prominent
arine, the carine of each pair subparallel at base, flaring somewhat
ust beyond the middle and then rapidly converging slightly beyond
‘the eyes by the incurving of the outer carina. Just anterior of the
‘termination of these carine is an elevated, posteriorly bifurcated
tubercle and between the two pairs of carine isa minute mesial carina
extending halfway along the length of the head. Antenne basally
thicker than in strigata. Pronotum above with a slight mesial longi-
“tudinal incision and with a shallow transverse furrow just behind the
middle which does not extend to the borders, which are strongly cari-
“nate; disk with two subdorsal carine, less distinct behind the transverse
furrow, and with a couple of indistinct, less elevated carine between
“them and the border of the pronotum; mesonotum, and metanotum,
‘together with the intermediary segment and the abdomen carinated as
in strigata, but the whole body is much less covered with tubercles,
“the abdomen being almost entirely destitute of them and the thorax
supplied more sparingly than in that species. Legs much more robust
_ than in strigata and showing traces of fuscous bands more noticeable
onthe middle femora. Sup ‘aanal plate broader than in s¢r7gata and
~subtruncate apically. Cerci short and compa ‘atively broad, about three
_ times as long as broad.
Length of body, 73 mm.; mesothorax, 16.5 mm.; metathorax, 10.5
~mm.; middle femora, 15 mm.; hind femora, 20 mm.
°
: One female, Dos Cabezos, Arizona, June, 1891.
B Type.—No. 6618, U.S.N.M.
:
One immature female specimen, in poor condition, from Bright
Angel, Arizona, is referred to this species. It has the posterior femora
extending only to the middle of the fourth abdominal segment and the
pasal five segments of the abdomen are furnished posteriorly above
with two prominently elevated tubercles, one on vach side.
The U. S. National Museum also contains one female and six male
specimens from Los Angeles County, California, that evidently belong
here. The female is apparently immature, probably being in the last
stage. It is 54 mm. long, and the posterior femora are 16 mm. in
length. The males differ from the females in being entirely smooth
except for the two main carine on the anterior part of the head
between the eyes, and in being smaller and quite slender. The cerci
project obliquely downward, are trifid apically, the center branch
forming the terminus of the main body of the cerci, and engage sach
#
870 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
other at their tips. Plate LVIII, fig. 3, represents the cerci of the
male of this species. In immature specimens the cerci are simple,
being merely flattened and slightly concave.
The measurements of these male specimens are as follows: Length of -
body, 40 mm.; antenne, 27 mm.; mesothorax, 9.5 mm.; metathorax,
including the intermediary segment, 7.5 mm.; fore femora, 13.5 mm.;
middle femora, 12 mm.; hind femora, 15 mm.; width of middle of
mesothorax, 1.5 mm.
These Californian specimens are much lighter colored than those from
Arizona, and may represent a new species, but without additional
material it is not deemed advisable to describe them as suck.
The type specimen was received at the Department of Agriculture
on June 17, 1891. The following note regarding it is quoted from
the notebook of the Division of Entomology:
Rec. from F. W. Anderson, Asst. Ed. Am. Agr., N. Y., 1 specimen, female, of a
Diapheromera, new to the collection, received from Los Cabezos, Arizona, with the
statement that it is more deadly to stock than loco-weed if eaten by them. It is
called in that section ‘‘ Campo mucho.”’
This species, while in general resembling strigata, is really very
distinct. The broader supraanal plate with its subtruncate apex, short
broad cerci, larger legs and smoother body, will at once distinguish it
from that species. .
PSEUDOSERMYLE STRIGATA Scudder.
Plate LVI, fig. 3; Plate LVIII, fig. 8.
Sermyle strigata ScuppErR, Cat. Orth. U. 8., 1900, pp. 14, 94-95, pl. 1, fig. 3.
The author’s description is as follows:
Whole body dull ashy gray. Head furnished above with four longitudinal rows of
small tubercles. Whole thorax mesially carinate and also furnished above on either
side with a pair of carina, all the carinze equidistant and furnished, as well as the
intermediate spaces, with small sparsely scattered tubercles. Abdomen and interme-
diary segment similarly marked, but with an additional pair of subdorsal carinze and
with fewer and much more obscure granulations, mostly confined to the carine.
Hind femora reaching to the end of the fifth abdominal segment. Abdomen nowhere
expanded.
Length of body, 72 mm.; antenne, 30 mm.; mesothorax, 18.5 mm.; metathorax,
10.5mm.; abdomen, 35.5mm.; hind femora, 22.5 mm.; width of middle of mesotho-
rax, 3 mm.
Three males. Texas, Boll, Lincecum.
This species appears to fall near S. azteca Sauss., but differs by the carinate thorax
with its dull coloring.
The cerci, as shown in the table of species, are very long, being six
times longer than broad.
a Te. ee
yo.1385. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 871
PSEUDOSERMYLE STRAMINEUS Scudder.
Plate LVIII, fig. 2.
Bacunculus stramineus ScuppEr, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Se., EX, 1902, p. 20, pl. 1
fig. 1.
Described by the author as follows:
Bacunculus stramineus Scudder, sp. noy. (pl. I, fig. 1). Body very slender, flavo-
testaceous, the sides of the thorax, the undersurface of the metathorax, and most of
the undersurface of the middle femora white or hoary, at least in the male, the
tibize more or less tinged with green in the female; the terminal abdominal seg-
ments are more or less hoary (male) or green (female). Head a little longer than
the pronotum, somewhat tumid in the female, laterally striped with white in the
male, in the latter with a pair of longitudinal rugze following behind the inner mar-
gin of the antennal scrobes; antenne pale green (female) or testaceous, becoming
apically infuscated (male), very slender and shorter than the body. Body smooth,
the thorax with a feeble median carina. Seventh abdominal segment of male nearly
as long as the eighth and ninth together, the ninth slightly longer than the eighth,
the seventh segment not inflated, bearing beneath a bulbous body not reaching the
extremity of the eighth segment with a cap which a little surpasses it; ninth seg-
ment cylindrical, equal, truncate, bearing a pair of cerci, straight, rather stout, but
compressed, equal and apically very briefly and bluntly bifid plates, nearly as long
as the segment.
Length of body, male, 50 mm., female, 42 mm. ; antennze, male, 22 mm., female,
26 mm.; head, male, 2.5 mm., female, 2.5 mm.; thorax, male, 23 mm., female,
18.5 mm.; mesothorax, male, 12.5 mm., female, 9 mm.; abdomen, male, 23.5 mm.,
female, 22 mm.; fore femora, male, 14 mm., female, 10.5 mm.; middle femora, male,
11.5 mm., female, 8 mm.; hind femora, male, 14 mm., female, 10.5 mm.; width of
metathorax in middle, male, 1 mm., female, 1.5 mm. 1 male, 1 female. Between
Mesilla Park and Little Mountain, July 1. (A. P. Morse. )
The female is probably not quite mature.
PSEUDOSERMYLE BANKSII, new species.
Body very slender, testaceous, paler below. Head pale, slightly
longer than the pronotum and distinctly swollen anteriorly, the sides
marked with a longitudinal black stripe and with the usual longitudi-
nal carine on top between and behind the eyes. Body smooth, with
scarcely a trace of a median carina; mesothorax much longer than the
metathorax. Seventh segment of the abdomen slightly shorter than
the eighth and ninth together and considerably swollen on the posterior
half, and here furnished with the usual yentral appendage, which is
slightly longer than the eighth segment; eighth and ninth segments
subequal in length, the latter the larger and equal. The cerei are as
long as the last abdominal segment, moderately slender, slightly com-
pressed, curving very slightly downward and inward, and are apically
trifid, the center branch curving inward quite abruptly and forming
the terminus of the main body of the cerci.
Length of body, 64 mm.; antenne, 50 mm. ; mesothorax, 16.5 mm. ;
metathorax, including the intermediary segment, 12 mm.; fore femora,
872 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI.
25 mm.: middle femora, 22 mm.; hind femora, 25 mm.; width at the
middle of the mesothorax, 1.25 mm.
One male from Brazos County, Texas, collected in September by
Mr. Nathan Banks, in whose honor the species is named. Also a
male from Buna, Jasper County, Texas, on November 15, 1902, by
Dr. A. D. Hopkins. The latter specimen was taken on pine.
Type ._—No. 6616, U.S.N.M.
This insect may prove to be the male of Sermyle strigata Scudder, —
but more material is needed before it can be proven. ‘The very
slender form, however, seems to militate against this.
BACUNCULUS Burmeister.
Bacunculus Burmeister, Handb. Ent., II, 1838, p. 566.
Burmeister established Bacunculus as a subgenus of Bacteria. As
represented in the United States, the genus is defined as follows:
Very closely allied to Diapheromera. ead smooth in both sexes,
subcylindrical, anteriorly swollen, elongate, more than twice as long
as broad, and horizontally attached to the thorax. Antenne much
more than twice as long as the anterior femora. Prothorax about
one-sixth as long as the mesothorax; mesothorax slightly longer
than metathorax. Legs of male unarmed, slender, filiform; middle
femora of male not at all swollen as they are in Diapheromera; legs —
of female usually unarmed, but the middle and posterior femora are
sometimes armed below on the median line next the apex with a dis-
tinct, though usually minute, spine. Body of male more slender than
in Diapheromera and the cerci of similar shape and relative proportion
as in that genus.
The unswollen middle femora of the males make it easy to distin-
guish this genus from Diapheromera, but from female specimens alone
it is more difficult. The more elongate and anteriorly swollen head
together with the more generally unarmed legs will usually serve,
however, to distinguish the females with considerable certainty.
In the United States we have a single species.
BACUNCULUS TENUESCENS Scudder.
Plate LYI, figs. 1, 2.
Bacunculus tenuescens Scupper, Cat. Orth. U.8., app., 1899, p. 95.
This species is figured on Plate I, figs. 1 and 2 of the above work, and
described in the following words:
Body exceedingly slender, flavous beneath, brown (male) or green (female) above,
becoming infuscated on the lower portion of the sides, forming a postocular stripe.
Head greatly elongated, much longer than the pronotum; antennze much shorter
than the body. Entire body quite smooth with a very delicate mesial carination.
Seventh and ninth abdominal segments of male subequal in length, slightly longer
than the eighth and about half as lone as the sixth, the seventh segment scarcely
a Oe ee ee oe L
nal
>
hn ats ll el a tt et i
a i i i i a el its
:
¥
*
0.1835. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 873
i
inflated, bearing beneath a deflexed subspatulate convex plate, reaching the tip of
the eighth segment and no broader than it; ninth segment cylindrical, equal, trun-
cate, bearing a pair of decurved and incurved, cylindrical but slightly clavate, blunt
tipped cerci, about as long as the segment.
Length of body, male, 64.5 mm., female, 53 mm.; antennze, male, 41 mm., female,
35 mm.; head, male, 3.25 mm., female, 3.5 mm.; thorax, male, 31.5 mm., female, 25
mm.; mesothorax, male, 16 mm., female, 13 mm.; abdomen, male, 30 mm., female,
25 mm.; fore femora, male, 18 mm., female, 15.5 mm.; middle femora, male, 14.5
mm.; female, 13.5 mm.; hind femora, male, 20 mm., female, 16 mm.; width of me-
sothorax at middle, male, female, 1 mm.
One male, one female. Cedar Keys, Fla., June 6; Capron, Florida.
The tip of the abdomen of the female is lost.
The female from which the above description was made is evidently
immature, as the measurements do not at all agree with those of mature
- individuals in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. The fol-
lowing notes are made froma mature female collected by Hubbard and
Schwarz at Cedar Keys, Florida, in the month of June:
i 5 Oe en to aed
Ki eed Bee
e+
Color uniformly light greenish-brown, probably green in life. Ninth abdominal
segment slightly longer than the seventh. Supraanal plate subtriangular, mesially
keeled. Cerci long and slender, about as long as the last abdominal segment.
Extreme length of body from front of head to tip of cerci, 85 mm., head 4.5 mm.,
mesothorax 19 mm., metathorax 14.5 mm., fore femora 19 mm., middle femora 16.5
mm., hind femora 20.5 mm., cerei 4 mm, ; width of mesothorax at middle 2 mm.
A female specimen from Biscayne, Florida, from the Riley collec-
tion, which is referred to this species, is apparently much above the
ordinary size, giving the following measurements: Extreme length of
body 110 mm., head 5.5 mm., mesothorax 24 mm., metathorax 19.5
mm., fore femora 27.5 mm., middle femora 21 mm., hind femora 26
mm., cerci mm. This specimen is but little thicker than moderate-
sized individuals and shows no peculiarities indicative of a new species.
The brown color of the males of this species varies from light to
quite dark, and the legs, probably alsov the body in some specimens,
are greenish-brown.
DIAPHEROMERA Gray.
Diapheromera GRAY, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18.
This genus has the following characters:
Head smooth in both sexes, subquadrate or subcylindrical, usually
less than twice as long as broad and obliquely attached to the thorax;
antenne much more than twice as long as the anterior femora; protho-
rax usually less than one-fourth as long as the mesothorax; meso- and
metathorax subequal in length. Body linear, especially in the male;
basal segment of abdomen oblong, in male twice as long as broad.
Middle femora much swollen in the male, distinctly thicker than the
hind ones, those of the female searcely swollen and not distinctly larger
than the hind ones. Posterior femora armed ben ath on median line
near the apex with a single spine, in the male large and distinct, in the
87 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI._
female sometimes large and distinct but usually much smaller than in —
the male and sometimes minute or even wholly absent. Cerci of male ©
cylindrical, longer than the last abdominal segment and, except in —
D. mesillana, strongly incurved. .
Our common northern walkingstick belongs to this genus, the species —
of which are distributed more widely over our country than those of —
any other of our genera. None of the species have been found west —
of the Rocky Mountains. Five species occur in the United States. —
They may be separated by the following table, which is for the greater
part taken from a paper on this genus by Dr. Scudder: “
a. Male cerci strongly incurved. q
b. Ninth abdominal segment of male subequal, scarcely larger at apex than at base, —
the seventh segment much longer than the eighth; male cerci with a basal
tooth. 3
c. Inner ventro lateral carina of the posterior femora with minute serrations; 4
meso- and metathorax unicolorous. q
d. Male cerci with a blunt tooth at inner inferior base (Plate LVIII, fig. 6);
female cerci relatively stout, about half as long as the last dorsal segment.
Ffemorata Say.
dd. Male cerci with a sharp thorn at inner inferior_base (Plate LVIII, fig. 5);
female cerci relatively slender, almost or quite as long as the last dorsal
segment’... 2. 5205222 3 oh Se eet eee ae eer veliei Walsh.
cc. Inner yentro-lateral carina of the posterior femora smooth; meso- and
metathorax longitudinally marked with black beneath.
arizonensis, new species.
bb. Ninth abdominal segment of male apically inflated, and here nearly half as
broad again as at base, the seventh and eighth segments of subequal length;
male cer¢i without a basaletoothe ssn eos ieee ee ee carolina Scudder.
aa. Male cerci rigidly straight. (3.222 eee oe eee aera oe mesillana Scudder.
DIAPHEROMERA FEMORATA Say.
Plate LVH, fig. 4; Plate LVIII, fig. 6.
Spectrum femoratum Say, Exp. Long., I, 1824, p. 297; Amer. Ent., III, 1828,
p. 37, pl. xxvir.—Lerpy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., I1I, 1846, pp. 80-84.
Diapheromera femorata Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., 1840, p. 119.—ScuppeEr,
Psyche, IX, 1901, p. 188. .
Phasma (Bacteria) fenorata HAAN, Bijdr. kenn. Orth., 1842, pp. 101, 134.
Bacunculus femoratus UnLER, Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., 3d ed., 1862, p. 146.
Diapheromera sayi Gray, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18.
Bacteria sayi CHARPENTER, Orth. deser., 1841-1845, pl. 1v.
Bacteria (Bacunculus) sayi Burmeister, Handb. Ent., IT, 1888, p. 566.
Bacunculus sayi Tuomas, Trans. Ill. St. Agric. Soe., V, 1865, p. 441.
Bacteria linearis Goss, Lett. Alab., 1859, p. 275.
Color fuscous or green, the males more often exhibiting the latter
color, Mature individuals, especially the females, are almost always
fuscous during the autumn months. The middle femora of the dark
colored males are distinctly banded with lighter color.
Head smooth in both sexes, subquadrate, scarcely elongate, obliquely
« Psyche, IX, 1901, pp. 187-189.
vo
mis. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 875
ttached to the thorax; eyes round, slightly more prominent in the
male than in the female. Antenne long and slender, about as long as
the body; prothorax short, about one-fifth as long as the mesothorax,
the dorsal cruciform impression distinct, especially the transverse inci-
sion; meso- and metathorax subequal in length, without median carina.
Legs of male long and slender, except the middle femora, which are
much swollen and distinctly thicker than the others; of the female,
shorter in proportion, and the middle femora are not swollen, no
thicker than the others. Fore legs unarmed, undulate and smaller at
the base; hind and middle femora of the male armed beneath on the
median line near the apex with a large, prominent spine; of female,
similarly armed, but the spine is much smaller, often quite minute.
Abdomen smooth; intermediary segment visible only from above and
firmly united to the metathorax; basal segment elongate, nearly or
quite twice as long as broad in the female and three times as long as
broad in the male; seventh segment in the male distinctly longer than
the ninth and three times as long as the eighth. Cerci of male some-
what longer than the terminal segment of the abdomen, cylindrical,
oval at apex, bluntly tubercled interiorly at base, clothed with micro-
scopic stiff hairs and strongly curved horizontally inwards, usually
crossing each other at about the middle; female cerei straight, stout,
acuminate, less than half as long as the terminal segment of the abdo-
men, and partially concealed from above by the exposed tip of the
triangular supraanal plate, which, as well as the cerci, is sparsely coy-
ered with very short hairs of microscopic size.
Length of body, male, 72 mm., female, 70 mm.; mesothorax, male,
17 mm., female, 16 mm.; metathorax, male, 16 mm., female, 13.5
mm.; middle femora, male, 15.5 mm., female, 11.5 mm. ; hind femora,
“male, 19.5 mm., female, 15 mm.; hind tibia, male, 25 mm., female,
16 mm.
The above description was drawn up from a male and female col-
lected in copulation at Rosslyn, Virginia, on September 12, 1900.
The males are quite uniform in size, but the females are quite variable,
the one from which the above measurements were taken being a small
specimen. A large female from Massachusetts before me gives the
following measurements: Length of body, 92 mm.; mesothorax, 19
mm.; metathorax, 17 mm.; middle femora, 14.5 mm.,; hind femora,
18.5 mm.; hind tibia, 20 mm.
This species is our most common phasmid and occurs throughout
the northern part of the country from the Rocky Mountains eastward.
It is said to also occur as far south as Mexico, but is more rare in the
South, being quite generally replaced there by the next species, velze?.
Many of the southern records pertain to allied species mistaken for
Jemorata.
These insects mate in the autumn and pairs are often seen in the act
&76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI
of copulation. The female drops the eggs at random in the woods,
where they lie till the following spring before hatching. Eggs depos
ited on November 9 and kept indoors gave forth the young during
the last week of the following March. Some eggs are slow in giving
forth the nymphs and so the insect may be found in various stages of }
development all through the season. Some of the eggs lie through”
even the second winter before hatching. The young are said to pass:
through but two stages in the course of growth, which averages less:
than two months. The newly hatched nymphs are of a uniform pale |
young are said to live on low herbage and drop to the ground when —
disturbed. There is but one generation annually. ,
This is the only one of our phasmids that is of economic impor-_
tance. It has been recorded as occurring in injurious numbers on for-
est trees. In such cases burning over the ground in winter to kill the”
eggs is recommended. 4
>
DIAPHEROMERA VELIEI Walsh.
Plate LVIIL.-fig. 5.
Diapheromera velii Watsn, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., ITI, 1864, pp. 409-10.—§
ScuppgEr, Psyche, IX, 1901, p. 189.
This species may be defined as follows:
Of the same size and form as 2). femorata, and also agreeing with it |
in being dimorphic in color, both brown and green forms occurring. |
It differs from that species in the following particulars: Head slightly
more elongate; middle femora of male not usually banded with gray; |
seventh abdominal segment of the male no longer than the ninth, while
in femorota it is one-fourth longer. Male cerci with a sharp spine or
tooth at the base on the inner side instead of a blunt tubercle; female
cerci nearly or quite as long as the apical segment of the abdomen
instead of less than half as long, and they are usually more slender
than in femorata. In general, the color of the dark form of vee
seems to be somewhat lighter than that of the corresponding form of
Jemorata, but in this respect both species are variable. |
This species is more southern in its distribution than femorata. It
occurs east of the Rocky Mountains from Nebraska to Maryland,
south to Georgia and Texas. It occurs also in Mexico. It was
described from Nebraska, and Scudder reports it from a number of -
States within the region specified above. I have seen specimens from
Virginia, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Colorado. Some of the
females from Oklahoma have the spine beneath the posterior and inter-
mediate femora entirely aborted, causing them to be separable from
Biss. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 877
she females of Bacunculus only with great difficulty. The shape of
he head and the association of the males with the females, however
nade the identification quite certain.
DIAPHEROMERA ARIZONENSIS, new species.
Slenderer than ). femorata, uniformally light yellowish brown, with
the meso- and metathorax longitudinally marked beneath with shiny
black. Antenne nearly as long as the body and concolorous with it.
Thorax smooth, with a very slight median carina; mesothorax slightly
longer than the metathorax; seventh seoment of the abdomen dis-
Ie 5 ;
tinctly longer than the ninth, somewhat constricted on the anterior
t
third; ninth segment with the posterior margin concave, exposing the
tip of the triangular supraanal plate. Cerci shaped as in femorata
and pelict, with the basal tooth intermediate between those species.
Legs long and slender, the middle femora relatived; less swollen than
re
n allied species.
Ee Length of body, 76 mm.; antenne, about 65 mm.; mesothorax, 18
mm. ; metathorax, 16.5 mm.; middle femora, 18 mm.; hind femora,
22.5 mm.
~ Onemale, Hot Springs, Arizona, June 28, 1901. Collected by Messrs.
Schwarz and Barber.
Type.—No. 6612, U.S.N.M.
_ This species is closely allied to femorata and velie’, but can be dis-
tinguished from them by the characters given in the table and by the
‘more slender form. The elongate seventh abdominal segment will
‘readily separate it from velée/. It is quite a characteristic-looking
“species, though the differences that separate it from its allies are diffi-
ult to define.
~~:
SS eR Tt
‘S
+ DIAPHEROMERA CAROLINA Scudder.
+
Diapheromera carolina ScuDDER, Psyche, IX, 1901, p. 188.
_ The following is the description as given by the author:
_ Stouter than D. femorata, testaceo-castaneous, glistening, the thorax with a rather
broad median bronze-fuscous stripe, not reaching the median segment, and inter-
; rupted at the posterior end of the mesonotum, the fore legs greenish, the antennze
_testaceous; thorax with excessively fine transverse striation. Mesothorax and meta-
thorax (including median segment ) of similar length. Seventh and eighth abdom-
inal segments of subequal length, each faintly enlarging from base, the ninth a little
shorter, apically inflated and subglobose, nearly half as broad again at apex as at
base, the cerci much as in D. femorata, but stouter,
_ basal tooth.
_ Length of body, 67 mm.; head, 3 mm.;
~mm.; hind femora,.19.5 mm.
One male. North Carolina. (Morrison. )
more compressed, and without
mesothorax, 13.5 mm.; fore femora, 20.5
aa:
878 PROCEEDINGS ¢ OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX
DIAPHEROMERA MESILLANA Scudder.
Diapheromera mesillana Scupper, Psyche, LX, 1901, p. 189.
The original description is here given in full.
Slenderer than D. femorata, uniform greenish flavous, the antennz infuscated |
beyond the basal third, the thorax smooth, with an obscure median carina; subapi-
cal inferior spine of middle and hind femora rather slight. Mesothorax and metatho- |
rax (including median segment) of equal length. Seventh and ninth abdominal
segments subequal in length and distinctly longer than the eighth, all equal in w intl
and nowhere enlarged, the ninth rather feebly and angularly emarginate, exposing
a small, transverse, apically arcuate, supraanal plate; cerci about as long as the ninth
abdominal segment, rigidly straight, directed backward and not at all downward,
slender tapering, blunt tipped, externally convex, and internally concave. |
Length of body, 55 mm.; head, 3 mm.; antenne, circa 37 mm.; mesothorax, 12.5_
mm.; fore femora, 14.5 mm.; middle femora, 11 mm.; hind femora, 13.5 mm.
Two males. Between Mesilla and Las Cruces, New Mexico, June 30. (A. PL
Morse. )
MEGAPHASMA, new genus.
Head smooth, rounded, subvertical; antenne: more than twice as_
long as the anterior femora; prothorax one-fifth as long as the meso-
thorax and transversely incised; meso- and metathorax subequal in _
length and with a distinct, though slight, median carina. Middle and
hind femora swollen in both sexes, the middle ones somewhat larger
than the posterior ones in the male, and both the middle and posterior
pairs in both sexes armed beneath on the median line next the apex.
with a prominent spine and sometimes, at least in the female, with a
row of equally large ones extending along the entire length of the
femora below.
This genus is erected for that large Southern walkingstick described
by Stal as Diapheromera dentricus. This insect exhibits characters
that are certainly of generic value. The rounded, subvertical head,
broad, spatulate cerci end unusually large size will readily separate it
from all other of our genera. Diapheromera is the most nearly allied
genus, but the characters given in the table will at once separate it
from that genus of much smaller insects.
In the United States we have a single species.
sia pilates Nk a eka amma
MEGAPHASMA DENTRICUS Stal.
Plate LVII, fig. 2, 2a, 2b.
Diapheromera dentricus Sra, Rec. Orth., III, 1875, p. 76.—Scupper, Psyche, IX,
1901, p. 187; Harpers Mag., LX XXVIII, 1894, p. 456, fig. 1.
This species was originally described from Opelousas, Louisiana.
The following description is made from specimens, male and female,
in the U. S. National Museum collection:
Yellowish brown or fuscous. Head rounded, subvertically attached -
0.133. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. +879
othe thorax. Antenne multiarticulate,“ more than twice as long as
e anterior femora. Cruciform impression on the pronotum distinct,
eso- and metathorax subequal in length and furnished above with a
carcely perceptible delicate median carina. Ninth abdominal segment
slightly longer than the seventh. Legs stout, anterior ones unarmed
po but half as thick as the others; posterior and middle tibize deeply
denticulate below on the median carina, which is considerably elevated
and terminated at the apex in a blunt spine, as is also the posterior
ventro-lateral carine. The posterior and intermediate femora are
large and regularly trapezoidal in form, each border below denticulate
and spined on the median line with small apinules, except the terminal
one, which is very large in the male. In the female all the spines are
often large, but not so large as the terminal one of the male; the
femora are broadest on the lower side and slightly swollen toward the
base. The male femora are somewhat more rounded than those of
the female. Posterior femora extending to the apex of the third
abdominal segment in the female and almost to the middle of the
fourth in the male; margins above coxal cavities slightly expanded
and dentate. Cerci stout, in female less than one-half as long as the
Jast abdominal segment; in male expanded apically, somewhat. spat-
ulate and directed strongly downward.
The original description, which was made from the female sex
alone, gives the following measurements: Length of body 123 mm.;
thorax 53 mm.; mesothorax 24 mm.; metathorax 24 mm. ; abdomen 70
mm.; fore femora 27 mm.; middle femora 20 mm.; posterior femora
23 mm.; width of middle of mesothorax 5 mm.
Often the general color is reddish brown, legs lighter. A specimen
in the U.S. National Museum collection has the middle and hind
femora and the posterior two-thirds of the prothorax green, varie-
gated with light gray and brown; on the femora the gray is grouped
together in the form of broad, illy defined bands. Other specimens
have the anterior portion of the prothorax and mesothorax, both above
and below, greenish black.
This insect has been recorded from Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico,
and, with doubt, from Alabama. One female specimen in the U.S.
National Museum is from East Joplin, Missouri, the most northern
locality yet recorded for this species.
This is the largest walkingstick that occurs in the United States, a
female before me measuring 145 mm., which is 5 mm. less than one
in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
This species suggests tropical forms: more than anything else in our
«The antennal segments of a male specimen from Texas were counted and were
found to number just seventy-eight. The antenn of the specimen figured is drawn
nearly twice too thick, except basally.
880 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXy
fauna, and the large size commands attenoee wherever seen. Mr
Mitchell, of Victoria, Texas, informs me that they are not uncommot
the wooded bottoms in that vicinity, where they occur on grapi
vines.
Subfamily ANISOMORPHIN 42“.
In this subfamily the antenne are more than twice as long as the
anterior femora. Tibi furnished with a sunken areola below next
the apex; cox visible from above; tarsi distinctly pentamerous
Mesothorax not more than three times as long as the prothorax,
Intermediary segment invisible. . |
We have a single genus of this subfamily in the United States.
ANISOMORPHA Gray.
Anisomorpha Gray, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18.
This genus, as represented in the United States, has the following
characters:
Head not more than one and one-half as long as broad, horizontally
attached to the thorax. Body broad and stout, pecan in the
female; prothorax furnished with distinct odoriferous glands; meso
and meta-thorax subequal in length. Legs stout and thick, unequal
the middle pair the shortest; abdominal segments subquadrate or
transverse, especially in the female, the seventh and ninth subequal
in length, intermediary segment invisible. Cerci short, rounded,
similar in both sexes.
We have two closely allied species, one occurring more commonly
in the extreme Southern States and the other ranging farther north,
Their differences are comparative and may be tabulated as follows:
a. Female, color generally yellowish brown with conspicuous broad black dorsal and.
lateral stripes. Head noticeably longer than broad; body more elongate, seve
to nine times as long as broad. Male, color and head as in female. — Body still
more elongate, about twelve times as long as broad, averaging about 45 mm. in
length .....:2.20.0 021 AU eee buprestoides Stoll.
aa. Female, color uniformly ferruginous of various shades or inconspicuously striped
with very narrow dusky dorsal and lateral stripes. Head less noticeably
longer than broad. Body proportionately shorter and broader, six to six and
one-half times longer than broad. Male, color same as female. Head and
proportions about the same as in buprestoides but smaller, averaging no more
than 35 mm . ..225. ss2c.- 22 oe ee ferruginea Palisot.
ANISOMORPHA BUPRESTOIDES Stoll.
Plate LIX, fig. 1.
Phasma buprestoides Stott, Repr. Spectr., 1787-1813, p. 68, pl. xxi, fig. 87.
Anisomorpha buprestoides Gray, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 19.—ScuppEr, Can. Ent.,
XXVII, 1895, p. 30.
Phasma (Anisomorpha) buprestoides Haan, Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 1842, p. 101.
Spectrum bivittatum Say, Amer. Ent., [II, 1828, pl. xxxvuit.
Spectrum vittata JaArcer, Life N. Amer. Ins., 1854, p. 123.
0. 1335. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 88]
|The following description of this common Southern walkingstick
8 made froma series of both sexes in the collection of the United
states National Museum.
Color varying shades of yellowish brown, often almost fuscous,
ith conspicuous broad, black stripes extending from the front of the
read to the tip of the abdomen, one dorsal and one on each side.
these stripes, in dark-colored individuals, are often more or less con-
ised, but in light-colored specimens they are very conspicuous and
yell defined. Some specimens, apparently killed soon after trans-
Ormation, are paler in color and with the stripes narrow and indis-
inct. Legs short and stout, unequal, the middle pair the shortest, in
pale more slender than in the female, dark colored, except in light-
olored individuals, where they are colored the same as the body; the
:
{
bie and femora of each pair of legs are subequal in length. Head
toticeably longer than broad, horizontally attached to the thorax and
ubquadrate in shape, somewhat swollen anteriorly. Antennz about
hree times as long as the anterior femora, the fourth segment the
hortest. Prothorax mesially incised and transversely sulcate in the
niddle, about twice as long as broad, usually more than one-third as
ong as the mesothorax, furnished above on each well-elevated border
n front with a prominent gland, opening laterally from which is
jected a pungent spray aa the insect is excited. Meso- and meta-
horax subequal in length, the former usually slightly the longer and
on the disk sometimes perched: especially toward the sides, with
everal granules, often quite acute; there is no median carina. Abdo-
nen smooth, without carina, segments, especially the basal ones of the
Bmale, subquadrate or transverse, in the male usually semewhat
onger than broad, intermediary segment invisible. In the female the
seventh segment eee forms a Aare scoop-shaped process, at the
base of which are situated the genital organs. Cerci short, in the
female no more than one-half as long as the last abdominal segment,
in the male almost as long as the apical segment, straight and subcylin-
drical in both sexes, projecting Eabliorizontallly backward in the
female and eBperpendicalarly downward: in the male. The male
poly has the tip of the abdomen curved under.
- Measurements made from a mated pair from Key West, Florida, are
4 follows: Length of body, male 45 mm., female 61 mm. ; head, male
3.5 mm., female 6 mm.; antenne, female 40 mm.; prothorax, male
8.5 mm., female 6 mm.; mesothorax, male 7 mm., female 12 mm.;
metathorax, male 6 mm., female 10 mm.; fore femora, male 9.5 mm.,
emale 13 mm.; middle fomaed male 7 mm., female 10.5 mm.; hind
3 male 9.5 mm., female 14 mm.; w idth of head, male 2.5 mm.,
oe 4 mm.
This species, which is sometimes called the musk mare, seems to
occur most commonly in the extreme Southern States. The U.S.
889 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV
National Museum contains over twenty specimens, all from Florid
except some without labels, which are probably from Mississippi.
has been recorded from various localities in the southeastern part
the United States, but the more northern records doubtlessly belong
to the next species. Several young specimens referable to this specie
are uniformly brownish gray in color, but otherwise resemble th
adults.
ANISOMORPHA FERRUGINEA Palisot de Beauvois.
Plate LIX, fig. 2. }
Phasma ferruginea Pautsor DE Brauvors, Ins. Afr. Amer., 1805-1821, p. 167, ph
ellos Omni
Anisomorpha ferruginea GRAY, Syn. Phasm., 1835, p. 18.
Phasma (Anisomorpha) ferruginea Haan, Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 1842, p. 101.
This species is very closely allied to the preceding one. The color
is in general lighter than in buprestocdes and usually uniform, and not!
conspicuously marked by black stripes as in that species, sometimes.
with narrow stripes, more often noticeable in the males. The head is:
usually less noticeably longer than broad, and the body is proportion-
ately shorter and broader as tabulated above. The males average
less in size and the habitat seems to extend farther north than that of
buprestoides. The measurements from a pair from Tallulah, Georgia,
are as follows: j
Length of head, male 3mm., female 5.5 mm.; body, male 31 mm.,
female 50 mm.; fore femora, male 8 mm., female 10 mm.; middle
femora, male 5.5 mm., female 8.5 mm.; hind femora, male 8 mm.,.
female 11 mm.; prothorax, male 2.5 mm., female 5 mm.; mesothorax,
male 5 mm., female 9.5 mm.; metathorax, male 4 mm., female 8.5
mm.; width of head, male 2 mm., female 4.5 mm.
This species appears to extend farther north than buprestoides, but’
it also occurs in Florida. The specimens in the collection of the United
States National Museum are from Florida, Louisiana, Kentucky, and
Pennsylvania.
This species, as well as the preceding one, is said to be able to throw
a colored fluid to a considerable distance from the well-developed scent:
glands, situated on the thorax.
TIMEMIN 4, new subfamily.
This subfamily presents the following characters:
Antenne longer than the anterior femora; tibize furnished beneath
at the apex w ith a sunken areola; cox invisible from above; tarsi
three jointed. Intermediary segment as distinct as the rest of the
abdominal segments, freely articulated to the thorax and not at all
connate with it as in all other of our groups. |
This well-defined subfamily is proposed for the genus Zimema of
Wo. 1335.
0, TALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES—CAUDELL. 888
ie
dder. The structure of the insects here included is different from
beneath the body in such a manner as to conceal the cox from above.
‘he three-jointed tarsi are also peculiar to this subfamily. The three-
ointed tarsi are obviously the result of a unition of the first three seg-
n ents of the normal pentamerous phasmid tarus. This is indicated by
the lower surface of the first segment showing obscure seomentation
where the original segments have united.
e We have but one genus of this interesting subfamily in the United
States.
;
|
’
TIMEMA Scudder.
Timema ScuppER, Can. Ent., XX VI, 1895, p. 30.
_ The characters limiting this genus are:
I General form short and broad, not linear, head subquadrate, no
Jonger than broad, as broad as the thorax. Antenne much longer
than the anterior femora, basal segment very large, three times as
Jong as broad, enlarged apically. Prothorax quadrate, not narrowed
anteriorly, noshorter than the metathorax and without distinct odorif-
erous glands; meso- and metathorax subequal inlength. Legs short and
stout; cerci of male forcipulate, irregular in shape and curving
inwards, of female stout, vertically flattened and straight, in both sexes
longer than the last abdominal segment.
_ We have a single species.
teed
TIMEMA CALIFORNICA Scudder, nev species.
s Plate LVII, fig. 5; Plate LVIII, figs. 7, 74.
_ This species, the type of the genus, has never been described. Dr.
Scudder has very kindly furnished the following description, which is
here published for the first time:
a Head large, thorax depressed, abdomen depr
_ what posteriorily, the whole body smooth, glistening a little, nearly
_testaceous with a faint greenish tinge, the abdomen slightly lighter in tint than the
and narrowly with brownish fuscous, most
essed cylindrical, expanding some-
uniform luteo-
thorax, the latter striped longitudinally
- distinctly in a submarginal stripe, in which are ft
about as long as head and thorax together. 4
about as long as the first three abdominal segments. Last abdominal segment of
male somewhat expanded and tumid, the hind margin sinuato-truncate, the cerci
about as the last segment, asymetrical, tortuous, abruptly incurved, basally depressed,
- apically tapering to a point.
| Length of body, male 14.25 mm.; female 22.5 mm.; antenne, male 5.25 mm.;
hind femora, male
'
|
|
iscous impressed puncta. Antenne
All the legs short, the hind femora
Se
female 7 mm.; mesonotum, male 1.5 mm.; female 2.5 mm.;
3.25mm.; female 4.5mm. One male, one female, Santa Cruz Mountains, California.
_ (L. Bruner. )
The U. S. National Museum contains
species, two males and one female, from 5
A Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 59
three typical specimens of this
anta Cruz Mountains, Cali-
884 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVi
fornia, collected by Albert Keobele. The antennz of the males ar
broken, but those of the female are intact and measure 14 mm. i
length and are 22 jointed. It would therefore appear that the antenn
of Dr. Secudder’s specimens, at least those of the female, were broken,
The trochanters of these insects are large and distinct, more so than
in any other of our Phasmide. The head is marked by a narrow post-
ocular stripe, which extends more or less distinctly across the entire
length of the pronotum.
Besides these specimens from the Santa Cruz Mountains, the U. S.
National Museum containsa male anda female from Los Angeles County,
California, that may represent a new species, but their condition is too
poor to warrant their description as such without additional and ai
ter preserved material. They differ from the typical specimens in
being proportionately shorter, head more flattened vertically, without
the postoculate black line, and, together with the pronotum in the male,
rugose above. The female cerci are more slender, and the meso- andi
metathorax of both sexes seem less developed than in the specimens
from Santa Cruz Mountains. The male cerci also differ in being more
foliaceous. Plate LVIII, fig. 77, shows the male cerci of the specimen
from Los Angeles County, and Plate LVIII, fig. 7, the same of the
Santa Cruz Mountain specimens.
This species apparently represents a step in the transition from the
Phasmidee to the Forficulide. The forcipal cerci of the males, ven-—
trally attached legs, short, broad head, and especially the short, stout
legs with the three jointed tarsi, indicate a relation to the ear-wigs.
As Phasmids these creatures are certainly anomalies, and at a casual
glance are not always readily recognized, having, in one instance at
least, been mistaken for a species of Perlid larvee.
NOTE.
Since this paper has been made up into pages, Mr. E. A. Schwarz
collected a specimen of Phasmide representing a species new to our
fauna. It was taken at Key West, Florida, on April 6, and, except —
for the discordant factor of the median segment being slightly shorter —
than the metathorax, seems to fall quite naturally into the Bacterid
genus //aplopus of Gray. As the specimen is an immature female,
any attempt at specific determination would be unsatisfactory. It may —
eventually prove to be the /Zaplopus cubensis of Saussure, but it does
not seem to agree very well with the description of that species. |
.
Fig.
Fig.
. 1335. WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES— CAUDELL. 885
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE LVI.
(After Scudder. )
1. Bacunculus tenuescens Scudder, male.
2. Bacunculus tenuescens Scudder, male, side view of the tip of the abdomen.
3. Pseudosermyle strigata Scudder, female.
Pruate LVIL.
. 1. Parabacillus coloradus Scudder, male.
2. Megaphasma dentricus Stal, male.
2a, Megaphasma dentricus Stal, male, side view of head and pronotum.
20, Megaphasma dentricus Stal, male, side view of the tip of the abdomen.
3. Pseudosermyle arbuscula Rehn, female, end of the abdomen.
4. Diapheromera femorata Say, male, side view of head and pronotum.
5. Timema californica Scudder, female.
Prare LVILI.
1. Parabacillus coloradus Scudder, female (after Scudder).
2. Pseudosermyle stramineus Scudder, male (after Scudder).
3. Pseudosermyle truncata, new species, male, side view of the tip of the abdomen.
34, Pseudosermyle truncata, new species, female, right middle leg.
35, Pseudosermyle truncata, new species, female, tip of abdomen.
4. Pseudosermyle arbuscula Rehn, female, right middle leg.
5. Diapheromera veliei Walsh, male, end of abdomen.
-6. Diapheromera femorata Say, male, end of abdomen.
7. Timema californica Scudder, male, end of abdomen.
7%, Timema californica Scudder, variety, male, end of abdomen.
8. Pseudosermyle strigata Scudder, female, end of abdomen.
Prate LIX.
- Fig. 1. Anisomorpha buprestoides Stal, female.
2. Anisomorpha ferruginea Palisot de Beauvois,. female.
PL. LVI
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI
IATIONAL MUSEUM
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FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 884.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LVII
_ WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 884.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LVIII
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
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WALKINGSTICKS OF THE UNITED STATES.
For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 885.
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websteri, p. 892
@. Eye-stalks subrectangular.
_ b’. Cornea on the frontal margin of the eye-stalk very smal eee myops, p. 892
2. Cornea on the outer margin.
“. Antero-lateral angle of eye-stalk produced much beyond the side, anterior
Pepa mmided «2592-2222 2-2 arene deamx, p. 893
©. Antero-lateral angle not produced much, if any, beyond the line of the side,
anterior margin straight or very slightly concave.
d’. Inner distal angle of the eye-stalk more rounded than the outer.
scutellata, p. 894
@. Outer distal angle of the eye-stalk more rounded than the inner.
e’. Margin between the central and lateral teeth of the front is occupied by
a sinus divided by a lobe into nearly equal parts. . ----- mearnsi, p. 899
é. Margin between the central and lateral points occupied by the usual
ocular sinus, the lobe not forming a second sinus between it and the
lateral teeth of the front--------- OE seh oe ke richmondi, p. 895
892 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV.
LEPIDOPA VENUSTA Stimpson. :
Lepidopa venusta Strmpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 230 (withow
description); Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. of New York, VII, p. 79.
Lepidops venusta Mirrs, Jour. of Linn. Soe. of London, XIV, p. 3382.
Eyes oblong, broadest about the posterior third, narrowing toward
the cornea, which is terminal and very small,
barely visible from above. From below, under a
lens, it is shown as a black speck with a little
dark streak running to the bottom of the peduncle.
The ocular sinus is separated from the spine
behind the antenna by a slight lobe in all speci-
mens. Between the spine and the antero-lateral
angle the outline is slightly concave. The front
and lateral projections are equally advanced.
Length of carapace of largest specimen, 11
mm.; breadth, 14 mm_ Savanilla, U. S. Colom-
bia; collected by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross; three
specimens.
Fig. 2.—LEPIDOPA VENUSTA,
x 2
LEPIDOPA WEBSTERI, new species.
Lepidopa venusta, Kinastry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1879 (Part pub.
March 9, 1880), p. 410.
In comparing the single specimen referred to by Mr. Kingsley with
Lepidopa venusta, it is found to be very closely related, but yet dis-
tinct. It differs in having the lateral teeth of the front closer to the
rostral tooth, while in Z. venusta they are closer to the spines of the
antero-lateral angles; the lateral teeth of Z. websteri
are also more produced, and the lobe between the base
of the rostral tooth and the lateral teeth has almost dis-
appeared from this species, while prominent in Z. ven-
usta. The eye stalks are in a general way only like
those of L. venusta; they are not so long in proportion
and are not contracted as much near the apex. The !'¢.3.—Lepmopa
. . WEBSTER], X 2.
specimen can hardly be said to have an eye speck; a
dark line on the lower surface may serve to distinguish light from
darkness.
The color of this species, as Z. venusta, also is iridescent.
The carapace is'7 mm. in length and 9 mm. in breadth.
Named for the collector, Prof. H. E. Webster.
The type belongs to Union University, Schenectady, New York,
and was taken on the beach near Fort Macon, North Carolina.
LEPIDOPA MYOPS Stimpson.
Lepidops myops Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VII, 1862, p. 241.—
Miers, Jour. of the Linn. Soc. of London, Zool., XIV, 1879, p. 333, pl. v,
fig. 16.
The eyes are broad and very broadly rounded at both angles, the
inner distal angle is, however, more evenly rounded than the outer,
x0. 1337. REVISION OF THE GENUS LEPIDOPA—BENEDIC7T. 893
which is slightly produced beyond the inner. The eye speck is on the
distal margin near the outer angle and the sinus occupied by it could
hardly be distinguished with a lens, were it not for the slight colora-
tion remaining.
The front is tridentate. The lateral teeth are acute, while the median
tooth is blunt and evenly rounded, situated posterior to the line of the
lateral points just 1 mm., in the specimen de-
scribed. Between the deepest part of the ocular 200 es
sinus is a broad lobe. Between the lateral point
and the antero-lateral angle the margin is deeply P16: 4—~beribors avons,
concave. e
The carapace of this species, like that of scutellata, has abroad, rather
depressed ridge running along the median line. The post-branchial
area has a group of from 8 to 10 large punctures.
The specimen from which the foregoing description was drawn was
obtained by Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S. A., off San Diego, California.
Type.—No. 28661, U.S.N.M.
LEPIDOPA DEAMAZ:, new species.
The eye-stalks of this species are broadest near the anterior end.
The inner and distal margins are about equally arcuate and form a
slightly obtuse angle where they meet. The anterior exterior angle
of the stalk is well rounded;*behind this angle the eye spot is well
indented. From this place the stalk narrows
rapidly to its base.
The median tooth of the front is advanced
to a point nearly in line with the lateral teeth.
From the rostral tooth the margin runs back-
ward, making an ocular sinus evenly concave
at its inner half; from this point it is straight
and almost transverse to the notch where it
meets the sigmoid margin and the lateral
tooth of the front. From the lateral tooth
to the spine at the antero-lateral angle the
margin is sigmoid, an exact copy of the sig-
foe mold outline of the margin between the point
and the eye sinus, but very much larger.
The carapace is convex transversely, straight longitudinally.
As in scutellata, the median line is raised into a broad carina, trian-
cular in cross section; this is by far the largest Lepidopa in the collec-
tion. It is 35 mm. broad in front, is 82 mm. long measured on the
middle line from the apex of the rostrum to the posterior margin of
the carapace. Named for the collector, Mrs. Clarence C. Deam, of
Bluffton, Indiana, who obtained the specimen from Salina Cruz, Gulf
of Tehuantepec, Mexico.
Type.—No. 26170 U.S.N.M.
894 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX
LEPIDOPA SCUTELLATA Stimpson,
“a
?Hippa scutellata Fawricius, Ent. Syst., II, 1793, p. 474. $
? Albunea scutellata Desmarest, Consid. sur le Crust., 1825, p. 173.—M. Epwarps,
Hist. Nat. des Crust., IJ, 1837, p. 204, pl. xx1, figs. 9-13.—GiBBEs, Prog,
American Assoc., 1850, p. 187.—Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp., XIII, 1852, p- 406,
Lepidopa scutellata Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 230; Ann.
Lyc. Nat. Hist., New York, VII, Mar., 1859, p. 79.
Lepidops scutellata Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIV, Oct., 1878, p. 332.
The eye-stalks are nearly rectangular, a little longer than wide. .
The anterior margin is slightly concave and under a lens is seen to be:
armed with denticles. The eye-specks are situated on the outer
margin just posterior to the rounded por--
tion of the distal angle. These specks are:
much more prominent in this and other:
species with rectangular eye-stalks than in.
species with ovoid stalks. The lateral teeth.
of the anterior margin are a little more ad-.
vanced than the middle or rostral tooth, and
are placed nearer to the spine of the antero-
lateral angle than to this tooth. The margin
of the front is sigmoid between the apex of
: the lateral teeth and the bottom of the ocu-
GG Vene mors SCUTELLATA, = (lar eines tease tine point it meets the concave
ef line which forms the margin of the rostral
tooth; at the point where the lines meet there is a very small notch.
The carapace is broader than long, straight on the median line, and
strongly curved laterally.
The carapace of a female from Pensacola, Florida, measures 16.5
mm. long and 19.5 mm. wide. The eye-stalks are 4 mm. long and 3.4
mm. wide.
An examination of the stomach of a specimen taken near Morris
Cut, opposite Miami, Florida, disclosed the setee of Annelids, the skin.
of a very small Synapta with some anchor plates still present, and
parts of the flagellee of some small crustacea.
The type locality of the species called Albunea scutellata by the |
earlier authors will probably never be known. When Stimpson |
erected the genus Lepidopa by separating Albunea, he placed in it two.
species from the island of St. Thomas, West Indies. The species with
the more rectangular eye-stalks he very properly identified with —
Albunea scutellata of Desmarest, Edwards, and others. This identifi-
cation he could not have verified nor can we at this time unless the
types are extant. As the matter stands the island of St. Thomas can
be recognized as the type locality of the species. The specimens in
the National Museum do not come from localities nearer St. Thomas
than Florida, and it follows that the species here described and figured
for L. scutellata may prove to be new.
|
|
|
j
~
no. 1337. REVISION OF THE GENUS LEPIDOPA—BENEDICT. 895
LEPIDOPA MEARNSI, new species.
The eye-stalks are almost rectangular. The inner distal angle of the
talk is much less rounded than the outer. The anterior margin is very
lightly concave. The eye-speck or cornea is situated on the side ‘ust
behind the rounded portion of the angle. .
he three teeth of the front extend forward
to nearly the same line, the rostral tooth is,
however, a trifle shorter. The sinus behind
the eye is divided by a lobe into two nearly
equal parts. : - FiG. 7.—LEPIDOPA MEARNSI, x 4.
_ This species is more nearly related to Z.
pichmondi than to any other. It is represented by one specimen in
very bad condition, the front and eye stalks are, however, intact.
The unique type-specimen is labeled ** West coast of Central
merica.”
Type.—No. 26171, U.S.N.M.
ES
a
mAG ete:
= ~—_— .
, —~—
F
LEPIDOPA RICHMONDI, new species.
The character of the eyes is almost identical with Z. mearns?, except
‘that the eyes of this species are proportionally slightly smaller, the
“distal margin is more nearly straight and the inner margin is slightly
more arcuate. The median projection of the front is a little posterior
to the line of the projection of the teeth; this alters the character of
the sinus behind the eye and eliminates the slight sinus
found behind the antennula in Z. mearnsi. ‘The mar-
gin between the ocular sinus and the lateral tooth of
the front is transverse. At first sight the effect of
the lateral tooth rising beyond the margin is to give
it the appearance of a double sinus as in L. mearnsi,
but a careful examination shows that this is erroneous,
“Fic. 8—Leprpora. except in the manner thata sinus always exists at the
RICHMONDI, X 23. i ; ; : : ‘ i
side of a spine or tooth-like projection. The carapace
is arcuate but slightly flattened on the sides, forming a low ridge on the
median line. Longitudinally the carapace is straight. The flagellum
of the richmond? has 8 joints.
Distance between lateral points of the front is 5 mm.
scales is 1.5 mm. by 1.5 mm.
| Locality.—A single specimen from
by Dr. C. W. Richmond, for whom it is named.
Type.—No. 25828, We. M:
Size of eye
Greytown, Nicaragua, collected
REVIEW OF THE -SILUROID FISHES OR CATFISHES
OF JAPAN.
By Davin Starr JorpAN and Henry W. Fowter,
Of the Leland Stanford Junior Uni versity.
) In the present paper is given a review of the catfishes or Vema-
_ tognathi known to inhabit the waters of Japan. The paper is based
_ on the collections made by Messrs. Jordan and Snyder in 1900,'a
“series of these specimens being placed in the U. S. National Museum.
Order NEMATOGNATHI.
CATFISHES.
Parietals and supraoccipital confluent. Four anterior vertebree
-coossified, and with ossicula auditus or weberian apparatus. No
-mnesopterygium. Basis cranii and pterotic bone simple; no coronoid
bone. Third superior pharyngeal bone wanting, or small and resting
on the fourth; second directed backward. One or 2 pairs of basal
_branchihyals; 2 pairs of branchihyals. Suboperculum wanting, or
modified into the uppermost branchiostegal. Mesocoracoid present.
Premaxillary forming border of mouth above, except in one family
(Diplomystide), in which the maxillaries also bear teeth. Inter-
clavicles present. No scales. Skin naked or with bony plates.
This group comprises 2 families, /V/otoside and Si/uride among
Japanese fishes.
(via, thread; yvaSos, jaw; from the maxillary barbels which are
always present.)
a. Air bladder well developed, usually simple or with transverse constructions, lying
free in the abdominal cavity. Mouth terminal, teeth villiform, conical, incisor
or molarlike; intestines short, arranged in longitudinal folds; body naked, or
with 1 series of lateral plates; diaphragm membranous; tip of scapular process
reaching basioccipital.
b. Dorsal and anal nearly coextensive with the caudal portion of the vertebral col-
umn; the first dorsal short, the second not adipose, united to the caudal;
opercle present.
c. Gill membranes not confluent with the isthmus, or united only by a very
narrow strip; gill-openings broad; 2 dorsals, the first short and with spine
in front; second dorsal long and joined to caudal; anal united with caudal;
no adipose dorsal; ventrals many-rayed; air-bladder not inclosed in bone.
PLorosIpD&, 1.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1338.
897
898 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
bb. Dorsal short or wanting; confined to the abdominal portion of the vertebral ;
column. ’
d. Opercle well developed and movable; adipose fin normally present; gill- —
openings usually wide; caudal vertebrae not compressed, the neural spines
simple, spine-like.
dd. Maxillary reduced to a rudiment, the intermaxillaries only forming mar-
gin of upper Jaw. -2-=5 2202c2- 3265s oe ee eee Sees SILURID, 2.
Family I. PLOTOSID 2. |
Body more or less elongate and naked. Front of head with at
least 8 barbels. Gill-openings wide and the gill-membranes not con-
fluent with the isthmus, or only narrowly united. Dorsals 2, the first
short and with a spine in front, the second long and joined to the
‘audal; anal long and confluent with caudal. No adipose dorsal.
Opercle present. A dentritic post-anal organ. Air-bladder not
inclosed in bone.
Sea catfishes, often reaching a large size, and confined to the warm
and tropical coasts of the Indian Ocean, the seas about the East Indies,
and Australia, one species extending its range eastward to Samoa.
1. PLOTOSUS Lacépéde.
Plotosus LAckrEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 180 (anguillaris).
Body elongate, thick in front, and the tail tapering. Head depressed
and covered with thin skin; snout rounded in front; eyes small; mouth
transverse; jaws with 8 barbels; conical teeth in upper jaw, those on
the mandible mixed, and vomer with molar-like teeth; nostrils far
apart, the anterior tubular; 9 to 12 branchiostegals. Gill-openings
wide, the gill-membranes not joined to the isthmus. Dorsals 2, the
first short, few-rayed, and with a spine in front, and the second very
long, many-rayed and like the anal, confluent with caudal; pectoral
spines developed; ventrals with as many as 12 rays. Air vessel mod-
erate in size and not inclosed in bone. A dendritic post-anal organ.
East Indian Seas, from Africa and India to Japan.
(zAwrOds, floating.)
1. PLOTOSUS ANGUILLARIS (Lacépéde).
GIGI (CATFISH), SHIMAGIN (STRIPED CATFISH), UMIGIGI (SEA CAT-
FISH. )
Plotosus anguillaris LacsrEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 180, pl. m1, fig. 2;
‘“Les Grandes Indes.’’—Riiprett, Fische, Neue Wirbelthiere, 1837, p. 76;
Red Sea.—Canvor, Catal. Malay. Fish., 1850, p. 264; Malayan Peninsula.—
Bierxker, Ichthy. Archipel. Ind. Prodrom. Siluroid, 1858, p. 314.—GiinTHER,
Cat. Fish., V, 1864, p. 24; Pinang, Sumatra, Borneo, Amoy, Philippines,
Fiji, Marston Bay.—Srernpacuner and DépERLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887,
p. 287; Tokyo, Enoshima, Inland Sea, and Kagoshima.—IsHikawa, Prel.
Cat., 1897, p. 24; Tokyo, Izu,
No. 1358. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 899
Plotosus lineatus Cuvinr and VaALENcIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 412:
Ked Sea, Seychelles, Malabar, Ile de France, Trinquemalo, Pondic
Amboina, Celebes, Friendly Islands, Tahiti, Macao, Philippines.—Ricnarp-
son, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 286; Canton.—Scniecer, Fauna Japonica Poiss., @
1846, p. 228, pl. crv, fig. 3; Nagasaki.—Bierxer, Verhand. Batay. ( renoot ;
XXI, 1858, pp. 4, 17, 57.
Plotosus arab ® Burexer, Atlas Ichth., II, 1862, p. 98, pl. xcy, fig. 2 (several fig-
sherry,
sch.,
ures), founded on ‘36 (Silurus) (d) Arab Boa vel Buja’”’ of Forskal
Descript. Animal., 1775, p. XVI.—Day, Fishes India, I, 1878-88, p. 483, pl.
exu, fig. 4—Day, Fauna Brit. Ind., I, 1889, p. (XI) 113.—Kwer, Novara,
Fische, 1865-67, p. 300.—Day, Fishes, Malabar, 1865, p. 195.—K Lunzincer,
Verhand. Zool. Botan. Gesellsch., 1871, p. 588.—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 1900, p. 340; Tokyo.—Jorpan and SNYDER, Annot.
Zool. Japan, III, April 3, 1901, p. 44; Yokohama.
Head 3% in length; depth 5%; D. I, 5-80; A. 68; P. I, 10; V. 12:
width of head about 14 in its length; eye 24 in interorbital space, 3 in
snout, 7} in head; pectoral 2 in head; ventral 24.
_ Body elongate, the trunk thickest in front, compressed laterally, and
the tail rather long and tapering. Head large, broad, depressed; when
seen from above, the snout is broadly rounded and flattened; eyes
small, anterior and superior; mouth very broad; upper jaw produced;
teeth in the jaws rather few, large, coarse, with blunt ends, and simi-
larly formed on the vomer and palatines; lips rather thick, fleshy and
with small laminated folds or papille; 8 barbels, more or less equal,
and distributed as 2 nasals, 2 maxillaries, and 4 mentals, the longest
not equal to half the head; interorbital space concave and broad. Gill-
openings large, and forming a fold over the broad isthmus. Gill-rakers
numerous and slender; no pseudobranchie.
Body perfectly smooth and naked.
First dorsal high, its base less than the interorbital space, the spine
strong, a little more than half the height of the fin, and the anterior
edge serrate above; second dorsal long, of uniform height, and begin-
ning between the origin of the ventrals and that of the anal; anal sim-
ilar to second dorsal, and both joined to the caudal, which is rounded
behind; pectorals equal to tirst dorsal, the spine similar to that of the
first dorsal, more than half the length of the fin, and with its outer
edge serrate; when depressed the pectorals do not reach quite to the
ventrals, though these reach past the anal. The lateral line is well
developed. A well-developed dendritic post-anal organ.
a We are indebted to Mr. Edgar R. Waite, of the Australian Museum, for the dates
of publication of the different parts of the Fauna Japonica. These are as follows:
Decade I, pp. 1-20, 1842; Decades II, III, IV, pp. 21-72, 1843; Decades V, VI, pp.
73-112, 1844; Decades VII, VIII, IX, pp. 113-172, 1845; Decades X to XIV, pp. 175-
269, 1846; Decade XV, pp. 270-524, 1850.
’The specific name arab adopted by Bleeker from Forshal was an abbreviated
form of the word Arabic or its Latin equivalent, and should in no wise be construed
as a scientific term.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02
60
900 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Color in aleohol brown, pale on the abdomen and lower surface of
the head; along the upper portion of the sides, a narrow pale line
from snout above eye to near base of caudal above, and from below —
eye another similar narrow stripe below lateral line and persisting to
the posterior portion of tail; edges of second dorsal, caudal and anal
blackish.
Length 8+ inches.
This description is taken from a specimen from Misaki. The species
is found through the shore waters of east Africa, Red Sea, southern
Asia, the East Indies to Polynesia and Japan.
Our many specimens from Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Mogi, and
Nagasaki.
This species is very abundant along the shores of shallow sandy bays —
throughout southern Japan. It rarely exceeds a foot in length. It
is not much value as food, and its sharp spines cause it to be detested
by the fishermen. Great numbers are taken in the shallow bay of
Mogi near Nagasaki.
(anguillaris, eel-like.)
Family HW. SILURID.
Body more or less elongate, naked or covered with bony plates. No
true scales. Anterior part of head with 2 or more barbels, the base
of the longest pair formed by the small or rudimentary maxillary
Margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries only. Suboperculum
absent; operculum present. Dorsal fin usually present, short, above,
or in front of the ventrals. An adipose fin usually present. Anterior
rays or dorsal and pectorals usually spinous. Air bladder usually
present, large, and connected with the organ of hearing by means of
the auditory ossicles. Lower pharyngeals separate. Species numer-
ous, mostly in fresh waters, the large subfamily of Arzinz confined
to the sea. None of these occur in Japan proper.
a. Gill membranes free or forming a free fold across the isthmus, rarely joined to it;
anal fin shorter than caudal portion of vertebral column.
b. Artna. Nostrils close together, neither with a barbel, the posterior with a
valve; teeth on the palate; caudal forked (species chiefly marine).
c. Lower jaw with 4 barbels; palatine teeth fixed; both jaws with teeth above;
gill-rakers few, 5 to 25; eyes above level of the mouth....... Tachysurus, 2.
bb. Nostrils remote from each other.
d. StbuRiNx%. Dorsal and adipose fins very short, if present; anal very long;
ventrals below or placed behind dorsals; gill membranes entirely separate.
e. Kye situated above the level of the angle of the mouth; caudal rounded;
adipose fin none; barbels four; spinous dorsal small.... Parasilurus, 3.
dd. BaGrinx. Dorsal fin short, placed anteriorly on the trunk, in advance of
ventrals; adipose fin well developed, sometimes short; anal short, or of
moderate length; gill membranes not confluent with the skin of the
isthmus, with free posterior margin.
—_—
No. 1338, JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 901
f. Adipose fin not adnate, free ponseal as in Spies iurus:
usual, the median pair not notably distant.
g. Anal rays 20 to 25.
h. Caudal fin deeply forked; upper surface of head bony and granu-
lated, the skin covering the bones being ve ry thin. . Fluvidraco, 4.
hh. Caudal fin subtruncate; upper surface of head covered with thick
smooth skin, concealing the bones ......___.. Pseudobagrus, 5.
gg. Anal rays 14 to 17; eyes very small; head covered with soft skin;
EumeemmreDly forked: 2 o202.022_.. oo e. Leiocassis, 6.
jf. Adipose fin adnate to the back and connected with the caudal: caudal
rounded; median mental barbals far apart; body elongate; head
small, smooth above; dorsal well forward.._.....__... Liobagrus, 7.
mental barbala is
2. TACHYSURUS Lacépéde.
Tachysurus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1803, p. 151, pl. v, fig. 2 (Sinensis).
Arius @ CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 52, in part,
not the ‘‘chef de file’’ or type (grandicassis, arius, etc.; restricted to Pime-
lodus arius by Bleeker in 1858 = Tachysurus).
Ariodes MULLER and TroscueL, Hor Ichthyol., III, 1849, p. 9 (arenarius, ete. )
(= Tachysurus).
Pseudarius BuerKxer, Ichth. Archipel. Indi. Prodrom. Siluroid., 1858, p. 91
(Pimelodus arius; grandicassis being regarded as type of Arius. )
Body more or less elongate, subterete. Head armed with a bony
shield above, behind which projects an occipital shield, another smaller
crescent-shaped shield at the base of the dorsal spine, these processes
and bones exposed or covered with very thin skin, and the bones on
top of the head together with the occipital process granular; skull
with a fontanelle; eyes with a more or less free orbital margin; mouth
not large, the upper jaw the longer; teeth in jaws villiform, more or
less granular, in a band in each jaw; palatine patches of teeth granu-
Jar, without a backward projecting angle on the inner margin, and
never movable; barbels 6 (no nasal barbels), close together, the poste-
rior with a valve; maxillary barbels usually short and terete or some-
what compressed. Gill membranes not forming a free margin across
the isthmus. Skin smooth, naked, except on the head above. Dorsal
fin short, in front of ventrals with a pungent spine; adipose fin well
‘developed, posteriorly free; caudal fin deeply forked; anal fin short:
pectorals each with a spine; ventral rays six. General color brown
with blue reflections.
Marine catfishes. The species abundant on sandy shores in the
tropical seas, never about coral reefs. None of them occur in Japan
proper.
(rayvs, swift; oupa, tail.)
pieeereeded name / aa iny, however, properly be retained for Arius grandicassis,
Valenciennes’s ‘‘chef de file’’ or type, thus replacing Netwma, although the name
Arius is feared from an Indian name Ari
«
902 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
2. TACHYSURUS MACULATUS (Thunberg).
Silurus maculatus TxrunBeRG, Vet. Acad. Nya. Handl., XIII, 1792, p. 31, pl. 1,
fig. 1; Japan.
Arius maculatus Ginrner, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 166.
Tachysurus maculatus Jorpan and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, II, April 3,
1901, p. 45; no locality.
Silurus ocellatus Buocw and Scunemprer, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 379 (after
Thunberg).
Arius ocellatus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 104
(after Bloch and Schneider).
Arius ocellatus BLEEKER, Verhandl. Batavia, Genootsch. Kunst. Wetensch., XV,
1853, pp. 30 and 51.
Pimelodus arius Hamitton-BucHanan, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 170, 376; Bengal.
Arius arius Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, p. 102;
Pondicherry.
Arius gagorides BurrKer, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XI, Silur., p. 42; Kast Indies.
Arius chondropterygioides BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XI, Silur., p. 44; East
Indies.
Arius angulatus BueEKeER, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XJ, Silur., p. 44; East Indies.
Arius heckeli Bureker, Verh. Bat. Gen., X XI, Silur., p. 44; East Indies.
Pseudarius borneensis BLEEKER, Atl. Ichthy. Silur., p. 36, pl. xrx; Borneo.
Head 32 to 34 in length; depth 42 to 5; D. I, 7; A., 20 to 22; P. I,
10. Head rather broader than high, its greatest width 3 to # its
length; band of intermaxillary teeth is six times as long as broad;
teeth on the palate granular, in two separate semiovate patches; max-
illary barbels considerably shorter than the head; occipital process
granulated, subtriangular, scarcely longer than broad. Dorsal fin
higher than body; its spine strong, serrated along both edges, and it
is contained 1} to 13 in the head; adipose fin rather shorter than dor-
sal; pectoral % to ? the length of the head, and its spine nearly as
long as that of the dorsal fin. Adipose fin with a large black spot.
(Giinther.)
East Indies and China, only known from Japan in the record of
Thunberg, which was probably made at Miyako Island in the Riukiu
archipelago.
The synonymy above given is compiled from authors and needs
verification.
(maculatus, spotted.)
iit Cn oe
otek
3. PARASILURUS Bleeker.
Glanis AGAssiz, Proc. Amer. Acad., 1856, p. 333 (aristotelis). (Name preoccupied
by Glanis Gronow, 1854.)
Parasilurus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk., 1863, p. 114 (asotus).
Body elongate, the profile of the back almost horizontal. Head
depressed and covered with soft skin; eyes anterior and subcutaneous;
mouth broad, transverse; barbels 4, two very long maxillaries and 2
short mentals; teeth cardiform or villiform, in broad bands in the
No. 1338. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FO WLER: 903
jaws and on vomer; no teeth on palatines. Gill opening wide, not
confluent with the isthmus, and narrowly joined together. Dorsal
small, without spine, and anterior; adipose fin absent: anal more or
less united with the caudal, very long; pectorals with spine; ventrals
behind dorsal. Air bladder not inclosed in bone. Fresh-water Silu-
roids found in India, East Indies, China, and Japan.
This genus is very close to S//urus and distinguished chiefly by the
number of barbels, which are 6 in that genus. The preoccupied name
Glanis, based on the species of this genus found in Greece (Glanis
aristotelis), is, as Garman has shown, a synonym of the later Parv-
silurus.
(rapa, near; Silurus.)
3- PARASILURUS ASOTUS (Linnzus).
' NAMAZU (MUD-FISH).
Silurus asotus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 501; Asia.—Buocn and
SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 378.—Basitewsky, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat.
Mos., X, 1855, p. 240,. pl. 1, fig. 4; Pechili, China.—Ginrner, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 33; Japan, China.—Isurkawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p.
23; Tokyo, Suwa, Mino, Hikone.
Silurus japonicus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Pisc., 1846, p. 226, pl. cry, fig. 1;
Higo, Satsuma, Nagasaki.—Brrexer, Verhandel. Batavia Genootsch. Kunst.
Wetensch., X XV, 1853, pp. 30 and 51.
Silurus asotus STEINDACHNER and Dopervern, Denk. Akad. Wissensch., LITT,
1887, p. 287; Tokyo.—Savvaae, Bull. Soc. Philomat. (Paris) 1883, p. 2; Lake
Biwa.
Parasilurus asotus JORDAN and Snyper, Check List, p. 45; Yokohama, Lake Biwa.
Head 4% in length; depth 5$; D. 6; A. 78; P. 1,13; V. 12; width of
head two-thirds its length; eye about 9 in head; 24 in snout; 5 in inter-
orbital space; pectoral 1$ in head; ventral 24.
Body elongate, the trunk deepest in front, compressed laterally, and
the tail long and tapering. Head moderate, broadly depressed; when
viewed from above the snout is broadly rounded and flattened; eyes
small, lateral, and anterior; mouth very broad and superior, the man-
dible projecting; teeth sharp, in broad yilliform bands in the jaws and
‘on vomer and palatines; lips rather thin and smooth; nostrils rather
far apart, the anterior in a small tube; barbels 4, 2 very long max-
illaries and 2 short mentals; interorbital space very broad, elevated,
and flattened in the middle. Gill-openings large, very narrowly
jointed, and separate from the very broad isthmus. Gill-rakers few
and rather short; no pseudobranchie.
Body perfectly smooth and naked.
Dorsal a little shorter than the ventral and inserted just before the
tip of the pectoral; anal very long, united with the caudal behind, of
uniform height, and its origin much before the middle of the length;
vectoral spine stout, both edges with strong denticulations, and about
904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XXVq.
ehire e-fifths the le meth of che fin; “pectorals rate reaching the ventrals, z
which are shorter and reach beyond the origin of the anal; tail slightly
emarginate, the lobes distinctly rounded and the upper projecting a
little.
Lateral line present. Anal papilla present.
Color, in alcohol, brown, the middle of the back darker; lower sur-
face of the head and the abdomen whitish.
Length 103 inches.
This description from a specimen from Tokyo, collected by K. Otaki.
China and Japan, our specimens from ‘Tokyo, collected by K. Otaki,
Niigata, Morioka, Tana River, Kawatana, Sendai, Ichinoseki, Chi-
kugo River at Kurume, Tsuchiura, Lake Biwa at Matsubara, and
Formosa.
This large catfish is very common in all the streams of middle and
southern Japan, reaching a length of 2 or 3 feet. It is largely used
as food. The Japanese species (2%urasilurus japonicus) is considered
by authors, doubtless correctly, as identical with Parasi/urus asotus, a
species widely distributed in eastern Asia.
(asotus, a sot.)
4. FLUVIDRACO Jordan and Fowler.
Fluvidraco JorpANn and Fow er, new genus (ransonnetit) .
This genus is close to P’seudobagrus, differing in the deeply forked
‘audal and in having the top of the head rough and granulated, the
covering skin being very thin. Rivers of Japan and China. The
“Yellow Dragon” of Canton, /Vueidraco fulvidraco (Richardson),
seems to belong to this genus.
(fluvius, river; draco, dragon.)
a. Outer edge of pectoral spine without serrations; bony occipital bridge and hume-
ral processes granulate and covered with thin skin; anal rays 20. -ransonneti, 4.
aa. Pectoral spine strongly serrated (along both edges?); head granulated above;
anal rays! 23 2.2). 22. sic cee noses Bae eee ee nudiceps, 5.
4. FLUVIDRACO RANSONNETII (Steindachner).
Pseudobagius ransonnetti StEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 287; Osaka.—
JoRDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, III, 1901, p. 44.
Pseudobagrus fulvidraco IsuHrKaAwa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 23 (not of Richardson);
Lake Biwa, Hikone, Yamashiro, Tosa; Karan R.
Head 44 in length; depth 6; D. I, 7; A. 20; P. 1,7; V. 6; width of
head 14 in its le oie eye 5 in head; 1$ in snout; 2+ in interorbital
space; pectoral 1}; ventral a little more than half the head.
Body elongate, compressed. Head broad, depressed; snout broad,
obtuse, depressed, and flattened above; eye moderate, anterior lateral,
and more or less covered with the skin of the head; mouth very broad,
transverse, and its width about 2% in the head; teeth in broad villiform
bands in the jaws, and the roof of the mouth also with a broad trans-
NO. 1338. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOW LER. 905
verse band; 8 barbels, the nasals and median ment: tals about equal,
shorter en the outer mentals; which are not as long as the maxil-
laries, the latter reaching beyond the gill-openings, and all of the
Pentala rather evenly caput d; lips moderately thick: interorbital
space broad, flattened, and very slightly elevated; anterior nostrils
tubular and in a shallow depression. Gill-openings large, the mem-
brane deeply notched and forming a free fold across the isthmus; the
isthmus broad. Gill-rakers narrow, 3-9.
Body smooth, top of the head smooth, the occipital process and the
plate in front of the spinous dorsal finely striate or granular; humeral
process finely granular.
Origin of dorsal in advance of tip of pectoral spine, its spine long,
sharp, smooth, and shorter than the longest rays; base of anal lone, and
its origin nearer the posterior margin of eye ee tip of caudal; caudal
shorter than head, deeply forked, the lobes somewhat pointed, and the
Fig, 1.—FLUVIDRACO RANSONNETII.
upper the longer; pectoral equal to head without snout, the spine
smooth, except along its posterior edge, which is armed with strong
recurved teeth; ventrals broad and reaching origin of anal; adipose fin
long, though less than the base of the anal, and its posterior edge not
adnate and not extending beyond posterior tip of anal, its form much
asin Ameiurus. Anal papilla developed. Lateral line present.
Color brown, darker above, the abdomen and lower surface of the
head pale or whitish; the edges of the dorsal, anal, caudal, pectorals,
and ventrals broadly blackish.
Length 53 inches.
Rivers of Japan, common southward. Our specimens are from
Waka River, near Wakanoura, Tsuruga, Matsubara on Lake Biwa,
Lake Yogo in Mino, the Yodo River in Osaka, and Nagoya in Owari,
the last from the collection of K. Otaki.
(Named for Baron Ransonnet, who obtained the species at Osaka. )
-
906 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
5. FLUVIDRACO NUDICEPS (Sauvage).
Pseudobagrus nudiceps SascvaGE, Bull. Soc. Philomat., 1883, p. 2; Lake Biwa.
The original description is as follows:
D. I, 6; A. 23; P. I, 7. Longueur de la téte contenue cing fois dans la longueur
totale: dessus de la téte osseux, granuleux; processus occipital plus long que large,
étroit; os basilaire triangulaire, aussi long que le processus occipital, partagé par une
suture transverse. Dorsale plus haute que le corps; épine dentelée, aussi longue que ~
la téte, sans le museau. Epine pectorale la méme longueur que l’épine dorsale, de
méme longueur que celle-ci, trés fortement dentelée. Adipeuse de méme longueur
que l’anale. Dents du palais suivant une bande rétrécie au milieu; barbillons maxil-
laires s’étendant jusqu’aux pectorales. Longueur, 0,090.
This species is near /Vuvidraco fulvidraco (Richardson), of the
streams of Canton. It is also near /Uuwidraco ransonneti7, and may
even be the same. There is no evidence that /Vuwidraco fulvidraco
occurs in Japan.
(nudus, naked; ceps, head.)
5. PSEUDOBAGEH Us Bleeker:
Pseudobagrus BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Nederl., VII, 1860, p. 87 (awrantiacus).
Body moderately elongate. Head broad and depressed, covered
above by moderately thick, smooth skin; eyes moderate or rather
small; snout broad, obtuse; mouth broad, transverse, and with bands
of villiform teeth in the jaws; a continuous transverse band of teeth
on the roof of the mouth; nostrils remote, the anterior usually in a
small tube; 8 barbels, the maxillaries the longest, and the mentals
more or less evenly distributed. Dorsal fin short, with 5 to 7 rays,
and like the pectoral with a stout spine; caudal rounded or subtruncate;
anal with 20 or more radii; ventrals broad, with 6 rays.
(pevdns false; Bagrus).
6. PSEUDOBAGRUS AURANTIACUS (Schlegel).
GIGI: GIBACHT
Bagrus aurantiacus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 1846, p. 227, pl. crv, fig. 2; Sat-
suma, Kuruma, Higo.
Pseudobagrus aurantiacus BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Nederl., VII, p. 85.—
GtnNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 85.—SauvaaeE, Bull. Soe. Philo-
mat., 1883, p. 2; Lake Biwa.—JorpDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
XXITI, 1900, p. 340; Tokyo; Annot. Zool. Japan, III, April 3, 1901, p. 44.—
Isnikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 22; Tokyo, Chichibu, Suwa, Tega Lake.
Pseudobagrustokiensis DoDERLEIN, Fische Japans, IV, 1887, p. 288; Tokyo.—JorDAN
and Sxyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, II, April 3, 1901, p. 45.
Head, 54 in length; depth, 7; D: 1,°7; Av/20; Bak 1 yeo-ne ve
4} in interorbital space; width of mouth, 2 in head; pectoral, 14 in
head; ventral, 2.
Body elongate, with rather uniform depth, the tail strongly com-
pressed. Head broad, depressed; snout short, bluntly rounded when
viewed from above and projecting beyond the mandible; the width of
the head is less than its length; eyes small, laterally superior, and cov-
ered with thin skin; jaws with broad hands of villiform tee
_half the length of the maxillary pair, which latter are much
than the outer mentals, though considerably shorter than the lenoth
"0.1338, JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 907
th, also on
the palate in a broad transverse band; lips moderately thick and
slightly papillose; nasal and median mental barbels about equal, about
longer
of the head; the mental barbels are all rather evenly distributed, the
median pair slightly farther apart than either is from the outer, the
interorbital space is broad, elevated, and flattened; anterior nostrils
tubular and in a shallow pit. Gill openings large, the gill membrane
deeply notched and -forming a free fold across the isthmus: isthmus
broad. Gill rakers narrow, 3-++7.
Body smooth; top of the head smooth; humeral process finely gran-
ular.
Origin of dorsal, above the tip of pectoral, its spine sharp and half
the length of the dorsal; anal base rather long; caudal truncate, its
edge rounded, very slightly emarginate, and with the two lobes rounded,
the upper slightly the longer; adipose dorsal much shorter than anal
and ending before tip of anal; pectoral with robust roughened spine,
the inner edge with large teeth, falling short of the end of the fin;
ventral broad, behind dorsal and reaching almost to the origin of the
anal. Anal papilla well developed. Lateral line well developed and
superior in front; head with a number of pores.
Color brown, dark above, clouded with deep brown, the abdomen
and lower surface of the head pale or whitish.
Total length 93 inches.
This description from our largest specimen taken in the Kitakami
River.
This species is abundant in the streams throughout most of the islands
of Japan, our specimens from Tokyo, Kinu River at Utsunomiya,
Tana Kiver at Tachikawa, Tsuchiura, and Kitakami River at Morioka.
It is often spitted on sticks, roasted, and sold cold in the shops and
eating houses. It rarely exceeds a foot in length. The Pseudobagrus
tokiensis of Déderlein seems to be identical with this species, as the
main characters in which it was supposed to differ do not seem to be
tangible. A
(aurantiacus, orange-colored. )
6. LEIOCASSIS Bleeker.
Leiocassis BureKer, Ichthy. Archipel. Indi. Prodrom..Siluroid, 1858, p. 159
(poecilopterus).
The upper jaw the longer; eyes below the skin; no free circular fold
round the orbit; no movable labial teeth; teeth on the palate in a con-
tinuous band; barbels 8. Dorsal short, with 7 rays, with denticulated
pungent spine, the teeth not projecting upward; anal short, with less
than 20 rays; caudal forked; ventral with six rays. East Indies and
Japan.
(Agios, smooth; Kaoois, casque.)
908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
7. LEIOCASSIS LONGIROSTRIS (Giinther).
Liocassis longirostris GéNruER, Cat. Fish, V, 1864, p.87; Japan.
Leiocassis longirostris JORDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japan, III, April 3,
1901, p. 44; Japan.
Head 8% in length; depth’ 5; Di 1,15 AG Wiest des Nie Oe
interorbital space 2 in snout; more than 3 in head, least depth of tail
a little more than 3.
Trunk slightly compressed, the tail elongate, tapering. Head as
high as broad, with the crown compressed, the sides obliquely sloping
outward; snout much produced and conical, so that the mouth is.
about midway between the eye and end of the snout; eyes very small,
without free circular eyelid, and much nearer the extremity of the
snout than the end of the operculum; cleft of the mouth transverse,
entirely at the lower side of the snout; teeth villiform, in broad
bands, the intermaxillary band 4 times as broad as long, and the
vomerine band, which is immediately behind, nearly as broad and
long as the former; the posterior nostril nearer to the eye than to the
extremity of the snout, and its barbel is slender, not much longer
than the eye; the anterior nostril is in the upper lip in front of the
maxillary barbel; maxillary and mandibular barbels small; upper side
of the head only slightly granulated, the median fonticulus does not
extend to the base of the occipital process, the latter finely granu-
lated, arrow-shaped, twice as long as broad, and below the skin it
extends on to the basal bone of the dorsal spine, which is elongate,
triangular, and finely granulated; a skinny space between the basal
bone and the granulated part of the occipital process; opercles cov-
ered with skin. The gill-membranes are separate nearly to the front
of the isthmus.
Dorsal spine strong, not much shorter than the head; its serrature
behind does not point either downward or upward, but is vertical to
the spine, and as long as and terminates in the same vertical with the
adipose fin; caudal deeply forked; pectoral spine somewhat stronger
and shorter than that of the dorsal fin; the ventrals extend somewhat
beyond the origin of the anal. The free portion of the tail between
adipose and caudal fin equals the base of the adipose fin, and is a little
less than } the total (without caudal). Humeral process of moderate
size, pointed behind; mucous cavity in the axil with 2 foramina.
Length 23 inches.
Japan; collection of Mr. Jamrach. (Giinther.)
This species was not seen by us, and may possibly not be really
Japanese.
(longus, long; rostrum, snout).
No. 1338. JAPANESE CATFISHES—JORDAN AND FOWLER. 909
7. LIOBAGRUS Hilgendorf.
,, pape Cl aN » Qte + 1 AG if ‘ Rea 7 .
Liobagrus HILGENnor®, Sitzungs. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freund., Berlin, 1878,
p- 1 (reinii).
Body elongate with compressed tail and rounded caudal. Head
broad and depressed; top of head smooth, and the humeral] process
smooth; eyes small and covered with thin skin. anterior in position:
snout broad, obtuse, and projecting; teeth only in jaws, in broad
villiform bands, and those on the mandible divided: no teeth on pala
tines and vomer; barbels 8, the median mentals widely separated,
_ Dorsal fin placed anteriorly; dorsal and pectoral spines smooth, sharp,
and imbedded in the skin; adipose fin long and low, joined to the
caudal as in Woturus,; ventral fins small, not reaching the anal. which
has 15 rays. i
(Aezos, smooth, Bagrus.)
8. LIOBAGRUS REINI Hilgendorf.
Lnobagrus reinii HitGENDor®, Sitzungs. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freund., Berlin,
1878, p. 1; Southern Japan.—Savvaaee, Bull. Soc. Philomat., 1883, p. 2; Lake
; Biwa.—JorDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool., Japan, III, 1901, p. 44.
Gn.? Sp.? IsHixawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 23, Nos. 414, 415, 416; Toshima, Iwa-
shiro, Kii.
Head 44 in length; depth 8; D. I, 6; A. 15; P. I, 7; V. 6; width
of head, 14 in its length; interorbital space 3 in head; eye 2 in inter-
orbital space; caudal equal to head.
Body elongate, of rather uniform depth, and the tail strongly com-
pressed. Head broad, depressed, with a more or less swollen appear-
ance above; snout short, much less than the interorbital space, very
broad and obtuse; eyes small, superiorly lateral, and covered with
thin skin; mouth very broad, transverse, and about equal to half the
length of the head; lips moderate, the upper jaw projecting; teeth in
a single broad villiform band in the upper jaw, and in 2 narrowly
4The diagnosis of this genus and species is as follows: ‘‘Liobagrus noy. gen.,
Familie Siluridx, Gruppe Bagrina. Fettflosse lang, niedrig; Dorsalis kurz, mit I
stechenden, ungesiigten und 6 weichen Strahlen; Analis kurz; Caudalis abgerundet;
Ventralis mit 6 Strahlen. Eight Bartfiiden. Zihne nur im Zwischen—und Unter-
kiefer, als Flecken von Hechelziihnen auftretend, keine Vomer—und Gaumenziihne
(darauf soll der Name hindeuten). Augen unter der Haut, ohne Falte darum.
Kiemenhaut bis ganz nach vorn hin frei.—Unter den durch Fehlen der Gaunmen-
zibne verwandten asiatischen Bagrinengattungen ist Acrochordonichthys durch enge
Kiemenoffnung, Akysis durch ausgeschnittene Schwanzflosse, Olyra durch mehr als 20
Analstrahlen, Branchiosteus durch heryvorragenden Unterkiefer zu unterscheiden.
Die amerikanischen Gattungen haben $ strahlige Bauchflossen. Liobagrus Reinii
gp. n., Br. 15, D. 3, A. 15, P. +, V. 6.—1 Exemplar, 9 cm. lang, von Prof. Rein im
sidlichen Japan aufgefunden. Mit den bisher bekannten japanischen Bagrinen,
Pseudobagrus aurantiacus Schl. und Liocassis longi rostris Giinth., nach Obigem sicher
nicht identisch.”’
910 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVL
divided similar patches on the mandible; palatines and vomer tooth-
less: 2 nasal barbels, 2 longer maxillaries, and 2 still longer outer
mentals which are about equal to the length of the head; inner mental —
barbels far apart and much shorter than the maxillaries; interorbital
space broad and more or less flattened. Gill openings large, rather
inferior, and the membrane with a deep notch; isthmus broad; bran-
chiostegals large.
Body naked and smooth; top of head smooth.
Dorsal beginning before the tip of the pectoral spine, a little nearer
tip of snout than base of ventrals, its spine smooth, without serrations,
and more than half the height of the fin; the adipose fin is long, low,
ascending gradually till above and beyond the tip of the anal, and
adnate to the caudal by means of the rudimentary rays of the latter;
origin of anal a little nearer the tip of caudal than the tip of snout,
Fic, 2.—LIOBAGRUS REINI.
and well separated from the caudal; caudal truncately rounded; pec-
toral spine smooth, sharply pointed, slightly curved, and more than
half the length of the fin, which is equal to the width of the head, ven-
trals small, beginning beyond tip of dorsal, a little longer than the
pectoral spine, and not reaching the anal.
Length 34 inches.
This description from a specimen from Tsuyama.
Southern Japan, our specimens from Niigata in Echigo (collected
by Eitaro Iijima); from Tsuyama and from Nagoya in Owari (collected
by K. Otaki).
(Named for Dr. Rein, an eminent student of Japanese history.)
To the Liobagrus reini probably belongs a species described in
manuscript by Dr. Ishikawa, under the vernacular name of g a-
@Several names I have prey an used have el at fone d in thi es
S otem-
tion post-temporal giving place to the prev iously named Suprascapula, posteroten
z ~
poral to Interscapula, and proscapula to Canosteon. eee ties
Ceenosteon is named in the Synonymy of the Fish Skeleton, by Mr. : fe
oO 2 ny Cc ces
Starks, but without any data. In the Preceedings, Washington Academ e
?
he hed
999 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
interscapula has a convex inferior margin and reminds one of the lower
mandible of some cuttlefishes. The postscapula is more decurved.
The ccenosteon and hypercoracoid are connected toward the front at
the symphysis by the intervention of cartilage.
The hypercoracoid has a foramen which appears as a notch from
the outer side as the result of the overlapping of the ccenosteon by
squamous suture, but internally the bone extends forward and is sepa-
rated from the ccenosteon by a long unguiform gap and intervening
cartilage or membrane.
The fourth actinost is much broader in front than in the British
Museum skeleton and its posterior portion much more deflected and
wedged in between the hypocoracoid and styliform extension of the
postscapula, which is suturally connected with it as well as with the
hypocoracoid; there is little cartilage between its anterior portion
and the hypocoracoid as well as third actinost. The third actinost
intervenes between the hypercoracoid and fourth actinost, quite
widely separating them, and has the same kind of union with the
fourth as with the third; the second is longer, and has an oblong con-
vex articular surface; its sutures, though close, are well defined; the
first actinost has a still larger, more oblong, and more convex articular
surface, and is so intimately connected with the hypercoracoid that
the sutures are obliterated; it is, in fact, completely ‘*fused with” the
hypercoracoid.
The pelvic bones are connected with the postflected lowermost or sym-
physial angles of the ccenosteons through the intervention of cartilage
and have lamellar extensions, separated by fissures from the body of
the bone, which are connected by cartilage with a slightly defined ridge
of the hypocoracoid parallel with its anterior margin. The ventrals
are subabdominal and inserted in the pelvic bones some distance in
advance of the hinder ends of those bones.
VIL.
The pectoral fins of the Opah are represented inclined downward
in Smitt’s Scandinavian Fishes (I, p. 123, 1892), as they are in the old
article by Giinner. Boulenger remarks, ‘‘On examining the shoulder
bones on a skeleton of Lampris luna, I was struck by two things—first,
(III, p. 521, 1901) the word is quoted under ‘55, Clavicle, Parker,’’ and in a foot-
note the following remark is made: ‘‘I get this reference from“Owen’s Comp. Anat.
Lectures (Vertebrates), p. 118. By some ichthyotomists the bone in question has
received the special name of Coenosteon.’? The name was given by Bakker in his
“Osteographia Piscium’’ (1822). Bakker thought that the so-called clayicle of fishes
was more than the clayicle of other vertebrates, corresponding to the clavicle and
humerus together (Nec tamen claviculam solam facere, sed e clavicula et osse humeri
componi mihi yisum est, p. 111), and consequently gave the name ccenosteon (evi-
dently from «ozv6s, common or shared in common, and 66réorv, bone). The impli-
cation is certainly false, but the name itself may be retained.
a a Te
~~ e ss S
of a much greater downward than upward movement of the
No. 1340. ON THE LAMPRIDIDZE OR OPAHS—GILLI. 993
that the disposition of the articulating facets of the pterygials allows
; rays
of the pectoral, by which the fin can be pressed down close against
the sides of the body, and precludes the opposite vertical position—a
fact which I have been able to verify on a specimen in the flesh. This
mode of articulation seems so contrary to our ideas that most tieures
and stuffed specimens represent the pectoral fin directed upward, as in
Brama, to which the Opah was believed to be related.”
It is noteworthy that representatives of the genus Pempheris ave
also able to deflect their pectorals against the sides of the body. but
they are not limited to that movement and can fold the fins backward.
VII.
The Opah appears to be not rare in certain regions, and the paucity
in collections is probably due to the want of sufficient motive to hunt
for them rather than absolute rarity or difficulty in obtaining them.
In the Twentieth Annual Report of the Fishery Board of Scotland
(1902), kindly sent to me recently, there is an interesting record (p.
541) of individuals ‘‘landed at Aberdeen market during 1891,” with a
““note of the place where they were stated to have been caught.” In
June, “‘three specimens;” in July, ten; in August, one, and in Sep-
tember two were received. All ‘‘ were taken by line” and the one
was caught at a depth of 125 fathoms.
The only previous notice of the capture of the Opah off the coast of
Aberdeenshire I am acquainted with is one published in the Zoologist
for 1896. It appears from an anonymous note in that mag
August® on The Opah or Kingfish off Aberdeen that ‘‘there was
lately on view at Messrs. J. and T. Sawers’s fish market, Belfast, a fine
specimen of the Opah or Kingfish caught off the coast of Aberdeen-
shire. It weighed 70 pounds, was about 4 feet long, and measured
94 feet at the broadest part.”
azine for
IX.
The etymology of the curious name Opah is stated to be unknown
by the various English dictionaries, as the Century Dictionary (“*¢ Ypah
(o’pa) m. [Origin unknown]”).
Further research would have revealed it. The first appearance of
the name with explanation is in 1750, in the Philosophical Transac-
tions (vol. 46). Therein is published ‘* The Defcription of a Fith fhewed
to the Royal Society by Mr. Raiph Bigland, on March 22, 1749-00:
Drawn up by C. Mortimer, M. D., Secret. R. S.” (pp. 518-520.) This
seemed to the author “to be a new Species of Fith not yet defcribed
by any author.” It was a Lamprvs, and immediately after the dec-
SS ee
a3. S., XX, p. 306.
924 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI
laration just quoted the author appended the following two para-
graphs. The italics, capitals, antique s({), orthography, and brackets
are reproduced from the original:
‘The black Prince, and his Coufin, from Anamaboe on the Coatt of
Guinea, and Mr. Creighton, formerly Governor of Capo Corfo Caftle,
upon feeing this Fifh immediately knew it, and faid it was common on
that Coast, and is very good to eat. The Natives call it Opah, and the
Eneglifh there call it the Avng 7i/h. I fhall therefore retain the Guinea
Name, with thefe Characteriftics; Opan Guinien/ium eft pifcis of feus,
non fyuammofus, edentulus, habens unicam in dorfo pinnam anteritis
aculeatam, pone branchias par pinnarum, in medio ventre par pin-
narum, ad pofticamventris partemunicam pinnam, caudam forcipatam.
“Mr. Bigland fays, that, upon opening of it, all its Bowels would
have gone into a Quart-Mug; that the Flefh of the fore Part was firm,
and look’d like Beef, and the hinder Part like fine Veal; that the Bones
were like thofe of Quadrupeds; particulary the Shoulder-blades,
which refembled thofe of Sheep. [See an Article in the Scots Magazine
for October 1748, printed at Ldinburgh in 8vo.| Ina Letter to me, he
adds, that probably this was a [Pelagian or] Ocean Fish, wandring by
chance into the Frith of /orth; and, by the Tide ebbing, being left
upon a confiderable Shoal, or flat Sand, near Ze7th, was difcover’d from
Land in a State of Distrefs; whereupon fome Fifhermen plunged into
the Sea, and with a Net furrounded it, and brought it to Shore.”
It is not at all probable that ‘‘the black prince” or the ‘‘ former
governor of Capo Corso” ever saw a specimen of Lampris. The fish
has never been recorded from the western coast of tropical Africa,
and it certainly is not and never ‘‘ was common on that coast.” Inas-
much, however, as it is a wide-ranging pelagic form, it 1s no more
impossible that an individual may have been caught near the coast of
Africa than that one was actually caught near Cuba. Probably, how-
ever, the origin of the name is due either to the fancy of a negro
chieftain and the subserviency of a white man, or to a misunderstand-
ing or misrepresentation of what was said. It was a ‘‘ ghost-word,” at
least so far as the Lampr/s is involved.
a
A
|
AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA.
By Rev. Toomas R. R. Sreprina,
Fellow of the Royal Society.
The specimens here described were sent to me for determination by
the United States National Museum, and represent. two new species.
They were collected by Prof. P. Biolley, of the National Museum of
Costa Rica.
Family TALITRID.
1900. Taltride StEBBING, Fauna hawatiiensis, II, p. 527.
TALORCHESTIA FRITZI, new species.
Plate LX.
The largest of the male specimens have the perzon transversely
corrugated, each of the segments showing two folds, except the first
segment, which has a single fold. All the specimens, however, 15 in
number, have the integument brittle and most of the muscular parts
shrunken. The exceptional corrugation, therefore, in the large male
examples may not be a natural feature, but merely due to conditions
experienced since their capture. In the synoptic table published four
years ago“ for discriminating the genera of the Talitride, at that time
called Orchestiide, the leading distinction between Orchestia and Talor-
_ chestia rests on the fact that in the former the first gnathopods of the
- female are subchelate, whereas in the latter they are simple. So far
_as this distinction is concerned, the present species clearly belongs to
Talorchestia. The sixth joint of the limb in question has no distal
widening to furnish a “‘palm” upon which the finger can close. In
Orchestia the widening is seldom or never very great, but how far it
may be reduced without effecting generic change has not yet been
determined.
The eyes may be described as rotundo-quadrate, with a diameter
much larger than the interval between them.
First antenne of male have the middle joint of the peduncle slightly
the longest, the five-jointed flagellum about half as long as the pedun-
cle, the whole appendage being subequal in length to the last joint in
the peduncle of the second pair. In the female the flagellum has three
Te ee eee
@Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 2d ser., VII, Pt. 3, 1899, p. 397.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1341. x
vz
996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI.
EES EE
joints, and the whole appendage is nearly as long as the last two joints —
of the peduncle in the following pair. |
In the adult male the second antennz have the peduncle massive, its
last joint a little longer than the penultimate, the flagellum consisting
of 14-17 joints, many of which widen distally, with minute spines
thrust into prominence. In the female, already carrying marsupial
plates, the antenn, as shown in the figure, are of insignificant size
compared with those of the male. The ten-jointed flagellum equals
in length the last two joints of the peduncle.
The mouth organs exhibit no distinctive peculiarity. The palp of
the first maxille is minute. No trace of a fourth joint could be per-
ceived on the palp of the maxillipeds.
The first gnathopods of the male have the long wrist or fifth joint
distally widened, and on the inner side of the spinulose prominence is
a pellucid bubble-like tubercle. The sixth joint is shorter, but simi-
larly widened, its prominence beset with spinules and capped with a
pellucid portion like the bubble on the preceding joint. The small,
conical finger closes over a shallowly excavate palm, its point reaching
but by no means overlapping the clear prominence. In the female
the wrist is distally widened, but without special prominence or tuber-
cle, while the sixth joint is for some distance parallel-sided, and then,
instead of widening, tapers slightly to the insertion of the finger.
Like the preceding joint, it has spines on both margins, those on the
hinder or inner margin being the more important.
The second gnathopods of the full-grown male have large oval hands,
with the palm very oblique, beset on both sides with spines, and in the
middle slightly flattened, so as to leave a shallow interval when the
massive, strongly curved finger closes, bringing its apex into the pocket
at the end of the palm. Near the hinge of hand and finger the palm
has a short but rather deep excavation, into which a corresponding
prominence of the finger’s inner margin neatly fits. This notable
feature occurs elsewhere in the Talitride, as in Orchestoidea tubercu-
lata Nicolet, Orchestia tucurauna Fritz Miller, and Orchestia sulenson
Stebbing. These stand, it is true, in different genera, but the generic
position of the third is obscure, because the female is not yet known.
It is, however, clearly fice from the species now under dis-
cussion by the different fe ‘ter of its first gnathopods. With Fritz
Miiller’s species there are other difficulties, as will appear by the
following quotation from his celebrated treatise.“ Miiller is calling
attention to the fact that the development of the sexual peculiarities
does not stand still on the attainment of sexual maturity, and proceeds
to give instances:
For example, the younger sexually mature males of Orchestia Tucurauna, n. sp.,
have slender inferior antennee, with the joints of the flagellum not fused together,
« Fur Darwin, 1864, p. me Becuere ieee by Dallas under the title, Facts and
arguments for ie in, 1869, pp. 79, 80.
“No. 1341. AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA—STEBBING. 997
the clasping margin (‘‘palm,’’ Sp. Bate) of the hand in the second pe
uniformly convex, the last pair of feet is slender and similar to the preceding. Sub-
' sequently the antennze become thickened, two, three, or four of the first joints Of the
flagellum are fused together, the palm of the hand acquires a deep emargination
near its inferior angle, and the intermediate joints of the last I
ur of feet is
| swelled into a considerable incrassation. No museum-zoologist Rae
| fabricating two distinct species, if the oldest and youngest sexually mature males
were sent to him without the existing intermediate forms. In the younger males of
Orchestia Tucuratinga, although the microscopic examination of their testes showed
that they were already sexually mature, the emargination of the clasping margin of
_ the hand (represented in fig. 50) and the corresponding process of the finger, are
_ still entirely wanting. The same may be observed in Cerapus and Caprella, and
probably in all cases where hereditary sexual differences occur.
A footnote says that fig. 50 represents the second gnathopod of the
male, and fig. 51 that of the female, of Orchestia tucuratinga.
The original German edition adds the letters ‘‘n. sp.” after the men-
tion of O. tucuratinga. For the translation Miiller himself supplied
corrections of printer’s errors in the original. Yet we find O. fucu-
rauna and O. tucuratinga left side by side both in the text and index
of the English edition. If they are one and the same species, the
remarks on the differences between the young and old males are need-
lessly repeated. If they are distinct species, not the smallest character
is assigned by which they can be distinguished. No museum zoologist
could have made a worse muddle. Nothing is said about the first enath-
opods of either sex. If these were left unexamined, the species might
belong to Orchestoidea or Talorchestia just as well as to Orchestia.
A general resemblance in the second gnathopods of the Costa Rican
species to those figured by Fritz Miller excited a hope that his descrip-
tion might be supplemented from the specimens now in hand. The
hope was dissipated by more exact comparison. Though the young
males showed the uniformly convex palm and smoothly concave finger-
margin of the second gnathopods, combining with these the common
youthful characters of slender second antennx and slender hind pero-
pods, the older males and the females did not fall into line with the
species represented by Miiller. The length, compared with the breadth
of the large hands, is much greater in the present species than in his,
and the palm is less convex. Also in the delicate second gnathopod
of the female there are several differences, most easily seen by a com-
parison of the figures. In the species here described the second joint,
instead of being oval, has a straight hind margin and sinuous front
one, the fifth and sixth joints are narrower than in Miiller’s species,
and the rounded apex of the sixth is much more produced beyond the
minute chela-forming finger. It may be added that, though the pedun-
cles of the second antenne. are greatly thickened in the large males,
the initial joints of the flagella show no additional fusion, nor is the
thickening of the middle joints in the hind pereopods especially
conspicuous.
998 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI,
The first pereeopods are rather longer than the second. The latter
have, as usual, the small finger notched on the inner margin near the
apex. The fourth and fifth pereopods are much longer than the third. —
The second joint in the fifth pair is much broader than that in the —
fourth, being about as broad as it is long.
The hind corners of the second and third pleon segments are quad-
rate. The first uropods have equal rami, nearly as long as the pedun-
cle. The second pair are shorter, with the rami equal and as long as_
the peduncle, the inner ramus so placed as not to reach quite so far
back as the outer. The slender ramus of the third pair carries a row
of four little spines. It is shorter than the stout peduncle. The sixth
pleon segment is dorsally incomplete, having the gap in its armour
cloaked by the telson. The telson has a dividing line down the center,
the apex being bilobed, carrying two or three spinules on each lobe,
and a pair of sublateral spines is placed higher up.
The male specimen, of which the parts are figured in the accompany-
ing plate, measured from front of head to end of uropods seven-
twentieths of an inch, while a male with notch in palm of second
enathopods still undeveloped was only four-twentieths of an inch long,
or 5mm. as contrasted with about 9 mm. in the larger example. ;
The specimens were forwarded to me as having been taken in Jan-
uary, 1902, by Mr. P. Biolley, at Isla del Coco, off Costa Rica.
The specific name is chosen to direct attention to the points of com-
parison between this form and that which for the present should be
known as Orchestia tucurauna Fritz Miller.
y
:
HYALELLA FAXONI, new species.
Plate LXI.
The back is well rounded, devoid of teeth. The first three segments
of the pleon have the postero-lateral angles acute, those of the first
pair being scarcely, but those of the third conspicuously, produced.
The eyes are round, very small, and wide apart.
The first antenne have the peduncle well developed, but with the
third joint a little shorter than the second, and the second than the
first. The flagellum is elongate, its joints attaining to fourteen in
number in the male. A specimen in which the flagellum was eleven-
jointed had the eleventh joint about level with the eighth joint of the
flagellum of the lower antennze.
The second antenne have both peduncle and flagellum longer than
those of the preceding pair, the terminal joint of the peduncle consid-
erably longer than the penultimate in the male, but very little longer
in the female, an unbroken flagellum in the male having as many as
seventeen joints. Ina female specimen a flagellum of thirteen joints
answers to one of ten in the first pair.
AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA—STEBBING. 999
_ The first maxille have three setw~ on the apex of the inner plate
‘instead of the two which appear to be the usual number in this pores
The first gnathopods have a spiniferous boss, more develenet: a
male than in the female, on the hind margin of the fourth and fifth
joints, and the palm of the subparallel-sided hand nearly transverse
not overlapped by the small finger. . ,
_ In the male the large second gnathopods are very similar to those
of Hyalella dentata Smith, and Hyalella longistilus (Faxon), but the
_ hand is rather longer in proportion to the breadth. The palm ends in
a slight bulging beyond the pocket into which the apex of the strongly
curved finger closes. Near the hinge of hand and finger the palm has
a somewhat tooth-like indent, just like the ‘‘notch” of JZ dentata
as figured and described by Prof. S. I. Smith, the slope of the palm
being nearly straight and beset on each side with spines. In the
female the hand is as long as the wrist, considerably wider distally
than in the proximal half, the small, closely shutting finger not reach-
ing the end of the palm. So far as can be judged from Professor
Smith’s complete lateral view of the female of his //. 7nerinzs, both
gnathopods in the female of that species are in close agreement with
| those of the present species.
_ The third pereopods are much shorter than the fourth or fifth
pairs. In all three the second joint may be described as large and
_ broadly oval, but in the fifth pair it is considerably broader and more
_ rounded than in the, other two pairs, with a length not much greater
than the breadth. No ‘‘accessory branchiwe” were observed in con-
nection with any of the limbs.
The third uropods are quite small, with the ramus tapering, nearly
as long as the peduncle, but much narrower.
_ The telson is almost square, the distal margin carrying a pair of
setules, its corners rounded.
A male specimen measured from front of head to the extremity of
the slightly bent pleon three-tenths of an inch (7.5 mm.).
The specimens, 20 in number, were labeled as coming from a
height of 2,400 meters, or 8,000 feet, on Volean Reventado, and
collected by Mr. P. Biolley.
The specific name is given in compliment to Dr. Walter Faxon,
who in 1876 described several species of this genus and directed
‘attention to some of the difficulties attending the delimitation of spe-
cies within it. Dr. Faxon at that date” writes: ‘After an examina-
tion of a large number of Hyalella dentata and I. inerinis from
Utah, I am satisfied that they are but varieties of one species. The
form with dorsal teeth on the first and second abdominal segments is
very probably synonymous with Amphitoe aztecus Saussure? and
@Bull. Mus. Harvard, ITI, p. 574.
b Mémoire sur divers Crustacés nouveaux du Mexique et des Antilles,
pl. v, fig. 33.
1858, p. 58,
930 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI.
Allorchestes knickerbockeri Bate,“ as pointed out by Professor Smith
himself.” It may be convenient to accept Saussure’s name for the —
dentate form, although his description is vague and his figures rough.
In the large second gnathopod, of which he gives a detailed figure, ~
the wrist or fifth joint is entirely devoid of the characteristic project-—
ing process. In my opinion the same motive of convenience is sufli-—
ciently strong to justify the retention of the specific name ¢nermis for
the form that is not dentate. This I have applied to specimens
obtained by Mr. Edward Whymper at great heights in Ecuador.?
None of these had dentate body segments. On first examining the
specimens from Costa Rica, I was disposed to identify them with the
species submitted to me by Mr. Whymper. About the close general
resemblance there can be no question, but in detail I find the follow-
ing differences: The new species here described has the antenne of
both pairs more elongate, the first joint in the third, fourth, and fifth
pereopods larger and more broadly oval, and the postero-lateral
angles of the third pleon segment much more decidedly produced.
None of these characters, it must be confessed, are easy to appreciate
except by comparison of actual specimens or of accurate figures
drawn to the same scale. But the mouth organs show a curious fea-
ture, in that the first maxille, as above stated, have three sete on the
apex of the inner plate, alike in male and female, while //. cnermés
has only two. In the male of //. fawoni the first gnathopods have the
hand not, or very little, broader at the palm than in the middle,
whereas the //. ¢nermis from Ecuador has a strong bulging of the
palm beyond the point which the finger reaches, making the hand as
broad as it is long. Also in the large second gnathopods there is a
stronger bulge at the corresponding point, making the breadth of the
hand in the Ee uador species greater in proportion to its length, and
the ‘‘notch” at the other end of the palm is rounded off.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Puate LX.
Talorchestia fritzi, new species.
n. 8. Length of male specimen examined, not including the antenne.
a. s., a. 7. The upper and lower antenne, respectively, of the two sexes, with further
enlargement of two joints of the flagellum in lower antennz of male.
gn. 1, gn. 2. First and second gnathopods, respectively, of the two sexes, with further
enlargement of some of the distal joints.
. Second perzeopod of the female, with enlargement of finger.
‘ifth perzeopod of the male.
aC Pacloeae of the ee of Amphipodous Crustacea i in the Collection of the
3ritish Museum, 1862, p. 36, pl. v1, fig. 1.
» Travels among the Cheat Andes of the Equator, Appendix, 1891, p. 125.
3
~
oS
or bo
ee TO
ee eo eee
No. 1341. AMPHIPODA FROM COSTA RICA—STEBBING.
ur. 1. Lateral view of first uropods of male, together with the second
931
and third
uropods and telson, in attachment to the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments of
the pleon.
ur. 3.9. Third uropod of female.
T. Telson of female.
PuaTEe LXI.
Hyalella faxoni, new species.
n. s. Length of male specimen examined, not including the antennze.
a. s., a. i. Upper and lower antennie of the two sexes.
mz. 1. First maxilla (from a separate specimen).
gn. 1, gn. 2. First and second gnathopods of both sexes, with further enlarzement of
distal portion.
prp. 5. Fifth pereeopod of male.
Pl. s. 3.9. Third pleon segment of female.
ur. 3. Third uropod, respectively, of male and female.
T. Telson of each sex, that of the male from the specimen of which the first maxilla
is figured.
The figures are from male specimens, unless accompanied by the symbol of the
female (?).
_ Only two scales of magnification are employed, all the figures except one being
drawn to the lower scale, while some are wholly or partially duplicated on the
higher scale. The first maxilla of Hyalella faxoni is represented only on the higher
magnification.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02
62
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. Lx
TALORCHESTIA FRITZI, NEW SPECIES.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 930.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXI
* =, = {
i. A.
Sore Ragen EO
re
i
PL. s.4 Oo Tq
+ >
HYALELLA FAXONI, NEW SPECIES.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 931.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY ASTARTIDA. WITH A REVIEW
OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES
By Witu1am Hearry Datu,
Honorary Curator, Division of Mollusks.
The group of bivalve shells which composes this family is of ancient
origin, the Crassatellitide having diverged from it in the later Meso-
zoic and taken definite form in the Eocene. The chief characteristic
by which the two families are discriminated is found in the ligament,
which in Astartedx is external as well as the resilium, while in the
Crassatellitide this organ is separated from the resilium, the latter,
except in Hriphyla, being deeply immersed. In Lriphy/u the process
has only begun, but the other characteristics of the shell are so close
to Crassinella that the two must obviously be associated in the same
family. In Lirodiscus of the Astartide the resilium is separated from
the ligament, but still remains external, while the other characters link
it to Astarte in a way analogous to those which bind Er/phyla to the
Crassinellas; so each family has an exceptional and peripheral group.
Concentric sculpture, dense periostracum, absence of bright color
pattern, and a hinge formula of, in its fullest development, the fol-
: — (L9.101010.1 VE ey ee ee aT ee
lowing elements Ri.010101.0 ) 2"¢ characteristic of this family, as is
|
|
its preference for cold waters, the tropical species keeping chiefly in
the cold abysses or being dwarfed in size. The Crassatellitide, on the
other hand, are prevalent in the Tropics and unknown in the cold seas.
I have not found more than three cardinals in either valve, and there
are usually several nearly obsolete. The laterals are formed by an
extension of the valve margin, which fits into a groove or socket in
the opposite valve. These are usually alternated, one lateral and one
socket to each valve. The middle cardinals are usually well developed
and sometimes bifid, the anterior right and posterior left cardinals
always (and the posterior right cardinal often) more or less obsolete.
The sides of the cardinal teeth are frequently vertically striated, as in
- Crassatellites, especially in the fossil species.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1342.
935 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXVI.
No Astarte has radial ribbing, but many develop in the adult state
crenulations on the inner margin of the valves. Some species are
crenulate only when fully adult, others develop crenation at resting
stages, others are always without them. The teeth of the hinge are
frequently reversed as regards the valves. The laterals vary extremely
in the fullness of their development, and the outline of the valves is
also often very variable, most of the trigonal species having also
elongated or oblique varieties. The conditions in the boreal seas,
where these animals chiefly abound, seem to make for profusion in
individuals and paucity of species, a state of things obviously favor-
able to individual variation.
The dullness of color characterizing the shells of this group is to
some extent made up for by the bright colors of the soft parts which
are usually yellow, orange, or vermilion. The anal siphon is short,
complete, plain-edged and valvular. The branchial siphon is formed
by apposition of the ciliate border of the free mantle edges. The
foot is subquadrate, the gills small, reticulate, and free. The eges are
ripe in April in the latitude of Long Island Sound, and are dis-
charged into the water for fertilization. The animals live partly
immersed in mud or sand and form a large part of the food supply of
the walrus and many fishes. The variability previously alluded to
has made the identification of species difficult and their synonymy
almost hopeless. :
Dr. Jeffreys, who published much about the northern fauna, unfor-
tunately was disposed to lump together rather than discriminate, not
having the large series necessary for elucidating our American spe-
cies. Sowerby’s monographs of this group are very unsatisfactory and
imperfect, covering less than half the known forms. The most suc-
cessful attempt at a review of the species is that of Mr. Edgar A.
Smith, of the British Museum, in 1881, in the Journal of Conchology.
I have found in reviewing our American species that a more narrow
specific limitation removes some of the difficulties surrounding the
subject. While assenting to many of the views heretofore expressed
by naturalists, and disavowing any claim of finality for the decisions
arrived at, I have endeavored to discriminate the recognizable Amer-
ican forms whether these be regarded as species or not. By adopting
names for them we at least have the satisfaction of knowing what we
mean when we employ a name, which is impossible under the system,
or want of system, of Dr. Jeffreys. For the same reason I have been
unable to avail myself of much work, systematic and distributional,
which is in print, since it is impossible to know which of several forms
is intended in a given case where a name covering a number of types
has been used. The distribution mentioned in my list herewith is
taken from actual specimens and only exceptionally from the litera-
ture. The collection of Astartes from the boreal regions of the New
“No. 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTIDA—DALL. 9
Benen rer : B85
World in the National Museum is exceptionally large, a fact upon
which the possibility of a review of the species is dependent. Ina
general way the species common to both hemispheres belong to the
circumpolar fauna; extremely few if any of the more southern species
: are common to Europe and America. Ina general way each fauna
_ has a set of species in which a given type is represented, but the repre-
sentatives of the type when compared are found to be similar rather
than specifically identical. Thus, the European A. su/euta, COMPTESSA,
and ¢ncrassata do not in my opinion occur at all in America. though
the Atlantic and Pacific faunas have analogues which are probably due
_ to filling a particular similar niche in the environment rather than to
any close connection with the types of Europe referred to.
_ The distinctions upon which the subordinate groups of Astartide
. are founded are chiefly the greater or less development of the hinge-
teeth and modifications of external sculpture. As the type of the
_ hinge formula does not change but merely submits to certain dedue-
tions from its possible total, it will be inferred that the subgenera or
sections are not very widely separated.
The genus (oodalliopsis Munier-Chalmas and De Raincourt, 1863,
is a synonym of Ad/ia. Plesiastarte Fischer, 1887, which has also
been referred to this family, may perhaps be more suitably placed in
the Cyrenide, if not a nepionic shell. Preconia Stoliczka, 1871, and
— Pachytypus Munier-Chalmas, 1887, I have not been able to examine;
both are fossils. Paristella Cossmann, 1887, from the figures, may be
amember of this family and related to Mcrostagon. It is from the
French Eocene. Paleozoic forms referred to Astarte are dubiously
pertinent.
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE FAMILY.
Genus LIRODISCUS Conrad, 1869.
Shell solid, inequilateral, equivalve, the nepionic valves flat, usually
concentrically ridged, the later portion of the disk more convex; liga-
ment normal, external; residium separate, situated between the beaks,
external, but with its base encroaching on the umbonal ends of the
cardinals; dental formula eR the left anterior lateral often
indistinct; inner margins crenate; adductor scars rounded with elevated
margins.
Type Astarte tellinoides Conrad, Claibornian Eocene. This genus
appears in the lowest Eocene and continues to be represented until the
Jacksonian.
Genus ASTARTE Sowerby, 1816.
Synonyms: Zridonta Schumacher, 1817; Crassina Lamarck, 1818;
Triodonta Agassiz, 1847; Nicania Leach, 1819; Gonilia Stoliczka,
1871; Crassinella Bayle, 1879, not Guppy, 1874; Weocrassina Fischer,
936 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI, _
1887: Grotriania Speyer, 1860; Davee . V. Wood, 1853; Woodia
Deshayes, 1860; Ptctocyma Dall, 1872; Pie aN on Malena 1874;
Goodallia Turton, 1822; Mactrina Brown, 1827; Mierostagon Coast
mann, 1896; Crentmargo Crossmann, 1903.
Ligament enfolding the resilium, both external, on narrow nymphs.
Section Asfarte s.s. Dental formula ee the middle right
and two left anterior cardinals strong, the others obsolete; valves with
convex umbones, subequilateral, the inner margins crenate when fully
developed. Type, Astarte sulcata (Da Costa).
Section 7ridonta Schumacher. Like Astarte, but the inner margins
always smooth. Type, 7: borealis Schumacher, 1817.
¢ Section Weocrassina Fischer. Like r 5 .
Canada and New England; variety svror, from 82° north latitude
through the Arctic waters southward to the Gulf of St.
5 to 90- fathoms.
The recent shell is more trigonal, larger, and the concentric sculp-
ture coarser than that of the typical Pleistocene fossil. I adopt the
above varietal name for the recent form until more is known. but I
suspect the species are distinct.
Lawrence in
LIST OF THE SPECIES OF THE WESTERN COAST.
ASTARTE POLARIS Dall, 1903.
Kyska Harbor, Aleutians; Constantine Harbor, Amcehitka: and
near the Shumagin Islands, in 10 to 58 fathoms, mud or sand, bottom
temperature 41° to 45° F. Also in Baftin’s Bay, on the Greenland
coast.
This is the only typical Asturte so far identified on the northwest
coast.
ASTARTE LONGIROSTRA D’Orbigny, 1847.
Falkland Islands, D’Orbigny; Straits of Magellan, in 20 to 61 fath-
oms, bottom temperature 48° F.
The A. magellanica Smith, 1881, judging from the specimens dredged
by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer ») 2997
Yoldia abyssicola Torell; U.S.N.M., Nos. 85220-So227.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——63
948 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
———
ASTARTE SUBAQUILATERA var. WHITEAVESII Dall.
Plate LXII, figs. 7, 12.
Shell rounded quadrate, plump, inequilateral, the anterior end
shorter; concentrically sculptured with 20 to 25 sharply defined rounded
ribs with wider channeled interspaces, the ribs continuous over the whole
shell; periostracum thin and papery, of a pale yellowish brown; lunule
and escutcheon smooth, lanceolate, moderately impressed; inner mar-
eins, When adult and at resting stages, crenate, hinge strong, the cardi-
nals entire. Height 12, length 14.5, diameter 6.5 mm.
Type locality, Gaspé, Whiteaves, in 200 fathoms. U.S.N.M., No.
95748.
The continuous ribs behind, more convex valves, and smaller size
distinguish this variety from the typical swhequilatera of Sowerby or
the /ens of Stimpson.
ASTARTE LIOGONA, new species.
Plate LXII, fig. 9.
Shell small, compressed, rounded trigonal, beaks erect, somewhat
eroded in the type, umbonal region (outside of the eroded tract) smooth
or marked only with incremental lines, but near the base there are
indications of five narrow rounded concentric ribs, with wider inter-
spaces; periostracum olivaceous, rather dark; lunule lanceolate, moder-
ately impressed, smooth; escutcheon narrower and longer; ligament
short; hinge moderately strong, the teeth entire, inner margins strongly
crenulate. Height 7.0, length 7.5, diameter 4.0 mm.
Dredged in 118 fathoms, near the delta of the Mississippi, on a
muddy bottom. U.S.N.M., No. 64484.
If this specimen is characteristic it differs from any other known to
me in having the umbonal region smooth, while the peripheral portion
exhibits raised ribbing.
ASTARTE VERNICOSA, new species.
Plate LXIMI, fig. 1.
Astarle warhami (Hancock) Lrcur, Vega exped., III, 1883, pl. xxxmr, figs. 7-8
(only) 1883.
Shell small, subcompressed, subtrigonal, subequilateral, covered
with a brilliantly polished olivaceous brown periostracum; beaks
rather high, slightly prosogyrate, the lunule narrow, lanceolate,
impressed, the escutcheon similar but longer; base arcuate, anterior
end rounded, posterior end slightly more produced; hinge delicate,
inner margins smooth, hinge teeth much as in A. bennetti7. Length
17.0, height 15.0, diameter 6.7 mm.
Pa
No, 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTID.E&—DALI. 949
Type locality, off Iey Cape in 15 fathoms sand, W. H. Dall. U.S.N.M.
No. 109276. :
_ Our specimens are somewhat more trigonal and attenuated behind
than in Leche’s figures. The sculpture is of quite even and reeular sul-
cations which usually are somewhat less pronounced on the ventral third
of the disk, but never present the striking contrast between the suleate
. and unsuleate portions which may be usually noted in A. fubula. In
many cases, however, the sculpture is continued to the base without
_ obsolescence, almost as evenly as in Hancock’s warhaii, put the shape
of the valves is different and the present species is much less inflated.
Leche’s figures 9 and 10 appear to represent A. fibula, of which
occasional specimens are sulcate clear to the base, but which can usually
be recognized by the squarish and slightly wavy appearance of the
concentric umbonal sculpture.
ASTARTE (RICTOCYMA) ESQUIMALTI Baird.
Plate LXIII, figs. 11, 12.
This species having been figured only imperfectly, better figures are
now supplied from an adult specimen (U.S.N.M., No. 106862), dredeed
near the Shumagin islands in 58 fathoms.
VENERICARDIA CRASSIDENS Broderip and Sowerby.
Plate LXIII, fig. 9.
Astarte crassidens BropErte and Sowersy, Zool. Jour., [V, 1829, p. 365.
Iey Cape, Belcher, in Bland’s collection (Broderip and Sowerby.)
This species is described as *‘ obsoletely radially sulcate,” much
eroded at the umbones, with a large striated cardinal in either valve
and with the margins coarsely crenulate, the crenulations haying
‘falmost the appearance of low embrasures.” It is represented as
reaching a length of 40, a height of 41, and a diameter of about 21
mm., with a tinge of dull reddish purple in the center of the valves
inside and the umbones nearly terminal and anteriorly directed.
Now, these characteristics are not those of an Asfarte. All our
Arctic Astartes are white within; none is radiately suleate: none has
embrasure-like crenations. Moreover, the vicinity of Iey Cape has
been pretty well dredged at various times, and Asfurte is a gregarious
genus. If a species with such striking characteristics appeared there
somebody would have been almost certain tg recoyerit. But no spee-
imen is known, nor what became of that one which served as the type
from ‘*‘ Mr. Bland’s” collection.
There is a shell which has been more than once obtained at ley Cape
which fulfills the requirements, and that is the species of Venericardia
identified by Gray with “Arcturus rudis” (Humphrey Ms.) in 1839.
The radial sulcation, except on the umbones (which our authors state
ae
950 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~~ %ou-xxv1.
were much eroded), is often obsolete, its beaks nearly anterior, its
hinge broad, its margin with embrasure-like flutings, and it frequently
has the disk tinged inside with a flush of livid purple-brown. I have
in my Synopsis of the Carditacea called this Venericardia rudis, but I
am now almost convinced that it is the present shell and should take
the name of V. crass/dens. It has the very markedly broad hinge and
large, more or less sulcate cardinals called for by the description, and
one of the specimens in the National Museum comes within 2 millime-
ters of the required dimensions. Mr. Smith has referred this to
Astarte castanea, but A. castanea does not occur in that region, and
has quite small though very distinct crenations, which have not the
square form recalling embrasures like those of Venericardia. Nor
does A. castanea, as far as known, reach a size comparable with that
mentioned for A. crasstdens. All the other Astartes known from the
region where Icy Cape is situated which are large enough to fill the
requirements of the diagnosis of Broderip and Sowerby have very
white shells and perfectly smooth margins. There is only one crenate
species there, and it is quite small in comparison and has quite minute
crenulations.
The European species which do not appear in the Western Hemis-
phere are Astarte sulcata Da Costa, A. incrassata Brocchi (frequently
called A. fusca Poli), A. crebricostata Forbes, A. compressa Montagu,
A. pusilla Forbes, A. parva Searles Wood, A. (Gonzlia) calligona Dall
(A. b/partita Philippi non Sowerby), A. (Digitaria) digetaria Linneeus,
Goodallia triangularis Montagu, and G. macandrewi Smith. Astarte
triquetra Conrad is a Parastarte and belongs in the Veneride, A. fla-
balla Conrad, is a Venericardia, and A. fluctuata Carpenter, is the
nepionic young of Crassatellites sp.
Since the figures of the new species do not wholly fill the plates, the
figures of some recently described but yet unfigured species are
included with those of the Astartide, with references to the place of
publication.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Puate LXII.
Fig. 1. Crania patagonica Dall, upper valve, diameter 8.5 mm.; Proc. U. S. Nat.
Museum, XXIV, 1902, p. 562; Straits of Magellan, U.S. N. M., No. 96913.
2. Crassatellites brasiliensis Dall, from off Rio de Janeiro in 59 fathoms; lon. 37
mm.; U. 8. N. M., No. 96104; The Nautilas, X VI, p. 101, 1903.
3. Crania patagonica Dall, inner face of upper valve showing muscular
Impressions.
4. Crenella megas Dall, height 25 mm.; Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, p.
599; Panama Bay, in 33 fathoms; U. 8S. N. M., No. 96256.
5. Eehinochama californica Dall, new species, from off Cerros Island, Lower Cal-
ifornia, in 25 fathoms; length exclusive of the spines, 40mm.; U.S. N. M.,
No, 96452, The coloration is yellowish white.
~
‘Fig. 6. Venericardia armilla Dall, length, 8 mm.; from the Gulf of Me
ae,
a
No. 1342. SYNOPSIS OF THE ASTARTIDE—DALL. 951
xico; U.S. N. M..
No. 93374; Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia for 1902, p. 713.
7. Astarte subequilatera Sowerby, var. whiteavesii Dall, umbonal view; length
15 mm.; Gaspé, Gulf of St. Lawrence in 200 fathoms; U.S. N. fi Na.
95748; p. 948.
8. Limopsis panamensis Dall, length, 6 mm.; Gulf of Panama in 1,030 fathoms;
U.S. N. M., No. 109028; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, p. 559.
9. Astarte liogona Dall, length 7.75 mm.: Gulf of Mexico; U. S. N. M.. No.
64439; p. 948.
10. Venericardia moniliata Dall, length, 6.5 mm.; off Rio de Janeiro in 59 fathoms:
U.S. N. M., No. 96132; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, for 1902;
p. 713.
11. Astarte soror Dall; length, 19 mm.; Greenland; U. 8. N. M., No. 109278:
p. 947.
12. Astarte subequilatera Sowerby, var. whiteavesii, Dall; lateral view, length, 15
mm.; U.S. N. M., No. 95748; p. 948.
13. Cetoconcha scapha Dall, length, 13 mm.; Gulf of Panama in 100 fathoms;
U.S. N. M., No. 109026; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, p. 561, 1902.
Prare LX.
Fig. 1. Astarte vernicosa Dall, length 17.5 mm.; Iey Cape, Polar Sea; U.S.N.M.,
No. 109276; p. 948.
2. Astarte alaskensis Dall, length 29 mm.; Bering Sea; U.S.N.M., No. 107274;
p. 946.
3. Venericardia gouldii Dall, length 17 mm.; off San Diego in 823 fathoms;
U.S.N.M., No. 109270; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1902, p. 714.
4. Venericardia incisa Dall, length 9.5 mm.; Unalaska; U.S.N.M., No. 109267;
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia for 1902, p. 714.
5. Astarte polaris Dall, length 28 mm.; Bering Sea; U.S.N.M., No. 106859;
p. 945.
6. Astarte bennettii Dall, length 15 mm.; Bering Sea; U.S.N.M., No. 109279;
p- 946.
7. Venericardia alaskana Dall, length 36 mm.; Nunivak Island, Bering Sea.
U.S.N.M., No. 109271; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1902, p. 710;
8. Astarte compacta Carpenter, length 13.5 mm.; Puget Sound; U.S.N.M., No.
129118; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1865, p. 57.
9. Venericardia crassidens Broderip and Sowerby (JV. rudis Gray), length 31
mm.; Kyska Island, Aleutian chain; U.S.N.M., No. 109273; p. 949.
10. Venericardia ventricosa Gould, interior of right valve; length 18.5 mm.;
California; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1902, p. 709.
11. Astarte (Rictocyma) esquimalti Baird, length 15 mm., showing peculiar
sculpture; from off Alaska Peninsula; U.S.N.M., No. 106862; p. 949.
12. Another valve of the same species; p. 949.
Norr.—In the synopsis of the Carditacea, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadel-
phia for 1902, p. 700, the name Miodon Carpenter, 1864, was adopted for a subgenus
of Veneri cardia. It appears that this name was used by Dumeril for a fish before it
was proposed by Carpenter for the mollusk, and I have therefore proposed for Car-
penter’s Miodon the new name Miodontiscus. For the section of Ferebra, commonly
called Acus, also a preoccupied name, I now suggest the designation of Oxymeris.
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FoR EXPLANATION OF PL
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXIII
ASTARTE AND VENERICARDIA.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 953.
AN ALASKAN CORYMORPHA-LIKE HYDROID.
By SamMvueL FrEssenDEN CLARKE,
Professor of Natural History, Williams College, Massachusetts.
In a report on the hydroids of Alaska, published by the Academy of
Natural Sciences in Philadelphia in 1876, the material of which was
collected by parties under the charge of William H. Dall, and is now
deposited in the United States National Museum, I created the family
Rhizonemide, provisionally, and the genus Rizzonema for two some-
what mutilated specimens. Upon further examination, and with
opportunity to consult a wider range of hydroid literature, I find that
I wasinerror. The specimens belong either to the genus Corymorpha
or to the genus Lampra, but they are not sufliciently well preserved
to determine whether the gonophores are of the medusoid type char-
acteristic of Corymorpha, or of the pseudomedusoid type of Lampra.
The hydrocaulus is smallest just below the hydranth, enlarging grad-
ually to near the base, where the basal filaments begin, and then tapers
rapidly to a small rounded end; a small section of the stem immediately
above the filaments is roughened with transverse wrinkles. The mem-
brane which bears the filaments has something of a mammillated sur-
face and is easily freed from the cone-shaped base, see figs. 1, 2. The
hydranth is large; the proximal tentacles are in a single verticil; the
distal tentacles are short, very numerous, matted together, and I can
discover in them no regular arrangement. The proboscis is very large,
being but slightly smaller at the distal than at the proximal end; the
mouth is correspondingly large, the full width of the distal end of the
proboscis. Immediately above the proximal tentacles are the peduncles
of the gonophores; they are about thirty in number, and besides those
forming the circle there are a few which originate a little higher up
on the proboscis. The peduncles vary much in length in this imper-
fect, alcoholic specimen; they bear irregular clusters of processes,
the gonophores, figs. 1, 3. These specimens were collected in Norton
Sound, near St. NGehsel. Alaska, October 17, 1875, by L. M. Turner
of the U.S. Signal Service, who writes that ** these encom ns were of
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1343.
954 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI.
Ayes) i
SI y y ) W\
FIG. 1.—A RESTORATION OF THE BETTER SPECIMEN; ENLARGED TWO DIAMETERS.
Jj. Filaments. t. Distal tentacles.
g. Gonophores. #@, Proximal tentacles.
h. Stem.
u. Canals in the ecenosare.
w. Wrinkled area.
No. 1348. A CORYMORPHA-LIKE HYDROID—CLARKE Or
. aes 4 A de ‘ »
Or
. :
| ES
BH) PASS
| tif) MOVE
=| WAY NG7 HN 7 / { (OM } ys es
MES NG Wy Oo Ka
| UGA CS We CASS
, Diy ? ify 2 ) Chast MON.
yy
Fic. 2.—THE BASAL PART OF THE STEM, WITH THE FILAMENT MEMBRANE PARTLY TORN AND PULLED
ASIDE. e
Fig. 3.—A CAMERA OUTLINE OF ONE OF THE PEDUNCLES OF THE GONOPHORES.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
4
=
JUGH THE STEM WALL NEAR ITS BASE. @, ENDODERM: @,
, FILAMENT; s, SUPPORT-LAMELLA.
TRO
J
ECTODERM;
FOR OTHER LETTERING SEE
GNIFIED; f, NEMATOCYSTS,
Fic. 4 MORE HIGHLY MA
; Fie. 4.
_5.—A PORTION OF
&
958
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MU ISEUM. VOL. XXVI.
FIG. 6.—PART OF SECTION THROUGH THE BASAL PART OF A STEM OF CORYMORPHA PENDULA FROM
Woops HOLE; d, ENDODERM. FOR OTHER LETTERING SEE FiGs. 4, 5,
a deep coral red when found; they are not common.” One of the
specimens is complete, though it is somewhat mutilated, the tentacles
and the sexual peduncles having suffered espe-
cially. The second specimen has no hydranth.
An interesting structural feature is discovered in
sections of the stem in the form of an unusually
thick support-lamella, the Stiitzlamella of Reich-
ert; it stains readily, and is found between the
ectoderm and endoderm, well marked, in all parts
of the stem. Sections through the basal part of
the stem show many thread cells in the ectoderm,
also the relation of the filaments to that layer.
The filaments show no signs of cellular structure
and are evidently developed from the ectoderm,
fig. 5. There is but little left of the endoderm; a
remnant of it is seen in fig. 4, a Sections of
the hydrocaulus of Corymorpha pendula, figs. 6,
, show a simular thick support-lamella between
mG. 7—A Portion or.txz the ectoderm and the endoderm. In the filament-
Pia eee ieee a bearing part there are many thread cells as in
BARA eos ortue the Alaskan form, and farther up the hydrocaulus
agen es all three layers decrease in thickness. While this
is probably a species of ( orymorpha, 1 do not believe in rechristening
it until we know definitely as to its genetic relations.
|
|
ON SOME NEGLECTED GENERA OF FISHES.
By Turopore Git,
Honorary Associate in Zoology.
Dr. Charles W. Richmond recently purchased a serial in twelve vol-
umes entitled Magazin fiir das Neueste aus der Physik und Natur-
geschichte, published in Gotha from 1781 to 1799, and kindly called
my attention to it. In the sixth volume (3. Stiick, pp. 28-38) for 1790
is an outline of a division of fishes according to their teeth (Versuch
einer Kintheilung der Fische nach den Zihnen) by Heinrfich] Fr{ied-
rich] Linck, in which several generic names are proposed which take
precedence of some in general use, but happily do not otherwise seri-
ously disturb the nomenclature. Linck is only known by the article
in question, which is duly recorded in the Bibliotheca Zoologica of
Carus and Engelmann (p. 971), and by a prize writing: De analysi
urine et origine calculi, referred to by the editor of the Magazin.
As the magazine is very rare, an outline of the classification seems
to be desirable, although there is nothing of value in it and charac-
ters are often erroneously given and misapplied.
CLASSIFICATION.
1. OrpnunG. ZAHNE IN BEIDEN KINLADEN [sic!] ALLEIN, OHNE Un-
TERSCHIED DER VORDER- UND BACKENZAHNE.
a. OHNE KIEMENDECKEL.
Squalus, Mustelus (p. 31), Pristis (p. 31), Raja, Rhinobatos
(p. 32).
6. Mir KreMENDECKELN.
Blennius, Cobitis, Callichthys (Silurus Linn.), Caepala
[=Cepola], Teuthys [=Teuthis], Zeus, Pleuronectes, Chaet-
odon, Acanthurus, Gasterosteus, Exocoetus, Sternoptyx.
9. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN UND IM GAUMEN, VorDER- UND Back-
ENZAHNE SIND NICHT VERSCHIEDEN (p. 33).
Muraena, Gymnotus, Silurus, Trachinus, Cottus, Amia, Poly-
nemus, etc., etc.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1344.
959
960 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
3. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN, AUF DER ZUNGE UND IM GAUMEN.
VoRDER- UND BACKENZAHNE SIND NICHT VERSCHIEDEN (p. 34).
Lophius, Uranoscopus, Salmo, Esox, etc., ete.
4. ZKHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN UND IM GAUMEN. Dir VORDERZAHNE
SIND VON DEN BACKENZAHNEN VERSCHIEDEN (p. 35).
Anarrchichas | Anarrhichas], Sparus, Labrus, Perea.
5. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN ALLEIN. Di&E VORDERZAHNE SIND VON
DEN BACKENZAHNEN VERSCHIEDEN.
Chimaera, Balistes, Ostracion, Mormyrus, Trichiurus?
6. ZAHNE IN DEN KINNLADEN UND DEN LIPPEN (p. 36).
Atherina.
7. ZAHNE IN DEN LIPPEN UND AUF DER ZUNGE.
Petromyzon.
8. ZXHNE IN DER OBERKINNLADE ALLEIN.
Pegasus.
9. KEINE ZAHNE.
A. Das Mav IST IN EINEN LANGEN RUSSEL VERGEZOGEN.
Xiphias, Acipenses [Acipenser], Syngnatus [Syngnathus],
Centriscus, Fistularia, Loricaria (p. 37).
B. VORSTEHENDE KNOCHERNE KINNLADEN. KEINE ODER DOCH
UNMERKBARE SCHUPPEN.
Diodon, Tetradon [Tetraodon], Mola.
©. VorsteHENDE KINNLADE. SCHUPPEN (p. 38).
Soarus. Gehoért zur 4ten Abtheilung.
D. KrINE VORSTEHENDE KINNLADEN. UNMERKBARE SCHUPPEN.
Ammadytes [Ammodytes].
EK. NIcHT HERVORSTEHENDE KINNLADEN. DEUTLICHE SCHUPPEN.
‘** Muraena (Salmo Linn.) Cyprinus.” [Sic!]
Enough has been given to show the erroneous and worthless char-
acter of the author’s views. The new genera, however, demand fur-
ther attention. The punctuation, or want of it, is reproduced from
the original.
a
NEW GENERA.
1. Musrexus. ‘*Stumpfe Ziihne ein rundlicher Koérper M. levis
(Squalus Mustelus Linn.) Unterscheiden sich von dem vorigen
Geschlecht [| Sgualus} doch sehr dadurch, dass sie weniger gefriissig
sind, sich mehr yon vegetabilien niihren, und eine mehr glatte Haut
haben.”
The name is thus accompanied by a good diagnosis and typonym
and consequently is well entitled to place instead of Muste/us of
Cuvier or Galeus of Rafinesque. The genus J/ustelus, as understood
by Jordan and typitied by ‘* d/ustelus canis,” is thus bereft of a name
and may take that of Cynras.
No. 1344. SOME NEGLECTED GENERA OF FISH—GILI,
96]
9. Pristis. ‘* Das Maul eet in eine Siioe vergezogen,” ete
2 ‘
i Squalus pri istis is specitied as the representative of the genus. The
“genus is thus well defined, has a typonym, and the name.
anterior to Shaw’s, must be accredited to Linck.
3. RHINOBATOS. ‘‘ Stumpte Ziihne, Platter Kérper.”
This name is long prior to Rhinobatus of Bloch and Schneider (1801).
but is not peeapauied by a full definition or a ty ponym. Happily
“this is not of much consequence, the names being essenti: Uly similar,
“and different authors may exercise their preference of authorities
without difference of result.
4, CALLIcHTHYS (Silurus Linn.). The meaning of this association
of names is not evident, although the natural inference would be that
Callichthys was proposed at the expense of S//urus of Linneus. At
any rate, it does not militate against the restriction of Callichthys to
the genus generally known by that name, and was, indeed, probably
intended for that genus.
5. Coprtis. This name stands out without any qualification as that
of a fish with uniform teeth in both jaws. Linck, consequently, must
have intended to restrict the name to Anahbleps, and did remove the
Cobitis barbatula and tenia from the Linnean genus to constitute a
“new one (Barbatula) on a later page (88). He referred to the ‘* Cab/tis
[| Cobitis| heteroctita” of Linneus as a fish of uncertain relationship.
(‘‘ Ungewisse Stellen haben Blennius Cornutus Cabitis heteroclita,
-Chaetodon Ciliaris, Gasterosteus ovatus” (p. 33).
6. ALOSA.
7. THYMALLUS.
Linck, in a paragraph under section 3, remarks that A/osa has no
lingual teeth, and that Zhymallus differs somewhat from Sa/imo, but
does not say, in so many words, that they are distinct generically.
The paragraph is reproduced from p. 35 to enable anyone to judge for
himself. .
being long
—— a A, oo ae ee
Das Geschlecht Clupea ist noch nicht genau bestimmt, die meisten haben im
Gaumen kleine Ziihne. Alosa hat keine Ziihne auf der Zunge. Sie sind keine
Raubthiere. Thymallus weicht etwas yon Salmo ab. Sie hat nur wenig Zihne im
Gaumen, und zuweilen ein paar auf der Zunge. Auch ist sie kein Raubfisch.
This seems scarcely sufficient. to entitle Linck to recognition as the
responsible authority for the generic names.
8. Mora. ‘Mola est zu sehr durch die kérperform verschieden,
als dass das Geschlecht kénnte unter Tetradon [Tetraodon] stehen.’
Mola is thus sufficiently named and differentiated from Tetraodon,
but fortunately there need only be a change of authority for the
genus— Linck (1790), instead of Cuvier (1798).
9. Soarus. This name, already referred to (p. 960), is not presented
in a form sufficiently precise to require attention or to entitle it to
962 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
precedence over any other name. Indeed, it is very uncertain what
was intended by the name. It was probably a misprint for Saurus.
Now there are four well-known fishes with which the name of sawrus
has been associated— Hlops saurus, Synodus saurus, Scomberesox sau-
pus, and Trachurus trachurus. None of these is destitute of teeth,
though the Scomberesox saurus has extremely small ones, the Jaws are
much produced, and the lower one is considerably longer than the
upper. It is probable, therefore, that Linck had that species in view
when he named the genus Soarus, but, of course, the name has no
right of way over Scomberesow.
10. Barpatuna. ‘‘Hieher gehdren Cobitis Barbatula Taenia. Sie
niihern sich Cobitis sehr.”
This, a synonym of Codz¢is in a wide sense, is left after the elimina-
tion of Cobitis anableps and C. heteroclitus from the ill-defined Linnzean
genus,
Of the nine new generic names proposed by Linck, three are well
entitled to adoption from him, Mustelus, Pristis, and Mola. The
others do not seem to be presented in such form as to demand recog-
nition; they are Rhinobatos, Callichthys, Alosa, Thymallus, Soarus,
and Barbatula.
NOTICE OF A SMALL COLLECTION OF FISHES, INCLUD.
ING A RARE EEL, RECENTLY RECEIVED FROM UH.
MAXWELL LEFROY, BRIDGETOWN, BARBADOS, WEST
INDIES.
By Barton A. Bran,
Assistant Curator, Division of Fishes.
On December 12, 1902, the United States National Museum received
from Mr. Lefroy a few fishes, including a small eel, which proves to
be the rare Ahlia egmontis, heretofore known only from the type
described by Dr. David Starr Jordan from a specimen 15 inches long
1 = re . 5?
obtained by him at Egmont Key, Florida.“
The example here noticed, No. 50594, U.S.N.M., is 5% inches long;
its proportions are essentially the same as those given for the type.
The color is olive, tinged with yellow, thickly punctulated with darker
APLIA EGMONTIS.
everywhere except a narrow space, from tip of lower jaw to vent,
which is silvery. “ Eye, black. Mr. Lefroy’s label for the specimen
is ‘‘ No. 57. White Sand Eel, Barbados.”
Since examining the above Dr. H. M. Smith, of the U. 5. Fish
Commission, has called my attention to one of these eels just received
from Dr. J. C. Thompson, U.S. Navy, Dry Tortugas, Florida. It
measures 84 inches. Dr. Thompson gives the following life colors:
‘‘ Uniform yellowish olive; on head an oblong dull red blotch, and a
similar colored streak on opercle, probably the blood showing through
-at these points; abdomen silvery.”
a@Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Phila., 1884, p. 44.
PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1345.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 64 963
964 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Other specimens received from Mr. Lefroy are:
No. 50593. Striped sand eel (Achidna catenata), Barbados, in shal-
low water. No. 6 of the collector.
No. 50595. Yellow fish (Chetodon striatus), Carlisle Bay, Barbados.
No. 80.
No. 50596. White fish (Cheetodon ocellatus), Carlisle Bay, Barbados.
No. 83, Oct., 1902.
No. 50597. Black fish (Pomacanthus zonipectus, young), Carlisle
Bay, Barbados. No. 81.
No. 50598. Coffer or kofter fish (Lactophrys triqueter), Carlisle Bay,
Barbados. No. 84.
ON SOME FISH GENERA OF THE FIRST EDITION OF
CUVIER’S REGNE ANIMAL AND OKEN’S N AMES.
By THropore Grit.
Honorary Associate in Zoology.
In the first edition of the Régne Animal (1817) Cuvier introduced
many new genera or subgenera, but most of them were named only
in French guise. Consequently many naturalists have refused to
accept them, but adopted the first Latin names given subsequently,
whether they were simply Latin equivalents for Cuvier’s or substi-
tutes for them. My desire to retain the excellent name Lucioperca
for the pike-perches led me to search for earlier commentators on
Cuvier and latin equivalents of his names than I had previously found.
Several years ago I concluded to look through the volumes of the Isis
and ascertain if Oken had anything to say about the subject. The
volume for that year in the library of the Smithsonian Institution was
without an index, but finally, at page 1145, I came upon an elaborate
commentary by Oken” on the classification proposed by Cuvier, and
that classification and Oken’s arranged in parallel columns. I com-
municated this discovery to several naturalists, and among them to
President Jordan, who has consequently been able to ** get to bottom”
in the case of several of the Cuverian genera. In order that others
may have equal facilities, I hereinbelow give the names of Cuvier
which were prefixed by a French article and without formal Latin
names. Cuvier was quite inconsistent in the latinization of the names,
sometimes giving them with all formality, within parentheses, after
the French names, but generally neglecting to do so. The names
here treated are those respecting which the neglect was manifested.
The volumes of Isis are often quite difficult to consult. In the present
case, Oken’s commentary extends through the whole of five numbers
entitled and numbered as follows:
No. 144, columns 1145-1152; no. 145, columns 1153-1160; no. 146,
columns 1161-1168; no. 147, columns 1169-1176. There are two col-
umns to each page and the columns (not pages) are numbered.
@Cuviers und Okens Pate ase n eaies ge mille in Isis, 1817, pp. and col.
1145-1179 + 1779-1782 + 1182-1184 (irregularly numbered: see explanation above).
PROCEEDINGS U S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1346.
965
966
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
5
“Zu 147,” two leaves [1177-1178] = four pages.
VOL. XXVI.
The only leaf numbered is 1178; there are two columns to each
page, as in case of previous numbers.
No. 148, pages [1779-1782].
On these pages there are also two columns, and the matter is con-
tinued without interruption from the last page of the previous number.
The numbers 1779, 1780, 1781, and 1782 are merely slips for 1179-
1182.
‘*Zu 148,” leaves [1183-1184] = four pages.
All these parts are constituents of a number ** VIII,” which embraces
parts 131 to 151.
or other date than
661817.”
a
All are without indication of the month or week
The section relative to the fishes is in the last three columns of pages
numbered ‘* 1781” and ** 1782” and the first three columns of leaf 1183.
Without this explanation the reader would be naturally perplexed.
GENERIC NAMES.
No.
129
152
153
165
166
184
185
204
Cuvier. Oken. | Pier
Les Cestracions Cuv .....--=--.--- CestraGion's =. 2522 5see. heen eee tL.
eS
¥
° :
¢
=
:
iy
REPORT ON THE FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, INCLUDING A
REVISION OF THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF
THE FAMILY CYPRIDIDZ.
By Ricnarp W. Suarpr,
Instructor in Biology, Wilmette, Tllinois.
INTRODUCTION.
The following report presents in part the results of a study of the
fresh-water Ostracoda belonging to the United States National Museum.
The greater portion of the material was collected from quite widely
separated regions. Places as remote from one another as New Jersey
and California on the one hand, and Oregon and Mexico on the other,
are represented.
The material has been collected by friends of the U. S. National
Museum, somewhat cursorily and in small quantities. Dr. E. Palmer,
Dr. Alfredo Dugés, Mr. E. W. Berry, and Prof. H. I. Smith, are
among: those who have contributed.
So much confusion and error has arisen on account of the genus
name Cyprinotus, that I shall here use it as a subgeneric name under
the genus Cypris. The attempt has been made to distinguish the
genus Cyprinotus from the genus Cypris by means of the method of
propagation and the presence or absence of tubercles on the right
shell margin. Cyprinotus was distinguished from Cypris by being
sexual—while Cypris parthenogenetic—also by possessing a row of
tubercles on the right shell margin, which Cypr¢s lacked.
As regards the method of propagation, it is undeniably the case that
it is not alwaysa genus character among the Ostracoda. For instance,
Tlyocypris gibba Rahmdohr is not represented by males, while Tlyoey-
pris lacustris Kaufmann is propagated sexually.
Indeed, European forms of Cypris clavata Baird are parthenoge-
netic, while African forms of the same species are sexual. Further-
more, Cypris testudinaria Sharpe is sexual, a character which might
have allied it with Cyprinotus, but it is entirely without tubercles on
the shell margins. In fact, it seems that this species breaks down
any possible barrier between Cypris and Cyprinotus, indicating that
PRocEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXVI—No. 1347. -
US
970 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Viera ee ya
at most Cyprinotus should have but the rank of a division of the
genus Cypris.
Furthermore, I entirely agree with the observations of Kaufmann
where he says:
Ebenso ist das vorhandsein einer Tuberkel-reihe auf dem Shalenrand ein Gattungs-
merkmal von sehr fraglichen Wert, da es eben ein rein iiusserliches ist, und was fiir
bedenkliche Folgen eine Beriicksichtigung solcher rein diusserlicher Merkmale in der
Systematik herbeifiihrt, haben uns de Diagnosen ilterer Autoren zur Gentge gelehrt.
The tubercles also seem to be quite variously present on both right
and left valves, and regardless of the method of propagation.
I shall therefore regard the genus Cyprinotus as a subgenus of the
genus Cypris, the genera //eterocypris Claus and Amphicypris Sars
being similarly used and for similar reasons (see key, genus Cypris).
All species of Cypris that are evidently sexual and have a row of
tubercles on the right shell margin should fall in the Cyprinotus
group. Those seemingly sexual and armed with tubercles on the left
valve margin and with ‘* pore canals” should fall under the //eterocy-
pris group. Provisionally it seems necessary to establish another
subgenus, with Cypris grandis Chambers as the type. Insufficient
data, however, makes this division a doubtful one, All other forms
of Cypris not included in the above four subgenera will here be
classed in Cypris proper. :
Of the nine species described in this report, I have been enabled to
identify seven with forms already recorded. The remaining two
species, as also the genus Sp7rocypris, | regard as new to science.
As a whole, the museum collection so far affords an addition of three
genera and five species as new to the United States, and of these all
but Chlamydotheca as new to America, this genus being’ originally
described from Mexico.
T owe thanks to Dr. 8. A. Forbes, of the University of Illinois, for
loan of literature; to Dr. Richard Rathbun and Mr. Charles T. Simp-
son, of the U. S. National Museum, for loan of material, and to Dr.
A. C. Eyclesheimer and Mr. C. C. Adams, of the University of Chicago,
for many courtesies extended.
SYSTEMATIC SUMMARY.
The fresh-water Ostracoda of the U.S. National Museum are distrib-
uted as indicated in the following summaries. The species comprise
nine names, distributed in six genera and four subfamilies, as follows:
}
Family. | Subfamily. | Genus. Subgenus. | Species.
Oyprididse ss: 2 s=-2ee- sane eee | Gypridines ies. 5 ssee ee eee ea 2 1 4
\UHlerpetocypridince sean ene ee eee Dine eee 3
} Cypridopsinsel: ccton ecee ote Lh ilincsmceste eee 1
Cyclocypridin 820305 eee | Lace eeet coer 1
piel < eR 5s Se dlink be ob 17) 1k a. ie ee | 6 1 | 9
ale FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SITARPRE. 07 1
It is yet too soon to hazard any rem: fore regarding geographic ai dis.
tribution in America, as too little is known of the r
forms.
The following table will, however, show the relative abundance of
the museum forms at the time and place of collection:
ange of individual
SUMMARY OF SPECIES OF FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA
NATIONAL MUSEUM.
OF THE
1. Family CYPRIDID.
(a) Subfamily Cyrripry x.
1. Genus Cypris.
; (a) Subgenus Cypris.
1. C. virens, Guanajuato, Mexico, April (few).
2. C. pubera Jurine, Oregon (abundant).
3. C. pellucida Sharpe, Guanajuato, Mexico, April (abundant).
Big Butte, Idaho, September (abundant).
2. Genus Spirocypris, new genus.
4. S. passaica, new species (few).
(6) Subfamily Herprrocypripin.».
. 3. Genus Herpetocypris.
5. H. reptans Baird, California, September (abundant).
| 4. Genus Chlamydotheca.
6. C. mexicana, new species, Mexico, September (abundant y:
7. C. azteca Saussure, Texas, October (common).
(ce) Subfamily Cypripopsin ®.
5. Genus Potamocypris.
8. P. smaragdina (Vavra), Mexico, April (few).
(d) Subfamily Cycitocypripin ®.
6. Genus Cypria.
9. C. exsculpta Fischer, Michigan, November (coinmmon).
SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES, GENERA, AND SUBGENERA OF THE FRESH-WATER
“OSTRACODA, INCLUDED IN THE FAMILY CYPRIDID®.
Family Cypripip®.
a Natatory setee commonly reaching beyond end claws. Second feet usually with
three terminal] setze of different lengths, two backwardly directed and the mid-
dle one sometimes claw-like. First maxillary process usually armed with 6
RaLOU Oss Ul Cs meen inane Skee! occ aes Subfamily NoroproMapin», I.
b Second antennz 6-segmented in both sexes.
ce Second feet normal. Terminal seta of caudal ramus missing. Branchial
plate on second maxilla of 2 setz .-.....--..------------- Votodromas, 1.
ce Second feet with a claw on end segment. Furca normal, but terminal seta
small or missing in female. No branchial plate--.-.--.-..---2 Newhamia, 2.
bb Second antennze 5-segmented in both sexes. Branchial plate present.
c Two terminal claws of ramus, seta-like. Second foot with a claw-like seta.
Cyprois, 3.
aa Natatory sete shortened; no swimmers. Second foot with a beak-shaped end
segment and a short claw -.-..-.---------- Subfamily Herrerocypripin®, I.
b Furca ending in 3 claws; dorsal seta replaced by a short spine. Males
TTL) Ua ee Tenn he eth ag Oey ER TTD alate coun wae Ilyodromus, 4.
bb Furea normal. é
ce Second segment of first foot with 2 setse on anterior margin. Three spines
on first maxillary process, the first one commonly toothed.
Chlamydotheca, 5.
“ry
“I
bD
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
cc Second segment of first foot normal, but 1 seta. Two spines on first
maxillary process.
d Spines of maxillary process plainly toothed.
e Length, 1.8 mm. or more. Two sete on first segment of first foot.
Herpetocypris, 6.
ee Length, 1.0 mm. or less. One seta on first segment of first foot.
. Microcypris, 7.
dd Spines of maxillary process not toothed -..........-----. Prionocypris, 8.
aaa Natatory setee reaching beyond end claws, or approximately to tips of end
claws. Second foot with a beak-like end-segment and a claw.
Subfamily Cypripina, ITT.
b Two eyes. Natatory sete reaching beyond end claws. Shell thick and
StYONGE «22022 be ko RE eee he eee eee ee ee eee Centrocypris, 9.
bb No eyes, unless rudimentary.
c Testes, if present, originating in anterior part of shell, and anteriorly in form
of concentric circles or half-circles.
d Testes in form of concentric half-circles, anteriorly. Shell small, not
more than 0.6 mm or 0.8 mm. in length.-.--.._-..-_-.. Cypridella, 10.
dd Testes in form of concentric circles, anteriorly. Shell more than 0.8 mm.
in length.
e Shell tumid and excessively hairy. Furca normal, slender, no more
than one-half lengthiot shelley eee re eee Spirocypris, 11.
ee Shell, as seen from side, narrow, oblong, andsmooth. Furea excessively
developed, more than one-half length of shell -..~--- Cypricercus, 17.
ddd Males unknown. Furca with 2 long terminal setee in place of the
usual claws; also usually a short dorsal one. Ovary spirally wound.
4 Cypretta, 12.
Testes, if present, not originating in the anterior part of shell, and usually
not in circles or half-cireles.
d Right shell prominently armed with a dorsal, longitudinal, ridge-like
process.
é Dorsal process, with thorn-like projections at both extremities. Testes
appearing as 8 concentric half-circles in posterior part of shell.
Strandesia, 13.
ee Dorsal process, with a thorn-like projection at posterior part only.
Wurea excessively large’ = 2-2 ee soe se eee teanthocypris, 14.
dd Shell comparatively smooth, at least no dorsal ridge-like process present.
e Furcal dorsal seta rudimentary or absent. Males present.
Stenocypris, 15.
ee
=
ee Furcal dorsal seta plainly present.
J First foot 4-segmented, third and fourth segments united. Shell
unusually broad. Furea and its claws smooth ------ Hurycypris, 16.
Jf First foot not 4-segmented, usually five. Furca usually normal.
eae yor Kee (slen.ueNl coyepiserqueNl oak ee ae tne Oypris, 18.
g Furea normal.
h Length, 3.00 mm. to 3.50mm. Sexual..Subgenus Amphicypris, 5.
hh Length less than 3 mm.
i Parthenogenetic. Valves with or without tubercles.
Subgenus Cypris, 1.
vi Sexual. Right valve with marginal tubercles.
Subgenus Cyprinotus, 2.
iw Sexual. Left valve with marginal tubercles.
Subgenus Helerocypris, 3.
No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SIL | RPR.
=
71.
“~~
gg Furca abnormal, ‘terminal seta missing.”’ (?
f)
h Sexual. Length, 3.00 mm. or more..-....Subgenus unnamed. 4
aaaa Natatory sete usually long. Second foot usually beak-shaped at tip with 5
claw. Furea rudimentary, with « lash-like end bristle.
Subfamily Cyprrpopsin.x, [VY
& Furea with no dorsal seta, lamellar and ending in a lone bristle,
e Shell irregularly sculptured and roughly tubercled. First foot 4-sec-
mented. End segment of second foot not beak-shaped, but small] ;
conical. ...-...... atresia lelale eleieleieielnta/ Sera eee niche Oncocypris, 19.
bb Furea usually with dorsal seta, or at least with 2 end setee.
c Natatory setz normal, or at least reaching to middle
d Shell covered with prominent concentric lines.
SME TIC nee home a Se PN Gate Zonocypris, 20.
dd Shell plain, at least no concentric lines or bands.
e Shell broad from above, tumid. Branchial plate of from 2 to 5 plumose
Bete mel ArhNeMOPenetic .2._ 2225-20 es cece cl es. soll. Cypridopsis, 21.
ee Shell rather narrow from above. Second antennze usually 4-sec-
mented. Branchial plate of not more than 2 sete. Sexual be
asexual_._...- SE es eee aa eee eee Potamocypris, 22.
cc Natatory sete very rudimentary, not adapted for swimming.
and
of terminal claws.
Second antennie of sexes
> =v.
aaaaa Natatory sets very long, usually twice as long as distance from their origin
. to tips of end claws. Second feet with 3 sete, 1 long, the other 2 rather
short and backwardly directed. Furca usually normal.
Subfamily Cyctocypripin», V.
Paracypridopsis 28
b Natatory sete reaching well beyond end-claws.
e Terminal segment of second foot small. Ductus of circlets of spine-like
setze, and a distinct central axis. Fourth segment of second antenna of
Pea eo BETISE OLANS. oo oom = carnal S 322 enoecson sn eweoee Cypria, 24.
d Valves of shell of about same size. Right valve margin not usually
CRO MUALC mer Mer Ire ee es ce Sen ios Seen eet NS Subgenus Cypria, 1.
dd Valves of shell of decidedly different sizes. Terminal margins of right
Sheligerenulates ease se sco ease eee Subgenus Physocypria, 2.
ce Terminal segment of second foot long and narrow, three times as long
as broad. Ductus of numerous long filaments; no distinct central axis.
Fourth segment of second antenna of male with no sense organ on distal
C1iG PRP ae fee ee ot ene oe ese ou Nese ee SoieS Cyclocypris, 25.
bb Natatory setze reaching but to tips of end-claws or slightly beyond.
¢ Furca with 2 small dorsal setze. Shell smooth -..-...----.-- Pontoparta, 26.
ce Furea normal. Shell tubercled or furrowed in region of eyes, resembling
MIAMTEM OMNIS OR siNCHinele2 <== sem soa een ee T-yocypris, 27.
aaaaaa Natatory sete entire lacking, or little developed. Second antennwe of
female 5-segmented; of male mostly 6-segmented, and with 2 sense clubs.
Terminal segment of second foot with 8 unlike sete, 2 of which are back-
WnGUMmOUMeCted:..¥R = ji. 222) -ctesass- seo === Subfamily Canponin.x, VI.
b Shell not reticulated or honeycombed.
e Natatory sete of first antenna longer than entire antenna. Penultimate
segment of second foot of 2 fused segments; foot therefore 4-segmented.
Woreammonm alee ye eee ees sae ne nsec rete nne Cryptocandona, 28.
ce Natatory sete of first antenna shorter than antenna. Second antenna
6-segmented in male and 5-segmented in female.
d Furea normal. Branchial plate of 2 setee. Eye present, small.
Candona, 29.
t
974 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
dd Furea abnormal.
¢ Anterior or terminal seta of furca missing. Kye rudimentary, disap-
pearing with age... 222.2 52 2e Se eee eee Typhlocypris, 30.
ce Posterior or dorsal seta missing. Branchial plate of 3 setee.
Candonopsis, 31.
bh Shell reticulated, tumid. Small, not more than 0.8 mm. in length.
Paracandona, 32.
The following text contains a few revised generic descriptions—
notably that of the genus Cypris—as also short keys to the known
North American species. A few other forms are included for pur-
poses of comparison; these, however, being marked with an asterisk (*).
I. Subfamily NOTODROMADIN 2%.
1. NOTODROMAS Lilljeborg, 1858.
Monoculus JurtNk, Histoire des Monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de Genéve,
1820.—Linusesora, De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, 1853, p. 94.
Cyprois ZENKER, Monographie der Ostracoden, 1854, p. 80.
Notodromas Brapy and Norman, A Monograph of the marine and fresh water
Ostracoda, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 95.
Shell high, smooth. Natatory sete reach to tips of terminal claws.
Second antenne six-segmented in both sexes. First maxillary process
with six toothed spines. Second foot four-segmented, terminating in
three sete, of which two are directed backward. Branchial plate of
two sete. Furea with the two terminal claws seta-like, terminal seta
missing, so that furca seems to end in three sete. Two eyes, separate.
Sexual.
a Female with spine-like projection at lower posterior extremity of shell. Shell
smooth) noticeably quadrangular soe ssa eee! N. monacha O. F. Miller.
2. NEWHAMIA King, 1883.
Newhamia Kine, On Australian Entomos., Proc. Royal Soc. Van Diemans Land,
III, 1855.—Vavra, Die Ostracoden vom Bismarck-Archipel, 1901, p. 179.
Shell roughly granulate or tubereulate on outside. Natatory sete
reaching tips of terminal claws. Second antenne six-segmented in
both sexes, that of female terminating with a simple terminal seta,
while that of male terminates with a coarsely toothed spine. Bran-
chial plate missing. ‘Terminal seta of furca is usually present in male,
but lacking in female. Two separate eyes. Second foot with three
sete of different lengths, one almost claw-like. Ductus of numerous,
thickly arranged, chitinous whorls. Furea normal, but terminal seta
occasionally missing in female.
This genus includes but two species at present, V. patagonica Vavra
(1898) from Patagonia, and 1. fenestra King, Vavra (1901), from Bis-
marck Archipelago,
it oo ell
Al
NO. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE.
i Chlamydotheca V Avra, Siisswasser-Ostracoden der Hamb. Magal. Samml.,
=F
1
~~
3. CYPROIS Zenker, 1854
Cyprois ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden. Wieg. Archiv. f. Naturg.. XX 1854
Pt. 1, p. 80.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine ani
Ostrac., Trans. Royal Dublin Soe. , 1889, p. 96.—Danay, Die
Veultiltnisse von Cyprois dispar, emia Fus., XVIII, 1895.—KaurmMaxn
Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool.. VIII 191 10,
p- 258.
Z 2
Shell somewhat high, compressed, smooth. Second antenne five-
segmented in both sexes. First maxillary process with six strone
toothed spines. Branchial plate of six set. Second foot endine with
a claw and a reflexed seta. Furca with two terminal claws seta-like
therefore an appearance as though four set on tip of ramus. No
American forms known.
| fresh water
» anatomischen
II. Subfamily HERPHTOCYPRIDIN 4.
4. ILYODROMUS Sars, 1894.
Erpetocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monograph of the marine and fresh water
Ostracoda, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 84.
Herpetocypris Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer. Christ., Vid. Selsk. Forhd.,
No. 1, 1890, p. 60.
Cypris VAvra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. \
Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 82.
Erpetocypris CRONENBERG, Beitriig zur Ostracoden-Fauna der Umgegend yon
Moscou, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Moscou, 1894, p. 14.
Ilyodromus Sars, Cont. to knowledge of the f. w. Entomos. of New Zealand, Vid.
Selsk. Skr. Math. Natur. Klasse, 1894, p. 41.—Kaurmann, Cypriden und
Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 298.
Natatory sete much shortened. Spines of first maxillary process
toothed. Caudal ramus ending in three claws, dorsal seta replaced by
a short spine. Terminal seta present. Males unknown. No Amer-
ican species known.
5. CHLAMYDOTHECA Saussure, 1858.
Cypris Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped. (Com. Ch. Wilkes), XIII, Crustacea, Pt. 1,
1852. :
Chlamydotheca SaussurE, Mémoire sur divers crustacés nouveaux des Antilles,
et du Mexique, Mém. Soc. Phys. et Nat. Genéve, 1858, p. 487.—Brapy,
Notes on Entomos. coll. by Mr. A. Haley in Ceylon, Jour. Linn. Soc., XIX,
1885; Notes on f. w. Entomos. from S. Australia, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1886,
Pachycypris Cuavs, co zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb.
Zool. Inst. Wien, X, 1892, p. 55.
Cypris WIERZEISKT, Se eearandor Crustaceen und nee es gesammelt in Argen-
tinien, Anz. der Akad. der Wiss. in Krakau, Pt. 5, 1892.—Turner, Notes on
the Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Rotifera . Cincinnati, Bull. Sci Lab.
Denison Univ., VI, 1892.—Sars, Cont. to the knowl. of the f. w. Entomos.
‘of New Zealand, Vid. Selsk. Skr. Math. Natur. Klasse, No. 5, 1894.
1898,
p- 16; Hamburg.
Herpetocypris Dapay, Micros. Siisswasserthiere aus Patagonien, Termes. Fis.,
XXV, 1902, p. 296.
476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATION: AL MUSEUM. VoL. XXVL
Shell with flange-like projections, both ceo and posteriori.
Swimming setx moderately long. Maxillary process with three strong
spines. Second segment of first foot with two sete on anterior margin.
Furca commonly normal, toothed on ventral margin. This genus
is at once distinguished by the presence of two sete on anterior mar-
gin of second segment of first foot, instead of one, as in other fresh-
water Ostracoda. Genus established by Saussure in 1858, with the
peculiar flange-like projections on the shell as the basis of distinction
a Furea about 24 times as long as wide, its dorsal margin faintly toothed for one-
half its length; shell broadly oval from above ..........---.- mexicana Sharpe.
aa Furea about 18 times as long as wide, its dorsal margin faintly ciliate its entire
length. Shell wedge shaped anteriorly from aboye.-..-..----- azteca Saussure.
1. CHLAMYDOTHECA MEXICANA, new species.
Plate LXIV, figs. 1-6.
Length, 2.75 mm.; breadth, 1.60 mm.; height, 1.55 mm.
Color noticeably ‘Granein yellow, two narrow, greenish stripes
running from the lower posterior margin diagonally toward the ante-
rior upper margin, passing on either side of the muscle impressions
and terminating a short distance beyond them (fig. 1).
Surface of shell comparatively smooth, but with a few very short,
sparsely scattered papillee.
Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest at the middle and
posterior third, sloping abruptly to the posterior lower angle, which
is provided with a very noticeable hyaline flange. Seen from above
(fig. 2) the shell is widest in the middle, rather broadly oval, evenly
teen posteriorly, and rather acutely pointed anteriorly. The ante-
rior extremity has a very broad, strikingly noticeable flange, fringed
with rather long hairs.
Ventral margin nearly straight, except for a sinus at its union with
the anterior flange (fig. 1).
Natatory sete of the second antenne are very plumose, reaching
about to tips of terminal claws. Terminal claws slightly curved, the
longest about six times as long as the terminal segment, or seven-
fifths as long as the last two segments, the shorter claw two-thirds
the length of the longer.
The ‘*sense club” is quite near the base of the segment on which it
is located.
The second segment of the first pair of feet is provided with two
setw, a feature characteristic of the genus (fig. 3). Terminal claw
stout, nearly smooth, and about seven-ninths as long as the last four
segments taken together.
The second foot ends ina beak-shaped segment; the terminal claw
very much bent and nearly smooth (fig. 4). The longer seta is about
three-fifths the length of the penultimate segment, or twice as long
as the terminal claw.
Cut Lis
y,
TE
FPRESH-WATER OSTRACODA-—SH, Ay
ee O17
Furea alinost Siight. about twenty-three times as long as wide and
very faintly toothed on dorsal margin for about one-half its length
(fig. 5). 5
Terminal claw straight, rather stout, nearly smooth, and one-half as
long as furca. Subterminal claw four-sevenths length of terminal one
and straight. Terminal seta very slender, two-thirds length of dorsal
one, which is slightly more than one-half as long as subterminal claw.
No males seen by me.
Described from several specimens which were sent to the United
States National Museum by Dr. E. Palmer from Durango, Mexico.
Received by the Museum September 11, 1897. (Reaession No. 32559.
But one other species has been reported from America, (. azteca
(Saussure), which differs from the above in the form of the shell,
furca, and other minor details. In C. azteca the ratio of length to
breadth of furca is as 17 to 1, while in C. mexicana this ratio is about
as 24 to 1; moreover, its entire dorsal margin is faintly ciliate in C.
azteca, while but about one-half this edge is faintly toothed in C
MextCcand.
2. CHLAMYDOTHECA AZTECA Saussure.
Plate LXIX, figs. 1-4.
Cypris (Chlamydotheca) azteca SAussurrn, Mémoire sur divers crustacés nouveaux
des Antilles et du Mexique, Mém. Soc. Phys. et Nat. Genéve, 1858, p. 487,
pl. v1, figs. 45-54.
Length, 3.30 mm.; height, 2 mm.; width, 1.80 mm.
One of the largest forms of this genus known, uniformly yellowish
gray in color, with occasionally a dark patch posteriorly. Shell smooth
and glistening to the naked eye, but shown to be quite thickly covered
with small papillar elevations by using a one-fourth-inch objective.
Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest at the posterior one-
third, sloping rather abruptly to the posterior lower angle, which is
provided with a small hyaline flange.
Seen from above (fig. 3), as in C. mex/cana, the shell is widest at the
posterior one-third, bluntly rounded posteriorly, and wedge-shaped
anteriorly. There is a very noticeable hyaline flange, fringed with
hair, on the anterior margin. Ventral margin nearly straight, except
fora sinus at its union with the anterior flange.
Natatory seti of the second antenne plumose, reaching to tips of
terminal claws. Terminal claws stout, slightly curved, the longest
about six times as long as the terminal segment, or five- fourths that of
the last two segments. As in (. meaicana, the second segment of the
first pair of feet is provided with two sete at its distal angle—a most
prominent generic character. i
Second foot not especially different from that of C. merand.
Furea almost straight, from 18 to 20 times as long as wide, and faintly
-pectinate on almost entire dorsal margin (fig. 4).
978 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV¥.
Terminal claw nearly straight, rather stout, nearly smooth, and one-
half length of furea. Subterminal claw two-thirds length of terminal
one and straight. Terminal seta slender, six-fifths length of dorsal
one, which is two-thirds as long as subterminal claw. No males found
in the material at hand.
Described from eighteen specimens sent to the United States Na-
tional Museum by Mr. J. D. Mitchell, -Victoria, Texas. Collected by
Mr. Mitchell from a ditch on a rice farm on the west side of the
Guadalupe River, Victoria County, Texas, October, 1902; also pools
in the neighborhood of Vera Cruz. @
This species differs from C. mexicana in size, markings, form of
shell as seen from above, and ratio of length of furca to its breadth.
C. azteca is larger, much more wedge-shaped anteriorly as seen from
above, lacks the greenish stripes on shell, and furea stouter and shorter
as compared with width.
6: HERPETOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1se2:
Erpetocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water
Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 84.
Herpetocypris Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer, Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forhd.,
No. 1, 1890, p. 62.—CroNnENBERG, Beitrag zur Ostracoden—Fauna der Umge-
gend Moscou, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Moscou, No. 3, 1894.—Brapy and Norman,
A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostracoda, Pt. 2, Trans. Royal Dublin
Soc., 1896, p. 722.—KaurMann, Zur Systematik der Cypriden, Mitteil. der
Naturf. Gesell. in Bern, 1900, p. 105.
Natatory sete rudimentary; noswimmers. Spines of first maxillary
process plainly toothed. Length, 1.80 mm. or more. First segment
of first foot with two sete. Dorsal seta of furca very small. Sexual
orasexual. Three of the following species are reported from America:
a Length about 4.00 mm. Furea about twenty times as long as wide.
barbatus (Forbes).
aa Length between 2.00 mm. and 3.00 mm.
»/ Terminal claw of second foot at least three times as long as terminal segment.
c Natatory setee of second antennz nearly reaching tips of terminal claws.
intermedia* Kaufmann.
ce Natatory sete: of second antenne not longer than the fourth segment.
d Dorsal edge of furea with five combs of coarse teeth. Terminal claw of furca
long and'slendeér... s.chocceescke See ee eee reptans Baird.
dd Dorsal edge of furca with seven combs of weak sete. Terminal claw of
furca shorhandistoutse= =e ae ee brevicaudata* Kaufmann.
bb Terminal claw of second foot about as long as last segment.
¢ Caudal ramus about ten times as long as wide. ..--...-.--strigata* O. F. Miiller.
ce Caudal ramus about seventeen times as long as wide. ..peregrina* Kaufmann.
aaa Length between 1.00 mm. and 2.00 mm. ; . ecas
pectinate, dorsal seta rudimentary or absent. Propagation s¢ xual,
This genus was originally described as being parthenogenetic, but
. . . > xy Li Qx < av LQs) ‘ 1eZ% LSY1
the investigations of Vavra (1895), Daday (1892), and Moniez ( )
disprove this.
984 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Vayra retains Acocypris as a group of this genus as being nonse xual
and a group Stenocypris as being sexual. Kaufmann discards this
genus and revises under a new name, Dolerocypris, on the ground that
Cypris fasciata O. F. Miller, of Sars 1890, is deemed Stenocypris by
him, even though furca has an evident dorsal seta. This seems to me
to be an insufficient reason for establishing a new genus. As the shell
of this species is long and narrow, it might well be regarded as a
‘transition form between Cypris and Stendcypris, but still as a Cypris,
possibly as the type of anew group. The Cypris fusciata of Brady
and Norman, 1889 (pl. xu, fig. 1) is without the furcal dorsal seta; so
evidently a Stenocypris.
No American forms known.
16. BURY CMPIRISEG: We Muller 1e9o8:
Eurycypris G. W. M@uuER, Ostrac. aus Madagas. and Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck.
Naturf. Ges., X XI, 1898, p. 263.
Shell extraordinarily broad. Natatory sete reach tips of end claws.
First foot four-segmented from union of third and fourth segments.
Furca normal, slender, smooth; claws smooth. Sexual. This genus
has been established by Miller (1898), to include those forms of the
subfamily Cypridine having the third and fourth segments of the first
foot united; foot therefore four-segmented, and with excessively broad
shells.
No American forms known.
17. CYPRICERCUS Sars, 1895.
Cypricercus Sars, On some 8. African Entomos. raised from dried mud, Christ.
Vid. Selsk. Skr. Math. Naturw. Klasse, No. 8, 1895, p. 37.
Shell as in Cypr’s, smooth, narrow, oblong, as seen from the side.
Natatory sete reaching tips of end claws. Feet as in Cypris. Furea
excessively developed, toothed on dorsal margin, and longer than
half-length of shell. -
Sexual, the spermatic ducts of male forming a dense coil in the
anterior part of each valve. This genus was established by Sars, to
receive those forms resembling Cypr7s in most respects, except that
the furca is unusually well developed and spermatic ducts as above.
No American forms known.
1IS.“CY-PRIS4O. ky Miillerwiwoo.
Cypris O. F. Mtiirr, Entomos. seu Insecta testacea, etc., 1792.—Brapy, A
Monog. of the recent British Entomostraca, Trans. Linn. Soc., XX VI, 1868,
Pt. 2, p. 360.
Cyprinotus Brapy, Notes on Entomos. coll. by Mr. Haley in Ceylon, Jour. Linn.
Soc., XTX, 1885, p. 301.
Heterocypris Cuacs, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb.
Zool. Inst. Wien, X, 1892, p. 7.
_ No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE. )
Stenocypris G. W. Miuuer, Zool. Anz., No. 653, 1901.
Amphicypris Sars, Fresh-water Entomos. of South America, Archiv. for Math
og Naturvid., XXIV, No. 1, 1901, p. 16. ;
Neocypris SArs, Fresh-water Entomos. of South America, Archiy.
for M: tl . or
Naturvid., XXIV, No. 1, 1901, p. 29. see
- Natatory sete reaching to tips of terminal claws or somewhat
_ beyond.
. Second antenne five-segmented in both male and female. Branchial
_ plate of six plumose sete. Terminal segment of second foot beak-
shaped, with a toothed hook-shaped claw. Furca normal, with two
claws and two sete.
Propagation sexual or asexual. Ductus, when present, of numerous
_chitinous spines thickly crowded over entire surface of cylinder and
usually not in wreaths. I have tentatively divided this genus into the
five following groups, for reasons given in the introduction (p. 969; see
Key, p. 971).
1. Subgenus CYPRIS.
a Length between 1 mm. and 2 mm.
6 Both spines on first process of first maxilla smooth.
¢ Terminal claw of second foot as long as terminal segment.
?
d Caudal ramus straight; subterminal claw two-thirds as long as the terminal.
F Duelltour-nimths as) hich as long. -22- 22 5o..222----- 22 clavata * Baird.
dd Caudal ramus weakly S-shaped.
; e Subterminal claw of furca half as long as the terminal. Shell two-thirds
/ SLES INCASE L OTN ENS A marron Natt Sen SS ee roe PS eo virens Jurine.
ee Subterminal claw of furca nearly as long as terminal. Shell one-half as
Pee OM ie at I ae FN) a See shes altissinuus Chambers.
ce Terminal claw of second foot twice as long as terminal segment. Terminal claw
of furca nearly as long as entire furca ........-------- ornata* O. F. Miller.
_bb Both spines on first process of first maxilla toothed.
¢ Shell not reticulated with broken lines.
d Shell less than twice as longas high. Terminal claw of furca half as long as
furea.
e Subterminal claw of furca three-fourths as long as terminal, both smooth,
pellucida Sharpe.
ee Subterminal claw two-thirds as long as the terminal -.-..fuscata (Jurine).
dd Shell more than twice as long as high. Terminal claw of furca one-third
as long as furca. Subterminal claw two-thirds as long as terminal.
Jischeri * Lilljeborg.
ce Shell reticulated. Terminal claw of furca about three-fifths as long as ramus.
‘Terminal seta not more than one-fourth as long as terminal claw.
reticulata Zaddach.
aa Length between 2mm. and 3mm. Third and fourth segments of first foot fused.
Shellcpimoug .2-.:.-.--.-----------+---=---=--------- pubera O, F. Miller.
aaa Length 3 mm. or more.
b Both spines of maxillary process smooth. Dorsal margin of shell strongly con-
vex, marked with dark bands. .--.--.----------------------- herricki Turner.
bb Both spines of maxillary process toothed. Dorsal margin of shell nea rly
straight, marked with dark bands--.-.-------------------- perelegans Herrick.
986 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
5. CYPRIS VIRENS (Jurine).
Plate LX VI, figs. 4-6.
Monoculus virens JuRINE, Histoire des Monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de
Geneve, 1820, p. 174, pl. xvin, figs. 15-16.
Cypris pilosa ZAppAcH, Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844,
p. 36.
Cypris tristriata Bairp, The Nat. Hist. of the British Kntomos., Ray Society,
1850, p. 152, pl. xvii, figs. 1-3.
Cypris ornata Fiscurr, Abhand. ber das Genus Cypris und dessen, bei Peters-
burg vorkommende Arten, Mém. des savants étrangers des sciences de St.
Pétersbourg, VII, 1851, p. 157, pl. 1x, figs. 7-10.
Cypris pubera Fric and Nexut, Korysi zemé ceské, Prag. Zeits. Ziva, v. J.,
1868, p. 46, fig. 26.
Cypris ventricosa Brapy and Rogserrson, The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of
Tidal Rivers, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 1870, p. 12, pl. 1v, figs. 1-3.
Cypris helena Moniwz, Liste des Copépodes, Ostracodes, ete., recueillis 4 Lille en
1886, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1887, p. 2.
Cypris virens ZADDACH, Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844,
p. 35.—LitisesorG, De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, 1853, p. 117, pl. vin,
fig. 16; pl. 1x, figs. 4-5; pls. x, xm, and x1x.—Brapy, A Monog. of the recent
3ritish Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc., XX VI, Pt. 2, 1868, p. 364, pls. xxi,
xxxvi, fig. 1.—Ropertson, Fauna of Scotland, with special reference to
Clydesdale and the western districts, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, IV,
1880, p. 14.—Herrick, Cont. to the Fauna of the Gulf of Mexico and the
South, Mem. of Denison Sci. Asse., I, 1887, p. 22.—Brapy and Norman, A
Monog. of the marine and fresh water Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dub-
lin Society, 1889, p. 75.—Vavra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch.
Naturw. Durchforsch. v. Béhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 102, figs. 3-5; fig. 36.—
Turner, Fresh-water Ostracoda of the U. 8., Report State Zoologist of Min-
nesota, 1895, p. 321, pl. Lxxrv, figs. 3-3e.—Sars, On a new Ostracoda, Steno-
cypris chevreuxi Sars, with notes on other Entomos. raised from dried mud,
Archiy. f. Math. Natur. Christiana, 1896, p. 24.
Length, 1.69 mm.; height, 0.95 mm.; breadth, 0.90 mm.
Seen from the side (fig. 4) the shell is highest just back of the eye-
spot, the height being much more than one-half the length. The
upper edge is ‘Shumped” just back of the eyespot. Anterior and
posterior extremities nearly similar, rounded, the posterior dorsal
margin sloping more gradually than the anterior. Shell covered with
short hairs.
Seen from above (fig. 5) the shell is rather broadly egg-shaped, nar-
rowed anteriorly, the greater breadth being less than the height of the
shell. The anterior extremity is tipped with bluish-black, the entire
dorsal side is the same color, while in the region of the eyes are two
decidedly yellowish areas which extend diagonally downward and
anteriorly for about one-half width of shell. Margins of shell with |
** pore-canals.”
The natatory setee of the second antenne reach to the end of the
terminal claws. The spines on the first maxillary process are toothed,
ee ee ae ae
NO. 1347. FPRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SH. {RPR.
QS87
a peculiarity which may constitute this forma variety, as Vavra speaks
of the European forms as haying plain spines on this process.
The terminal claw of the second foot is about one
length of terminal segment.
Furea very weakly S-shaped (fig. 6), about twe:
and one-half times
ity times as long as
wide, dorsal margin smooth. Terminal claw weak, smooth. nearly
straight, four-sevenths as long as ramus. Terminal seta weak. about
twice as long as width of ramus. Subterminal claw about one-half
length of terminal one, straight, smooth. Dorsal seta about leneth of
terminal one, weak.
The specimens studied by me seem to be somewhat smaller than the
European form of this species as described by Vavra, but agree in
most other respects. The furca are of somewhat different propor-
tions; the European form with width to length about as 1 td 12, while
the American form exhibits a proportion of about 1 to 18.
The anterior diagonal light patches are very well marked in this
species—so much so that even when examined with a hand lens they
attract immediate attention.
The specimens examined by me were collected by Dr. Alfredo
Dugés (French Consular Agent) at Guanajuato, Mexico, April, 1901,
and sent to the U. S. National Museum.
Distribution world-wide.
6. CYPRIS PUBERA O. F. Miiller.
Plate LX VII, figs. 1-6.
Monoculus ovatus JuRtNE, Histoire des Monocles, ete., 1820, p. 170, pl. xv, figs.
5-6; Genéve.
Cypris stricta ZaAppAcu, Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844,
p- 32.
Cypris cuneata Batrp, The Nat. Hist. of the British Entomos., Ray Soc., 1890,
p: 256, pl. xvi, figs. 22-24.
Cypris punctillata Brapy, A Monog. of the Recent British Entomos., Ray Society,
1850, p: 365, pl. xxv1, figs. 1-7; pl. xxxx1, fig. 11.
Cypris pubera O. F. Mtuver, Entomostraca, 1785, p. 56, pl. v, figs. 1-5.—
ZApDACH, Synopseos Crustacecrum Prussicorum Prodromus, 1844, p. 34.—
Fiscuer, Abhand. tiber das Genus Cypris, etc., Mém. des Savants €¢trangers
des sciences de St. Pétersbourg, VII, 1851, p. 154, pl. vm, figs. 1-8.—ZENKER,
Monographie der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiy. f. Naturg., XX Jahrg., I, 1854,
p. 70.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostra-
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 74.—VaAvRa, Monog. der
Ostrac. BOhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. y. Bohmen, VITT, 1891, p. 90,
pestis 2, 4.730:
Length, 2.10 mm.; height, 1.25 mm.; breadth, 1.20 mm. tater
This species is of a greenish color, witha darker patch at its highest
and central part, as seen from the side. A light yellowish band
extends diagonally backward from about the center of the shell. Shell
very sparsely hairy.
988 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest in its anterior one-
third, the highest point being decidedly of a hump-like appearance.
The anterior end is more evenly rounded than the posterior, wider,
and is armed on the outer lip of both valves with a row of from 9 to
11 semitransparent tubercles. The posterior outer margin of the right
shell (fig. 2) is armed with two spine-like tubercles, both being at the
lower angle near one another and of approximately the same size.
The European form of this species seems to be larger, and the two
posterior spine-like tubercles vary in size.
Seen-from above the shell is broadly egg-shaped, widest just back
of the middle, narrowed anteriorly and bluntly rounded posteriorly.
The spines of the first maxillary process are toothed. The natatory
sete of the second antenne (fig. 3) reach about to the tips of the ter-
minal claws and are plumose.
The terminal segment of the first foot is armed with a long, strong
claw and two setze, the outer one of which is not more than one-half
the length of the inner, which is about one-third the length of the
claw. Third and fourth segments of the first foot fused, so that the
foot is four-segmented (fig. 4).
The claw on the terminal segment of the second foot (fig. 5) is very
yeak, about as long as the segment, the accompanying seta very
slender and about three times as long as the claw. Furea nearly
straight, twenty-four times as long as wide, dorsal margin smooth
(fig. 6). Terminal claw nearly straight, faintly toothed near tip, and
three-fifths as long as furea; subterminal claws three-fifths as long as
terminal one, smooth. ‘Terminal seta weak, twice as long as width of
furca.
Dorsal seta twice as long as the terminal one, and situated one and
one-half times width of furca from subterminal claw.
This species may be at once distinguished by the presence of the
tubercles and spines on the shell and the fusion of the third and fourth
segments of the first foot (fig. 4).
This description is from specimens sent to the U. S. National Museum
by Mr. Bailey, from Oregon. (Date unknown to me.)
It has not heretofore been reported from America.
Distribution world-wide.
7. CYPRIS PELLUCIDA Sharpe.
Plate LX VIII, figs. 1-5.
Cyprinotus pellucida SHARPE, Cont. to a knowl. of the N. Amer. f. w. ostrac. incl.
in the Fam. Cytheridze and Cypridide, Bull. Ill. State Lab. N. Hist., IV,
1897, p. 434, pl. xu, figs. 1-6.
Average length; 1.20 mm.; height, 0.75 mm.; breadth, 0.60 mm.
Color a pclean, uniform yellowish brown, ie no pee ial marking.
a This name monte seem to aie presented oe & enue Kae h. However, this
proves to be a synonym for Candona lucens Baird.
eee! FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SIHA RPE 989
; Shell almost smooth, with the exception of a few small scattered papillar
elevations and anterior and posterior margins with a fringe of sparsely
-seattered long hairs. j
Seen from above (fig. 2) the shell is quite a uniform elongate oval.
anterior end narrowed somewhat, posterior end rounded, bromninuteee
the middle.
Seen from the side (fig. 1) the shell is highest about the middle, ven-
tral margin nearly straight, with a slight sinuosity at the middle. The
right valve of shell is slightly smaller that the left, its anterior mar-
gins armed with a row of about twenty-five tuberculiform teeth (tig. 3).
The margin of the left valve has a rather wide hyaline flange and a
row of scattered tubercles along the inner margin (fig. 4).
Spines of the first maxillary process are toothed. Natatory sete of
the first antenne are plumose and reach well beyond the terminal claws.
Terminal claws three and one-half times as long as the terminal seg-
ment. Sense club large, about five-sixths as long as width of segment
at its point of attachment.
Furea rather stout, slightly bent, about twice as long as terminal
claw. Shorter claw about three-fourths as long as the longer. Dor-
sal seta width of furca from subterminal claw, bent, somewhat plu-
mose, and as long as subterminal claw; terminal seta three-fifths as
long as dorsal one.
Collected by Dr. E. Palmer from a trough fed by a spring flowing
from a butte near Big Butte Station, Idaho, in September, 1595, and
now in the collection of the U. S. National Museum (Accession No.
27409); also collected at Guanajuato, Mexico, by Dr. Alfredo Dugés,
April, 1901, and sent to the U. 5. National Museum.
Quiney, Illinois, 1882, Havana, Illinois. 1895, and Urbana, Illinois,
1895.
This species was originally described as Cyprinotus pellucida, based
largely on the marginal rows of tubercles on the valves, the manner of
propagation being uncertain, although the material on hand contained
no males. The additional material now on hand contains no males,
and it is therefore listed under the subgenus Cypris, in accordance
with the preceding synopsis.
2. Subgenus CYPRINOTUS.
r
eS ee ee ae a ee eT
a Dorsal seta of furea more than one-half length of subterminal claw.
b Dorsal seta at least twice width of furca from subterminal claw. Terminal claw
of second foot strongly curved. -------------------77777"
aa Dorsal seta of furca not more than one-half length of subterminal claw.
b Dorsal seta width of furca from subterminal claw.
¢ Shell yellowish-brown, marked with bluish-black longitudinal stripes on dor-
sumrammesides hairy -.--..------'-----------7--75°5" burlingtonensis Turner,
incongruens Ramdohr.
ce Shell dirty brown, leathery in consistency, no markings. -l studinaria Sharpe.
F a 5 ce ee Tees ‘olor sllowish-
bb Dorsal seta twice width of furca trom subterminal claw. Color yellow sh
green, shell marked with contorted lines, most noticeably on cephahe portion
na Turner.
Bee ee 8. Sees eee sence stern scene (
990 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
3. Subgenus HETEROCYPRIS.
No American forms known.
4. Subgenus, unnamed.
a Length, 3.69 mm; height, 2.09 mm. Color, livid white -...... grandis Chambers.
5. Subgenus AMPHICYPRIS.
No American forms known.
IV. Subfamily CY PRIDOPSIN-A.
19, ONCOCYPRIS GW. MoullerwlSesos:
Oncocypris G. W. M@LuER, Ostrac. aus Madagas. und Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck.
Naturf. Ges., X XI, 1898, p. 286.
Shell irregularly roughened, with numerous prominent tubercles.
Second antennze four-segmented in both sexes. First foot four-seg-
mented. Ductus of about eighteen rows of chitinous spines, in sack.
Terminal segment of second foot not beak-shaped, but small and con-
ical. Furea with no dorsal seta, lamellar and ending in a long bristle.
This genus was established by Miller to receive a form collected
near Majunga, Madagascar.
No American forms known.
20. ZONOCY PRIS, GW. -WMruller. 13898:
Zonocypris G. W. MULuER, Ostrac. aus Madagas. und Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck.
Naturf. Ges., X XI, 1898, p. 284.
Shell covered with a prominent series of concentric zones. Second
antenne of sexes different. Furca usually with no dorsal seta, lam-
ellar and ending in a long bristle.
This genus was established to receive two forms from Madagascar.
Cypridopsis costata, aform from East Africa, evidently belongs here.
Vavra describes it as having a fureal dorsal seta, a feature not men-
tioned by Miller. This might, then, constitute the type of a group
of the genus.
No American forms reported.
21. CY PRIDOPSISBrady,1S6s:
Monoculus JuRINE, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Genéye,
1820.
Pionocypris Brapy and Norman, A. Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostra-
coda, Sec. II, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1896, p. 725.
Cypridopsis Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soe.
XXVI, Pt. 2.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater
Ostracoda, Sec. I. Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889.—Vavra, Monog. der
Ostrac. BOhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch. v. Bbhmen, VIII, 1891, p.
8.—Kaurmann, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de
Zool., VIII, p. 304.
No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHIARPE. QQ]
— Shell very plump. Natatory setee e xtending much be
nal claws. BPecal plate of two to five plumose setz. Second foot
five-segmented, with a strong claw at its extre mity. F urca flagelli-
form, with a small dorsal Fi, or at least two terminal sete. Males
unknown.
_ Those Cypridopsis-like forms with a compressed dorsal
branchial plate of not more than two sete, and sexual or ase
_agation, I shall include under the genus Potamocypris.
yond the termi-
aspect,
xual prop-
a Three transverse dark bands on dorsal and lateral aspect of shell; very plump;
TOA tetetnteiere i ielaiem = lo(~im)ain's'= o\nm oo ssl So Scots sce cece vidua (O. F. Miller).
22. POTAMOCYPRIS Brady, 1870.
Monoculus Jurtne, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de ¢
1820.
Cypridopsis Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc.
; ROCV EL Pt. 2.
3 Candonella Cuaus, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb. Zool.
;
reneve,
Inst. Wien, X, 1892.—Vavra, Siisswasser-Ostrac. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas. Tier-
welt Ost-Afrika, IV, Berlin, 1897, p. 12.
E Cypridopsis V AVRA, Moog: der Ostracoden B6hmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch.
/ v. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 73.—SHarps, Cont. to a Knowl. of the N. Ameri-
, can freshwater Ostracoda, incl. in the Fam. Cytheride and Cyprididse, Bull.
Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., IV, 1897, p. 468.
Cypridopsella KAUFMANN, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse
; de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 131.
| Potamocypris Brapy, Notes on Entomos. from Northumberland and Durham
: District, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, III, 1870.—Brapy and
Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans.
Royal Dublin Society, 1889, p. 92.—Dapay, Mikros. Siisswasserthiere aus
Patagonia gesammelt von Dr. Filippo Sylvestri im Jahre, 1899 und 1900,
Termesz. Fiis., X XV, 1902, p. 291.
Natatory setz about as long or somewhat longer than end claws.
Second antennz usually four-segmented, armature of male coarser
than that of female.
Shell narrow from above, rather smooth. Branchial plate of not
more than two sete. Furea rudimentary, with a small dorsal cilium
and ending in a long slender bristle. Propagation, sexual or asexual.
Ductus of male of about fourteen spiral rows of chitinous spines.
This genus was first established by Brady to include those Cypri-
-dopsis-like forms having rather short natatory sete, four-segmented
antenn, compressed shell, and sexual propagation. To prevent con-
fusion, it seems necessary to add the additional characters, as above.
IT consider Candonella and therefore Cypridopsella as synonymous
with the above.
a Furea cylindrical, turgid at base, suddenly narrowing to a bristle, which is little
longer than the basal part. -....---------------- newtonr (Brady and Robertson).
aa Furca broad, gradually narrowing to a bristle. Shell much compressed.
999 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
bh Natatory setze of second antennze reaching to tips of terminal claws. Shell pale
PTEON oo ee se ee eee a ee eee villosa * (Jurine).
bb Natatory setze of second antennze reaching beyond tips of terminal claws. Shell
grass-green, at least dorsally .....---------------------smaragdina (Vavra).
8. POTAMOCYPRIS SMARAGDINA (Vavra).
Plate LXV, figs. 5-7.
Cypridopsis smaragdina VAvRA, Monog. der Ostrac. BoOhmens, Arch. Naturw.
Durehforsch. v. Bbhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 80, fig. 26, 1-3.—SnHarpr, Cont. to a
Knowl. of the N. American freshwater Ostracoda incl. in the fam. Cytheridee
and Cypridid, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., [V, 1897, p. 470, pl. xivm,
figs. 11-12.
Candonella smaragdina V AvRA, Siisswasser-Ostracoden der Hamb. Magal. Sammel,
1898, p. 12; Hamburg.
Length, 0.65 mm.; height, 0.45 mm.; breadth, 0.34 mm.
I here give the description as given in my paper of 1897:
This striking and interesting form appears at first glance, if seen from the side
(fig. 6), to be in the shape of a half moon, except that the ventral margin is nearly
straight. The shell is light to grass green, especially on its dorsal aspect; alcoholic
specimens, however, commonly show but a trace of this coloration. Surface thickly
coyered with long hairs, which are all parallel to one another, backwardly directed
and closely appressed to the shell (fig. 6).
The eye-spot, instead of being at the highest part of the shell, as in the typical
forms described by Vavra, is slightly below and anterior to this location. Natatory
setze of the second antenne, long, reaching beyond the tips of the terminal claws by
the length of the claws, thus differing from C. villosa (Jurine), its nearest relative,
the natatory setze of which reach but to the end of the terminal claws.
Furca rudimentary (fig. 7), the basal part cylindrical, more than three times as
long as wide, then suddenly narrowing into a long flagellum, which is fully twice as
long as the basal part. The furca also has a dorsal seta at the termination of the
basal part, which is slightly longer than the width of the ramus.
At the time the above description was written, I was not sufticiently
familiar with the genus Potamocypris to rank this form as belonging
to it. Further study causes me to believe that this genus is a logical
one, and that this form belongs here.
The specimens in the U. 8. National Museum were collected in April,
1901, by Dr. Alfredo Dugés, French consular agent at Guanajuato,
Mexico.
This form occurs in Bohemia (Vavra); South Chicago (Sharpe), and
Guanajuato, Mexico.
23. PARACYPRIDOPSIS Kaufmann, 1900.
Cypridopsis BRApY and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater Ostra-
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 90.
Paracypridopsis KAUEMANN, Cypriden and Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue
Suisse de Zool., VIIT, 1900, p. 131.
Shell rather narrow from above. Natatory sete rudimentary, not
adapted for swimming. Furea rudimentary, lamellar, with a lash-like
end bristle and a small dorsal seta. Branchial plate of two sete.
‘No. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA —SHARPE.
993
*
———$_$_
_ This genus has been established by Kaufmann to
_Potamocypris-like forms which have rudimentary
No American forms known.
receive those
natatory sete.
Wi. Subfamily CYCL ICY PRIDIN AD
24. CYPRIA Zenker, 1854.
Cypris Aucrorum, 1785-1854.
~Monoculus Jurint, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouyent
Genéve, 1820.
Cypria ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiv. f. Naturg., XX Jahrg., I,
1854.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine aud fresh-water Ostra-
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1889, p. 68.—Vavra, Monog. dei
Ostrac. BGhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforseh. vy. 30hmen, VIII, 1891,
p. 62.—CRONENBERG, Beitrag zur Ostraooden-Fauna der Umgegend yon
Moscou, Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Moscou, No. 3, 1894, p. 13. —KaurMann Cypriden
ANN,
und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 191 10, p. 329.
aux environs de
Shell rather compressed. Second antennx of male six-seemented,
of female five-segmented, two sense organs on end of fourth segment.
Natatory sete excessively long, reaching far beyond tips of terminal
claws. Branchial plate-of six sete. Terminal segment of second foot
small. Ductus of male of circlets of spine-like sete, with a distinct
central axis and not inclosed in a sack.
Furea normal, stout. Dorsal furcal seta situated about middle of
dorsal margin.
Vavra has described a species of this genus as sufficiently character-
istic to justify a subgenus Physocypria. 1 here use it in the group
sense, as the characters given seem to be of somewhat doubtful worth,
if our experience with the old genus Cyprinotus is any criterion.
The subgenus Physocypria is distinguished by the following charac-
ters, one shell higher or larger than the other, and the anterior and
posterior margins of the right shefl crenulate. Otherwise as Genus
Cypria. The subgenus Cyprva includes the remaining Cyprva forms.
Seven species have been reported from America.
:
;
ww
1. Subgenus CYPRIA.
a Terminal short setze of the second foot approximately equal.
b Terminal short setze of second foot about as long as terminal segment.
e Terminal claw of furca half as long as furca.
d Shell covered with a close reticulum of longitudinally subparallel lines.
Abdomen wathout processes... .--.---22--------2-+5-<-- exsculpta Fischer.
dd Shell plain, but with small puncta. Abdomen with two cylindrical proe-
(BSS BIE Sit ee SU ae fe Se on ee eae ke opthalmica Jurine.
ce Terminal claw of furca three-fifths its length or longer.
d Subterminal claw with well developed comb of teeth near tip.
dentifera Sharpe.
‘
aa Terminal short setze of second foot evidently unequal.
b Shell clear to brownish yellow, with a few scattered puncta.
three times width of furca from subterminal claw. --------------
bb Shell white, shining, smooth, with numerous almost comfluent puncta.
Oxia. = 22 Peet en Se ciaceace se cciecen as an mons Chambers.
Dorsal seta of furca
obesa Sharpe.
Length
=
T
com
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
9. CYPRIA EXSCULPTA (Fischer).
Plate LX VIII, figs. 6-9.
Cypris elegantula LILLJEBORG, De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, 1853, p. 206.
Cypris punctata var. striata ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiv. f.
Naturg., XX Jahrg., I, 1854, p. 77, pl. m1.
Cypris striolata Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn.
Soc., XX VI, Pt. 2, 1868, p. 372, pl. xxiv, figs. 6-10.
Cypris exsculpta Fiscuer, Beitrag zur kenntniss der Ostracoden, Abhdlg. der
math. phys. Klasse der k. bayr. Akad. d. Wiss., VII, 1855, p. 18, pl. x1x,
figs. 36-38.
Cypria exsculpta Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and freshwater
Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 68, pl. x1, figs. 14.—
Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer med, ete., Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forhd.,
No. 1, 1890, pp. 24-25.—Kaufmann, Die Ostracoden der Umgebung Berns,
Mittle. d. naturf. Ges., 1892, p. 2; Bern.—Turner, Freshwater Ostracoda of
the United States, Report State Zool. of Minn., 1895, p. 305, pl. Lxx, figs. 1-8;
pl. uxxu, fig. 3.—Hartwic, Die Krebstiere der Provinz Brandenburg,
Naturw. Wochenschrift, XI, 1896, p. 321.—SHarpr, Cont. to a Knowl. of the
N. American f. w. Ostrac. incl. in the Fam. Cytheride and Cypridide, Bull.
Ill. State Lab. N. H., 1V, 1897, p. 465, pl. xivu, fig. 4.—LreNENKLAUS,
Erster Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ostracodenfauna des Regierungs-bezirks
Osnabriick, 12 Jahresber. d. naturw. Vereins zu Osnabriick f. d. Jahr 1897,
p. 109.—Srenroos, Das Tierleben im Nurmiirvi-See, Helsingfors, 1898, p.
226.—KAUFMANN, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse
de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 330, pl. xx, figs. 4-6; pl. xxuu, figs. 17-27; pl. xxx1,
fig. 24.
Length, 0.60 mm.; height, 0.38 mm.; width, 0.26 mm.
This species is seemingly as widely distributed as the ubiquitous
Cypridopsis vidua. Tt may be readily distinguished by means of the
mesh work of longitudinally parallel and anastomosing lines, which
extend over the entire surface of the shell (fig. 8).
Those in possession of the U.S. National Museum were collected
April 12, 1892, at First Sister Lake, Ann Arbor, Michigan, by Prof.
H. I. Smith. Received by the Museum, December 13, 1892. Dis-
tribution, world wide.
2. Subgenus PHYSOUVYPRIA.
a Left shell higher than right. Terminal short setee of second foot about twice a
long as*terminal;seoment: so ae ee Eee eee eee eae pustulosa Sharpes
aa Leit shell longer than right. Terminal short setze of second foot only about as
lone as terminal-seoment=-— onc aso e ee ee eee inequivalva Turner
25. CYCLOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1889
Cypris AucroruM, 1785-1820.
Monoculus Jorixe, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de
Genéye, 1820.
Cypria ZENKER, Monog. der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiv. f. Naturg., XX Jahrg.,
I, 1854.
Cyclocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra-
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1889, p. 70.—Vavra, Monog. der
Ostrac. BOhmen, Arch. Naturw, Durchforsch. vy. Bbhmen, VIII, 1891, p. 67.
in male, five-segmented in female, no sense organ on distal
-and narrow, three times as long as broad.
filaments, not on a distinct central axis, but all inclosed in a sack.
995
_
0. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE.
Shells approximately same height. Second antennie six-seemented
end of
fourth segment. ad o
T aL .
Natatory sete very long. Terminal seoment of second foot. lone
, >
Ductus of numerous long
Penultimate segment of second foot with a coarse seta on dorsal distal
angle. Furcea as in Cypria.
Kaufmann speaks of one of the smaller terminal sete of the seeond
feet as being bent S-shaped, and uses it as of generic value. Since
this is not true of C. globosa, at any rate, I have omitted this as a
_ genus character. Three species have been reported from America.
a Anterior edge of furca about twice as long as its terminal claw--/evis O. F. Miiller.
aa Anterior edge or furca clearly more than twice as long as its terminal claw.
b Anterior edge of furca about two and one-half times length of terminal claw.
¢ The terminal claws of furea strongand much bent...........-- forbesi Sharpe.
ce Terminal claws of furea slender and not bent...__.....--- modesta (Herrick).
bb Anterior edge of furca about three times length of terminal claws. Terminal
claws strong, nearly straight, weakly bent nearend. Furca toothed on poste-
rior edge, also with comb of teeth on its side_.-.....--..-.-..-- globosa* Sars.
26: PONTOPARTA Vavra, 1901.
Portoparta Vavra, Die Ostracoden vom Bismarck-Archipel. Prag., 1901, p. 184.
Shell white, smooth. Natatory sete reaching approximately to tips
of terminal claws. Terminal segment of second foot cylindrical, not
bill shaped, with two terminal bristles and a long reflexed one. Males
unknown. Furca strong, with two end claws, a terminal seta, and
two dorsal ones.
This genus has been established by Vavra with ?. rara as the type, a
peculiar form from Bismarck Archipelago.
No American forms known.
27. ILYOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1889.
Monoculus June, Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Geneve,
1820.
Tlyocypris Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra-
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 106.—KaurMann, Cypriden
und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIIT, 1900, p. 343.
Shell hard, entire surface usually pitted or tubercled, and furrowed
in region of eyes, thus resembling marine forms or Limnicythere.
Natatory sete reaching approximately to tips of terminal claws.
Ductus composed of eighteen or twenty spirally wound chitinous sete,
in sack. Second foot five-segmented, its terminal segment cylindrical
and with three long sete of different lengths, all pointing in same gen-
eral direction as foot. Penultimate segment of second foot with from
two to threesete. Furca strong, usually with combs of cilia on dorsal
margin or sides.
Proce. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——— 66
996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XVI, |
This genus, first established by Brady and Norman with 7. gidba as_
the type, has been further defined by Vavra (1891) and Kaufmann
(1900) until it now numbers about eight species and two varieties, all
found in Europe.
VI. Subfamily CANDONIN 45.
28. CRYPTOCANDONA Kaufmann, 1900.
Cryptocandona KaurMANnn, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue
Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 361.
Shell smooth, somewhat translucent. First antenna weak, its nata-
tory sete longer than the entire antenna. Branchial plate of three
sete. Penultimate segment of second foot unsegmented, therefore
foot four segmented. Terminal segment of second foot with three
sete of different lengths. Furca normal.
This genus has been established by Kaufmann to include Candona-
like forms, but having very long natatory sete on the first antenne
and a branchial plate of three sete. I believe it will ultimately rank
as a group of the genus Candona, but consider it best here to use it as
given by Kaufmann.“
No American forms known.
29. CANDONA Baird, 1880.
Cypris O. F. MtLuer, Entomos. seu Insecta testacea, ete., 1792.
Candona Barro, The natural history of the British Entomos., Ray Society,
1850.—Vavra, Monog. der Ostrac. B6hmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch.
vy. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 41. ;
Shell white, translucent. Natatory sete of first antennz shorter
than entire antenna. No natatory sete on second antenne. Second
antennze of male six-segmented with two special sense organs, of
female five-segmented.
Branchial plate of two sete. Palp of second maxilla of female two-
segmented, of male not segmented, and different in shape. Second foot
five- or six-segmented, with two unequally long backwardly directed
setze and one forwardly directed seta. Furca normal, strong. Ductus
of about seven rows of chitinous spines. Shell of male ordinarily
larger and of another form than that of the female. Can not swim,
but creep along the bottom, or burrow.
Eight forms are reported for America.
a One of shorter setze at tip of second foot sharply reflexed ...-..-.--- refleca Sharpe.
aa Sete at tip of second foot not reflexed.
6b Length of shell about 1.50 mm. Shell inequivalve, second foot six-segmented.
crogmani Turner.
bb Length of shell about 1.25 mm, or less.
ec Furea curved.
d Second foot six-segmented.
e Claws of furea stout, terminal one one-third length of ramus.
Jabexformis Fischer.
ro ——
“Kaufmann, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 361.
wo. 1347. FRESH- WATER OSTRACODA—SHARPE. 997
ee Claws of furca slender, maxillary spines not toothed
f Color uniform, white to brownish ‘i
fas et ana, Ce ee acuminata Fischer.
iieiar ad wel de laware nsis Turner.
dd Second foot five-segmented. Length 0.73 mm
ce Furea not curved.
aebornelawsioriturca S-shaped ............................ sigmoides Sharpe
dd Both claws of furca not S-shaped, both gently curved. ‘dia
half as long as furca
ot, to, at sais! wo Tero simpsoni Sharpe.
Terminal claw
SO I eS ee recticauda Sharpe.
30. TYPHLOCYPRIS Vejdovsky, 1882.
Cypris (Typhlocypris) VespovsKy, Thierische Organismen der Brunnenwiisser
von Prag, 1882, p. 64.
Typhlocypris V Avra, Monog. der Ostrac. BOhmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch.
v. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 51.
Candona ‘Turner, Freshwater Ostrac. of the U. S., Rept. State Zool. Minn.,
1895, p. 301.
Shell asin Candona. Natatory sete of first antenne shorter than
entire antenna. Natatory setv of second antenne lacking, similar to
Candona. Eyesrudimentary, disappearing withage. Furca abnormal,
anterior or terminal seta missing.
This genus was established by Vejdovsky to include forms generally
resembling Candona, but lacking terminal seta of furea. Candona
peircet Turner evidently belongs here, judging from his figures.
a Terminal claws of furca of male about same size; with female one claw is about
two-thirds length of other. Color greenish yellow with blotches of brown.
(Candona) peircei (Turner).
31. CANDONOPSIS Vavra, 1891.
Candonopsis V Avra, Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durchforsch.
vy. Bohmen, VIII, 1891, p. 54; Siisswasser-Ostrac. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas, Tier-
welt Ost-Afrika, IV, 1897, p. 4; Berlin.—Sars, Freshwater Entomos. of
Sydney, 1896, p. 62.—Vavra, Siisswasser-Ostrac. der Hamb. Magal. Sammel.,
1898, p. 9; Hamburg.—Kaurmann, Cypriden und Darwinuliden der
Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 397.
Shell and second antenne similar to Candona. Mandible with an
excessively long palp. Branchial plate of three plumose sete. Furea
slender, usual dorsal seta absent.
This genus was established by Vavra to receive those Candona-like
forms which lack the usual furcal dorsal seta.
No American forms known.
32. PARACANDONA Hartwig, 1900.
Paracandona Harrwic, Candona euplectella bildet eine selbstiindige Gattung,
Zool. Anz., X XII, 1900.
Shell tumid, reticulated, pitted as a honeycomb, Appendages as in
Candona, but small and slender. Small. beautiful forms, not more
than 0.80 mm. long.
This genus has been established by Hartwig to include forms, the
type of which is Paracandona (Candona) euplectella Robertson.
No American forms known.
;
993 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Family CYTHERID.
33. LIMNICYTHERE Brady, 1868.
Cythere Batrp, The Nat. Hist. of the British Entomos., Ray Society, 1850, p. 163.
Acanthopus Verner, Acanthopus, un nouveau genre d’Ostracodes, Forel’s Maté-
riaux pour servir a l’étude de la faune profonde du Lac Leman, Ser. 4.
1878, p. 506.
Limnocythere Dani, Die Cytheriden der westlichen Ostsee, Zool. Jahrbucher,
III, Abth. f. Systematik, 1888, p. 597.
Limnicythere Brapy, A Monog. of the recent British Entomos., Trans. Linn. Soc.,
XXVI, Pt. 2, 1868, p. 419.—Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and
fresh-water Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soe., 1889, p. 170.—Vavra,
Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. vy. Bohmen,
VIII, 1891, p. 107.
Shell strong, irregularly tuberculate or spinous, rather thin. First
pair of antenne five-segmented, with short bristles on their outer
edge; second pair four-segmented, the ** spinning claw ” being either
two-segmented or unsegmented. Branchial plate of the mandible
strongly developed (commonly rudimentary in other members of this
group). Furea rudimentary, commonly but two short bristles. Males
uncommon.
a Terminal segment of first antenne seven times as long as wide. Furca cylindrical,
about three times as long as wide. Terminal claw of second antenna of male
snidoth 2.2.4 0) Sera eee ER a ee reticulata Sharpe.
aa Terminal segment of first antennze four or five times as long as wide. Furca
lamellar, six to seven times as long as broad, ending in a bristle. Terminal
claw of second antenna of male armed with three or four strong teeth.
illinoisensis Sharpe.
Family DARWINULIDZ.
34. DARWINULA Brady and Robertson, 1872.
Polycheles Brapy and Roperrtson, The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of Tidal
Rivers, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., VI, 1870.
Darwinula Brapy and Norman, A Monog. of the marine and fresh-water Ostra-
coda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc., 1889, p. 121.—KaurMmann, Cypriden
und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Zool., VIII, 1900, p. 393.
Shell, smooth and fragile. Right shell larger than the left. First
antenne shorter than in the Cypridide, and armed with stout sete.
Second antenne four-segmented, with four or five terminal claws, and
without ‘‘spinning seta” or ‘‘sense seta.” First maxilla with a large
branchial plate. First pair of feet five-segmented, and shorter than
the second pair. Furea subconical, small.
a First antennze six-segmented, the second four-segmented. Antepenultimate seg-
ment of second antenna without a conspicuous one-jointed appendage.
stevenson’ Brady and Robertson.
aa First and second antennze five-segmented. Antepenultimate segment of second
antenna with a conspicuous one-jointed appendage, which terminates in one
long and. one short filament. .0 2: - 222-5525 6ee oe eee improvisa Turner.
PRESH-WATER OSTR A( '‘ODA—SHA RPE. 999
BIBLIOGRAPHY,
Bairp, W., 1850.—The natural history of the British Entomostrac
Brapy, G. 8., 1868.—A Monograph of the recent Britis
; : SoG. Xe Vil, Pt. 2.
_— 1870.—Notes on Entomostraca from Northumberland
Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham. III.
a." ieee Entomos. coll. by Mr. A. Haley in Ceylon, Jour. Linn. Saal
eas 1886.—Notes on Freshwater Entomos. from S. Australia, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond
‘Brapy, G. S.,and Norman, A. M., 1889.—A Monograph of the Marine and
water Ostracoda, Sec. I, Trans. Royal Dublin Soc.
— 1896.—A Monograph of the Marine and Fresh-water Ostr
Royal Dublin Soe., V.
Brapy, G. S., and Roserrson, D., 1870.—The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of Tidal
Rivers, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI.
Ciaus, C., 1892.—Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Siisswasser-Ostracoden, Arb, Zool. Inst.
Wien, X.
Cronenbera, A., 1894.—Beitriig zur Ostracoden-Fauna der Umgegend von Mosc Nu,
Bull. Soe. Imp. d. Moseou, No. 3.
Dapay, E., 1895.—Die anatomischen Verhiiltnisse yon Cyprois dispar, Termesz.
Fus:, X VIII.
——-— 1897.—Fauna Regni Hungarive, Enumeratio systematica, III. Arthropoda.
Budapest.
—— 1902.—Mikros. Siisswasserthiere aus Patagonia gesammelt yon Dr. Filippo Syl-
vestri im Jahre 1899 und 1900, Termesz Fiis., X XV.
Dana, J. D., 1852.—U. S. Explor. Exped. (Com. Ch. Wilkes.), XIII, Crust., Phila.,
Pts.
Fiscuer, 8., 1851.—Abhand. tiber das Genus Cypris und dessen bei Petersburg vor-
é kommende Arten. Mém. des savants étrangers des sciences de St.
Petersbourg, VII.
— 1855.—Beitrig zur kenntnis der Ostracoden, Abhdlg. der math. phys. Klasse
der k. bayr. Akad. d Wiss., VII.
Fric, A., 1872.—Die Krustenthiere Bbhmens, Archiv. fur Landes. yon BOhmen, IV.
Fric, A., and Nekut, F., 1868.—Korysi zeme ceské, Prag. Zeits. Ziva, v. J.
Harrwic, W., 1893.—Verzeichniss der lebenden Krebsthiere der Provinz Branden-
berg, Statt. handsch. MittTg., Berlin.
— 1896.—Die Krebstiere der Provinz Brandenburg, Naturw. Wochenschrift, XT.
—— 1900.—Candona euplectella bildet eine selbstiindige Gattung, Zool. Anz. XXII.
Herrick, C. L., 1887.—Cont. to the Fauna of the Gulf of Mexico and the South,
Mem. of Denison Sci. Asso., I.
Jurine, L., 1820.—Histoire des Monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de Geneve.
Kavrmann, A., 1892.—Ueber die Gattung Acanthopus Vernet und eine neue Siiss-
wassercytheride, Zool. Anz., p. 393.
— 1892.—Die Ostracoden der Umgebung Berns, Mittlg. d. naturf. Ges. Berns.
— 1900.—Neue Ostracoden aus der Schweiz, Zool. Anz., XXIII.
— 1900.—Zur Systematik der Cypriden, Mitteil. der Naturf. Gesell. in Bern.
—— 1900.—Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz, Revue Suisse de Z ol., VILL.
Krvg, R. L., 1855.—On Australian Entomos., Proc. Roy. Soc. Van Dieman’s Land, III.
Ligenenkxaus, E., 1898.—Erster Beitriig zur Kenntniss der Ostracodenfauna des
Regierungsbezirks Osnabriick, 12. Jahresber. d. naturw. Vereins zu
Osnabruck f. d. Jahr 1897.
Litusesora, W., 1853.—De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus: Cladocera, Ostracoda et
Copepoda in Scania occurentibus.
a, Ray Society.
h Entomostraca. Trans. Linn
and Durham District, Nat.
Ire “sh-
acoda, Pt. 2, Trans.
.
1000 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
eee +
Montz, R., 1887.—Liste des Copépodes, Ostracodes, Cladoceres et de quelques autres
Crustaces recueillis 4 Lille en 1886, Bull. Soe. Zool. de France.
Miituer, G. W., 1894.—Ostrac. des Golfes yon Neapel, Fauna and Flora des Golfes
yon Neapel.
—— 1898.—Ostrac. aus Madagas. und Ost-Afrika, Abhand. Senck. Naturf. Ges., X XI.
Miter, O. F., 1785.—Entomostraca. E
— — 1792.—FEntomos. seu Insecta testacea, ete.
Oruey, L., 1886.—Uber die Entomostraken-Fauna von Budapest, Termesz. Fiiset., X.
RicHarp, J., 1896.—Sur la faune des eaux douces des Acores, Bull. Soc. Zool. de
France, X XI.
Rogerson, D., 1880.—Fauna of Scotland, with special reference to Clydesdale and
the western districts, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, IV.
Sars, G. O., 1865.—Oversigt af Norges Marine Ostracoder. Christiania.
—— 1887.—Nye Bidrag til kundskaben om Middelhavets Invertebratfauna, Arch. f.
Math. og. Naturg., XII. :
—— 1889.—On some fresh-water Ostracoda raised from dried Australian mud,
Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh., No. 8.
—— 1890.— Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer med forelobige Bemaerkninger over de
nye eller mindre bekjendte Arter., Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forhd., No. 1.
—— 1894.—Cont. to knowl. of the Freshwater Entomostraca of New Zealand, Vid.
Selsk. Skr. Math. naturw. Klasse, No. 5.
— 1895.—On some8. African Entomos. raised from dried mud, Christ. vid. Selsk.
Skr. Math. naturw. Klasse, No. 8.
— 1896.—On a new Ostrac. Stenocypris chevreuxi Sars, with notes on other Ento-
mos. raised from dried mud, Archiy. f. Math. Natur. Christ.
—— 1901.—Fresh-water Entomos. of South America, Archiv. for Math. og Naturvid.,
NEXG VE INGOs ee GOIE
Saussurg, H., 1858.—Mémoire sur divers crustacés nouveaux des Antilles et du
Mexique, Mém. Soc. phys. et nat. Genéve.
SCHNEIDER, Osk., 1898.—Die Tierwelt der Nordseeinsel Borkum, Ostracoda, Abhand.
Naturw. Verein. Bremen, X VI.
SHarpe, R. W., 1897.—Cont. to a Knowl. of the N. American f. w. Ostracoda, incl.
in the Fam. Cytheridze and Cypridid, Bull. Il. State Lab. N. H., TV.
SrenRoos, K. E., 1898.—Das Tierleben in Nurmiiirvi-See. Helsingfors, 1898.
STUHLMANN, F., 1889.—Vorl. Bericht tiber eine Reise nach Ost-Afrika, Sitz. K.
Akad. der Wiss. Berlin, XX XII.
Turner, C. H., 1892.—Notes on-the Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Rotifera
of Cincinnati, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Uniy., VI.
—— 1894.—Notes on American Ostracoda, etc., Bull. Sci. Lab. Denis. Univ., VIII.
1895.—Fresh-water Ostracoda of the U. 8., Report State Zool. of Minn.
Vavra, V., 1895.—Siisswasser-Ostracoden Zanzibars, Beiheft d. Hamb. Wiss. Ans-
talten, XII.
—— 1897.—Susswasser-Ostrac. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas. Tierwelt Ost-Afrikas, Berlin,
TV
Vavra, W., 1891.—Monog. der Ostrac. Bohmens, Arch. Naturw. Durehforsch. v.
36hmen, VIII.
—— 1898.—Siisswasser-Ostracoden der Hamb. Magal. Samml., Hamburg.
1901.—Die Ostracoden yom Bismarck-Archipel, Prag.
Vespoysky, F., 1882.—Thierische Organismen der Brunnenwiisser von Prag.
Wrerzeiski, A., 1892.—Siisswasser-Crustaceen und Rotatorien, gesammelt in Argen-
tinien. Anz. der Akad. der Wiss. in Krakau, Pt. 5.
ZACHARIAS, O., 1894.—Faunistische Mitteilungen, Fauna des gr. Ploner-Sees.
Forsch. d. biol. Station zu Plén, Pt. 2., VI.
Zavpacu, EK. G., 1844.—Synopseos Crustaceorum Prussicorum Prodromus.
ZENKER, W., 1854.—Monographie der Ostracoden, Wieg. Archiy f. Naturg., XX.
Jahrg., I.
| NO. 1347. FRESH-WATER OSTRAC( IDA—SHARPR. LOO]
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE LXIV.
Chiamydotheca mexicana, new species, lateral view.
Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, dorsal view.
Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, first foot.
Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, terminal segments of second foot
Chlamydotheca mexicana, New species, furca.
Chlamydotheca mexicana, new species, spines of first maxillary process,
Prats LXV.
Herpetocypris reptans Baird, lateral view.
. Herpetocypris reptans Baird, dorsal view.
Herpetocypris reptans Baird, terminal segment of second foot.
Herpetocypris reptans Baird, furea.
Potamocypris (Cypridopsis) smaragdina (Vayra), dorsal view.
Potamocypris (Cypridopsis) smaragdina (Vavra), lateral view.
Potamocypris (Cypridopsis) smaragdina (Vayra), furca.
PLATE LX VI.
Spirocypris passaica, new species, lateral view.
Spirocypris passaica, new species, dorsal view.
Spirocypris passaica, new species, furca,
Cypris virens (Jurine), lateral view.
Cypris virens (Jurine), dorsal view.
Cypris virens (Jurine), furea.
Prate LX VII.
1. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, lateral view.
2. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, lower posterior part of right shell.
3. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, third, fourth, and fifth segments of second antenna.
4. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, first foot.
5. Cypris pubera O. F. Miller, terminal segments of second foot.
6. Cypris pubera O. F. Miiller, turea.
Fig.
all
2.
3
4
5.
6
i
8.
Prate LX VIII.
Cypris pellucida Sharpe, lateral view.
Cypris pellucida Sharpe, dorsal view.
Cypris pellucida Sharpe, lower outer anterior margin of right shell.
Cypris pellucida Sharpe, inner anterior margin of left shell.
Cypris pellucida Sharpe, furca.
Cypria exsculpta Fischer, lateral view.
Cypria exsculpta Fischer, dorsal view.
Cypria exsculpta Fischer, portion of shell showing parallel and anastomosing
lines.
Cypria exsculpta Fischer, furca.
eS
Puate LXIX.
Fig. 1. Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, lateral view.
2. Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, first foot, showing two setse on Its second
segment.
Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, dorsal view.
4. Chlamydotheca azteca Saussure, furca.
Se
oe ou
ihe. be :
i a a
ro Heal
‘ 2 , Ae 7
d
1.
r Ry
'
—
f z
7 j
+
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXIV
CHLAMYDOTHECA MEXICANA, NEW SPECIES.
For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001.
PL. LXV
PROCEEDINGS VOL. XXVI
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
aie ticle OE aii
eee le i
_
SMARAGDINA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE pace 1001.
.
ce i eT is ——————o————
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI
PL, LXVI
6
SPIROCYPRIS FASSAICA AND CYPRIS VIRENS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001
LO a
t ee ee —)h hel
S. NATIONAL
MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI
CYPRIS PUBERA.
F PLATE SEE PAGE 1001.
FoR EXPLANATION O
PL. LXVII
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXVIII
Cypris PELLUCIDA AND CYPRIA EXSCULPTA.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——67
’
ee
i
‘
-
i
!
aks
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXVI PL. LXIX
|
|
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:
|
CHLAMYDOTHECA AZTECA.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1001.
pA REVIEW OF THE FISHES OF JAPAN BELONGING TO
THE FAMILY OF HEXAGRAMMIDA.
Y ‘
By Davin Starr Jorpan and Epwiyn Capi STARKS,
Of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
In this, paper is given a review of the fishes of the family of Hexa-
grammide, Rock Trout or Greenlings, in Japanese Ainame, known to
inhabit the waters of the Japanese Empire. It is based on material in
the museum of Leland Stanford Junior University and in the United
States National Museum.
Family HEXAGRAMMID.
Body elongate, covered with small scales, which are ctenoid or
eycloid; head conical, scaly, the cranium without spinous ridges above;
preopercle usually more or less armed, sometimes with entire edges;
third suborbital developed as a bony stay articulating with the pre-
opercle; acute teeth in the jaws, and usually on vomer or palatines;
nostril single on each side, the posterior opening reduced to a minute
pore; gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth; gill membranes separate
or united, usually free from the isthmus; branchiostegals 6 or 7;
pseudobranchix well developed. Dorsal fin continuous or divided,
the anterior half of many slender spines; anal fin long, with or with-
out spines: ventrals 1 to 5, inserted more or less behind the pectorals;
pectorals broad, usually with procurrent base, the lower rays simple,
more or less thickened; lateral line present, sometimes several series
of pores developed; vertebree numerous; pyloric cxea, Carnivorous
fishes, mostly of large size, living in kelp and about rocks in the North
Pacific; some of them highly valued as food,
a Dorsal fins contiguous or connected.
b Anal fin very long, its rays 20 or more.
c Anal fin without spines.
d HexaGRamMinm: Gill membranes broadly united; mouth
jaws with an outer series of stronger teeth, but no canines.
e Lateral line single on each side. ..---.---------------++--++*/
ee Lateral lines 4 or more on each side.
f Dorsal fin with the spines separated from the soit ra
moderate, the
{grammus, i
vs by a deep notch.
9
Hi VAQTaAMLULOS, +
PPoceepinas U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXVI—No. 1348.
L003
1004 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI. |
1. AGRAMMUS Gunther.
Agrammus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, 1860, I, p. 94 (agrammus = schlegeli).
Head and body compressed, rather elongate. Scales small, ctenoid.
Lateral line single. Bones of head not armed. Edge of preopercle
entire. Dorsal continuous, elongate, with 17 or 18 spines and 21 or
22 soft rays; a shallow notch between spinous and rayed portions.
Ventral with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. Teeth small, on jaws and vomer,
the outer row of teeth on jaws enlarged; palatines toothless. )
p50 IPN 2
Fas TPIS) hy
Sy
s)
) y
ee V1) PDS
So
= 5):
- ?
Z DOIN
—— \N SY
SS S
Wie 5543333 BAAN
AHURA
(MS?
3993333 33334;40 068+
Fig. 2.— HEX AGRAMMOS OCTOGRAMMUS,
extending past‘the median point between their base and front of anal.
Caudal short and broad and very bluntly rounded.
Scales on top of head and on body, except on breast and in front of
pectorals, ctenoid; scales on sides of head smooth, slightly imbedded,
and not imbricated; scales present at base of soft dorsal, on membrane
between rays; and on base of caudal and pectoral, covering the basal
half of the former, the basal third of the latter. Snout, maxillar ie
preorbital, suborbitals, including suborbital stay, mandible, inter-
opercle and branchiostegal regions without scales. A series of scales
from front of anal running obliquely upward and forward to dorsal
number 47, distributed as follows: 4 from front of anal to fifth lateral
line, 28 to third lateral line, 7 to second lateral line, 4 to first lateral
line, and 4 to dorsal. First lateral line united to its fellow of the Op-
posite side at posterior end of cranium and running to under middle
of soft dorsal; second line beginning a little behind origin of first and
running to upper edge of caudal; the third line as usual from upper
part of gill opening to middle of caudal; the fourth forked in front of
a ere
|
~
'
no.1348. JAPANESE HEXAGRAMMID FISHES—JORDAN AND STARKS. 1011
ventrals, the lower part running to base of ventrals, the wpper not
reaching to tips of ventrals; the median line on breast forked in front
of anterior half of ventrals, and running to lower edge of caudal, or
- sometimes stopping over posterior ead of anal.
Uniform dark brown color on back, lighter below; a dark streak
along upper edge of suborbital stay, one from eye to tip of snout, dite
from eye to end of maxillary, one from eye to nape; these only eyi-
dent in the small examples; a dark, humeral spot; anal uniformly
dusky, the tips of the rays white, or in the young crossed by 7 or 8
black bars.
Three large specimens from Hakodate, and numerous small ones
from Hakodate and Mororan. This species is abundant from Hok-
kaido, through the Kurile Islands (Robben Island, Iturup Island)
and the Aleutian Islands to Petropaulski and Unalaska.
(OKTO, eight; y pap, line. )
5. HEXAGRAMMOS LAGOCEPHALUS (Pallas).
Labrax lagocephalus Pauuas, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb., II, 1810, p. 384; Kuril Islands.
Yrammotopleurus lagocephalus JORDAN and EvrerMANN, Check-List Fishes, 1896,
p- 435.
Hexagrammus decagrammus BEAN and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, p. 385,
specimens from Petropaulski; not of Pallas.
‘Hexagrammos lagocephalus JORDAN and Grpert, Fishes of Bering Sea, in Rept.
U.S. Fur Seal Investigations, 1898, p. 450.—JorDAN and EverMann, Fish
BN” MeAna., 10; 1898, p. 1873; Robben I., Bering I., Iturup I.
Head 32 to 4 in length; depth 3% to 35; eye small, about 54 in head.
D. XX to XXIII, 22 to 24; A. 22 to 24; P. 20 to 21. Outer row of
teeth enlarged in both upper and lower jaws. Teeth on vomer and
front of palatines. Maxillary extending to below middle of eye in
adults, 24 in head (24 in young). A small flap above eye, fringed
along the margin; no tentacles on nape. Fins high, the spinous dor-
sal deeply notched, the last spine somewhat longer than the one pre-
ceding; in the adult the fifth spine is the longest, nearly + length of
head, the third and fourth spines nearly equal to the fifth: from the
fifth the spines gradually diminish in height to near the end of the fin,
when they become rapidly shortened to form the notch. Caudal very
broad at base, convex at its posterior margin, even when the fin is
closed; pectorals broadly rounded, rather short, the longest rays 1} to
14 in head, not nearly reaching vertical from vent; ventral fins 1} to
2 in head, short and rounded in the young, becoming longer and more
pointed in adults; pectoral and ventral rays very broad, especially
toward their tips, and much branched; soft rays of dorsal and anal
fins cleft on terminal fifth, as in other species, the two halves not
diverging; 5 lateral lines on each side as usual, 2 dorsal, a median, and
9 ventral; upper dorsal line continued to b
dorsal fin, usually ending under the fourteenth or sixteenth ray; lower
eyond middle of second
1012 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXV.
dorsal line and the median line extended to ‘base of caudal; uppe
ventral line originating below and in front of the pectoral fin, passing
immediately above base of ventral, to which it does not fom a sepa-
rate branch, and terminating opposite middle of anal fin; lower ventral.
line single on breast, forking in advance of middle of Sentral fins, the >
branches passing to base of caudal. In the young the scales are all |
ctenoid, except those in mid-ventral region, breast, prepectoral area,
and sides of head all becoming smooth in adult; snout, subocular ring,
suborbital stay, interopercle, and usually the lowermost portion of
subopercle, scaleless; basal half or more of caudal and basal third of
soft dorsal with the membranes densely scaled; pectoral basis also
densely scaled; scales on breast not greatly reduced, more than half
as large as those on middle of sides; median lateral line with 110 pores;
S or 9 scales in an oblique series between median line and the one
above it. Color in most of our specimens a nearly uniform warm
brown, lighter on under parts, marked only with irregular small black
e 4 Pies 45334 5 ve
Cy Sh hy aa {Wi
v ); 3 a Mena eh Use
3 Sa os 0) ae
— a me a ae os a ee
t tik) :. 39 Dy rh
a oS BY ae ee ay
5
ae
Fic, 3.—HEXAGRAMMOS LAGOCEPHALUS,
spots and lines, wnich may extend on the dorsal and pectoral fins; anal
and ventrals black, the thickened tips of the rays in these and the
pectoral fins often white; a large blackish humeral spot in young
specimens, often disappearing in adults. One specimen (Iturup Island)
has the upper parts, including dorsal and caudal fins, bright reddish,
with some dusky blotches and cloudings, the humeral spot conspicuous.
West shore of Bering Sea; not known from Hokkaido nor from
Alaska. We have numerous specimens from Robben Island, one spec-
imen each from Bering and Iturup, islands. Young specimens up to
20 cm. in length have the scales all rough ctenoid as in ZZ. stellerd and
/1. octogrammus. Specimens 30 em. fone have most of the scales
smooth, a few along middle of sides still etenoid. In an adult 54 em.
long all the scales are smooth, those on head and nape partially imbed-
ded. In shape and general appearance this species very much resem-
bles 7. octogrammus. It has a deep caudal peduncle, a convexly
rounded caudal fin, and a rather bluntly rounded snout.
(Aay os, hare; Kédakn, head. )
ee : he “s oi a
iE MEN GRAMMID FISHES— JORDAN AND STARKS. 1013
SUMMARY.
Family HexaGRAMMiIp%.
aes 1. Agrammus Ginther.
cblegel) ‘Tokyo, Aomori, Hakodate.
2. ie ( Cee Tilesius.
) Paaition to the species here enumerated, Dr. Peter J. Schmidt records
a mer du Japon, ete., 1903, p. 15) Plewrogrammus monoplerygius (Pallas),
- Vladivostok. This ehouid be added to the known fauna of the Japan
NOTE ON THE FISH GENERA NAMED MACRODON.
By THEoporE GILL,
Honorary Associate in Zoology.
Having had occasion recently to consider a question relative to the
Scieenids, I found that Drs. Jordan and Evermann had adopted the
name Sagenichthys of Berg (1895) for the genus called Ancylodon by
Cuvier (1817). No new name was necessary, however, as one had
been given long before as a substitute. The facts should be made
known now in order to avoid the continuance of improper usage.
1G
Ancylodon was used by Cuvier (1817) for a genus of Scienoid fishes
and was generally adopted for that genus till 1595. It had, however,
been used previously (1811) by Illiger for a genus of Ziphioid ceta-
ceans. This was known to Dr. H. R. Schinz, the translator of the
first edition of Cuvier’s Régne Animal, and in his work (Das Thier-
reich) published in 1822 he substituted (II, 482) the name ** Die Gross-
zihne, Macrodon,” for ** Ancyclodon, Cuv.” or ‘Aneylodon,” and in a
footnote (II, 483) indicated ** Das Wort Ancylodon, Hackenzahn, kann
deswegen nicht gebraucht werden, weil eine Wallfischart so genannt
wird. Es gehort dahin: Lonchurus ancylodon, Schneid.”
This is in every respect perfectly regular, but the fact has been
universally overlooked.
LI:
Macrodon was used by Johannes Miiller in 1842, in the Archiv fiir
Anatomie, Physiologie [ete.], p- 308, for a genus of the family of
Erythrinids (by him associated with his family of Characins) and has
been universally retained for it ever since. The previous use of the
name by Schinz (in 1822), however, renders it untenable for a later
genus, and the one designated by Miller may receive the new name
PRocEEDINGS U.S NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXVI—No. 1349.
1015
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi-—02——68
1016 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXVI.
Hoptias, with the Macrodon taretra or trahira of Miiller as its type.
The species will therefore be called /oplias tareira by those who object
to erroneous names and //oplias malabaricus by those who insist on
retaining the first given name, however erroneous it may be-
The name //op/ias is derived from the Greek Ozhov, Oza, armor,
with the suffix -zas and allusion is made to the defensive armature in
the way of the cranial shield-like surface as well as the offensive teeth.
An analogous classical name is A7Zphias.
This name //oplias is given with full knowledge of the name L/oplia
of Illiger. The two names are quite distinct.
al
TEND OX
Page.
Abbott, on the Coastand Islands of north-
west Sumatra, Birds collected by Dr.
W. L., by Charles W. Richmond ....--- 485
Abbott, on the Coast and Islands of north-
west Sumatra, Mammals collected by
Dr. W. L., by Gerrit S. Miller, jr..--.--- 437
Aipbottimea s---->-------------------------- 812, 835
psegma, new species .....----- 835, 861
NCS Pee eeesee aaa == = nies = 208
Aipramnise = ses ---=----------=------------"- 813
Acantha lectularia .....--------------+---- 779
Acanthias acanthias ....----------------- 629
plaimvillei..........----------- 626
uyatuSs......------------------ 630
WIPaTIS .-.--0---------. --=---- 630
Acanthidium pusillum....-.---.---------- 633
Acanthocepola ....-----------------+-+---- 699, 700
krusensterni......-------- 700,701 |
ina Hb sen ae = 701, 702
mesoprion.....----------- 702
Acanthoeypris .---------------------- 972, 983, 990
Acantholebius nebulosus. ..-------------- 1005
Acanthopore ..-----------------+++------> 569
Acanthoptergii-... .-----------+--------- 57
Acanthopteri.-...---------------++++------ 1
Acanthopus. ..---------------++----++------ 998
Acanthorhinus acanthias. ..---.---------- 629
americanus.--.-.=-------- 637
Acanthothrips.-.--------------------- 188, 196, 198
magnafemoralis, new spe-
CleSee eee aesase a= 22 - = 199, 240
Acanthropsis teenia...--- ie ob lnoeteeceroa 770
Acanthurus...-------- ers Mee eens te se iaicie tin 959
argenteus ...----------------- 695
Accipiter virgatus ...--------------------- 491
Acentrachme.....------+--------+------""
PNCOriNidesee ese sss sea2-2-2-- ees s- ===" 967
Acervularia ineequalis. ..----------------- 417 |
Acheilognathus ....-------------- 812, 815, 817, 822
eyanostigma, new species 817,
820, 861
intermedium ...--.------ 818
intermedius ...---------- 819
lanceolata ..--------- 817, 819, 861
Janeeolatum...---------- 819
jamabatgesser sseee == 817, 818, 861
jimbatus:-.-------------= $18
melanogaster. ----------- 817,819
rhombeus ..-.----------- $15
Achillea millefolium ....---------------*- 189
Achilognathus rhombeus ..-------------- S15
steenackeri ...0---------- 815
PcIVGHSCUsseee ta see === --------= 2-222 o- 960 |
- Acipemses..-.-- Ge HouRnee be deacee's - Saeieaiats 960 |
Page.
A COC YPLISH ae Sosevesa nae ee enna weet ese 984
ACTIGTI Gy: Se Soe eee oe ae cain eee ie 780
ACTIGTN Si soos ced ese cen boa es ieee 795
Acridium alutacead .-2.-- 5+ sancet eon me 796
Gifferentiglige. - 127
bicolor, new species ..------- 127,
130, 132, 236, 237, 242
fasciata .....-- --<0-------=«- 127,128
fasciatus.-..----- 127, 132, 236, 241, 242
PROTA. ocoe ee ee ee ein awe ee anne 346
cretacead ....---=------5sss cere stn” 346
Mischna «....----------=-9---"" 732, 734, 735, 736, 737
brevistyla ...-------------+++*+-- 735
californica. -....-------------- 736, 737, 763
CYANCR .-.-----~2-=-- = 228 = omen aoe 704
flindersiensis. ------------------- 761
hageni ..----------------29+7-**" 761
iNGeMS. -.---+---+-=--2502 207-777 736, 763
ME6tiS. fo pees oa a eee 761
perampla...-------------+--2777" 761
separata...------------es220850o 761
SOLIGS = iow wee clove nsiewe oneseenn= 761
MEschnids®.-=-+---=--<=-95- = 20s ose se 732, 750
Fischnidiine...-.-----2-+--2220050°752>" 750
#Eschnidium .....------+-+-2+-+207577" 711, 725, 782
Mschnine. ++. ---22--2- 252-22 750
Zschnophlebia ..-----------+-27777777777 736
anisoptera ...------------ 762
JEthopyga siparaja....---------+2-+-77>>- 520
Ageneotettix scudderi . ...----------+***" 785
AgrammUus ...---<--.--2-s=A2rsseen tnt 1008, L004
agrammus...---+-+---+7-7"* 1004, 1018
schlegeli....-------++++-++7°*" LOO
Agriocnemis pulverulans ..------++++***> La
Agriogomphus -.-----+-+-++=7775777 718, 738
1017
1018 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Agprion 2. ..icccssecttoecm ene wemeee esteem 720;/730):| Am phitoe\aztecsi..--sacease seen eee 929
Agprionide 2 = 22 ccc -sccnesssceeseeeeseeeee 748,750) ||| Amphitornus*bicolorss-u--- sees eceae eee 781
APTIONING: -<-cenccsceeeeesoeet ee enieas 7495/50) | “Amphitrite gladiator sscssee sss ones aee 26
Agrionopteral ce. -oncs-e serene 719, 721, 741 MCC aes ance siete (aye eae ee 26
iNSiONIS: -oe-eeeeceedere eee 768;)| “Amyantise:ccscer cece eee ee ae eee 352
AgTiQpOMAs--o2-+ ese ones eee eee sae 337,338,000") Amy ed ala oasscesneen essere ean eae 364
AGTODSaIIS CLIN eee eee eee eee eee 518))|| Amyedalum) 22) eass-ee eee eee eee 364
Agropyrum caninum ..-.-.2-.----------<- 162.) ‘Anableps'20-oesmcecwea seat aee see 961
ARTOSUS SDB yeaa se eee eee eeeeeeee 162%) Anabrus\coloradus 22 s2ee-ss-2—4 =e 806
CANING: 3. -f ascetic ee renee stae 162 DUT DUTASCelsieee- esos eee ase 807
stolonifera. Aphrodima ..-----.-----------..-.--.----- 35)
Aphylla ....-.---------------------------- 737
MO nce lester erie n/c Ss = 762
> Apterurus edentulus ................----- 669
PAROOIMEE ae saeco eee cee 665
Aptinothrips --..------.---.---------- 90, 133, 166
UC aio )- x's =e Seccces 166
MANOS esis se = =) 111, 124, 166, 167, 239
var. connatticornis... 90,166,
167, 239
. Bivabolet), eS boceeeeeseneeroee 166
Arachnechthra brasiliana.......------.-- 520
Arachnothera chrysogenys. -.------------ 519
Fi ethyl SUS UNA yas aye am tm elas =- = 519
HOMPAROSUEIS|= => -\-)-/2 2)-1== ~~ 519
TWO OCS Lae ta taiai ois = alan l~ n= 519
Ptr ele fees a nies ln a ninies ees 173
Areania septemspinosa -....-.------------ 30
undecimspinosa ....--..--------- 30
PARES TO Siee esas aoe ee wcicinieisi-e's sie asin = 727
MANN Siete ele l=l= <== imi nim \-)m == 764
TAOS erie ee ace == tin inininie nis cto wie oe 346
Ae CMe eames es = eiecno ose sene === = 346
AT CHIMMUIS RUGS see Sere or -mimn-i-im-ne = s 949
WArded PacGMuUsi ose. c----s2----7--+-----=- 488
PALA EMA ep eee en relsreinsis i= = i=in =o 488
GAVEL Ce = = mio wraim = = 586
OVAWCeDSies se - == =-=--- +2222" °- "= 786
pseudonietana....----.----------- 786
sanguinaria ...--.---------------- 786
tepotutales-.----------=---------"- 785, 786
Arrhenatherum ayenaceull...----------- 162
Arrows sath ee. =.c2---2--=--029- =e 66
RTE TT Serer ee nee icess-nc=--ieeene nes 346, 367
Bye ee cia niomcisin'sm isin = 347
ilunulata.-.-.------------------ 347
StS eee ce sense es == 384
gigantea_...-..------------------ 384
kroyeri .-----------------------7" 383
macilenta ....-----=---+-----29--*- 391
384
ponderosa
INDEX.
1019
Page,
Artemis tenuis .. 979 x
EE Ae ens ey erie ey 373, 391
CUPP dae Sot ce SSa e ees 391
PATTON BN sci ce cate eae et oe ae melee eae te 356
MTtGNi9 2 acoso Or ee ee a 856
ATtHEMISa = eee a ee ee 846
DATASONICHE se ee ete ieee ee 366
SACCOWS2 ot Ee ee ate cp De 391
Arthrophycus/harlanis.c: cue. se seee eee 115, 424
AT UM cee anc oon ee sore os ae ae eee es 173
IASG Sania aploceinlct eine Semin ies eee 346
Ashtarothiackss sc oso os antenae ae aeeenee aeee 936
ASPIGIOUIS MULAN sone sence a wee eee 175
ASpidiliIM aes. see ee ess beeen nan sore eee 170
ASS Sr OFes. Be er whe cpatateveietal ares ate claiaretece ieee 346
AStacusiDaIMHICUS seessace. eneee ee ones 306
SINIPOSUS! os. ches soe es oe eee 303
Aistarte 2ee nap teen owes 934, 935, 936, 938, 943, 949
acuticostatacsa.ces see os eceemes 941
alaskensis, new species. ....-.. 944, 946, 951
DICH CA Se asett eae ee: Berens 940, 944
PANS ee eee no mae toeione 942, 943
bennettii, new species.... 945, 946, 948, 951
Di partie essere eae ces eeaae eee 936, 950
bOrealis\sscs- cece oso se 937, 940, 941, 944, 947
callighvpte: eee ee 939, 950
CTEM Ease he eke a noe teas 37, 939
eyprinoides 941
depressa...-..--.----------------- 941
digitaria........-.-.-------------- 950
elliptica......-.-------------- 941, 944, 946
esquimalti .......---- 936, 944, 945, 949, 951
fAbUlNS ese selene dees 942, 945, 947, 949
flabelistis:: seccececets=-peee=n aan 950
AUCHUIAMth eae osarewe eee cee aR eee 950
TUSCR Ah eens sents eee ee 950
marensis .....--------+----++++++--- 941
globosa.....-.---+-=-++--+-----+"* 942
globula.....-.-------------+-+--*- 937, 940
IDCYASSATH). <= <.\n---- 22 eee ees ee= 935, 950
intermedia .:.....------------<<=- O41
islandica .....-.------+--<«+-------- 941
lactea 2-52 cac- eet ee= aoe = = ee 41
latisulCaeesccesecuecet osperen=te—e 938
laurentiana ...---.--------+---+-- 947
var. soror, new spe-
Cles Aer. Savees ceee es 943, 947
TOUS fo cewejcenes cca eecsensnene=ees 939, 948
liogona, new species - -.-- 937, 940, 948, 951
longirostra ....-.---------++-77"7> 937, M3
1OKIDs: ee eee ae coe one ee 9438
WWtS cccccvesssacecenneese~se=os 938
magellanica..-------++--++++0077 N38
mortoni ....----<0sseenese222"** 938
NADG «C2 so cawe sae wlesse mene menses 937, 940
ODOUR =. sas sn sninn a= ae Sk= era 936
oblonga ..----++--++ee22222000777 939
OVALRcccccvasccesccassncsase=nesae M1
pu TVBiscn cccvacascees 950
1020 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Astarte picea ./.......-. BETIS TE ee RS 938 | Aulocara femoratum ..................... 785
placentas= ss sassaesoneeee ee eee 941, 944 parallelum: 2-2) 22eseeee eee 785
polaris, new species.. 937, 939, 943, 945, 951 Scudderis 55 esse eee 785
portlanGicays-Ss.ee e eeeee 940) CATT Op Ores see eee em eee a ere ee 419
PrOCeTas ses ee ane ane 9337) AmlOri yin Chicas essen ees a eee 58, 62, 73
PLOUUCLA SIS Sasa eee 92L) |" Aulorhym chug see. eee ee ee 918
pulchella. setae eo eee saiseels 942 Heyl Gus sso yeas 63
pusilla. wei ee ee Se eee 950 JAPONICUS. =e eres eae 63
Ura nse es hee ae See O41. || -Aulostomlaesabicene ne tem eee ee ne 64
RAOMPOLM RCo ce eee eee 941, 944 CHIMENS (> ee ree eee 64
FiChardsonil 3 eae ee 941 SINCHSIS7 Sa ae eee 64
roland ses eee oe 938;,943;,044™ || CAnllostomi des os aee as ee 58, 64, 73
SCOUMGRS 225 ee hee ee 944°) Autlostormuss 22 sneak mca eee ne 64, 73
Semilinataiepee sae oe eee 942, 945 chinensis@=e-e. sas- see eee eee 64
SCMNISUI CHUA sss 2s ehe eas cae 941 Coloratusieeceees sae eee 64
SINITDL esses esses eee ee ee 937, 940 Valenbinivseen. = eeeae ee 64, 73
ROTOR. See esc sea ee ee odd; 9470511 5] CANT A tA 2325 nsne ae ee oe eee 967
Sirintas3t52 5-625 ot eee es 9425)| ATIStTod OSimiay 2-2 an sae 347
subzequilatera........ 937, 938, 939, 940,948 | Avena flavescens-vera................... 162
var. whiteavesii .. 939; «| Bacillus. 7208: Sue aes Seg oe ee 865
940, 948, 951 Garinabasss5: sotto a ee eee 865
SUbtrigOnasstae. ssn we eee 941 Coloradusise-2o- senses eee 865, 866
Sulcatasee ereees 935, 936, 938, 989, 944, 950 hi SPAT CUSt=s ene a eee 865
var. multicostata......... 946 palmer. s5s25 shee eee 865
MDS son oe ae 939") Bacteria ts sei Zic8 = Sek a2 8 eae 872
tellinoidesisss) sa eee 935 linearis: sos) ieee oie ame 874
Grigong: stats 352553 hee ieee 940 SAY (ioe ane Son eae 874
LRG ME Tra As = So Oh ae en eae 369,950 | Bacuncullimsass-s95-sssses = seen 865, 866, 867
WTC alist a- 5 ta eet ee 93/7988) || -BaCUNCUIISs=ssse asses sae 863, 866, 872, 877
und ulataeees: asatasi eon ee 936 LEM OMAILUISS = as eee eee 874
VeEDETIfOMMIS 3222 94 eee 941 SAY Sess pentane oe eae ene 874
vernicosa, new species. ...._. 945, 948, 951 rr SULAMIN USS -oe eee eee 871
warhami......... ---- 942,945, 946, 948, 949 LENUESCENS sass e eee 872, 885
WWAGH STO Soe nee Seed ee SR 941) | Bagrer sree saeng tse sos g1 ee eee 967
ASTATTIGES 52 ts enews ta: niles sole PTE Een 933; 985" .| Bagrings?* eto Seaiors sb ea oks ie aeaen a gees 900
ANTATCHG Balinese. eee eee 937, 5) (PeBaeruslarire ats ccs eee eee ee Nee eee 906
Arctic American Fauna ...._.. 937.) BAISTGS tM a3 ace taeere eee fee eee ea 960
Bast American. .....0205..2°.5 937 | Band-fishes of Japan, A Review of the
list of species of the Eastern Cepolide or, by David Starr Jordanand
CORSE eras he ces Se on ee eae 938 Henry: Wi ROWLer Sasa. eae ee ee 699
list of species of the Western Baptornis advenus\:-2-2:--.----22-.2-2. 02 545, 553
CO8Sbe seme csescce Secine se eee 943 | Baptornis and Diatryma, Notes on the
West American: 225-)...0205-. 937 Osteology and Relationship of the fossil
with a Review of the American Birds of the genera Hesperornis, Har-
Species, Synopsis of the Fam- geria, by Frederic A. Lucas............ 545
ily, by William Healey Dall... 933..)| “BarbatulasssS2ssccace casos eee oem 961, 962
ZAASTEROSPON Cy lisa == see ee 5931597; G7 | Beir ince seers seas ee ee 812
FANMUNTESOheae eee ee 698" | BarbudOs@esces see cnc Atos eee ee 17
ASUTR DOS come este ee anne ad 655,606.71], Barb usseea tae eevee ee ee ee 822
CUDENSIS Jess sans mee Seema nee 655 barbus!) 7. ee seta= se seo ee 824
dipterypiaisen ssc ee ae eee ee 656 homopenes 2... st ee eee 822
JAPONICA Se Sere eh ae ee 656, 674 HOMOZONMS Es s2-= see eee 23
ASUUTBOLOGTISIg mu cause on et fee Le meng 491 schilegelice eee. ee 824
Ateloplus notatus)s-ce--4.52-0.- ee 808) || Barilius temminelay sess eee 852
Atergatis floridus..:........-..........._. 25 | Baroda sc. 25s oo ee ee 362
OCYROR EE sce anne ee Secon ssoebe 29) | (Basieschnai ese eee e sa eee ee ee 710, 735
AUCEIIA Geese sees kee eee ee 533, 960 jamatac) Lee ee eee 762
Atlantic Walrus, The cerebral Fissures of Bassler, Ray 8.,on Thestructural Features
ihe; by Pierre A. Wish =<. .5.5..../290) 8 675 of the Bryozoan Genus Homotrypa, with
LOD OGOULA WR Hence ee 2 eran eee 353 Descriptions of Species from the Cincin-
ALLL DATEL UlaTiS o1s2= 25 hs eae 415, 423 natian Groupeseises-s eee eee = 565
AUS UY CRS eater eee L eter en aie vue ty) 50 | Bathyankyristes levis .............---.... 322
ASUVIG SS Ses Sea ee tee tiny clei eee ha OE g 49 SDINOSUS. se ne eee 328
UT CCAR Sete: Steyn Satay pe ey lined 62, 73 TED &X: setae eee 328
PED OUIGIE Esc vs Ae une 62, 63,73 | Batisradula................. Sd tee ens 648
mUlocarA BlObtie ace. Ales ee SVN. 185, | "Batoideis sae. 2 lee ----- 098, 642, 673
rl
INDEX.
Page.
Batostomella ....--------------+++-222+--- 418 | Blattida.....
Bats, Observations on the Number of
Young of the Lasiurine, by Marcus
Bleekeria mitsukurii
| Bleekeria mitsukurii, and on certain Jap-
. ; a
Mee. ao oe | anese Fishes, Supplementary Note on,
wee eeee sets sette 744} by David Starr Jordan
Beachia suessana immatura...-..-------- BOR aire Oyo eee eee ane
Bean, Barton A., on Notice of a Collection | Blepharipc yaa: see eels dk aE
of Fishes made by H. H. Brimleyin Cane Blythipicus porphyre eaBinat ea
River and Bollings Creek, North Caro- Bolla 6a tig an aed
lina, witha Description of anew Species clarkei.. ; 2 1 rt oe ae
of Notropis (N. brimleyi) .-------------- 913 | Boopedon nubilum oe Tf ea
Bean, Barton A.,on Notice of a small Col- Res ot ee eee
Jection of Fishes, including a rare Eel, re- pie e ealeudtabaiiodes9 eet ee
cently received from H. Maxwell Lefroy, ania pene ares os Onan
Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies -.-- 963 Curia: sec : i nia Lee
ESC ees i-i-tei=i=\si-iniere i= ='0//m “I= SF 947 Ryn oe ee eee Testes 735
Rese menees a=) neater 527 nak eens eae
anastomella ....------------------ 531,532 | Brachypeplus magnus.....-.---------- a
SANUS eee eli minim 529 WITCSCOUBscuse- ee ee eee eran
brachyrhynchus. -.--------------- 529 | Brachypodius crimiger...-.---------------
ICOM a ees eee = --e=-==-- == 531,532 | Brachypteryx malaccensis .-.------------
coromandelicus ...-------------*- 530 | Brachypus eutilosus....--------------+---
cylindrica -.---------------------- 529 | Brachystola magna.......------------+---
gigantea -..----------------7070-7° 529 | Brachytron........---------------->-- 718
Pare HIS ema elon 528 pratense ...----------+++--++-
TRAGIC ope eee a= n= nen 529 | Brachyura...-..------------p---2-77--=°""
melanotus ..----------------7°777> BOQ) | wBramWessscesss- sea oer <= oma ae
melamurus...----------------7---- 599 | Brimley in Cane River and Bollings
shismalorhynchus...------------- 528 Creek, North Carolina, with a Deserip-
timucoides. -.---------------77°°7" 530 tion of a new Species of Notropis (N.
Belonia uniformis .....-----------+---7777 763 primleyi), Notice of a Collection of
Belonide --..--------- Rare tte =I 525, 526, 543 Fishes made by H. H., by Barton A. Bean
Benedict, James E., on Descriptions of a Brocade perch...--------+-----7500577077"
new Genus and forty-six new Species of Bromus erectus. ..-------------0- 00007007"
Crustaceans of the Family Galatheide, jmermis...-------------*-°°72°°""
witha List of the known marine Species OMS) EIBTOSING§ o 2 aoe eee ne mmm noe oe cei
Benedict, James E., on Revision of the Brunella vulgaris...----+-----2+++0057777"
Crustacea of the Genus Lepidopa. .----- ss9 | Bryozoan Genus Homotrypa, with Descrip-
Berycide .-.----- Beet 5 oe waes ae 1, 2:3, 5,19; 21 tions of Species from the Cincinnatian
Beryeoid Fishes of Japan
Group, The structural Features of, by
the, by David Starr Jordan and Henry Ray S. Bassler ------------+-20777777 777"
NMRH WAI eee namin eae sca Ty ji | Bubonidse =-2<-.-------~-—- =e oo tea
Berycoidei, families of -.--------=------7- 9 | Bucco chrysopogon .-----------=-777977~"
penyseeeeeeen = 2s a 1,3, 11, 18, 21 duvancelii ....---------+-----7°777"
decadactylus ..------------------7- 3,21 hendelinns meet se sect es sepe eeee
e@plendens.-----------------7-77°""" 3,4, 21 mystacophanes .---------+----7"7*
Peegriehiine: seeee oe cae 493 | Buceros bicornis. -------------7577 7-77"
mPancehiite sesso en ee 69 CONVEXUS - --------2----"9-" "257
Birds collected by Dr. Ww. L. Abbott on galeritus...-------------7-7777"""
the Coast and Jslands of north- undulatus =--------=--=--72=="-"=
west Sumatra, by Charles W. BuceLotides = en dec = =< == === sora
BiGhmond es s-----s----5 7-357 485 | Buchanga atra ...--2----202 005
of northwest Sumatra, List of Spe- cineracen..-------2s222 299777
cies by Localities .----------- 521, 522, 523 Budytanthus’.-------------=-h=*s05 a
Bithynis acanthurus ------+-<--5-5077777" 430,434 | Budytes flavus leucostriatus. ------++-+**°
jamaicensis..-.--------+-777777" 430, 434 Jeucostriatus ..------+++2-7777°""
Rane peSe-===s=2----a3r 927s 3 53, 54 Butorides javanica -..------25re7 7777"
nipponensis ----------+50777077" 53,54 | Butreron capellei....---------s007 7007"
Bltersiinestee-/<- cr ----5 "=" 430,434 | Bythopora MeCKi acc -beee- ses = ore sees
Er Pe nace ase- ese RTS e g33 | Cacomantis sepulcralis ..---++-+-+75777°77
ETL nee cin ee $38, 839, 861 Ceenoneura carnatica..----------27°°°*77"
laine eee = aac e- =o TTS Gig | CCenpaliiis<<-pe"eeot=" or Sere ee
Blasenfuss, der rothe...-.---------777777" 166 | Calappa philargius .-.------+ss07777°7""
Bilatta americanee-------------2---9 70°77" 779 | Calappidae.--v---<--=---07 70070
permanica..------------77007777°7" 778 | Calieeschne -..»----=-sonss tennessee
Pe etnliseeee se sae neo 778, 779 Caligilictncsssacneceese ee ee
1021
Page.
778
693
693
959
S90
501
423
423
7s
798
612
773
773
737
762
795
795
505
507
505
795
736, 737
762
430
923
913
ll
162
162
967
152
565
494
501
501
501
501
500
500
DOL
500
600
516
516
SM
Ho
504
488
489
581
496
7A
959
30
736
1022 INDEX.
Page. | Page. |
Callichthys 2 22se22 osc ose eee eee ee 959; 961, 962 | -Candona simpsomi_=_5---.222)----22- one 997
Callicistroniaiee==s--- esses eee ee eee 365) ‘Candonellan ee. ee sneer = a ene eee 991
Callinectes sapidus acutidens .........-.. 480, 435 SMATaS Citi diese ee see eee 992
Callista,.—. 0226 ace eee 302,'900) |; CANGOMINGE ce. ae ae ne ee ee 973, 996
@XSPINAtA- =e eee ae Lec sere 383" |) Cam COMOpSISS= 24) - aes =e ee tee ae 974, 997
Piganteasae sh. cee ee eee 301/369)" Canis: carchaniag: -a-ssee) eee oe ae eres 614
longispina ses c,.ee ease eee 389) |, Cannorhyn¢hus)-ss2 = 9 eee eee 66
Gallistotapes:.:. 22 .ece eee eee 362 | tabacarigiaes. Sas 5 ee 66
Callithnes, 22. ake eee eee 338; 357; 3644|: (Capitonidcey ste see ee ae eee ee 5OL
Callocardias:.4:2432 est eee 338, 353 | Capnobates fuliginosus................... S06
aresta st 22 eee ae 370, 387 | Capocta elongata] ea) eae ene ee 822
catharia, new species.... 387,402,411 | Pracilis\. 32:44 C5852 ee eee $23
STUUR ae eee ee ea 353) | intenmediusmessn == 42 = eee 819
ALO ETHIE eee eae 370 | lanceolntar. cesses sete ee 819
TERASIANG 23 23 5o eee. oe eee 370 Him barter ce eee ee ce eee 818
V.ESI CHa scenes ee ees eee 370 THOM DCs ea eo eee eee ee 815
zonata, new species. ..--- 3/0, 381, 4105 | Caprelia 2. 5525 are ee ee enn 927
Callorhynchidw@eae= soso eee ee ee eee 667) || (Carassitis 25:so5: see sce seer ae eee eee 818, 859
Caloenasmicobanicd=s 552s oc eee eee 491 PUAHUS. ose ores neeaet eee 860, 862
Caloptentis)atlamisseenans sos eeee eee oe 799. | CALASSIUS 1-2-5 os Pee ee ee 859
faSCigtus-i-2 see sece too eee S00 Carchanbimus 5-year 614
AOTIG ATA ee eee S04 | Plaucus ee. eee 613
MIN OMG as eee ee ee 803: | Canchamias’= = -5s. spe eens 607, 610, 614, 616
occidentalistas).---.oss2 ee 803 | ACUtUS Sas satan seen ee eee 616
jlhbbeal oe peee a ms aco se Ne Sa 804 alwOOdic 2 522500 2 eS eee 624
TOP AIIS fe tah aka ee neg eee 798 | bleekert 425: N-sa' ees 615
burn bub ean seasons 798 Gan Chamlas aa. ss seee eee 614
VCS cco oe abe etree aes 797 | Panrencustscee --— =e 615
Calopteryeide eas fee eee 742,750 | PICS tate se eee ee 613
Calopteryxias. tenes eee eee Lee 715, 745, 746 JAPONICUS Ssee ae eee 614, 615, 672
Caloris aitinosimsee ae ee ee ee 518 | Vea aye ee tee ee 614, 625
CalymenesirsArscc 4 sot sees s aoe ee 415 r leiicand US 425,95 45—- see eee 616
Cameratar= 2.2542 tbe 418, 423 | MelaAnoOpterus; -4- hese eee 615
Camarocrimusee see eee 418, 423 | ANU US ex" P= Shce ce eee 614
Cumibarus | CUDENSIS os 2-2 sean eee ae 430, 434 VELUSi Lao pe ie eres 624
Cammulaypellucidas seep ee ener seat o nee 787 NUDES er 2 ee ee 619
Jampephaga compta, new species.... 486,514,515 walbeehmii 2225. te ee eae 617
NEPlecta: eee saere coh oe 515 | Carchariide ...-_._-... oe Ae 598, 607, 617, 671
Campephamid ta hea ene eee O13) \Carchaninee aren seat aati ane 607
Campostoma anomalum.................. 914) |S Carcharodont asec ss ee eee eee 622, 624
Cancericrangoniseeeeere eee eens aeeeee 42 CRDENSIS| cn) Je eee eee 624
GCLeEMQLUS fo. Aas neice cee eet ee 23 GHTC HATTA 2) ear ae ere 624, 672
GOTMIB ees ot eee ee ne 32 rondeletiie a0) 202 s-e eee 24
JONG IMIS secs. e ee ae eee 23 SMUG ee ey 624
Iu ATIS Ee a eeete ten st hp oer 30s). Carchanodontine ss pes seas 622
OCVROC ERS en e oe rence eee 25) | Carcinophills paeiini. =e eee ee 427
DElAPICUS= Ses sei aet eee tee 26 | Carcinoplax longimanus....--..--..____. 23
phillvra sons os eo say ee ee 29 VeStba 2. Sian ace es 24
PETTUS ses nee eee es eee ee 31 VeSbiGHS i227 Bene ee ee 24
TobrOMaAcul ats se. = eee ee 24° |) \Carditae enn’. ) (Caridina denticulatame: 65-26 45-ee eee 49
ViCLODe = nap aaa eee Pe me Aa ae 30 LeU COSHC TALE: a5. ae eee 50
Can Grid cess freee see cls er gen 28 PaLeparensise- a eee ee ee 50
Can dona 2255-2: eee ene ees 973, 996, 997 WY Clie ince) = aes a ee 50
BEUMNN Abeer eae 997 | Carpophaga consobrina ...............--- 489
CLORINANI sens sa see ae 996;|) Caryalisises 20/2 sehen nese ee 358, 354
GEA WANCTISIS eos = 55) eee eee 997 ||. \Caryoeriniis's.5: see aee see eee 415
eUpleCte lla, C-swes.ne ts ees ne 997 >| ‘Cassis\ japonica) ess s== 5 ee os ane enna 36, 37
Pe DSL ORIG =) see eee ee eee 996° | \Cateliysiaic crs Se cosy ee ee ee ee ee 360
Gens eee cea see nn. ve yee 988 | Catfish, The use of the Name Torpedo for ~
EMBED n Seatr pee 8 es ae 997 the electric, by Theodore Gill.......... 697
PECUICANG AR > = oo foc. whoa 997 | Catfishes of Japan, A Review of the Silu-
POM Ex psec ass ON ate care 996 roid Fishes, or, by Dayid Starr Jordan
SISTHOIGCR 2b are: Aare neo ore es 997 and Henry, WeHowlen- sae. sess 897
;
|
Page.
eis etetsietetcislale lee laleie o1as n//Cirolaias 36 U ee oe oe ee oe 431
ATI reese sere Soe os pee eoeenee 395 cubensis, new species ......-.... 430, 431
Un Gate ame 222 Boo Sees hee ee eae 392, 393 MAVANS sasno oes emawee nome 431
OHIO Cass trae eens SS oe eae eee 358 ‘| Cirolanides texensis.-.-.222------2- Seeks 431
Chionells See se= sasees (880; 300, S005 SDM Soa yoo so Til me LISTS ELLE UL See Se 967
Chioniss sess seen eae eae ee eaters 3bo) | PCIShHICOlAyCistiGolamaasss ens a ee eee eee 512
Chiropsisiconstellatus sos .2-4-44--5 ssceeee L005: | (Citheres.=3.. oases 2 ace tess ce eee 352
Chirothwipst=seeecasc sce eee 90; 95, 98, 125,126,183 | Cittocincla melamura-----..-:..-.....-:.. 512
AMCEMMAtlismeeeee eee = Ace 134,186 | Cladopora rectilineata.........-.......... 417, 423
erassus, New species ..... 133, 136,287 | Clarke, Samuel Fessenden, on An Alaskan
longipeniise esses. seen 134 Corymorpha-like Hydroid.............. 953
Manicatarscesasceesccessae 134: 5 (i Clausimg 2 cst oe: eee ee eee eee eee 355, 358
MAMI GHEE eee 1058 133 5134523 7p ale Cla USI el] ales: cere ease ete sere eee ee 358
obesus, new species.......--- 108; “iClementia. <2 classes eee 336, 338, 348, 397
112, 133, 137, 237 eracillimeassssss sens eaes a. eae 408
synopsis of species ...-.....-- 133 solida, new species......--. 384, 401, 411
Chirus\hexaprammnisssossasee ees ccesecee 1006 | Clibanarius japonicus, new species....--- 35, 36
OCLOPTAMMUS hoe eeeeeee eee 1009 | Clinostomus elongatus --.-..:....-2.-.--. 844
OLdiIn Vhs) Se. see eee aes 1009; |" Clitum mamas! S25 5 see cietee Ries ere rte eeier 865
SUPErcillosusassaassneee ne eee 1005 | Cobitichthys dichachrous ................ 767
Chiamydoselache?. 52=5--2- 0200-22 eee 596 CN BOS cose cceee ee eee 767
Chiamydoselachidte. -.----. 22. 2sssse- 594, 596, 671 polynemsa: 5-522 766
Chlamydoselachus anguineus..........-- 596,671 ||, *\Cobitidees 22 ...s2 nee oe eee eeeeree eects 765, 774
Chipmydothecayessscssonnsses eee 970,971,975 | Cobitidee, or Loaches, of the Rivers of
azbeca..<2-5- 971, 976, 977, 978, 1001 Japan, a Review of the, by David Starr
MeOXICRNR Ss vscaseeasetes 971, Jordan and Henry W. Fowler.........-. 765
976;977; 978: 1001 || Cobitisss-ceeceee eee eee 765, 770, 772, 959, 961, 962
Chioealtisibrunmea). 225252525 eee eee 783 anablepsi... sacccc sees eee 962
WlTTOUSias acacia seis rane eee 783 anguillicaudata sss... aoe eee 766
Chiloridell gies sisteccsssesees toe et ose 54 bartbatulay s:.sace0rasccene nosecemee 961
MINIS! As 2 oscc ns As ccc sees ate 55 bifurcatasc..55 st ashes ee eeeeeoee 766
Costataacsscesaccccciccscesece 55 DIWD sc ccedeeetc nes Rese ee eee 771, 772
—
;
/
INDEX. 1025
Bh . Page -
Cobitis eae Sela ieieiniwlelwiaiai= wis es eviews a w= == a 771 Corystes punctata ...... eae
decemcirrosus ............22...... 766 | Costa Riea, Amphipoda from, by Ree. -
PLONE MU deem e cl sce Sede c ek 771 Thomas R. R. Stebbing . 95
She COCR Rae == ser = ae 961.) Mettnnenius.> cbs eee ee a
IMetenoglitusess=)- 295s. .< 764
Corymorpha pendula.........------------ 958 VUIQA ~. 22 .0--eesen ae eenee é
1026 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Cyanoderma erythroptera...--..--------- 507,508 | Cypridopsis vidual - 2225: --<-csccceceeace 991, 991
fulviventris, new species... 486,507 | Cyprimeria ~. 2525-22 -- 9-. oscere ee sone 397
Gyanops envi cite 2 see sees seeee aaa 501 excavata ......-.--.---..----- 357
Cy clinays iss: sassde = se oe eee 348).| -Cyprina <5. /4a.5%e- wees ceatie stent ee eee 345
SA CCAS ane aero eee seiner 891! || Cy primidee a eee ae cence seer 811, 847, 861
Gyclinellaraasasce= lees se eae $36; 388,357 ‘| (Cyprimine tees eee eee eee 813
Pap lis' Se ass eee eee eee 373 | Cyprinoid Fishes of Japan, A Reyiew of
ROWED sess cease eee eee ee 373, 391 the, by David Starr Jordan and Henry
producta = -<-s-cs--a= ses vac 391 Wi. RO WlGre as ceere ena Sees 811
singleyi, new species...... 391,404,411 | Cyprinotus ........-...... 969, 970, 972, 984, 989, 983
subnuatinaltan saseqcee sere eeeee 391 burlingtonensis™~-cseses sees 989
tenuis, Asso e eer 373, 383 Crenaeosecse {Saale saceenee eee 989
Gyclinuss=-: fccete sent a ces eee eee 348 INCONETUCNSss.-6- hese aes 989
Cycelocypridincers 295) ee seen eee 970, 971, 978, 993 pellucida #22. S222 cee ceeeee 988, 989
Cyclocyprnistaes sess a= seee eee aes 973, 994 Lestudinan tae eee eee eee 989
fOrDeSie. Bee oee eee ee 995. | «Cyprinus. 23 jh2.aee ack ne seen ae eee 813, 860
SIOWOSO cone eee eee eee eee 995 QUTAUUS ssa S eee ee ereeeeneeS 860
lee ViSs5- 2 eee ee eee 995 Carpio 22s 53-2 eas -eeeee eeee e 860, 862
MOGSStal es ere ee eee 995 | Cypris...... vdee SS NSS Os eee 969, 970,
Oycloprapsus:s42 502 ao ee eee eee a 971, 972, 975, 981, 984, 985, 993, 994, 996, 997
Cimereus)-)- 4. == eter 76 altissimuss! S25 cease sae eee 985
PTAMU Aplsescaee ee cose eee 76 azteca, J: os05- 2 ts ea ee 977
henshawi, new species -...- 7a clavate: <2 See ee ele cee eeceee 969, 985
DALVUNUSS ose ase see eee 76 CUM Callan 2 erase ee eee 987
Gyclophyllays ce egies os teen ene eenee 737 elegamtilany. ft. oaer se oeeee cere - 994
Giphyllas: s+ 22222 2ss eso 710, 762 exsculpta iit 4242 ee eepeeeeee 994, 1001
Cycloptilus squamosus ......--..--------- 808 TaSCla ba) Ss joss sis ee see eee eee 984
Cyclorhynehus planirostris ........------ 46 fiSChEr lind ee ee os ace eee 985
Cy clorisms 2225. fasten ce eke eee wasn 355, 397 TUSCALAR ees c eee eee Ee eeeeeees 985
Oyclospongyiliasneeoncewes ccees testes 628 SUANGISS eee ens peso eee es 970
Gy clothyrist.5. esse ee eres 357 = Nerricki.s jets shee oe eee 985
Cymatophlebiaesssac..-see> csc eeseeeeeee 735, 756 OM alas 5S ase eae eee ae eS 985, 986
Cymbirhynehus lemniscatus .......------ 503 pellucidazyjse- see seeeeee 971, 985, 988, 1001
Oyanies = = tee es ese ee ee hee 960 perelevanis) 2585. esos ecm 985
Cynocephalus glaucus...--.....--.------- 613 PilOSS), “sak. acces seeker eeeneeeeee 986
CyNOpPterus) MOntANO! =sssess eee ees eeee ee 474 pubera ees ee ese 971, 985, 986, 987, 1001
titthsecheilus:=.c-4eeee se 474, 479, 482 punctata var. striata. 5- sss. cee 994
measurements punctillatacss tse cstcc sees cee eee 987
Ofes 2 occ ban cede pelo cerca 475 TE PLANS eet kisi esis ace ae 979
CY PELUsrst sess s cen etsec cee soe ea ees - 185 TetiGulatarc. 2.28 ses eee 985
Cy pnounypa cece eats ke wa. ee eee ss eee 423 stiicta ...s.t sees ec se Se eee 987
@ypretitatcees tel ee oon tact ee ee eee 972, 982 stridlatan.s.- Siac. 252 0 eee eee 994
Gostapa eos sain Sone seen eee 983 hestidinariaccs-4 a ences 969
teminicandars ese ececee eee oe 983 ‘tristrigtays. cee. uoce ee eee 986
Gyiprias. ities coho eee 971, 973, 993, 994, 995 VEMtTICOSA. 5 34242 brates eee eer 986
demtifern: 225 5h eee ae eee eee 993 WATERS? Seok Oetmaecemeeee 971, 985, 986, 1001
exsculiptacc a. seaeeee eee 971,998,994. |\u@yproisiese-<. sacs. Sask esos esses 971, 974, 975
mMons'i:.22: dpa Medea oeele eon eee eee 993) | Cy pselurus AlOO% 225m soso ne eemeee sae 541
ODeSas 6c 2 ei salons eee 993 doéderleini 2932. 2 yasese ame 541
opthalmicasi us 2225. s eee meee 993: |aCypselus'eomaibusye --scnasee eee e- 503
@ypricercus: JS. -0 wees fee eee eee 972, 981,984 | Cypsilurus.......... eee eee eee 539, 540, 544
Cypridellaiec aos a ees see eae 972, 981 ASOOs Blea sees ae 540, 541, 542, 544
Gyprididiey 5. cous nace ee tee eee eee 970, 971 hirun@dosesss cesce sees ee 540, 542, 544
Cyprididsx, Report on the fresh-water Os- nuttallis 2 sceS se eee 540
tracoda of the United States National poclopteruss:.-- sseesess 540, 542, 544
Museum, including a Revision of the CYTES MM arIGUMN Ae ee ee eee eee 391
Subfamilies and Genera of the Family, - Gyrénidee. i325. cba toe cee 935
by, Richard W. Sharpe-.-.2.--2-- eee 969) |i Gyntinalrostratay=ss2scs-esee eee eee eee 422
OyMri dine: Sees. os ee le Se 970) 971,972. 981) |ACystiphrap misses eee ae 567
Cyprdopsellas-c..scacsee pct eee ees eee 991 |) Cytherea 4352 Sacemen soe ee eee 352
Cy pridopsinss oo. ao ene eee ee 970; 971,.973, 990" || Gytherezcoc. os) ease see eee eee 998
CYPTIGOPSISs 3-22 525. alec ee eee cee 973, 990;:991;:992.*||«Cytihtereasss6. coke sens See ee eee 336, 338,
COStALA Ls =S sees Scissace ec aseeee 990 346, 351, 354, 355, 356, 358, 374, 382, 390, 404
SIBATAS GING Soe sas= oe seeee 992 eequilatera -<-cebans- sins someseee 385, 386
INDEX.
Page.
RUUD eheciae SAMUS Eee ae a2 wise eS nies ss 383, 389
GOEUING SS a a as 347
SURO tet sttaletetara l= 0/=)-)i- 2 /\aisieSiche «=< < 347
emer eye 383
IDROWANPINYOSA 82. es ohne 388
eallimorpha, new species... 372,382,411
GHG Neer ae Sake 352, 392
EROS C Ue ere eye tes non c 304
Cardiilay. 82. See aclecisee ce = 374
PLUNGER 2 4 So Se ee 386
ING IY Arrant ite ert ce: 354
OWT Aree aac c nt Sok see 379
ROUT PUR Taree alalolo eta icia soos. wie 2 are c 370
Un OTC ets Ace Sete ac 368, 385
Cemmssatelloides= ss... oc os bccn 386
RET Albee eee rte shee le fjerin < Ss,0%s 374
CUROMe Meets naa) bas close ace 388
PlGR AMIS Eat eee cds ecees a 386
PLOVeia ese ccc coca sais eccle 383
ORCS NaN err 390, 403, 411
LONELY Sh 0 eo ee 404
Hal AMUN A etieveesets cose eiatets oses eth ese o- cca a cones 506 | Doclea canalifera ............- €:32 eae oe 29
PIPANTCA aaswise nce= eee eacieeers 556 JAPON Cd 22555. se ses ese nee 29
Diatryma, Notes on the Osteology and DodecseramMmMoshss. ss asqete se eee 1005
Relationship of the fossil Birds of the Dolerocyprisi2e2e3- f= ee 2 ees 984
Genera Hesperornis, Hargeria, Baptor- Dolinumefimbriavumr: css. sosesseereeneeees 34, 37
nis and, by Frederic A. Lucas. .--...-.- 545 Varler atime 2 --55 osc cceeeeee 34, 37
DIGIC. Sst het ec ont c/ seine oe = Seto 620 4/Dolliitisiaias state ie os. eee sac cane 349
Dicewmmsineonostipniasss--soseeeee eee 6205) Donaxairmerwlanisi -> 74
Esacus magnirostris ...----------+---+-->- 487
Escharopora pavonid. ..---------+++-5-+>- 571, 588
ALGO Cee ee eeee eae oa enemas 960
TUG ]IS. cco nee te dese ane =e earn saan 920
Etmopterus..---- Ft eae ee ete 629, 633
aculeatus ......-----+-+-+-+-> 633
lucifer ....----------+--+++":° 634, 673
Eucallista ...-- ae aaa eee 336, 388, 352
Eucalyptocrinus. -.-------+--+++577777"" 415
Eucalyptus from the Philippines, On the
Identificationof aSpeciesof,
by Joseph Henry Maiden ..- 691
multiflora....-------+-+*++**" 691
naudiniana ..---------+--+**** 691, 692
1030 INDEX.
Page.
Eucalyptus persicifolia...........-------- 6919 Hay OSILCS ore meee ee eee eee aeeeaee
pilwlanisiesse sees sere eee 691 helderbergiz preecedens........
Eucharis grandiflora ..........--.---+---- 173-|. Penestella 328 sac sese = eee eeaseee eee:
Bucrate crenats-ce cae eee ee eee eee 3d. ||. Werebrazsssccn. ssc sceaaseeeeee cop Rye Me el
Crenatusscs. ole ee eee 23) | Festuca durinscolars.-ccsssseee sees eee
Eudynamis malayana---.--...-2..------- 497 Clationsscc 5. sosenm ccoascmeriseeperts
Eudynamys honorata malayana ......... 497 Iheterophyllaee jac aeees se eereeeee
Euraleus\paleus 22.2022 45-- see ee eee 611 OlLCOW se deaceas sone seemieeee cece
Hulabes javanuse 2 s4 2 sees 519 OVINE Resccse scree eae ee eee
TODUStD <3) Beas eee ees 519 pratensis:.. 5: st ects neeocs cn eee
Btilabetidse 22 aoe ee reese cee eee e eee 518 MUDTay sass sesso See Uat eee tess
BHulamid, lamiaeessse-eeee oe eee ees 614),| Hicusi: 2: Spee eees Aeon oe eee ee enea
Bumunida 45 Shes eee woes eee seeeee 3384 elastic¢g. 25.25205-eo ee meee Cee
Dita tee ocean 3a4 PTANCiiOre, <9. eee eee ase oes eee
SMG ace ees cee anes eee 334 | Fish Genera named Macrodon, Note on
HUpAsULUSs. casenees ce eee see se ieee 33 |) the; by Rheod ore (Gillie seas seeeener =
Middend orice. sasaemee eee aes 35 | Fish Genera of the first Edition of Cuvier’s
mud dend onttitesseseeaeetseeeee 35 Regne Animal and Oken’s Names, On
HU tLOSUS CULL OTIS se saree eae ean ei 505 some) by, Nheodore:Gall 2 eens eee
Bro Hanumeatay eset seceee eee eee 790 | Fish, Generic names, by Cuvier.......---
HUryCYPVisic.- -ostscse sss ees cee 972, 980,984 | Fish, Generic names, by Oken ..........-
Byimy asim os eyaeee ae ee ae eeere 503 | Fish, Pierre A., On the cerebral Fissures of
Eurylaimus lemniscatus..........-------- 503 thie Ati amitics Walrus sesh seen eee
OChTOMWLUS see seee eee eee 503 | Fisher, Walter K., on A new Procelsterna
Bury plerusivs- Sos bese sues ante a eeeeee 416 | from the Leeward Islands, Hawaiian
Birystomus Cal OWyex ences = ssanesiscsisreisieri= 497 STOUP ee eam sees reise et ee sees eee eee
Eurythrips, new genus........--......-.- 187,202 | Fishes, including a rare Eel, recently re-
ampliventralis, new species. . 202, 241 ceived from H. Maxwell Lefroy, Bridge-
osborni, new species..... 202, 203, 241 town, Barbados, West Indies, Notice of
Eusphyra blochii........-..-: os ee eee 618 | asmall Collection of, by Barton A. Bean.
HBOS tar. = oe ok teenie ected nee eae eee 362 | Fishes made by H. H. Brimley in Cane
BNIGHORG\ Ae sce ee ee ce ee eters eee tee 746 River and Bollings Creek, North Caro-
BITUN DSS eee ee ee ee oa etiam 133,147 | lina, Notice of a Collection of, with a
fuscus, new species. ....----- 148, 154, 238 Description of a new Species of Notropis
NID CS esa ae oe ee oer ee 155, 156 (N. brimleyi), by Barton A. Bean ......
MPT V OSUSH ir aiecls cee e 148,155,238 | Fishes of Japan, A Review of the Bery-
occidentaliss sce ences sseseee 148, 152, 154 coid, by David Starr Jordan and Henry
SYMOpSISiof species = s.2-2---4 sce 148 W Powders 0. .imese 4. be asasacces ese
ENGL Clee oes ae 116, 120, 147, 148,154,238 | Fishes of Japan, A Review of the Cypri-
Hublvelar 2. ec.-c5. sess 5st a sie “sees 336, 349 noid, by Dayid Starr Jordan and Henry
Perplema esos eee oe 349 W ROWER sek oe ede & See
EXO CORLI CES a see rer ae ees ee ote ener 526,538 | Fishes of Japan, A Review of the Elasmo-
EEZOCUSUUISH oe essa ae Seer eee 536, 539,542,959 | branchiate, by David Starr Jordan and
AS OOM Seo a a eee 541) 2 lenny, Wie Howler. cme attee eee eee
brachycephalus ...........-..- 539 | Fishes of Japan, A Review of the Hemi-
GOGErIEIMI = S22. sees eee eee 541, 542 branchiate, by David Starr Jordan and
MUNGO eee ee And HaiwiniChapini Starks: 5-2. seeee-o eee
peeciloptenusme sesso eee 542 | Fishes of Japan, A Review of the Synen-
ER OLCtE hace sete ence ene coe eee eee Ee ee 346 tognathous, by David Starr Jordan and
HM ONAUtCS See nee eee BSE ee 539, 544 Bdwin! Chapin Starks)e5-.ssesnsesee= oe
brachycepialusess-seeeee aes 589, 544 | Fishes of Japan belonging to the Family
CxS Gls2 4 a- eee ase eee ee 539 of Hexagrammide, A Review of the, by
TOUGEl CUT See ssa es ee 540 David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin
Extinct Mink from the Shell-heaps of the
Maine Coast, Description of an, by
Daniel Webster Prentiss 2-2-2. 2222-2. 887
Halcojbachayes. face oe. se teaeeeck eens 492
frineilAMSe- se. so cSt eee eee 494
Onion eon’ Meer aesrsecnc mans] Soore sce 492
TEU GOSASTEI Ss) Senate ssa eee 491
DELCRMUNUS es pene ech eee ee ee 494
BOLISNISIG Se aca eis pean 2 Neh iE 491
WAS SNA E ets eek = ete ee iy te ee 491
ULC OME See east. an ciate ain hcic ence nies 491
Family Veneridee and of the North Ameri-
ean recent Species, Synopsis of the, by
William Healey Dallesfo2) . 2S. sc. cconse- 835
Starks'5 2224525 Settee eee semen
Fishes of the Family Lampridide or
Opahs, On the Relations of the, by Theo-
Gore Gilles. sts naste ee ee eee te eee
lishes, On some neglected Genera of, by
Theodore: Gill a2c sae. ose ee eee eee
Fishes or Catfishes of Japan, A Review of
the Siluroid, by David Starr Jordan
and: rent y Ws Howlersseo-essseeese=s-
Fishes, Supplementary Note on Bleekeria
Mitsukurii, and on certain Japanese, by
DayidStarnJordan sees ..52 eee eee ee
Fissures of the Atlantic walrus, The cere-
bral; by Pierre A. Bishe:22S.nqes ease
Page.
419
423
418
951
162
162
162
162
138, 162
141
162
177
173, 177
173
1015
965
966
966
675
509
963
913
811
593
57
525
1003
915
959
897
693
675
INDEX. 1031
Page. ’
Fistularia....---..-..--.-.-....-..... 66, 67,73, 960 | Galathea ..........._... oe
chinensis ... Miatee ce cs ee ee 64 acauthomera ..... as Rerneys =o ra
BOBERICTSOMI foo - ceo... e 2s. 68 BU Ber tee Se Vl ieee 300
GEPTOSS mos... 66, 68, 73 Seyphece woe we ee 500
immaculata Settee iain i= mj [~imimim im 68 aire, . a2 sssese see Spates 328
of the Family Cyprididz, Report on the, WItiENSISiasskee costes aac ee 304
iby Richardiw,, Sharpe:-.----...--.----- GBOs | Gala theistic: ecees sete lo =e nein 244
FRRISTISHMNCOUStANS:. oc coco cc.t oc sewaceelee 34, 37 list of Known marine species
MG AREER NUTINI a) = nice oele wie. wlerec ee 336, 338, 390 Of ....------- SSR TG aa 300
WEEMNUTGENISIS <2 22 -2o-c5------ 269 | Galatheide, Descriptions of a new Genus
ORIN se nieee ica cle es since 369 and forty-six new Species of Crustaceans
MSA Se eee sete isos T= 369 of the Family, with a List of the known
Galucanthdecascccce. << -s2--2---+-~-- 240, 246, 304 marine Species, by James E. Benedict... 243
ICCA: fie oS
PRT Timesheet el ols oe 317 abbIevintuS xe auseen <2 sens aoe
eis eae = ese eke aa 304. AOULUS ee eee eee ma
MERIT O IIS eee eye case 304 antonii Bin in wheter ae oo aie ae ee a
diomedes ....--------------- ay Se eR a? eee 320
faxoni, new name ......-.--- 304 aaa aa ea nae aaa 991
investigatoris Ree ici ea enna 304 latifrons Se ie net he ee a 398
OSHC oan os slob sous 304, 305 marionis ae <9 eae = eee ate
var. investigatoris --. 304. reynoldsi......------+------** sae
i 305 robustus. ....----------+--*+-> o
SPIMOSH .---2---------eeeee=- u sg
var. trachynotus .-..-- 305 TE eo ake ae an ae
Prarie te os s2nt ess 204 serratifrons Simei nscssvecrenss
Me unaionus estes. c228:ocs~- 305 sigsbel ...---------+---r++"+*"
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02 69
10382 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Galathodes simplex ...........-..-------- 326: |: Glanisianistotelise-pssss-02-e- eee eee 902, 903
til ood coe ba 328 | Glaucopis leucopterus...............-.--- 518
Lids =o eee eee 328 | Glaueostegus rhinobatus............--.-- 645
triclentaiusese=saeeee eee $28''); Guathopogonae tee. econ eee eee eee 812, 822
trifidts. 2+ oko eke eee eee are 329 Clon patattcuteateeeee eee 822
Galathopsis Gebilis) 220 -5--=-ss-eeeeeee old elongatuss. aocsestneees 822, 824, 861
Seva OULU S eee ease eerie 321 Pracilis cee eee eee 822, 823, 861
Gal@iic a pa secece sc ncesueos4 ae eee 598) |; GODLO .ccasciseccacaecaaseeaas eee eee eenee 825
GaleOCerdO = saene eee ee ee ee alan 607, 612 DALDUS ce eek ee ee $24
mMacuilatsi 25 oaceenereece =e 618 DWE. Se Zan seek ek eeaseniceee ee 829
tigrinis)c2ec soceiee see eee 612,671 @SOCINMUS: 2.3. sk enceeine SoSee a eee 831
Galeopithecid sess Ser =n eenee eee eee 471 MAaY.EO se: 2. sos nee eee Oe 828
Galeopithecusiicssccss-ee tees ABI; |S GODLOMIN Saas ees eee eee 812
VOlATS os ace eee eee £715,480) | “Goldenceye perchica..-2ehass eee eeneeeeee 4
measurements of... 471. | Golden: perch=-2 ap eee en a eeeeeeees 11
Galeorhinus .........------+--------------- 610))| sGomphrschnasecsse-ee eee eee 718, 735, 737, 756
POlECUSe Sona spose teen 611 furcillata sess. s ee eee 762
Galeusssccoeeeeeeeeaeecaacei 607,/608;610) 6145960") |S Gomphidianes = sseee sees see a eee 738, 762
PPM ose os scadseonas sesoSsbonsc¢ 6106115 | tGomphingtessss serosa eee 336, 356, 358, 359
HAPODICUSEseee ease es sees eae GLU G7 | SGomip hin eee a aeeec a eee 737, 750
Gallinagojstemura a2 22 < cer lee elena ee 487 | Gomphocerus carpenterii .....-.........- 783, 784
@ard emia o2cscee ooo eee eee 173 clavaitlisss.. eeeeeees 777, 783, 784
Gasteracanthus.......-.------------------ 59 Clepsydiaiee= a eee 783, 784
Cataphractuse-sseesseeees 59 MaviCulas. oad. cesssene sees 781
Gasterosteaineseeee- eee eee eee 61 pelidna:=.2.-4..s eee eres 782
DUETS eee eeieaneeen eetents Gilly MG OMpHOIG CS Rane aeeenete eae eee eee 718
Gastenosterdce cae eeecseesiaee ere earee fee Oui StipmatuSicss- coe se ceeee reece 761, 762
GasterostelS. 2... cs. ---++- cer cesnc 09 01,72) 959" | Gomphomacromisss- ese. ase eee eee 741
Geulestus esc aseecoeeeeetee 59 paradoxes: aseepeeeere 763
cataphractus ..... 99 | Gomphuss--22sascsce cis sees omece 715, 718, 721, 732
Caiaphractis!ssssse-eeeee eee 59, 72 GeSCripiUS) ope ee eee 705, 706, 762
IMOPIN ALUMS. see 60 - dilatatisheoss se ahae eres 710, 727, 762
insculptus jac .- ose 59 VHISASSins =e eee 762
intermedius) sei iasso- eee 59: | Goniliats cee see eee eee eee 935, 936
JUPONICUS Mace ee eee eee eee 195,61 |, Goniohellenus'ornata 2: seesn- sees 27
microcephaluss-s= sees = 60 | Gonioneptunus subornatus..........-..-- 28
ObpOlaniUSss-eeee eee ae eee 59 UUM Celtel ae. se eee ae 27, 28
plebeius ..... Leite eee 60) | GOnIOpSis CLuUcmitete seater ease 430, 435
PUP et Wee ae aoe eee eee 60 | Goniosoma japonicum...........-.--....- 27
PUNPILUS S222. sees 61 Miles: Ss 22 Res ee eeeeee ee 27
SCLratUSi...2:3% ose eeoeee eee 59 OTNSGUNYS 5 2f-- see eeeeee 27
Wallismsoni. 7% 22.2 teeeee 59, 60 SPbEW CAMs ceo. oa nae 27, 28
Gemma tise. cade oaetaneseeesoase 336, 338, 365, 379 Warilegata. cuss) noeee see ema 27
CONCENUNICH: ene a seen eee eae 878 (Good allig.s. 2 2 ss as 54522 eee 936
SEMIN A. ee eee eee ee 378, 401 herouvalensissesesse=se sees 937
PULPULCM ss2c ea see eee eee eer 378, 401 macandre wile. --s<-ae-seseeeeee 950
TOULEDY Senic~aciemnese eee eee as 378 permifidwum = se Hel Eee ees 937
Gemmi ino et Se sho gass eens ater ee 365 Rian Sul anise. see eee 950
Genealogic Study of Dragon-fly Wing Ve- Goodalliopsis<.2 ses. eee nese ees 935
nation, A, by James G. Needham ...... 7031 |. GOSSypIGeees =e eee ee ee aaa 173
Gephyroberyxsecsccdecseaistecsoeack sees 59520, "Goulds sae a seeseece eee 336, 338, 350, 367, 408
GarwaAnle c= sccenscese cee bs?) | Gracula tobustaless-cs- oeee-esaeeeees Keates 519
jaPONLCUS see eee See eee 6, 7,21 saularis: . fcc scan ee eee 512
Gill, Theodore, on Note on the fish Genera StUPRING =~ sce earn seeeesee eee 518
MaAMed MMaACroGONs.s.nae soceseenae es eee 1015 | Grammatopleurus lagocephalus .....-. 1005, 1011
Gill, Theodore, on Some fish Genera of Grapsides' 2. cles Sea eteoee secre eee 24
the first Edition of Cuvier’s Régne Ani- GIrapsus @epressusiza--e-- n> eee eee eee 24
mal and Oken’s Names................. 965 hematocheir 2s. secu -eeeeene 24
Gill, Theodore, on Some neglected Genera JaDONICUSy2-- cseeee eee eeeeee 24
OLMISHES os (seis vies woe ene etee ees 959 SAN SUINEUS << ss sees eeeee 24
Gill, Theodore, on The Relations of the Grass thrips? .: 2822255 2528 Steen 161
Fishes of the Family Lampridide or Grateloupian: «4360 5 eco saree eeeeesae 348
Opahs)asee- stews eset. soe ete cee 915 | Grateloupingio. seseeeece ee eee 348
Gill, Theodore, on The Use of the Name Graucalus babiensis, new species..... 486, 513, 514
Torpedo for the electric Catfish ........ 697 PUNSUTrensisesseeeeeeeseeeeeee 514
Gitime sate a- ce cece ce scacneee ose ton oeneease 18,19 crissalis: 50.225 222cnecaeeeemnee 514
GUAMIS Foo oases see see oe iebonen bac 697, 902, 903 enganensis ........-.---.+ conte 514
hale
INDEX.
Graucalus kannegieteri
simalurensis, new species.. 486,513,
R : AITMALRETISIS ser avaclceiccctn Sete ce 514,
(GUT OE, Se a
GMT DGR. eases ese Gee ee ee eee
. ee G Mi peemete Seor eee nce == =
. novee zelandiz...............-.
ROUT 52. gee ee
Gmyllide ~~ =~ =<... -. 222-222-2222 222-2
ery US AOOLEVILUUS) «255-223... s ee sece--
FEC ONE eo ot Sane eee
PM EMLCAE suerte. Ao a es tae too
Lok Gun mDS seeees Seeeee eee eee
COUNT Ae le eee als Sais ce Spas
NCTM UNIS Ware a iaeia aes cls ec.c een
EUS SRE esl ern niclaisic = tetete
Ne ROMMMN as asta isa acco e e's
EP MC CHISN Sr )2t a. sclcite sarees
PMP See eie es... Sees Seki ste dees
RPRGUI ase eect ea senc ese eclc-
pennsylvanicus
personatus
GRAS CMU Sieiaisccin ss Sas Sae ese ce =
ILO PS essere an) -(Skcm riche oic's a0 Se
Gygis alba kittlitzi
Gymnotus
Gymnura and Tupaia, measurements of -
gymnura
Gynacantha
Gypidula 418,
galeata
Gyrophaenamanca.---.-.----------------
Gyropleurodus francisci
Hadrotettix gracilis
; trifasciatus
le EMS a= oe anime ~~ = 718,
Haleelurus
728, 730,
biirgeri
- Haleyon armstrongi
chloris
coromanda
pileata
Halizetus leucogaster
Haliastur indus intermedius -..-...-------
Halimus
incisa
quadridens,---2-....0-.----<----
Halysites
Mannmoveraaurata...---------++-=--------
CHLDENISISN=e ee aee cise eecie< == <==
Hargeria, Baptornis, and Diatryma, Notes
on the Osteology and Relationship of the
fossil Birds of the Genera Hesperornis,
by Frederic A. Lucas
-Hargeria, new genus ....-----------------
Harriotta
ee ene Aaclciwiowieie'== aise 667,
pacifica ...2.....----:----------
raleighana
Hawaiian crabs, Descriptions of new Spe-
cies of, by Mary J. Rathbun
~ Hawaiian Group, A new Procelsterna from
the Leeward Islands, by Walter K. Fisher
514 |
515
308
244
308
308
936 |
808
808
788
796
799 |
788 |
808
781
805
809
784 |
796
809
809
794 |
805 |
562
959 |
472
482
735
762
423 |
422
119
599
791
794.
737
601
671
500
500
500
a00
491
494
494
29
29
28
28
417
625
1
854.
884 |
545
552
668
668
668
~I
ou
1033
Page
Hay, William Perry, on A small Collection ‘
of Crustaceans from the Island of Cuba. 129
Heliastus guanieri, new species .......... 794, 809
THING SS oe 705
Hehothinitpss see ae 87, 91, 97, 113, 133, 168, 169
SOONG Ses eee _ 168,169
CORLL. peek eae eee 172
dra crentes 2.3. eh ee 82.176
fasciapennis, new species. 168,171, 239
TASCIAER Fosse udooke oa euees 174
FASCIAGUS =. 245s eee 168,174
femoralis:;.=.6 sosacee 168, 172, 239, 24:
heemorrhoidalis.......... 111, 168, 169
synopsis of species ........--. 168
Hellenusihastacides paver sence tee ee ee 27
Hemeroboides giganteus ..............--- 761
Memian axes... see eee eee ae 736
ephippiger . 2.5.0 22-5245 oe eee 733, 762
Hemi anbus na] see ce ee ce ane eas 812, 824
Darpuses-ons-oe2-. Sesesees 824, 861
Hemibranchiate Fishes of Japan, A Re-
view of the, by Dayid Starr Jordan and
LawaniChapin’Starks' ---.-..2c2---ss-5~ 57
1S syounoye HW ob Was 5A tae Ae eee 57, 72, 915
emi cord ullisiyeecacs ces ceeenencee oeeeee 718, 741
TE paeee ates eee ear 763
Hemitisus tOMmatinuUs s-s- os - eee 34
Hemigale hard wickii.......-----.-.--.-.-. {71
Hemigomphus ochraceus.....--...------- 762
Hemigrapsus sanguineus .....-.----.----- 24
Hemiphilebighae sae. se Seen ee 749
Hemiraimphidseys nesses enews 526, 532, 543
HMemnramphius sce a. -s 2222 s-- os aeee eee DEO One
POL CUS sec ape eaten 535
occipitalis............-.--- 588,534
BRON ese e Se eee 583
Hemiscylliide........-..--------- 598, 608, 670, 671
Hemiscyllinte ....-----...--------------.- 603
Hemitapess:--. 4-225 -n=--5--e === =n= 359, 3€0, 361
Hemitremia vittata ..............-------- 850
Hemitrygon bennetti ......-.------------ 658
Hemixus malaccensis ......-.------------ 505
Heniochus diphreutes. ...-.-------------- 694, 695
macrolepidotus....--.-------- 694, 695
Heptanchus .....-.------------+--+-++-++: 5M
Heptranchias. .......------------+---+--+-- 594
cinereus: ©. -=-5+----- 1016 |
RECT naa one int ='n cin’s a's '=5 = === 1016
Hoploneschna .-..-----------+----++----- 735, 761
UTAVI GUUS serie se -iis as Sei isl genoaeeeseee 533, 534, 536, 543
tricuspidatus .----------- 533
unifasciatus .------------ 533
Hypoteenidia striata --...-----------++7-7° 488
Hypothymis abbotti, new species -------- 486, 509
@ZMILeR = .----s------------- =" 509,510
consobrina, new species - --- 486, 510
vii eniss-e seco =~ a= 510
Hypsipetes malaccensis .----------------- 505
Hysteroconcha -....--------------- 336, 337, 388, 304
Payeurieities .------\---=----------- 75-777" 469
RIN LIeREe eee eee ce =e == 362
Tethyophaga..-....-------------7007000 7 492
icthyetus.....-------------- 492
492
javana...--------------72°°"
INDEX.
rye
LO35
Ce noes Page
dentification of a Species of Eucalyptus
from the Philippines, On the, by Joseph
Henry; Maiden. -osic.ccnw sens 691
agiotienra: 5.5 eens nae oe 749
ee eae
SNOUT eras Pd owen ae 764
Tdolothrips!s2c-=-wa- =< 188, 206
ee es » avy
cConeraruy 2202s. eee on 5 aa eee 206, 241
TAO X eee e moss ae "740
Se ‘
Ilyoeypris:-..2 2-2. see 973, 995
wor eee eee eeesesere & 10, FPO
PIDG s-.e oee ee ase 969, 996
Se 98
Jacustrisa: 3. 7h. coaseeeekote 969
HiyodromuUse.Goseceancs aeons 971,975
Insects of the Order Thysanoptera inhab-
iting North America, Contribution to a
Monograph of the, by Warren Elmer
MInds-< = 5en s2 sane hecioein Samana 6373638), | UCIO DES ees se ae 5 ee ee eee ee ee 657
microcephalusseee-sscaseseeee 637° |“dhbelobatus.. 02.2222. 9-222 eee eeeeee ae ee 645
ee Vr a S OVE DVN CUS sense setae eee 648 Crucigtus):2e.. lessee 657
Tinis Sete ee eae sce b eee ae 717, 745, 754 panduratus:s)4-5--eeeeeeereeee 645
IBaIMibrusilacinigtae-=-seesse-eee nena 29: |MILGIOCaSSIS A226: ee aot eee eee 901, 907
LACIMIAWIS! =. <-Pat eee aeeeene eee 29 JongirostnisS-ces--peeeeeree 908, 909, 911
Wali ave wee hems ectecan eee 29 poeciloptenuse..-- eee seeeee ee 907
WeIGUS She Ree. ame ee eee 29) |:iLeiodomlechinatum 22 -ees eens eee 637, 688
usmellconchare > sees seek ens een 338, 354 microcephalus..-2s-ps-sesen- ee 637
Inia Bee etre se sons a oecacrnaiie acme 624. | Mheitruss. 25 5.\52 dee acne Ree eee eee eee 59
ComiuUbicus- 252.5 25s seee seat eee 623 EYVMMNULUS cc. . oc peeeeoeeseeese 59
amMIOpsistermmin Ck sass =" peeeer josee 614.) | kemur voles 252-5 Sera ee eee 471
aN RAS se see eee ee ence eee 622;623; 624. |: EeENOMIY Sas =. dec ene ce ee Ole eee 466
CORNUDICH ac seses sec ocinae teers ce 623 MeCYECM: .caca somes eRe eee 466
——
INDEX, 1037
Page.
Lenothrix, new genus......-------------- 466 | Leucosides .........-- Te
canus, new species 466, 480, 483 longifrons re ene tee itmes 739, 750
yichmondi, new species. -.-.--- SOIeS9b 4) uibellwmlinee: 22 asec 2- es «cee ee ee 7 740, 7”)
seutellata -. 891,894 | Libellulium agrias ......-...-..---------- 761
ETHIST Metals elee cate ne = i= i= 891, 892 | SOUTH UIN Sete. tawaees ean 761
websteri, new species .-.------- 891, 892 KaIpLe oscace chap ene eae 761
WepidOps ------------------+---------=-->- SO ie elcid Cyber eres ane erent 995, 998
MYOPS .-----------------+--2-+--- 892 IMM OISENEIS\=-.----44= ees 99s
RCM Weiter ee cos -lelterene oe = 894 | Te CUOlAtN. seco ee 998
OMS bese ints = = sere seo “ine g92 | Limmocythere ....--...------------------- 998
Lepidorhinus...-.-------------------+---- 629,630 | Limonidromus ....-----------+--++++++--- We
FOUAGEUSia>- 53-2 ------=<>~--- 631,673 | Limopsis panamemnsis.....---------------- 951
squamosus .---------------- 630 | Limothrips ..-.-..--.---------- 90, 133, 138, 179, 183
Lepisacanthus ee ees rose a meine = 19 aven, new species -.---- 39, 237, 242
japonicus Bae tase aaielon = == 19, 20 COLEAIUM sn oee- owe sa ee 138, 208
Leprus cyaneus..---.----------------+777- 778, 788 poaphagus ....-.------------- 80, 161
waheeletiioe 2-5 -2-: ---=----==-=-- 788 inti Clete see. eB e 79,179, 183, 208
- Leptaena rhomboidalis ------------------- 415,493 | Toiobagrus .....-------.------24-----"="- 901, 909
Leptodius exaratus....-------------+++--- 25 Teinienesasse hace -Sss-eeen ss 909, 910, 911
WepiopoOGiass:<-2-5---+7--2> 2-2-5272 oe 967 .| Liocarcinus corrugatus.....-------------- 25
Leptostrophia arectimuscula ....---------- 422 strigilis .....-.-.---------++-- 25
ESTE Speen snes =~ 710,717,727 | Liocassis longirostris ......--------++--+-- 908
rectangularis ....------------------ 60) || MOGI A jase eas een ae 418
PriGOlOlseneesss= 122-2 I-22 = +2 == Eel MOCON CHW a -.e5-2=- >= = oe ele 336, 351
Wmeshiniees S222. --==-------------------7---"* 748, 750. || LaOCyMB.--<---=-- en 336, 338, 304
Mewciseime.-2-)--------=+------------"- "> 812 DECK 4225 snes eee 399, 407, 412
WeUeiscUS=4--22-- ---25-as---*--->- 813, 825, 844, 850 | HLUNNEAS sos bass sey se == ee 378
AL TWWUS = seen eels sss = S44 | fluctuosa -=...---=-------<==" 378, 400, 947
argenteus-leuciscus. ..--------- 844 | scammoni...-.-.-------------- 400, 407, 412
everulescens..-.--------- _.. 844, 845, 862 WiTiGiSe ocak one steno =a 399, 407, 411
GobUlaeees ees. se-e- = s2= = g44.| Wirodiseus...----------~-----2==--="=-72>*= 933, 935
hakonensis ..------------------ BAGH) pluinop Olas ae ee 338, 358
Wakwensis’ ----------------- 844, 846, 862 Litaneutria minor. ..-------------++---">- 780
japonicus - ---- Spode sapEceee $44, 845, 862 | Tithadothrips ------------------+-=--7°"=" 210
NOU essays $44, 849, 862 | vetusta ..--------+---+--*+-** 211
leue@isGUSeessea---222--- =~ =~ Sudenl e[nibhOULd ee. s6 seen oe =e ieee $2
DALVUS ee esc = 840 | Litorina sitchana....----------+-2277777*" 35
phalacrocorax, new species. $44, 845, 862 Loaches, of the Riv ers of Japan, A Review
phoxinus -..--------- pees Sere 844 | of the Cobitidee, or, by David Starr om
PUSilslee= eee == 840 | Jordan and Henry W. Fowler..-------- 765
\ TILT eee ee ne se~e =~ = 44 | Locusta curtipenmis ...------+----s27057>" 783
Seiboldil ...-------------=------ 854 curvicauda.....-+----++++-+5077" 805
taczanowskii ....------ 844, 847, 848, 862 fuliginosus -...----+----7+5050577 806
temminckil.--..--------------- 852 verruculatus ...<---+-++++=-5577" 74
AIROSETIS een | <2 o-4jes seen 855 | TOCUBEK SE hea cdackne neers ese Bod
variegatus ....------------*---- 833 | olin PCLEONC s--- 2-2 tame roe 162
Leucogobio _.. $12,825 | Lonchurus ancylodon ....----++++++95777" 1015
826, 829, 561 Tephind hsv enee= =~ =p eee re yaaa ae 960
giintheri --. 826, 827,861 | Lophobrane Whivetegcs es - ocak ene v7 : :
herzensteini .....------------ g25 Lopholatilus chame leonticeps .---------- es
Pordamies/ctscct.- 2-2 826, 827,861 | Lophoxanthus s¢ raberrimus -------++****" saa
mayede ..--------------- $26, 828, 861 WoriCATihadte cs --baee eaten eo te =
teniatus Re Eee seee esr 995 Loriculus galgulus ----------+--"-"*7""" reed
peecinin eeere sw ease eHee SRGe PALIOUA cane ee a ee Rook wr
Leucorhinia Bereta ote cea 8. 222625256 763 Lower Dev onic and a ae
2, . } , es
PR nace ee eeeesee eee 30 of Maryland, On the, Py im aa a
jongifrons ....-----------770°777 $9 | Schuchert ...-------<---"79°75
10388 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Lower devonie and ontaric of Maryland, Macropnathuists-ce.neee ee cane ee 69
Composite section.of -25- 2 4--s+—- es 422 | Scolopaxc. 2 322s ese ee 69
Lower devonic of Maryland,Coeymans IMaSCromia; 2235. secenee se eres ser eee 740
limestone 418 MOOrelcstss. core cae eee 733
Cumberland Macromiinss. 2 oss2> eee es eee 739, 750
Basin...-- 414-{Maeropteryridas == oe eres ee eee 502
Ja ta Macropteryx comata see -saene eee 503
Tuscarora, lOnPIpenni gate aeeeeeaee ee 502, 503
and Niaga- perlonga, new species.. 486, 502, 503
ran depos- Macropygia TUunGepssas-o- eee ee eee 490
its of Cum- simalurensis, new species ... 486, 490
berland Macrorhamphosid se = ssssss2-) eee eee 58, 68, 73
IBasineeerrs 415: ||SMacrorhamphosuse-se-eeeeseeeeeaeeee 68, 69, 71, 73
Manlius CORMUiIS 2 aeee=eeme aia 69
formation “417 gracilisn -s-ssee ease 70
New Scot- JUPOUACUS pees eee 69, 70, 73
land and sagifue, new species.. 69,73
Becraft scolopax 3 Sse Saecses 69, 70
limestone. 419°) Macrosponiumso=s2 2a eee ee 119
Oriskany |. Maicrothemis'-sss5sn0. ee eee eee 718, 742
formation 420 | celenO:2:..6 eae eee 763
Salina for- Mia Gruen sss sence ac ose eee One eee 37, 430
mation... 415) Mactrastrianenilanss.. = eee eee 936
Toxd8, M9) ai. cee ohn ae lee ee epee 520 Mactrinanyt ct cen eek ee eee en nee 936
Lueas, Frederic A., on Notes on the Oste- Mieotee: tetas 53 35 eae eae 697
ology and Relationship of the fossil Maiden, Joseph Henry, On the Identifi-
Birds of the genera Hesperornis, Har- cation of a Species of Eucalyptus from
geria, Baptornis, and Diatryma ........ 545 the Philippinesses-2 sees eree eee 691
uein a bipartitaaseeeee4-see- ae eee eee eee 9386.4 i Miadidesr: Ste £0: -Ssee eo ae ee ee 28
TRUICING PSiSeeee eee ee eee 357 | Maine coast, Description of an extinet
SuNnGdlachisess-/ es eee 373 Mink from the Shell-heaps of the, by
KTOVeriG Ss feces Fee 391 Dapiel Webster Prentiss.........-...--: 887
Ltt ClO Perea sense cess eee ee ee 965}; Maja elongata, t=.2— 0 s22-22 see reer 28
Ipuitta.cim Creates te. See. ccec a ane eee 471 heraldica’....s52:es..25 sateaste eee 28
Lutreola macrodon, new species ....--.-- 888 PLOLENS Seca Ssees eS ee eee 28
ViSOMUIN eens soo ee eeee eee 883 5 {Malsicopterontcanitorive ce. see eee eee 508
lutreocephalus —--2-s25-2- 888 GIMICTEUS. “eases See sere see 508
Lyon, jr., Marcus Ward, on Observations MAPNITOSULE seer esas-e eee 508
on the Number of Young of the Lasiurine notatum, new species ..-.-- 486, 508
Balts 2 Fe steno toec cet eee 425 | Malacorhimus) plutomigi <2 32 --ss-ee-e 4-205 648
ysiosquillavlatitronss=-— 2-2 s-e eee of] ‘“Malacosarens 22s4sseae eee eee eee 2
ysmata planinostris! sess. secespee ee aoe 46 | Malacothrips, new genus...........-.--.. 188, 200 °
MeMurrich, J. Playfair, on Note on the Sea zonatus, new species... 200, 240, 241
Anemone, Sagartia paguri Verrill.....-. 427 | Malapterurus electricus --...:.----..2t2.- 697
IMACa CUSIE tease koe ee eee 483 | Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott
CyMOMOlS US see ee eee 476, 477, 480, 482 on the Coast and Islands of
fuscus, new species.......... 476, 477, 479 northwest Sumatra, by Ger-
MEASUTEMENS Of ce sees eee 477 rit, S:; Millers jnvesess-osee == 437
MeMEStriNUSs «522 a eee eee 475, 482 of northwest Sumatra, sys-
HINDFOSUS eS seeds eee ee ee 476,477 tematic List of Species....... 439
Machephilusidumerilic---2--2e-eeeeeee 630) | - Mianhattanensisis-402-. 32 Se ee eee eee 378
Ma CriGiscus seat mana tase eee eee 386,009) | Mamils)j avaliicass2se= =e 5—-5> eee eeeee ee 470
Macrocallistar2tees2< oos3- se ees 388; 351,353), |) Miantidsse. 228 = oss cessn eee eee 77
MUTANT agate ee See 386: |, SMareiancs. - 222 es ae See 338, 359, 360, 408
BUTAMtIACa ss. esses 386 kennerleyils.. 9 22sseetene 396, 398, 406, 411
CHIONG! Sneath ase eee ee 386 PULa oe eek ee ee eee 397
INAC WA oo es eee eee 369, 386 subdiaphanans. 22. 4s-ee ees 397
mimMibOSas: --=-- 799 | Micippa philyra........-.-..-.----------- 29
Howeeliiee =... == ==--- === 799 | thie Gisecae se oe on eo 29
ecoccineipes ...--------------- 799 | Micristodus punctatus.........---.-.----- 626, 627
ORM Hee ta eleair mie === 799 | Mierocentrum laurifolium ...-.-.-...---- 805
coloradus, new species ------ 799,809 | Microcypris ...-.-.-.---------------+-+--- 972, 980
conspersus ....--------------- 801 | Microdiplax...:...-.......-----+-<.«-0-= 718,719
QUINOA. soos Se eReeoee eee 803 | Microhierax fringillarius .........------- i94
differéntialis.......------ 776,777,800 | Mierolepis turskyi -..-------------------- S44
HASCIMHUSI Ss cece = 2-9 === =" 801 | Micromerus blandus ...-.--.------------- 764
femur-rubrum .....------ 777, 801,804 | Micropodide .......---------------------- 503
Mabellatus +. .--.--------2-2-- 801 | Micropternus phaioceps brachyurus -..-- 2
Hewidsesoo--cce-3-----2----e- 801 | Microstagon .........--------- --+-------- 935, 936
gladstoni ....--.------------- 801 | Microstigma.......-.----------+----++"+-> 748
TOME see sees 2 ae -1- = 798 | Microtarsus melanocephalos .-.---------- wd
REA Seeee Slee ni= == = = 802 Olivaceus:..-.--e45--62=>-=—==— 507
intermedius .-.-..------------- g02 | Miller, jr., Gerrit S., on Mammals col-
Ne kaMWS ie se cei ole === g02 | lected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the Coast
latifercula, new species. ----- 802, 809 and Islands of northwest Sumatra. ..--- 437
RTI Ge setae aa =r == 803 | Mina lobata ....--.----------------+-2°"7° 173
occidentalis..-..---.------=--- 777,803 | Mink from the Shell Heaps of the Maine
packardii ...---.------------- 804 Coast, Description of an extinct, by
pictus ...--------------- ieee 799 Daniel Webster Prentiss. ..------------- 887
plumbeus....---------------- 804.)| Mi od Once sees aoe => se sere eee 951
propinquus -.---------------- 799,800 | Miodontiscus -...--------+--++-257777707>" 951
Melanothrips ....---------------------777" 910 | Misgurnus....------------2--=---"7527-"" 765, 766
@xtIMCta a s2o=----------==--- 210 anguillicaudatus....---------- 766, 774
Melias diardi ....---.-----------------*+"° 497 dichachrous...----------+++--- 767
Melittophagus swinhoii ..---------------- 498 fossilis...------------+--"**°°°° 766
ARI GH eee ee eee - = 498 polynema ...-------+-++---+"7° 766
Menethius incisa...-.-------------------" 28 | polynemus ..-.-----++-5+2+577 766, vA
quadridens ..---------------+- 58) || WitsukUrina..-.-0)-—=—e =n one ees 620
Mencethius incisus --..-.--------+-------7- 28 owstoni ...-----<------=- 620, 621, 672
quadridens....--------------- 9g | Mitsukurinide .....--------------"""" 59S, 620, 672
Mercenaria ...--.--------- ee ae eae 360,361 | Mixornis everetti ..-----<-----222-0°°°°7" 507
antiqua...-.------------------ 376 BUlATIS ~===>> a at
earolinensis ------------------ S7i7' |p Manas sees sccm o> ee a NT 7 i6
opal ee eo Sri aliIMo DU aia5-ce eee eos 2 ee aan neon 4
Repent ee 4 Achia2 3. - 377 auriculata..----------+-22277 7777 tn
eee epee ate =-: 376 edentula .:.=..-----<-42-+-0+-*5=" ¥ a
Rega) ee 2e= <2 se Fee <= 361 japonica ~~~ <=<-2-=<"="5<=97e == 666, 679
Mies niconielse-o-4-.--52-2---22-=---->-- 348 ATODUIAE occas ee oe sane aera ee =
vec ee-s 336, 337, 352, 354 | -Mobulidie ...-.----+-----rreeene7r77 G12, OOo, A
Paengliniuess2-22.c+---=--=+--"~ 979 | Modiolaria nigra .-----------=7777777° 7" re
fippana-.~.----.<-<-------7"-"-- 355 | Modiolopsis -----------==:--77" 77777" ree a ee
Merista Camura. 5--------------=--77°-7"° 417 | Mola..------ SSR RRR PnP Matsa dows eee a aide
Bee ee faeces cen--- 22-279 r- 417,418 | Monarda stricta .--------+-<--9"" 79797 “6
Peete. 8---cee-te teen enn 416, 423 MonOcCaIthUS=.-=<---->—arsPet ,
1040 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Monocéntridse ss. ct. oie eee ees 1,2,19,21 | Munida media, new species ........-- 252, 262, 310
MOnNOCeNtriS:=2-260-0- Nee ee eee 19, 21 mexicana, new species ...... 251, 264, 310
CALINAtA <2 ce see eee ee eee 20 microphthalma.......... 251, 267, 310, 311
CaTiINatus: ote tee eRe 19 MmiGrops cece. coe eee 311
cataphractsé ~--- sssse-see ss 20 var. lasiocheles......... 31
JAPOMICUSS...cen cee ee renee 19, 20, 21 miles. ao ae natn eer eee ee ae 311,314
MOnOCHITUS). fe: +n. see eee eee 967 Miliparis; sc. A ee ee eee 262, 311
Monoculuss2-2 fees eee = 974, 990, 991, 993, 994, 995 var. andamanica......- 306
OVatUS. 5.4250. ee ee 987 curvirostris.-...... 307
VILENSSo2 0 cacao ase eee 986 NOLMANI Sere eee eee See Darel!
Monograph of the Inseets of the Order nuda, new species. ........... 251, 265, 311
Thysanoptera inhabiting North Amer- OWCSE: Ave GE ie aes Bese se aL elit
ica, Contribution to a, by Warren Elmer PCraArmMa tae 2 Loose ee eee eee 252, 311
Hm) 22. seek eee eee 2 ee oon Soe 79 perlata, new species ......... 251, 266, 312
Monotry pa worthemi se: 555 5-e5- eee O88 prolixa =2= 222 eee Stone Sees 252
Monticulipora dawsoni..............----- d81 DPLOPINO UA eee eee ee 251, 267, 312
1rONGOSA) =.n6-e eee a79 PYOKAMG, - 319
“ RIS esas se oe aon 319
depressa -...---------++-+-->- 319
edwardsii....---------------- 320
erinacea ...--.--------------- 277, 320
espinis, new species...--- 276, 282, 320
expansa, New species.... 276, 282, 320
gilli, new species .------- 276, 283, 320
goodridgii ....--------------- 320
@TANOSa .-----------22----2->- 320
Ihamata -.2-2-----=---------*- 277, 320
hastifer, new species- ---- 277, 284, 320
WeminMeis sees -2---- ===" == - 320
hendersoniana --------------- 321
IVS GSee sleiatme imei 275, 321
imermis'...------------=---=-- 321
AICS eeiese eee a cis icierine = 321
key to the species of --------- 275
loevigata ...----------------7- 321
VatitnOnSs .-:---:-------------- 276, 321
Jatirosttis -.----------------"- 277, 320
OMinGeeee eee ea aes naa 322
tiniest ee ae ou
longimana..-.--------------- 977, 322
longirostris ------------------ 277,322
margarita ...---------------7- 22
marginata ...---------------- 322
PT OMiS Heseer a= 2 = 323
ALEC tiene aS sateen 323
TELS eee ara 323
milleri -- --- Beee eo aers 323
mina, new species ------- 276, 285, 323
modesta, new species ---- 276, 286, 823
moresbyi----------------7°""" 323
Mibids. -2a-+—-+--=--—- 276, 291, 318, 328
opalescens, new species. - 277, 287, 324
OMNalnssaeee oe =n es 324
OBLIG kee == oe 324
PGR eerie ae 324
RtOse ses cele eee cen FT 324
platirostris ---.--------+--7-"" 276, 324
polite cco -g2s-2 eet ===>" 276, 324
poseidonia -.---------------"" 325
quadrata. --------------5---7° 277, 325
quadratus...--------- eee 290
Me pr eect he ces 325
reynoldsi....-------2--*--7""" 325
TOPUSteet ee eee toe 277, 325
TOSHCEN See ene eames = 328
RGRtU aie saee ees ae ay 305
Reabraceescesssee-sen ss 275, 825
REODIL see seo eee =o is 277, 325
PeniGeaseeeeeess ==" == 277,326
serratifroms .------------7"77° 277, 326
SHanreriiess-o----'=--22""-577 326
sigsbei ee eerie nent 276, 326
Pisce eos oer os 276, 326
simplex -.------=-7200°777 77
277, 326
var. aculeata...
pallida ...-
talismani ......-----.-------:
tanneri ......-------++2s0+--- :
tAUTULUS. 2. coo ccs seen ennnee 328
LODO Sp oo ns Sora ones 328
tenuirostris, new species. . 276, 289, 525
tomentosa. .....---------+-+-- 829
townsendi, new species .. 277,290,
trachypus ....------+-+-++---- 328
{rive Al. .occsesteses es oace'sn ene 328
tTiG ONS'. Jocwsiwe ewe aries = a= 285, 328
tridentata.......----5---
ATO ONS socin wa ane oe wee . 276,329
unguifera ...-.------------+-- 329
VELL co sept cto te = et 329
verrilli, new species. ..--- 276, 291, 329
ViCiINA....-- eee ee eee een tees 329
WillOSS: c20a= = weeee- 460,479
measurements ee 461
SUrifelees eenee ee er aan wee. AGA, 467
e OLIeraDE si sero=esr ea oe aoe 463
Muscicapa atra ..-<-----s7279797"" adeane 516
AZUPCAS ese seers Sao ence 510
javanica. -.---+=---20*07°7""" % 510
mmalabetica...<.-----=:-"— "= 512
Muscicnpidte.-n-+--2"3s5s01 + ia a, oe
Muscitrea grisola ..---------7757 77 a
Mune heen ae ee te ae ws
Mustelidia=v-kese eer ee a Mi A
Miastelinese us cne=te or Sneak 60%
Mustelus..----<----***7°7° 607, 608, 610, 959, 960, 962
1042 INDEX.
Page, Page.
Mustelus Canis=.of2csce ee nee eee eee 960: |: Nettrobasisqa esac ate eee ee 746, 755
WMaANazOt ocr oO eee 608,671) || Neurothemis ee oes eee eee 723, 725, 742
Mustelusies.. 22 As Seas 608 | New genus and forty-six new Species of
Vulgaris): A: 222235 se cerrceeete 608 Crustaceans of the Family Galatheide,
Myliobatidse -<2 ee eeeeaceaeeeeeeee 642, 663, 674 Descriptions of a, with a List of the
Myliobatis:-.2 s20 oe. ache Se mee wleciseeeiecers 663 known marine Species, by James E.
AQUI ay 3. Sea Sous eee eee ee 663 Benegictres ase Gee en ene ae ie 243
comutar. Soase.ts eee eee 663,664 | New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas, with
nieuhofinn <<. cece eeee see 663, 664, 674 Descriptions of four new Species, Notes
MIGUN ONG sence sees eee eee 664 on Orthoptera from Colorado, by
tobijel.c2eeisee peer 663, 674 Andrew,.Nelson Caudell..--.--...1..2-- 775
My otisimiuricolatee. eer ee eee eee 478,479 | New Procelsterna from the Leeward
measurements of ........ 473 | Islands, Hawaiian Group, A, by Walter
MYT: so Sos eie dee eels aero eae eee 30 Re MUSTO T 68:50 caches re oe eee eee 559
PUP AS ek ee cece See es eeeia eee 30 | New Species, Notes on Orthoptera from
Myripristis.< 205. scessecdscacesn tasters 11 | Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and
JapONiCus!.2 = -.cbeecisssae eee 11 Texas, with Descriptions of four, by
Myristicivora bicolor: sese-- eee eeee 490 Andrew Nelson Caudell..-......-...... 775
Myrmecophila nebrascensis ......-....--- 808 | New Speciesof Crustaceans of the Family
MyxsOpsis)permanumt. = -eseee eteseeeeeeeeee 363 Galatheide, Descriptions of a new Genus
IMI PSUS: oi: :-..008,. Asie tac e ie eee cee ee 363 and forty-six, with a List of the known
Miysiey oi ut ae ee ere Cte se ee oe 336, 357 marine Species, by James E. Benedict. - 243
Nannodip axe sae ace one ee ee Seer 740 | New Species of Hawaiian Crabs, Descrip-
Nennodythemistessseeeenaaen ase enn 740 tions of, by Mary J. Rathbun........... 75
Nannophyaosese asses sccaesen ee onaee 740 | New Species of Notropis (N. brimleyi),
Namnothemiss se sss-sascec sere eee eee 740 Notice ofa Collection of Fishes made by
Dell Bess 5. 487
pheopus. ...-------------+-+--- 487
Nycteridee .-.----.--2222----2=-- 775 2sos80% 474
Nycticebidee -..----.------------207277-77" 475
Nycticebus coucang malaianus....-.----- 475
malaianus....-.---------+---- 475, 482
tardigradus var. malaiana..- 475
Wympha ...-20se-se0-- wn enor ere ae 352
Observations on the Number of Young of
the Lasiurine Bats, by Marcus Ward
RiyOU; Jonette osteo new sn once aoa 425
Ochrilidea cinerea .------------++- 0777777" 782
crenulata .....---------++7777* 782
Ochthodromus geoffroyi. -----------**--"> 486
pyrrhothorax -.----------- 486
Oectogrammus octogrammuls .--------+++*> 1005
pallasi...------¢--==--"=*"" 1009
Qetonalines: -2-s82- sesso ao ae
Oeypodids .---+-2----+=+ = ooo 34 var. laciniata...........
constans .....------------------- 35 Var: Orpellaecct 2 cco
depressus ....-.-------------+---- 33 War: Peitheess wees
Gaye Silesia islet lel =i ine! =i~ 36 var: ruderata .........-:
impressuS ...--------+----------- 34 var. sulculosa, new spe-
eenmMeglyl oe. = 2=..e0---2-=-- === 35 Ribee + Ore er 8 eas 399, 406, 411
middendorffii ...-...------------ 35 var, hUMida/ sess eee 399
punctulatus...-...-------------- 34 tenienrinnials. <5 soe ie eee 399
sculptipes -.-..-.---.-------- Sodac 34 HDS. CAS nee eee Ce 398, 399
RAGIT CI yee oleae ete cian nee 34 | Parabacillus; new. genus ...............-% 863, 865
RING ON ee as seein = == om 37 Coloradusstecst Secon 865, 885
aleeaspisese-os-----------------=--====--- Attia RR ATACaM CON st Sete: 55 se 815, 819, 861
URNS rare is seers totals eieleisiscsa einem = 53 THOMPCUS S225 seen 815
JOREANROS CIS) S55 Oeepcooseoseaoce AS Pare Mie UUs yee = aes rears ieee 865
Camailiculatus: -so+022seas5=4- 22 37 | Paracypridopsis.....-.------------+------ 973, 992
Gol nivelsil So ocneeesomeEoseoereae 51 | Paradoxurus -..---.------------------+--- 481
japonicus .......--------------- 50,51 | Paradoxus hermaphroditus .......--- 171, 479, 482
NOMPIPesaeeseie- se \se ee == zi 53 | measurements
VONPINOStIS.---\--.-+----------- 50, 51 ofs:t.+-~s---"-""" oa
eerdalidircces ck sic ~~ PGs eee eis 46 | Parthenope laciniate sosan anon nENeS Ee ae re:
Pandalopsis mitsukurii, new species. ---- 48 Z ER GL Del Toa iamieiaeel 99
Pandalus hypsinotus ...-------------+-- ee Se Be oe oy 90,91, 102, 188, 175, 217
latirostris, new species. -.------ Eee eae ee ae Te iy av. n MAL PUA ae
PPE soe oe acinar etmale oeene ee 173 | dracen..-------- , lio,
1046 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Parvivenus co. ops esse eee sae eee 359)" |: Phaleoides 24.2520 saec nace ee eee 347
Pasiphad ). os2ses2 eae eee 358." Phacopsiloganilics. 422 ess-22235 2 422
Pastinaca, olivaces ---222----=see-m === 658 | Pheenicophzeus erythrognathus ..-------. 497
pastinaicay-2-s.- ee eee 658 | Phalacrocorax dilopus ---22=)-----==----= 552
Pectuuculus aculeatus .........---------- 372 WITH G 3, Seer = oe es A52
Nimbosusy-cecescoe see eae 369 | Phalangopsis robusta.=.......---..---.--- 808
Pigidts:<.22¢ senses eee 372'.|) Phaon: :<&).028 ee eee 746
wetula: eo ccc ee eee 375 | Phasma buprestoides............--------- 880
PORASUS 220 2ec lees ose ee ee eee eee 960 | femoraten.-ssooeseee ase aes 874
Péelamis) ie. See ee eee 920 | ferrugineas ease 25 ee 882
Pelareopsis iraserl -sss5----52---es-= eee 4985499) 9) Bde Gl oe ee ase 780
java Danraseniee.s=-e—--s-ee= 498 | Phasmide, or Walkingsticks of the United
simalurensis, new species. .-- 486, States, The, by Andrew Nelson Caudell. 863
498,499: |, Bhilentomanvelatiumis: ss 2 sss -2e2 eee 511
sodalis, new species.....----- 486,499 | Philippines, On the Identification of a
Pelecyora ee senses onset eee ee eee eeeeeane 346 Species of Eucalyptus from the, by Jo-
Peliéshastatecucesacecce ace et en ee eeeees 170 seph Henry, Maidenis2:oesseneeeeeeeees 691
Pempheris-csee se ese seen soe ee ete 3,923" |) Bhilosangal 722. -ssees ae eee eee 744
Pen weide. se) eho eee tee 37 MOM GAN aes a= ae eee aie 75
Pen celis HS lee ee ee eae aes loa einen letersi 38 Bhi] Og Cian eee eee eee eae eee 710, 764
ashiaikae ects acne eee eee 38" | Phileumi pratense s--- 5 sserce eee eee 162
Drasiliensises see eee eee eee 430,434 | Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum ......... 732
Canaliculatuslesessce-ee a= eeeee 37) Bhleothripidee 2222-32. - eee eee 186, 187
var. japonicus..... 37 SYMOpSiSiOl4-e=cee eee ee 187
Guryirostisd. bese ee 38) | -Plnlceothusipssse 2.27 scecuspeseas 118, 188, 195, 196, 199
GisuinehUsee esses: ees aee eae e eee 41 DOUG ase atee ee eee 82,110
iN CiSip CS) eaeeeee ee see ee 38 CaN 2 eee eee 79, 209
joyneri....--- Se ecient sae eeee eee 38 MAli Lessee see ene ees 79, 209
lamellatis-ecessn-5-soeeee eee ene 38 Digrais-0- 3s soe eee eee 188
latisnlcabusies--s-ceeceae sees eee 37 pergandei, new species - 196, 197, 240
Monod ONES sesee ee eee eee eee 38 poaphagus). ose. 2. sseneeeteel= 161
Semiswleatus-o-eo eee eae eae 38 - uzeli; Mew SPCCiGS2==—. =e 196, 240
VelutinuUseecee sees ashe osaseee ee 39 WerpasGle. esoss= =e ee ee 189
Pentamerus/oblongus 2.25.2. --- => =e 41.5'>) Phlox 252 .8ite awe see cae cee anaes teers 170
Pentathemis membranulata ....-----.--- 718 | Phcoenicophaus erythrognathus......-.... 497
POrea fo es eee eet ee eee aaa 960 | MAicGrorhinus=-s-e-serer eee 497
DLASLUMN ese eee eee ee 15/5) SP Oa nS eee ae eee ee eeeerercte 173
WUDIS2 oa aoeoeee eee eee 15 | Phoetaliotes nebrascensis...........----.- ~ 804
PEL GCSOGES == esse ee isee ee eae eee eee 57 | Pholidops multilamellosa .......-..--.--- 422
ercinaicHprodesicesseecs sence eee eee 914°.) “PhOxXinus=<-.ccccassesn eae ee aoe eee 813, 850
Perc0i@el case 2ni-cessticsicee see eeee eee 1 PHOXiIMUS a2 asoses tee eee eee 850
PErcCOMOLp HUE eeee esse eee eee 1 steindachnerin- 1-5-0 oesseseee 850, 862
Perierocotus flammifterssss-e eee -ee eee 515 =}, Phy cis wisceaceeo seta snoeee Socom eee 920
IPMOCUS!2.c2 seewsereeeee eee ee BID HIG u | Phylum ts Cybhe pees aaa eee eaters 863
Periplaneta americana........-..--...--- 779 | Phyllodromia germanica:. 2222 ---2----0-6 778,779
tun Cate 2S. 2225 ec ce eee eee eee 779)5|" Phyllopetalig ste ese te eee eters 735, 756
Perithemist tse saet se eee nee eee 718 Api Calissse = ee eee eee 733
Gomitign- 20-2 222 oe eae 763 |) Phyllopterahuasteca. = 2522.22 —2s- seer eee 805
Persephone ose ee- sees sees ee eee 30 | Phyllornis cyanopogon. -.2.-.-5..2---..2. 505
TU PAK Stee ce eee ese eeeees 30 | Phylloxera carye-foliz ...........-...--. 118
Pesotettix altitudinum. --<--25- 2-22-21. 798 | PRYSa DUS he soe e eas eee ore ee eee eee met 147
Chenopodite.jc2s2-- + see ete 197) | PhiysOCyPUlaa-c- o-oo see ee ee ae 973, 993, 994
lakinuis) 23555 eee seve eee 802 inéquivalvaess-ssceceee eee 7 994
NebrasCensis!!2-o.- -2= oeee cee 804 pustulossdss see see eee ee 994
DICH peso oouscascoedoscesc 804" PMY sOpUSt a cet classe er mee eee 81, 147
DIALOSUSH. access eee ace nea 797 NleTVOSS - 2-2 seek eee ee 155
SPCCLOSUS 22 sso jcc oee eee eee 797 MUS Ty CNIGRISe == eee 154
Pe talinteerseeeesenssee asec a= eee eons 738,750) || PigibUcus coeas ees eee = oe eee 967
Petalurajcee cemisioseicleeiclenie ae eeeeeeae 732): |\ Picidse. Jen ccc eee ee ee Ce eee eee 501
Retalumiticeeceesset as seereeee ieee mee 7395750). iCUSi rach yl use sse= seme eee eeeeem ete 502
Petricolaysesncasensscscen-se-s <= 366, 400, 401, 408 JUVANEDSIS-. f-emeeeeese eeceeeer 502
(Corgi besa ooo sSseeenscocsabocic 400 eV CDSS eer en He eee tea ee eee 502
Petriforaiccsccctes sence =e essen eee 365 ma laGCensis=se-eea see ee aes 501
Retrocolidoeeeeeesere ere anes erento 265 porphyromelas........------.---=-- 501
Petromiy zon i252. sees oo se cese csc cchewes 960 tubulin e2e 222 ee eee 501
Pezotetti=: albarracesse recess cee sone. 797 | Piltimmnid ce: ceceec meee te eee 24
INDEX.
Proc. N. M. vol. xxvi—02——10
1047
xs i. Page. ’
Pimelodus arius ....-.....--.-+-2+-...0004 901,902 | Plotosus anguillaris . Page.
Pine-cone fishes Ise en 19 POR ee ee S98, ILI
scUlpin...........0..000.0eeeeeeeeee 19 lineatugs: 6.50 oe ae oa
aoe aabs: OS a a at ie ea ada Dis" '|-spoalacuatigdis +... hea ues tos eee ae
Pionocypris eee a isi=“(=!-[-=\=\~10)= ine ome. 0\e(6'n'e 990 Gindhnilerass aot ee ae If z
eeieiacaathiae c=. .--2. 25%... .2-.... 200 99 ae ine tae Oot ae =
incisa wees eee ee ee eee ee eee eee eee 28 compressa......... we ; tec ce
SSeS Seater eee ints =e oim2 cin to -- 28 ficiclieni:. 5 <3 6 eee 2
PAH CTR eee Noe Se ooo ces oo cele 28 VienTORR RNY Goce ee a a
pivonhinAaralinedt = -.2-- 2... 2.0 css -vee es 495 pretenkis.. io eee 120. 138, 1462 oa
$ umbra, new species...........- 486, 494 SerGtnin : 6-2-2 eee 27
Plagiostira albonotata..........------.--- 807 pladiator:s-<-5- 42 aeseeee ee 26
PPT TES ES Seb pegocs aces ese e ee eaaeeeee 736 hastatoides).=-—. 2 sie tcena eee 27
IS LOBUCCUS UNS) 5-2-5552. ----- cies" -==-- 649 miles ae ooo Nar ew erate 27
Platybema planirostre.......-.-.--------- 46 PElBPICUS ec se scee ee =e eee ea 26
LAMITOSEEIS = ogee -2s2c2----- - 46 SURPLUS; 83 ht veer en ws aatene 25
pIAtyCeras SpITAle ..22----=--2--2--r=-->-- 422 | trituberculatus .....-. gate aS 26
Platygrapsus depressus ....-...--.-------- 24 | frunicetus cth.ne eee eee ee 27,28
Platylophus coronatus........-.---------- 517 Varietas’:..-. "" me
planipes ...:..------------+ 305 | Prickly-fish......-------+++-+--2-7*+*- : a
RIP ErOMCcLestees ee oc sc cc assacesedse O50), Primiacc..:.sssse cen -t= deem snemnsh soso a
ee ee ccece 520 | flaviventris. ...-----------++++*" bu
8... 2.2. 897,898,911 | pileata .....----+---+-2e00r002 0° ee
Plotosus eh es 898 POH ACOtaecas va cans.esaes sex 5 647
nigrescens, new species -- 448, 449, 450, 481 Column S=-504 ==. 5 eee 646, 647
pallintwsci:---:------- 449, 450, 480, 481, 483 Lavine. 3. Soe eee 644
pyrsonota ..--------------++-++2577- 447 polyophthalmus .....---- 645, 646, 673
Rediscovery of one of Holbrook’s Sala- ThinObatUs ++=<-2esss2sce~~ ee 645
manders, by Leonhard Stejneger ------ 557 schlegeli...--..-------------- 645, 673
Relations of the Fishes of the Family Lam- RhinoberyX ..-------------++---2+000*2"" 11,13
prididee or Opahs, On the, by Theodore brachyrhynebus.....-------- 13
Galt eee eet eterctel=intein = e=i-= ir == = 915 | Rhinochimeera ....----------------+++-*°- 667, 668
Reniceps tiburo ....------------+---+7777- 618 pacifica.....------------+- 668, 674
Rensseleria equiradiata ..-..------------ 422 | Rhinochimeride......------------++--++- 667, 674
Report on the fresh-water Ostracoda of Rhinocypha....------------------ 717, 743, 755, 764
the United States National Museum, trifasciata....-..------------ 764
including a Reyision of the Subfamilies Rhinodon pentalineatis ...--------------- 626, 627
and Genera of the Family Cyprididz, by typics .....-------- 222222 626
Richard W. Sharpe-.-.---------------7- 969 | Rhinomyias pectoralis --.----------+-+---- All
Retepora colummnifera .....----------+++-- 571,588 | Rhinosciurus laticaudatus.-..------------ 158, 480
Review of the Berycoid Fishes of Japan, Rhinoscymnus rostratus...--.------+-+->- 637
A, by David Starr J ordan and Henry W. Rhipidomella assimilis - ------------------ 422
Haul enero eeecceee- <=" --o = 1 Oblate -. cesses ene ese == 422
Review of the Cepolide or Band-fishes of Rhipidura javanica ...----------+--+---* 510
Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and Rhizonema. .---------ee-ssee sere 953
Henry W. Fowler...---------------77777 699 | Rhodeine .....-----------+---077 70 812
Review of the Cobitide, or Loaches, of Rhomalea pecticornis ...---------+++*-->> 795
the Rivers of Japan, A, by David Starr Rhopodytes diardi-..---------:------*77* 197
Jordan and Henry W. Kowler..:------- 765 | Rhynchichthys-..------------++777777077" 11, iB
Review of the Cyprinoid Fishes of Japan, pelamidis ...------------- i 18
A, by David Starr J ordan and Henry W. Rhynchobatus....------------5070077 7" 643, 7 : 4
eens Bernas ae meen
Review of the Elasmobranchiate Fishes djiddensis - - - - a
of Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and Rhynchoeyclus mucronatus ORE eno a tnae a
Henry W. Fowler. ..+-20+0-0- 000+ BRU i ee iiel oaaee een
Review of the Fishes of Japan belonging Rhynchonella --.------+---"- 7 48
to the Family of Hexagrammide, A, by campbellana Saw d seen ens aht, ri
David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin eminems.-------+-+++7°7"" 6a
es ee .- eet -en een 1003 fOTMOSA.------+- == 2057777" nh pos
Review of the Hemibranchiate Fishes of lamellata ..------ : ied 9 a 4
Japan, A, by David Starr Jordan and Rhynchospira ---------=*--""" pao ceed “6
Edwin Chapin Starks...--- heh Goce 57 globosa...--------*5777°°""
1050 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Rhynchotrema formosa ......--.---.----- 418 | Sciuruserebus, new species ........-- 456, 457, 481
Rhyncobatus duhameli .......----..----- 644 measurements of........- 457
VO VAS slash ajsjo ce Speicteeinaee ae 644 laticaudatus:: sos. seeeeeaaeseeee 458
Rhytidoceros undulatus. ......-.-........ 500 mansalaris, new species....-.. 451, 452, 481
Richardia sethiopies. 325s 2 -eccecicsicee ein ele 173 MINMIATUS se os ce ee ee eee 453
Richardsoiiius balteatis .................- 844 NOTGUS:. 5. Aeoasces sooner eee 454
Richmond, Charles W., on Birds collected albescens:a se 222: 4555-8" 452
by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the Coast and group, measurements of. . 456
Islands of northwest Sumatra.........-. 485 DIO oak. eo ceee oe cccaeeaeee 456, 457
RictocyMa...;. /sccscesseneseeeee eee 936, 937, 945 pretiosus, new species.... 454, 455, 456, 480
esquimaltis=-2e-cae eee 937, 949, 951 saturatus, new species............ 453,
mirabilisice teases os ono 945 454, 455, 456, 481
Rubus 26.22. ececeineceasum aeacasieeccemtresr 181 LENUIS §5 8S 3 seein tee eeeee 451, 452, 482
Ruditapess.<2-22.e-see-e5-= os adbee aber 363, 364 ubericolor, new species ...... 455, 456, 480
Rupellaria lamellifera .....--.--...2..-.. 400 Wittatuststesesseeees sees 453, 454, 456, 481
RuSel. < S23. ce Sas ose oe eee eee eee 48), | Scoliodonices: Hoteeeecseeee+ esses 607, 614, 616
Rurtilusitilus seas eee eee ee eee 844 SHON, Goes os ss sap oesbordestocs 616, 672
Saccostoma sc. 22 shececn ence ae ee repee eee 696 laticaudus(s: 2. osecn eee 616, 672
gulosumisccces-ce cere aoe 696 Wal beebmMi= jce-25 see see ace 616, 617, 672
Sagartia cic, ccoscasereee eee ee acess 427,428 || Scolopa: ide 1. ssese-nasceeee ee cates 487
paguri Verrill, Note on the, by Scolopaxjarquates-e-+o-ceeeee ee eee eee 487
J. Playfair MeMurrich .......- 427 PRO PUS Sn seis eee 487
Sagenichthys<.s235-8 sesso te aee eee 1015 Stenlra 0. oSt eee ecco seer ee 487
Sagifue ...... Shaw sae sad awe cess eo ose 695) Scolothrips; me wa semseacs-aaneeaee eee 133, 157
Salamanders, Rediscovery of one of Hol- G-macnlatiseess peer eee eee 157, 238
brook’s, by Leonhard Stejneger.......- 557 || SCOMbDEresO kes S=ecee a eee ene eee eee ee 962
Salamandra quadrimaculata..........-.-- 557 SAUNUSE 80 saci ae cee 962
Salangana tranciae-eoo.-2- 2 oe eee eee 503; |sScombresocidse.-ase-seseseeee eee 526, 536, 544
fuciphaga'--2-2 --s-sasseeee ease 5039 /SCOMbIeSOX Sosa ehenietesae eee eee 537
inex pectatan.<..stee-p eee 503 SChhd: aaemoreeceencaepocsataas ; 537
Salm0, s2 theses cesarean ce oten eeeeeceee 960, 961 “SAQUITUS cose. occa see eae eee 587, 5388
Samarangiay 2.85.6. se-ne ee eee 36L. ||) Scompridee 25. sec sce eiense ee eens 536, 920
Sam@er sssis05. 6 325s ccened- ooh eene ee cee 967, | (Scombroid cigs: -seeaeseer eee eee een eeeeae 1
Sarcocheilichthysiess- neces esse eee eee 8125832) |) SSeudderiaicunyvicaud ai-seesss aeeeeeee eee 805
hil end orties see seeee 837 FULCATA Whe). ce See ceeea eee 805
variegatus.......... 832, 833, 861 texensisih= ec sso eee eee 805
GAT CUlSi aces os ose Seca Eee ce oe 642 | Seulpin from Japan, Description of a new
SAULTUS! 2a: S 2..desctetesen shales eee eee 962 Species of, by David Starr Jordan and
SAI CAVA o-4ee eee ee oe ee eee 365 Edwin’ Chapin’ Starks =2.----sss0 s-eeee 689
Saxidomus... 336, 337, 338, 356, 364, 391, 397, 398,408 | Scyliorhinide ............-.--. 598, 600, 603, 665, 671
SIAUS So: S35 eee eee 391, | Scyliorhinin hese seen eee eee 601
brevisiphonatuss-e--) ses eeee 408)", Seyliorhinus:2sc5--cee eee eeee 601
SITANTCUS Heise nee ee 3845391, 408) scydlium burs enisec seen ee eeee nese 601
Mtitialiliijecs. ee Solas eee DOO TOON hasselitiiscs sis. St sae cose eee eee 604
OVatUse sso See eee 391 laticepseca:.3 2. 55.0csseeee sere 602
SQUALIGUSSe eo = eee eee 391, 397, 408 OMM AUTUMN so hs-/eactw coe eeeeeee 604
SAY ANG is sacviqshene abso coe sea reser oemmeee 370 phymatodes!-- 5-2 cesses 604
Scapavorbynchuse.-- eee eeaeeee 620 plagiosum 5.222 422-e eee eee 604
Sehistocerca alutaceaie: ss4-55-- seers 796. || (Seymmodon) 22 se.esceee esos 796 previpinna) 2s ---2-- ee ee eee eee 638
Schisturas tease ose eo ee eee 773 WChid)s\-3.¢ Scans See oe 636, 637
Schizopygailuctiferas=.-- asec se eet cee 164 +!) Seynorhinus lichiai=.- sss) 5 ssseeeos sees 636, 637
Schuchert, Charles, On the lower Devonic Sea Anemone, Sagartia paguri Verrill,
and Ontaric Formations of Maryland -. 413 Note on the, by J. Playfair MeMurrich. 427
Scizena japonica (cataphracta)..........- 19°) "Sea wold-fishe. += 222 sscecseboeeee eee 1
PUDLas, S255 Ace eeccee eco eee ees 15 ||, Selache maximus) sos5 2 42-0 eee eee 625
Sceliuridae esc 5p sssckccwe none sso ees 447 +\\ Selachill 3262s. eee oe eee 593, 671
Seclurus (abbott. =. ee oases sos sees 453 || Selachusimaximis)-2--- o--- eee eeeeeeeee 625
BlbesCens. 522. sean sas ee 452, 453, 456,478 | Selanonius cornubicus .....-...--.----.-- 623
aurelventeny jcc acjeasoeeessene « 448 walkeris. 22 22sec ans soemeeene 623
banearus, mansalis, and tenuis, Selenichthhy ess .2)2c b= saeccaemeeeeneemes 915
MEASUFEMENtS OL. <5 5225s o tees 452 | Semnopithecus sumatranus .......-...--- 477
bancarus, new species .....-. 451, 452480) ||| ‘Semotilus..22<2c-ces cee seeee ae 832
DLOOKeD swe cmcccen notes cero emere 451._|| 'Septamodifersi...-..c-a.-csese neers 34
INDEX.
5 Page.
Semcounuips ena--\-\--s-+------------ 88, 102,133, 141 |
cingulatus, new species . 141, 237, 238
| eu Externe cao ica hss cc 184
. synopsis of species. ..----.-.-- 141
variabilis........ Se enen 141, 143, 237
Sermiyle .------.-------------------------- 866, 867 |
MNpreculseeseeses il gccs occas. - 868 |
ERP ES ROMCHIUUTIN eras ejeieejaleie'= cietcisis\s's = a/ere 867
‘Sstrigata.......---2.--.----------- 870, 872
Sesarma hematocheir.........--.-------- 24
Sharpe, Richard W., on Report on the
fresh-water Ostracoda of the United
States National Museum, including a
Revision of the Subfamilies and Genera
of the Family Cypridide...........---- 969
Shell-heaps of the Maine Coast, Descrip-
tion of an extinct Mink from the, by
Daniel Webster Prentiss. ..-...--------- 887
Siboma crassicauda .......-.------------- 844
Sicyonia cristata -......------------------ 41
Paltari lees Bonet a sceb dos = 897, 898, 900, 911
Raltrinsceeeeee cee a anc ce sein oni= esis ee 900
Siluroid Fishes or Catfishes of Japan, A
Review of the, by Dayid Starr Jordan
and Henry W. Fowler....-------------- 897
Gunmnuseessesees-2oes2=-2----- ===> == 903, 959, 961
MAGLI Seem en eco = ane == onan = - 903
japonicus ..-...------------------- 903
MinCUlaAbISHesees -os----5---=----- 902
GCE MENNeeeee sess Seca === 902
Silver ye -----------------2---+--------- 18,19
Gimmishece ccc eee a ai Me Se SS a 5-2 483
RUIniA Reece cec a. ce 2-2-2 477
cynomolgus. ..--.------------------ 476
mnemestrina ....----------.--------- 475, 477
syndactyla....:-------------+------ 478
Sinnhi scene none een as eeser =~ 2 = 478
Siphonalia signum ...-------------------- 36, 37
STEINER EE eeee eae == 2-2-2 = 22 920
Gnipe-fishes.-.-------------=----------+--- 68
SQATUN Soeeecees---=-----------2=7+- 7" 960, 961, 962
Golandering ...----------------=---"--->>* 350
eq) MinGlal 3456 soaepencooseanos 350
Soldier-fishes ....------------------+----°- 10
Solenocera distineta...--.---------------- 41
Solenostomus....--------------------2777- 64, 66
eauda rotundata ...-------- 64
: GhiNeDSISefe sees seis! 64
Solidago bicolor ...-----------+------++777- 150
Somatochlora..-.----------------------77"° 741
taMmMOSIMeebe ss. 2---- <--\--==---- = 636
EATIMMIGSUNte neces soso = 6-22-92 636, 637
brevipinna....-..------------- 637, 638
microcephalus..-.-.-------- 637, 688, 673
ERIS ean =~ <= - 2 - a 960, 967
Species of Hawaiian Crabs, Descriptions
of new, by Mary J. Rathbun ....------- 75
reedierig: = 22-------+------2-2-+-07--"- 181
Spectrum bivittatum -.-----------------*- 880
femoratum....----------------- 874
nia ace see seis == > = 880
Spherocystites ...-..----------++070007 "7 416
multifasciatus. -.----- 417, 418, 423
Spharagemon gequale ....---------------- 788
; angustipenne....---------- 788
Golisress:..--+2-22-----""=" 788
|
1051
, Page.
Spharagemon cristatum.................. =29
humile caters ; 7
wyomingiannum . 789
Sphenocercus oxyurus.......... 188
Sphyinia cocci ose eee Cee 618
BlOchiis sso os Se ee 618
fDULO tS et ee ee 618
TYCO ene de dvcw odes eNene 618, 672
Sphymmid®-2..22 4 ec eee 598, 617, 672
Spilormmisss-2- - sesso eee eee ees 193
abbotti, new species............ 186, 492
beaches. 3: che2h a ee ee 192
GS VISONI eh -9. cee, eae eee 493
Spinax:acapthias:. t+. sren cme 633
SPIDAX Ceased tee shane eens 633
Spiranthes:simplex. 2-5. 0cnen- sess = oeaes 150
Spirifer concinnoides.................-..- 422
CONCINNUS. osc Jace ebe ene 22
CTUSP Ose oe saciwv ees ee Sane eee 415
eumberlandis .....2. <2. -s-sen0- 120, 422
CYCIOPteIUS 2... = 5h oe 422
MACrOpleura.----=—--50-- =e eaee 419, 422
MOC ESUUS) soe sen == cee mes 117,418, 423
MIASATENSIS)| = =~. sso eas eee 415
octocostatus: --..22 55-02 .sesenens 417, 423
paucicostata .2..--..--+.-.------- 422
perlainellosus.......-.----------- 422
THCIOtUN! -22 2 oe dagneain een ele 415
SUICALUSS « — tokete ee halen 415
tribals... 2. = -seceeae== ae =F es 420, 422
VATIUEK CM oo ee ns asinine ere aawes 418
Spirocypris, new genus......----- 970, 971, 972, 981
passaica, new species.....--- 971,
981, 982, 1001
Spirontocaris dalli......------------------ 43, 44
geniculata ......----------- 45
grebnitzkii, new species --. 44, 45
jordani, new species. ..----- 44
mororani, new species -.--. 43
rectirostris ....-.----------- 44
stylus .......---------+---- 44
Spiropagurus spiriger.....---------------- 37
Spizaétus alboniger....--------------+--- 491
Squale dentelé.....-.-------------7777-77- 604
Squaleus licha.......-----+--------+7777* 637
malleus.< .<2ccs 845
tyberinus ....-----------++++-7"° S44
Suusilus?ss.sab-S2naee- 2 4-e gs atser ese: 604, 629, 959
acanthias -.-----------+--+---*°"" 629
alopeciaS....-------+---*-777777" 619
americanus ..-.-----------7-*7""" 637
appendiculatus .-..--------=---*" 606
barbatus ...---- .----=----29"*777" 606
porealis ...--------------9700077"" 638
espruleuS.-<---2--2------=*9-5-"= 613
carcharias ..------------*7*"*7""" 614, 624
caudatus.....------+--22997777° 7" 64
cetaceUs <.--<-6+-------2--088"""" 620
cormubicus...----------7-7777"""" os
eleplias/sscs-.22-==--"*8 "== an 626
paleUs wisccacsosetwsn scar ser arene 610
1052 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Squalusiglacialis!<.... 2.0 ccc ceesasewacesee 638 5) Stenocypristessss--e eet esee ee eteee 972, 983, 984, 985
PIAUCUS cee. oocickce emoe eeu eseote 613 Cheyreuixiterc: tas cee re ee 986
STONOVIANUS =-- ee eeseee esse e eee 604 | Stenogomphus carletoni ................. 761
GUND en anus eee eee eee eee 625 |. Stenophlebia.--c-2-22.- ee 732, 739, 755, 756
HiTUNdINaACeUS te. waemaseneseceese 618. | Stenophiepins._.-. 5. ene eee 750
Nomisnus)-ca-cac cee eeeee eee 625 Stephanoberyx....0 eh eee ee 2
indicus a oie ieee oe Sterns certless-2ce.e- ea eee ee 559
ISOS... 2-2. 2+ 2e eee eee ee ee eee e ee i Zs fuliginosae = '.-3e ee eee 562
maculatus Soe a atalcloteretee iota eles eee oe Stermoptye:.... cee ee 959
maximus See eiae Meceeeuee enieeeeee soe Sticklebacka:.!../)u. serelehee eee 58
microcephalusseasssesse saeeeeee 638 Buietononien 418
mitsukurii, new species ......... 629, 672 ae letine Aoaae Oo ee
picmepsias - whee oo eetas 637 | Stirapleura decussata ais idicfa.a. jateiate isloeieeeee 784
HOMViCLIAN See sce ee eee ee eee 638 delicatula............-2-....- 784
pelegrinuse sts ccoetec eee 625 | Stizostedion .........-.-........eceeneeeee 967
PIstigd sehen kk ee eee 961) || /Stomatopodais-..ceeeeseee eee eee ae 54
rashleighanus) = 5 oec.eeeet see eee 626 |) ‘Strandesias- 9.22 esseasees aca ene 972, 983
tuberewlatis! at scene ee teen 604. || ‘Stromatoporasee.2-s5-- sees 418, 419, 422, 493
WY2tOs Feces aoe eee eae 629 || Stropheodonta becki:--- 22.22. -2sseessee. 429
Vl pes. sceee eee ee eee eee 619 | Strophonella geniculata..........5....... 417, 418°
VUlpIMUss sceeeceereees sete eeoeeee 619 | Structural Features of the Bryozoan Genus
TIPO. a eacee eae ae eee Tee ee 618 Homotrypa, with Descriptions of Species
SqMatinaive- ho esecs eo eee eee ee 640, 643 from the Cincinnatian Group, by Ray
aeuleata ste. 4-5 see 642 So Basslers2a0 ss Sesee joss eee 565
angelus: 425-22 0e ce ice ce eeneeee 640) || /Sturnd desea ee eee essen ee eee eee 518
jAPONICAa eek ake ese eee 641,673.) Suidtere Jaen asceeee ase sae eee eee 446
SUS Ae Fee eee 640,642 | Sumatra, Birds collected by Dr. W. L.
WALI SATIS: mana a. sac eee 641 Abbott on the Coast and Islands of north-
SQua tind esse ae ae ee eee 628, 640, 673 west, by Charles W. Richmond......... 485
Squilllavececeeyaseenee ee cee oe ere aeeee 54 | Sumatra, Mammals collected by Dr. W. L.
aflinis! oss ese sic ee eee 5d Abbott on the Coast and Islands of
COSTAE ors cots Se Se 55 northwest, by Gerrit S. Miller, jr....... 437
FASCIA A228 5s eS! A 54- | JSumlettasCeces se casee cee ee ee ee 336, 349
SPA Pe eececciwiec 2oatne Seen dO? | ‘Subettinas s5-tscs.c- een eee 350
OLALOTIA) saisee sec eeiwoe oe te SER 55 mrensthua@lis<-- eee eee sees 350
Tap hid 68). Aote ee Sete ee ee 55 Sunettinass-ee ee eee 350
Stachyris banjakensis, new species....... 486,505 | Supplementary Note on Bleekeria mitsu-
MACuUlatseeme ae. Lee ee ees 508 kurii, and on certain Japanese Fishes,
Stagmatoptera minor. --./.-2522<.ce -2cce- 730 by, DavidiStarrJordani=ss--sss.5 eae 693
Starks, Edwin Chapin, and David Starr SUS Jes setcicus eee eee eee eae eee 481
Jordan, on A Review of the Fishes of Vilttatusec ass eee ae oe 446, 478, 479, 480
Japan belonging to the Family of Hexa- measurements of -.......<..- 446
PTAMM Ide ee seece oeetes eee LOO38i Syiliviaieisti colavssesssssseseee Beene eee 512
Starks, Edwin Chapin, and David Starr SVN pPewruMy 2 ssh sn) see 720, 742
Jordan, on A Review of the Hemi- Symphalangus syndactylus .............. 478, 482
branchiate Fishes of Japan............. 57) | (SYMBETISi. J Js2 sessed ose te eee 920
Starks, Edwin Chapin, and David Starr Synchismus tuberculatus ............2... 603, 604
Jordan, on A Review of the Synentog- Symerossus berdmoreii< =... .-. 5222.2. s. - =
Talorchestia
fritzi, new species. ..--..----
Tanacetum vulgare ....------------------
356, 362,
eorrugatus
deshayesii ....-..-------+----------
GIES cies es =\cl- vis ors Ais laine aia = >
HMC UMOSA eee -e- 5. - = 2--9-=-- <=
PTACIIS 2522-2 = ----- 2-2-2262 - 7507"
op 2 Sises
pistrOMiGder--.--2-----------2----=-
occidentalis.....-----------+--+-----
squamosa ....------------++202--->°
fenerrima..------------------------
mUidawereeene a= = ~~ =
yirgineus
Tarsophlebia
Tatoenemis malgassica
Tauriphila iphigenia
Taurotapes craveri
Tehitrea affinis.....-.------------+-+-07°°
floris
incii
jnsularis ....-------------------°
nicobarica
procera, new species ...-----
sumbaénsis
486,
ellina digitaria.....--------------777777"
Telmessus acutidens
Men tACilLeS secser == ims ss
gyracanthus ...--------- 416,
Tephrodornis grisola
Terebrantia
ebalsigpais=2.--.=-2-----------"--""7- 2" "7
MragdOs o2scase-==-+22 2922223527
Tetragoneuria..---------------77- 723, 724,
MetraodOn .=--=-<-------97-7-" 950"
Tetrathemis...-.-------------"7""
Tetroras angiova
petinednce eee es 22 >-- 22" So
Tettix crassus
mueullatus.sse-----=--"------=" 2
jneurvatus .------------227-00 2007"
Perit S seen se = === 695, 696,
argenteus....----------0777777777
dussumieri
Ree eea eee aaa 2===---3s6o
Texas, with Descriptions of four new
Species, Notes on Orthoptera from
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and,
by Andrew Nelson Caudell
716, 717,
INDEX. ne
1 0) oe
Page. ‘
Textivenus ....... ; ane
aie | extrac seege aeee ee ree ee _—
739 | Thalamita arcuatus ....-. " : c 4 pe Ao poo
ew sats eee eee es on
900, 901 ieninGnintal hie eee ee 27 98
GODAai| THaumatGuBinda Sadi eeae eee eae ” P
785 | he tiple cece seh eee aoa
795 | Abeniatia’ Sosa nee 967
19 | Thetironia.............-----... 357
925 | Thetis Oe lpi ee oe ae 350 $87
925, 927 | een St” sete ae $50, 200
925, 930 | POY << steko te ea "957
POM PNOLE 2 sauee tes aan oem ocean se se ameter 710, 717, 746
363,964.) Thorine... 5. .\.---- 2-2 -2-=-evcoesseses-neee 746, 750
‘ »f
978) || Mhripidea sss se ee-sae> ses oop o= - eon ae eee ne $1,179, 180
383 OTACHENE - ok noe oa cre eee nsa ea 176
400 TASCiatO joes - aoe oe eee ee 127, 128
364 heemorrhoidalis .......-.---------- 168, 169
399 inequalis.......----------++++++--- 146
363 longipennis ....----------------+-- 134
747 Gama culatain]. ccs koe ee =ne c= ae=es 157
764 6-maculatus ....--..-----------++-° 118
763 MAICiIS . - oaks ace sele = Sees = = 155, 156
362 manicata......---------+--++2-0007> 134
510, 511 pallida <-.--...2-------c--9--ss=-s= 157, 158
510 perplexus ....----- 108, 112, 179, 184, 239, 242
510 phylloxers....-..-----++----+-">*> 79,118
510, 511 TOIL costes oe eme = ea eee 166
510, 511 secticornis ...----------+-----9*""7* 209
510, 511 striata..--.----------=-=------>*= 81, 161,179
510 striatus.....----------+++-*- 81, 161, 179, 180
628, 672 WE DACL cee oe noes eee rene 81,
844 111, 116, 117, 119, 120, 179, 180, 183, 239, 241
936 trifasciatus.....---------------+7*" 118, 209
28 tritici .....----+---2-"+°°"" 148, 149, 152,188
494 ‘variabilis.-.---------<----<""=""7== 143, 145
499 | Thymallus .-.----------*2<-2277--99557-"" 961, 962
418, 423 Thysanoptera, abdomen ...-------------- 105
509 appendages of the thorax:
124 Jeg 9). -4sss-nseo eee 98
124 artificial checks ---------- 119
307 beneficial forms -.-------- 117
960 bibliography ...----------- 221
725, 726 characters Of. ..----------+ 121
960, 961 collection of ..-.---------- R44
718, 740 deformities ..------------- 110
625 development -.--------->- 112
780 dissemination ..---------- 111
730 economic considerations. - 116
780 explanation of plates...-- 236
780 external anatomy .------- 87
920, 959 fossil Set ae eee 210
695° general considerations. --- 213
695 en cs ares senessonea=h 89
959 history Of ...----+---7*""" 81
index to families, genera,
and species ----- 238
food plants. ----- 234
775 generalsubjects. 22
Page.
1054 INDEX.
Thysanoptera individual variations ..... 123 | Totanus totanus eurhinus................ 487
inhabiting North America, TOWenias: 2-2 502 minutus, new species....-.-- 296, 331
SRM LGN ae oe alae nie wine - ciel se 119 NEW UAMC 3... = sce enceeeeeeeee 330
Tropidodus pantherinus......---..------- 599 MipTicapillis:s...ck-asceeweees 331
Trygon akajei ....-...--.---------------=- 659 NtidUsos oe eae ee ee eee 332
PREC e a= iaiaia\ ise - === 661 occidentalis ......-.-- 332
cain Re eee iere sitesi iraininrm'= <= === 659 yar. coneolor .....--- 332
ATPLONIIGUS sarees aiete-= == «'s1<= lei = sie 661 occidentalis: --.-<..ccccess-m= 332
PastibaGaa-.--------------s--2-0*- 658 parvulus .........------- ae ee
; Ape ese a ciao isieiee'= =) (sinl0 660 politus .:-..-.2..-+--s--2----- 332
Sea ee aicollis Pe NS Se 487 bee new species...---.. 296, “eo
ATE eet ete eh a SS ac otl-'e's's ois 780 pu ESCENS. ... 2-2-2 ee ee errr ove
aoe ve Ss ee 3
(Phleeothripide), characters TUgOSUS .- -- ey eee a So
ime ee ae ral osc sscasees 186 BeaTU Des ne * eee. via Sha. i
Tupaia ferruginea.........----------- 472, 478, 482 scandens, new species -...--- aad
malaccana......---------++-----+- 472 spiniger, new species .....--- =) re
perenne eee oe esos. tee 472 spinimarginatus -.-..-------- ne
eae et 472, 480 spinosus .....----------++-+-- =
oe ‘in dent sn 8
: Ae 511 uncifer...--..---------+2-+=- S38
Be ianeuicws Pee tb 34, 36 u ceaeoe mundus.....------++++-+07577" ee
PN ale sedis SS Ve 506 TOXiS UjUS.. 2-2. = 29 --senceeree sen snn ees
aa sro | Use of the Name Torpedo for the electric
moluccensis -..------------------- 504 Catfish, The, by T saci er ate a
ochrocephalus....--.------+------ 506 | Venation, A genealogic study of Drag is
466, 467 fly Wing, by James G. Needham ...-.-- '
Tylomys...-..----<-+-2-2-+---2+0r0e0r 07 , Oe neyo e © eee eno e 338, $61
itt oe 527,543 | Venerella ...---++---0------00reer
1056 INDEX.
Page. Page.
IWENLELETUDES fer ac ee ine es cini= «lela tetera 365 | Venus campechiensis var, tetrica .......- 378
Venericardia | osc. cacscec. cee semen 949, 950, 951 var. texana........ 378
alaskenacoe a4 esaeeteateeree 951 Cancellata cs) aca sec eee ee 357
armillact Soic.scoeeeeceenes 951 CS PES 525 joss soe eee 377
Crassidens--=. -ooeeee eee 949, 950, 951 Gardigides 32252-4528 oe eee 374
(-20)01 (bb eee REAR Rn eA ae 951 CASING? a. oe sake meee ocee eee 372
INCISH sccm eseeee aes eee 951 Castrensis. .-/4..5-eriss see seeeeeeee 351
MOM Aba receo ee eee eee 951 Chilensis(4s.fe-4 eee. 2 ee 399
radiata. ..sscns-ceee ce eheeere 374 CiNCta 5 Sees see oo eee 372
TUGIS 2h S23 cbece emer ee 950 eingenda:=-=-- eee 21S Sean eae 373
VeNiIGOSa ses cccecce wees 951 cingilatan. eks ee eee ee ee 393
Wenend se: o-see see eee eee 345, 950 columpiensis .952.-en see eee ee 399
and of the North American COMPressal s [46 eae ee ee 941
recent Species, Synopsis of concentricasas shen eae eee eee 347, 366
the Family, by William COrbicula xc S52. tae sasseeeeee ee 349, 368
Healey Dall. so22n.2cs2seseeee 335 COLtEZIC 54. ose ese see 392
East American species.....-...- 366 Costata, «352225 Sanectaer eee aaseeee 364
explanation of the plates ....-. 410 CI ASSY) Sere cern ara eee eee 393
index tonames of subdivisions. 409 Cren alas. ccs oe cce= seeder eens eee 383
notes on and descriptions of crenifiers).385 52) 5sscss nee eeneee ee 3738, 393
East American species....--- 379 crenulatay 32325222 sea 374, 393
notes on and descriptions of erispates, 225525. pace eee eee 372
West Coast American species. 401 cubanianas 32225322 secadeeee seer 379
table of distribution of North Cycloides 20 ss ss eee eee ee 384
Asmeeri cams sof si.ciaein seer 338 CYPMWES seco neers eee one 595
West American species ......-.- 384 cy prinoidesy: esas eey er ee 376
IViETLERISLOSSaIN ts ane curerins ann ok eiee ene ae 358 decorate. -.c Asdeog eee ete 383
Viel Orie sc n= ee aeaee cod ea eee ee 357 decussatars 652. see eee 363
VENeRIRUpIS! 5S oe'sccas ease sae eee 365 Gilatatayc -So a6 ec donee seen ee oes 366
MEN EID IS Se aeie coon Socata 336, 338, 365, 398 GiONC 3.225 shee apnoea 304
ellipticarscess5-c3e5 coho eeees 400 GisCOrs! Assos iste oe ee 397
HM pPrisasecace ss oes eRe 400 gliscrepatisc: 3-4 een: eee 395
Folia. cea a2 2202522-5 eee 400 Mispar! ie. os Seas ates noc Reais 398
gigantesy =.) wes eee 391 Gombelite: =. sisecs osea sees 395, 399
Jamelliferay 5-05 fet ey eee 400 Gombeyits Fee Sse ee eee 364, 395
ODlONTaL 5 tee See eee 400 GOUMELL. 32222 e sae eee 374
pauperculasocss-h eee oS 400 GY SOLA wsc ymca cee eee esos 356, 373
SOL ae oe ooh ee Seo ele 400 SLES ATS Fly See a ee ae 374
MENtrICOlAE. -OSe: skeen neetccnes ee 336, 338, 355, 356 CleVeta nob a asaerc sence were 373
MENUS a saeco aes 336, 337, 338, 354, 355, 360, 384, 399 CNCHUSta osteo so clece ae ome 394
equilatera, ..-scsescnseeese peste 359 entobapta cee 22 ees o-.cecen sees 392
BTriCanar cose cee esaceecom eee eae 356 exalbidatccsce.co.cs ieee eee 360
A DOTA TA cweciaciiece-eeeeeeeree nee 377 OXCHVAla is sacmece aasceeeeee minmeiriars 392
allvesitajckss accesses eetee-ccmeceene 375 e@ximila: 22-2 e cn Seas sae ee eee renee 374
amipligita-- nosso eee ‘373
var. cuneata....... 378 insequival vis. -sce eee eee e eee 375
var. quadrata ..... 377 Intersect :c.s2checeene see ee 395
INDEX.
1057
Page. |
punctifera..-..-
a Se Ra. Seton's 376
* Venus irus....
eee 365 | Venus
ee 390 Spunctulata ....... Page.
oe ee 391 PMG ME Aik. ae eee ee 374, 383
eee si. 274 pieced. 2 ool ek ea 370, 374
et ie 374 quadrangularis. aE ae ere tar 375
eee one Teun eNOS A Weeks Weed 36
eee Paice SEAR coe 1 a Oe ae ato 361
lS 973 ago sek Scnslhp uekas ce it 372
eee {00 rtd gt Row siey 6h Ls 3
Mahe ree 400 3 Sennen ane . 34
epee 383 a 2 Re he ge ae 390, 398, 399
a 361 SOStett, cae rane etn 360
eee 399 ighiundaia. 2c ae ee ee 376
eee 360 Sasha, 0 dCs ae 12
Meee ho cee, 878 397 PriBORA asco, ssn sea ee 72
ee ee She es. sallei sania Ste eo OO Oe,
— re 373, 375, 393 ee Pee sete eae oo4, S00, 872
“UR a 375, 376 : RIT ie bocce keen a 383
Pee Pea a NEY ak seripta ttt essence weeeee -
eee eS 349 i ee en 360
BRENT g ne pt A similli ttt tee twee eee ©
We 373 ee 5 aa ON er ee : sar
eee = s onsis.... Je-seasace SOD, Sf
arica .....----..------ ee Ure
MPM dos re ne 374 prigenain an (y soe eee =
Wee Sass ieee Sat stamine St aieh er Renee ereene 885
mercenari PER, ons 3 ; Bis «vs iran ed ed
Maria.... 352,360, 376, 377, 378, 392 oe Stina hor tPaasch sy erected 356
Warvalbalceteceens cess "977 ate ee Sek 4 ata 396
eeapelintaieencwts ate cai Gate aie aoa lane 397
nGtateeee WA Savina bees hues coe a 377
& o-e- 37 eh OE ee
meretrix ae 377 dugilinte).2 2. incite SN, cpt
ered Pe to shes ‘ sl Cede fone chan 392. 395
ee ae 352, 376 Ne ee ae rag
_ eta Pitre EU A : a Sriperhay Seta seg: Seee ee 391
Te ete yee iereie ; fantaitantelinte ci, exis as ee 375
ME 2 ps 377 ; ata con eee :
IWS. ------+--------- 2 GAtaicae a aeel . S:aanee ane soe 77
en ant 398 ceie ay Se eee 877
eee eeeee-- xté sateen eee oa
eer oe i ee ee See eee se 3
= aoe Me se Ae Hie a ee 361
ee ene) = ose a Senha css. hak eee 362
a eepaiet 5 se cc settee
eee Aan Ree : thouarsi oe ae ee as 5
nuttallii.. Bron ce 392 tc TSL..--2+-+---++----+2- =
MEER : ro keg Ue Sia ee 390
eee tis ih) oars 392 t Benn ee nee sc ees eeene ee
eee A cae piGniisleees aan ea 390
EB nena eee en nen es Sino1os pita a. 375
Repke yee tes 397 aa . a pal "ih ge a 2 ee a 397
orl Tae gos eee . a vide ie ie ae :
| are Rea tes one ee feeleaatests/
Me sk ae Pai eamaritt PRT. cence aa =
oe 383 SATs eee poy oe
Pe Be reeiiers ihc ce eee ey =
aocecseess 374 eallosum nee ee : oa
el al Ganier eee 684 oes
1058 INDEX.
Page. | Page.
Walrus, coronal fissure ....----.--.-------- 6795688e |) Wikteab Uhr psec neces eeeee eee eae ae 148
eruciatedtissule cece eee eee eee 680,688 | Wing venation, A genealogic Study of
ectolateral fissure .......-------- 679, 688 Dragon-fly, by James G. Needham ..... 703
fissures and gyres .....--.------- 676" ||| Weodia:is.5 454 -c5s cease eee 936
PeNUal HSsurey- eee see eee 684,688 | Xanthippus zapotecus.............-..---- 788
hippocampal fissure -....-------- 682,688 | Xantho exaratus.............-.......-..- 25
BYTC. Socnse eeeoeeine 682, 688 ScCaberrimus'< 222 )sSeceeeeeeees 25
lateral aspects... --seders eee eee 676 |) Xenocypris8? j-..5-s2=-1ss=5 eee cee tees 857
fiSSULE =<. cshsececeee eee 678, 688, | XMiphiases..S: iss.2: ae ssee seen eee coe 960
PYLE. ic season desea ease 681,688 | Xiphidium fasciatum .....:.....+......-- 806
marina fissure seecenesase eee 683, 688 PLroductumi.-2--- pee eee esses 806
PYTEY Lacaceee sweets 684, 688 saltans:..2sccseeeccese ween 806
or sagittal gyre.... 681, 684, 688 strictum..25-2 22 =se-see ees 806
medilateral fissure........--.---- 679, 688 Vicinum: 2 25 o--eeeaee 806
mesalwaispeCtasce tees ceesce eee 682 | Xiphocaris:comipressay oes sees 49
MORACHUS soe ee sete soe 686, 687 elongata. -.-/5.222ciscaeeseeeas 430, 434
Paracoele\s.Sssecescecne see eee 684.-| Wagara; 52-25 ssc2n nesses eee eee 66, 67
PHOCH bce Sseence see ceeseeeeaeees 686;.687)| Yersinia ‘solitariann----sececee=s eee meeeeee 779
postcruciateé fissure .......-.--.-- 688°) Yoldia:abyssicolaiacessess- cera eee ee eae 947
postero-horizontal fissure. ....-..- 688 | Young of the Lasiurine Bats, Observations
postsplenial fissure .....-..---.-- 683, 688 on the Number of, by Marcus Ward
postsupersylvian fissure ......-.-- 688 Lyon IE sos eee eee ees se eee - 425
pre and post sylvian areas.....-. 681, | Yuees filamentosacseesseeoseeeaeceoecees 195, 213
presplenial fissure ..........----- 683;,688 | 8 Za CCOn. seceeese eee ear an eee eee eases 818, 850
TOSMALUS! Sse eel esc sss 686, 687 platypus ic 22etssesee--eece 850, 851, 855, 862
TOSMATUS Spins ori see oe 688 sieboldit.):-2 see2--se ween 851, 853, 854, 862
TOStralifisgute ==. --s-e eee eee 684, 688 temminckils=: 5-25 ee eee 851, 852, 862
spleniall fissures. 3. -)--a2e-seeee 682688: | -Zameus,; new genus =... ---snceeseceeeeeee 629, 632
superorbital fissure .........-.--- 681, 688 SquamUlosus= sere se-eeeee=e 632, 633, 673
supersylvian fissure -.....-....-- G773688" || sZeidse os ce scenes twee senate ce aeeeeeee 1, 694
PYTCs iss 2echeceae 6795688 f° Bein. . ose w sess see eecm aceraistes ele eieeeete 694
SVlviamfissure: = scence eies 688 Steps sane os eee ee eeeee 694
PYTO Ss - Sciciesasemsiaceeeeeee 678,688. |) Zenarchopterus --o.escoeree eesti sacs 532
terminology of fissures and gyres 680) IP ACES ae fas emeee noe seam eee eine teeters 959
the cerebral Fissures of the Atlan- ZOZCLG: «5 5f2 052 eee ce soe eee ee ee eee ee 812, 837
tic) by; Pierre 7A Bish seeeeeeee 675 hilgendorfivs a225. 2.2222 ee ee eee 837, 861
the lateral ventricle: -..2.-220.2- 684. :Zimneel 25-3. 22 eae ee ee ee ee 967
PSUS oe toe ae shoe see aeetieets 686,687 |): ZONOCY PYIS)- 3. o2ss cece soe eee eee eee 973, 990
ZAIOPHUS see eisin -lcatccekicns eee 686,687" |; Zucleica)jnctccqdes oasc oes macsmissaeeeeeeaee 358
West Indies, Notice of a small Collection Zygeene lewinils-cs-=5-cncsne- ees cse sees 618
of Fishes, including a rare Eel, recently malleus yo <- tees. 5s2 45 eee 618
received from H. Maxwell Lefroy, subarcuataao2 5.2 2.22. eeseeeeee 618
Bridgetown, Barbados, by Barton A. TYSON. SOM coc ese ees 618
BGA) sna deieeiinieeaieea eee meictelatateieiets S6SG| ZV GO DLCES cc eneeee ream er alse eee 742, 750
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